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  • Nuclear reactions  (4,460)
  • Rat  (4,427)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
  • crystal structure
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ras p21 isoprenylation inhibition induces flat colon tumors in Wistar rats (2000)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Pravastatin ; ras p21 isoprenylation ; Colon carcinogenesis ; Flat colon tumor ; Azoxymethane ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The effect of pravastatin, an inhibitor ofras p21 isoprenylation, on the gross type of colon tumors induced by azoxymethane was investigated in Wistar rats. METHODS: Rats received ten weekly subcutaneous injections of 7.4 mg/kg body weight of azoxymethane and intraperitoneal injections of 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight of pravastatin every other day until the end of the experiment at Week 45. RESULTS: Administration of pravastatin at both dosages had no significant effect on the incidence of colon tumors but significantly increased the incidence of rats with adenomas only. In contrast to the elevated adenomas in control rats, flat adenomas were significantly more prevalent in rats given pravastatin. Pravastatin at both doses significantly decreased the labeling index, but not the apoptotic index, of elevated adenomas, whereas it significantly decreased the labeling index but increased the apoptotic index of flat adenomas. Administration of pravastatin at both dosages also significantly decreased the amounts of membrane-associatedras p21 in colon tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that theras oncogene may be closely related to the development of adenocarcinomas from adenomas and the development of elevated or polypoid tumors of the colon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02237247
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the bones and synovial joints in the rat model of the VATER association (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of orthopaedic science 5 (2000), S. 390-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2023
    Keywords: Key words Adriamycin ; Rat ; Embryo ; VATER association ; Synovial joint ; Bones ; Limbs ; Vertebra ; Sirenomelia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The adriamycin-induced rat model of the Vertebral, Anorectal, Tracheo-Esophageal, Radial and Renal (VATER) association produces a variety of vertebral, rib, and limb abnormalities. This study was designed to document accurately the nature of these abnormalities and to determine whether synovial joints are affected. Fetuses from pregnant Sprague Dawley rats that had received intraperitoneal injections of 1.75 mg/kg of adriamycin on days 6–9 or 10–13 of gestation were harvested. Double-stained skeletal preparations and histological sections were examined for vertebral, rib, and limb anomalies. The incidence of anomalies was high in the group treated on gestational days (GD) 6–9, while it was low in the GD 10–13 group. The length and thickness of the long bones were reduced, with bowing and reduction in their endochondral ossification. Sirenomelia occurred in the group treated on GD 6–9, and was often associated with a short tail and anal atresia. The joint cavities, and intra-articular structures such as menisci and the cruciate ligaments developed normally from the mesenchymal interzone. These data indicate that adriamycin inhibits skeletal growth and differentiation without any interference in the differentiation of the mesenchymal interzone, thus producing normal synovial joints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007760050015
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structure of tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenoxide) bis(THF) uranium(IV) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; uranium (IV) ; dichlorophenoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of UCl4 with KO-2,6-Cl2C6H3 in tetrahydrofuran results in the preparation of the title compound. The six-coordinate complex possesses pseudo-octahedral geometry about uranium, with U-O(phenoxide) bond lengths in the range 2.161(11) to 2.178(10) Å and U-O(THF) bond lengths of 2.467(10) and 2.475(11) Å. This complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (a = 11.169(2), b = 11.588(2), c = 35.119(5) Å, β = 92.11(1)°, V = 4542.2(13) Å3, and Z = 4).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009594612946
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of hexakis(N-methylimidazole) iron(II) pyridine-2-sulfonate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: iron ; crystal structure ; synthesis ; N-methylimidazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound [Fe(C4H6N2)6][C5H4NSO3]2 crystallized in the monoclinic space group, P21/n with unit cell parameters: a = 13.676(3), b = 8.345(2), c = 18.663(4) Å, β = 106.40(3)° and Z = 2. The title compound consists of a [Fe(C4H6N2)6]+2 hexacoordinated iron(II) cation and two C5H4NSO− 3 anions. In the cation the iron atom is coordinated to six N-methylimidazole imine nitrogen atoms in a distorted octahedral arrangement. The N1,N5,N1i,N5i atoms are coplanar and the iron lies in this plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009537830693
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of [Cu2(II)(dmpa)2(p-Cl-C6H5COO)2] (Hdmpa = N,N-dimethyl-3-amino-1-propanol) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper(II) ; aminoalcoholato ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The copper complex, [Cu2(II)(dmpa)2(p-Cl-C6H5COO)2], has been prepared and its structure determined using X-ray crystallography. The dimer is a di-μ2-alkoxo complex which is a five-coordinate copper dimer with unsupported alkoxo bridges. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 11.384(2), b = 14.636(5), c = 9.609(2) Å, α = 100.07(2), β = 104.33(3), γ = 72.79(2)°, V = 1471.8(7) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure is comprised of discrete binuclear clusters in which the metal atoms are bridged by two alkoxo oxygens of the dmpa− ligands. The Cu-O and Cu-N distances are in good agreement with those found for other copper(II) aminoalcoholato complexes. The Cu···Cu distance is 2.9765(6) Å. In the crystal, every two dimeric coordination molecules are combined together by the recognition through intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between the apical water molecule and the non-coordinated O atom from the p-chlorobenzoato ligand, forminga tetramer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009542031602
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of manganese(III) hydroxyl-containing Schiff base complexes: [Mn(III)(Hvanpa)2]N3 (H2vanpa = 1−(3-hydroxysalicylaldeneamino)-3-hydroxypropane) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: manganese(III) ; Schiff base ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure ; Jahn-Teller distortion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The manganese complex, [Mn(III)(Hvanpa)2]N3 has been prepared and the crystal structure determined using x-ray crystallography. The mononuclear complex has a six-coordinate octahedral geometry. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 9.867(1), b = 13.316(2), c = 9.0110(1) Å, β = 107.870(1)°, V = 1126.8(2) Å3, and Z = 2. The Mn-O and Mn-N distances in the equatorial plane are in good agreement with those found for other manganese(III) Schiff base complexes. In the axial direction, the Mn-O distances of 2.274(2) Å is about 0.3 Å longer than those in the equatorial plane due to a Jahn-Teller distortion at the d4 manganese(III) center. In the crystal, each azido ion is linked through hydrogen bonding with two hydrogen atoms from the coordinate hydroxyl groups at the apical site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009594015672
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation, characterization and crystal structure of an intermolecular compound based on H3PMo12O40·nH2O and diethylamine (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: molybodophosphoric acid ; crystal structure ; diethylamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An intermolecular compound, H3PMo12O40·5(CH3CH2)2NH·H2O, between the heteropolymolybdate α-H3PMo12O40 and the organic substrate diethylamine, has been synthesized and characterized. Light yellow crystals of the title compound were crystallized from a mixed solvent of water and acetonitrile with formula H3PMo12O40·5(CH3CH2)2NH·H2O. Spectroscopic data support the presence of a sizable electronic interaction between the organic substrate and the inorganic anion in the solid state. The single crystal x-ray structure analysis of the title compound revealed that it crystallized in the triclinic system, space group P $$\overline 1$$ with a = 12.0786(13), b = 12.102(5), c = 21.416(3) Å, α = 94.87(2), β = 94.755(9), γ = 113.81(2)°, V = 2830.3(13) Å3, and Z = 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009546132511
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of K3Sb4BO13 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 53-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: boroantimonate ; borate ; antimonate ; crystal structure ; 49
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract K3Sb4BO13, Mr = 823.11 g.mol−1, crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P $$\overline 1$$ , Z = 2. The lattice parameters are a = 7.133(1) Å, b = 7.232(1) Å, c = 13.259(2) Å, α = 82.00 (1)°, β = 99.77(1)° and γ = 117.08(1)°, V = 598.7(2) Å3, Dx = 4.566 Mg m−3. The final R index and weighted Rw index are 0.0251 and 0.0623, respectively. The three-dimensional network of the title compound is constituted by layers (Sb3O9)n, similar to that of hexagonal bronze of Magneli. These layers are linked together, in the c direction, alternatively by edge-sharing pairs of SbO6 octahedra and BO3 triangles. This framework has interconnected tunnels, running approximately along the a and b directions, in which the K+ ions are located.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009598116581
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of a (25R)-2α,3α-epoxy-5α-spirostan-6, 23-dione hemi-ethyl acetate solvate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 693-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: brassinosteroids ; steroids ; natural products ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound (25R)-2α,3α-epoxy-5α-spirostan-6,23-dione, crystallizes as a hemi-ethyl acetate solvate, having two host molecules of similar conformation per molecule of ethyl acetate, in the asymmetric unit. The O atom of the epoxy group is α-oriented. The presence of the epoxy group disturbs the chair conformation in the ring A of the steroidal nucleus. Ring A has a C5α,C10β half-chair conformation. The six-membered rings B, C, and F have chair conformation as expected. The D ring adopts a C14α-envelope conformation and the E ring is midway between a C22α,O3β half-chair and a C22α-envelope conformations. The A/B, B/C, and C/D ring junctions are trans. Crystal data: C27H38O5·1/2C4H8O2, Monoclinic, space group P21, a = 7.7363(18) b = 28.769(12) c = 12.038(6) Å, β = 90.88(5), V = 2679.0(10) Å3, Z = 4. The packing of the molecules is assumed to be dictated by van der Waals interactions and by intermolecular C—H ··· O hydrogen bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012277425969
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray crystal structure of trans-bis(monoethanolamine) bis(saccharinato)nickel(II) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 767-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: saccharin ; monoethanolamine ; nickel(II) complex ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of trans-bis(monoethanolamine)bis(saccharinato)nickel(II), [Ni(C7H4NO3S)2(C2H7NO)2], has been determined from X-ray diffraction data. The metal complex is monoclinic, with a = 11.0555(5), b = 8.9103(4), c = 11.3890(5) Å, β = 105.0230(10)°, Z = 2, and space group P21/c . The structure consists of individual molecules. Two monoethanolamine molecules and two saccharinate anions coordinate the nickel atom forming a distorted octahedron. The monoethanolamine molecules act as a bidentate ligand and form five-membered trans chelate rings, which constitute the plane of the coordination octahedron, while two saccharinate ions behave as a monodentate ligand occupying the axial positions. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds link the molecules to form a three-dimensional infinite structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013292406687
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel Cu–Te Clusters Synthesised from tBuTeSiMe3: [Cu18Te6(TetBu)6(PPh2Et)7], [Cu19Te6(TetBu)7(PEt3)8], [Cu27Te15(PiPr2Me)12] and [Cu58Te32(PtBu2nBu)14] (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 135-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: copper telluride clusters ; copper telluro-tellurolato clusters ; crystal structure ; influence of phosphine ligands ; Frank-Kasper polyhedron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reactions of CuCl and tBuTeSiMe3 in the presence of phosphine ligands result in the formation of four new Cu/Te cluster complexes, [Cu18Te6(TetBu)6(PPh2Et)7], [Cu19Te6(TetBu)7(PEt3)8], [Cu27Te15(PiPr2Me)12] and [Cu58Te32(PtBu2 nBu)14], which have been structurally characterized by single crystal structural analysis. The former two clusters show a layer-type tellurium frameworks in which the copper atoms are asymmetrically spread. The latter two clusters possess a tellurium framework in a body-centered Te14-Frank-Kasper polyhedron or a Te28 polyhedron with four interstitial tellurium atoms and belong to mixed-valence Cu/Te compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009016832159
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cluster Build-up Reactions using Di-gold Cationic Fragments: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [Os7(CO)19(Au2dppm)] (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: gold ; osmium ; cluster ; carbonyl ; phosphine ; heteronuclear ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of the di-gold cation [Au2(dppx)]2+ with the heptanuclear cluster dianion [Os7(CO)20]2− affords the mixed metal cluster [Os7(CO)20{Au2(dppx)}] (x=m (1), e (2), b (3)). On standing, in solution, this complex undergoes decarbonylation to give the cluster [Os7(CO)19{Au2(dppx)}] (x=m (4), e (5), b (6)). The complexes have been characterised spectroscopically, and an X-ray structure determination of the dppm derivative shows that it contains a metal core based on an Os7 edge-bridged bicapped tetrahedron with the two μ 3-Au atoms capping adjacent triangular Os3 faces of the central tetrahedron. In an analogous reaction, the carbido anion [Os7(H)C(CO)19]− affords the neutral cluster [Os7C(CO)19{Au2(dppm)}] (7) when treated with [Au2(dppm)]2+ in the presence of base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009025101208
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-(2′,4′,5′-tricyanophenyl) cyclopentyl-1-acetic acid, methyl ester, C20H21N3O2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 589-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Phenylcyclopentaneacetate derivative ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in space group P21/n, with a = 14.600(2), b = 7.091(2), c = 18.211(5) Å, and β = 103.67(2)°. Owing to the centric space group, both C(1) and C(3) chiral centers are either R or S. The acetate group is equatorial, the H(1) and the methyl group at C(3) are axial and reciprocally trans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011358327087
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal and molecular structure of spiro[1-(S)-Br-3-(S)-H-4-(R)-l-(1′ R,2′ S,5′R)-menthyloxy-5-oxo-6-oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,3′-(R)-(4′-(R)-diphenylmethoxy-5′-l-(1′ R,2′ S,5′ R)-menthyloxy-butyrolactone)] (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 737-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; asymmetric synthesis ; spiro-cyclopropane derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystal structure of C41H53O7Br has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystalline in the orthorhombic space group P212121, with a = 11.264(2), b = 12.058(2), c = 29.337(6) Å, Z = 4. The bond angles of cyclopropane moiety in the molecule are approximate to 60° and agree with theoretic values of the internal angles in a cyclopropane, and two chiral menthyloxy groups are located above and under the whole chiral molecule, respectively. The configuration of the pentacyclic lactone is shown as envelope form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012254312765
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural Redetermination of Rh4(CO)12 at 293 and 173 K and Analysis of the Thermal Motion in Relation to the Dynamical Behavior (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 39-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: thermal motion ; crystal structure ; rhodium carbonyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of Rh4(CO)12 (1) has been redetermined at room temperature and at 173 K. Crystallographic data for 1 at 293 K are as follows: C12O12Rh4, space group P21/c, a=9.209(3), b=11.790(7), c=17.721(8) Å, β=90.46(3)°, V=1924.0(16) Å3, Z=4, 5570 reflections to θ=30.0°, and R=0.030. For 1 at 173 K the data are as follows: space group P21/c, a=9.127(3), b=11.672(6), c=17.492(13) Å, β=90.64(5)°, V=1863.3(18) Å3, Z=4, 3782 reflections to θ=26.3°, and R=0.033. There was no detectable phase change on cooling to 173 K. Crystals of 1 are twinned by pseudo-merohedry, but a satisfactory refinement was obtained by assuming a (100) twinning mirror plane. TLS analysis of the anisotropic displacement parameters at both temperatures has been undertaken. Investigation of the mean square displacement difference between the observed and the rigid body displacement parameters reveals there is a signficant internal motion of the carbonyl ligands relative to the metal skeleton. This motion is consistent with a normal mode or modes of C 3 symmetry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009000428525
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Novel Cluster Consisting of Seven Fused MX6 Octahedra, Li14(THF)8[Ni7Cl17(μ-formamidinate)3(μ-Cl)]2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: nickel cluster ; fluorinated formamidine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When a THF solution made from equimolar amounts of methyllithium and N,N′-bispentafluorophenyl formamidine, C6F5NC(H)N(H)C6F5, was added to a suspension of NiCl2 in THF and the mixture refluxed for 12 h, a bright yellow-green solution was formed, from which a bright green crystalline compound was obtained in 〉60% yield upon partial evaporation of the solvent. This compound, Li14(THF)8[Ni7Cl17(μ-formamidinate)3(μ-Cl)]2·9.4THF, crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4 2/mnm (No. 136) with Z=2. The core consists of two Ni7 units bridged by two Cl atoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008630342
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organically Templated Vanadium Oxide Phases: Synthesis and Structures of [H3NCH2CH2NH3][V2O6] and [HN(CH2CH2)3NH][VV2VIV4O14]·H2O (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 433-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: crystal structure ; vanadium oxide ; organic template ; mixed valence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structures of [H3NCH2CH2NH3][V2O6] (1) and [HN(CH2CH2)3NH][VV 2VIV 4O14]·H2O (2) are described. The structure of the oxidized compound 1 consists of parallel stacks of vanadium oxide chains of corner sharing {VO4} tetrahedra. The chains are stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding involving oxide ligands of the chains and ethylenediammonium ions which fill the space between the stacks of chains. The structure of compound 2 consists of vanadium oxide layers separated by doubly protonated 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and lattice water. The vanadium oxide layers, containing mixed-valence vanadium (VV and VIV) centers, are composed of zigzag ribbons of edge-sharing {VO5} square pyramids interconnected by {VO4} tetrahedra. Crystal data. C2H10N2O6V2 , 1: monoclinic, space group P21/c (No. 14), a=5.5359(5), b=12.9430(12), c=5.6856(5) Å, α=90, β=97.460(2), γ=90°, V=403.93(6) Å3, Z=2. A total of 2506 reflections (θ max=27.89°) was collected, of which 954 were used to resolve the structure. The structure was solved by direct methods and least-squares refinement converged at R=0.0592. C6H16N2O15V6, 2: monoclinic, space group C2 (No. 5), a=19.303(4), b=6.667(2), c=7.579(2) Å, α=90, β=111.31(2), γ=90°, V=908.4(4) Å3, Z=2. A total of 1779 reflections was collected, of which 1591 unique reflections were used for structural elucidation. The structure was solved by direct methods and least-squares refinement converged at R=0.0314.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009051500265
