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  • 1995-1999  (787)
  • 1999  (787)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (469)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (132)
  • Apoptosis  (93)
  • MRI  (93)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Nuclear reactions
Source
Material
Years
  • 1995-1999  (787)
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CT and MRI of the male genital tract: radiologic–pathologic correlation (1999)
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: CT ; MRI ; prostate ; testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Technical advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), notably in high-resolution MRI, have opened up new diagnostic applications in male pelvic pathology. A major indication is the preoperative staging of prostate cancer, where MRI is more reliable than other imaging modalities in differentiating between localized and advanced disease. In monitoring local recurrence after radical prostatectomy MRI is also valuable in differentiating scar tissue from new growth. In benign prostate disease, MRI effectively displays the congenital cysts that may be associated with infertility. Other disease, however – notably benign prostatic hyperplasia – is generally an incidental finding. Ultrasound remains the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of pathologies of the penis, testis and scrotum, e. g. in differentiating malignant from benign scrotal masses or in diagnosing acute scrotum due to testicular torsion or rupture. In isolated cases, MRI is also a valuable diagnostic aid in conditions of these organs, e. g. in the preoperative localization of ectopic testes in cryptorchidism or if US findings are equivocal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050621
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI findings of muscle involvement in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (1999)
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 525-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Hypereosinophilic syndrome ; Polymyositis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A 40-year-old white man presented with fever, muscle pain, skin nodules and persistent hypereosinophilia over a period of 1 year. In addition, he had ventricular arrhythmias with episodes of tachycardia. Besides a lack of response to antiparasitic therapy, laboratory and pathological data excluded the diagnosis of trichinosis or any other parasitic infection. The patient's course of the disease over the previous 11/2 years was compatible with hypereosinophilic syndrome. In a muscle biopsy several eosinophilic perivascular and leucocytic intravascular infiltrates were found, indicative of muscle involvement by the disease. This is a report on the MRI findings of muscle involvement in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050704
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Injuries of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle: assessment with MR imaging (1999)
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 519-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Ankle ; Ankle sprain ; Lateral collateral ligaments ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of MRI to display injuries of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex in patients with an acute ankle distorsion trauma. The MR examinations of 36 patients with ankle pain after ankle distorsion were evaluated retrospectively without knowledge of clinical history, outcome and/or operative findings. The examinations were performed on a 1.5-T whole-body imager using a flexible surface coil. The signs for ligamentous abnormality were as follows: complete or partial discontinuity, increased signal within, and irregularity and waviness of the ligament. The results were compared with operative findings in 18 patients with subsequent surgical repair. Eighteen patients with conservative therapy had a follow-up MR examination after 3 months. There was 1 sprain, 3 partial and 32 complete tears of the anterior talofibular ligament, and 5 sprains, 5 partial, and 7 complete tears of the calcaneofibular ligament. There were no lesions of the posterior talofibular ligament. Compared with surgery, MRI demonstrated in 18 of 18 cases the exact extent of anterior talofibular ligament injuries and underestimated the extent in 2 of 8 cases of calcaneofibular ligament injury. In patients with follow-up MRI after conservative therapy, a thickened band-like structure was found along the course of the injured ligament in 17 of 18 cases. The absence of ligament repair after conservative treatment was confirmed during operative revision in one case. The MRI technique allows for grading of the extent of injury of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex after acute ankle strain. It seems to be suitable for monitoring the healing process after conservative-functional treatment of ligament tears.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050703
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MR imaging of a case of adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland (1999)
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 552-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Adenomatoid tumor ; Adrenal gland ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this case report is to describe the appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of an incidentally found adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland, and to evaluate the utility of MRI in characterizing this type of tumor. The appearance of the tumor was nonspecific on T1-weighted in-phase, opposed-phase, and T2-weighted images, as well as its behavior after paramagnetic contrast administration, outlining the differential diagnosis among carcinoma, metastatic tumors, and pheochromocytoma. After surgery, the pathologic diagnosis was adenomatoid benign tumor of mesothelial origin. Although MRI enables the characterization of most benign lesions of the adrenal gland, the appearance of other lesions is nonspecific. In our case, MRI did not assist in preoperative diagnosis, guiding us towards a diagnosis of malignancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003300050708
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of MR images of disc injuries with anatomic sections in experimental thoracolumbar spine fractures (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 194-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Spine fractures ; Trauma ; MRI ; Intervertebral disc ; Cadaver study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This cadaver study evaluated the value of MR images for detection of acute intervertebral disc damage associated with fractures of the thoracolumbar spine. Damage to the intervertebral disc may be a major contributor to chronic instability in non-operative treatment or failure of fixation and recurrence of deformity in posterior fixation methods. MR imaging can help us to understand the injury patterns and their prognostic significance. However, before we can justify the use of MRI in clinical cases, determination of MRI’s ability to detect acute injury to the disc is necessary. Ten fresh cadaver specimens were used for this study. After obtaining radiograms and MR images, injuries were created with a weight-dropping apparatus using a variety of weights and compression angles. Post-injury radiograms and MR images were taken and the specimens were frozen at –20 °C. Slides of these specimens obtained with cryosection techniques were compared with MR images for evaluation of the damage to different parts of the discs. A total of 20 fractures were observed on cryosections. In 12 of the discs adjacent to fractured vertebral bodies, macroscopic damage was seen on the sections. These were all detected on the corresponding MR images. The study showed that MRI is able to detect acute, macroscopic injury to the intervertebral disc. It is therefore justified to use MR for the study of acute disc damage associated with thoracolumbar fractures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050156
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cysts: diagnostic and indication for surgery (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 218-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cyst ; Low back pain ; MRI ; Cerebrospinal fluid flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract No critical discussion of the indication for the surgical treatment of lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cysts is found in the literature. Therefore, we want to compare the results in patients with operative and conservative treatment to define standards for a good surgical result. Over a period of 9 years, we operated on eight patients with a lumbosacral extradural arachnoid cyst and treated eight others conservatively. Only three of the operated patients experienced a postoperative relief of pain, but none was symptom free. The only one with continuing success had a preoperative history of 1 year only. MRI scans without contrast agent were misinterpreted in one included and one excluded case. The results of conservative treatment were nearly the same as those of operative treatment. MRI is the best diagnostic tool, but a variety of sequences must be used. Patients with a short pain history and a clear neurological deficit profited most from surgery. Patients with slight and not clearly related uncharacteristic symptoms should be excluded from surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050161
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why the back of the child? (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 426-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Low back pain ; Growth phase ; Discal degeneration ; Epidemiology ; MRI ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An international congress about “the back of children and teenagers and the prevention of backache” was held in March 1999 in Grenoble (France). Beside specific low back pain following progressive and growth diseases, special attention was paid to non-specific low back pain (LBP). Some epidemiological data show a high incidence of LBP during and after the rapid growth phase, with the concomitant possibility of continued or recurrent evolution. MRI studies reveal frequent signs of disc degeneration: they start after the growth phase, spread during adolescence and are often correlated with backache. An immunohistological study seems to confirm the presence of degenerative-type alterations and changes in collagen in the vertebral plates and nucleus of juvenile spine. These data must be confirmed, and their relation to natural history and prognosis of juvenile LBP have to be clarified by longitudinal studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050200
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged low-back pain in young athletes: a prospective case series study of findings and prognosis (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 480-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Bone scan ; Growth ; Intervertebral disk ; MRI ; Spondylolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the prognosis of low-back pain and the association of clinical symptoms and anatomic findings among young athletes. Consecutive patients, aged between 12 and 18 years, who had low-back pain that had interfered with their training for at least 4 weeks were included in the case series. All the patients participated in a standardized interview and clinical examination, and plain radiographs and magnetic resonance images were also obtained. Most patients also participated in technetium bone scan examination. In 15 out of 19 subjects there were anatomic abnormalities that corresponded with the location and type of clinical symptoms. Twelve subjects had changes in the disk-vertebral end plate complex and eight had a positive bone scan indicative of posterior vertebral arch stress reaction. Six out of eight boys and two out of 11 girls had stress reaction (P = 0.043). Restriction of painful activities was recommended to all subjects, restriction of activities and the use of a dynamic low-back brace for the first 3 months was recommended to patients with posterior vertebral arch stress reaction. The self-reported intensity of low-back pain (scale 0–100) among all the patients was 69 ± 16 (mean ± SD) at baseline and 18 ± 21 at the 1-year follow-up (P 〈 0.0001). In conclusion, the reasons for prolonged back pain among young athletes are usually established by imaging studies. A knowledge of anatomic abnormalities may help in tailoring training programmes and avoiding the progression of changes during growth. Simple restriction of painful activities usually leads to good recovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050209
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reconstitution of caspase-mediated cell-death signalling in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1999)
    Springer
    Current genetics 36 (1999), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Fission yeast ; Caspases ; Bcl-2 ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two pro-apoptotic proteases, caspase-1 and caspase-3, have been expressed as full-length proteins in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both proteins autoprocess to generate the corresponding active enzyme and both are lethal to the yeast cell. Lethality is due to catalytic activity since the expression of the inactive mutant forms of both caspases does not result in an obvious phenotype. Caspase-expressing yeast can be rescued by co-expression of the baculovirus protein p35, a known inhibitor of the caspase family. Co-expression of Bcl-2, another anti-apoptotic protein, does not prevent the cell death induced by either caspase. However, Bcl-2 is itself cleaved by both caspase-1 and caspase-3 at two adjacent recognition sites, YEWD31′A and DAGD34′V respectively, immediately downstream from the N-terminal BH4 domain, a region of Bcl-2 which is essential for its anti-apoptotic activity; similar cleavage of Bcl-2 by caspases has been demonstrated in mammalian cells. Hence, key elements of the apoptotic pathway can be reliably reconstituted in fission yeast, opening the way to exploit yeast in order to study the control of apoptosis. Furthermore, the activity of caspase-3, although not caspase-1, can be demonstrated in vitro using chromogenic substrates. This offers the possibility of using caspase-producing strains of yeast to screen for chemical inhibitors either in vivo or in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050468
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The value of MR imaging in differentiating between hard and soft cervical disc disease: a comparison with intraoperative findings (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Cervical disc disease ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of MRI alone in the differentiation of soft cervical disc protrusion from osteophytic compression in cervical disc disease. In a retrospective study, the MRI scans of 41 patients with cervical disc disease, who had previously undergone surgery, were presented to three independent observers, randomly on two different occasions, to identify the accuracy of the diagnosis of the presence of hard or soft disc or both as a cause of compression. The observers (two neurosurgeons and one neuroradiologist) were not involved with the treatment of the cases at any stage and were unaware of the surgical findings. Their observations were compared with those of the surgeon recorded at operation. The intra-observer agreement was poor for diagnosis into three categories as hard or soft disc or both. In distinguishing between the presence or absence of hard disc, there was moderate to good (Kappa = 0.6) intra observer and fair to moderate (Kappa = 0.4) interobserver agreement. The sensitivity of diagnosis of a hard disc was high (87%) but specificity was low (44%), due to the overestimation of the presence of hard disc. There was a significantly higher incidence of hard disc in the elderly age group (76% over the fifth decade, P = 0.0073). It is concluded that MRI alone is not a very efficient diagnostic tool in distinguishing between hard and soft disc in the cervical disc disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050157
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cervical synovial cysts: case report and review of the literature (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 232-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Synovial cyst ; CT ; MRI ; Surgical treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors describe the case of a 58-year-old man with a 6-month history of severe myelopathy. CT scan and MRI of the spine revealed a cystic formation, measuring about 1 cm in diameter, at C7-T1 at a right posterolateral site at the level of the articular facet. At operation the mass appeared to originate from the ligamentum flavum at the level of the articular facet and was in contact with the dura mater. Once the mass had been removed, there was a significant amelioration of the patient’s symptoms. As previously suspected, histological aspect was synovial cyst. Cervical synovial cysts are extremely rare and, as far as we know, only 22 cases have so far been described in the literature. Diagnostic radiological investigations used were CT scan and MRI. At CT scan the most important diagnostic findings are a posterolateral juxtafacet location of the mass, egg-shell calcifications on the wall of the cyst, and air inside the cyst. At MRI the contents of the cyst are iso/hypointense on T1- and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. There may also be a hypointense rim on T2-weighted images, which enhances after i.v. administration of gadolinium. Surgical treatment consists of removal of the mass. Fixation of the vertebral segments involved is not always necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050164
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recurrent pain after lumbar discectomy: the diagnostic value of peridural scar on MRI (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 475-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Lumbar discectomy ; MRI ; Peridural scar ; Failed back ; syndrome ; Diagnostic injections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The association between peridural scarring and recurrent pain after lumbar discectomy is much debated. A recently published study found that patients with extensive peridural fibrosis were 3.2 times more likely to experience recurrent radicular pain than those with less extensive scarring. This finding may lead to an overestimation of peridural fibrosis in clinical practice. In a retrospective study we analyzed the records of 53 patients who underwent a lumbar MRI because of recurrent pain after first unilateral microdiscectomy. Patients were classified as those with radicular or non-radicular pain according to history and clinical findings. The diagnosis was confirmed by spinal anesthetic block. The extension of scarring was compared between the two groups of patients. The amount of epidural fibrosis was examined on contrast-enhanced MRI in axial slices subdivided into four quadrants. The amount of fibrosis was divided into four stages in each affected quadrant. We found no differences regarding the amount of peridural fibrosis between patients with radicular pain and patients with non-radicular pain. We conclude that the extent of peridural scarring as defined by MRI is of minor value in the differential diagnosis of recurrent back and leg pain after lumbar microdiscectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050208
