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  • 1970-1974  (3,261)
  • Physics  (2,547)
  • Ultrastructure  (453)
  • Rat  (288)
  • 101
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Bowman's capsule ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule was examined in the rat in control animals and in animals made hypertensive by treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetatesaline and by clipping of the renal artery. At an early stage of elevation of blood pressure and, occasionally, prior to elevation of blood pressure, the epithelial cells of this layer showed basal cytoplasmic protrusion and reduplication accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane. These changes preceded evidence of glomerular or renal arteriolar pathology. They presumably reflect either a response of this layer to increased blood pressure and modified glomerular function, or a direct effect of the factors that also induces blood pressure elevation. In either case, they imply a greater functional significance for the parietal layer than has usually been attributed to it.
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  • 102
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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  • 103
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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  • 104
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heavy bodies ; Oogenesis ; Maturation ; Sea urchin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of in vitro maturation of A. punctulata oocytes was undertaken to determine when heavy body formation was initiated. No heavy bodies were seen in germinal vesicle oocytes or in oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown or polar body formation. Heavy bodies were only observed in ova examined one to two hours after pronuclear formation. Several small heavy bodies were seen in sections of eggs fixed as early as three hours after the pronucleus had formed. The number of these structures in the egg cytoplasm increased with time. Therefore it is concluded that heavy body formation in sea urchin ova is a phenomenon following nuclear maturation.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian salt gland ; Electrolyte transport ; Ultrastructure ; Ruthenium red ; Dialyzed iron ; Sialic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both ruthenium red and dialyzed iron techniques indicated that anionic protein-carbohydrates were associated with the plasmalemma of secretory cells in mallard salt glands. Digestion of the tissue with neuraminidase prior to dialyzed iron staining provided evidence that much of the anionic nature of this surface was due to sialic acid. These results were confirmed by biochemical assays showing that the salt-gland tissue contained a relatively high sialic-acid content and that the amount of sialic acid increased with salt-water adaptation. Possible roles of these anionic sites are discussed in relation to currently accepted hypotheses of electrolyte transport.
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  • 106
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haematopoiesis ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Amoebocytes ; Autoradiography ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate haematopoiesis in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis, the blood cells and the connective tissue of this snail were studied by light and electron microscopy as well as by autoradiography. In the circulating blood only one type of cell, the amoebocyte, is present. Amoebocytes also occur in the connective tissue (tissue amoebocytes) as single cells, in small groups or in large accumulations. Study of the morphology and ultrastructure of blood and tissue amoebocytes shows that no differences exist between these cells, indicating that L. stagnalis does not possess a well-defined haematopoietic organ. This assumption is supported by the following observations: 1. both blood and tissue amoebocytes can act as phagocytes, 2. blood and tissue amoebocytes both have the capacity to divide (i.e. incorporate tritiated thymidine) and 3. the percentage of dividing cells in the blood and in the connective tissue is the same. These quantitative data indicate furthermore that there is no difference in the relative importance of the blood and the connective tissue in the process of haematopoiesis. Comparison of tritiated thymidine labelled cells with unlabelled amoebocytes showed that these cells do not differ with respect to their morphology and ultrastructure. Moreover, amoebocytes involved in phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign materials or in wound healing still have the capacity to divide. The percentages of tritiated thymidine labelled amoebocytes in different snails varied considerably. It is suggested that this variation reflects differences in the physiological state of the individual snails.
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  • 107
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit pars intermedia ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve terminal ; PI-type glandular cell ; ACT-type cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy three types of nerve terminals have been identified in adult rabbit pars intermedia (PI). The characteristics of these are described and their development traced. The distribution of nerve terminals and neurons within the PI is documented. In particular the association between types of nerve terminal and the different glandular cells is shown to be precise and selective. Direct innervation of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI is described for the first time. The author is particularly grateful to Dr. J. W. B. Bradfield for help in the preparation of this paper.
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  • 108
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland (rat) ; Estrogen administration ; Somatotroph and mammotroph ; Ultrastructure ; Radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the normal male rat pituitary tritiated thymidine labeled mainly STH cells (somatotrophs), no labeled prolactin cell was found. Following estradiol treatment for 21 days tritiated thymidine labeled mainly prolactin cells (mammotrophs). To determine the origin of these mammotrophs tritiated thymidine was given before the estradiol treatment started, thus labeling many somatotrophs. After 21 days of estradiol, out of 42 labeled cells, 14 were mammotrophs and 13 were somatotrophs; these results suggest that there might be a true transformation of somatotrophs into mammotrophs under the influence of estradiol or that there exist two types of somatotrophs: 1) a committed somatotroph which is not transformed by estrogen treatment, and 2) an uncommitted mammosomatotroph, which under normal conditions bears the features of a somatotroph, but which transforms into a mammotroph under the influence of estradiol.
