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  • 1980-1984  (512)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 402 (1984), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Chorion laeve ; Diabetes mellitus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of human chorion laeve from pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus was examined under the light and electron microscopy. In comparison with normal chorion laeve, the epithelium of chorion laeve in diabetes mellitus shows the following morphological changes: 1. The trophoblast cells display more microvilli and cell processes on their surface. 2. Trophoblast cells with different cytoplasmic characteristics can be seen. Some display few organelles and large glycogen depositions; other are rich in organelles. Furthermore, some cells with electron dense filaments and few cell organelles can be found. 3. Necrotic cells are frequently present in the outer epithelial layers. 4. The intercellular spaces in the epithelial layers near the basement membrane are narrower. Since vasculopathy of the decidual arteries with disturbance of blood circulation is often found in pathological pregnancies, we assume that the morphological changes found are due to deficiency in nutrient and oxygen supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alloxan ; Culture ; Electron microscopy ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Pancreaticβ-cells ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereological techniques on electron microscopy micrographs were used to evaluate the morphological changes of cultured isletβ cells that had been exposed to alloxan or 6-hydroxydopamine. Trypan Blue exclusion by cells cultured for 3 days indicated that the cells were 100% viable. Electron microscopy revealed that nearly all of the surviving cultured cells wereβ cells. Exposure to 5 mmol/l alloxan or 1–5 mmol/l 6-hydroxydopamine for 10 or 30 min caused a general swelling of the cultured cells with a concomitant swelling of mitochondria and nuclei. The size of the secretory granules was not affected by the drugs. Only 3–10% of the cells excluded Trypan Blue after exposure to 5 mmol/l alloxan or 6-hydroxydopamine. The data conform with the hypothesis that a primary action of alloxan and 6-hydroxydopamine is at the plasma membrane level ofβ cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 404 (1984), S. 213-221 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oat cell carcinoma ; Male breast ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of small cell neuroendocrine (oat cell) carcinoma of the breast in a 52-year old male is presented. Oat cell carcinomas have been reported in various extrapulmonary sites, but this is the second case of a primary oat cell carcinoma of the breast and the first one to have been documented in a male. The tumor was investigated histologically, immunocytochemically and ultrastructurally. The relationship to so-called “carcinoid” mammary tumors is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 404 (1984), S. 427-434 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Elephantiasis neuromatosa ; Neurofibromatosis ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; S-100 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An example of elephantiasis neuromatosa, an unusual variant of neurofibromatosis, coexistent with lipomatosis is presented. This dual cell population produced a diffuse swelling of the gluteal sulcus of a young female. The neurogenous origin of the spindle cell component was substantiated by immunoreactivity for S-100 protein as well as by the fine structural observation of a regular basement membrane coating and a profusion of Luse bodies. As far as can be ascertained, this is the first reported immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of this particular variant of peripheral nerve sheath lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor ; Electron microscopy ; Histoenzymology ; Ameloblast ; Amyloid-like substance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, simultaneously located in the two jaws (maxilla and mandible) was examined by histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Squamous tumor cells without secretory polarity were different from those of common ameloblastoma. High activities of alkaline phosphatase and ATPases were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy on the cytoplasmic membrane, findings similar to those in the stratum intermedium cells of the normal dental germ from which these tumor cells seem to arise. The tumor cells, like preameloblasts of the dental germ, also produce a granulo-filamentous material in intracytoplasmic vesicles and discharge it into the stroma. This “pseudo-amyloid” substance represents an abnormal protein of the enamel matrix and calcification, mainly occurring in that substance, might be an attempt at mineralization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 403 (1984), S. 391-400 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Granular cell tumour ; Mammary gland neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary granular cell tumours of the breast in 35 2and 55 year old women were studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Light and electron microscopy revealed a neural origin of the tumours and this was further substantiated by immunohistochemical studies, with positive S-100 protein reaction and negative reactions for surface heavy and light chains, CEA, alfa-1-antitrypsin, muramidase and GFA-protein. Granular cell tumour of the mammary gland is a very rare tumour. Clinically it sometimes simulates carcinoma because of its fibrous consistency, fixation to pectoral fascia and skin retraction. The diagnosis of granular cell tumour should be included in the differential diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast. The granular cell tumour is derived from neuro-ectodermal tissue. Whether it represents a neurogenic cell-confined metabolic disturbance with lysosomal activation, or a true neoplasm remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Urological research 12 (1984), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Urinary calculi ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microanalysis ; Artefacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Material in urinary calculi is prone to irradiation damage during electron microscopy and this suggests the need for care in the interpretation of data. It is shown, however, that minimum-dose transmission microscopy is feasible for single-crystal electron diffraction work, and that although internal damage in severe, morphological artefacts are unlikely in the SEM unless the incident electron flux is greater than 10-13 A nm-2. During EDX micro-analysis, the detection of light elements is impaired by irradiation effects unless a minimum-dose procedure is used. For the preparation of SEM samples, artefacts can be created by cleaving air-dried material-and it is therefore important to consider more lengthy preparation methods such as cryogenics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Concanavalin A ; Lectin receptors ; Bladder tumor ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used concanavalin A (con A)-peroxidase-iron dextran-diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique for the electron microscopic detection of con A binding sites on cell membranes. Normal bladder mucosa showed a sparse distribution of con A binding sites with both transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, but bladder tumors showed a higher concentration in the distribution of con A binding sites in proportion to the histopathological grade of transitional cell carcinoma. Quantitative estimation of the con A binding sites was attempted using scanning X-ray pulse analysis of iron elements contained in the reaction complexes. Con A binding sites were quantitatively the smallest in normal mucosa, increasing proportionate to the grade of the bladder tumor. Some specimens were compared by the ferritin-labelled method and the pattern of ferritin conjugates distribution was similar to that seen with the con A-peroxidase-iron dextran method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Urinary calculi ; Stone ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of urinary stones obtained from patients after surgery in the Medical College Hospital, Trivandrum, under the scanning electron microscope showed the presence of calcium oxalate and calcium biphosphate crystals as the main constituents. However, the pattern of the different phases of crystal growth was not uniform. Within the crystal lattice, fibrous structures, possibly of protein matrix, were invariably observed. Electron microscopy may be usefully adapted as a particularly suitable method for ultramicroscopic investigation of the fine structure of urinary stones including single crystal surface structure, section of urinary calculi and for possible presence of hitherto unknown components within the calculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 169 (1984), S. 9-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; Marginal plates ; DAB-Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the canine circumanal gland, the morphological alterations of peroxisomes during differentiation and maturation of the glandular cells were studied by electron microscopy, cytochemistry and freeze-etch technique. Each of the following three cell types has its own characteristic peroxisomal population: 1) The basal cell contains only a few small peroxisomes, which appear as spherical and tubular profiles showing strong DAB reaction. In the differentiating basal cells, these are joined by a few dilated, hemispherical organelles with intensely stained small marginal plates. 2) In the intermediate cell, additional to spherical and tubular peroxisomes, numerous clongated organelles with distinct marginal plates are observed, displaying weak catalase activity. 3) In the mature cell, dumbbell-shaped peroxisomes with enlarged marginal plates predominate. Serial section analysis and freeze-etching studies reveal that these dilated particles are of erythrocyte-like shape. They exhibit very weak catalase activity or do not contain any visible DAB reaction product. In their flattened, thin central portions, the memoranes enclose the marginal plates and form straight cisternae, which are closely associated with adjacent fenestrated cisternae of ER on both sides, referred to as paramarginal cisternae. Dumbbell-shaped peroxisomes with their corresponding paramarginal cisternae form large peroxisome-ER-complexes. Furthermore, three to five dumbbell-shaped particles are often stacked in parallel. Only at their flat poles are the organelles in close contact with paramarginal cisternae. The observation of continuities, in particular between erythrocyte-like organelles and tubular peroxisomes in mature glandular cells, indicates the existence of a peroxisomal compartment composed of two segments in the mature stage. In freeze-etch replicas of mature glandular cells, only the dilated segments of the peroxisomal compartment can be easily recognized because of their unusual size and erythrocyte-like shape. Additionally, on the E-face of their central portion, a straight, square or rectangular area with a distinct crystalline pattern is seen, which corresponds to the marginal plate. These findings indicate that the circumanal gland of the dog offers unique possibility to analyze the biological properties of a well-defined peroxisomal compartment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Fetal microvasculature ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fetal microvascular architecture of the feline near-term placenta was investigated using scanning electron micrographs of partially fractured corrosion casts from plastic-filled vessels. The findings were compared with those on corresponding semithin histological sections. The branches of both umbilical arteries and veins roughly follow a course parallel to the zonary girdle on the allantochorionic side of the feline placenta in an acute-angled pattern of ramifications. They join the double-layered capilary networks in the chorionic lamellae of the labyrinth, which generally exhibit a chorio-uterine orientation and are partially twirled. On the allantochorionic side of the labyrinth, these fetal capillary networks are “suspended” on the maternal stem-artery-system of the placenta; on the uterine side, they have peduncular or tuft-like endings of capillary loops and are flattened by the uterine septa, which at this level converge into the maternal veins. The chorionic capillary lamellae have a variable breadth and length and therefore need shorter or longer arterioles and venules from the allantochorionic side to become irrigated at any level of the labyrinth. As a result, the feline placenta is characterized by a generally one-way crosscurrent type of materno-fetal blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 62 (1984), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dandy-Walker syndrome ; Dandy-Walker cyst ; Ependymal cell ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the wall of the Dandy-Walker cyst has been described rarely. A boy aged 2 years was confirmed clinically, neuroradiologically, and operatively as having a Dandy-Walker cyst in the posterior fossa. The cyst wall obtained during surgery consisted of an outer arachnoid cell layer, intermediate interwoven neuroglial strands, and an inner layer of cells which lacked the characteristic appearance of ependyma. An unusual finding was a small, buried island of ependymal cells in the intermediate layer of the neuroglial tissue. Ultrastructural study of the cyst wall provides a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the Dandy-Walker syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 63 (1984), S. 96-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hereditary coproporphyria ; Hereditary hepatic porphyrias ; Sural nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In spite of several cases reported in the literature, the exact pathogenetic mechanism of neuropathic changes in porphyric neuropathy remains uncertain. Various authors have ascribed the neuropathologic findings to either a dying-back axonal degeneration or segmental demyelination. In recent years, the hypothesis of an axonal and myelinic disorder has received support by the demonstration of a combined and simultaneous involvement of both these structures. Such different opinions are also a consequence of the reduced number of detailed bioptic observations in the different forms of acute porphyria not only during acute phases but also between attacks. In this paper we report the results of light- and electronmicroscopic examination of two sural nerve biopsies from subjects with hereditary coproporphyria. The first was performed 6 months after an acute attack, the second specimen was obtained from a patient without acute attacks, who had clinical and electrophysiologic signs of a chronic progressive neuropathy. In both cases a dying-back axonal degeneration is considered the primary change. The pathogenetic mechanism of peripheral nerve lesions in porphyric neuropathy will be discussed finally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 62 (1984), S. 324-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human skeletal muscle ; Hemiplegia ; Cerebral vascular disease ; Histopathology ; Electron microscopy ; Rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anterior tibial muscle biopsies of the hemiplegic side of 16 patients with a cerebrovascular accident in the middle cerebral artery region were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy. Patients grouped according to the time lapsed as from the occurrence of the accident (1–17 months) demonstrated a progressive decrease in the fiber diameter and changes in fiber type distribution with predominant type II atrophy and type I predominance. Nuclear internalization, myopathic alterations, and perifascicular fatty infiltrations were observed constantly. In the affected fibers the ultrastructural findings were myofibrillar alterations with the formation of rods and cytoplasmic bodies. There was accumulation of lipofuscin, glycogen, and lipid droplets. Microvascular changes were observed frequently. Biopsies from the asymptomatic legs were either normal or showed age-related muscle alterations. Correlation was noted between the clinical and functional status of the patients and the morphological aspects seen in muscle biopsies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 63 (1984), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Carbon disulphide ; Electron microscopy ; Giant axonopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult Wistar rats were exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2) vapour at a concentration of 2.4 mg/l of air for 5 days a week (6h a day), and the ultrastructure of peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions and muscles was investigated after 6 months of exposure to CS2. Numerous giant axons, i.e. paranodal or internodal swellings, were seen in the peripheral nerves. At the swollen paranodes, the myelin sheath was thinned, in other regions large intramyelinic vacuoles indicative of more dramatic demyelination were observed at axonal enlargements. Axonal enlargements consisted essentially of whorls of tightly packed neurofilaments. A number of nerve fibres underwent complete degeneration, but at the same time there was evidence of nerve regeneration. Nerve terminals were affected in a similar way following CS2 exposure. At neuromuscular junctions, filamentous swellings of nerve terminals preceded their degeneration and eventual denudation of synaptic gutters. As a rule, the postsynaptic part of neuromuscular junctions remained unimpaired by CS2 treatment. Muscles were affected by both atrophy and degeneration. Clusters of dense and lamellar bodies and numerous autophagosomes indicative of direct myotoxic effect of CS2 were frequently encountered in the investigated muscles. Some muscle fibres apparently underwent necrosis judging from the occurrence of myotubes characteristic of muscle degeneration and regeneration. The pathomorphology of CS2 neuropathy resembles that of other toxic neuropathies which presumably have a common origin in impaired energy metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Anterograde tracing ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Midbrain ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The termination of the fibers from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the midbrain has been investigated in the cat with the degeneration