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structure studies of tris(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylbenzene)-methane trihydrate and N-benzyl-N-phenyl benzamide (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: THBMBM ; BPB ; crystal structure ; helical packing ; columnar packing ; mesophase transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structures of the title compounds, tris(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylbenzene)-methane)C34H46O3.3H2O, 3) and N-benzyl-N-phenylbenzamide (C20H17NO, 6), have been investigated by X-ray crystallography. Compound 3 crystallizes in the trigonal space group $$P\bar 3 $$ with cell parameters a = 14.090(5) Å, b = 14.090(5)Å, c = 10.485(5)Å, Z = 2. Compound 6 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with cell parameters a = 24.533(4)Å, b = 9.176(4)Å, c = 16.711(5)Å, β = 125.88(2)°, Z = 8. Compound 3 has both intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It also exhibits a helical columnar arrangement of the molecules and goes into mesophase before melting into an isotropic liquid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009595123416
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of 4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3, 5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 429-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Triazole ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The 4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole has been synthesized and its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 12.5832(6) Å, b = 7.0512(5) Å, c = 18.4669(12) Å, β = 96.826(1)°, and Dcalc = 1.345 g cm−1 for Z = 4. In the structure, two pyridyl rings, phenyl ring, and triazole ring do not share a common plane. The most favored orientation of the pyridyl rings in the crystal is that their planes are inclined toward opposite directions with respect to the triazole ring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009542208264
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure and spectroscopy of the low-spin iron(II) compound: tris(bipyrimidine)iron(II) bis(triflate), [Fe(bipym)33](CF3SO3)2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 441-444 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2,2′-Bipyrimidine ; low-spin ; iron ; crystal structure ; infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound [Fe(bipym)33](CF3SO3)2 (in which bipym = 2,2′-bipyrimidine) crystallizes in the space group P21/c, with a = 13.7641(11), b = 18.7557(19), c = 12.3627(11) Å, β = 103.085(8)° and Z = 4. The low-spin Fe(II) atom is octahedrally surrounded by six nitrogen atoms of three bipyrimidine groups with Fe—N distances that vary from 1.968(4) to 1.975(4) å. In the far-infrared region the Fe—N vibrations are observed at 359 and 372 cm-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011339214337
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of a novel bis(guanidiniums) compound incorporated by sulfate anion (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 483-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bis(guanidiniums) ; sulfate anion ; hydrogen bond ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystal structure of a novel bis(guanidiniums) compound 1 by sulfate anion and water, C11H20N6OċSO4ċH2O, was measured by X-ray crystallographic analysis with an “imaging plate” method. It possesses space group P21/c, with a = 7.6433(15), b = 19.447(4), c = 12.115(2) Å, β = 107.81(3)°, and φcalc = 1.420 mg/m3 for Z = 4. Crystal data indicate that the architecture network is formed through hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and arene–arene stacking interaction among the bis(guanidiniums) compound, the sulfate anion and water molecule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011359702042
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    Redetermination of the structure of bis[chloro-2-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenylazo)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazol-7-on] copper(II) complex (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 505-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bis[chloro-2-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylphenylazo)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazol-7-on]copper(II) ; thiazolylazo dye ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of C17H18ClCuN3O2S (M = 854.78, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 8.316(2), b = 18.461(4), c = 11.774(2) Å, β = 99.64(3)°, V = 1782.0(7) Å3, Z = 4) is formed by dimeric molecules [C17H18ClCuN3O2S]2 with two monomeric units linked together by two chlorine atoms. The Cu atom is coordinated by two chlorine atoms, an oxygen atom, the azo nitrogen atom attached to the benzene ring, and the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring, in the form of a distorted tetragonal pyramid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011377120727
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of the perchlorate salt of diprotonated N,N′-bis(1-methylimidazole-2-methyl)1,5-diazacyclooctane (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,5-Diazacyclooctane (DACO) ; crystal structure ; boat/chair configuration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The diprotonated perchlorate salt of a new 1,5-diazacyclooctane (DACO) mesocycle functionalized by two imidazole pendants, N,N′-bis(1-methylimidazole-2-methyl)-1,5-diazacyclo-octane (C16H28N6Cl2O8), has been synthesized and the structure determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 11.964(2), b = 13.251(3), c = 14.741(3) Å, β = 106.00(3)°, Mr = 503.34, V = 2246(1) Å3, Z = 4. The crystal structure of the title compound reveals that the DACO ring is also folded up into the “chair/boat” configuration, which is consistent with the configuration in most of the transition metal complexes of DACO and its derivatives. The two imidazole pendants of the compound are in cis position with a dihedral angle of 16.0(4)°.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011337722544
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Structural and spectroscopic characterization of tris (o-phenanthroline)iron(II) disaccharinate monosaccharin hexahydrate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Iron(II) ; o-phenanthroline ; saccharinate ; crystal structure ; spectroscopic properties ; thermal behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, for short [Fe(o-phen)3](sac)2·(Hsac)·6H2O, has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 16.3190(1), b = 19.2890(1), c = 17.4490(2) Å, β = 92.586(1)°, V = 5486.95(8) Å3 and, Z = 4. The investigated compound constitutes the first example of a species in which uncoordinated saccharin and saccharinate anions are present in the structure. The crystallographic results reveal the subtle differences between the structure of the neutral molecule and its anion. The complex was also characterized by means of infrared, electronic, and 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy. Its magnetic susceptibility was determined at room temperature and its thermal behavior investigated by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analytical techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011341823452
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and X-ray structure of [(H3O)(C14H20O5)2][Me2NH2]2 [PMo12O40] · 2C14H20O5 (C14H20O5 = benzo-15-crown-5; Me2NH = dimethylamine) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 577-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Oxonium ions ; crystal structure ; molybdophosphate ; crown ether
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [(H3O)(C14H20O5)2][Me2NH2]2 [PMo12O40] · 2C14H20O5 1 was synthesized from benzo-15-crown-5 and H3PMo12O40·24H2O in N,N′-dimethylformamide for the first time. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 18.583(4), b = 25.510(5), c = 19.904(4) Å, β = 94.66(3)° D c = 2.124 mg/m3 for Z = 4. Refinement based on 7358 observed reflections led to a R1(wR2) = 0.0378(0.0761). The complex cation, [(H3O)(C14H20O5)2]+, exhibits a sandwich structure by hydrogen-bonding in the mean distance of 2.955 Å. The anion, PMo12O40 3−, is a α-Keggin structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011354226178
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, spectroscopy, and X-ray structure of the polymer catena-[bis(azido-N)-copper(II)-μ-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane] (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: azido ; crystal structure ; copper(II) ; infrared ; polymeric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound, catena-[bis(azido-N)-copper(II)-μ(bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane), [Cu(C18H18N4)(N3)2]n, was obtained from the reaction of the ligand bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane and Cu(N3)2. The x-ray crystal structure is reported. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.2524(10), b = 12.765(5), c = 9.1125(15) Å, β = 106.423(12)°, Z = 2. The Cu(II) ions are square-planar coordinated with trans-oriented end-on binding azido ligands. The structure is a polynuclear chain with the benzimidazole bridging at each end. In addition a N(ligand)-H···N(azido) H-bridge [N(ligand)···N(azido) = 2.994(7) Å] is present, resulting in a pseudo 2-dimensional lattice. The characteristic azido infrared vibrations are found at 2060 and 2077 cm−1 (νas(N3)) and 1284 and 1297 cm−1 (ν(N3)).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009506418398
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  • 27
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of [Tb4(H2O)2](C2O4)2(C5H6O4)4 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 633-639 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Lanthanide ; oxalate ; glutarate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A terbium complex associating two ligands, oxalate and glutarate, was prepared under hydrothermal conditions at 200°C by treating an aqueous suspension of terbium oxalate decahydrate with glutaric acid and guanidinium carbonate. Its structure was solved by X-ray diffraction on a single crystal. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with lattice constants, a = 9.514(1) Å, b = 9.0681(8) Å, c = 19.702(2) Å, and β = 97.90(1)°. The terbium atoms and the oxalate ligands build dense chains which are connected by one side of the carboxylic group of some glutarate ligands, thus forming a sheet at the c level ≅ 0 and 1/2. These sheets are bridged by glutarate groups. The terbium atoms are ninefold coordinate with nine oxygen atoms of the ligands or with one water molecule and eight oxygen atoms of the ligands. Each polyhedron of the terbium atoms share one edge and one face of oxygen atoms with the two neighboring ones. The oxalate ligands are bischelating and bismonodentate. The coordination scheme of glutarate differs: either they are bismonodentate from one side and chelating and monodentate from the other side or they are chelating and monodentate from both sides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011992031111
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    Terbium and holmium trans-2,3-dimethylacrylic acid complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 777-782 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: terbium complex ; holmium complex ; crystal structure ; trans-2,3-dimethylacrylic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Novel dinuclear complexes, [REL3(phen)]2 (where RE = Tb, Ho; HL = trans-2,3-dimethylacrylic acid; phen = 1,10-phenantheoline), were synthesized and determined by elemental analysis, infrared absorption spectra (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction. The Tb complex crystallizes in space group P21/n with the cell dimensions a = 12.939(2) Å, b = 13.018(2) Å, c = 15.400(3) Å and β = 94.72(1)°. The Ho complex crystallizes in P (9) with a = 12.406(3) Å, b = 13.280(3) Å, c = 9.823(2) Å, α = 110.80(2)°, β = 103.42(2)°, γ = 63.67(1)°. The Tb atom is nine coordinate and the separation of Tb...Tb* is 3.97 Å. The Ho atom is eight coordinate and the separation of Ho...Ho* is 4.01 Å.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013220207596
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-(1′,3′-dimethyl-5′-chloropyrazol-4′-carbonyl′-3-(2′-chlorophenyl)-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazole (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 789-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; pyrazolide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound 1-(1′,3′-dimethyl-5′-chloropyrazol-4′-carbonyl)-3-(2′-chlorophenyl)-5-amino-4-cyanopyrazole (C16H12Cl2N6O) has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction: Triclinic, space group P1, with a = 8.6712(8) Å, b = 9.5091(10) Å, c = 11.2170(11) Å α = 71.531(2)°, β = 84.683(2)°, γ = 74.099(2)° Z = 2; V = 843.7(14) Å3. C(10), O(1), C(11), and N(2) atoms are coplanar with the average deviation of 0.0071 Å, which form 11.03° and 43.93° dihedral angles with pyrazole planes (I) and (II), respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013224308504
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  • 30
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    Electronic Resource
    Structure, thermal behavior, and IR investigation of bis(3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium)monohydrogen monophosphate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 805-809 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: organic phosphate ; crystal structure ; DTA/TG/DSC ; IR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chemical preparation, calorimetric studies, crystal structure, and IR spectrometric investigation of (C2H5N4)2HPO4, denoted ATZP, are described. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system with C2/c space group. Its unit cell dimensions are a = 13.589(2) Å b = 11.105(2) Å c = 15.734(3) Å β = 104.68(2)°, V = 2296.8(7) Å3, and Z = 8. The structure of the title compound consists of a three dimensional network of H-bonds connecting all its components. The IR spectrum of ATZP is reported and discussed on the basis of group theoretical analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013280426251
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  • 31
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    Crystal structure of [WI2(CO)2{P(OiPr)3}(η2-EtC2Et)] (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: tungsten(II) ; diiodo ; dicarbonyl ; triisopropylphosphite ; 3-hexyne ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [WI2(CO)2{P(OiPr)3}(η2-EtC2Et)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 11.101(12), b = 16.272(18), c = 14.892(17) Å, β = 93.27(1), Z = 4. The geometry can be considered to be pseudo-octahedral, with the 3-hexyne ligand occupying one site, with two iodo-groups, and the P(OiPr)3 ligand completing the equational plane of ligands, with two trans-carbonyl groups occupying the axial sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009531014474
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  • 32
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    Synthesis, crystal structure and molecular modeling (AM1) of two 5-arylidene derivatives of Meldrum's acid (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; AM1 ; x-ray diffraction ; Meldrum's acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and structural characterization of two 5-Arylidene derivatives of Meldrum's acid (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) are described: 5-(4-Nitrobenciliden)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (3a), and 5-(4-Methoxybenciliden)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (3b). The structure of 3a was refined to R1 = 0.0421 for 2148 reflections (with I 〉 2σ (I)). Crystal data for 3a: C13H11NO6, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 16.008(3), b = 6.137(1), c = 25.281(5) Å, V = 2483.6(8) Å3, Z = 8. The structure of 3b was refined to R1 = 0.0496 for 4681 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data for 3b: C14H14O5, triclinic, space group P1, a = 9.131(2), b = 9.922(2), c = 14.490(3)Å, α = 85.076(6), β = 84.80(3), γ = 89.37(2)°,V = 1302.4(5) Å3, Z = 4. The results of crystallographic and molecular modeling (AM1) were compared. The molecules in the crystal are held together, in both compounds, by van der Waals forces and C—H···O hydrogen bond interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009535215383
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  • 33
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    Separation of rosin acids by molecular recognition: crystal structure of the complex of neoabietic acid with 2-amino-6-methyl-pyridine (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: neoabietic acid ; amino(methyl)pyridine ; crystal structure ; molecular recognition ; H-bonding ; rosin acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Neoabietic acid has been separated from gum rosin mixture by the aid of molecular recognition using 2-amino-6-methyl-pyridine as recognition reagent. The complex of neoabietic acid with 2-amino-6-methy-pyridine crystallizes from ether solution in the monoclinic, space group P21 with cell parameters of a = 7.370(1), b = 8.692(1), c = 18.365(2) Å, β = 92.53(1)°,V = 1175.3(2) Å3 and Z = 2. X-ray structure analysis shows that an extensive H-bonding network exists between neoabietic acid and amino(methyl)pyridine, which is considered as one of the factors resulting in successfully separating the neoabietic acid from the gum rosin mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009587232221
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  • 34
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    Crystal structure of a novel tertiary phosphine coordination complex: dichlorobis(tribenzylphosphine)nickel(II) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: phosphine ; nickel(II) complexes ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound dichlorobis(tribenzylphosphine)nickel(II), Ni[P(CH2C6H5)3]2Cl2, belongs to a type of tertiary phosphine coordination complex, M(PR3)2X2. There are two molecules in the unit cell which do not appear to interact chemically. Both molecules have a trans-square planar configuration with each nickel atom on a center of symmetry. Three benzyl groups are bonded to each phosphorus atom as rotors in a propeller, and the threefold axis is along the P—Ni bond, which has a mean length of 2.23(1) Å. Crystal data: C42H42Cl2NiP2, Triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1 $$ , a = 10.4892(15) b = 10.5249(12) c = 19.453(2) Å, α = 83.872(8), β = 76.839(9), γ = 62.241(8)°, V = 1850.5(4) Å3, Z = 2. There is an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the C3 and C11 atoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009543401270
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  • 35
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    A dinuclear cyanide-bridged complex, [(DMF)4(H2O)3LuCo(CN)6]·H2O (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 671-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Synthesis ; crystal structure ; lutetium(III) ; cobalt(III) hexacyanide ; cyanide bridging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the bimetallic cyanide bridged complex [(DMF)4(H2O)3LuCo(CN)6]·H2O (1) was obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The central lutetium(III) ion is eight coordinate arranged in a square antiprism while the cobalt(III) ion is six coordinate, oriented octahedrally. Molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by a network of hydrogen bonding. Crystallization of 1 occurs in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 13.875(2), b = 8.8352(9), c = 24.633(2) Å β = 96.392(8)° and Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011952316999
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  • 36
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    Identification of a new family of diphosphate compounds, AI2BII3(P2O7)2: Structures of Ag2Co3(P2O7)2, Ag2Mn3(P2O7)2, and Na2Cd3(P2O7)2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 705-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: mixed metal diphosphates ; AI 2BII 3(P2O7)2 ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Syntheses and single-crystal X-ray structural results are reported for three new mixed diphosphates of the family AI 2BII 3(P2O7)2; Ag2Co3(P2O7)2 (I), Ag2Mn3(P2O7)2 (II), and Na2Cd3(P2O7)2 (III). All crystallize in the triclinic system, space group P1 bar: (I) a = 5.351(4), b = 6.375(4), c = 16.532(4) Å, α = 80.83(6) β = 81.45(4), γ = 72.87(5)°, V = 528.9(6) Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 4.649 mg/m3, R/Rw = 0.0428/0.0548 for 3949 obs. reflns; (II) a = 5.432(7), b = 6.619(6), c = 16.51(3) Å, α = 80.78(8) β = 82.43(9), γ = 72.82(7)°, V = 557.7(13) Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 4.338 mg/m3, R/Rw = 0.0679/0.1303 for 2100 obs. reflns and (III) a = 5.67(3), b = 7.08(4), c = 7.90(4) Å, α = 77.0(2), β = 82.5(2), γ = 67.8(2)°, V = 286(3) Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 4.249 mg/m3, R/Rw = 0.0307/0.0342 for 1945 obs. reflns. (I) and (II) are isostructural but (III) is of a different type. All three structures are characterized by layers of P2O7 groups alternating with layers of mixed metal atoms. Differences are seen in the conglomerate bonding patterns of B atoms and in the irregular geometry of Ag in (I) and (II) compared to the octahedral bonding seen for Na in (III). The differences in structure may be understood in terms of the ratios of the ionic radii of A and B atoms.