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of interleukin-2 in regulating the sensitivity of natural killer cells for Fas-mediated apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 48 (1999), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words NK cells ; IL-2 ; Fas ; FasL ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Fas/Fas-ligand (FasL) system seems to play a key role in regulating immunoresponses. Highly purified CD56+CD3− natural killer (NK) cells were found to be resistant to the apoptosis-inducing Fas mAb CH11 in the absence or in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for up to 3 days. However, NK cells activated with IL-2 for 3 days became apoptotic following combined treatment with CH11 and actinomycin D, suggesting the presence of an intact apoptotic machinery. In contrast, NK cells cultivated in IL-2 for 6 days became sensitive to CH11-induced apoptosis without addition of actinomycin D. At this time, a pronounced up-regulation of the Fas protein on the NK cell membrane was detected. By using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction it was found that the anti-apoptotic gene FLIP was strongly expressed in NK cells for up to 6 days of IL-2 stimulation. After day 6, a time-dependent decrease in the expression of FLIP was observed concomitantly with increased sensitivity for Fas-mediated apoptosis. The amount of apoptotic and necrotic NK cells in the presence of IL-2 increased in a time-dependent manner, reaching 40% at day 6 of culture. The amount of apoptotic and necrotic NK cells was reduced in the presence of Fas-Fc protein. In addition, IL-2 stimulated the NK cells to release soluble FasL in a time-dependent manner, whereas membrane FasL did not seem to increase in a similar manner. These results indicate that Fas/FasL interactions are involved in the down-regulation of IL-2-activated human NK cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050558
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of evidence for an immunosuppressive role for MUC1 (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 48 (1999), S. 22-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Tumour antigen ; MUC1 ; T cell ; immunosuppression ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro anti-proliferative properties of various supernatants from MUC1-expressing cell lines and of purified preparations of MUC1 were evaluated. We have observed that supernatants from the MUC1- and MUC3-positive cell line T47D, but not from the MUC1- and MUC4-positive cell line MCF7, were able to inhibit proliferation of cells from various haematopoietic cell lines. Although the activity of T47D supernatants could be abrogated by immunodepletion of MUC1, immunopurified MUC1 from T47D was unable to inhibit cell proliferation. Significantly, supernatants from mouse 3T3 cells transfected with a secreted form of MUC1 or from BHK-21 cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus coding for the secreted form of MUC1, as well as preparations of purified MUC1 from bile or urine, were likewise unable to inhibit T cell proliferation. Surprisingly, a crude mixture of bile mucins had a suppressive effect on T cell growth. Our results suggest that other molecules, such as amino sugars or other mucins, which can associate with MUC1, are likely to be responsible for the observed anti-proliferative effects of T47D cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050544
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CD95 Ligand expression enhances growth of murine renal cell carcinoma in vivo (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 48 (1999), S. 56-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words CD95L ; FasL ; Renca ; Apoptosis ; Tumor growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The CD95/CD95 ligand (CD95L) system plays an important role in the induction of lymphoid apoptosis and has been implicated in the suppression of immune responses. In this system, two murine CD95L-transfected renca clones and a control renca clone transfected only with the vector were implanted into the subcapsule of the left kidney of Balb/c and Balb/c nude mice. Both CD95L-expressing and control renca clones formed macroscopic tumors in all of the Balb/c and Balb/c nude hosts 14 days after implantation. Growth of tumors of murine CD95L-transfected renca cells was significantly better than that of control renca cells in Balb/c mice, while the growth advantage of CD95L transfectants was not observed in Balb/c nude mice. Lymphocytes underwent apoptosis mainly in the periphery of the CD95L-expressing tumors but not in control tumors grown in Balb/c mice, while lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis were not observed in CD95L-expressing tumors or in control tumors grown in Balb/c nude mice. Neutrophilic recruitment was rarely observed in CD95L-expressing or control tumors. CD95L expressed on renca cells possibly suppressed immune responses against renca tumors by inducing apoptosis of the infiltrating lymphocytes. However, CD95L-expressing renca cells did not form tumors in the renal subcapsule of allogeneic C3H/HeJ mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050548
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doxorubicin induces male germ cell apoptosis in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 73 (1999), S. 274-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Doxorubicin ; Apoptosis ; Testicular toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify whether apoptosis is involved in doxorubicin (DXR)-induced testicular toxicity and to identify the target germ cell type, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single intravenous dose of DXR (8 or 12 mg/kg) and euthanized at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h subsequently. Histologically, germ cell degeneration was first found 6 h after dosing in meiotically dividing spermatocytes and early round spermatids of seminiferous tubules at stage I, and subsequently observed in spermatogonia at stages I–VI showing ultrastructural characteristics of apoptosis. Coincident with the appearance of morphological changes, degenerating germ cells were shown to be undergoing apoptosis as revealed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The frequency of TUNEL-labeled germ cells increased in a stage- and cell type-specific manner, the peak of frequency gradually progressing from stage I of seminiferous tubules to later stages with time after dosing, suggesting that the damaged germ cells, especially spermatogonia, gradually underwent the processes leading to apoptosis. DNA laddering on gel electrophoresis was apparent 24 and 48 h after dosing. The results demonstrate that apoptosis plays an important role in the induction of testicular toxicity caused by DXR with meiotically dividing spermatocytes and type A and intermediate spermatogonia as highly vulnerable target cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050617
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral abnormalities and apoptotic changes in neurons in mice brain following a single administration of allylnitrile (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 73 (1999), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Allylnitrile ; Apoptosis ; Behavioral abnormalities ; Habenula ; Mice brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A single dose of allylnitrile in mice might induce persistent behavioral abnormalities, of which the mechanism is not yet known. The present study was undertaken to explore the relationship between behavioral abnormalities and pathological changes in the brain of mice following exposure to allylnitrile. Exposure to allylnitrile (63, 84, and 112 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in dose-dependent changes in behavioral abnormalities, including increased locomotor activity, circling, retropulsion, head twitching, and alteration in reflexive behavior, which appeared at day 2 postdosing and were persistent throughout the experimental period (60 days) at the higher dose levels. Allylnitrile produced neuronal retraction including hyperchromasia of the nuclei in the raphe nuclei, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus later than 30 days. No gliosis was observed in these regions. Not all but a significant number of neurons in the hippocampal CA1, medial habenula and raphe nuclei were immunoreactive to CPP32 (Caspase-3) even at day 2. These neurons were also positive to Hoechst 33258 staining, indicating allylnitrile caused apoptotic changes in specific neurons when neuronal behaviors became apparent. These apoptotic changes were persistent even in the area without neuronal contraction such as medial habenula. However, almost all neurons in these areas were also positive to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). It is conceivable that allylnitrile caused apoptotic changes in neurons but did not always lead them to cell death immediately. Moreover, even when neuronal contraction resulted in retention of behavioral abnormalities, onset of these abnormalities seems to be associated with the impairment in the habenulo-raphe relay due to activation of apoptotic cascade in neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050582
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurosurgical management of brain abscesses in children (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 309-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Brain abscess ; CT scan ; MRI ; Cyanotic congenital heart disease ; AIDS ; Stereotactic puncture aspiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors review the management of brain abscesses (BAbs) in 59 pediatric cases. The major surgical procedure used to treat them was repeated puncture and aspiration (51 cases, or 86.44%), excision (8 cases – 13.56%) being of secondary importance. The main etiology was metastatic lesions (24 cases – 40.68%), those due to cyanotic congenital heart disease being the most frequent. Single lesions dominated (41 cases – 69.49%). Gram-positive cocci were the main bacteria involved (31 cases, 52.5%). CT scan represented the main tool in the diagnosis and follow-up. Puncture and aspiration in BAbs led to a significant decrease in mortality (7 cases – 11.86%), and the incidence of seizures and neurological deficits was also reduced. Mortality was significantly correlated with the following factors: consciousness status, multiple BAbs location and hematogenous dissemination. There were recurrences in 11 cases (18.64%), all observed after aspiration procedures. The current concepts for complex management of BAbs, as reflected in recent literature data, are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the use of real-time CT or ultrasound-guided operative techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050400
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  • 119
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    Parosteal osteosarcoma of a metatarsal with intramedullary invasion (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone neoplasms ; Osteosarcoma ; Parosteal osteosarcoma ; Metatarsal ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 70-year-old man presented with increasing swelling of 2 years’ duration, on the dorsal aspect of the forefoot. Imaging studies revealed a heavily calcified surface lesion of bone with early invasion of the underlying second metatarsal. Both imaging findings and the subsequent resection histology were consistent with a parosteal osteosarcoma, which is particularly rare at this site and at this age. The differential diagnosis of a mineralizing surface lesion of bone arising in the foot is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050485
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  • 120
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    MRI findings in intramuscular lipomas (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intramuscular lipoma ; Liposarcoma ; Malignant soft tissue tumors ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To investigate the spectrum of magnetic resonance (MR) findings of intramuscular lipoma. Design and patients. A retrospective review of 17 consecutive cases of intramuscular lipoma examined with MR imaging was undertaken. Features assessed included the size and margin of the mass; the homogeneity of the contents, including the presence or absence of intermingled muscle fibers; whether the mass was uninodular or multinodular; and the presence of linear structures between and within the tumor nodules. Three well-differentiated liposarcomas and one dedifferentiated liposarcoma associated with lipoma-like components were also studied to allow a comparison of the benign and malignant lesions. Results. The diameter of the intramuscular lipomas varied from less than 3 cm to more than 10 cm. Ten of the intramuscular lipomas were homogeneous but the remaining seven were inhomogeneous with intermingled muscle fibers within the mass. The intramuscular lipomas were well defined in 12 cases, and infiltrative in five. In one case the margin of the lesion showed prominent infiltration of the surrounding muscle tissue. Of the 17 cases of intramuscular lipoma, 15 were composed of a single nodule, whereas three of four cases of liposarcoma were composed of multinodular masses. Conclusion. The MR findings of intramuscular lipoma varied from a small, single and homogeneous mass identical to ordinary (superficial) lipoma, to a large, inhomogeneous lesion with an infiltrative margin. The presence of infiltrative margins and intermingled muscle fibers in intramuscular lipoma indicates a benign lesion rather than malignancy. In addition, uninodularity of the mass is helpful in differentiating intramuscular lipoma from well-differentiated liposarcoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050491
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  • 121
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    Vertebral involvement in SAPHO syndrome: MRI findings (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words SAPHO syndrome ; Spine ; MRI ; Spondyloarthropathy ; Pustulosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on the MRI findings in the vertebrae and surrounding soft tissues in two patients with the SAPHO syndrome (Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, Osteitis). The MRI findings include abnormal bone marrow signal, either focal or diffuse, of the vertebral bodies and posterior elements; hyperintense paravertebral soft tissue swelling and abnormal signal of the intervertebral discs. These changes are consistent with discitis and osteitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050494
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  • 122
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    Tumors of peripheral nerves: correlation of symptoms, clinical signs, imaging features, and histologic diagnosis (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor ; Schwannoma ; Neurofibroma ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To distinguish between benign and malignant tumors in the peripheral nerves. Design and patients. The clinical, imaging and histologic findings of 99 benign and 16 malignant tumors in the peripheral nerves were reviewed retrospectively. Results. Preoperative motor weakness was observed in only six of 99 benign tumors and was mild, while slight to severe motor weakness was present in 15 of 16 malignant lesions. Pain at rest was present in five of 99 benign tumors and in 15 of 16 malignant tumors. All benign lesions showed a smooth tumoral margin, while half the malignant lesions showed an invasive margin on CT or MRI. Thirteen of 28 benign lesions on CT and nine of 23 on MRI showed round to geographic central enhancement, but this pattern was not seen in malignant lesions. Conclusion. Absence of severe motor weakness and a central enhancement pattern strongly suggest a benign nature, while severe rest pain and invasive tumor margin suggest malignant lesions in peripheral nerve tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050498
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  • 123
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    Proximal patellar tendinosis and abnormalities of patellar tracking (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 220-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Patellar tendinosis ; Jumper’s knee ; Patellar tracking ; MRI ; knee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To assess whether an association exists between patellar tendinosis and abnormal patellar tracking. Design and patients. The MRI examinations of 630 patients (i.e. 860 knees) referred with anterior knee pain over a 4-year period were assessed in retrospect for the presence of patellar tendinosis and abnormal patellar tracking. The images of the patients with patellar tendinosis were reviewed and the location within the patellar tendon was recorded. Results. There were 44 knees with proximal patellar tendinosis. Twenty-four of these were considered to have normal patellar tracking and 20 to have abnormal patellar tracking. In the group of 816 knees without proximal patellar tendinosis, 581 were considered to have normal patellar tracking and 235 knees to have abnormal patellar tracking. When the two groups were compared there was a statistically significant difference in the ratio of patients with and without abnormal tracking. Conclusion. In patients referred with anterior knee pain or suspected abnormal patellar tracking there is a significant association between proximal patellar tendinosis and abnormal patellar tracking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050504
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  • 124
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    Hypertrophy and pseudohypertrophy of the lower leg following chronic radiculopathy and neuropathy: imaging findings in two patients (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 229-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Calf muscles ; Hypertrophy ; Pseudohypertrophy ; Neuropathy ; Radiculopathy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Enlargement of the ipsilateral muscle compartment is an exceptional finding in patients with chronic radiculopathy, peripheral nerve injury, anterior horn cell diseases, or acquired peripheral neuropathy. We report radiographic, ultrasonographic, CT and MRI findings in a patient with chronic S1 radiculopathy and another with chronic neuropathy of the common fibular nerve (L4-S2), both presenting with painless enlargement of the calf muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050506