method, the anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method and autoradiography after 3H-leucine injections. The results show that the DCN project to several midbrain regions. The external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IX) receives the heaviest projection from both the gracile and cuneate nuclei. The DCN fibers form three joint terminal zones in IX. Each terminal zone contains clusters with dense aggregations of DCN fibers. Fairly dense terminal networks are found in the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the compact part of the anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc) as well. More scattered DCN fibers are present in the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the lateral part of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the red nucleus (NR), the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (B), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SI, SP). The projections to all regions are mainly contralateral. Most of the few ipsilateral fibers terminate in IX. A somatotopic organization was seen in IX and NR. The gracile fibers terminate preferentially in the caudal and lateral part of IX and the cuneate ones preferentially in its rostral and medial part. In the red nucleus the gracile fibers terminate ventral to the cuneate ones. In the pretectal region there was a predominance for gracile fibers. There also appeared to be quantitative differences in the projections from various levels of the gracile nucleus, with more midbrain projecting fibers originating in the rostral than in the middle and caudal parts of the nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 169 (1984), S. 261-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; DAB-cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Preputial gland ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of peroxisomes in partially differentiated cells of the mouse preputial gland was investigated using serial thin sections and three-dimensional reconstruction as well as the alkaline diaminobenzidine technique for visualization of the peroxidatic activity of catalase. An analysis of serial sections indicates that the different types of intensely stained peroxisomal profiles, classified according to their shape, represent random planes through highly complex peroxisomes. These organelles exceed 4 μm in length and exhibit a focal heterogeneity with respect to their size, shape and enzyme distribution. The graphical three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrates that the most intricate peroxisomes are characterized by tortuous, elongate, and branched tubular segments of varying diameter equipped with enlarged terminal hollow-spherical structures which engulf areas of cytoplasm. A close spatial relationship is established between adjacent peroxisomes and peroxisomes and mitochondria, the latter two of which synchronously develop into highly complex structures. A close association is also observed between peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum, whereby membrane continuities between the two compartments cannot be demonstrated. These observations are inconsistent with traditional concepts concerning peroxisomal shape and size, the number per cell, as well as their biogenesis from the endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance of individual highly complex peroxisomes and their assemblage forming an extensive netlike membraneous system throughout the cell is discussed with respect to intracellular energy transport and trans-membrane electron exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Implantation ; Blastocyst ; Zona pellucida ; Decidual reaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies were undertaken to investigate the temporal relationship between loss of the zona pellucida around the blastocyst and the appearance of decidual changes in the endometrial stroma during normal implantation in rats. Blastocyst-free and blastocyst-containing sites of pregnant uterine horns were studied and compared with control sites from contralateral salpingectomized horns and horns of pseudopregnant animals from 24.00 h on Day 4 and onwards. There were no membrane contacts between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium at 10.00 h on Day 5 and earlier because of an intervening zona pellucida. From 14.00 h onwards, however, such contacts were present and at 18.00 h, the zona pellucida had disappeared and the blastocyst had attached onto the uterine epithelium. The stromal cells of pregnant and control horns were indistinguishable from each other at 24.00 h on Day 4, but from 06.00 h on Day 5 onwards specific changes were noted in the stromal cell nucleoli of the pregnant horns. The results therefore suggest that the first morphological sign of decidualization occurs about 12 h before the Pontamine Blue reaction and is initiated by the blastocyst early on Day 5 while it is still encased by the zona pellucida.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cecum ; Cat ; Macroscopic anatomy ; Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a series of comparative anatomical studies on the ceca of various mammals the cat was chosen as representative of a “typical” carnivore. In the domestic cat, the cecum is conspicuously small and macroscopically relatively undifferentiated in comparison to most herbivores. Microscopically (light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), however, it is characterized by an abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes rich in organelles, suggestive of functional activity. In addition to the morphological description, which also includes arterial supply and mesenteries of the cecum, the discussion is focussed on 1) the possible functional significance of the numerous goblet cells 2) a general categorization of the different types of ileal-caeco-colical junctions and 3) speculations concerning the justification for considering the carnivore cecum as being rudimentary.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Meconium corpuscles ; Apoptosis ; Foetal intestine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the embryonic development of the intestine, programmed deletion of epithelial cells plays a vital role in the formation of secondary lumina and of villi. Electron microscopy shows that this deletion is effected by apoptosis, a distinctive mode of cellular death recently recognised as being implicated in normal tissue involution in the adult, as well as during intrauterine development. The process involves cellular condensation and budding to form membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies containing well-preserved organelles. These are then either engulfed by neighbouring principal cells or sloughed off into the intestinal lumen. Engulfed apoptotic bodies that show various degrees of lysosomal degradation have previously been reforred to as “meconium corpuscles”.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Midbrain ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Degeneration-HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections to the midbrain from the spinal cord have been investigated in the cat with the degeneration technique and by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an anterograde tracer. Two types of spinal cord lesions were performed: 1) Cordotomies at cervical or thoracic levels transecting the ventral and lateral funiculi. 2) Transections of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral or dorsal funiculus, respectively, at cervical levels. In the anterograde tracing experiments HRP was injected into the spinal cord at cervical, lumbar or sacral levels. The results show large projections to the lateral and ventrolateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG1), the posterior pretectal nucleus (PP) and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch (D). More moderate projections go to the medial division of the periaqueductal gray (PAGm), the cuneiform nucleus (CF), the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), lateral part of the deep layer of the superio colliculus (SP) and magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus (GMmc), while scattered spinal fibers are present in the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (PAGd), the external inferior collicular nucleus (IX), the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SI), the lateral part of the red nucleus (NR) and in the Edinger-Westphal portion of the oculomotor nucleus (3). In addition a few fibers are present in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (CA) and anterior pretectal nucleus (PAc). The results indicate that at midcervical levels most of the spinomesencephalic fibers ascend in the ventral funiculus, with only a moderate fraction ascending in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus. Almost no fibers ascend in the dorso-lateral funiculus and none appear to pass in the dorsal funiculus. No distinct somatotopic pattern was found in the spinomesencephalic projections, but more fibers from cervicobrachial segments terminate in the rostral than in the caudal parts of the terminal fields in PAG, CF, SP and IX, while the lumbar fibers were more numberous in the caudal parts. PP seems to receive spinal fibers mainly from the caudal half of the cord.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 108-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Image analysis ; Electron microscopy ; Muscle fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on a fixed number of EM photomicrographs a semiautomatic image analysis is made of normal gastrocnemius muscle fibers to obtain reference values for comparison with pathologic data. Z disc, mitochondria, tubular system, and sarcoplasmic reticulum are measured. It is stated that no definite fiber type differentiation is possible based on these quantitative data. However, measurements of Z disc and mitochondria are suggestive of such a differentiation. On the other hand, all data reach a Gaussian distribution on a logarithmic scale after a 5% correction factor is introduced.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; Blood-brain barrier ; Tight junctions ; Paracellular pathway ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Considering the possibility of a paracellular route for edema resolution we studied the microvasculature of the subependymal and subcortical white matter in hydrocephalic rats. Normal adult rats were used as controls. After injection of kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna, the animals were killed at intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. In hydrocephalic rats at 1 week after kaolin injection, widening of the interendothelical cleft between the tight junction (dehiscence) was seen in 27 of 76 (35%) vessels. At 2 weeks after kaolin injection, the number of the dehiscences had increased (39/7:56%) and some were enlarged, forming interendothelial blisters. At 4 weeks in hydrocephalic rats, both dehiscences and blisters were still prominent (45/73∶63%) and at 8 weeks the dehiscences were still prominent, but the number of the blisters had decreased (25/81∶31%). The blisters and dehiscences were most pronounced in the corpus callosum and occipital regions. Following i.v. injection of horseradish peroxidase, the interendothelial dehiscences and blisters were completely devoid of the marker substance. These findings indicate that in obstructive hydrocephalus the tight junctions may constitute part of a paracellular pathway for the resorption of interstitial edema fluid.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 276 (1984), S. 2-11 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Photochemotherapy ; Freckles ; Electron microscopy ; Melanocytes ; Langerhans cells ; Retinoid therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Photochemotherapy (PUVA)-induced freckles were found in 25 patients (41%) who had received more than 1,000 J/cm2 of PUVA. The patients had been treated with PUVA for more than 2 years, with more than 150 exposures before PUVA lentigines appeared on the thighs, the upper arm, the mid-lower arm, the waist, and the buttocks. The histopathology of these freckles was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed an increased amount of pigment and melanophages and increased numbers and size of melanocytes. The keratinocytes often displayed atypical features such as enlarged nuclei, giant size, or fibrillar degeneration. Homogenization of the papillary dermis was observed in 11 patients. The activation of melanocytes was confirmed electron microscopically, and pathological features such as large amounts of lipid droplets and lysosome-melanosome complexes within the melanocytes were seen. The Langerhans cells were mostly normal, whereas the keratinocytes showed cytolytic changes, fibrillar degeneration, and vacuolization. A close follow-up of patients with prolonged PUVA treatment is recommended.
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  • 25
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    Archives of dermatological research 277 (1984), S. 44-54 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Birbeck granule ; Birbeck granule-like structure ; Electron microscopy ; Langerhans cell ; Lymph node
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To understand contact hypersensitivity, it is important to know the kinetics of Langerhans cells (LC) and related cells in the lymph node (LN), as well as in the skin. For this purpose, we tried experimentally to induce increased numbers of LCs, Birbeck granule-like structure (BgS)-containing cells, and interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) in DNCB-sensitive mice and studied them by means of electron microscopy with the following results: (1) cytologically, LC, BgS-containing cells and IDC were closely related; (2) BgS seemed to arise from rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (r-ER), and BgS-containing cells were midway in nature between LC and IDC from the morphological view point. From these findings, it appears that IDC, BgS-containing cells, and LCs were simultaneously involved in the contact hypersensitivity reactions of LNs.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyneuropathy ; Hereditary disease ; Chiloren ; Sural nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten autosomal recessive/sporadic cases of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I (HMSN I), nine of which originated from the northern part of Sweden, were included in the study. Parents were free from neurologic symptoms. Motor and sensory conduction velocity was normal when recorded, i.e., in 19 and 17 parents, respectively. Sural nerve biopsies from the ten cases revealed a varying degree of onion bulb formation. In eight of the cases the onion bulbs consisted of abundant basement membranes, whereas the Schwann cells were few and sometimes lacking. There were in some cases considerable differences between separate fascicles as to the loss of myelinated nerve fibers. In the six biopsies in which teasing was performed signs of present and previous demyelination were noticed. Numerous internodal segments were abnormally thin with reference to their length. In many such segments there were marked local thickenings of the nerve fiber. In cross sections the probable counterparts to these thickenings were nerve fibers with unduly thick myelin sheaths and complex folding of the myelin. Ultrastructural axonal changes were seen in the majority of the cases. The pathogenetic and diagnostic implications of the present findings are discussed.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1984), S. 128-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Quantitative ; Electron microscopy ; Microangiopathy ; Pi granules ; Schwann cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A significant reduction in the myelinated nerve fiber population was observed during quantitative electron-microscopic examination of peripheral nerves in chronic alloxan diabetic rats. Dystrophic axonal abnormalities and regenerating fibers were more numerous in diabetics than age-matched controls. Schwann cells showed reactive changes including prominent pi granules of Reich and intracytoplasmic filament accumulation. Enumeration of these alterations, however, revealed no singificant difference from controls. Endoneurial macrophages in diabetic rats were also filled with lamellar intracytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of a chronic neuropathy. Quantitation of pathologic lesions in teased nerve fibers confirmed the preponderance of axonal over demyelinative disease and showed demyelination to be segmental. Microangiopathy was noted throughout the vasa nervorum of diabetic rats, and quantitative electron microscopy showed endothelial proliferation with doubling of the number of endothelial cells and proportional capillary mural thickening. Swollen, reactive endothelial cells appeared to effece the vascular lumen and may impair capillary perfusion. These microcirculatory changes, in the presence of biochemical and rheologic disturbances may contribute to tissue hypoxia and underly the loss of axons in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
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  • 28
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellothalamic projections ; Pallidothalamic projections ; Ventral nuclei of thalamus ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of 3H-leucine were made in the entopeduncular nucleus or dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in eight cats. The terminal projection zones of both pathways in the thalamus were studied using the sagittal plane and their relationships to one another as well as to cytoarchitectural boundaries of thalamic nuclei were compared. The data indicate that the territories controlled by the two projection systems are almost entirely segregated. The segregation is mainly along the antero-posterior axis as the main pallidal projection zone occupies the medio-ventral VA while the main dentate projection zone lies posterior to it in the VL. Furthermore, the dorsolateral part of the VA not occupied by pallidal projections receives dentate projections. In the VM, both afferent systems terminate in the lateral part of the nucleus with pallidal territory located anteriorly and dentate territory located posteriorly, again without overlap. As the delineations of nuclear subdivisions in the ventral thalamus of the cat have been a subject of some controversy, it is suggested that the boundaries of the VA, VL and VM in the cat thalamus be defined on the basis of basal ganglia and cerebellar projection zones.