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  • 37
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    Crystal structure of diethoxynitrobenzene-p-tert-butylcalix [4]arene⋅2(CH3)2C=O: Evidence of intra- and intermolecular CH/π interactions forced by crystal packing (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 717-720 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: calix[4]arene ; CH/π interaction ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diethoxynitrobenzene-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene⋅2(CH3)2C=O crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with cell dimensions a = 16.1437(2) Å, b = 21.0292(2) Å, c = 18.9685(3) Å and β = 110.308(1)°. The asymmetric unit consists of a diethoxynitrobenzene-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene molecule and two solvated acetone molecules. Besides the usual CH/π interaction between p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene π cavity and a solvated acetone, this structure shows the intra- and intermolecular CH/π interactions among a nitrobenzene ring, ethylene bridge of the ethoxynitrobenzene side chain and a solvated acetone molecule.
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  • 38
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    Crystal structure of a 26-membered hexaaza macrocycle bearing hydroxyethyl pendants containing p-xylyl spacers (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 743-747 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: macrocycle ; hydroxyethyl pendant ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The new macrocyclic compound bearing hydroxyethyl pendant arms containing p-xylyl spacers, 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaaza-6,19-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-tricyclo[22,2,2,211,14] triaconta-1,11,13,24,27,29-hexaene, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.700(2) Å, b = 18.301(4) Å, c = 11.766(2) Å, β = 108.57(2)°. The two hydroxyethyl pendants are at the opposite sides of the macrocyclic plane. Benzene rings in macrocycle are parallel and exist the π-π weak interaction with distance of 4.28 Å. The crystal packing of the macrocycle is stabilized by the hydrogen bonds.
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  • 39
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    Crystal structure, thermal analysis, and IR spectrometric investigation of bis(tert-butylammonium) sulfate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 799-804 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: organic sulfate ; crystal structure ; DTA/TG/DSC ; IR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chemical preparation, X-ray single crystal, thermal analysis, and IR spectrometric investigation of (C4H12N)2SO4, denoted tBAS, are described. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system with C2/c space group. Its unit cell dimensions are a = 11.1585(5) Å, b = 6.2148(4) Å, c = 20.070(1) Å, β = 102.004(4)°, V = 1361.4(1) Å3, and Z = 4. The crystal structure of tBAS can be described as a typical thick layered organization built by all the components of the structure and centered by planes z = 1/4 and 3/4. Connection in these layers are established by N—H···O hydrogen bonds. Thermal analysis shows a reversible weak phase transition.
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  • 40
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    Crystal structure and spectroscopy of bis-[bis(2-benzimidazolyl)propane]copper(II) bis(triflate)monohydrate, a copper complex with a geometry intermediate between tetrahedral and square planar (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 793-797 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper ; bis(benzimidazoles) ; crystal structure ; infrared
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of a mononuclear copper(II) compound with the ligand bis(2-benzimidazolyl)propane (abbreviated as tbz) is reported. The compound [Cu(tbz)2](CF3SO3)2(H2O) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P $$\bar 1$$ , with a = 12.363(6), b = 13.218(9), c = 15.365(8) Å, α = 82.74(5), β = 68.04(4), γ = 65.30(5), and Z = 2. The Cu(II) atom has a geometry intermediate between tetrahedral and square planar, consisting of four nitrogen atoms of two tbz ligands. The Cu—N—Cu angles are about 135°, while the dihedral angle between them amounts to 62° (0° for square planar and 90° for a tetrahedron). Ligand field bands are observed at 10.2 × 103, 13.8 × 103, and 20.3 × 103 cm−1, while the most characteristic infrared vibrations of the triflate anion are observed at 1273, 1260, 1238, 1221, 1171, and 1157 cm−1.
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  • 41
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    Crystal structure and thermal analysis of 1,5-diammonium-2-methyl pentane sulfate monohydrate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 95-98 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: organic sulfate ; crystal structure ; DTA/TG/DSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chemical preparation, x-ray single crystal, and thermal analysis of C6H18N2SO4·H2O (denoted DMPS) are described. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with P $$\overline 1$$ space group. Its unit cell dimensions are a = 5.826(1) Å, b = 10.014(1) Å, c = 11.221(1) Å, α = 66.716(1)°, β = 84.395(1)°, γ = 83.759(1)°, V = 596.7(1) Å3, and Z = 2. The DMPS structure is built up from inorganic chains parallel to the a axis and linked via O(W)-H···O hydrogen bonds. These chains are interconnected by organic groups. Thermal analysis reveals the presence of one water molecule in the structure and shows a reversible weak phase transition.
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  • 42
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    Molecular structure and 1H, 13C NMR assignments of 1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 115-118 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (titmb); crystal structure; hydrogen bonding; 2D NMR ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonding ; 2D NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecule 1,3,5-tris(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (titmb) crystallizes as a monohydrate in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 20.888(4), b = 13.220(2), c = 14.385(2) Å, β = 90.36(1)°. Two of three imidazole groups are on one side of the central benzene ring, and the other one is on the opposite side. The crystal packing of titmb is stabilized by O-H--N hydrogen bonding between the water molecule and nitrogen atoms of the imidazole group. The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments for titmb were carried out by 2D NMR spectral measurements.
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  • 43
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    Crystal structure of 2,6-dimethylpyridinium hydrogen phthalate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 119-122 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: phthalic acid ; 2, 6-dimethylpyridine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new crystal of 2,6-dimethylpyridinium hydrogen phthalate (DPMHP) has been prepared and characterized by x-ray crystallography. DPMHP crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 26.105(3), b = 8.2250(10), c = 13.8750(10) Å, β = 116.02(1)°, V = 2677.2(5) Å3, and Z = 8. The 2,6-dimethylpyridinium (DPM) is held with the hydrogen phthalate ion (HPI) by intermolecular hydrogen bond of N-H-O. A noncentered hydrogen atom is involved in the short intramolecular hydrogen of O-O [2.398(2) Å] between the neighboring carboxylic groups. The phenyl ring of the HPI appears to be deformed in comparison with the original. The entity of HPI in itself and DMPMHP as a whole are arranged in a rumple pattern. The geometrical arrangement in the crystal structure is characterized by the formation of laminar ribbons of DPMHP.
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  • 44
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    The crystal structures of two reaction products of α-halopyruvamide with nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 109-113 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: α-halopyruvamide derivatives ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two compounds have been prepared during the investigation of the reactivity of α-halopyruvamides. The reaction products: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (1) and 7-carbamoyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,3-b][1,3]thiazol-4-ium chloride (2) were structurally characterized by x-ray crystallography. Compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 with a = 28.813(2), b = 9.369(1), and c = 9.361(1) Å. The structure contains two crystallographically different molecules. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the following cell parameters: a = 8.5895(8), b = 22.499(2), c = 7.4133(6) Å, and β = 110.204(1)°.
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  • 45
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    Synthesis and molecular structure of N-[3-(p-bromophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]methylphthalimide. III. (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 131-134 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,2,4-Oxadiazole ; crystal structure ; phthalimide derivative ; AM1 method ; STO-3G basis set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis, spectroscopic studies and crystal structure of the title compound is described. The crystallographic studies showed that the p-bromophenyl group is very nearly coplanar with the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring. The nearly planar phthalimide group makes an angle of about 98° with the bromophenyloxadiazole plane. Semi-empirical (AM1) and ab initio (STO-3G, 6-31G) molecular orbital calculations have been carried out for this compound and a comparison of bond angles, bond lengths and torsion angles has been made with the experimental values, which are remarkably close to each other. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 13.6299(2),b = 13.9836(2), c = 8.4817(2) Å, β = 101.9070(10)°, V = 1581.79(5) Å3, and Z = 4.
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  • 46
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    Crystal and molecular structure of augustamine (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: alkaloid ; tazettine type ; amaryllidaceae ; crystal structure ; molecular mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of augustamine (1), C17H19NO4 an amaryllidaceae alkaloid of the tazettine group has been determined by direct methods from single crystal x-ray diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least squares. The alkaloid (1) crystallizes in the space group P212121, with cell parameters: a = 7.833(8) b = 11.08(2) å, c = 16.69(6) Å, Z = 4, Dc = 1.381 g/cm−3, R = 7.6% for 1115 observed reflections. The molecule, having a hexacyclic ring system, is very rigid with the ring B in a chair conformation. Molecular mechanics calculations have been made using MM3(2000) force field.
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  • 47
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    Synthesis, crystal structure of a one-dimensional cobalt—azide complex through hydrogen bond (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; cobalt (II) complex ; one-dimensional chain ; hydrogen bond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A one-dimensional chain complex, {[Co(bpm)2(N3)2][Co(bpm)2(H2O)2]} (ClO4)2, (bpm being bis(pyrazol-l-yl)methane), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction: triclinic, space group P - 1 with a = 8.805(2) Å, b = 8.902(2) Å, c = 13.621(3) Å, α = 84.27(3)°, β = 84.63(3)°, γ = 80.05(3)°, V = 1043.2(4) Å3, Z = 1. Two cobalt atoms have ideal octahedral environments with different coordination atoms. One cobalt atom is six-coordinated with nitrogen atoms from two bpm ligands and two azide ligands, while the other cobalt atom is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from bpm and two oxygen atoms from water molecules. The complex forms one-dimensional chain through hydrogen bonds.
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  • 48
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    Syntheses, characterization, and structural analyses of several f-block isothiocyanatonitrato complexes (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 301-309 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Synthesis ; crystal structure ; dioxouranium(VI) ; lanthanide(III) ; thiocyanate ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reactions of tetra-n-butylammonium thiocyanate with lanthanide and uranyl nitrates yield complexes of the general type [(Bu)4N]x[M(NCS)y(NO3)z]. Samples of [(Bu)4N]2 [UO2(NCS)3( NO3)] (1), [(Bu)4N]3[Yb(NCS)4(NO3)2] (2), and [(Bu)4N]3[Nd(NCS)4(NO3)2rsqb; (3) were prepared from alcohol solutions. Crystallization of 1 occurs in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 17.949(4) Å, b = 16.587(3) Å, c = 16.763(3) Å; β = 99.77(3)°; and Z = 4. The seven-coordinate uranium(VI) ion exhibits a pentagonal bipyramid coordination environment. Crystallization of 2 occurs in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pnnn (No. 48) with a = 12.530(2) Å, b = 12.9440(10) Å, c = 21.203(2) Å; Z = 2. The eight-coordinate ytterbium(III) ion expresses a dodecahedral coordination environment. Crystallization of 3 occurs in the noncentrosymmetric monoclinic space group Cc (No. 9) with a = 16.556(2) Å, b = 18.130(2) Å, c = 23.984(4) Å; Z = 4. The 10-coordinate neodymium(III) ion exhibits a dodecahedral coordination environment. Characterization includes physical property determinations, conoscopic studies, IR spectroscopic identifications, and UV spectral data. Details of the syntheses along with selected bond distances and angles are presented and discussed.