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  • 109
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organs ; Cephalopods ; Chemoreception ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the so-called olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris has been investigated. Electron microscopy shows the superficial layer of the epithelium to consist mainly of cells bearing microvilli. Below this, often very deeply, lie very many large cells, which bear numerous cilia. These cells open to the surface via narrow processes running between the epithelial cells. Although details of their innervation have yet to be established the large cells are assumed to be receptors and these findings are interpreted as evidence that this organ is indeed chemosensory.
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  • 110
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
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  • 111
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridium ; Hirudo medicinalis ; Central canal ; Urinary bladder ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchung des nephridialen Zentralkanals von Hirudo medicinalis L. können mehrere Kanalabschnitte unterschieden werden, die zum Teil frei im Bindegewebe liegen, wie der Anfangs-, der intermediäre und der Endkanal, oder aber durch mehr oder weniger enge Verzahnung mit Canaliculuszellen verbunden sind (innerer und weiter Kanal). Strukturen, die mit transzellulärem Ionentransport in Beziehung gebracht werden können — ikrovilli und basale Zellmembraneinfaltungen — finden sich in allen Kanalabschnitten. Während im Verlauf des Zentralkanals die Oberflächenvergrößerung durch Mikrovilli ziemlich konstant bleibt, findet sich in den Kanalabschnitten, die ausschließlich an Bindegewebe grenzen, eine besonders auffällige und signifikante Zunahme der basalen Oberflächenvergräßerung durch Zellmembraneinfaltungen. Es werden mögliche Besonderheiten im Reabsorptionsmechanismus diskutiert: Möglicherweise läuft zwischen dem Epithel des inneren und des weiten Kanals einerseits und den angrenzenden Canaliculuszellen andererseits ein Kreislaufprozeß für Ionen (recycling) ab.
    Notes: Summary The central canal and the urinary bladder of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (L.) were studied by electron microscopy. The central canal consists of several different parts: the initial, intermediate and terminal canal which border only on connective tissue, and the inner and the wide canal which on the other hand are closely connected to the canaliculus cells which produce the primary urine. Structures related to transcellular transport of solutes such as microvilli and basal plasma membrane infoldings in association with mitochondria have been found in all parts of the central canal. Evidence has been obtained that the surface enlargement by basal plasma membrane infoldings increases from the proximal to the distal parts of the central canal while the luminal surface enlargement remains nearly constant. The increasing basal surface enlargement is especially obvious in those parts of the central canal which border only on connective tissue. The mechanism of reabsorption is discussed with regard to physiological data so far available. A recycling process for solutes may take place between the epithelium of the inner and the wide canal on one hand and the bordering canaliculus cells on the other hand.
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 63-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Afferent fibres ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innermost layer of the circular musculature of the ileum of the guinea-pig, mouse, rat, rabbit, cat and dog is made of special small and dark muscle cells (sd cells), which can be identified by light and electron microscopy. These cells have a higher surface to volume ratio than ordinary muscle cells. They show all the organelles of smooth muscle cells and are in close relationship with a great number of extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres. They send numerous thin cytoplasmic processes towards the bulk of the circular layer, but nexuses between the sd cells and ordinary muscle cells are not found. It is suggested that some of the nerve fibres in this part of the circular layer are motor, setting the sd cells to a given length, and some are afferent in luminal pressure.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroids ; Rana temporaria ; Crystals ; Ultrastructure ; Catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crystalline inclusions in parathyroid gland cell nuclei of Rana temporaria were studied by electron microscopy using a specimen tilting stage. Images were analysed by optical diffraction. Results were compared with X-ray and electron microscopic data of trigonal bovine liver catalase to which a striking resemblance of the inclusions was found.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eyes ; Retinula ; Ephestia kuehniella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Auge von Ephestia kommen Kontakte zwischen den Zellen benachbarter Retinulae vor. Diese Kontakte finden sich am häufigsten in der Kernregion der Retinulazellen und können 2 oder mehr Retinulae miteinander verbinden. Da keine besonderen Membranstrukturen in der Kontaktzone beobachtet wurden und da andererseits die Retinulazellen auf diesem Niveau und weiter distal Pigmentgranula enthalten, scheinen diese Kontakte weder die Zellen chemisch bzw. elektrisch zu koppeln noch Reizlicht zu übertragen. Vielmehr wird angenommen, daß die Verlagerungen des Cytoplasmas bei Hell-Dunkeladaptation in benachbarten Retinulae durch die gegenseitige Berührung koordiniert werden.