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  • 29
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticospinal collaterals ; Sensorimotor cortex ; Corticobulbar pathways ; Fluorescent tracers ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fluorescent retrograde double-labeling technique has been used to determine whether corticospinal neurons in the cat sensorimotor cortex distribute collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation. In this study the fluorescent tracers Nuclear Yellow and Diamidino Yellow 2HCl were used in combination with Fast Blue. One tracer was injected unilaterally in the spinal cord and the other was injected ipsilaterally in the bulbar medial reticular formation. The distribution of the retrogradely labeled neurons was studied in the contralateral hemisphere. In the sensorimotor cortex a large population of neurons was found which were labeled from the spinal cord and were double-labeled from the brain stem. These branching neurons were concentrated in the rostromedial part of area 4 and the adjoining lateral part of area 6. In this region the percentages of corticospinal neurons which were double-labeled from the brain stem ranged from 5% laterally to 30% medially. In two cats it was demonstrated by means of the anterograde transport of HRP that the corticobulbar fibers from this region which must include the corticospinal collaterals are distributed to the reticular formation of the lower brain stem. In view of the fact that the double-labeled neurons are concentrated in the anterior part of the motor cortex, those branching neurons are in all likelihood involved in the control of neck, back and shoulder movements. This control is probably exerted by way of two routes i.e. by way of the direct corticospinal connections to spinal interneurons, and by way of the indirect cortico-reticulospinal connections established by the cortical fibers to the bulbar reticular formation. The present findings suggest that this dual control may be exerted by one and the same cell.
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  • 30
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    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 259-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Thalamocortical ; Corticocortical ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) Ipsilateral cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical projections to the cat motor cortex were determined from the locations of retrogradely labeled neurons following single small intracortical injections of HRP in area 4γ. These projections were also examined by studying the distribution of anterogradely transported axonal label following multiple injections of HRP or of tritiated amino acids in areas 1–2 of SI and in area 2pri (SII). (2) The number of retrogradely labeled cells in areas 1–2 and in area 2pri differed markedly between HRP injection sites located in the precruciate (anterior sigmoid gyrus) and postcruciate (posterior sigmoid gyrus) subregions of area 4γ. These associational projections from primary and secondary somatosensory cortices were dense to postcruciate subrogions but weak to the precruciate subregions. (3) The associational projections from areas 1–2 and from area 2pri to the postcruciate subregion of area 4γ were topographically organized, but no clear topographic organization could be demonstrated for the precruciate projection. (4) Anterograde terminal labeling following injection of either HRP or tritiated amino acids into areas 1–2 and area 2pri confirmed the preferential projection of somatosensory cortex to the postcruciate subregion of motor cortex. The projection from somatosensory areas 1–2 was uniform over its terminal field, but that from area 2pri was more patchy and complex. (5) HRP injections in area 4γ gave rise to lamellae of labeled neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus (VL). A topographic relationship was found between the site of injection and the location of the lamella of labeled neurons. (6) The percentage of retrogradely labeled neurons in the shell zone surrounding the border of the ventrolateral nucleus and the ventrobasal complex (VB) was greater following postcruciate than precruciate injections, whereas fewer retrogradely labeled neurons were found in central lateral nucleus (CL) after postcruciate injections than after precruciate injections. (7) These observations support the hypothesis that differential cortical and thalamic projections to different subregions of area 4γ may give rise to the different physiological properties of neurons observed in these subregions (Vicario et al. 1983; Martin et al. 1981).
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  • 31
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 283-288 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Skin potential response ; Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Reticulospinal tracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyramidal command of Skin Potential Response (SPR) was investigated in 20 cats paralyzed by gallamine and under a halothane anaesthetic. For each animal, a transection of the medulla sparing only the pyramidal tract was carried out. The pyramidal tract and Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) were stimulated before and after the transection. Results taken before transection show that the SPR can be elicited from stimulation of the pyramidal tract and the MRF. After transection, stereotaxic stimulations of the pyramidal tract still evoked the SPR even after aspiration of the medullary tissue posterior to the section and overlying the pyramids. Control reticular stimulations with higher stimulus intensities failed to evoke the SPR. These results show that stimulation of the pyramidal tract can elicit the SPR independently of reticulospinal neurons. It is hypothesized that a group of corticospinal fibers could transmit volleys having autonomic activity on preganglionic autonomic neurons of the intermediate zone of the grey matter.
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  • 32
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pupillo-constrictor areas ; Afferents ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferents of the cortical pupillo-constrictor areas (PCAs) of the cat were studied using the horseradish peroxidase method. PCAs receive heavy cortical inputs from areas 7, 19, 21, the lateral suprasylvian area, the splenial visual area, and subcortically from the claustrum, the intralaminar nuclei, the pulvinar-lateral posterior nuclear complex.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 134-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Tracking ; Isometric ; Updating ; Delayed feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In cats trained to track a moving display by making rapid, isometric force adjustments, responses are characterized by extremely short reaction times (60–70 ms) and a stereotyped temporal configuration. The animal uses early derivatives of display movement to scale force responses to target stimuli of different sizes according to a learned relationship between initial display motion and required force (Ghez and Vicario 1978a, 1978b). In the present study we altered that relationship by using double stimulation and delayed feedback to assess the animals' ability to update their responses. 2. In experiments where a second target stimulus followed the first after a controlled interval (15–120 ms) on random trials, the animal modified its response in the appropriate direction with little or no increase in reaction time. When the second stimulus called for a return to baseline, the animal aborted the ongoing response. When the second stimulus called for a doubling of force, the animal increased its phasic force output; however, this increase was not sufficient to reach the new target level and late responses were emitted. 3. The control response which followed each experimental double stimulation trial showed consistent differences from other controls in the amplitude of both peak force and peak dF/dt. Control responses following trials calling for a return were reduced in size; those following stimuli requiring response doubling were increased. We concluded that the experimental trials not only elicited modification of ongoing responses but also caused the animal to alter its internalized gain function relating initial display derivatives to required force. 4. In experiments where feedback was delayed after giving a first target stimulus such that the compensatory display failed to reflect the animal's initial response, the animal emitted a new updated response 70–80 ms after the first. The display trajectory which caused the cat to update its response on delayed feedback trial was identical to that of control trials with long reaction times. In this case, however, the information eliciting response updating had to be derived as a difference between the actual display trajectory and that expected by the animal, based on its experience with the tracking task. This suggests that the animal develops an internal model of display properties which is used to determine when a new response is required.
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  • 34
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 152-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deafferentation ; Cross reinnervation ; Contractile properties ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cross-reinnervations were effected between the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the cat hind limb. At the same time dorsal root section or ganglionectomy was performed over segments L6-S1. Completeness of the deafferentation was subsequently confirmed either by dissection or by dorsal root recording. The isometric and forcevelocity properties of the muscles were measured. In animals with a unilateral cross plus deafferentation the conversion of the contractile properties of the normally slow-twitch soleus to those resembling a fast-twitch muscle was typical of that seen with an intact afferent supply. In cats with a bilateral cross-reinnervation and unilateral deafferentation there was no significant difference in the degree of transformation between the two sides. It is concluded that at least for the conversion of a slow-twitch to a fast-twitch muscle afferent feedback does not play a major role.
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  • 35
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    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 462-466 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Contralateral connections ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Sub-cortical commissures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contralateral corticofugal projections from visual cortical areas to thalamic nuclei were demonstrated in the cat using anterograde transport of tritiated proline. Thalamic nuclei receiving projections from contralateral visual cortex include both subdivisions of the lateral-posterior nucleus, the posterior nucleus of Rioch, and the posterior nuclear complex.
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  • 36
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    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 458-467 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Postnatal development ; Phrenic motoneurones ; Intercostal motoneurones ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and morphology of spinal respiratory motoneurones (phrenic and intercostal) were studied in the cat by retrograde labelling using Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), at different stages of postnatal development. At birth, the distribution of the phrenic and intercostal motoneurones in the cervical and thoracic ventral horn, respectively, is similar to that observed in adult animals. At birth, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurone somata have respectively 60% and 40% of their adult volume, appearing much more developed than the motoneurones involved in the motor control of limbs. During postnatal development, the phrenic and intercartilaginous motoneurones undergo a characteristic sagittal elongation without evident modification along their transverse axes. From birth, the ratio of the somatic volume to that of its corresponding motor column markedly decreases inside of the phrenic column compared to the data obtained in the limb's muscle motor columns by other authors. Similar determinations in intercostal motor columns give intermediate values between those obtained from the phrenic column and from the motor system. These results indicate that the motoneurones innervating the respiratory muscles have some specific features of development.