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  • 49
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    A dimeric pervanadyl (VO2+) complex with a tridentate Schiff base ligand (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 329-333 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Pervanadyl complex ; Schiff base ; di(μ-oxo)-bridged dimer ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A di(μ-oxo)-bridged dinuclear complex, [VO2(pamh)]2 was isolated by reacting bis(acetylacetonato)vanadium(IV) and the Schiff base, N-(anisoyl)-N′-(picolinylidene)-hydrazine (Hpamh) in acetonitrile. The complex crystallizes in the space group $$P\bar 1 $$ ;1; (#2) on crystallographic inversion center. Crystal data: a = 8.2202(12) Å, b = 9.8389(19) Å, c = 10.1907(17) Å, α = 68.245(15)°, β = 74.47(2)°, γ = 66.710(19)°, V = 696.0(2) Å3, and Z = 1. The physical properties of the complex and the structural parameters are consistent with the +5 oxidation state of the metal ions. The monomeric VO2(pamh) unit is square-pyramidal. The planar mononegative ligand (pamh−) coordinates the metal ion via the pyridine-N, the imine-N, and the amide-O atoms. One of the oxo groups completes the NNOO basal plane and also participates in the Vndash;Ondash ;V bridge formation. The other oxo group satisfies the fifth apical coordination site. The molecular structure of the dimeric complex, [VO2(pamh)]2 can be described as two edge-shared distorted VO4N2 octahedra.
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  • 50
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    Crystal structure and spectroscopy of a hydrogen-bridged one-dimensional Cu(II) complex containing both octahedral and square pyramidal geometries in the same unit cell (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 351-357 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Helical hydrogen-bridged one-dimensional Cu(II) complex ; trans-4-styrylpyridine ; crystal structure ; IR and electronic spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of the helical hydrogen-bridged one-dimensional Cu(II) complex, [Cu(stpy)2(CH3COO)2(H2O)2] (1) [Cu(stpy)2(CH3COO)2(H2O)] (2), are prepared and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, electronic and X-ray crystal structure determination. The crystals are monoclinic, of space group C2/c, with unit cell parameters a = 31.842(7) Å, b = 5.9829(10) Å, c = 30.970(14) Å, β = 111.78(3)°, Z = 4. The asymmetric unit contains two different types of Cu(II) polyhedra, namely, octahedron and square pyramid within the same unit cell. 1 has elongated octahedral geometry with two nitrogen atoms from stpy and two oxygen atoms from synmonodentate acetate ligands, transcoordinated to Cu(II) in the basal plane. The oxygen atoms of the two water molecules occupy the axial positions. 2 has Cu(II) coordination polyhedra similar to 1, except that only one of the apical positions is occupied by a water molecule. The structure consists of two independent linear chains, one involving octahedral (1) and the other involving square-pyramidal (2) polyhedra, held by hydrogen bridges. The Cu–Cu intra- and interchain separations in both 1 and 2 are 5.983 and 8.214 Å. The unit cell packing shows weak π-stacking between adjacent coordinated stpy ligands in the chain, resulting in ladder-type structure. Further, the extended packing reveals helical arrangement of Cu(II) polyhedra in the lattice.
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  • 51
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    Crystal structure of [Yb(L(NO3)2(H2O)2](NO3), L = bromo-N,N,N′,N′-tetraethylmalonamide (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 455-458 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Ytterbium ; malonamide ; crystal structure ; extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [Yb(L(NO3)2(H2O)2](NO3), L = bromo-N,N,N′,N′-tetraethylmalonamide crystallizes in the triclinic spacegroup P-1 with cell dimensions a = 9.030(9), b = 12.036(12), c = 12.392(13) Å, α = 84.52(1), β = 77.58(1), γ = 67.21(1)° , dcalc = 1.935 g cm-3 for Z = 2. The ytterbium atom in the complex cation is nine-coordinate being bonded to two oxygen atoms from the malonamide ligand, two nitrate anions, and three water molecules.
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  • 52
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    N-Arylmaleimide derivatives (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 563-571 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Maleimide ; crystal structure ; photopolymerization ; monomer ; conformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nine phenyl substituted N-phenylmaleimide monomers for photopolymerization studies have been characterized by x-ray crystallography. Structures for N-(2′-t-butylphenyl)maleimide (1), P21/n, a = 10.197(3) Å, b = 11.904(4) Å, c = 10.496(5) Å, β = 100.61(3)° N-(2′-trifluoromethylphenyl)maleimide (2), P21/c, a = 11.763(8) Å, b = 10.699(9) Å, c = 8.284(5) Å, β = 90.02(5)° N-(2′,6′-diisopropylphenyl)maleimide hemibenzene solvate (3), Pc, a = 16.747(6) Å, b = 8.552(3) Å, c = 12.899(4) Å, β = 105.08(3)° N-(2′,6′-diisopropylphenyl) maleimide (unsolvated) (4), C2/c, a = 28.146(10) Å, b = 8.434(4) Å, c = 12.881(4) Å, β = 92.20(4)° N-(2′-bromo-3′,5′-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) maleimide (5), P21/n, a = 8.7115(16) Å, b = 16.125(3) Å, c = 9.6707(19) Å, β = 99.757(15)° N-(2′-phenylphenyl)maleimide (6), P21/n, a = 8.519(4) Å, b = 13.742(5) Å, c = 11.147(4) Å, β = 92.25(3)° N-(4′-methoxyphenyl)maleimide (7), P21/n, a = 9.320(3) Å, b = 6.621(2) Å, c = 16.059(6) Å, β = 99.58(3)° N-(2′-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-methylmaleimide (8), Fdd2, a = 43.362(12) Å, b = 8.202(2) Å, c = 12.720(4) Å and N-(2′-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-methanosuccinimide (9), Cc, a = 7.708(2) Å, b = 22.191(9) Å, c = 7.137(2) Å, β = 115.76(2)° are described. Molecules with bulky 2′-substituents show larger rotations between the mean phenyl and maleimide ring planes, and varying degrees of distortion to the imide group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011345925270
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    Induction of adenocarcinoma containing myoepithelial cells in rat submandibular gland by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (2000)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 437 (2000), S. 314-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords 7 ; 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene ; Rat ; Submandibular gland ; Adenocarcinoma Myoepithelial cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In an attempt to induce adenocarcinoma containing myoepithelial cells (MECs) in the rat submandibular gland, we injected 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in acetone into the glands of rat pups at the age of 10 days. In both male and female pups, the glands, including their developing terminal secretory units, contained far greater numbers of cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) than did adult glands. A single administration of 1% DMBA (0.05 ml/130 g b.w.) did not produce adenocarcinoma, but did induce occasional sarcomas, such as rhabdomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma, in 2 months. Most glands regenerated with minimal scar formation. Microscopically, these glands were atypical in that they contained increased numbers of PCNA-positive cells, underdeveloped granular ducts, and striated ducts surrounded by MECs positive for alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Though these features were also observed in the regenerated glands after acetone injection, the number of PCNA-positive cells was relatively high in the glands of DMBA-treated females, especially in the terminal secretory unit. The second DMBA injection at 10 weeks of age produced adenocarcinoma made up of αSMA-positive MECs and keratin 19-positive duct cells. Such MEC-associated adenocarcinoma was induced in the glands of more than half the female but not the male animals. Replacement of either of the double DMBA treatments with acetone, or DMBA treatment, single or double, of adult glands did not produce adenocarcinoma, but did produce sarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. These results suggest that (1) at least two genetic mutations are necessary for induction of adenocarcinoma with MECs in the rat submandibular gland, (2) the mutation is efficiently introduced to pup glands whose terminal secretory units exhibit extreme proliferative activity, and (3) the second mutation is difficult to introduce in male glands, whose proliferative activity is relatively low, and/or transformed cells need some female hormone after the mutation to propagate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280000223
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    Electronic Resource
    Myocardial enzyme activities in plasma after whole-heart irradiation in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Heart irradiation ; Plasma enzyme levels ; Myocardial enzyme levels ; Rat ; AbbreviationsCK creatine kinase ; LDH lactate de-hydrogenase ; AST aspartate aminotransferase ; ALT alanine aminotransferase ; α-HBDHα-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma levels of myocardial enzymes present after local heart irradiation were studied in a rat model. The purpose was to investigate whether, within days after irradiation, these enzyme levels change to such an extent that they may be helpful in assessing the severity of cardiac damage after radiotherapy. Therefore, activities of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) were determined in the plasma and left ventricular myocardium of rats following local heart irradiation with a single dose of 20 Gy. A dose of 20 Gy is known to cause irreversible cardiac damage and to reduce survival times of the animals. Cardiac enzyme assays were performed directly after and twice daily for up to 2 weeks after radiation. Plasma CK, LDH, AST and α-HBDH levels were increased between 2 h and 24 h after irradiation. Plasma ALT levels remained unchanged. Myocardial enzyme levels, measured between 24 h and 16 days after radiation, did not differ between irradiated and control animals, although acute (first 12 h) reductions were observed in the irradiated group. The elevated enzyme levels in plasma appeared to correlate with the acutely reduced myocardial enzyme levels. Although irradiation with a dose of 20 Gy induced acute rises of cardiac enzyme levels in plasma, it is doubtful that fractionated radiation, as applied clinically for treatment of solid tumors, will induce plasma enzyme elevations that are large enough to indicate the extent of cardiac damage occurring acutely or chronically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008461
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    Decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in glomeruli of puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (2000)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental nephrology 4 (2000), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: Key words VEGF ; Glomeruli ; Ribonuclease protection assay ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a selective endothelial growth factor which potently enhances microvascular permeability. In the kidney, VEGF mRNA is known to be highly expressed in visceral epithelial cells in glomeruli. However, the physiological role of VEGF in glomerular function and its involvement in the pathogenesis of proteinuria are not clear. The present studies were designed to determine whether altered expression of VEGF mRNA was observed in the course of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis in rats (a model of human minimal change nephrosis). Methods. The message level of VEGF in isolated glomeruli of PAN nephrosis rats was measured using a ribonuclease protection assay. Results. VEGF expression began to decrease 4 days after PAN injection and could not be detected in the nephrotic stage of PAN nephrosis (on days 8 and 16). In the remission of stage of PAN nephrosis (on day 28), mRNA was restored to the control level. Conclusions. According to our results, a functional defect in the VEGF expression of visceral epithelial cells was observed in PAN nephrosis. VEGF could be a functional marker of visceral epithelial cells, and the loss of normal expression of VEGF after damage to visceral epithelial cells could affect glomerular endothelial cell function in PAN nephrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101570050058
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    Electronic Resource
    Apoptosis in murine duodenum during embryonic development (2000)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 485-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Duodenum ; Apoptosis ; Fetus ; Rat ; Duodenal atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Duodenum is thought to go through a solid-core stage followed by recanalization during its development. This study investigates the role of apoptosis in normal duodenal development, especially during widening of the lumen, and hence, the possible role of apoptosis in duodenal atresia (DA). Twenty-four time-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were killed from day 13 to day 20 of gestation. Duodenums of 3 fetuses were chosen randomly from each rat and processed. Apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxytransferase-mediated biotin dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique (ApopTag). Apoptosis count and cross-sectional areas were measured with an image analyzer (MetaMorph). The number of apoptotic cells per unit area duodenum peaked on day 15 for the mucosal/submucosal layer and on day 14 for the muscular/mesenchymal layer. The maximal number of apoptotic cells per cross-section of duodenum was between 7 and 8. The cross-sectional areas of the duodenal wall and lumen increased exponentially between day 17 and day 19 while duodenal-wall thickness remained relatively constant throughout duodenal development. The localization, timing, and intensity of apoptosis do not suggest that apoptosis is responsible for the widening of the duodenal lumen; enlargement of the lumen is related to the increase in duodenal circumference. Apoptosis thus may not be involved in the pathogenesis of DA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830000408
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    Organ-specific distribution of major histocompatibility antigens in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study systematically investigated the expression and distribution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II in the rat. About 150 native tissue probes from eight adult Lewis rats were taken, representative for most organs, tissues, and the vascular system. MHC expression was analyzed by two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated against the non-polymorphic determinants of rat MHC class I (Ox-18) and class II (Ox-6). Immunoreactivities were compared to those of different endothelial (HIS52, TLD-3A12, Ox-43, REHA-1 antigen), histiocytic (ED1, ED2), B-cell (RLN-9D3), and T-cell (MRC Ox-52) markers. A nonspecific mAb (MR12/53) served as a negative control. Pretested concentrations on various tissues and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique allowed semiquantitative evaluation of serial cryostat tissue sections. MHC class I expression was detected on most immunocompetent cells. Endothelial cells were stained heterogeneously along the vascular system and the organ-specific microcirculation. Furthermore, some organs showed staining of parenchymal cells. MHC class II was found on all immunocompetent cells positive for the B-cell marker and about 15% of cells positive for the histiocytic markers. Besides the well-known expression of MHC class II in the outer zone of the renal proximal tubule, further organ-specific cell forms were found positive. In conclusion, the present study outlines tissue-specific distribution of MHC I/II and implies that each organ carries a variable immunologic burden that needs to be considered for any transplantation model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050746
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    Proliferation, zonal maturation, and steroid production of fetal adrenal transplants in adrenalectomized rats (2000)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Fetal transplantation ; Proliferation ; Adrenal glands ; Addisonian crisis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study investigated the histologic maturation, proliferative capacity, and steroid production of fetal adrenal transplants (Tx) in adrenalectomized rats. A pair of fetal adrenal glands (18–20 days of gestation) was transplanted into the omentum of syngeneic Lewis rats (n=45). Four weeks later, in 5 animals the grafts were excised for morphologic evaluation. Proliferation was investigated by immunohistochemical staining for KI-67 protein and quantified by the proliferation index (PI = positive cells/100 counts). All other hosts (Tx; n = 40) underwent bilateral adrenalectomy (AE) to induce Addisonian crisis. Postoperatively, survival and concentrations of potassium, sodium, aldosterone, and corticosterone were recorded for 6 months. These data were compared to controls (C = only AE; n = 30) and a sham group (S; n = 10). At the end of the study period all surviving hosts were killed for histologic examination of grafts. At 4 weeks post-Tx the adrenal grafts demonstrated a distinct zona glomerulosa and frequent proliferation with a PI of 0.084, comparable to normal control (0.092). Following AE survival was significantly prolonged in Tx (86% vs 12% of C, P 〈 0.05). Control animals developed severe hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, whereas in Tx only transient signs of Addisonian crisis were recorded. Levels of aldosterone dropped within 7 days in the Tx and C groups, but returned to normal for Tx within 8 weeks. Corticosterone levels of Tx animals fell to 25% within week, but steadily increased to 70% by the end of the study. At 6 months, grafts revealed a mature adrenocortical structure with little proliferative activity, which was comparable to controls. In a syngeneic rat model fetal adrenal transplants thus mature and proliferate to provide sufficient steroid production for adrenalectomized hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050747
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    Antenatal dexamethasone administration inhibits smooth-muscle-cell DNA synthesis in pulmonary-arterial media in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 414-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ; Hypoplastic lung ; Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ; Antenatal glucocorticoids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid therapy on smooth-muscle-cell (SMC) DNA synthesis in the pulmonary arteries (PA) in a nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) rat model following nitrofen administration on day 9.5 of gestation. Antenatal dexamethasone (DEX) was given intraperitoneally on days 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected via a jugular vein into the dam 1 h before the fetuses were killed by cesarean section at term. The fetuses were divided into three groups: group I (n = 10): normal controls; group II (n = 10): nitrofen-induced CDH; group III (n = 10): nitrofen-induced CDH with antenatal DEX treatment. Immunostaining of the lungs with anti-BrdU antibody was obtained by a standard avidin-biotin complex method. The number of immunopositive cells in the PA media and adventitia were counted using an image analyzer and analyzed statistically. The number of BrdU-immunopositive cells in the media was significantly increased in group II (16.83 ± 3.01) compared to groups I (9.16 ± 2.20) and III (6.83 ± 1.70) (P 〈 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups I and III. The number of BrdU-immunopositive cells in the adventitia was not significantly different between the three groups. Antenatal DEX treatment inhibits SMC DNA synthesis in PA media in CDH lungs. This may be a possible mechanism by which antenatal DEX prevents structural PA changes in nitrofen-induced CDH in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003839900336
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    Long-term small bowel allograft function induced by short-term FK 506 application is associated with split tolerance (2000)