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  • 125
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    Electronic Resource
    The radiological findings in chronic expanding hematoma (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 396-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chronic expanding hematoma ; Ancient hematoma ; CT ; MRI ; Soft tissue mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To identify the characteristic MRI findings of chronic expanding hematoma correlated with the pathology. Design and patients. Three patients who had a chronic expanding hematoma involving the musculoskeletal system were reviewed retrospectively. Results and conclusion. Huge soft tissue masses suggestive of malignancy with destruction of the bony structure were revealed on radiography and computed tomography. MRI showed the masses to exhibit heterogeneous signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images with a peripheral rim of low signal intensity, reflecting the central zones of fluid collection due to fresh and altered blood with a wall of collagenous fibrous tissue. These MRI findings were seen in all three patients and are considered to be characteristic; they assist in differentiation from neoplasm in consideration of the history of trauma or surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050536
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  • 126
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    Synovial desmoplastic fibroblastoma of hip joint with bone erosion (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 402-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Erosions ; Femoral neck ; Synovial desmoplastic fibroblastoma (collagenous fibroma) ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 78-year-old woman presented with pain at the left hip. Initial radiographs showed minimal age-related changes. Over the next 2 years she developed large erosions in the left femoral neck and proceeded to hip replacement. Histological examination showed bland spindle cells in a loose and hyalinised collagenous stroma considered to represent a desmoplastic fibroblastoma (collagenous fibroma). This is the first reported case of synovial desmoplastic fibroblastoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050537
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  • 127
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    Deep soft tissue leiomyoma of the thigh (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 411-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Leiomyoma ; soft tissue ; Leiomyoma ; thigh ; Leiomyoma ; ossified ; MRI ; Radiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case of ossified leiomyoma of the deep soft tissues of the left thigh is presented. The radiographic appearance suggested a low-grade chondrosarcoma. MRI of the lesion showed signal characteristics similar to muscle on both T1- and T2-weighted spin echo sequences with linear areas of high signal intensity on T1-weighted images consistent with medullary fat in metaplastic bone. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed a benign ossified soft tissue leiomyoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050539
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  • 128
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    MRI findings of thoracolumbar spine fractures: a categorisation based on MRI examinations of 100 fractures (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 433-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Classification ; Fractures ; MRI ; Thoracolumbar spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To define the state of different structures of the fractured thoracolumbar spine which may play a role in the immediate and long-term mechanical stability on MR images and to investigate the relationship of these findings with the AO classification of spinal injuries. Design. The state of the anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, posterior ligamentous complex, cranial and caudal endplates, cranial and caudal discs and the vertebral body were defined using clinical, experimental and radiological data. The state of these structures was reported for each fracture on the MRI examinations and the different MRI features appropriate for different fracture classes were defined. Patients. MRI examinations of 70 patients with 100 fractures of the thoracolumbar spine were used for this study. Results. Wide variations were seen in the state of the structures studied. We could not find a definite pattern to relate these findings with the AO classification scheme. Conclusions. MR findings should be integrated into future classification schemes of thoracolumbar spine fractures. This would enable specific data about the structures involved in the stability of the spine to be acquired. Prospective studies using the criteria developed in this study may help resolve some of the controversies concerning the diagnosis and prognosis of these injuries as well as the development of new classification systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050542
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  • 129
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    Tuberculous infection of the gracilis muscle and tendon clinically mimicking deep venous thrombosis: sonographic findings (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 457-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Musculotendinous tuberculosis ; ultrasonography ; Musculotendinous tuberculosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Musculoskeletal tuberculosis usually involves the spine. Tuberculous infection of muscles and tendons is rare. A patient with tuberculous infection of the gracilis muscle and tendon is reported. Lower extremity Doppler ultrasound was initially performed, as the physical examination mimicked deep vein thrombosis. Sonography identified the abnormal muscle and tendon and was then used to guide aspiration. The sonographic appearance of the gracilis muscle and tendon is described and compared with correlative MR images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050546
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  • 130
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    Muscle hernias of the lower leg: MRI findings (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 465-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lower leg ; Muscle hernia ; Fascial defect ; MRI ; Dynamic imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Muscle hernias of the lower leg involving the tibialis anterior, peroneus brevis, and lateral head of the gastrocnemius were found in three different patients. MRI findings allowed recognition of herniated muscle in all cases and identification of fascial defect in two of them. MR imaging findings and the value of dynamic MR imaging is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050548
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  • 131
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    Intramuscular spindle cell hemangioendothelioma (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma ; skeletal muscle ; MRI ; forearm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma occurring in skeletal muscle is extremely rare. No reported studies have performed an imaging evaluation of intramuscular spindle cell hemangioendothelioma. We report on such a tumor arising in an unusual site, the right extensor digiti minimi, in a 46-year-old woman. An en bloc resection was performed and the patient has been disease free for 8 years. Radiologic imaging in the present case showed similar findings to those described in intramuscular hemangioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050551
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  • 132
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    Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 527-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Parosteal osteosarcoma ; dedifferentiation ; rhabdomyosarcoma ; Parosteal osteosarcoma ; femur ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcomas are characterized histologically by the combination of low-grade fibroblastic osteosarcoma admixed with a high-grade component that typically has the appearance of malignant fibrous histiocytoma or osteosarcoma. Herein we report a case of dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma of the distal femur, in which the high-grade component consisted of rhabdomyosarcoma. To our knowledge, a rhabdomyosarcomatous component has not been described previously in a dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma. The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of this rare type of surface osteosarcoma are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050557
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  • 133
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    Popliteal vascular malformation simulating a soft tissue sarcoma (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 532-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue sarcoma ; Aneurysm ; Vascular malformation ; MRI ; Digital subtraction angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Differentiation of vascular abnormalities from soft tissue sarcomas may be difficult on clinical grounds, but is usually possible on imaging criteria. We report the MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings in a patient presenting with a mass behind the knee. We discuss differentiating features and review the literature of similar cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050558
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  • 134
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    Malignant degeneration of an osteochondroma with unusual intra-bursal invasion (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 540-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chondrosarcoma ; Osteochondroma ; Bursa ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis is an uncommon autosomal dominant condition in which patients are predisposed to the development of chondrosarcoma. We report a case of a patient who developed a secondary low-grade chondrosarcoma in this setting. The tumor was associated with an unusual multinodular invasive growth pattern into a pre-existing bursa that was present overlying the osteochondroma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050560
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  • 135
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    Osteolytic extra-axial sacral myxopapillary ependymoma (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 584-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Myxopapillary ependymoma ; Sacrum ; Osteolysis ; X ray ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors report an unusual case of sacral osteolytic myxopapillary ependymoma treated with curettage and radiotherapy. There is no evidence of recurrence 8 years after treatment. A review of the literature is presented on sacral ependymomas presenting with an osteolytic radiographic appearance (24 cases in 18 reports). The differential diagnosis with other sacral neoplasms is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050624
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  • 136
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    Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint: diagnostic difficulty caused by extensive pneumatization of the mastoid air cells (1999)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 577-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words CT ; MRI ; Temporomandibular joint ; Temporal bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. During routine MR imaging of temporomandibular joints we have observed that an area of low signal is sometimes identified within the temporal bone overlying the glenoid fossa on proton-density sequences. This finding at times simulates a mass. CT in this situation has demonstrated marked pneumatization of the mastoid air cell extending to that portion of the temporal bone overlying the glenoid fossa. We undertook a clinical study to determine the frequency and appearance of such a finding. Design and patients. We reviewed the images of 12 patients who underwent both MR and CT examinations of their temporomandibular joints. The authors, by consensus, graded all 24 joints using a four-point scale for the presence and appearance of a low-signal area overlying the glenoid fossa on the MR images prior to seeing the corresponding CT images. We then compared our grading with the findings on CT to assess for the presence and extent of pneumatization of the temporal bone overlying the glenoid fossa. Results. Of the 24 joints reviewed there was identical extent of low signal on MR imaging and extent of pneumatization on CT in 22 of 24 joints. In two of the 24 joints assessed there was overestimation of pneumatization due to extensive sclerosis secondary to surgery. Conclusion. The findings of an area of low signal overlying the glenoid fossa on a T2-weighted scan of a nonoperative temporomandibular joint is often due to extensive temporal bone pneumatization of the mastoid air cells. Recognition of the nature of this finding will avoid mistaking it for a fibrous or osseous lesion. Patients with previous operative history may, however, require further investigation with CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050622
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  • 137
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    Suprasellar cystic germinoma (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 134-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Cystic germinoma ; Suprasellar ; MRI ; Radiotherapy ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on a germinoma in the suprasellar region, which had multiple large cystic components. A 13-year-old girl with disturbed visual acuity and growth retardation was admitted to our hospital for treatment of an intracranial tumor. The lesion was difficult to diagnose as a germinoma preoperatively, because of its radiographic characteristics. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor was a germinoma. Surgery, chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide, and radiotherapy (30 Gy) were successful in inducing complete remission of the tumor. The patient's endocrine status remained normal, except for a low GH concentration and diabetes insipidus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050351
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  • 138
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    Epiphysenfugenverletzungen der distalen Tibia Sinnvolle Mehrinformation durch die MRT? (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fraktur im Kindesalter ; Epiphyse ; Triplanare Fraktur ; MRT ; Key words Fracture in children ; Epiphyseal plate ; Triplane fracture ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Plain film radiography often underestimates the extent of injury in children with epiphyseal fracture. Especially Salter-Harris V fractures (crush fracture of the epiphyseal plate) are often primarily not detected. MRI of the ankle was performed in 10 children aged 9–17 (mean 14) years with suspected epiphyseal injury using 1.0-T Magnetom Expert. The fractures were classified according to the Salter-Harris-Rang-Odgen classification and compared with the results of plain radiography. In one case MRI could exclude epiphyseal injury; in four cases the MRI findings changed the therapeutic management. The visualisation of the fracture in three orthogonal planes and the possibility of detection of cartilage and ligamentous injury in MR imaging makes this method superior to conventional radiography and CT. With respect to radiation exposure MRI instead of CT should be used for the dignosis of epiphyseal injuries in children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die konventionelle Röntgendiagnostik unterschätzt häufig das Ausmaß der kindlichen Extremitätenfrakturen mit Epiphysenbeteiligung (Typ Salter-Harris). Insbesondere werden die Kompressionsfrakturen der Wachstumsfuge (Salter-Harris V) primär häufig nicht erkannt. Prospektiv wurden 10 Kinder im Alter von 9–17 Jahren (Durchschnittsalter=14 J.) mit Verdacht auf eine epiphysäre Fraktur der distalen Tibia magnetresonanztomographisch (1.0-Tesla Magnetom Expert), untersucht. Die MRT-Ergebnisse wurden auf der Basis der Klassifikation nach Salter-Harris-Rang-Odgen mit den konventionellen Röntgenbildern verglichen. In einem Fall, bei einem 15jährigen Patienten, gelang durch die MRT der Ausschluß einer epiphysären Verletzung. In 7 Fällen führte der MRT-Einsatz zu einer Änderung der Klassifikation nach Salter-Harris. Hieraus resultierte bei 4 Patienten ein Therapiewechsel. Da Frakturen, die sie begleitenden Knorpelläsionen und ligamentäre Verletzungen multiplanar dargestellt werden können, weist die MRT deutliche Vorteile gegenüber jeder anderen diagnostischen Methode (z.B. konventionelle Röntgendiagnostik, CT) auf. Im Hinblick auf die Strahlenexposition ist sie besonders bei Kindern eindeutig zu bevorzugen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050472
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  • 139
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    Bildgebende Diagnostik im Staging gynäkologischer Karzinome (1999)
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 610-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Staging ; Gynäkologische Karzinome ; Schnittbildverfahren ; Computertomographie (CT) ; Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ; Sonographie (US) ; Key words Staging ; Gynecologic neoplasm ; Cross-sectional imaging modalities ; CT ; MRI ; Sonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The prognosis in patients with gynecologic cancers depends not only on the stage but also on a wide spectrum of other findings. Cross-sectional imaging modalities, including sonography, CT and MRI, have increasingly been used for optimal treatment planning in gynecologic cancers. Their staging criteria are based on the well-established FIGO staging system. CT and MRI compete with sonography, which plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of the female pelvis. This paper reviews the role of sonography, CT and MRI in the staging of gynecologic malignancies. It puts the emphasis on MRI, which has been established as imaging modality of choice in the preoperative evaluation of cervical and endometrial cancer, and which seems slightly superior to CT in the staging of ovarian cancer.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Prognose gynäkologischer Karzinome hängt nicht nur vom Stadium, sondern von einem breiten Spektrum anerkannter Kriterien ab. Zur optimierten Therapieplanung werden heute zunehmend die Schnittbildverfahren Sonographie, CT und MRT für die morphologische Charakterisierung der Veränderungen eingesetzt. Die Stagingkriterien der bildgebenden Verfahren orientieren sich an der anerkannten FIGO-Klasssifikation. CT und MRT konkurrieren mit der Sonographie, die als anerkannte und weitverbreitete Modalität in der Gynäkologie etabliert ist. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die Schnittbildverfahren Sonographie, CT und MRT im Staging gynäkologischer Karzinome einander gegenübergestellt. Der Schwerpunkt der Ausführungen liegt dabei auf der MRT, die als Methode der Wahl zum Staging des Zervix- und Endometriumkarzinoms gilt, beim Ovarialkarzinom der CT ebenbürtig und in manchen Fragestellung tendentiell überlegen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001170050557