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  • 37
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Pretectal nuclei ; Superior colliculus ; Parabigeminal nucleus ; Reticular formation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ascending connections from the brainstem to the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Labelled cells were identified in a variety of structures, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the superior colliculus (SC), the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN), the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), locus coeruleus and nucleus sub-coeruleus, the substantia nigra (SN), and parts of the raphe complex. The projections from NOT, NPP, MRF, LC and PBN were all bilateral in origin. The most intense labelling was observed in the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus. Colliculo-geniculate cells were located primarily in the superficial gray lamina II1 and II2 of Kaneseki and Sprague (1974), but sparse labelling was also observed in lamina II3 and in statum opticum (lamina III). Consistent with the report of Harrell et al. (1982), these cells represent a morphologically diverse population, which includes stellate cells, granule cells, and both vertical and horizontal fusiform cells. A similarly diverse population of cell types contributes to the geniculate projection arising from NOT. These results confirm and extend earlier descriptions of the brainstem projections to the cat LGNd, and serve to emphasize the diversity of brainstem influences over the geniculate.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Neck muscle afferents ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from spinocerebellar tract neurones of the central cervical nucleus (CCN) in C1–C3 segments of the anaesthetized cat. These neurones were identified by antidromic activation from the cerebellar peduncle. Stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root elicited extracellular spikes or EPSPs with a monosynaptic latency in almost all CCN neurones in the same segment (segmental input). Late excitatory effects were also observed in about one third of CCN neurones. The monosynaptic EPSP was occasionally followed by an IPSP. The excitatory input from the dorsal root to CCN neurones was extended over several segments for some CCN neurons (extrasegmental input). Monosynaptic excitation was evoked in CCN neurones after stimulation of dorsal neck muscle nerves as well; i.e. splenius (SPL), biventer cervicis and complexus (BCC), rectus capitus dorsalis, and obliquus capitus caudalis. Thresholds for this excitation were near the threshold of the nerve, suggesting that it originated from group I fibres. The component of excitation added after strong stimulation of neck muscle nerves would be attributed to group II fibres. When a CCN neurone received excitatory input from the nerve of one muscle, it was generally not affected by stimulation of other nerves in the same segment. Such muscle specificity of segmental input was the principal pattern of connexion of neck muscle afferents with CCN neurones. In some cases, however, excitatory convergence from SPL and BCC nerves onto single CCN neurones or excitation from the SPL nerve and inhibition from the BCC nerve were also observed. Nearly half of the CCN neurones received input from one muscle nerve of the same segment and not from the afferent of the same muscle of different segments, indicating a segment specificity of input. In the remaining CCN neurones, weaker excitatory effects were induced from afferents of different segments as well. In such extrasegmental effects, inputs to CCN neurones from caudal segments predominated in frequency over those from rostral segments. The origin of extrasegmental input was generally confined to the same muscle. Low threshold muscle afferents from the SPL and BCC were intraaxonally stained with HRP. The collaterals of the stained fibre distributed branchlets and terminals to the CCN, laminae VII, VIII, and motor nuclei. Two fibres responding to local muscle prodding or stretch showed a similar morphology. The findings indicated that muscle spindle afferents from primary endings projected to the CCN.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Central cervical nucleus ; Spinocerebellar tract ; Cerebellum ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinocerebellar tract (SCT) neurones in and around the central cervical nucleus (CCN) were physiologically identified by antidromic activation of these cells on stimulation of the cerebellum. Among the Spinocerebellar tract cells thus identified, those ascending the contralateral spinal funiculi were found in the CCN and ventralwards, whereas those ascending the ipsilateral funiculi existed mostly dorsal to the CCN partly overlapping with crossed cells in the nucleus. Mapping sites from which CCN cells were antidromically activated showed that axons of the CCN-SCT cross at the same segment, ascend the ventral funiculus initially, the lateral funiculus at rostral C1 and the lateral border of the medulla to reach the cerebellar peduncle, enter the cerebellum mainly via the restiform body but possibly also via the superior peduncle. Systematic mapping of stimulation within the cerebellum indicated that the CCNSCT projects to the medial part of the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe bilaterally. Projection to lobules I–II was found in almost all CCN-SCT cells examined. Three fourths of CCN-SCT cells projected to the posterior lobe, as revealed by less extensive mapping. Mapping of axonal regions of the same single CCN-SCT cells showed that they project multifocally in the cerebellum, where projection to lobules I–II was common and that to other areas varied with individual cells. Conduction velocites decreased within the cerebellum probably as the result of repeated branching. Mossy fibre responses evoked on stimulation of the C2 dorsal root in cats with the transected dorsal funiculi were shown to be mediated mostly via the CCN-SCT. Mapping the field potential showed that the response was by far the largest in lobules I–II. This suggested that the terminals provided by the CCN-SCT are the densest in these lobules.
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  • 40
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Endogenous peroxidase ; Light and electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endogenous peroxidase-like activity was investigated with a combined light and electron microscopical technique in 15 cats. The lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei, and segments C6 and L5 of the spinal cord were incubated with diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (DAB) or tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). After histochemical reaction with DAB a considerable amount of activity was found in nerve cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The neuronal labelling was mainly located in mitochondria of axon terminals and in dendrites whereas the astrocytic and pericytic activity was found in cytoplasmic dense bodies. The quantity of stained structures differed considerably between the animals. In TMB reacted tissue endogenous peroxidase-like activity was only sparsely seen. It was found mainly in frozen sections, in which the neuropil and perivascular structures sometimes contained granules and irregular filaments. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to observations in tracer studies using horseradish peroxidase.
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  • 41
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Vestibulo ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were studied before and after lesions within the accessory optic system (AOS) in the cat. Post-lesion retinal input to the AOS was evaluated using the autoradiographic technique. Unilateral lesion of the lateral terminal nucleus of the AOS (LTN) and the resulting retinal deafferentation of the medial terminal nucleus of the AOS (MTN) induced a spontaneous nystagmus in the dark whose slow phase was directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. VOR gain was reduced for both directions with a maximal decrease for stimulation directed ipsilaterally to the lesion. OKN gain obtained for both directions of binocular stimulation was decreased, mainly when the stimulus was directed contralaterally to the lesion. After two postoperative weeks, spontaneous nystagmus disappeared and the VOR symmetry recovered simultaneously. A symmetrical OKN was only observed after one month. In spite of the known visual selectivity for vertical direction in LTN-MTN cells, the results of this study support a functional involvement of these nuclei in horizontal VOR and OKN.
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  • 42
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    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 162-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nerve afferents ; Semicircular canal biophysics ; Semicircular canal time constants ; Vestibular neurophysiology ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response properties of cat horizontal canal afferents (N = 81) were characterized by three parameters: their long time constants (τ), low frequency gain constants (G1), and middle frequency gain constants (Gm). An average value of each of these parameters was calculated for each of eight animals and comparisons were made across animals. There were significant differences between individual animals in their average values of τ and Gm. There was also a significant negative correlation between τ's and Gm's. An animal with a larger average τ tended to have a smaller average Gm. We also used anatomic data on membranous canal duct diameter from the literature to independently estimate the potential effect of interanimal anatomic variability on the predicted range of τ and Gm values in a population. We then compared the data from our 81 afferents with the predictions from the anatomic data.
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  • 43
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Phrenic and laryngeal motoneurones ; Inspiratory on-switch ; Stimulation ; Mesencephalic structures ; Patterned response ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats (chloralose-urethan) the effects of brief tetanic electrical stimulation (50 to 100 ms) of the mesencephalic central gray matter and reticular formation on the inspiratory on-switch were studied during the expiratory (E) phase on the gross and unitary activities of phrenic, laryngeal inspiratory and laryngeal expiratory nerves. On the inspiratory laryngeal and phrenic nerves, stimulation elicited a short latency gross response concomitant with the train: the inspiratory Primary Response (Prim.R.) which is followed by an inspiratory Patterned Response (Patt.R.) of longer duration which corresponded to the inspiratory on-switch. The Patt.R. generally appeared from the Prim.R. within a latent period (Silent Phase: Sil.P.) as long as 100 ms. On the expiratory laryngeal nerve, stimulation elicited a brief activation (expiratory Prim.R.) concomitant with the beginning of the inspiratory laryngeal Prim.R. and which rapidly stopped as the latter continued during the stimulus train. The inspiratory Prim.R. corresponded to a simultaneous activation of both early and late (so defined during their spontaneous discharge) inspiratory motoneurones. The laryngeal motoneurones were more strongly activated than the phrenic ones. During the inspiratory Patt.R. all the phrenic motoneurones presented a recruitment delay earlier, compared with the spontaneous one, whereas the recruitment drastically changed from an inspiratory laryngeal motoneurone to another. Thus, the two pools of motoneurones presented different properties of activation. During the inspiratory Sil.P. no concomitant expiratory laryngeal activation was observed when most of the inspiratory motoneurones were inactive. As some inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones did not stop firing, the existence of some central respiratory neurones exhibiting a similar persistent activity and subserving the inspiratory on-switch mechanisms may be hypothesized.
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  • 44
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ascending auditory pathway ; Inferior colliculus ; Medial geniculate body ; Cat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ascending projections from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (NBIC) in the cat were studied by the autoradiographic tracing method. Many fibers from the NBIC ascend ipsilaterally in the lateral tegmentum along the medial border of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. At midbrain levels, fibers from the NBIC end in the superior colliculus, the pretectum, the central gray and the peripeduncular tegmental region bilaterally with ipsilateral predominance. NBIC fibers to the superior colliculus are distributed densely to laminae VI an III throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus. In the pretectum, NBIC fibers terminate in the anterior and medial nuclei and the nucleus of the posterior commissure. NBIC fibers to the dorsal thalamus are distributed largely ipsilaterally. Many NBIC fibers end in the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate body, but few in the ventral division. The NBIC also sends fibers to the suprageniculate, limitans and lateralis posterior nuclei and the lateral portion of the posterior nuclear complex; these regions of termination of NBIC fibers constitute, as a whole, a single NBIC recipient sector. Additionally, the NBIC sends fibers to the centralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, paraventricular and subparafascicular nuclei of the thalamus.
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  • 45