    Springer
    Transplant international 13 (2000), S. S532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Small bowel transplantation ; Split tolerance ; FK 506 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Functional long-term allograft survival after experimental small bowel transplantation (SBT) is limited by chronic rejection. Initial application of high-dose FK 506 has been shown to induce stable long-term graft function. In order to examine whether this long-term function is associated with donor-specific tolerance, we analyzed the functional status of recipient T cells in vivo and in vitro. One-step orthotopic SBT was performed in the allogeneic Brown Norway (BN)-to-Lewis rat strain combination. FK 506 was given daily at a dose of 2 mg/kg from days 0–5 in the rejection model and from days 0–9 in the long-term functional model. Mean survival time in the rejection model was 98 ± 2.8 days. Histological examination of these small bowel allografts disclosed signs of chronic rejection. In contrast, all animals of the long-term functional model survived long term ( 〉 250 days) without clinical signs of chronic rejection. The latter model, furthermore, produced evidence of donor-specific tolerance. Whereas heterotopic Dark Agouti (DA) hearts were rejected regularly within 7 days, BN hearts survived indefinitely ( 〉 70 days). In vitro, mixed leukocyte reactivity of CD4 + T cells was similarly strong against donor (BN) antigens as against third-party (DA) antigens. The split tolerance revealed by our in vivo and in vitro results enabled acceptance of both the small bowel allograft without signs of chronic rejection and of donor-specific heart allografts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050396
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    Heart valve dysfunction resulting from cellular rejection in a novel heterotopic transplantation rat model (2000)
    Springer
    Transplant international 13 (2000), S. S528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Implantation model ; Aortic valves ; Valve dysfunction ; Rejection ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Structural failure of heart valve allografts may be related to technical factors or immunological reactions. To circumvent nonimmunological factors a new rat implantation model was developed to study whether alloreactivity results in histopathological changes and valve dysfunction. Syngeneic (WAG-WAG, DA-DA) and allogeneic (WAG-BN, WAG-DA) transplantation was carried out using this new technique, and the function of explanted valves was assessed 21 days later by retrograde comptence testing. Additionally, grafts were examined using standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. There was no leakage during retrograde injection in nine of tem syngeneic and two of ten allogeneic grafts. Microscopically, syngeneic valves appeared normal without fibrosis or intimal thickening, although CD8+ lymphocytes and macrophages were found in necrotic myocardial rim and adventitia. In contrast, allogeneic valves were deformed and noncellular, with extensive infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ and CD68+ cells in adventitia and media. Absence of fibrosis and intimal thickening in syngeneic transplanted valves indicated circumvention of nonimmunological factors. Allogeneic valve transplantation induces cellular infiltration in the graft with subsequent graft failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050395
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    Hypoxia-reoxygenation differentially stimulates stress-activated protein kinases in primary-cultured rat hepatocytes (2000)
    Springer
    Transplant international 13 (2000), S. S597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Hypoxia-reoxygenation ; JNK1/SAPK1 ; Rat ; Hepatocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Organ injury after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) remains one of the most important limiting factors in liver surgery and transplantation. Oxygen-free radical (OFR) generation is considered a major cause of this damage. JNK1/SAPK1, a member of MAPK family, regulates cell adaptation to stressful conditions. The aim of this study was to determine if hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) can activate JNK1/SAPK1 and if OFR are involved in this activation. Primary cultured rat hepatocytes isolated from other liver cells and blood flow were submitted to warm and cold H/R phases mimicking surgical and transplant conditions. JNK1/SAPK1 was activated by both warm and cold H/R. Deferoxamine (1 mM), di-phenyleneiodonium (50 μM) and N-acetylcysteine (10 mM) significantly inhibited this kinase activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050410
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    Real-time monitoring of nitric oxide in ischemia-reperfusion rat kidney (2000)
    Springer
    Urological research 28 (2000), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Kidney ; Nitric oxide ; Ischemia-reperfusion injury ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study we attempted to clarify the release of nitric oxide (NO) and its role in the ischemia-reperfusion rat kidney. After right nephrectomy, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: one sham operated and three groups who underwent ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion of the left renal artery. Thirty minutes prior to ischemia-reperfusion, two groups were injected intraperitoneally with 10 and 30 mg/kg of NG-nitro-l-arginine methylester (L-NAME). Real-time monitoring of blood flow and NO release in the rat kidney was measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter and an NO-selective electrode, respectively. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured 1 and 7 days after the induction of ischemia-reperfusion. Clamping of the renal artery decreased blood flow to 1–5% of the basal level measured before clamping. After removal of the clip, the blood flow of the 30 mg/kg L-NAME rats was significantly lower than that of the controls. Immediately following the clipping of the renal artery, NO release rapidly increased. After removing the clip, NO release immediately returned to three-quarters of the basal level. Serum creatinine and BUN levels of the ischemia-reperfusion rats were slightly but not significantly higher and those of 30 mg L-NAME rats were significantly higher than those of the control or ischemia-reperfusion rats 1 day and 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion. Our data suggest that NO acts as a cytoprotective agent in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050153
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    Systemic treatment with epidermal growth factor but not insulin-like growth factor I decreases the involution of the prostate in castrated rats (2000)
    Springer
    Urological research 28 (2000), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Castration ; Epidermal growth factor ; Insulin-like growth factor I ; Prostate ; Testosterone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are strong inducers of proliferation to prostate cells cultured in serum-free medium. Accordingly we wanted to study the growth of the prostate gland in castrated rats after treatment with EGF, IGF-I and testosterone. Castrated Wistar rats were treated with growth factors (EGF 35 μg/rat per day; IGF-I 350 μg/rat per day) or testosterone (2 mg/rat per day) for 3 days either immediately after or 10 days after castration. Prostate tissue was examined by stereological and immunohistochemical techniques and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment with EGF inhibited the involution of the prostate (P 〈 0.05), whereas treatment with IGF-I did not affect the prostate involution as compared to castrated controls. EGF treatment significantly increased the endogenous rat EGF in the ventral prostate, but cellular proliferation was not affected. Testosterone treatment increased the weight of the prostate, by increase of all tissue components of the prostate, and significantly increased cellular proliferation. Systemic administration of EGF but not IGF-I decreased the involution of the rat prostate induced by castration. Compared with testosterone, the effects of EGF treatment on the prostate involution were moderate, and the effects of EGF were not related to cellular proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050141
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    Effect of aging on bladder function and the response to outlet obstruction in female rats (2000)
    Springer
    Urological research 28 (2000), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Bladder ; Rat ; Aging ; Obstruction ; Cystometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bladder dysfunction in the aging population is a significant problem. However the concomitant presence of other diseases in many patients can make it difficult to distinguish between changes in bladder function and other influences. The present study was designed to study, in aging rats, bladder function and the effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) on bladder function. Cystometrics were performed in awake, female Fischer 344 rats of four age groups (6, 12, 18 and 24 months) following subcutaneous implantation of a mediport catheter. Cystometric evaluations were carried out in control rats or those subject to three weeks of BOO. Bladder compliance significantly decreased with aging, which reflected an increase in threshold pressure without changes in bladder capacity. Partial BOO caused development of severe bladder instability. Following BOO, bladder capacity and compliance were significantly increased in all age groups. Threshold pressure was lower in obstructed animals, except for 6-month rats. Younger animals were able to generate a higher contraction pressure to compensate for the BOO, whereas older animals did not. Using an awake model of cystometric measurement, we have demonstrated that aging, by itself can affect bladder function. Furthermore, aged animals respond differently to BOO than younger animals. These results demonstrate that both aging and disease can contribute to bladder dysfunction, and suggest that treatment of bladder dysfunction may require a combination of therapies targeted to multiple etiologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050007
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    Oxygen Configuration in the Superconductor (Hg0.7Mo0.3)Sr2(Ca1−xRx)Cu2Oz (R = Nd and Pr) (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: superconductivity ; Hg-based cuprate ; Hg-1212 (Hg,Mo)Sr2(Ca,R)Cu2O z ; neutron diffraction ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two series of Hg-based oxides (Hg0.7Mo0.3)Sr2(Ca1−x R x )Cu2O z (R = Nd and Pr, 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) have been synthesized. Electrical-resistivity measurements show that these compounds are superconductors with maximum onset T c of 107 and 102 K for Nd- and Pr-containing samples, respectively. The neutron powder diffraction experiments on both as-prepared and O2-annealed samples of R = Nd revealed that the O(3) site at the HgOδ sheets are fully occupied and shifted towards the Hg/Mo site to form Mo–O bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007738528912
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    Morphological analysis of peripheral nerve regenerated by means of vein grafts filled with fresh skeletal muscle (2000)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 475-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Nerve repair ; Nerve fiber regeneration ; Sciatic nerve ; Muscle-vein-combined graft ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Clinical data have shown that a vein segment filled with fresh skeletal muscle can be considered a good autologous grafting conduit for the repair of peripheral nerve lesions. In this study, the long-term morphological organization of rat sciatic nerve fibers regenerated along a muscle-vein-combined graft conduit is further analysed by light and electron microscopy. Regenerated nerve fibers were organized into fascicles of various sizes that were clearly delimited by perineurial-like shells made by long and thin cytoplasmic processes of perineurial-like bipolar cells and by densely packed collagen fibrils. Grafted skeletal muscle fibers were still detectable among nerve fiber fascicles. However, in spite of the persistence of skeletal muscle along the graft, regenerated nerve fibers showed a good morphological pattern of regeneration, providing further evidence that the muscle-vein-combined grafting technique represents an effective surgical alternative to the classical fresh nerve autograft for the repair of peripheral nerve defects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050334
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    Immunocytochemical distribution of the GABAB receptor splice variants GABAB R1a and R1b in the rat CNS and dorsal root ganglia (2000)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words GABAB receptor ; CNS ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The anatomical distribution of the GABAB receptor (GBR) splice variants GBR1a and 1b in the CNS has not previously been studied. In the present study, distribution of the splice variants was mapped using immunohistochemistry. Polyclonal antibodies against splice variant unique epitopes were raised in rabbits. Affinity purified antibodies were used according to routine immunohistochemical procedures in sections from the rat CNS or dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The staining intensity was high in the cerebral cortex but lower in basal ganglia and the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, there was a marked difference in the distribution of GBR1a- and 1b-like immunoreactivity (LI). GBR1a-LI was preferentially localised in the granule cell layer whilst GBR1b-LI was mostly found in Purkinje cells and in the molecular layer. Cell bodies of the deep cerebellar nuclei stained for the GBR1a antibody while terminals surrounding the cell bodies were strongly labelled with the GBR1b antibody. A similar pre- vs postsynaptic pattern was seen in several nuclei ventral or caudal to the cerebellum (e.g. the cochlear nucleus, the facial nucleus, the spinal cord) but not in regions rostral to the cerebellum. In the spinal cord, strong labelling for both antibodies was seen in the dorsal horn. The GBR1b but not the GBR1a antibody stained tanycytes in the epithelium of the 3rd ventricle and in the central canal at the brain stem level. DRG neurons were positive for both the GBR1a and 1b antibody, but the former stained the cells much more intensely. Satellite cells were labelled with the GBR1b antibody. The most important aspect of these findings is that in some nuclei, GBR1b may mediate inhibition of transmitter release while in the same regions, GBR1a may mediate postsynaptic inhibition. Further, the observations support previous findings that GBR1b is the predominant splice variant in Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008224
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    NK1, NK2 and NK3 tachykinin receptor localization and tachykinin distribution in the ileum of the mouse (2000)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 202 (2000), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Enteric neurons ; Interstitial cells of Cajal ; Smooth muscle cells ; Guinea-pig ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tachykinin receptors NK1r, NK2r and NK3r bind tachykinins with different affinities and share pharmacological and molecular differences among animal species. NK1r, NK2r, NK3r and tachykinin (SP/NKA) distribution was studied by immunohistochemistry in the ileum of mouse since no data are available for this species. The results were then compared to those obtained in the rat and guinea pig either by us or by others to ascertain interspecies similarities and/or differences. NK1r- and NK3r-immunoreactivity (IR) were detected in neurons and NK1r-IR in the interstitial cells of Cajal at the deep muscular plexus. At variance with rat and guinea pig, NK1r-IR was also found in the myoid cells of the villi, while NK2r-IR was never detected in nerve varicosities. This latter datum suggests that the NK2r does not play a presynaptic role in the mouse. Unexpectedly, a high NK2r-IR and the presence of NK3r-IR were observed at the inner portion of the circular muscle layer in the mouse as well as in the rat and guinea pig, demonstrating a subregional distribution of these receptors. Tachykinin distribution did not show noticeable species-related differences. The present findings show species-related differences in the tachykinin receptor distribution that might be related to a different tachykinin controlof intestinal motility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290000106
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    Systemic hypothermia following spinal cord compression injury in the rat: an immunohistochemical study on MAP 2 with special reference to dendrite changes (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 546-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hypothermia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) ; Rat ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic hypothermia has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic CNS models caused by vascular occlusions. The present study addresses the question as to whether systemic hypothermia has similar neuroprotective qualities following severe spinal cord compression trauma using microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemistry combined with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method as marker to identify neuronal and dendritic lesions. Fifteen rats were randomized into three equally sized groups. One group sustained thoracic laminectomy, the others severe spinal cord compression trauma of the T8-9 segment. The control group contained laminectomized animals submitted to a hypothermic procedure in which the esophageal temperature was reduced from 38 °C to 30 °C. The two trauma groups were either submitted to the same hypothermic procedure or kept normothermic during the corresponding time. All animals were sacrificed 24 h following the surgical procedure. The MAP2 immunostaining in the normothermic trauma group indicated marked reductions in MAP2 antigen in the cranial and caudal peri-injury zones (T7 and T10, respectively). This reduction was much less pronounced in the hypothermic trauma group. In fact, the MAP2 antigen was present in almost equally sized areas in both the hypothermic groups independent of previous laminectomy alone or the addition of trauma. Our study thus indicates that hypothermia has a neuroprotective effect on dendrites of rat spinal cords subjected to compression trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010000206
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    Changes of Fas and Fas ligand immunoreactivity after compression trauma to rat spinal cord (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Fas ; Fas ligand ; Rat ; Spinal cord ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This immunohistochemical study evaluated Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in the rat nervous system and their changes in the spinal cord subjected to compression. Normal spinal cord showed a low level of Fas and FasL immunoreactivity in the white matter except in the corticospinal tracts. Fas and FasL immunoreactivity seemed to be located in axons and their myelin sheaths. Other regions of the nervous system did not show immunoreactivity to Fas and FasL. Moderate and severe compression injury of the spinal cord resulted in a reduction of Fas and FasL immunoreactivity in the white matter of injured T8–9 segments at 4 h and a complete loss at 1 day after trauma. This was seen even in the remaining white matter. In contrast, increased immunoreactivity to Fas and FasL was present in the cranial T7, caudal T10 (moderate injury) and T12 (severe injury) segments at day 4 with most intense staining were seen at day 9 after trauma. Increased Fas and FasL immunoreactivity may have pathophysiological implications for the development of secondary injuries after trauma to the spinal cord. Fas-FasL interactions may for instance be involved in apoptosis of oligodendrocytes which occurs as a delayed phenomenon after trauma to the spinal cord. The integrity of myelin sheaths may in this way be jeopardized by apoptosis of oligodendrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010051195