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  • 140
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    Corpus callosum size in schizophrenia – a magnetic resonance imaging analysis (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 249 (1999), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; Schizophrenia ; MRI ; Etiology of schizophrenia ; Family history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous MRI studies have shown differences in corpus callosum size between schizophrenic patients and controls. The corpus callosum (CC), as the main interhemispheric fiber tract, plays an important role in interhemispheric integration and communication. Though MRI studies suggest smaller CC in schizophrenia, there are still conflicting findings. Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, it was investigated whether the midsagittal area of CC differs between twenty-three right-handed male schizophrenic patients and twenty-three matched controls. Total CC area, five subregions of CC, total brain volume, gray and white matter were measured. No differences between schizophrenic patients and controls were found regarding all CC measurements, total brain volume, and gray matter tissue. However, a significant reduction of white matter tissue in the patient group emerged. There was no correlation between CC morphology and clinical variables such as age of onset, length of illness or symptom severity. Interestingly, five schizophrenic patients with a positive family history of schizophrenia showed significant reduction of the subregion C3, associated with a reduced total brain and gray and white matter volume. Significant reduction in the CC and its subregions was not confirmed in this group of patients with schizophrenia. In the subgroup of schizophrenic patients with a positive family history of schizophrenia, a significant reduction of the subregion corresponding to a part of the trunk of the CC was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004060050104
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  • 141
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    Electronic Resource
    Structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 249 (1999), S. S48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Schizophrenia ; MRI ; Structure ; Brain ; volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in studies of schizophrenia has resulted in a more detailed picture of anatomic areas which may be altered in this syndrome. Thus far, there have been over 130 studies of schizophrenia using MRI and, taken together, they present a clear picture of a group of disorders with altered brain structure. Their major finding is a confirmation of the older pneumoencephalography and computertomography studies showing an enlargement of lateral ventricles and a volume reduction seen in the temporal lobe. When structural studies are carried out in other cortical and subcortical regions, however, the volume reduction is not so uniform, but rather restricted to certain areas in a given patient. In addition medication effects can be seen especially in the caudate nucleus which tend to increase in volume after long-term neuroleptic drug usage and again normalize under the atypical drug clozapine. These data are consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and with some kind of progressive neurodegenerative process. This review suggests that an integrative model with initial developmental errors may underlie the majority of cases of schizophrenia, but that cases of chronic schizophrenia appear to involve progressive neurodegeneration. In assessing the scatter in available data, it appears that there is no consistent neuropathology across all cases of schizophrenia and preferential areas of dysfunction can be determined. Thus, there seems a collection of subtle neurodevelopmental errors which can lead to various forms of schizophrenia and that at least some types of schizophrenia most probably also involve a neurodegenerative process which could in fact be a consequence of the initial developmental defect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014185
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  • 142
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    Neurological impairment in α-mannosidosis: a longitudinal clinical and MRI study of a brother and sister (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 369-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Mannosidosis ; Neurological impairment ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurological development over a period of 25 years and MRI findings are reported in two members of the same family affected by mannosidosis type II. Progressive axial and appendicular cerebellar syndrome, moderate hearing loss and deterioration of gait were present in both patients. Neuropsychological deficiency was severe, but progression over the years was not observed except in the woman’s speech capacity. Neither of the patients showed clinical improvement. A progressive corticosubcortical atrophy stands out in the brain neuroimaging studies, especially at the vermian cerebellar level. The osseous cranial deformities are very characteristic and include brachycephaly, thickening of the calvaria at the expense of the diploe, and poor pneumatization of the sphenoid. Neither of our cases showed an empty sella turcica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050416
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  • 143
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    Electronic Resource
    Semitendinosus tendon regeneration after harvesting for ACL reconstruction A prospective MRI study (1999)
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 7 (1999), S. 220-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words ACL reconstruction ; Semitendinosus tendon ; Regeneration ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Utilisation of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has become more common during the last few years. In recent studies a regeneration potential in the harvested tendons has been observed. In this study, 11 consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with a quadruple semitendinosus graft were examined 6–12 months postoperatively by MRI. Another two patients were examined within 2 weeks after surgery. The median age of the patients was 24 years and there were 8 males and 3 females. The right knee was involved in six patients and the left knee in five. A low-field 0.2 Tesla Siemens open MRI was used for examinations and T1 and T2 weighted transaxial sequences over the thigh and the knee joint were performed. In some instances, additional sagittal sequences were used. ROI analysis of the pixel value of the signal and area determinations on transaxial sequences was performed for both the involved and the healthy side. In 8 of the 11 patients examined 6–12 months postoperatively, a regeneration of the semitendinosus tendon with normal anatomical topographies to the level of the tibial plateau was found. Three of these eight patients were analysed more distally and fusion of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons was found approximately 30 mm below the joint line before they inserted as a “conjoined tendon” into the pes anserinus. At the mid-thigh level, the semitendinosus muscle had a smaller area and a higher signal than that on the normal side. However, this difference was smaller in the patients showing normal distal tendon regeneration. This study indicates that the semitendinosus tendon has a strong potential for regeneration and that the muscle atrophy seems to be less in the patients with a more normalised distal insertion of the tendon in the pes anserinus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670050152
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  • 144
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    Induction of apoptosis in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells by Escherichia coli verocytotoxin 1 in vitro (1999)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 188 (1999), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Keywords: Key words Verocytotoxin ; Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli ; Hemolytic uremic syndrome ; Renal proximal tubular cell ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Verocytotoxin 1 and 2 (VT1 and 2) produced by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli have been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of glomerular and tubular damage in the epidemic form of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). VTs are known to be cytotoxic to culture cells by inhibiting cellular protein synthesis. In this in vitro study, the mechanism(s) of tubular damage in HUS and the ability of VT1 to induce apoptosis in normal human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) were examined. VT1 markedly reduced cell viability of HRPTEC and rapidly inhibited overall protein synthesis. VT1 directly induced apoptotic cell death in HRPTEC in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, and co-incubation with tumor necrosis factor-α enhanced the VT1-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by VT1, possibly in concert with host cytokines, in renal tubular cells may contribute to the tubular damage in HUS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004300050107
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  • 145
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    Leukoencephalopathy in multiple myeloma: Two case reports (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 10 (1999), S. 1515-1517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: leukoencephalopathy ; MRI ; myeloma ; polyneuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: No case of leukoencephalopathy has been reported associated with multiple myeloma. Patients: We report on two patients with a very rare association of leukoencephalopathy and multiple myeloma revealed by cognitive impairment. Results: Chemotherapy has improved neurological and biological signs. Radiological abnormalities have been stabilized. Conclusion: The authors suggest that leukoencephalopathy is probably a direct cerebral expression of malignant gammopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008353312410
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  • 146
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    Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii protects human-derived HL-60 cells from actinomycin D-induced apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 187 (1999), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Keywords: Key wordsToxoplasma gondii ; Apoptosis ; Actinomycin D ; HL-60 ; Intracellular survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular microorganisms have to rely on the integrity of their host cells to persist. We, therefore, investigated the effect of infections with different Toxoplasma gondii strains on apoptosis of human-derived HL-60 cells at the single cell level. Infection with either mouse-avirulent (NTE strain) or virulent parasites (RH strain) did not induce apoptosis of HL-60 cells as compared to uninfected controls. In contrast, treatment with actinomycin D (act D) led to apoptosis in 15–25% of the cells. However, concomitant infection with T. gondii clearly abrogated act D-induced apoptosis. This was especially apparent in those host cells that were actually infected; in these parasite-positive cells the rate of apoptosis decreased by 82.8±4.3% (mean±SEM, P=0.017, Student's t-test) and 91.7±3.4% (P=0.024) after infection with either the NTE or the RH strain, respectively. Inhibition of host cell apoptosis was similarly observed in cells which had been invaded by UV-irradiated, non-replicating parasites (P=0.001, Student's t-test). However, incubation with heat-killed parasites or T. gondii lysates did not abrogate act D-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, inhibition of apoptosis by living, but not necessarily replicating T. gondii may facilitate parasite survival and persistence within its host cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004300050096
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  • 147
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    Proliferation not apoptosis as a prognostic indicator in retinoblastoma (1999)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 434 (1999), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Proliferation ; Apoptosis ; Ki-67 antigen ; Prognosis ; Retinoblastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The balance between proliferation and cell death is the major determinant of tumour growth. We analysed the proliferative and apoptotic indices (PI and AI, respectively) of 33 children with retinoblastoma. PI and AI were assessed by immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 antigen and TUNEL staining, respectively. The mean PI was 21.0±21.1%, and higher PI was associated with more advanced tumour stage (P〈0.0001) and poor clinical outcome (P〈0.05). Patients in whom amplified N-myc oncogene was found (n=6) determined by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction tended to have a higher PI (37.6±27.2%) than those without amplified N-myc (n=27; PI=17.3±18.1). A PI value of over 40% was clearly associated with an unfavourable prognosis. The AI, however, did not correlate with any of the other variables analysed. The findings suggest that proliferation, but not apoptosis, is of critical significance in retinoblastoma biology. PI, as determined by the Ki-67 antigen labelling index, seems to be a relevant histopathological parameter that can predict the clinical outcome of retinoblastoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050345
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  • 148
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    2’-Deoxyadenosine causes cell death in embryonic chicken sympathetic ganglia and brain (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 281-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Adenosine ; Nucleosides ; Neurotoxicity ; Embryogenesis ; Apoptosis ; Chick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous work has shown that nucleosides produce apoptosis in sympathetic ganglion (SG) cells in vitro. The present study examined the effects of nucleosides on the development of the chick embryo in vivo with special attention to the SG and the optic tectum of the central nervous system. In the presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, adenosine and 2’-deoxyadenosine (2’-dAdo) produced different toxicity patterns: both adenosine and 2’-dAdo were toxic to E3 embryos, but only 2’-dAdo was toxic at later stages (E6 1/2, E11). Dosage experiments on E6 1/2 embryos showed that adenosine was less toxic than 2’-dAdo and that 2’-dAdo in sublethal doses was teratogenic. We also examined the effects of 2’-dAdo on embryonic chicken SG and optic tectum in vivo to determine whether sublethal doses of 2’-dAdo produced cell death in these centers on E6 1/2 and 10. In the E6 1/2 SG, 2’-dAdo produced significant neuron loss (83%) and a decrease in SG volume (65%); however, at E10, there was only minor cell loss (7%) and no significant change in SG volume. In the optic tectum at E6 1/2, cell loss was confined mainly to the tectal ventricular zone, but there was little sign of cell loss in this organ at E10. Since cell production is vigorous in the SG and optic tectum at E6 1/2 but relatively low at E10, 2’-dAdo appears to work by stopping cell proliferation. The ineffectiveness of 2’-dAdo at E10 may result from the lethality of 2’-dAdo to the embryo at low concentrations (30 µM) in vivo, well below the apoptosis-inducing concentrations employed in vitro (100–300 µM). These data extend previous findings showing that purine and pyrimidine metabolism plays an important role in development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051289
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  • 149
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    Bildgebende diagnostik bei traumatischen verletzungen der halswirbelsäule (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of trauma 25 (1999), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: MRT ; CT ; Halswirbelsäulenverletzungen ; MRI ; CT ; Cervical spine trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Traumatic injuries of the cervical spine are of significant medical and socioeconomic importance. The potential of different imaging modalities have to be known to select the optimal imaging tool. The differentiation between functional handicaps without detectable lesions and traumatic lesions is sometimes difficult. The diagnostic work-up of traumatic cervical spine lesions is based on conventional X-ray in 2 planes. The value of the different imaging modalities for the diagnostic work-up of traumatic cervical spine lesions will be discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Traumatische Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule sind von erheblicher medizinischer und sozioökonomischer Bedeutung. Um die heute zur Verfügung stehenden bildgebenden Verfahren optimal einsetzen zu können, ist die Kenntnis der Wertigkeit der einzelnen Verfahren von entscheidender Bedeutung. Eine besondere Schwierigkeit der Diagnose liegt in der Abgrenzung möglicher struktureller Läsionen von rein funktionellen Beeinträchtigungen. Basierend auf konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen in zwei Ebenen, wird cin Stufenschema zur Diagnostik traumatischer Veränderungen im Halswirbelsäulenbereich vorgestellt und die Wertigkeit der einzelnen bildgebenden Verfahren diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00578719
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  • 150
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    Electronic Resource