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    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 395-405 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neonatal ; Bilabyrinthectomy ; Recovery ; Locomotion ; Vision ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cats labyrinthectomized shortly after birth (DELAB) exhibited the classical vestibular syndrome and recovery, while their motor development was otherwise unimpaired. As adults, they were tested for visual vestibular substitution in a locomotor task with either orientation requirements (tilted platforms) or balance requirements (narrow platforms). Visual motion cues or static visual cues were controlled using normal or stroboscopic lighting, or darkness. Measurements of the average speed of locomotion showed that: Although all cats increase their speed when more visual cues become available, a marked deficit occurs in darkness only in the DELAB cats. With either vestibular cues alone or static visual cues alone, cats are able to reach the same level of performance in the tilted platform test, which suggests a total visual-vestibular interchangeability in orientation. DELAB cats perform very poorly in the narrow rail test. When continuous vision is allowed in the narrow rail test the DELABs' performance rises but does not match that of the control group. A specific deficit in balance for the DELAB group is thus reduced by normal continuous vision as compared to stroboscopic vision, suggesting a significant, though imperfect, substitution of motion visual cues for the missing dynamic vestibular cues. Dynamic visual cues play only a minor role in most situations, when locomotory speed is high. This results support the view that both the vestibular and the visual system can subserve two distinct functions: dynamic information may stabilize the stance in narrow unstable situations, during slow locomotion. and static orientation cues may mainly control the direction for displacement. Possible interactions between head positioning and body orientation in the DELAB cats are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 470-482 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Congenital microstrabismus ; Cat ; Visual cortex ; Binocularity ; Visual axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-nine pigmented offspring of an innately esotropic female cat exhibited varying deficits in the number of binocular cells recorded in area 17 of the visual cortex as compared to 12 normal cats. Misalignment of the two eyes in these cats was found in the awake as well as in the paralysed state. Pupillography combined with measurements of visual disparity yielded abnormal esotropia of up to 8.4° under paralysis, which corresponds to an abnormal convergence of the freely moving eyes of up to 14° (average 7.4°). In the majority of animals cortical binocularity was found reduced by the two eyes controlling independent sets of separate units (U-shaped ocular dominance distribution) whereas in 7 cats the reduction was due to a partial loss of one eye's influence. The proportion of monocular units correlated with the degree of crossover of the visual axes (r = 0.73). Anatomical investigation of the retinofugal projections revealed normal appearance in three previously recorded cats in which more than 50% of cortical units had been monocularly driven. The small angles of esotropia and the “normal” appearance of eye position judged by the pupillary positions in the orbit of these cats, might suggest that we found an animal model for microstrabismus.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic nerve section ; Cat ; Pattern ERG ; Retinal morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous experiments have shown that the ERG response to alternating gratings vanishes gradually within 4 months after transection of the optic nerve, changes begin after 2–3 weeks. The response to gratings of low spatial frequencies deteriorates earlier than the response to gratings of high spatial frequencies (Maffei and Fiorentini 1981). Quantitative analysis of ganglion cell sizes in retinal wholemounts shows that ganglion cell shrinkage and ganglion cell loss begin at three weeks in the periphery of the retina, particularly in the temporal retina. The same morphological alteration subsequently becomes apparent also in the area centralis and the nasal retina, respectively. The main and early cell loss occurs among medium sized ganglion cells, supposedly the beta-cells. Among the alpha-cells only shrinkage is observed up to two months postoperatively. Light- and electron microscopic examination of cross sections through the retina show that pathological changes are restricted to the innermost layers.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glutamatergic synapses ; Vestibular nerve lesion ; Vestibular nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence that glutamate acts as a neuro-transmitter in vestibular nerve fibers was sought (1) by electron microscope radioautographic identification of the uptake sites of [3H]-glutamic acid after incubation of slices of cat vestibular nuclei, and (2) by measuring changes in sodium-dependent high affinity glutamate uptake in nerve endings containing homogenates from normal and deafferented vestibular nuclei 8 to 11 days after unilateral vestibular nerve lesion. Electron microscopic radioautography revealed that glutamate had been taken up by numerous nerve endings projecting over the whole vestibular nuclear complex. The biochemical approach indicated that after section of the vestibular nerve, a significant decrease in high affinity glutamate uptake occurred in the vestibular nuclei, which lost their exclusively ipsilateral projection. This decrease varied from one area of the deafferented vestibular nuclei to another, reaching −58% in the lateral area of the central part corresponding to the ventral lateral vestibular nucleus and the rostral part of the descending vestibular nucleus. It is concluded that glutamate (or aspartate) is used by the vestibular nerve fibers as a neurotransmitter in the vestibular nuclei.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Scratch reflex ; Ventral spino-cerebellar tract ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway ; Cerebellum ; Cooling the nervous tissue ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) The “fictitious” scratch reflex was evoked in decerebrate curarized cats by pinna stimulation. Activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) from the L4 and L5 segments of the spinal cord as well as of neurons of the spinoreticulo-cerebellar pathway (SRCP) from the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata was recorded. Cooling and destruction of different parts of the lumbo-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord were performed. (2) Cooling of the L5 or L6 segment abolished the rhythmic activity in the greater part of the spinal hindlimb centre but did not affect the generation of rhythmic oscillations in the remaining (rostral) segments of the lumbo-sacral enlargement. Under these conditions, neither the rhythmic activity of VSCT neurons located rostral to the thermode nor that of SRCP neurons changed. (3) A normal rhythmic activity of SRCP neurons also persisted after destruction of grey matter in the L3 and L4 segments. It can be concluded that activity of these neurons is independent of whichever part of the enlargement generates rhythmic oscillations. (4) From these observations a hypothesis is advanced that the main content of signals conveyed by the VSCT and SRCP to the cerebellum is the information regarding activity of the generator of rhythmic oscillations that is located in the L3-L5 spinal segments.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticocortical connections ; Motor cortex ; Areas 4, 5a, 5b, 7 ; Posterior parietal lobe ; Retrograde transport of HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in the parietal region of the cerebral cortex, projecting to the ipsilateral distal forelimb area of the motor cortex (area 4γ) were identified in the cat brain using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing method. After making microinjections of HRP into the distal forelimb area of the motor cortex, clusters of HRP-labeled cell bodies were observed in different regions of the ipsilateral parietal cortex. In particular these clusters of labeled cells were found in areas 5a, 5b and 7. The area 5a cluster is formed from closely packed irregularly-shaped cells, the area 5b cluster is made up of dispersed medium-sized pyramidal cells, while area 7 contains a cluster of widely dispersed small pyramidal cells. Typically, labeled cell bodies were found in lamina III of cortex. Labeled cell bodies were neither observed in the contralateral cortex nor in the visual cortex (areas 17, 18 and 19). Since parietal cortex receives projections from primary somatosensory and visual cortex, the projections from parietal to motor cortex may well form the neural substrate for the processing of convergent sensory information used in voluntary movements.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Rat ; Spinal tract neurons ; Retrograde HRP transport ; Procedure and evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Modifications have been made in Mesulam's method for labelling neurons by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, with tetramethylbenzidine as chromogen, with the object of increasing the extent of labelling of dendrites and axons. A procedure was devised specifically for studying spinomedullary and medullospinal tract systems, involving implanting easily-made HRP-agar pellets into areas of controlled damage in particular spinal fascicles, and sealing the site of implant with cyanoacrylate glue. Lesions of other fascicles were often made to limit transport to the implanted fascicle. Fourth-order dendrites were regularly labelled over long (30 cm or more) transport distances: axons were also labelled over this whole distance, often allowing exact study of the initial course of particular axons. Controls in both cat and rat showed that the uptake of HRP under these circumstances occurred almost wholly from the region of axonal damage at the site of implant which can be characterized histologically.
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  • 52
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    Archives of toxicology 55 (1984), S. 178-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cat ; Phospholipids ; Acrylamide ; Neuropathy ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of cats with acrylamide, either 7.5 or 15 mg/kg IM, once a day for 10 days, resulted in increases of 31 and 47% in the phospholipid content of sciatic nerve, respectively, from a control level of 41.1±2.7 mg/kg wet weight. Determination of the distribution of individual phospholipids indicated no significant differences between control cats and those receiving a cumulative dose of 150 mg/kg acrylamide. In a separate experiment, cats were treated with the 150 mg/kg dose of acrylamide and the sciatic nerve was divided into proximal and distal portions at the level of the triceps surae nerve. Significant increases in phospholipid content were observed in both the proximal and distal portions of peripheral nerve of the acrylamide-intoxicated cats. This effect was present even when the phospholipid content was expressed in terms of total protein, dry weight or total lipid. Total weight of nerve segments, however, was significantly decreased in the neuropathic animals. The data are consistent with a focal degeneration of axons with relative sparing of phospholipids.
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  • 53
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Secondary metabolite ; Allelopathy ; Photosynthesis ; Electron transport ; Thylakoids ; Herbicides ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterin is a secondary metabolite produced by the cyanobacterium, Scytonema hofmanni. Highly purified cyanobacterin was found to inhibit the growth of many cyanobacteria at a minimum effective dose of 2 μg/ml (4.6 μM). The antibiotic had no effect on eubacteria including the photosynthetic Rhodospirillum rubrum. The site of action of cyanobacterin was further investigated in the unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Electron micrographs of antibiotic-treated Synechococcus cells indicated that cyanobacterin affects thylakoid membrane structure. The antibiotic also inhibited light-dependent oxygen evolution in Synechococcus cells and in spheroplasts. These data support our conclusion that cyanobacterin specifically inhibits photosynthetic electron transport. This activity is similar to herbicides such as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU). The anhydro analog of cyanobacterin had no biological activity.
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  • 54
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    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: EcoRI ; EcoRI-DNA complexes ; EcoRI* activity ; Recognition sites ; Frequency of binding ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopy of negatively stained isolated restriction enzyme EcoRI revealed particle projections with triangular or square outlines, indicating that the enzyme, in its tetrameric state, is tetrahedron-like. The two dimers making up the tetramer appear to be arranged in two planes orthogonal to each other. Complexes formed by EcoRI with the plasmids pBR322 or pGW10 were investigated by electron microscopic spreading techniques. In the presence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA molecules to form pearl necklace-like aggregates. The number of bound EcoRI particles was much higher as the sum of EcoRI-and 5′..AATT..3′ sites (with exceptions, the 5′..AATT..3′ sites may function as one type of EcoRI* sites) along the DNAs, indicating unspecific binding. In the absence of Mg2+, EcoRI was bound to the DNA only at the recognition site for EcoRI and the sites where the tetranucleotide sequence 5′..AATT..3′ was present. A direct correlation of the local concentrations of the bases A and T within the flanking sequences of the binding sites with the frequency of EcoRI to the DNA was observed. Dimers and tetramers of the enzyme was found to bind to the DNA. Tetramers occasionally exhibited two binding sites for DNA as indicated by the observation of DNA loops originating at the sites of bound tetrameric EcoRI particles.
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  • 55
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 107 (1984), S. 242-244 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Phospholipase ; Plasma membrane ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Human tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phospholipase activity was localized for the first time by cytochemical staining at the plasma membrane of malginant cells in gastric adenocarcinomas by electron microscopy. This activity was not found in benign cells of the same tumor, e.g., in components of the connective tissue underlying the glandular epithelium, or in cells beyond the margin of the same tumor. Neither benign nor maligant cells of colorectal tumors, nor those in malignant melanoma, had any phospholipase activity that could be demonstrated by the method.
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  • 56
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 107 (1984), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Prolymphocytic leukemia ; Cytoplasmic inclusions ; X-ray microanalysis ; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with prolymphocytic leukemia is described. The peripheral blood and bone-marrow cells contained nuclear pockets, bridges, and appendices, as well as cytoplasmic inclusions that were not membrane bound or connected with the endoplasmic reticulum. X-ray microanalysis of the cells showed them to contain large amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and calcium, as well as a smaller amount of sodium and magnesium in comparison with control lymphocytes. When compared with lymphocytes of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the patient's cells showed higher amounts of magnesium, sulfur, and chlorine, while the sodium content was decreased. The usefulness of electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis in the diagnosis of this type of leukemia is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 304-314 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Contrast/response function ; Orientation and direction sensitivity ; Ocularity ; Binocular responses ; Feature specific responses ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The responses of neurons in area 17 were tested as a function of various stimulus parameters. The thresholds of individual cortical neurons were at contrasts between 0.01 and 0.1 (increment of 0.5×10−1 cd/m−2 on a background of 3 cd/m−2), the dynamic ranges were 1.0–2.0 log units of increment, and all cells showed a response decrease at increments above a certain maximum (supersaturation response). The averaged contrast/response curve for all neurons was S-shaped in the logarithmic plot, had a dynamic range of 2.5 log units, reached its maximum at a contrast of 0.75 and supersaturated above this level. The contrast/ sensitivity curves changed their slope under different stimulus conditions. They became flatter when the non-dominant eye was stimuated as compared to dominant eye stimulation or when the stimulation was done at a non-optimal orientation or direction, and they became steeper when both eyes were stimulated. But the maximum was reached at the same contrast and supersaturation was seen above maximum contrast no matter whether a cell was stronlgy (e.g. binocular stimulation at optimal orientation) or weakly excited (non-dominant or non-optimal orientation stimulation). After normalization, the averaged population contrast/response curves were virtually identical at all stimulus conditions. It was concluded, that range as well as maximum and supersaturation of cortical contrast/response curves are determined before the input reaches the cortex, and that the cortical cells summate, essentially, linearly. The findings furthermore demonstrate that the supersaturation of the cortical input must be due to subtractive inhibition, and that the same is true for the orientation sensitive inhibition in the cortex itself. Both, the peripheral contrast and the cortical orientation dependant inhibition cannot be explained by multiplicative inhibition. The fact, that the responses of neurons depend on many variables relativates their significance for feature representation.