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  • 72
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    Maximum tolerated doses of methotrexate and 7-hydroxy-methotrexate in a model of acute toxicity in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 46 (2000), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words 7-Hydroxymethotrexate ; Methotrexate ; Maximum tolerated dose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: After more than 50 years of methotrexate (MTX) treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), it is currently believed that as long as dose escalations are followed by adequate leucovorin rescue guided by monitoring MTX serum concentrations, hydration and urinary alkalinization, high-dose MTX (HD-MTX) can be tolerated without life-threatening toxicity. However, our recent experimental animal studies of the major metabolite of MTX, 7-OH-MTX, indicate that this concept may have some limitations. Animals with levels of 7-OH-MTX of 1 mM, which is below the levels routinely found in patients on HD-MTX, demonstrate intolerable toxicity and some animals die within 8 h. Electron microscopy indicates that endothelial cell and platelet functions are perturbed. Since animal data are lacking, and interspecies differences not known, we wanted to investigate the maximum tolerated doses of MTX and 7-OH-MTX in a rat model of short-term effects. The maximum tolerated dose was chosen instead of LD50 for reasons of animal welfare. Methods: We infused MTX and 7-OH-MTX into anaesthetized male Wistar rats and monitored the animals for 8 h. The drugs were given as a bolus plus continuous infusion. The dose-finding ranges were 1.8–11.3 g/kg MTX and 0.1–1.2 g/kg 7-OH-MTX. Results: The maximum tolerated dose was between 3 and 5 g/kg for MTX and lower than 0.1 g/kg for 7-OH-MTX. The mean serum concentrations of MTX and 7-OH-MTX in animals that did not survive the 8-h period were 21.9 and 1.6 mM, respectively. The animals that received the highest MTX or 7-OH-MTX doses and concentrations died after sudden reductions in heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusions: We demonstrated a lower maximum tolerated dose of 7-OH-MTX than of MTX in rats after 8 h. The 7-OH-MTX concentrations were in the therapeutic range after HD-MTX. If the rat/human interspecies differences are not large, our data may indicate that HD-MTX regimens should not be further dose intensified, due not so much to the effects of MTX as to those of 7-OH-MTX.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800000111
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    A polymorphism of the rat T-cell receptor β-chain variable gene 13 (BV13S1) correlates with the frequency of BV13S1-positive CD4 cells (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Vβ13 ; CD4/CD8 ratio ; Rat ; Tcrb ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Three rat BV13S1 alleles (T-cell receptor β-chain variable gene 13) were characterized by new BV13S1-allele specific monoclonal antibodies (18B1 and 17D5) and sequence analysis of expressed and genomic BV13S1. Two alleles were functional and designated BV13S1A1 present in strains LEW, BUF, PVG, and BV13S1A2 present in BN and WF. Their products differed by six amino acids, two of them in complementarity-determing region (CDR)1 and one in CDR2. A third nonfunctional allele, BV13S1A3P, was found in strains F344 and DA. Apart from a single nucleotide insertion, it was identical to BV13S1A2. All 12 rat strains tested showed association of TCRBC1 with BV8S2/4 alleles but not with the BV13S1 alleles, which may reflect a different gene order of the rat BV compared to mouse. BV13S1A1-encoded T-cell receptors (TCRs) which bind both monoclonal antibody (mAb) 18B1 and mAb 17D5 are over-represented in the CD4 lymphocyte subset. BV13S1A2-encoded TCRs which are stained by mAb 18B1 but not by mAb 17D5 show a slight CD8-biased expression. Preferential usage of BV13S1A1-positive TCRs by CD4 but not by CD8 cells in (LEW×WF)F1 hybrids and cosegregation of BV13SA1 and increased frequency of BV13S1 TCR-positive CD4 cells in a (LEW×BN)×BN backcross suggest structural differences of the two allelic products as the reason for their contrasting CD4/CD8 subset bias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050623
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    Constitutive NF-κB activity is modulated via neuron-astroglia interaction (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 130 (2000), S. 100-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words NF-κB ; p65 ; Hippocampal neurons ; Glia ; Astrocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  NF-κB is found in many neuronal cell types in different states of activity. This study aimed to define which conditions induce constitutive NF-κB activity in cultured hippocampal neurons using activity-specific antibody staining. In co-culture with astroglia, hippocampal neurons were devoid of activated NF-κB. In these co-cultures, NF-κB could not be activated via kainate or glutamate. In contrast, separating neurons from the glial compartment resulted in a time-dependent increase of activated neuronal NF-κB. In this line, activation of NF-κB by kainate or glutamate is very effective in freshly separated cultures, but inhibited when the cultures are reassembled after stimulation. These findings suggests that a neuronal-glial interaction may regulate gene expression via NF-κB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050011
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    Localization of endothelin receptors in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat (2000)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 122 (2000), S. 507-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endothelin-A receptor ; Endothelin-B receptor ; Rat ; Pulmonary fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-004-0708-7
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    Resistance to growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in acidotic rats (2000)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 14 (2000), S. 720-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Metabolic acidosis ; Growth ; Growth hormone ; Insulin-like growth factor-I ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Growth impairment induced by chronic metabolic acidosis is associated with an abnormal growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. To examine the potentially beneficial effects of IGF-I on acidosis-induced growth impairment and the influence of GH and IGF-I treatment on the GH/IGF-I axis, three groups of acidotic young rats (untreated, AC, n=12; treated with recombinant human GH, GH, n=8; treated with recombinant human IGF-I, IGF-I, n=8) were studied, and compared with nonacidotic rats fed ad libitum (C, n=9)) or pair-fed with the AC group (PF, n=12). After 14 days of acidosis and 7 days of treatment, growth rate, hepatic abundance of 4.7-kilobase (kb) and 1.2-kb GH receptor transcripts and 7.5-kb and 1.8- to 0.8-kb IGF-I transcripts, serum GH-binding protein (GHBP), and IGF-I concentrations (mean±SEM) were analyzed. Significant decreases of 4.7-kb GH receptor [26±2 vs. 49±6 arbitrary densitometry units (ADU)] and 7.5 kb IGF-I (41±3 vs. 104±10 ADU) transcripts and low serum GHBP (25±1 vs. 32±1 ng/ml) and IGF-I (279±50 vs. 366±6 nmol/l) levels were found in the AC compared with the C rats. The majority of these alterations were also observed in PF rats. Compared with acidotic untreated rats, GH and IGF-I therapy produced no improvement in growth rate. GH treatment normalized the levels of IGF-I mRNA, aggravated the acidosis-related inhibition of the GH receptor gene, and did not modify the serum levels of GHBP and IGF-I. In contrast, IGF-I administration depressed the hepatic expression of all GH and IGF-I transcripts and normalized serum IGF-I concentrations. Our results confirm that sustained metabolic acidosis alters the GH/IGF-I axis, in part because of associated malnutrition, and induced growth retardation that is resistant to GH therapy. Our study also shows that administration of IGF-I does not accelerate the growth of acidotic rats, suggesting a peripheral mechanism, at the level of target tissues, is responsible for the resistance to the growth-promoting actions of GH and IGF-I.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00013425
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    Apoptosis parallels ceramide content in the developing rat kidney (2000)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 15 (2000), S. 188-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Ceramide ; Development ; Kidney ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Ceramide is emerging as an important hydrophobic sphingolipid involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis. Since apoptosis plays a significant role in cellular remodeling during renal morphogenesis, we measured ceramide content and apoptosis in the fetal (18 days gestation), neonatal (3, 7, and 14 days postnatal), and adult rat kidney. In addition, to determine whether developmental changes in ceramide content are tissue-specific, we compared renal ceramide content with that in lung and liver. Ceramide was measured by the diacylglycerol kinase assay, and apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL technique. Renal ceramide content fell over 100-fold from the fetus to the 7th postnatal day. Renal apoptosis paralleled ceramide content, with a greater than 300-fold decrease in apoptosis from fetal to adult life. Ceramide content of the lung and liver was significantly less than that of the kidney, and changed less with maturation. We conclude that maturational changes in ceramide content are tissue-specific, and that the high rate of apoptosis in the developing kidney may be related to the elevated ceramide content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004670000444
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    Environmental modulation of the response to amphetamine: dissociation between changes in behavior and changes in dopamine and glutamate overflow in the rat striatal complex (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 151 (2000), S. 166-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Keywords Novelty ; Context ; Environment ; Stress ; 6-OHDA ; Rotational behavior ; Striatum ; Nucleus accumbens shell ; Caudate ; Amphetamine ; Dopamine ; Glutamate ; Aspartate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: We have previously shown that environmental novelty enhances the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine and amphetamine-induced expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the striatal complex, particularly in the most caudal portion of the caudate. In contrast, we found no effect of novelty on the ability of amphetamine to induce dopamine (DA) overflow in the rostral caudate or in the core of the nucleus accumbens. Objectives: The twofold aim of the present study was to determine the effect of environmental novelty on (1) amphetamine-induced DA overflow in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and in the caudal portions of the caudate, and (2) glutamate and aspartate overflow in the caudal portions of the caudate. Methods: Two groups of rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal dopaminergic system received amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) in physically identical cages. For one group, the cages were also the home environment, whereas, for the other group, they were a completely novel environment. In vivo microdialysis was used to estimate DA, glutamate, and aspartate concentrations. Results: Environmental novelty enhanced amphetamine-induced rotational behavior (experiments 1–3) but did not alter amphetamine-induced DA overflow in either the shell of the nucleus accumbens (experiment 1) or the caudate (experiment 2). In addition, the ability of environmental novelty to enhance amphetamine-induced behavioral activation was not associated with changes in glutamate or aspartate efflux in the caudate (experiment 3). Conclusions: The present data indicate that the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine can be modulated by environmental context independent of its primary neuropharmacological actions in the striatal complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900359
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    Human interferon-α increases immobility in the forced swimming test in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Interferon ; Depression ; Forced swimming test ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objectives: We examined the immobility of the forced swimming test induced in an animal model by human interferon (IFN), which has often been reported to induce depression in clinical use. Methods: In the present study, we examined the effects of human IFNs on results of the forced swimming test in rats. Results: Single intravenous (IV) administration of human IFN-α (6×104 IU/kg), but not of human IFN-β or -γ, significantly increased immobility time in the forced swimming test in rats. Repeated administration of human IFN-α (6×103 IU/kg) also significantly increased the immobility time. On the other hand, none of the rat IFNs (rat IFN-α, -β and -γ, 6×104 IU/kg, IV) changed the immobility time. Neither human IFNs nor rat IFNs changed the locomotor activity of rats. Conclusions: These findings suggest that human IFN-α has a greater potential for inducing increase of the immobility in the rat forced swimming test than human IFN-β and -γ, and that the effect of human IFN-α might not be mediated through IFN-α/β receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050031
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    Selective mu and delta, but not kappa, opiate receptor antagonists inhibit the habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia in the rat (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Opiate receptor ; Antinociception ; Habituation ; Novelty ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: There is now extensive evidence demonstrating that exposure to novel stimuli induces hypoalgesia and that this effect habituates over repeated exposure to the stimuli. Moreover, it has been shown that administration of the nonselective opiate receptor antagonist naloxone can attenuate the rate of habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia. Objectives: The present experiments were conducted to determine the relative influence of different opiate receptor subtypes in the attenuation of the habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia. Methods: In experiments 1–3, different groups of male, Wistar rats (275–300 g) were administered vehicle, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0-nmol doses of the µ-selective antagonist Cys2-Tyr3-Orn5-Pen7-amide (CTOP), the δ-receptor selective antagonist naltrindole, or the κ-selective antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI). In experiment 4, animals were administered vehicle, 5, 25 or 75-nmol doses of nor-BNI. All injections were delivered to the right lateral ventricle 30 min prior to exposure to a novel hot-plate apparatus (48.5°C), once a day for eight consecutive days. Results: Paw-lick latencies in vehicle-treated animals were long during the initial exposures and declined over repeated tests, suggesting the habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia. The rate of habituation was significantly attenuated by administration of 1.0-nmol and 2.0-nmol doses of CTOP, by a 2.0-nmol dose of naltrindole, but was unaffected by all doses of nor-BNI. Conclusions: These results support the involvement of the µ and δ, but not the κ, opiate receptor subtypes in the habituation of novelty-induced hypoalgesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050030
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    Acute exposure to saccharin reduces morphine analgesia in the rat: evidence for involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate and peripheral opioid receptors (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 56-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Morphine ; Opioid receptor ; NMDA ; Tolerance ; Rat ; Tail flick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Pairings of a sweet taste and injection of morphine result in a learned avoidance of that taste and learned analgesic tolerance. This avoidance is mediated by the drug’s peripheral effect, while learned tolerance involves activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Exposure to a sweet taste also reduces morphine analgesia. We studied whether this taste-mediated reduction was reversed by an NMDA or peripheral opioid receptor antagonist. Objectives: To determine whether an intraoral infusion of saccharin would modulate morphine analgesia in rats, and to study the contribution of NMDA as well as peripheral opioid receptors to this modulation. Methods: Six experiments used the rat’s tail-flick response to study the effect of an intraoral infusion of a sodium saccharin solution on morphine analgesia, and the effects of the quaternary opioid receptor antagonist methylnaltrexone as well as the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on this modulation of analgesia. Results: An intraoral infusion of saccharin reduced the analgesic effects of an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of morphine across a range of doses (experiment 1a), which was not attributable to an influence on tail-skin temperature (experiment 1b). This reduction was mediated by opioid receptors in the periphery and activation of NMDA receptors because morphine analgesia was reinstated by an i.p. injection of either methylnaltrexone (experiment 2a) or MK-801 (experiment 3a), which was not due to the effect of methylnaltrexone (experiment 2b) or MK-801 (experiment 3b) on morphine analgesia in the absence of saccharin. Conclusions: These results document evidence for an antagonism of morphine analgesia by actions of the drug at peripheral opioid receptors and excitatory amino-acid activity at NMDA receptors. They are discussed with reference to the aversive motivational effects of peripheral opioid receptors and pain facilitatory circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900337
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    Opiate withdrawal-induced place aversion lasts for up to 16 weeks (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Opiate ; Withdrawal ; Place aversion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Administration of low doses of opiate antagonists to morphine-dependent rats produces an aversive response as measured by a conditioned place aversion, but the time course of such a learned aversion is largely unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to examine the time course for the expression of a place aversion to opiate withdrawal. Methods: Morphine-dependent rats were tested in a three-chamber place- aversion apparatus. The conditioning phase consisted of three pairings of either naloxone (15 µg/kg s.c.) or vehicle with two compartments, with the most similar time allotments during the preconditioning test. During the testing phase, rats were again allowed to explore the entire apparatus. Different groups were tested at 24 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks post-conditioning (morphine-free tests). Results: A robust place aversion was recorded at every time point tested, including at 16 weeks. In previously published work, placebo-pelleted rats tested with naloxone at the same dose failed to show a place aversion and nondependent rats showed a stable lack of aversion at tests up to 56 days. Dependent animals without naloxone also failed to show a place aversion at any of those time points. Conclusions: In the absence of any active intervention, the place aversion produced by opiate withdrawal is very long lasting and provides a model for protracted abstinence that may be useful for delineating the neurobiological substrate for vulnerability to relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900358