    Sequential Imaging and Volumetric Analysis of an Intracerebral C6 Glioma by Means of a Clinical MRI System (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 43 (1999), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: MRI ; wrist coil ; 3-D volume measurements ; C6 glioma ; MRI mouse brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, using high resolution coils; implanted growing rat brain tumors were imaged sequentially with 3-D measurements generated by means of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system (CMRI) and commercially available wrist coil. Ten female Sprague–Dawley rats were used, eight were implanted with C6 rat glioma cells and two served as controls. The images that were used for the three-dimensional (3-D) measurements were obtained from T1 weighted post contrast sequences. A commercially available computer work station with 3-D image analysis software was used to generate the tumor volumes. In addition to the rat studies a mouse was included to see if the resolution would be adequate for imaging very small brains. Six rats had brain tumor growth after transplantation and two rats did not have any tumor growth, however, their images were similar to the controls animals. Tumor volumes varied widely among the implanted rats. The number of implanted tumor cells had no direct relationship to developing tumor volumes. This study demonstrates that high resolution images of a rat brain tumor can be obtained from a CMRI system using a commercially available wrist coil which is capable of imaging two rats at the same time or even a mouse brain. A commercially available computer work station was able to generate the tumor volumes. The ability to image brain tumor and generate volume measurements over time has potential for animal research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006285800794
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  • 151
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    Aggressive Giant Pituitary Adenoma Presenting as a Nasopharyngeal Mass: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Pathologic Findings (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 41 (1999), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: pituitary adenoma ; neoplasm ; macroadenoma ; MRI ; nasopharynx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a giant pituitary adenoma with aggressive histologic features that prominently invaded the nasopharynx. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large heterogeneous nodular mass that was hypointense to isointense on T1-weighted images and mixed hypointense, isointense, and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. The mass measured 7.5×5×7 cm, extending from the nasopharynx posteriorly through the clivus, and superiorly through the paranasal sinuses, and sellar-suprasellar region. After contrast administration, heterogeneous nodular enhancement was noted. A nasopharyngeal neoplasm extending into the sella was suspected because voice change and nasal speech long preceded the patient's visual symptoms. A biopsy disclosed an aggressive, infiltrating, hemorrhagic tumor, which was diagnosed as a non-secreting pituitary macroadenoma. This report indicates that pituitary adenomas may grow invasively to tremendously large sizes resulting in their initial presentation as nasopharyngeal masses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006166329952
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  • 152
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    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Tool for the Study of Foamy Oil Behavior for an Extra‐Heavy Crude Oil. T2 /Viscosity Correlation with Respect to Pressure (1999)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 35 (1999), S. 189-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: MRI ; foamy oil ; maps ; T2 ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work is to present the results of the phase behavior study for a live heavy oil during a pressure depletion process using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool to characterize foamy oil phenomena. The experiments were carried out in the pressure range of 13.1 to 1.4 MPa. Signal intensity images were obtained at each pressure and with respect to time, that is, approximately for a total time of 3 h after each pressure change. It is possible to see a variation in intensity across the sample. These changes can be associated with changes in mobility as well as segregation of the oil. It was also possible to observe that what we trust is the formation of gas channels at the last two pressure values, as it comes out of solution. A correlation between the transverse relaxation time T2 and temperature was established with the aim of producing one between T2 and viscosity. In this way viscosity maps for the live oil were obtained as a function of pressure and time. It was observed that above the bubble point, the viscosity maps varied from low to high to low with respect to time for the same pressure. Below the bubble point the situation is reverse. The viscosity map changes from high to low to high with respect to time for the same pressure. The study shows the potential use of MRI to follow viscosity changes during pressure depletion test in a PVT MRI cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006578105518
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  • 153
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    Fas-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells is suppressed in the pre-G2/M phase (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell cycle ; G2/M phase ; Fas ; Jurkat cell.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the cell cycle and Fas-mediated apoptosis was investigated using Jurkat cells. Analysis of the inducibility of apoptosis by anti-Fas antibody during the cell cycle synchronized by the thymidine double-block method, showed that apoptosis was induced in only 50% of the G2/M phase cells, while most of cells in the other phases underwent apoptosis. These observations indicate that G2/M phase cells are more resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis than cells in other phases. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of G2/M phase found that only 20–30% of the cells underwent apoptosis 12 h after the removal of the second thymidine block (pre-G2/M phase). This suggests that Fas-mediated apoptosis is potently suppressed during the pre-G2/M phase. A possible explanation for the observation that cells in the pre-G2/M phase are less sensitive to anti-Fas antibody is lower expression level of Fas. To test this possibility, Fas expression levels on the cell surface during the cell cycle were examined. The content of Fas on the cell surface, however, did not change appreciably during the cell cycle. Thus, the suppression of apoptosis in the pre-G2/M phase is determined downstream after the receipt of the apoptotic signal through Fas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652825846
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  • 154
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    Apoptosis and oxidative status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of diabetic patients (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 263-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; B/T blood lymphocytes ; γ-glutamyltransferase ; glutathione ; glutathione S transferase ; membrane permeability ; type I (IDDM) ; type II (NIDDM) diabetes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have compared the concentrations of intracellular glutathione (GSH), glutathione-dependent antioxidative enzymes, the cell death rate and immunophenotype profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and from patients with insulin-dependent type I (IDDM) or non insulin-dependent type II (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. The IDDM and NIDDM patients had above-normal absolute lymphocyte counts, whereas the percentages of CD3, CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes were significantly reduced. In contrast, the absolute number and percentage of B lymphocytes was higher in diabetic patients than in healthy donors. The low intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and the unbalanced profile of key enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, gamma glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), account for the increased oxidative status of PBMC from diabetic patients. The plasma membranes of PBMC from diabetic patients were less permeable to propidium iodide than those of PBMC from healthy donors, indicating that the apoptotic cell death rate was lower in the cells from diabetic patients. These differences are potentially useful markers of pathogenic metabolic changes which occur during clinical diabetes and if they are confirmed could be used to identify the onset of diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026408409916
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  • 155
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    Modified approach for apoptosis detection reveals changes in apoptotic processes in the seminoma-associated tissue (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; fluorescence microscopy ; seminoma ; TdT.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apoptosis morphology (DNA condensation) and internucleosomal DNA cleavage (TdT assay) were measured simultaneously on double fluorescence labeled testis tumor sections, employing conventional immunofluores cence microscopy. Six different apoptosis indices (AI) were determined based either solely on morphological or biochemical criteria, or on a combination of both processes. Measurements were performed in metastasized and non-metastasized seminoma, and in histological regions located distantly and associated with the tumor. Preliminary results on 19 histologies revealed that up to 66% of apoptotic cells were not detected, depending on the method used for apoptosis detection. Besides, no changes of solely morphologically defined AI was found in the different histological regions. By contrast, significant changes (p 〈 0.0004) in the different histological regions were detected when measuring AIs, e.g., defined by DNA fragmentation occuring without DNA condensation in apoptotic cells. Those changes were not detected in metastasized seminoma. These data, for the first time allow a comparison of two widely used approaches for apoptosis detection. Furthermore, the results reveal differences in apoptotic processes in tissue associated with non-metastasized seminoma detectable by a modified evaluated TdT assay but not by morphological changes, although this TdT method fails to show the total amount of apoptotic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026409027663
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  • 156
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    Role of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ ions in determining apoptosis and extent of suppression afforded by bcl-2 during hybridoma cell culture (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 335-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; bcl-2 ; Ca2+ ; flow cytometry ; hybridoma ; K+ ; Mg2+ ; necrosis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have addressed the possibility that Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ ions play a central role in governing the morphological and biochemical changes attributed to apoptotic cell death. By removing Ca2+, Mg2+ or K+ ions from the cell culture medium we were able to assess the contribution of each ion to hybridoma cell growth and viability. The differences were explained in terms of a possible reduction in their respective intracellular levels. From several lines of evidence, the deprivation of K+ ions was the most detrimental to cellular growth and viability and induced significant levels of early apoptotic cells. Another effect of this deprivation was to weaken the plasma membranes without causing membrane breakdown; exposure to high agitation rates confirmed fragility of the cell membranes. Removal of Mg2+ caused a reduction in the levels of early apoptotic cells and predisposed cells to high levels of primary necrotic death. The lower levels of apoptotic cells failed to demonstrate the classic nuclear morphology associated with apoptosis, while retaining other apoptotic features. These results highlighted the importance of utilizing several assays for the determination of apoptosis. The absence of Ca2+ appeared to be the mildest insult, but its deprivation did accelerate a significant decline in culture by increasing apoptotic death. Hybridoma cells overexpressing the apoptotic suppresser gene bcl-2 were protected from the predominantly necrosis inducing effects of Mg2+ ion deprivation and apoptosis inducing effects of Ca2+ ion deprivation. However, apoptosis was not as effectively suppressed in bcl-2 cells responding to incubation in K+ free medium. The inclusion of bcl-2 activity in the mechanisms of Ca2+ Mg2+ or K+ deprivation induced cell death emphasizes a close relationship between ionic dissipation and the apoptotic process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009643204200
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  • 157
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    Induced apoptosis in the prevention of colorectal cancer by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; chemoprevention ; colorectal cancer ; cyclooxygenase ; NSAIDs.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiological, clinical and animal studies indicate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to be chemopreventive for colorectal cancer. The best established target for NSAIDs are the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Recent investigations using human colorectal tumor cell lines have focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the chemopreventive effect of NSAIDs. These studies have used ‘traditional’ NSAIDs and their metabolites which either do not inhibit COX, are non-selective for the COX isoforms or selectively inhibit COX-1 over COX-2, and recently developed NSAIDs that are highly selective for COX-2. In vitro, apoptosis is the dominant anti-proliferative effect of each of these classes of NSAID and sensitivity to NSAID-induced apoptosis increases with the malignant potential of the tumor cells. Limited in vivo evidence backs up these findings. Cell cycle arrest also contributes to the in vitro growth inhibitory effect of traditional NSAIDs. The induction of apoptosis by NSAIDs may result from the inhibition of the COX isoforms but other as yet undefined paths to NSAID-induced apoptosis clearly exist. A member of each class of NSAID is under trial as a chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009696505108
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  • 158
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    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the induction of apoptosis in colon cells: Evidence for PHS-dependent and PHS-independent mechanisms (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; carcinogenesis ; colon cancer ; cyclooxygenase ; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract NSAIDs are potent chemopreventive agents for colon cancer. Although their mechanism of action is unknown, it probably relates to their modulation of colon epithelial cell kinetics, i.e. apoptosis and/or cell proliferation. NSAIDs are pleiotropic in their biochemical activities; their best known effect is inhibition of prostaglandin H synthase (PHS), the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Current data appear to lead to two conflicting conclusions. One body of data indicates that PHS is important in induction of apoptosis and colon carcinogenesis and that its inhibition by NSAIDs is required for induction of apoptosis and their overall chemopreventive effect. Another set of data indicates that NSAIDs may induce apoptosis and prevent colon cancer without inhibiting the activity of PHS. Both sides of this argument are presented and discussed. This apparent contradiction may be resolved if one accepts that both mechanisms are correct but that they act on different steps of this multistep process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009699321946
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  • 159
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    The role of retinoblastoma protein in apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell cycle ; E2F transcription factor ; nuclear phosphoprotein ; retinoblastoma ; transforming growth factor beta ; tumour suppressor gene.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The retinoblastoma gene and its protein product (Rb) have been studied intensively for their role in development, oncogenesis, cell growth, differentiation and cell cycle regulation. In addition, Rb appears to be a key factor in protecting cells from apoptosis. It is likely that Rb plays an essential role in cell survival by regulating the activity of multiple apoptotic mediators. Rb expression as a nuclear phosphoprotein is essential for normal cell cycle function. Clearly, any damage to the cell cycle or to DNA integrity is a potent trigger of apoptosis and Rb involvement. The E2F transcription factor is a critical component in the Rb-dependent apoptotic pathway(s), and can act either in concert or independently of the p53 tumour suppressor. Until recently, it was suggested that Rb, E2F and p53 modulate the apoptotic threshold by acting upstream of certain death proteases involved in programmed cell death. However, Rb activity can also be regulated downstream by the interleukin-converting enzyme-like (ICE-like) proteases, which abolish Rb activity by cleavage of aspartate-enriched regions within its C-terminus. Finally, Bcl-2, which inhibits multiple-factorial-induced apoptosis, does so, in part, by modulating the phosphorylation state of Rb. Taken together, Rb acts not only as a tumour suppressor protein which controls cell cycle function, but also determines the final destiny of a cell through apoptosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626031179
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  • 160