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  • 58
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    Virchows Archiv 403 (1984), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Spleen ; Ellipsoids ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy ; Lymphocyte traffic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of ellipsoids (EL) in the human spleen was done on 25 surgically resected specimens in order to assess the number of EL, their structure, the nature of the cuff cells and the problem of lymphocyte traffic through their wall. The results show that an average spleen of 200 g contains 1.6 × 107 EL. They are localized in a constant segment of the vascular tree, just at the transition of the penicillary arterioles into capillaries and they consist of a capillary (not an arteriole) surrounded by a cuff of cells. These cells are neither endothelial nor smooth muscle cells, display lysosomal activity and are considered as fixed specialized pericapillary cells capable of cytoplasmic expansion. Since their number is inconstant in different individuals and in different species they are considered to be dynamic histological structures. Because of the constant presence of lymphocytes in their walls we consider the EL to be a transit system for lymphocytes and the splenic equivalent of the high endothelial venules in the lymph nodes.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastric carcinoma ; Scirrhous carcinoma ; Collagen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Collagen types I and III were examined immunohistochemically in 32 cases of gastric carcinoma classified as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with scirrhous stroma, well differentiated adenocarcinoma with intermediate stroma, or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with medullary stroma. In the stroma of scirrhous carcinoma, types I and III collagens were distributed abundantly in fibrillar or granular patterns with little difference in the intensity of staining. In well differentiated adenocarcinoma, type I collagen was diffusely distributed in the stroma with type III collagen distributed sparsely. In poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with medullary stroma, the two types of collagen were only found around capillaries, constituting the tumor interstitium. Electron microscopic examination of scirrhous carcinoma showed tumor cells partially covered with fibroblasts, and discontinuous basal lamina, collagen fibers and microfibrils present between tumor cells and fibroblasts. In well differentiated carcinoma, tumor cells were surrounded by fibroblasts, and well developed basal lamina was observed beneath the tumor cells. In poorly differentiated carcinoma with medullary stroma, the stroma consisted of capillaries and very few fibroblasts with discontinuous basal lamina occasionally being present between tumor cells and fibroblasts.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogonia ; Spermatocytes ; Carbohydrates ; Guppy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) spermatogonia and spermatocytes has been studied using electron microscopy. The spermatogonia, situated at the apex of the seminiferous tubule, are almost all surrounded by a network of Sertoli cells; they have very diffuse chromatin and one or two large nucleoli. The cytoplasm contains relatively few organelles, although annulate lamellae are found. The mitochondria have few cristae and are concentrated at one pole of the cell; they are sometimes found with intermitochondrial cement. These spermatogonia are separated from each other, having no intercellular bridges or inclusion in Sertoli cells, and are relatively undifferentiated; they correspond to stem cells. The spermatogonia beneath the apex are organized into cysts. First-generation spermatogonia are more dense and heterogeneous, their nuclei becoming smaller and their chromatin becoming denser during successive generations. In spermatocytes, the synaptinemal complex exists as a modified form until metaphase. The concentration of organelles in the cytoplasm increases and the organelles become more diversified as spermatogenesis progresses. Many cytoplasmic bridges are observed (several per cell), indicating that the cells remain in contact after several divisions. These changes in germ cell structure have been related to some of the characteristic features of spermatogenesis in guppy, e.g. the large number of spermatogonial generations and the complexity of spermiogenesis.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peroxisomes ; DAB-cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Liver, amphibian ; Gymnophiona ; Ichthyophis glutinosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of hepatic peroxisomes was investigated in Ichthyophis glutinosus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), employing perfusion fixation and the diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique for the visualization of catalase. The majority of peroxisomes is circular or rod-shaped, although elongated particles occasionally occur. They contain a finely granular matrix, lightly stained after the DAB procedure. Their mean diameter is approximately 0.25 μm. Serial sections reveal that the circular and rod-shaped peroxisomal profiles are cross and oblique sections of highly tortuous, tubular organelles exceeding 2 μm in length. In addition to tubular profiles, elongated, rectangular particles, as well as straight dumbbell-shaped organelles with distinct marginal plates are observed. They range from 900 to 1650 nm in length (mean = 1200 nm). In the flattened, thin central portion of the dumbbell-shaped particle, the peroxisomal membranes form a cisterna enclosing one or two uniformly thick marginal plates, which display a definite substructure with a periodicity of 10 nm. These findings indicate that peroxisomes in the liver of Ichthyophis exhibit a complex organization. It is suggested that the organelles undergo a specific differentiation process, morphologically characterized by the formation of enlarged segments of unusual shape.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovulation (rabbit) ; Graafian follicle ; Perfusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated ovaries from untreated, sexually mature rabbits were introduced into an in vitro perfusion system and perfused with a chemically defined medium containing albumin. The ovaries were perfused for up to 15 h (mean 11.5 h) and then processed for morphological investigation. Both at the light- and electron-microscopical levels, most of the ovaries exhibited a normal structure comparable with ovaries in situ. In two cases, however, marked accumulations of bacteria were found, although not inside the follicles. Since ovulation in the rabbit normally occurs between 9.5–13 h after mating or human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment, this model seems adequate for studies of ovulation in vitro. It is, however, important to study the ovaries microscopically after the perfusion to detect artifacts, e.g., bacterial infection, that may have influence on the process of ovulation.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tannic acid ; Acetylcholine receptors ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinal cord neurons from 9-day chick embryos were maintained in culture for up to 35 days and then fixed in 4% cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde containing 2% tannic acid. After about 15 days in culture a small percentage of the synaptic specializations present were characterized by striking electron-dense striations averaging 15 nm in width, oriented perpendicular to the postsynaptic membrane. These structures increased in frequency with time in culture (to a maximum of about 10% of all synapses in the oldest cultures); they were asymmetrical, protruding approximately 8 nm into the synaptic cleft, and more deeply (approximately 15–18 nm), into the postsynaptic cytoplasm. On the basis of earlier work by Sealock (1980) they are interpreted as concentrations of acetylcholine receptors. Similar membrane differentiations were also seen associated with active-zone areas of a few presynaptic membranes, and the possibility that these represent presynaptic acetylcholine receptors is discussed. Additional observations reported are (1) the presence of striations resembling those seen at the postsynaptic membrane in the membranes of some postsynaptic vesicles, and (2) filamentous links between the striations and cytoskeletal elements of the postsynaptic cell.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine-containing cells ; Taste bud ; Paracrine cells ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The taste buds on the barbels in three species of teleosts (Cyprinus carpio, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Parasilurus asotus) were studied by means of fluorescence and electron microscopy. Intensely yellow-fluorescent cells, which are disk-shaped and located exclusively in a basal position, are observed in the barbel-buds of all fishes examined. The basal cells contain a large number of small clear vesicles approximately 40–60 nm in diameter, which show a tendency to aggregate in the cytoplasm facing the junction of the nerve terminals; chemically transmitting synapses are seen in the latter region. It is suggested from the present observations that the basal cells in the barbel-bud may originate from Schwann cells and have a dual function both as mechanoreceptors and paracrine elements. Since the administration of 5,6-DHT results in an appearance of small dense vesicles among the small clear vesicles, the possibility exists that the basal cell may be capable of taking up monoamines and storing them in the small clear vesicles.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 675-682 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Angioarchitecture ; Cat ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of scanningand transmission electron microscopy, the possible sources of errors in interpretation of the microcirculation of the pancreas can be reduced in comparison to the classical India-ink injection method. Sphincter-like structures in the capillary wall of the cat pancreas are established by pericytes. These sphincters encircle the junctional zones between the endocrine and exocrine capillaries. They are assumed to be regulatory structures of blood flow and to regulate indirectly hormone secretion according to demand.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Calcium pool ; Calcium release ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify a cellular Ca2+-pool, from which calcium is released when secretagogues are applied, tissue fragments of the rat exocrine pancreas were incubated and fixed with glutaraldehyde in the presence of calcium. By means of this procedure electron-dense deposits were found on plasma membranes. X-ray microanalysis showed that these deposits contain calcium. Stimulation of tissue fragments with the use of the secretagogues carbachol or cholecystokinin reduced the number of deposits by about 80%. When the antagonist atropine was applied after carbachol stimulation, deposits reappeared on cell membranes, which then disappeared again after a second stimulation with cholecystokinin. In the presence of procaine, carbachol was inhibited and only slightly reduced the Ca2+-deposits on the plasma membranes. These results suggest that a calcium pool, from which calcium is released to induce enzyme secretion on stimulation, is located in the cell membrane
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chloride cells ; Acid stress ; Gill ; Electron microscopy ; Fathead minnow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified with sulfuric acid by means of a flow-through toxicant injection system. The effects of chronic acid stress (pH 6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0) on gill histology were examined. Most of the histological effects were seen at pH 5.5 and 5.0 and were confined primarily to changes in numbers, distribution, and morphology of chloride cells. At low pH levels there tend to be more chloride cells in the gill epithelium and an increased percentage of these cells in the secondary lamellae. In contrast to normal chloride cells, chloride cells from fish exposed to low pH frequently had apical pits while some had bulbous apical evaginations. The occurrence of structural changes in chloride cells during exposure to acid water suggests that chloride cells may be involved in acclimation to acid stress.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lactating cell ; Lipid droplets ; Secretory vesicles ; Mitochondria ; Intracellular associations ; Electron microscopy ; Milk secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The size, cellular location, and identity of surface-associated components were determined for lipid droplets in lactating cells. Transmission electron-microscopic measurements were made involving 3801 droplets in approximately 211 cells from three rats and 1197 droplets in 66 cells from a mouse. For the purposes of droplet evaluation, cells were divided into seven locations ranging from basal to secreting positions. Droplets were also categorized with respect to contact with other droplets, basolateral plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum-cytoplasm (ERC). Data on droplet size showed that droplet growth occurs mainly in the secretory position, confirming previously published findings. Lipid droplets from mouse tissue, although somewhat smaller in size showed similar growth trends to those of the rat. Data on numbers of droplet contacts and percentages of droplet circumferences involved in associations with other cell components showed that the dominant interaction of lipid droplets was with the ERC. However, intimate association of droplets with mitochondria was noted in all cellular locations. In addition, nursed animals exhibited a greater proportion of droplet surface association with secretory vesicles and less in contact with mitochondria in comparison to those not nursed. The significance of these relationships to milk synthesis and secretion is discussed.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 249-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Nucleolus ; Silver staining ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleoli of dictyate-stage growing oocytes in rat ovaries were examined both with routine electron microscopy and electron microscopy after silver nitrate and ammoniacal silver nitrate (Ag-AS) staining. The nucleoli of the unilaminar follicular oocytes consist of twisted strands of dense fibrillar components, aggregates of granular components, and small fibrillar centers. After Ag-AS staining, silver grains are numerous on the dense fibrillar strands, fewer on the fibrillar centers, and very sporadic on the granular aggregates. The same stainability of three nucleolar components with the Ag-AS method was also confirmed in the nucleoli segregated by actinomycin D. During the transition of growing oocytes from bilaminar to plurilaminar follicle stage, the nucleolar dense fibrillar strands gradually conglomerate and are transformed into large and compact spherules. The stainability of dense fibrillar components with the Ag-AS method was lost along with this nucleolar transformation. These results may provide some new clues on the functional significance of AgAS-positive proteins in the nucleoli.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid glands ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Quantitative histology ; Mongolian gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereology and semi-automatic image analysis were used with the aim of comparing the structure of parathyroid glands from untreated adult Mongolian gerbils fixed by immersion with those fixed by perfusion. Subclassification of the chief cells based upon the staining affinity or electron density of the cytoplasm was readily performed only in glands fixed by immersion, and so-called atrophic cells were observed only in these glands. The atrophic cells were often surrounded by “light” chief cells. In glands fixed by perfusion, “light” chief cells were only rarely encountered. A significant difference between glands fixed by immersion and those fixed by perfusion was found only with regard to the form of cells and nuclei, those fixed by perfusion being more spherical. When comparing individual cells within glands fixed by immersion, “light” chief cells were more spherical and had a significantly larger nuclear and cellular size, and a lower mitochondrial volume density than the “intermediate”/“dark” chief cells. Otherwise there were no significant differences in any of the parameters investigated. These data indicate that occurrence of socalled “light” chief cells and atrophic cells is a result of improper fixation. The results of this study do not favour the concept of a functional cycle with a simultaneous occurrence of active and inactive cells within parathyroid glands.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bovine ; Interdigitating cell ; Lymphoid tissues ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic studies of lymphoid tissues from bovine fetuses and from calves disclosed a non-lymphoid cell type in the thymus-dependent zones of secondary lymphoid tissues and in the thymus that is distinguishable from reticulum cells, epithelial and endothelial cells, and macrophages. Based on morphological and topographical criteria, the cell is identified as the interdigitating cell. In addition, studies of the tissues of normal and virus-challenged fetuses, and of conventionally reared calves, indicated that the interdigitating cells originate from monocytoid cells, which undergo differentiation in the thymus-dependent zones during an immune response.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze fracture ; Cell-to-cell communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gap junctions exist in the septa between the segments of the lateral giant axons in the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish Procambarus. A large increase in the resistance (uncoupling) of these gap junctions was brought about by mechanical injury to the axonal segments. Both thin sections and freeze-fracture preparations were used to monitor the morphological changes which occurred up to 45 min after injury. There was no apparent change in the organization (a loose polygonal array) of the intramembrane particles which make up the junctional complex up to 45 min after injury. In some instances, however, the intramembrane particles appeared to have moved away from the junctional area. Other junctional regions were internalized and appeared similar to what have been called annular gap junctions. Also at this time (20–25 min after injury), a dense cytoplasmic plug formed in uninjured axon near the junctional region. It is concluded that the gap junctions that exhibit a loose polygonal organization of the intramembrane particles may be either in a state of low resistance (coupled) or a state of high resistance (uncoupled).