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    Role of dopamine in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acoustic startle response ; Prepulse inhibition ; Sensorimotor gating ; Schizophrenia ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle is the reduction in startle response to an intense auditory stimulus when this stimulus is immediately preceded by a weaker prestimulus. Prepulse inhibition occurs normally in humans and experimental animals, but schizophrenic persons often exhibit a marked impairment in this measure. Previous studies have shown that dopamine (DA)-dependent neuronal mechanisms are involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition. Objective: Experiments were conducted in rats to elucidate further the involvement of DA-ergic mechanisms in prepulse inhibition. Results: In line with previous studies, the indirect DA agonist, amphetamine, was shown to decrease prepulse inhibition. A close reverse relationship over time between DA overflow in the nucleus accumbens and prepulse inhibition was obtained using a technique allowing concomitant measurement of these parameters in awake, freely moving rats. This effect was more pronounced in amphetamine-treated rats compared to rats treated with equimolar doses of cocaine, which increased DA overflow without affecting prepulse inhibition. In other experiments, the combined treatment with subthreshold doses of the selective DA D1 agonist, SKF 38393, and the selective DA D2 agonist, quinpirole, was also shown to decrease prepulse inhibition. Finally, the selective DA D2 antagonist, raclopride, was shown to enhance prepulse inhibition. Conclusions: In line with previous studies, it is concluded that DA neurotransmission is involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition and that the ventral part of the mesostriatal DA system may serve an important role in this modulation. Furthermore, the possibility is discussed that the discrepant results on prepulse inhibition obtained with amphetamine and cocaine may disclose functionally relevant differences in their mechanisms of action, and that the enhancement of prepulse inhibition induced by some antipsychotics in rats may reflect their propensity to induce adverse mental effects in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000369
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    Prefrontal dopamine is directly involved in the anxiogenic interoceptive cue of pentylenetetrazol but not in the interoceptive cue of chlordiazepoxide in the rat (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 366-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Prefrontal cortex ; Dopamine ; Anxiety ; Drug discrimination ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The prefrontal cortical (PFC) dopamine (DA) system has been implicated in anxiety-related behavioral changes, but direct, unequivocal support for this idea is sparse. Objectives: The present aim was to study the functional significance of prefrontal DA using the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) discrimination model of anxiety. A comparison was made with its role in the cue of the anxiolytic drug chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Methods: Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate either PTZ (20 mg/kg, s.c.) or CDP (10 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline using an operant drug discrimination procedure. After prolonged training, half of each group was used to assess biochemical changes induced by both drugs in different sub areas of the PFC. For the remaining rats, discrimination training continued and generalization tests with PTZ and CDP were performed. Rats were then provided with bilateral guide cannulae aimed at the ventromedial (vm) PFC, and the effects of local infusions of DAergic drugs on discriminative performance were evaluated. Results: CDP did not affect PFC DA activity, but PTZ increased the DOPAC/DA ratio in the vmPFC selectively. Generalization tests showed that the cues of PTZ and CDP were dose dependent. In PTZ-trained rats, infusions of the DA receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol into the vmPFC blocked the PTZ cue dose dependently, whereas the agonist apomorphine partially generalized to this cue. In CDP-trained rats, neither drug antagonized or generalized to the CDP cue, showing that PFC DA is not critically involved in the CDP cue and that local pharmacological manipulations of PFC DA do not affect discriminative abilities per se. Conclusions: The DAergic innervation of the PFC is directly involved in the behavioral effects of PTZ, suggesting a role for it in anxiety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000390
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    In vivo estimates of efficacy at 5-HT1A receptors: effects of EEDQ on the ability of agonists to produce lower-lip retraction in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 377-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words 5-HT1A agonist ; Intrinsic activity ; Efficacy ; Irreversible antagonism ; Lower-lip retraction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Maximal responses are often used as a measure of intrinsic activity or efficacy, but cannot be directly equated to efficacy. Using irreversible antagonists, estimates of efficacy can be obtained that may be less dependent on specific conditions. Objectives: To characterize the intrinsic activity of serotonin (5-HT)1A agonists by examining the effects of an irreversible antagonist on their ability to produce 5-HT1A receptor-mediated responses. Methods: The effects of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) on the ability of 5-HT1A agonists to produce lower-lip retraction (LLR) in rats were studied. Results: In the absence of EEDQ, each 5-HT1A agonist produced full effects, the rank order of potency being: S 14506 〉 8-OH-DPAT 〉 buspirone 〉 ipsapirone. EEDQ decreased the number of 5-HT1A binding sites and shifted the dose–response curves (DRCs) of each agonist either to the right or, at higher EEDQ doses, to the right and downward. The manner in which these shifts occurred, however, differed among the compounds. For each agonist, all DRCs obtained after different doses of EEDQ were fitted to models proposed by Furchgott and Black and Leff, and the results indicated the following rank order of efficacy: ipsapirone 〈 buspirone ≈ 8-OH-DPAT 〈 S 14506. 5-HT1A agonist-induced LLR appears to be mediated by 5-HT1A receptors, because the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635, shifted the agonist DRCs to the right in a parallel and dose-related manner, with pA2 values ranging from 7.8 to 8.1. Moreover, pretreatment with WAY 100635 protected against the antagonist activity of EEDQ. Conclusions: The results suggest that the effects of EEDQ on the ability of 5-HT1A agonists to produce LLR in rats may be useful to obtain estimates of their apparent efficacy at 5-HT1A receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000374
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    Repeated dose (28 days) oral toxicity study of flutamide in rats, based on the draft protocol for the `Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407' for screening for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 74 (2000), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Flutamide ; Androgen antagonist ; Rat ; Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407 ; Endocrine disrupters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In association with the international validation project to establish a test protocol for the `Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407', we performed a preliminary 28-day, repeated-dose toxicity study of flutamide, a non-steroidal androgen antagonist, and assessed the sensitivity of a list of parameters for detecting endocrine-related effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Seven-week-old CD(SD)IGS rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 males and 10 females, and administered flutamide once daily by oral gavage at doses of 0 (control), 0.25, 1 and 4 mg/kg body weight/day. Male rats were killed 1 day after the 28th administration. Female rats were killed on the day they entered the diestrus stage in the estrous cycle following the last treatment. Male rats receiving flutamide at dose levels of 1 and 4 mg/kg showed lobular atrophy of the mammary gland and a decrease in epididymal weight. In addition, 4 mg/kg flutamide-treated males exhibited raised serum testosterone and estradiol levels and decreased weight of the accessory sex glands. In females, a slight prolongation of the estrous cycle was also observed in the 4 mg/kg flutamide-treated group. No dose-related changes could be detected by haematology, serum biochemistry and sperm analysis. Thus, among the parameters tested in the present experimental system, the weight of endocrine-linked organs and their histopathological assessment, serum hormone levels, and estrous cycle stage allowed the detection of endocrine-related effects of flutamide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050664
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    Changes in serum α2u-globulin levels in male rats given diethylstilbestrol and applicability to a screening test for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 74 (2000), S. 48-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key wordsα2u-Globulin ; Diethylstilbestrol ; Endocrine disrupter ; Rat ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract α2u-Globulin (AUG) is a major rat urinary protein, which has a molecular weight of 16 kDa (kidney type) or 19 kDa (native type). The biosynthesis of this protein is under multi-hormonal regulation. In this study, we investigated changes in serum AUG level and their association with changes in the reproductive organs of male rats after the administration of the estrogenic chemical, diethylstilbestrol (DES) at doses ranging from 0.01 mg/kg per day to 100 mg/kg per day by gavage for 14 days. Our aim was to establish basic data for the development of a new screening method for endocrine disrupting chemicals based on serum AUG levels. DES treatment decreased the weight of testes in a dose-dependent manner; and was accompanied by atrophic histopathological changes in testes. Testis weights were significantly decreased by the group given 1 mg/kg per day DES; however, histopathological abnormalities were found in the group given 0.1 mg/kg per day DES. In four of five animals in the group given 1 mg/kg per day there was no significant decrease in testis weight and only a slight or moderate degeneration of the pachytene spermatocytes. Despite these findings, serum AUG levels in this group decreased markedly, while the serum AUG level markedly decreased even in the animals with no histopathological change in the 1 mg/kg per day or 0.1 mg/kg per day groups with no histopathological change also showed decreased serum AUG level. These results suggest that the serum AUG level may be a sensitive parameter for detecting the activity of estrogenic chemicals in intact male rats. Although a uterotropic assay has been proposed for immature female or ovariectomized female rats and is currently undergoing validation studies internationally, there is no screening method for estrogenic chemicals in intact male animals. More data on AUG changes by treatment with other estrogenic chemicals are needed in order to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this response to estrogens. Nonetheless, an AUG-based screening test for estrogenic chemicals may be useful owing to its applicability to conventional toxicity studies and an apparently higher sensitivity of this parameter compared to organ weight change or histology of testis in intact male rats and applicability to conventional toxicity studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050651
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    The T-type calcium channel blocker mibefradil reduced interstitial and perivascular fibrosis and improved hemodynamic parameters in myocardial infarction-induced cardiac failure in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words T-type calcium channel blockade ; Mibefradil ; Myocardial infarction ; Cardiac remodeling ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Fibrillar collagen accumulates within the interstitium and around coronary arteries following cardiac failure and is responsible for abnormal myocardial stiffness and reduced coronary performance associated with impaired cardiac function. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of long-term treatment with the T-type calcium channel antagonist mibefradil on myocardial remodeling and cardiac function after chronic myocardial infarction (MI). MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery in male Wistar rats. Animals were assigned to sham-operated, placebo-treated or mibefradil-treated (10 mg/kg per day p.o.) MI groups. Treatment with mibefradil was started either 7 days before, 24 h after, or 7 days after ligation and continued for 6 weeks after MI. At this time point, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax) were measured in conscious rats. Morphometric parameters were determined in picrosirius red-stained hearts: total heart weight (THW), interstitial and perivascular collagen volume fraction (ICVF, PCVF), myocardial infarct size (IS), vascular perimeter (VP), inner vascular diameter (IVD) and media thickness (MT). Six weeks after MI, MAP and dP/dtmax were decreased, and LVEDP was increased in placebo-treated animals. In mibefradil-treated animals whose treatment started 7 days before or 24 h after MI, MAP and dP/dtmax were higher, and LVEDP was lower than in placebo-treated controls. THW, ICVF, PCVF and MT were higher in placebo-treated animals. Mibefradil treatment resulted in higher ICVF and IS, higher VP and IVD (when started 7 days before MI) and lower PCVF and MT (when started 7 days before or 24 h after MI) than were observed in placebo-treated controls. Chronic treatment with mibefradil reduced interstitial and perivascular fibrosis and improved cardiac function in MI-induced heart failure in rats. Cardiac remodeling was best prevented when treatment was begun before the ischemic event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008215
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    Sex differences in the discriminative stimulus effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine and ethanol withdrawal (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 170-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words  m-Chlorophenylpiperazine ; Drug discrimination ; Ethanol withdrawal ; Anxiety ; 17β-estradiol ; Sex difference ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The serotonergic system plays a role in regulation of anxiety and ethanol withdrawal (EW). Nevertheless, few studies have assessed sex differences in serotonergic effects on EW. Objectives: This study examined sex differences in the anxiogenic stimu-li induced by a serotonin (5-HT)1b/2 agonist, meta- chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), prior to ethanol and during EW. Methods: Gonadectomized or sham-operated adult male and female rats and 17β-estradiol (2.5 mg, 21-day release, s.c.) -replaced ovariectomized (OVX) rats were trained to discriminate mCPP (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline in a two-lever choice task for food. Latency to the first lever press and mCPP lever selection were measured following mCPP (0–1.2 mg/kg). Rats then received chronic ethanol-containing liquid diet (6.5%) for 10 days and were tested for mCPP lever selection 12 h and 36 h after removal of ethanol. Results: Fewer sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats selected the mCPP lever than male or OVX rats, and showed an increased initiation latency after mCPP injection. During EW (12 h and 36 h), fewer sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats responded on the mCPP-lever after saline injection as well as after mCPP challenge than male or OVX rats. Castration did not alter any response of male rats to mCPP. Conclusions: (1) mCPP discrimination is a useful measure of EW in male and female rats; and (2) sham female and β-estradiol-replaced OVX rats are less sensitive to the discriminative stimulus prior to and during EW, but more sensitive to impaired behavioral initiation induced by mCPP than male or OVX rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900353
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    The dynamic infusion test in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Intracranial pressure ; CSF dynamics ; Infusion test ; Rat ; H-Tx rat ; Outflow resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although the hydrocephalic H-Tx rat is a widely used model, data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in hydrocephalic rats are rare or – as the pressure volume index (PVI) – not available. We used hydrocephalic and nonhydrocephalic H-Tx rats, a stock with a high percentage of inherited hydrocephalus, for the evaluation of such data. In addition, a new, simple mathematical algorithm (”dynamic infusion test”), which has not formerly been used in animal experiments, was used as a pathophysiological model of CSF dynamics. Compared with classical methods for evaluation of these data, the dynamic infusion test gives a deeper insight into the relation between ICP and CSF dynamics. It was found that the resistance to outflow (ROF) in hydrocephalic rats was at least twice that in nonhydrocephalic rats. The PVI measured was similar in hydrocephalic and nonhydrocephalic animals, but clearly higher than the values reported in the literature. This may be attributable to the fact that the classically used bolus test, in contrast to the ”dynamic infusion test”, is representative only for the CSF compartment which is directly exposed to the bolus application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007290
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    Evaluation of Kinetic Data for Crystallization of Tio2 Prepared by Hydrolysis Method (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 595-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystal structure ; DSC ; oxides ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of TiO2 prepared by hydrolysis method was presented. Thermodynamics and kinetics of anatase crystallization reaction were investigated. Differential method of kinetic data evaluation in non-isothermal conditions according toKissinger, Ozawa and Kazeev-Yerofeev was applied. Starting, crystallized and thermally treated powders were determined using X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The characteristic parameters (the activation energy, constant rate and formal kinetic order of reaction) of TiO2 formation were calculated using DSC data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010107423825
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  • 92
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    Sensitization of amphetamine-induced wheel running suppression in rats: dose and context factors (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 151 (2000), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Keywords Amphetamine ; Wheel running ; Behavioral sensitization ; Pharmacological sensitization ; Novelty ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: This study explored whether repeated injections of amphetamine (AMP), which increase general locomotion, also increase acute wheel running, a highly structured, rewarding, motor behavior not correlated with other locomotor activities. Objectives: The experiments determine how 1–5 mg/kg d-AMP affects wheel running and see if, over repeated injections, the AMP effects show context specific sensitization. Methods: In experiment 1, 2 mg/kg AMP or saline (SAL) was injected on days 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 to male Sprague-Dawley rats with either limited or no wheel experience. 20 min after the injection animals were tested in an open field for 5 min and then in a running wheel for 1 h. Rats were injected with SAL or AMP on the days following testing. On days 13 and 15, animals were tested for conditioning (following SAL) and sensitization (following AMP). In experiment 2, the effects on wheel running of repeated 1, 2, or 5 mg/kg AMP were tested. Results: In experiment 1, AMP (2 mg/kg) elevated open field ambulation but suppressed wheel running. Limited wheel experience potentiated the AMP-induced suppression. At test, the suppression of running was found to be context specific. In experiment 2, 1 mg/kg did not affect running, while 2 and 5 mg/kg resulted in dose-dependent running suppression. Acquisition and test AMP dose both influenced the running suppression at test; context had a marginal influence. Conclusions: The degree of running suppression induced by repeated AMP is determined by both psychological (the injection context) and pharmacological (the acquisition dose) factors. This AMP-induced running suppression is consistent with the sensitization of stereotyped behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000446