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    The role of radiation-induced apoptosis as a determinant of tumor responses to radiation therapy (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 115-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; radiation therapy ; radiosensitivity ; tumor response.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ionizing radiation is an effective means of killing tumor cells. Approximately 50% of all American cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy at some time during the course of their disease, making radiation one of the most widely used cytotoxic therapies. Currently, much effort is focused on understanding the molecular pathways that regulate tumor cell survival following radiotherapy, with the long term goal of developing novel therapeutic strategies for specifically sensitizing tumors to radiation. At present, there is particular interest in the role of tumor cell apoptotic potential as a regulator of both intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of the response of tumors to radiation therapy. Here we review what is currently known about the role of apoptosis as a mechanism of tumor cell killing by ionizing radiation and the relative contribution of apoptosis to cellular radiosensitivity and the ability to control human cancers using radiotherapy. The following topics will be discussed: (1) radiation-induced apoptosis in normal and malignant cells, (2) clinical findings with respect to apoptosis in human cancers treated with radiotherapy, (3) the contribution of apoptosis to intrinsic radiosensitivity in vitro, (4) the relevance of apoptosis to treatment outcome in experimental tumor models in vivo and (5) the potential of exploiting apoptosis as a means to improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009675028784
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  • 161
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    Combined use of radioimagers and radioactive 3′OH DNA nick end labelling to quantify apoptosis in cell lines and tissue sections: applications to virus-induced apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; β-IMAGER ; dengue virus ; DNA fragmentation ; radioimager μ-IMAGER ; rabie virus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract DNA fragmentation is a key feature of the degradation phase of apoptosis. In this work we have developed an assay, based on radioimager (β-IMAGER and μ-IMAGER) quantification of radioactive nick end labelling (RANEL), which is quantitative, rapid and sensitive to study in vitro and in vivo induced apoptosis. To establish the technique, in vitro apoptosis of T cell lines was induced by stimulation of the Fas receptor; cells were labelled using TdT-mediated [α-33P] dCTP nick end labelling, after which then radioactivity was quantified using a β-IMAGER. We have also shown that the RANEL method can be applied to the quantification and visualisation, by μ-IMAGER analysis, of liver tissue sections from mouse Fas-induced fulminant hepatitis or from Dengue-1 virus infected individuals. Finally, this system has also been used to detect apoptosis induced by rabies virus in Jurkat T cells. These data have established a large field of application for the RANEL assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009658522328
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  • 162
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    Roles of cyclin D1 and related genes in growth inhibition, senescence and apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cyclin D1 ; growth inhibition ; senescence.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is now apparent that apoptosis is closely linked to the control of cell cycle progression. During the G1 to S progression, cyclin D1, p53, and the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF1 and p27kip1 can play roles in induction of apoptosis. During the G2 and M phases, premature activation of Cdk1 can cause cells to enter mitotic catastrophe, which results in apoptosis. In this review we focus on factors acting during G1 and S, particularly cyclin D1, and their effects on cell growth, senescence and apoptosis. We emphasize that cyclin D1 can have diverse effects on cells depending on its level of expression, the specific cell type, the cell context and other factors. Possible mechanisms by which cyclin D1 exerts these diverse effects, via cyclin dependent kinase-dependent and -independent pathways, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009618824145
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  • 163
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    Epidermal growth factor receptor: its role in Drosophila eye differentiation and cell survival (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell survival ; differentiation ; Drosophila ; EGFR ; hid ; ras.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), functioning through the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway, promotes cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent work has demonstrated that EGFR functions via the same Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway to promote cell survival. This review summarizes the role of EGFR in differentiation and survival during Drosophila eye development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009648724937
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  • 164
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    Regulation of cell survival in CD95-induced T cell apoptosis: role of NF-κB/Rel transcription factors (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; CD95 (Fas/APO-1) ; NF-κB/Rel ; T lymphocytes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The activity of NF-κB/Rel transcription factors can inhibit the apoptosis induced by TNF, UV or cancer therapy drugs in a number of cell types, including human T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the NF-κB/Rel inducer, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), has been reported to suppress the CD95-induced apoptosis of human T lymphocytes. To verify whether the survival-enhancing effect of PMA required NF-κB/Rel activity, we generated two Jurkat cell sublines (AL.7 and AL.8) transfected with a pCMV4-IκBα construct, and two (AL.3 and AL.5) with the void pCMV4 vector. Compared to wild type, AL.3 and AL.5 cells, the AL.7 and AL.8 sublines displayed markedly lower amounts of NF-κB/Rel nuclear complexes and a reduced expression of a κB-controlled CAT reporter gene after 1 and 4 h of incubation with PMA, respectively. All the five cell types displayed negligible levels of apoptosis when cultured with medium or PMA alone; when stimulated with the mAb CH-11, the AL.7 and AL.8 sublines displayed apoptotic responses only slightly (〈0.5 fold) higher than control cells. On the other hand, the salvage activity of PMA was partially impaired in the AL.7 and AL.8 sublines. PMA inhibited apoptosis by 〉85% in wild type, AL.3 and AL.5 cells and by 〈60% in the AL.7 and AL.8 sublines; the apoptosis percentages in the mAb CH-11 + PMA cultures of the IκBα-transfected cells were 〉4-fold higher than in control cells. We conclude that the inhibition of the CD95-induced apoptosis by PMA relies on both NF-κB/Rel-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The partial contribution of these nuclear factors to the suppression of apoptosis indicates that the NF-κB/Rel activity can influence the extent of the CD95-induced T cell death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009662606398
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  • 165
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    Apoptosis in human atherosclerotic plaques (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; atherosclerosis ; cytokines ; Fas ; p53 ; retinoblastoma.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intimal cell death has been a recognized feature of advanced atherosclerotic disease. With the advent of DNA in situ end labelling and/or ultrastructural techniques, recent findings suggest that cells of an atheroma undergo programmed cell death or apoptosis. The pathophysiologic relevance of apoptosis in atherosclerotic disease is debatable. Apoptotic cell death may influence lesion progression and thus reduce overall plaque burden. Alternatively, apoptosis may prove a means of quenching the inflammation, converting cellular-rich lesions to so-called ‘stable’ fibrous hypocellular plaques or conversely weaken the fibrous cap causing plaque rupture, a major cause of acute coronary syndromes. Apoptotic cells within plaques are typically macrophages, smooth muscle cells and T-cells and the frequency of death varies in the different regions of the lesion. The precise signalling pathways of apoptosis in plaques are unknown. There is however, some evidence that production of immune cytokines may promote apoptosis through activation of the Fas ligand-mediated death pathway. Genetic signals that regulate apoptosis in the atheroma, at least in smooth muscle cells, may involve the tumour suppressor genes p105 RB and p53. Further studies as to the relevance of apoptosis in acute coronary syndromes and potential mechanisms are emerging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009645730270
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  • 166
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    Elimination of extrachromosomal c-myc genes by hydroxyurea induces apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; extrachromosomal c-myc genes ; hydroxyurea.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyurea (HU) increases extrachromosomal DNA elimination in tumor cell lines. The c-myc oncogene is one of the many relevant amplified genes contained within the extrachromosomal DNA compartment. Spontaneous loss of amplified copies of c-myc induces terminal differentiation and apoptosis in the human HL-60 leukemia cell lines. In the present study, we evaluate HU's ability to induce apoptosis by eliminating extrachromosomally located c-myc oncogene in human tumor cell lines. The consequences of eliminating extrachromosomal DNA by HU were explored in two different cell lines using the TdT assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide labeling. COLO 320 clone 3 and COLO 320 clone 21 cell lines contain the same number of amplified copies of c-myc oncogene, but located respectively on extrachromosomal DNA, and intrachromosomally in homogeneously staining regions. HU induced apoptosis in the COLO 320 clone 3 cell line by a time and concentration dependent mechanism but could not induce apoptosis in the COLO 320 clone 21 cell line. These results suggested that HU-induced apoptosis in COLO 320 cell lines depends on elimination of extrachromosomal amplified copies of the c-myc oncogene. The ability of HU to eliminate extrachromosomally amplified copies of the c-myc oncogene and to induce apoptosis should be considered when targeting malignancies with amplification of the c-myc oncogene in an extrachromosomal site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009606421419
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  • 167
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    Janus faces of ras: anti or pro-apoptotic? (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 383-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell cycle ; proliferation ; ras.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cell population homeostasis is a balance between cell proliferation on one hand and the rate of cell loss on the other hand. Normal tissue homeostasis requires the physiological deletion of cells by activation of apoptosis, a genetically determined program of autonomous cell death. ras is most probably the most important oncogene in human cancer. It is mutated in 30% of all tumors especially those of the gastrointestinal tract. In regulating apoptosis ras has many faces. it has both negative and positive effects depending on the stimulation and cell type. The responses of cells to ras signaling depends on the level of Ras expression, the activity of various pathways, and which of the cell cycle check points are functioning. New farnesyl transferase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds may provide a new strategy for novel therapeutic modalities in the treatment of human cancer. The first clinical trials have been initiated, preliminary results are promising, although no firm results are yet available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009651406017
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  • 168
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    Mimosine induces apoptosis in the HL60 human tumor cell line (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 469-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell cycle synchronization ; HL60 ; hypusine ; K562 ; mimosine.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mimosine, a plant amino acid not found in proteins, has been widely used as a synchronizing agent, blocking the progression of cell cycle on the G1/S phase border. The mechanism by which this block is achieved is still unclear. We report that in HL60 cells the synchronization is related to an increase in apoptosis. Another human tumor cell line, K562, is insensitive to both phenomena thereby demonstrating that apoptosis observed in HL60 is line-specific. We hypothesize that the mimosine-induced apoptosis and alteration of the cell cycle is due to the inhibition of hypusine generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009608628076
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  • 169
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    The biological response of MCF7 breast cancer cells to proteosome inhibition or γ-radiation is unrelated to the level of p53 induction (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; BAX ; caffeine ; cell cycle ; p53 ; radiation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The p53 tumour suppressor is stabilised following exposure to genotoxic agents, such as γ-radiation. Cell responses to p53 stabilisation include induction of apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest. Several studies have suggested that γ-radiation stabilises p53 by blocking ubiquitin mediated proteolysis. Here we have compared the biological activities of p53 stabilized following exposure to γ-radiation or treatment with the proteosome inhibitor N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal (ALLN) in MCF7 cells with wild type p53. Stabilisation of p53 by ALLN was reversible and was not blocked by caffeine. Although ALLN was a more effective p53 stabilising agent than γ-radiation, ALLN was not as effective at inducing cell cycle arrest/apoptosis as γ-radiation. Although p53 stabilised by ALLN and γ-radiation were both able to bind DNA and activate transcription, ALLN did not increase expression of BAX, which is involved in p53-induced apoptosis. Therefore, p53 stabilised by different agents is not always biologically active to the same extent and additional alterations triggered by γ-radiation may enable p53 to activate a subset of critical target genes, such as BAX, which are required for p53 responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009614726059
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  • 170
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    p53-Independent caspase-mediated apoptosis in human leukaemic cells is induced by a DNA minor groove binder with antineoplastic activity (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; caspases ; leukaemic cells ; minor groove binders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of HL60 and Jurkat leukaemic cell lines, both not expressing p53, with the new non-covalent DNA minor groove binder α-bromoacryloyl-distamycin (PNU 151807), induces apoptosis as shown either morphologically or by DNA laddering formation. We evaluated the p53-independent mechanisms of activation of apoptosis in these cell systems, by determining the levels of different caspases at different times after treatment with PNU 151807. Through Western blotting analysis we could measure the cleavage of the 110 Kd form of PARP in both HL60 and Jurkat cells and correspondingly the activation of CPP32-caspase 3. The levels of caspase-1 did not change at any time after drug treatment. By using the tetrapeptidic sequence recognized by caspase-3 (DEVD-AMC) or by caspase-1 (YVAD-AMC) linked to fluorogenic substrate, we also demonstrated that only the DEVD sequence was recognized and cleaved after drug treatment, while no significant changes were found for YVAD peptides. PNU 151807-induced DNA fragmentation and DEVD-cleavage were both inhibited by concomitant treatment with the specific inhibitor DEVD-CHO, but not by YVAD-CHO, clearly demonstrating the direct activation of caspase-3-like caspases in the induction of programmed cell death in these cell lines after minor groove binder exposure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009630132087
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    Different cell cycle mechanisms between UV-induced and X-ray-induced apoptosis in WiDr colorectal carcinoma cells (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell cycle ; p53 ; UV ; X-ray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although DNA-damaging agents such as ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray can induce apoptosis, the difference in the apoptotic mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of these two genotoxic agents on the induction of DNA damage and subsequent apoptotic cell death from the viewpoint of cell cycle regulation by using WiDr cells. Transient G1 arrest was observed after UV exposure, whereas G2 but not G1 arrest was induced after X-ray irradiation. UV-exposure could induce G1 arrest in both mutant-type (mt-p53) and wild-type p53 (wt-p53) cells, but obvious G1 arrest was not observed in the cells lacking in p53 expression. An increase in the DNA fragmentation was observed at S phase in UV-irradiated cells and at G2 phase in X-irradiated cells, respectively. UV-irradiated cells showed an increase production of p53 protein and accumulation of p21 protein. On the contrary, both p53 and p21 proteins remained at a low level in X-irradiated cells. Treatment with aphidicolin, an S phase blocking agent, prolonged cell cycle arrest and reduced the rate of apoptotic cell death in both UV-irradiated and X-irradiated cells. From these results, it is suggested that UV-induced apoptosis occurs mainly at S phase and is regulated by increased production of p53 and p21 proteins, while X-ray-induced apoptosis occurs after G2 blockade and may be independent of p53.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009634200228
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  • 172
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    The effect of caspase-inhibitors on radiation induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: an electron microscopic approach (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; caspase-inhibitors ; electron microscopy ; ionizing radiation ; lymphocytes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Resting lymphocytes are sensitive to radiation damage and die by apoptosis. We investigated the effect of caspase-inhibitors on radiation induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were irradiated in vitro with 5 Gy 60 Co-γ-rays and cultured for 24 hours in the presence or absence of the caspase-inhibitors zVAD-fmk and zDEVD-fmk. Cell death was evaluated by electron microscopy. Irradiation in the absence of the inhibitors resulted in about 30% dead cells, almost all showing typical apoptotic morphologies. Addition of either one of the inhibitors could not rescue cells from death. Part of the dead lymphocytes (about 65%) still showed typical nuclear characteristics of apoptotic cells: sharply marginated, condensed chromatin, clumped into one sphere or into a crescent shaped mass. The remaining part of the dead cells had ultrastructural characteristics, aberrant from apoptic cells: clumping of the chromatin was less pronounced and less sharply marginated. Irregular clumps were formed. Data indicate that part of the lymphocytes go in apoptosis in a caspase-independent way. The other part shows caspase-dependent apoptosis with respect to the nuclear events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652426259