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovulation ; Perfusion ; Graafian follicle (rabbit) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ovulation was induced in rabbits by intravenous administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and 4–5 h later the ovaries were isolated and introduced into an in-vitro perfusion system containing synthetic medium with albumin. Rupture of follicles occurred in vitro within the physiological time range (mean 11.3 h after injection of HCG), although with a reduced frequency. Preovulatory and ruptured follicles were studied in detail by light and electron microscopy. In the granulosa layer of ruptured or preovulatory follicles cytoplasmic blebbing activity, disappearance of CallExner bodies and differentiation toward luteinized cells were found. Perhaps the most important sign of normal preovulatory development in vitro was that the basement membrane surrounding the granulosa layer was penetrated by projections of granulosa cells. In the absence of this penetration phenomenon the granulosa layer prolapsed out of the follicle. Immediately before rupture, follicles showed marked degeneration, restricted to the outer layers of the apical wall, which is compatible with the hypothesis that degradative enzymes are released close to the surface of preovulatory follicles. Although the majority of follicles that ovulated under in-vitro conditions showed the same kind of morphological alterations as can be seen in vivo, occasional atypical ruptures occurred without any overt signs during perfusion. Also technical manipulations of the perfusion system, e.g., nonphysiological increase of perfusion pressure, could force follicles to rupture. This illustrates the importance of careful morphological study of all ovaries perfused in vitro before conclusions are drawn.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars distalis ; Innervation ; Synaptoid contacts ; Electron microscopy ; Rana temporaria L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pars distalis of the hypophysis of adult Rana temporaria, three types of nerve-fiber profiles were found at two distinct sites, in both lateral parts of the bordering regions of the anterior lobe with the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. The first type of nerve-fiber profile consists of bundles of very fine axonal elements (diameter: 〈0.7 μm). The second type is formed by larger nerve fibers (diameter up to 4 μm) containing a few neurosecretory granules of approximately 100 nm. The third type of nervefiber profile resembles the second type but these nerve fibers make synaptoid contacts on at least two different types of glandular cells. The possible functional significance of these nerve fibers in the pars distalis is discussed. No nerve fibers were found (1) in the central part of the bordering region of the pars distalis with the intermediate lobe, (2) at the bordering region with the median eminence and (3) with the neurohypophysial stalk, and (4) in all other parts of the pars distalis.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletofusimotor innervation ; Muscle spindles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endings of four β skeletofusimotor axons in a spindle of the cat tenuissimus muscle were examined in semithin (1-μm thick) and ultrathin transverse serial sections. Two (dynamic) β axons terminated on the nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fiber and on extrafusal fibers of the dark type. Two (static) β axons terminated on the nuclear chain intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers of the intermediate type. The degree of indentation of axon terminals into the muscle surface, thickness of the sole plate and extent of folding of subjunctional membranes differed among intrafusal and extrafusal terminations of the same axon. Endings of β axons on the bag1 and chain fibers were also morphologically dissimilar. Motor axons may not determine ending morphology. Rather the form and structure of a β bag1 or chain ending may be determined by the type of intrafusal fiber on which the ending lies and the ending's distance from the primary sensory axon.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 165-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephros ; Pig embryo ; Glomerulus ; Microvasculature ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vascularization of the pig mesonephros was investigated in embryos 5–8 cm in length. Vascular injections with microfil were cleared and dissected; corrosion casts were studied under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Perfusion-fixed tissue was used for SEM and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies, including freeze-fracture specimens. The branches of one mesonephric artery carry up to 15 glomeruli. Several glomeruli occupy the same arterial branch, with very short afferent arterioles proper. The efferent vessels, frequently 2–5, leave the extensive vascular pole opposite the entering arteriole and split into peritubular capillaries radiating towards the superficial veins. These capillaries form vascular regions in the shape of flattened pyramids. Along its course, one nephron is supplied by vessels derived from 4–7 glomeruli. The nephrons have less vascular contact than in the definitive kidney. The ultrastructure of the single mesonephric vessels matches the metanephric counterparts. Epithelioid cells with renin granules are common in afferent arterioles, larger arteries, and efferent vessels. The lobulated glomeruli are up to 750 μm long and flattened, showing the usual features of podocytes, mesangial cells, and an attenuated endothelium with fenestrations between 50 and 250 μm. It partially retains its own basement membrane. There is no proximal mesangium.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 387-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pacinian corpuscles, cat ; Denervation ; Atrophy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles of the cat located in the crural region and innervated by the interosseous nerve was studied 1 to 14 months after denervation. Both the Pacinian inner core and capsule remained well preserved one month after denervation. However, the denervated inner cores underwent progressive atrophy and wasting, which resulted in a gradual reduction of the amount of inner-core cells and lamellae, widening of interlamellar clefts, formation of empty spaces in the axial region and a considerable increase in the number of collagen fibrils. In spite of the wasting, the inner core still survived 14 months after denervation, but at least half of its volume became occupied by collagen fibrils which surrounded the remaining inner-core cells and lamellae. Collagen fibrils assembled in the denervated core were markedly thinner than those found in the capsule, as is also the case in normal Pacinian corpuscles. In the capsule, discrete focal degeneration, occasional pyknosis of the innermost capsular cells and macrophage infiltration were observed from the first month after nerve section onward, but the number of capsular layers remained within the normal range (30–40) up to 14 months after denervation.
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  • 79
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    Protoplasma 119 (1984), S. 48-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Marine alga ; Membrane contrast ; Osmium-azole complexes ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Addition of certain heterocyclic nitrogen-carbon compounds to standard osmium tetroxide solutions used as secondary fixative resulted in an enhanced general membrane contrast in cells of the marine algaEmiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner. Ultrastructural cell morphology and the contrast distribution were compared between cells treated according to a standard secondary fixation procedure and cells post-fixed when above mentioned heterocyclic compounds were introduced; in both cases some of the ultrathin sections were post-stained. Different compounds were tested: 1,2,4-triazole (TRA), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (A-TRA), 5-amino-tetrazole (A-TEA) and 2,4,6-tri-amino-1,3,5-triazine (melamine). The results were interpreted to indicate the possible bonding types arising from interaction of the heterocyclic compounds with osmium tetroxide and with membrane constituents. Interpretations were partly inspired by considerations from coordination chemistry. All above tests which did not include post-staining of thin sections could be performed at alkaline pH, and consequently calcified structures were preserved. The enhanced osmium accumulation at membranes was verified with X-ray microanalysis, which also showed that in the cases where membranes were visibly contrasted, localization of probable sites of intracellular non-crystalline calcium was facilitated.
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  • 80
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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  • 81
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 319-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregates ; Aluminium ; Bacterial mucilage ; Binding agents ; Calcium ; Cation bridges ; Complexing agents ; Dispersion ; Electron microscopy ; Electrophoretic mobility ; Fungal hyphae ; Glues Iron ; Management Periodate ; Polysaccharides ; Rhizosphere ; Roots ; Slaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The stability of pores and particles is essential for optimum growth of plants. Two categories of aggregates macro- (〉 250 μm) and micro- (〈250 μm) depend on organic matter for stability against disruptive forces caused by rapid wetting. Dispersion of clay particles from microaggregates is promoted by adsorption of complexing organic acids which increase the negative charge on clays. The acids are produced by plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the dispersibility of clay in microaggregates is offset by the binding action of polysaccharides, mainly mucilages produced by bacteria, but also by plant roots and fungal hyphae. The stability of microaggregates is also enhanced by multivalent cations which act as bridges between organic colloids and clays. Macroaggregates are enmeshed by plant roots, both living and decomposing, and are thus sensitive to management, and increase in number when grasses are grown and the soil is not disturbed. Lack of root growth,i.e. fallow, has the opposite effect. Various implications for management of soil structure are discussed.
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  • 82
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 240 (1984), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Adenylcyclase ; Ouabain-insensitive endothelial ATPase ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytochemical localization of adenylcyclase in the lateral cochlear wall was studied using a modification of the Reik-Howell method. All the cell membranes of the stria vascularis and spiral prominence cells, except the vascular endothelium, showed a low enzyme activity. In the marginal cell and spiral prominence epithelium facing the endolymph, this activity was limited to the perilymphatic membrane sections. The results are discussed.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Cat ; area 18 ; classification criteria ; receptive field types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario È noto che non tutti i campi recettivi dei neuroni corticali visivi rientrano nelle due grandi categorie delle cellule semplici e delle cellule complesse. Pertanto, quei campi recettivi che non presentano proprietà ben definite o solo intermedie a quelle delle cellule semplici e complesse da alcuni autori vengono considerati semplici e da altri complessi. Queste incertezze classificatorie dipendono dal fatto che non esiste un unico schema di classificazione dei neuroni corticali visivi, poiché i due schemi attualmente più seguiti, quello di Hubel e Wiesel e quello di Bishop, vengono considerati non comparabili essendo il primo uno schema qualitativo basato sull'uso di stimoli luminosi stazionari ed il seconda uno schema quantitativo basato sull'uso di stimoli luminosi in movimento. Campi recettivi che non posseggono le proprietà tipiche delle cellule semplici e complesse sono stati osservati nel gatto oltre che nell'area 17 anche nell'area 18. I vari campi recettivi registrati in quest'ultima area sono stati analizzati sia qualitativamente che quantitativamente usando i criteri di classificazione dei due schemi attualmente esistenti. È stato osservato che, almeno per quanto riguarda le cellule semplici, tali schemi di classificazione dei neuroni corticali visivi non sono antitetici ma equivalenti.
    Notes: Abstract There is in vision research a general unwillingness to classify or define visual cortical cell types, particularly new cell types, outside the classical simple/ complex dichotomy. Cells lacking clear-cut characteristics are, therefore, considered simple by some authors and complex by others. The present unsatisfactory state has largely arisen because of the absence of any rigorous, generally accepted, classification scheme of visual cortical neurons. Actually the present two classification schemes of visual cortical neurons, that is the Hubel and Wiesel and the Bishop schemes, are generally considered to be not comparable since the former is based on the cell qualitative static-field properties as revealed by hand-held stationary flashing stimuli, whereas the latter is based on the cell quantitative dynamic-field plotting properties as revealed by moving light stimuli. Since receptive fields lacking clear-cut characteristics of simple and complex cells have been observed in area 18 of the cat as well, all the receptive field types of this area have been classified either qualitatively or quantitatively using both the Hubel and Wiesel and the Bishop classifying procedures. It has been observed, at least as far as simple cells are concerned, that the two schemes are not antithetic but, on the contrary, equivalent if averaging procedures are taken into consideration.
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 107-130 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Phase contrast ; Computer simulation ; Partial coherence ; Electron microscopy ; Convergent beam ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A general method for computing high-resolution conventional transmission electron microscope images and diffraction patterns, when there are different types of partially coherent illumination conditions, is described. Examples of convergent beam, hollow cone, and virtual aperture illumination conditions are given in the context of interpreting image features. A comparison of real and computed diffraction patterns shows that, in practice, many innovative imaging modes are possible, which can be verified prior to real microscope experiments.
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Ion microscopy ; Correlative microscopy ; Electron probe microanalysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In order to correctly interpret the chemical images obtained using ion microscopy (IM), it is useful to correlate them with the information provided by conventional light microscopy (LM), secondary electron imaging (SEI), backscattered electron imaging (BEI), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Accordingly, we have devised a technique of specimen preparation which allows for the application of several different microanalytical techniques to a single histologic section mounted on the same substrate. Sections are cut onto polyester plastic coverslips (devoid of peaks for any element with atomic number 〉 9 using EPMA) and studied by LM. After a light rotary coating with carbon (to prevent charging), the section can then be examined by SEI, BEI, and EPMA. Specific areas can be marked for IM study either with an objective-mounted pin tissue microlocater, or by placing small pieces of metal foil, cut in specific geometric shapes, over features of interest. After sputter-coating the sample with platinum, metal-free shadows are visible using a low-power reflected light microscope available on a typical IM sample chamber as a guide for ion beam placement. The conductive coatings also minimize specimen charging during IM. Post-IM light microscopy, SEI, and BEI are used to confirm the location of specific areas probed in the IM experiments and to provide information on differential ion-sputtering artifacts and tissue contaminants. This new correlative technique should permit better understanding of the images obtained with these diverse instruments.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Ceramics ; Electron microscopy ; Ion milling ; Specimen preparation ; Sputtering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ion bombardment to perforation is a common technique in the materials sciences by which thin specimens can be prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The process is not without complication and involves radiation damage to the specimen and tends not to preserve the initial specimen topology. Some of the more important facets of the ion-milling process, pertinent to such specimen preparations, are described.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 199-201 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Critical point drying ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The principles and methods for constructing an improved chamber for dehydration and critical point drying of multiple biological samples are described. The specimen chamber design is based on vertical positioning of the electron microscope grids or coverslips and permits minimal perturbation of laminar solvent flow past the specimens. This condition is requisite for optimal exposure of samples to solvents, which is necessary for complete dehydration and drying. Fragile samples, including chromosomes, critical point dried in the multisample chamber demonstrate crisp, well-preserved, three-dimensional morphology.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 399-404 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Particle size ; Electron microscopy ; Microcomputer programs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A formula is derived to enable the calculation of the true height of an object, such as a shadowed latex bead, from electron micrographs. Knowing only the angle of shadowing and the length of the evaporated shadow, and by substituting these values in the derived formula, a microcomputer may be programmed to carry out the necessary computations. An example of such a microcomputer program is given. The correct determination of the height of particles by electron microscopy using the shadowing technique is one of the most accurate methods available for the determination of small particle height.