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    Discriminative stimulus effects of two doses of fentanyl in rats: pharmacological selectivity and effect of training dose on agonist and antagonist effects of mu opioids (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 136-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Fentanyl ; mu opioids ; Drug discrimination ; Training dose ; pA2 analysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioids vary systematically as a function of training dose. Differences among training doses may arise from multiple mechanisms. Objectives: In vivo apparent pA2 analyses were used to examine the contributions of opioid mechanisms to stimulus control by low and high training doses of the mu opioid fentanyl. Methods: Saline and one of two doses of fentanyl, administered s.c., were established as discriminative stimuli in two groups of rats (low training dose group: 0.01 mg/kg; high training dose group: 0.04 mg/kg). Generalization tests and in vivo apparent pA2 analyses were used to evaluate receptor mechanisms of stimulus control. Results: Fentanyl, etonitazene, methadone, and morphine evoked full fentanyl generalization in both groups but were more potent in the low-dose group. Spiradoline and d-amphetamine did not evoke generalization in either group. Naltrexone antagonized stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl in both groups, with apparent pA2 values of 7.6 in the low-dose group and 7.5 in the high-dose group. Nalbuphine and nalorphine evoked full generalization in the low-dose group but less than 40% generalization in the high-dose group. In the high-dose group, nalbuphine and nalorphine antagonized the stimulus and rate-altering effects of fentanyl with apparent pA2 values of 5.3 and 6.1, respectively, demonstrating lower efficacy mu actions. Conclusions: Changes in fentanyl training dose preserved the mu opioid selectivity of stimulus control but altered the intensity of the transduced mu opioid stimulus required for generalization. These differences in intensity of the fentanyl stimulus determined whether low efficacy mu opioids would evoke or antagonize fentanyl generalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050035
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    Discriminative stimulus properties of alprazolam (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alprazolam ; Drug discrimination ; Benzodiazepines ; Antidepressant ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam has a unique clinical profile compared to most other benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam, chlordiazepoxide), in that it is used to treat panic disorder and is effective in depression, two disorders that are usually treated with anti-depressants. Previous drug discrimination studies suggested that alprazolam has stimulus properties in common with antidepressants. Objective: In the present study, the discriminative stimulus properties of alprazolam were investigated to test more conclusively the role of benzodiazepine receptors and whether alprazolam has stimulus properties in common with antidepressants. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=12) were trained to discriminate between alprazolam (2.0 mg/kg, PO) and vehicle in an operant two-lever drug discrimination procedure under a tandem VI40”-FR10 schedule of reinforcement. Generalization and antagonism tests were carried out under 2 min extinction. Results: In generalization tests, a number of benzodiazepines (alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, midazolam, lorazepam) and the barbiturate pentobarbital substituted completely, while zolpidem and abecarnil substituted partially for alprazolam. In contrast, no significant degree of generalization to the antidepressants imipramine and fluvoxamine and the putative antidepressants buspirone and flesinoxan was found. In antagonism studies alprazolam could be antagonized (almost) completely by flumazenil, partially by pentylenetetrazole, but not by methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM), N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) and picrotoxin. Conclusions: These results show that the discriminative stimulus properties of alprazolam are mediated by benzodiazepine receptors and that the finding that antidepressants share discriminative stimulus effects with alprazolam may have limited generality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050036
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    Dopaminergic involvement in the discriminative-stimulus effects of methamphetamine in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 209-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Methamphetamine ; Drug-discrimination ; Dopamine ; Cocaine ; GBR-12909 ; Nomifensine ; Bupropion ; Chloro-PB ; Chloro-APB ; NPA ; 7-OH-DPAT ; SCH-23390 ; Spiperone ; cis-Flupenthixol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Dopamine plays a major role in the behavioral effects of methamphetamine. Objective: In the present experiments, the effects of different dopaminergic agonists, antagonists, and uptake inhibitors were evaluated in rats discriminating methamphetamine from saline. Methods: In Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg methamphetamine, i.p., from saline under a fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery, the ability of various dopaminergic agonists and uptake inhibitors to substitute for methamphetamine was evaluated. Subsequently, the ability of various dopaminergic antagonists to block the discriminative-stimulus effects of the training dose of methamphetamine was tested. Results: The dopamine-uptake inhibitors cocaine (10.0 mg/kg), nomifensine (3.0 mg/kg), GBR-12909 (18.0 mg/kg), and bupropion (30.0 mg/kg) fully substituted for the 1.0 mg/kg training dose of methamphetamine. Chloro-APB (SKF-82958), a full agonist at D1 dopamine receptors, produced about 85% methamphetamine-appropriate responding, but the dose required (0.18 mg/kg) markedly decreased rates of responding. Chloro-PB (SKF-81297), another agonist at D1 receptors with a lower intrinsic activity than Chloro-APB, produced only partial generalization (maximum about 55%) at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg. Full substitution for the training dose of methamphetamine was observed with 0.03 mg/kg of the D2 agonist NPA and 0.56 mg/kg of the D3/D2 agonist 7-OH-DPAT. Both NPA and 7-OH-DPAT markedly decreased rates of responding at these doses. The D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (0.056 mg/kg), the D2 antagonist spiperone (0.18 mg/kg), and the mixed D1,D2 antagonist cis-flupenthixol (0.56 mg/kg) all completely blocked the discriminative-stimulus actions of the training dose of methamphetamine. Conclusions: The present findings in rats support previous research findings in other species indicating a major role of dopamine in the discriminative-stimulus effects of methamphetamine. These findings further indicate involvement of dopamine uptake sites as well as D1 and D2 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050044
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    Effects of the competitive nicotinic antagonist erysodine on behavior occasioned or maintained by nicotine: comparison with mecamylamine (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 234-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; Drug discrimination ; Self-administration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: The cellular effects of nicotine underlying its addictive liability are thought to be mediated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (nACHRs) in the central nervous system. It is believed that densely expressed β2-containing nACHRs in the central nervous system are responsible for these actions, but few data are available that can directly assess subtype mediation of nicotine’s acute subjective and reinforcing effects. Objective: The present study compared the effects of the competitive nACHR antagonist erysodine and the noncompetitive antagonist mecamylamine in rats trained to discriminate or self-administer nicotine. Methods: Adult male rats were trained to disciminate 0.4-mg/kg injections of nicotine from vehicle in a two-lever procedure of food-maintained behavior, or to self-administer 0.03-mg/kg injections of nicotine under fixed-ratio 5 or progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Additional rats were trained under a food-maintained procedure of lever pressing. Results: Erysodine (0.3–10 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) blocked nicotine discrimination, although only erysodine produced the rightward shift that would be predicted of a competitive antagonist. Erysodine (0.32–32 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.32–3.2 mg/kg) also selectively reduced nicotine self-administration on a fixed-ratio schedule and lowered break points on a progressive-ratio schedule. Conclusions: Based on the known affinity of erysodine for α4β2 nACHRs and its selectivity relative to α7 and α1β1γδ receptors, the present data support a critical role of β2-containing nACHR constructs in the discriminative and reinforcing actions of nicotine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050047
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    The discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 224-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug discrimination ; Olanzapine ; Clozapine ; Chlorpromazine ; Haloperidol ; Thioridazine ; Raclopride ; Risperidone ; Scopolamine ; Ritanserin ; Atypical antipsychotic ; Neuroleptic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Analysis of the preclinical behavioral effects of atypical antipsychotic agents will provide a better understanding of how they differ from typical antipsychotics and aid in the development of future atypical antipsychotic drugs. Objectives: The present study was designed to provide information about the discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Methods: Rats were trained to discriminate the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (either 0.5 mg/kg OLZ or 0.25 mg/kg OLZ, i.p.) from vehicle in a two- lever drug discrimination procedure. The atypical antipsychotic clozapine fully substituted for olanzapine in both the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (99.3% drug lever responding [DLR]) and the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ group (99.9% DLR). The typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine also substituted for olanzapine in both the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (87.5% DLR) and in the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ group (98.9% DLR); whereas, haloperidol displayed partial substitution for olanzapine in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (56.1% DLR) and in the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ group (76.4% DLR). The 5.0-mg/kg dose of thioridazine produced olanzapine-appropriate responding in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group (99.6% DLR), but only partial substitution was seen with the 0.25-mg/kg OLZ training dose (64.0% DLR). The atypical antipsychotics raclopride (53.9% DLR) and risperidone (60.1% DLR) displayed only partial substitution in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group. Both the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (90.0% DLR) and the 5-HT2A/2C serotonergic antagonist ritanserin (86.0% DLR) fully substituted for olanzapine in the 0.5-mg/kg OLZ group. Conclusions: In contrast to previous discrimination studies with clozapine-trained rats, the typical antipsychotic agents chlorpromazine and thioridazine and the serotonin antagonist ritanserin substituted for olanzapine. These results demonstrate that there are differences in the mechanisms underlying the discriminative stimulus properties of clozapine and olanzapine. Specifically, olanzapine’s discriminative stimulus properties appear to be meditated in part by both cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050046
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  • 98
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    The role of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in attention (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Attention ; Scopolamine ; Mecamylamine ; Oxotremorine ; Physostigmine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: This study tried to determine the relative roles of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in attentional processing. Methods: The effects of cholinoceptor agonists and antagonists, and of an anticholinesterase, were studied on performance of rats in a five-choice serial reaction time task. Results: Scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (5.0 mg/kg) produced deficits in accuracy and reaction time, respectively. This may suggest a differential role for the two types of cholinoceptors in information processing. Combinations of sub-threshold doses of scopolamine (0.01–0.03 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (0.5–1.6 mg/kg), which alone did not affect accuracy or reaction time, did not produce significant deficits in attention. However, the pattern of effects after combined treatment suggested that the differential deficits seen with these drugs alone remained. The anticholinesterase physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) and the non- selective muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (0.03 mg/kg) induced severe behavioural disruption at doses that appeared to be relatively well tolerated in previous studies; this precluded the derivation of accuracy and response time data at these doses. At lower doses, neither physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) nor oxotremorine (0.003 mg/kg) significantly affected any performance measure; this may reflect the ability of both drugs to indirectly or directly activate presynaptic muscarinic receptors that inhibit acetylcholine release, respectively. Conclusions: Both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors may be important in attention but they may serve different roles in information processing; this hypothesis could be tested using tasks that place different emphasis on different stages of information processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050048
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral tolerance to the force differentiation effects of diazepam and midazolam in rats (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 148 (2000), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Benzodiazepine ; Operant ; Force ; Tolerance ; Chronic ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Several benzodiazepines (BZs) have been shown to increase the peak force of operant responses at doses that increased, decreased, or had no effect on response rate, suggesting that operant response force may be a sensitive index of BZs’ effects rather than solely a correlate of rate-dependent effects. In addition, contingent tolerance to the rate-dependent effects of BZs has been reported, but the degree of contingent tolerance that develops when the critical variable of the task is force of the response has not been explored. Objectives: These experiments examined the effects of acute and repeated oral administration of diazepam (DZ) and midazolam (MZ) on a force-differentiation task to explore the importance of task requirements on the development of contingent tolerance. Methods: Two groups of rats were trained to press a force-sensing operandum, and responses having peak forces falling within fixed lower and upper limits [low force (8–10 g) or high force (40–50 g)] were reinforced with water. Acute effects of the oral administration of DZ (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0 mg/kg) and MZ (same doses) were determined for the discriminated-force task before and after a repeated-administration procedure. Results: When administered acutely, both drugs increased the peak force of responses in a dose-related manner and concomitantly reduced the proportion of reinforced responses, with MZ exhibiting greater potency. For the next 36 days, one group received drug before experimental sessions and the other group received drug after the experimental session. A second dose–effect determination demonstrated that rats chronically dosed with DZ or MZ pre-session displayed more contingent tolerance to alterations in peak force than rats that had received 36 drug injections post- session, where there was no opportunity to practice the force-discrimination response while under the drug state. Conclusions: These results suggest that perceptual motor difficulty of the task rather than effort may be an important variable in predicting the degree of contingent tolerance that develops. Additionally, these results suggest that both behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms are involved in the development of drug tolerance to the BZs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050059
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diazepam-like effects of a fish protein hydrolysate (Gabolysat PC60) on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and sympathoadrenal activity (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words ACTH ; Corticosterone ; GABA ; Noradrenaline ; Adrenaline ; Stress ; Rat ; Diazepam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Gabolysat PC60 is a fish protein hydrolysate with anxiolytic properties commonly used as a nutritional supplement. Objective: The diazepam-like effects of PC60 on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and on sympathoadrenal activity were studied. Methods: The activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis, measured by plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (B) of the sympathoadrenal complex, measured by circulating levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A), and the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus were investigated in male rats which received daily, by an intragastric feeding tube, for 5 days running either diazepam (1 mg/kg) or PC60 (300 or 1200 mg/kg). Controls received only solvent (carboxymethylcellulose 1%). Six hours after the last force-feeding, the rats were subjected to 3 min ether inhalation or 30 min restraint and killed by decapitation 30 min after ether stress or at the end of restraint. Results: Baseline plasma levels of ACTH, B, NA and A were not affected by either diazepam or PC60. Both ether- and restraint-induced release of ACTH, but not B, were similarly and drastically reduced by diazepam and PC60 (1200 mg/kg). Both diazepam and PC60 (1200 mg/kg) deleted restraint-induced NA and A increases. Both treatments also reduced the ether-induced rise of A. Basal levels of GABA were significantly increased in both the hippocampus and the hypothalamus in PC60-treated rats and only in the hippocampus in diazepam-treated ones. In controls, ether inhalation as well as restraint increased GABA content of these two brain structures. In contrast, such stress procedures performed in PC60-treated rats reduced GABA content slightly in the hippocampus but significantly in the hypothalamus. In diazepam-treated rats, GABA content of the hypothalamus was unaffected by stresses but that of the hippocampus was slightly decreased. Conclusions: Present data suggest diazepam-like effects of PC60 on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal activity as well as GABA content of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus under resting and stress conditions. These effects of PC60 agree with anxiolytic properties of this nutritional supplement, previously reported in both rats and humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900338
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