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  • 173
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    Theophylline induces apoptosis of the IL-3 activated eosinophils of patients with bronchial asthma (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 461-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; caspase-3 ; eosinophil ; interleukin-3 ; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase ; theophylline.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In bronchial asthma, eosinophils are upregulated and their survival is suggested to be prolonged by the action of some cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We find here that the survival of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma is correlated with the serum levels of IL-3 but not of IL-5 and GM-CSF. Interestingly, theophylline is revealed to induce apoptosis of the prolonged survival eosinophils by IL-3, as judged by morphological changes and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. During the apoptosis, caspase-3 in eosinophils stimulated by IL-3 is activated by theophylline. The substrate of caspase-3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), is cleaved in the eosinophils after theophylline treatment. These results suggest that theophylline is able to induce apoptosis of the IL-3 activated eosinophils in patients with bronchial asthma, and that its clinical effectiveness may be due to the reduction of inflammatory cells in the airway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009656527168
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  • 174
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    Cyclooxygenase-independent induction of p21WAF-1/cip1, apoptosis and differentiation by L-745,337, a selective PGH synthase-2 inhibitor, and salicylate in HT-29 cells (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; differentiation ; HT-29 cells ; L-745,337 ; p21WAF-1/cip1 ; sodium salicylate.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to dissect out cyclooxygenase-dependent from cyclooxygenase-independent mechanisms in the antiproliferative effects of selective prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS)-2 inhibitors, we compared the effects of L-745,337 (a highly selective PGHS-2 inhibitor) with sodium salicylate (a weak PGHS inhibitor) on prostanoid production, induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF-1/cip1, mutant p53 (m273-p53) levels, apoptosis and differentiation in human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells. L-745,337 dose-dependently suppressed the cyclooxygenase activity of HT-29 cells (IC50: 0.24 μM). Four-day treatment with L-745,337 caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth (IC50: 0.9 mM) associated with the induction of p21WAF-1/cip1 and an increase in the proportion of apoptotic nuclei (EC50: 0.1 and 0.34 mM, respectively) while reducing the levels of m273-p53 (IC50: 0.2 mM). Sodium salicylate, at the concentration of 10 mM that did not affect prostanoid formation, caused a 60% reduction of cell growth associated with a 3-fold induction of p21WAF-1/cip1 and a 60% increase in the proportion of apoptotic nuclei. Ultrastructural analysis showed that L-745,337 (0.5 mM) and sodium salicylate (10 mM) caused the induction of a differentiated phenotype. We conclude that high concentrations of L-745,337 and sodium salicylate inhibit colon cancer cell growth by a mechanism unrelated to cyclooxygenase inhibition that may involve p53-independent induction of the tumor suppressor p21WAF-1/cip1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009631204581
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  • 175
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    Sustained suppression of Fas ligand expression in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian surface epithelial cancer cells (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; chemoresistance ; cisplatin ; Fas ; FasL ; ovarian cancer.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although cisplatin derivatives are first line chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of ovarian epithelial cancer, chemoresistance is a major therapeutic problem. Although the cytotoxic effect of these agents are believed to be mediated through the induction of apoptosis, the role of the Fas/FasL system in chemoresistance in human ovarian epithelial cancer is not fully understood. In the present study, we have used cultures of established cell lines of cisplatin-sensitive human ovarian epithelial tumours (OV2008 and A2780-s) and their resistant variants (C13* and A2780-cp, respectively) to assess the role ofFas/FasL system in the chemo-responsiveness of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Cisplatin was effective in inducing the expression of cell-associated Fas and FasL, soluble FasL and apoptosis in concentration and time-dependent fashion in both cisplatin-sensitive cell lines (OV2008 and A2780-s). In contrast, while cisplatin was effective in increasing cell-associated Fas protein content in C13*, it failed to up-regulate FasL (cell-associated and soluble forms) and induce apoptosis, irrespective of concentration and duration of cisplatin treatment. Concentrated spent media from OV2008 cultures after cisplatin treatment were effective in inducing apoptosis in C13* cells which was partly inhibited by the antagonistic Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) suggesting that the soluble FasL present in the spent media was biologically active. In the resistant A2780-cp cells, neither Fas nor FasL up-regulation were evident in the presence of the chemotherapeutic agent and apoptosis remained low compared to its sensitive counterpart. Activation of the Fas signalling pathway, by addition to the cultures an agonistic Fas mAb, was equally effective in inducing apoptosis in the cisplatin-sensitive (OV2008) and -resistant variant C13*, although these responses were of lower magnitude compared to that observed with cisplatin in the chemosensitive cells. A significant interaction between cisplatin and agonistic Fas mAb was observed in the apoptotic response in OV2008 and C13* when cultured in the presence of both agents. Immunohistochemistry of human ovarian epithelial carcinomas reveals the presence of Fas in low abundance in proliferatively active cells but in high levels in quiescent ones. Although the expression pattern of FasL in the tumour was similar to that of Fas, the protein content was considerably lower. Taken together, these data suggest that the dysregulation of the Fas/FasL system may be an important determinant in cisplatin resistance in ovarian epithelial cancer cells. Our results are also supportive of the notion that combined immuno- and chemo-therapy (i.e., agonistic Fas mAb plus cisplatin) may provide added benefits in the treatment of both chemo-sensitive and -resistant ovarian tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026456926754
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  • 176
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    Cellular resistance to vincristine suppresses NF-κB activation and apoptosis but enhances c-Jun-NH2-terminal protein kinase activation by tumor necrosis factor (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Bcl-2 ; chemoresistance ; NF-κB ; TNF ; vincristine.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that potentiates the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Although emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a major problem in cancer therapy, its mechanism is incompletely understood. Recently, activation of a nuclear transcription factor NF-κB has been reported to be a signal for anti-apoptosis. In this report, we investigated the effect of TNF on activation of NF-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and apoptosis in vincristine-resistant human histiocytic lymphoma U937-VR cells. Unlike the parent clone (U937-VS), no activation of caspase-3, known to be required for apoptosis, was found in vincristine-resistant cells on exposure to vincristine. These cells were also more resistant than U-937-VS cells to doxorubicin, daunomycin, and taxol. TNF-induced NF-κB activation, IκB α degradation, and nuclear translocation of p65 were all found to be highly suppressed in the U-937-VR cells. NF-κB activation by LPS, H 2 O 2 , and okadaic acid was also suppressed. However, vincristine resistance enhanced TNF-induced JNK activation. When examined for apoptosis, vincristine resistance suppressed the cytotoxic effects and caspase-3 activation by TNF. The resistant phenotype in U937-VR cells was independent of the expression of the apoptosis-suppressor, Bcl-2. Thus, overall these results indicate that vincristine resistance correlates with suppression of NF-κB activation, cytotoxicity, and caspase-3 activation but enhancement of JNK activation by TNF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026413111733
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  • 177
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    Fas ligand: receptor or ligand? (1999)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 4 (1999), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell division ; CD95 ; CD95L ; Fas ; FasL ; Fas Ligand ; growth arrest.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this review, we chronicle the discovery, biochemical characterization, and assignment of Fas (CD95) as receptor and Fas Ligand (FasL, CD95L) as ligand. We review the functional descriptions of the molecules as death-inducing receptor and ligand or as mediators of cell division and/or growth arrest. We suggest that bidirectional mediation of signals in receptor-ligand pairs may be a common and important mechanism regulating cell fate. Bidirectional signaling clearly impacts the interpretation of experimental studies of intercellular communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009670802382
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  • 178
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    Programmed-cell-death events during tapetum development of angiosperms (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 207 (1999), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Tapetum ; Tillandsia albida ; Lobivia rauschii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Programmed-cell-death events in the tapetum of two angiosperms (Lobivia rauschii Zecher andTillandsia albida Mez et Purpus) are described by ultrastructural methods. Tapetum degradation appears to be a type of programmed cell death, with the cellular remnants necessary for pollen development, acting as products of holocrine secretion. Diagnostic features of apoptosis during tapetum development are: general shrinkage of the whole cell and the nuclei; condensation of the chromatin at the periphery of the internal nuclear membrane; the enlargement of the endoplasmicreticulum cisternae to circumscribe portions of the cytoplasm; the persistence of mitochondria together with microfilament bundles until the last stages of tapetal degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01283002
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  • 179
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    Computational Blood Flow Modeling Based on In Vivo Measurements (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 27 (1999), S. 627-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Hemodynamics ; Aorto–iliac bifurcation ; MRI ; Rabbits ; In Vivo ; Wall shear stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Study of the relationship between hemodynamics and atherogenesis requires accurate three-dimensional descriptions of in vivo arterial geometries. Common methods for obtaining such geometries include in vivo medical imaging and postmortem preparations (vessel casts, pressure-fixed vessels). We sought to determine the relative accuracy of these methods. The aorto–iliac (A/I) region of six rabbits was imaged in vivo using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After sacrifice, the geometry of the A/I region was preserved via vascular casts in four animals, and ex situ pressure fixation (while preserving dimensions) in the remaining two animals. The MR images and postmortem preparations were used to build computer representations of the A/I bifurcations, which were then used as input for computational blood flow analyses. Substantial differences were seen between MRI-based models and postmortem preparations. Bifurcation angles were consistently larger in postmortem specimens, and vessel dimensions were consistently smaller in pressure-fixed specimens. In vivo MRI-based models underpredicted aortic dimensions immediately proximal to the bifurcation, causing appreciable variation in the aorto–iliac parent/child area ratio. This had an important effect on wall shear stress and separation patterns on the “hips” of the bifurcation, with mean wall shear stress differences ranging from 15% to 35%, depending on the model. The above results, as well as consideration of known and probable sources of error, suggests that in vivo MRI best replicates overall vessel geometry (vessel paths and bifurcation angle). However, vascular casting seems to better capture detailed vessel cross-sectional dimensions and shape. It is important to accurately characterize the local aorto–iliac area ratio when studying in vivo bifurcation hemodynamics. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8719Uv, 8761Lh
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.221
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  • 180
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    Magnetic resonance imaging for solitary lesions of bone: when, why, how useful? (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of orthopaedic science 4 (1999), S. 384-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2023
    Keywords: Key words: bone tumors ; radiographs ; MRI ; CT ; scintigraphy ; gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The radiologist and orthopedic surgeon have a wide array of imaging modalities to choose from in diagnosing and staging solitary tumors of bone. MR imaging is the examination of choice for staging solitary tumors of bone. The radiograph, however, remains the most reliable imaging modality for predicting tumor histology. Radiographic interpretation in most instances ought to be the most influential factor in determining whether further imaging is required. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the various imaging modalities and attempts to present a logical, cohesive, reproducible approach to the diagnosis and evaluation of solitary tumors of bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007760050121
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  • 181
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    Mitochondrial Redox Signaling during Apoptosis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; redox ; mitochondria ; E h ; ROS ; ASK-1 ; thioredoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The regulatory role of cellular redox state during apoptosis is still controversial. Early redoxsignaling can transduce divergent upstream signals to mitochondria and initiate apoptosis. Onthe other hand, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c triggers generation of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS) and renders apoptotic cells much more oxidized. Although the sequential caspaseactivation does not have apparent redox-sensitive components, redox signaling provides aseparate pathway that is parallel with the caspase cascade. The function of theapoptosis-associated redox change is uncertain. It could provide positive feedback mechanisms, such asactivating mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis signaling kinase (ASK-1). Sinceapoptotic cells are designated to be quickly eliminated, the dramatic cellular oxidation couldbe involved in the final degradation of apoptotic bodies and even the termination of theproteolytic activity after phagocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005423818280
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  • 182
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    Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Necrotic and Apoptotic Cell Death (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 305-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; confocal microscopy ; cyclosporin A ; cytochrome c; ; ischemia/reperfusion ; mitochondrial permeability transition ; necrapoptosis ; necrosis ; oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria are frequently the target of injury after stresses leading to necrotic and apoptoticcell death. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation progresses to uncoupling when opening ofa high conductance permeability transition (PT) pore in the mitochondrial inner membraneabruptly increases the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane to solutes of molecularmass up to 1500 Da. Cyclosporin A (CsA) blocks this mitochondrial permeability transition(MPT) and prevents necrotic cell death from oxidative stress, Ca2+ ionophore toxicity,Reye-related drug toxicity, pH-dependent ischemia/reperfusion injury, and other models of cell injury.Confocal fluorescence microscopy directly visualizes onset of the MPT from the movementof green-fluorescing calcein into mitochondria and the simultaneous release from mitochondriaof red-fluorescing tetramethylrhodamine methylester, a membrane potential-indicatingfluorophore. In oxidative stress to hepatocytes induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide, NAD(P)Hoxidation, increased mitochondrial Ca2+, and mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen speciesprecede and contribute to onset of the MPT. Confocal microscopy also shows directly thatthe MPT is a critical event in apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by tumor necrosis factor-α.Progression to necrotic and apoptotic cell killing depends, at least in part, on the effect theMPT has on cellular ATP levels. If ATP levels fall profoundly, necrotic killing ensues. If ATPlevels are at least partially maintained, apoptosis follows the MPT. Cellular features of bothapoptosis and necrosis frequently occur together after death signals and toxic stresses. A newterm, necrapoptosis, describes such death processes that begin with a common stress or deathsignal, progress by shared pathways, but culminate in either cell lysis (necrosis) or programmedcellular resorption (apoptosis) depending on modifying factors such as ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005419617371