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    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 238 (1983), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Zeitauflösung ; Primäres akustisches Rindenprojektionsfeld AI ; Katze ; Binaurales Hören ; Akustisch evozierte Potentiale ; Time resolution ; Primary auditory cortical projection field AI ; Cat ; Binaural hearing ; Evoked response audiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ability of the auditory organ to resolve brief changes in an acoustic signal presented either monaurally or binaurally is not only of great importance in the processing of speech, it is also involved in the localization of sound stimuli and in selective listening. In the latter context, the electric activity of the primary auditory cortical projection field AI of the cat has been studied with the aim of evaluating specific response patterns evoked by brief changes in interaural time difference. The differences in response of the neuron populations sampled by two recording electrodes indicate that, within this area, there are significant differences in temporal resolution ability. Whereas click stimuli elicit distinct potential patterns at the two sites, with a brief change in interaural time difference, a marked response is recorded by only one of the electrodes. This response is characterized by a decrease in amplitude as the interaural time difference is reduced and as the duration of the time-shift stimulus decreases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Fähigkeit des Hörorgans zur zeitlichen Auflösung kurzzeitiger Signalveränderungen bei monauraler oder binauraler akustischer Stimulation ist nicht nur im Hinblick auf Sprachverarbeitungsprozesse von wesentlicher Bedeutung, sondern betrifft auch die Lokalisation und Selektion im akustischen Umgebungsraum. In diesem Zusammenhang werden elektrophysiologische Untersuchungsergebnisse zur Evozierung spezifischer Reizantwortmuster aus dem primären akustischen Rinderprojektionsfeld AI der Katze bei kurzzeitiger interauraler Laufzeitveränderung vorgestellt. Die verschiedenen Neuronenpopulationen, die durch unterschiedliche Plazierung zweier Ableitelektroden erfaßt werden, deuten auf signifikante Unterschiede im Hinblick auf das Zeitauflösungsvermögen hin. Während für Klickstimulation beide Elektrodenkonfigurationen deutliche Potentialmuster aufweisen, wird für eine kurzzeitige Veränderung der interauralen Laufzeit nur für eine Elektrodenanordnung ein ausgeprägtes Reizantwortmuster evoziert. Dieses ist durch eine abnehmende Erregungsamplitude bei Verkleinerung der interauralen Laufzeitdifferenz und des untersuchten Zeitintervalls gekennzeichnet.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Mycosis fungoides ; Premycotic lesions ; Parapsoriasis en Plaques ; Langerhans cells ; Virus-like particles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin biopsies of patients with small and large plaque parapsoriasis, premycotic lesions and mycosis fungoides in different stages were examined. Special attention was paid to the relationships between Langerhans cells (LC) and the neighbouring keratinocytes and lymphocytes. At the contact areas of LC and keratinocytes as well as LC and lymphocytes, particular cell membrane phenomena were observed. Aggregations of Langerhans granules and fusions of granules with LC plasma membranes were found exclusively at LC-keratinocyte interfaces. At LC-lymphocyte contact zones cell membrane appositions were seen. In all cases investigated, virus-like particles were mainly ound in LC and indeterminate cells (IDC). In 3 cases lymphocytes also contained these particles. It was of particular interest that virus-like particles were observed in skin specimens of all diseases investigated. Discrimination of these particles from other cellular organelles - especially lysosomes- was difficult, however. The significance of our findings, particularly regarding to the supposed virus aetiology of cutaneous T cell lymphomas, is discussed.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Multiple myeloma-Plasma cell ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent antibody technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of “nonsecretory” myeloma is described. The patient had typical osteolytic lesions and marked infiltration of myeloma cells in the bone marrow, and plasma cell leukemia. A good partial remission was obtained with Melphalan, but the patient relapsed and died one year later. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectroscopic studies on the myeloma cells demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic γ-and κ-chains at the initial stage and of only κ-chains at a relapse. The electron microscopic method for polysome analysis indicated that both L-and H-chains were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes initially, but the ability to produce H-chain was missing at the relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
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    Experimental brain research 49 (1983), S. 229-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Ventrobasal complex ; Labelled lemniscal axons ; Light and electron microscopy ; Neuron types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons responding to deep or cutaneous stimuli are situated in different parts of the ventrobasal complex. Within the cutaneous region elongated clusters of cells with common place and modality properties project to single columns in the somatic sensory cortex. The present study sought to determine to what extent single lemniscal axons contribute terminals to different regions and to different cell clusters. Lemniscal axons, anterogradely labelled by horseradish peroxidase injected into the medial lemniscus of cats were examined light and electron microscopically. Labelled axons bore one or two, mainly anteroposteriorly oriented, terminal ramifications. These ramifications were relatively small when compared to the length of the complex. Some of the axons bore one or two collaterals that ascended towards the dorsal edge of the complex and formed an additional small ramification there. Electron microscopic analyses of labelled lemniscal axons provided further evidence to that already available that most of their boutons synapse on proximal dendrites of relay neurons and on presynaptic dendrites, presumably belonging to interneurons. A concurrent study of Golgi-impregnated ventrobasal neurons showed three morphological types all with dendritic fields of similar extent. From measurements of the lemniscal terminal ramifications and the counting of counterstained cells it was calculated that 50–120 neurons may receive input from a single terminal ramification. However, because of the restricted extent of the ramifications, the elongated clusters of cells projecting to a single cortical column probably receive input from multiple lemniscal axons and not all members of the cluster receive inputs from the same axons.
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  • 94
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    Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 146-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nonspecific thalamus ; Unit recording ; Visual plasticity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In alert cat and monkey, a unit type recorded in the region of the thalamic internal medullary lamina seems to provide the extraretinal signal postulated by Singer (1982) to explain the development of mature receptive field properties in cortical visual neurons. These thalamic units are silent (or silenced) during saccades in all directions; they discharge as soon as the eyes assume a new position. The abolition of this discharge by thalamic lesion, or conversely, its elicitation by electrical stimulation could respectively prevent or facilitate plastic changes in visual cortical areas of kittens.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cortex ; Thalamus ; Fluorescent method ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retrograde fluorescent technique was used to label cortical neurons which project to both the caudate nucleus and also to the centromedian-parafascicular (CM-Pf) thalamic nuclear complex. After experimentation with many other pairs of fluorescent tracers, Evans Blue (EB) and Fast Blue (FB) were chosen as the best combination for studying the systems involved. Following injections of EB into the caudate nucleus and FB into the CM-Pf complex, doubly labeled medium-sized pyramidal neurons were present within layer V and VI of specific cortical regions. These cells were found on the inferior bank of the cruciate sulcus, in the anterior limbic area, in the cingulate and anterior sylvian gyri and within the buried cortex of the presylvian sulcus. The doubly labeled cells were relatively few in number compared to the more numerous singly labeled FB (corticothalamic) cells found in layers V and VI, and the very numerous singly labeled EB (corticostriatal) neurons, located in layers II, III, V, and VI.
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  • 96
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    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Receptive field properties ; Orientation selectivity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between orientation selectivity and spatial receptive field organization was analyzed. Receptive field maps were made with a dual stimulus technique where an optimally oriented activation slit was presented in the most responsive region to produce activity against which the effect of a test spot in various positions was determined. Both simple and complex cells had receptive fields which were subdivided into adjacent elongated and antagonistic subrogions. When the two stimuli were presented in phase (both ON or OFF simultaneously) the fields had a central enhancement region with a strong suppression flank on one or both sides. Optimal slit orientation was related to the location of the suppression flank relative to the location of the central enhancement region, and the degree of orientation selectivity to the shape of the subregions and the distance between them. Estimated orientation tuning curves calculated from the receptive field maps gave satisfactory first approximations to experimental curves. The relative contribution of enhancement and suppression to orientation selectivity was studied by presenting a test slit in different orientations in phase with an optimally oriented activation slit. The orientation selectivity was produced almost exclusively by the flank suppression indicating that orientation selectivity is produced by inhibitory input. The flank suppression lacked any specific orientation selectivity, and it occurred only when both the central region and the flanks were activated in phase. Orientation selectivity in both simple and complex cells is explained by a receptive field organization where the cells have input from partially overlapping excitatory and inhibitory fields which have their centers slightly displaced from each other.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Murine lymphoma development ; Virus infection ; Thymus ; Reticular epithelial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes two types of reticular epithelial cell in the thymic cortex of the BALB/c mouse, an immature and a mature form. During early stages of lymphoma development, i.e., 2–6 weeks postinfection (p.i.) with Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV), activation of the epithelial cells is observed. Although the percentage of these cells in the total cell population of the thymic cortex remains constant during that time, the number of mature epithelial cells is significantly increased in infected animals. Subsequently, about 6 weeks p.i., the number of immature epithelial cells starts to increase, whereas the number of mature reticular epithelial cells declines and the appearance of the mature epithelial cells changes drastically. The results of light and electron microscopic studies indicate degeneration of the mature reticular epithelial cells at the onset of lymphoma development at a time when the first deficiencies in the immunologic competence of the reticular epithelial cells are apparent.
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  • 98
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 106 (1983), S. 234-239 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Osteosarcoma ; Collagen types ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen cases of typical highly malignant osteosarcoma were investigated by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate the presence of collagen types I–III. It was shown that, in light-microscopically anaplastic areas of the tumor, collagen type III predominates, while only very few membranes of collagen type I are observed. Ultrastructurally, the cells are characterized by numerous free ribosomes in their cytoplasm and only a few membranes of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In osteoblastic areas, collagen type I is increased, while type-III collagen is decreased. The cytoplasm of cells contains markedly more granular ER. An increasing mineralization of matrix is observed. In fibroblastic areas of the tumors, collagen types I and III are codistributed. Tumor cells have a fibroblast appearance with elongated nuclei and well developed granular ER. The chondroblastic areas, characterized by immature neoplastic cartilage, contain varying amounts of collagen type II. Chondroblast-like tumor cells have typical ring-shaped membranes of granular ER in their cytoplasm. The evidence of different collagen types in osteosarcomas lends additional support to the concept that a pluripotent mesenchymal cell is the stem cell of osteosarcomas.
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  • 99
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    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 119-142 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid neoplasms ; Hemangioendothelioma ; Electron microscopy ; Factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) ; Tumour classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 65 cases of hemangioendothelioma (HE) of the thyroid were accepted as such after control of slides of surgical or autopsy specimen or both. In a few of the more recent cases material could be examined by electron microscope and in some the search for factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAG) was carried out. The demonstration of Weibel-Palade bodies in tumour cells in two cases and the evidence of FVIIIRAG in tumour cells of at least two cases, including primary tumour and distant metastasis, finally show, that the hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid is not simply an anaplastic carcinoma with some peculiar features; at least some of these tumours are true endotheliomas. The proposal that the term hemangioendothelioma be eliminated from the classification of thyroid tumours is therefore unfounded.
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  • 100
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    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Liposarcoma ; Sarcoma ; Soft tissue neoplasms ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural comparison of 7 examples of myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma (myxoid MFH) with 6 of myxoid liposarcoma is described. Despite certain histological differences between the two, electron microscopy was more valuable in differentiating MFH from liposarcoma. Electron microscopically, MFH contained a variety of cell types including histiocyte-like, fibroblast-like, intermediate-type, xanthomatous, multinucleated tumor giant cells and undifferentiated cells. Liposarcoma was composed mainly of lipoblasts at various stages of differentiation with a minority of undifferentiated cells and fibroblast-like cells. In contrast to the component cells of the MFH, these lipoblasts were characterized by abundant cytoplasmic glycogen, numerous pinocytotic vesicles and a discontinuous basal lamina in addition to large lipid droplets.
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