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  • 183
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    Mitochondria and Apoptosis: HQ or High-Security Prison? (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical immunology 19 (1999), S. 378-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cytochrome c ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Whether we view the mitochondria as the headquarters for the leader of a crack suicide squad or as a prison for the leader of a militant coup, the role of the mitochondria in the apoptotic process is now well established. During apoptosis the integrity of the mitochondria is breeched, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential drops, the electron transport chain is disrupted, and proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (MIS) such as cytochrome c are released into the cytosol, although not necessarily in that order. In the cytosol, cytochrome c forms part of a proteinaceous complex that directly activates caspase-9, one of the apical enzymes responsible for the dismantling of the cell. In this way a mitochondrial factor which is normally locked away from the rest of the cell can directly trigger apoptosis. The need to regulate the release of cytochrome c suggests that the mitochondria may be the decision center for whether a cell lives or dies. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain how proteins of the MIS are released and how this process is regulated. These include the Bcl-2-regulated opening of a permeability transition pore or an increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential followed by outer membrane rupture. It remains to be clarified which mitochondria specific events are essential for apoptosis and which are merely consequences of apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020550716138
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  • 184
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    Magnetic resonance imaging of complex congenital heart disease (1999)
    Springer
    The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 15 (1999), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0743
    Keywords: MRI ; congenital heart disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Current MR techniques enable both anatomical and functional evaluations of the heart. Although it is rarely used as a primary diagnostic tool in pediatric cardiology, it can be used as a valuable adjunct to echocardiography and angiography. MRI is particularly useful in clarification of morphology of complex congenital heart diseases. It is the most accurate method of determination of visceral and atrial situs. It is easy to evaluate the systemic and pulmonary venous connections that are very important for the Fontan type of operation, especially in patients with visceral heterotaxy. It facilitates demonstration of diminutive pulmonary arteries in patients with pulmonary atresia. It clearly demonstrates juxtaposition of the atrial appendages that is often missed by echocardiography. The anatomy of the twisted atrioventricular connections is much more clear in MRI than in echocardiography. It enables en face imaging of ventricular septal defect that provides a surgical view. We find en face imaging particularly helpful in patients with double inlet left ventricle and transposition of the great arteries where the size of the ventricular septal defect governs the blood flow into the aorta. It is often advantageous to echocardiography in defining the type of univentricular atrioventricular connections by demonstrating the position and topology of the rudimentary chamber in difficult cases. In double outlet right ventricle, the spatial relationship of the ventricular septal defect to the great arterial valves can be clearly defined by visualizing the ventricular septal defect and the outlet septum in the same imaging plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006180021670
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  • 185
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    Prognostic value of tumor-associated antigens immunoreactivity and apoptosis in medulloblastomas. An analysis of 73 cases (1999)
    Springer
    Brain tumor pathology 16 (1999), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Medulloblastoma ; Prognosis ; Tenascin ; Apoptosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Medulloblastomas (MB) are the most common central nervous system malignancies in children. Numerous publications describe efforts to identify the predictive value of various patterns of MB pathology and immunohistochemistry, but received data appear to be controversial. Seventy-three patients with cerebellar MB were studied retrospectively. Tumor specimens were immunohistochemically examined with antibodies to various tumor-associated antigens. Also, apoptosis detection by the in situ end-labeling method was performed. Survival analysis was made using univariate and multivariate models. Tenascin immunoreactivity and apoptotic index (AI)〉or=1.5% were found to be closely associated with poor prognosis according to an univariate analysis (P=0.008 and 0.003, respectively). The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model exhibited independent prognostic value for the apoptotic rate only (P=0.023). Tumors with tenascin expression and AI〉or=1.5% significantly prevailed among MB with metastatic dissemination, whereas expression of c-erbB2 oncoprotein and epidermal growth factor receptor was found to be more typical for cases with local tumor recurrence. We came to the conclusion that tenascin immunoreactivity and AI were useful for individual MB prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02478900
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  • 186
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    Composition and Microstructure Determination of the Syndiotactic Copolymer of para-Methylstyrene and Styrene by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrolysis gas chromatography ; microstructure determination ; syndiotactic copolymers ; styrenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The composition and microstructure of syndiotactic para-methylstyrene/styrene copolymer was determined by a pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) method. This method uses the styrene and para-methylstyrene monomer peak intensities to determine the styrene and para-methylstyrene composition in the copolymer. The number average sequence length of styrene was calculated by using the triad peak intensities. Because of the low concentration of para-methylstyrene in the copolymer, the number average sequence length of para-methylstyrene was determined with formulas that incorporate the copolymer composition and the number average sequence length of styrene. The distribution of para-methylstyrene defined by the terms “percent of single units” and “percent of desired distribution” was calculated by the number average sequence of para-methylstyrene. This method has been tested with copolymers containing up to 24 mole% of para-methylstyrene. The composition results from Py-GC of para-methylstyrene and styrene copolymers used in this study were in excellent agreement with 1H-NMR results.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Superior ECD Performance through Design and Application (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 24-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; ECD ; Micro-ECD ; GC detector ; organochlorine pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new ECD, the HP 6890 Series Micro-ECD, was designed to address inherent deficiencies in classical electron capture detectors (ECD), especially with respect to sensitivity, linearity, dynamic range, and ruggedness. Several novel technologies were incorporated in the totally new design and were refined through practical testing and user feedback. Validation of the micro-ECD performance was accomplished through side-by-side testing of the Micro-ECD with previous ECDs following US EPA Contract Laboratory Program methods for pesticides and PCBs. In addition, extensive interviews were conducted with early users of the Micro-ECD who also had experience with other designs running a variety of ECD methods. The design and resulting performance improvements are described.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Experimentation with Chiral CE: The Application of Two Chiral Selectors and Partial Filling with Chiral Selector (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; chiral separation ; negatively charged chiral selectors ; capillary filling methods ; dual systems ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Data on the use of two chiral selectors, namely 18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic acid and a negatively charged cyclodextrin derivative (sulfated-β-cyclodextrin or carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin), in the same background electrolyte are presented. The use of such dual systems has a considerable influence on the resolution, as illustrated for the separation of tryptophan derivatives. Reduction of the consumption of chiral selector without significant loss in resolution was obtained by only partly filling the capillary and applying a run buffer without selector. This is illustrated for the chiral separation of tryptophan hydroxamate and the diastereomeric and enantiomeric separation of the dipeptide α/b-AspPhe-OMe.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Determination of Free Diterpenes in Green and Roasted Coffees (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 43-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Green and roasted coffee ; diterpenes ; cafestol ; kahweol ; 16-O-methylcafestol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The three coffee diterpenes cafestol, kahweol, and 16-O-methylcafestol are mostly esterified with fatty acids. Little has been published about the diterpenes occurring in the free form. By means of gel permeation chromatography on Bio Beads S-X3, it is now possible to simultaneously analyze and quantify the small amounts of these compounds by RP-HPLC. In this way, free kahweol was first proved to be an ingredient of Robusta coffee. Various Arabica and Robusta coffees - both green and roasted - were investigated. Free diterpenes were found in green coffees in amounts below 200 mg/kg dry matter. In comparison to the respective total diterpene content determined by the same HPLC method after saponification of the coffee oil, the proportion of free diterpenes ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 %. During the roasting process, the three uncombined diterpenes behaved similarly: free 16-O-methylcafestol, cafestol as well as kahweol were degraded with increasing roasting temperature.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Optimization through Factorial Planning of the Use of Ethanol : Water as a Mobile Phase for Reversed Phase HPLC (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ethanol ; mobile phase ; factorial planning ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Levels of Organotin Compounds in Burbot (Lota Lota) from Norwegian Lakes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fresh water systems ; burbot ; organotin compounds ; speciation analysis ; GC-AED ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 192
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    RP-HPLC and GC-MS Techniques for the Quantitative Analysis of Substituted 1,2,4-Trioxanes and their Thermolysis Products in Solution (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: RP-HPLC ; GC-MS ; trioxanes ; thermolysis products ; quantitative analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 193
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    A Robust Thermal Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional Gas Chromatography ; orthogonal separations ; GC×GC ; comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography ; characterization of gasoline ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), two capillary columns are connected in series through an interface known as a “thermal modulator”. This device transforms effluent from the first capillary column into a series of sharp injection-like chemical pulses suitable for high-speed chromatography on the second column. Dramatic increases in the resolving power, sensitivity, and speed of the gas chromatograph result. This paper describes the development of a robust and reliable thermal modulator for GC×GC.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Effect of Mobile Phase Components on the Separation of Polypeptides Using Carbon Dioxide-Based Mobile Phases (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 74-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Polypeptides ; subcritical fluid chromatography ; supercritical fluid chromatography ; carbon dioxide ; additives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The effect of mobile phase modifier and additive on the chromatographic properties of various small polypeptides was explored under subcritical conditions. A polymeric column was used to separate various enkephalin analogs, bradykinin, and oxytocin using a carbon dioxide-based mobile phase with either an ethanol or a 2-methoxyethanol modifier. The role of the modifier was found to be secondary to that of the mobile phase additive. As progressively stronger acidic mobile phase additives were used, the peak profiles of the various polypeptides improved and retention decreased. Heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid was found to be the most useful additive for these types of solutes under near-critical conditions, while the potassium salt of heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid failed to elute any of the polypeptides. At low temperatures, pressure gradients with a carbon dioxide/ethanol/heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid ternary mobile phase produced reasonably good peak profiles with the polymeric column.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    γ(δ)-Thionolactones - Enantioselective Capillary GC and Sensory Characteristics of Enantiomers (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective gas chromatography ; heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; γ(δ)-thionolactones ; olfactometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The even numbered γ(δ)-thionolactones (C6-C12) were investigated, using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography. The odor characteristics of γ(δ)-thionolactone enantiomers were investigated by enantioselective gas chromatography/olfactometry.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Programmable Temperature Vaporizer (PTV) Applied to the Triglyceride Analysis of Milk Fat (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; PTV and on-column injectors ; milk fat triglycerides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The PTV (Programmable Temperature Vaporizer) is a split/splitless injector which allows the sample to be introduced at a relatively low temperature, thus affording accurate and reproducible sampling. After injection the PTV is rapidly heated to transfer the vaporized components into the capillary column. This type of injector has proved to be an efficient tool for the evaluation of fatty acids, essential oils, and pesticides in food analysis. In this work the suitability of PTV for the analysis of milk fat purity by the Official EU method was evaluated. This method is based on the gas chromatographic determination of triglycerides only according to their total number of carbon atoms followed by the application of formulae deriving from multiple linear regressions. The analysis is currently carried out with a packed column or a short capillary column and an on-column injection system. Several samples of pure milk fat and mixtures of milk fat with foreign fat were analyzed with the same capillary column and by using both PTV and on-column injection systems. The results show that the gas chromatographic profile obtained by PTV is comparable with that obtained by the on-column injector, while repeatability and reproducibility data meet the requirements indicated in the Official Method. Therefore, this study demonstrates that it is possible to use the PTV instead of the on-column injector to determine the purity of milk fat with this method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the Linear Range in HPLC Analyses with UV Detection: Methodology and Experimental Application to the Influence of the Analyte UV Spectrum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; UV detection ; linear range ; method validation ; Beer-Lambert law ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Determination of the linear range is one of the main concerns in validation of an HPLC analysis method. It is particularly important since single point calibration will be then used routinely. We proposed an iterative methodology to handle this problem. The idea was, at each step, to test statistically whether the following point belonged to the same regression line. The methodology was then used to evaluate quantitatively the effect on linear range of a shift in detection wavelength or of the detector bandwidth. Although experimental results were globally in accordance with spectroscopic theory, magnitudes observed were rather large. So the linear range could vary by a factor of over 2 with changes in conditions that remained within the range of current practical values. Changes in detection wavelength were limited to about fifteen nm around λmax and the detector used was considered to be representative of modern high-performance UV detectors. The question of how to take consequences in method validation into account was raised. The solution proposed recommended that the validation was undertaken in conditions as close as possible to those where the method would be conducted routinely. This means with the same instrumentation and on the product of interest for analyses.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equilibrium-Sorptive Enrichment: A Novel Technique for Trace Analysis in Air (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Trace analysis ; air samples ; BTX ; equilibrium-sorptive enrichment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical Design Considerations for Multi-capillary Columns in Fast Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Fast gas chromatography ; multi-capillary column ; band broadening ; simulation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GC-MS Determination of Kava-Pyrones in Alpinia zerumbet Leaves (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 129-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; kava pyrones ; Alpinia zerumbet ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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