    Notes: Summary Connections were found between retinula cells of adjacent retinula cell columns in the eye of Ephestia. The connections occur most frequently at the level of the retinula cell nuclei and may involve two or more retinula columns simultaneously. The absence of specialized structural modifications of the membranes and the presence of pigment granules at the level of the connections or distal to them indicates that these connections are probably not involved in selective chemical or electrical communication nor in light transmission. It is suggested that the connections may serve tactily to coordinate cytoplasmic movement in adjacent retinula columns during light-dark adaptation.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 443-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes and T-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte findet die sexuelle Differenzierung der Gonade zwischen dem 14. und 15. Tag post conceptionem (p.c.) statt. Während dieser Zeit teilen sich die Oogonien und deren Parallelpopulation—die M-prospermatogonien (multiplying prospermatogonia) oder I-Gonocyten—sehr häufig. Um den 17. Tag p.c. tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien bzw. der M-prospermatogonien in die Mitose. Die Mitosen bilden häufig “synchronisierte Gruppen”. Die postmitotischen Kerne ihrer Tochterzellen—der Oocyten und der T 1 prospermatogonien (primary transitional prospermatogonia) oder II-Gonocyten—sind klein. Ihr Chromatin ist in Form gröberer Schollen der Kernmembran angelagert. Auf diese Weise kommt das typische “krustenförmige” Aussehen bzw. die Ähnlichkeit mit den Prophasen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien zustande. Die Oocyten durchlaufen zunächst die G1-phase (etwa 10 Std Dauer) und treten dann—am Ende des Präleptotänstadiums—in die S-phase. Dann passieren sie die verschiedenen Stadien der meiotischen Prophase und treten vom 3. Tag post partum (p.p.) ab in das Dictyotänstadium. Die T1-prospermatogonien hingegen befinden sich etwa 10 Tage lang in der G1-phase, ohne wesentliche morphologische Veränderungen aufzuweisen. Vom 4. Tag p.p. an durchlaufen sie die S-Phase. Die S-Phasen-Dauer (D-S) beider Zellarten beträgt 11.5 Std und wurde durch Doppelmarkierung mit 14C- und 3H-Thymidin bestimmt. Als am besten geeignete Termine für die Bestimmung der D-S erwiesen sich bei den Oocyten der 18. Tag p.c. und bei den T1-prospermatogonien der 5. Tag p.p. Zu diesen beiden Zeitpunkten war die Anzahl der in die S-phase ein-und austretenden Oocyten bzw. T1-prospermatogonien gleich, die Zellen in S-phase befanden sich im “steady state”. Das Kernvolumen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien ist etwa doppelt so groß wie das der postmitotischen Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien. Bis zum 5. Tage p.p. nimmt das Kernvolumen der Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien um etwa das Fünffache zu. Der Degenerationsindex der Oocyten liegt wesentlich höher als der der T1-prospermatogonien; er ist postnatal besonders hoch. Aus den T1-prospermatogonien gehen am 4. und 5. Tage p.p. durch Teilung die T 2-prospermatogonien (secondary transitional prospermatogonia) hervor. Die Kerne dieses Zelltyps sind etwas kleiner also die der T1-prospermatogonien. Die T2-prospermatogonien treten am 6. Tage p.p. in die Mitose; es entstehen die ersten A-spermatogonien.
    Notes: Summary In the rat (Wistar-WU) sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs between days 14 and 15 post conception (p.c.). At this time the oogonia and their parallel population — the M-prospermatogonia (I-gonocytes)—divide rapidly. On about day 17 p.c., the last generation of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia, frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis. The postmitotic nuclei of their daughter cells—oocytes and T 1-prospermatogonia (II-gonocytes)—are small; coarse flakes of chromatin are associated with the nuclear membrane causing the typical “crustlike” appearance and the similarity with the prophases of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. After the oocytes have passed a G1-phase of approximately 10 hr, they enter the S-phase at the end of the preleptotene stage. Then they pass the different stages of the meiotic prophase until they enter the dictyate stage from 3 day post partum (p.p.) onwards. The T1-prospermatogonia, on the other hand, spend a long G1-phase of about 10 days without any conspicuous morphological change before entering the S-phase from day 4 p.p. onwards. The duration of the S-pbase (D-S) of both cell types—oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia—as determined by the double labeling method with 14C- and 3H-thymidine is found to be 11.5 hr. The most favourable time for determining the D-S was day 18 p.c. for the oocytes and day 5 p.p. for the T1-prospermatogonia. On these two days the balance was reached between the cells entering and leaving the S-phase. The nuclear volumes of the postmitotic oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia are approximately half the size of those of their precursors. Until day 5 p.p. the nuclear volumes of the oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia increase about fivefold. The degeneration index of the oocytes is considerably higher than that of the T1-prospermatogonia; postnatally it is especially high. T 2 prospermatogonia arise by mitosis of the T1-prospermatogonia on day 4 and 5 p.p. The nuclei of this cell type are smaller than those of T1-prospermatogonia. T2-prospermatogonia enter mitosis on day 6 p.p and give rise to A-spermatogonia.
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  • 116
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 135-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Frog ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular transport ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The route by which secretory proteins are transported in the frog exocrine pancreas cell was investigated by an ultrastructural and electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of in vivo 3H-leucine labelled tissue. The ultrastructure of the cell is characteristic of serous epithelial cells and resembles that of mammalian exocrine pancreas cells very closely. Autoradiographic results revealed that the proteins, after being synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), are transported through the Golgi cisternae to condensing vacuoles which subsequently change into secretory granules. The determination of the timing of this transport was complicated by a very slow turnover of leucine in the frog. Nevertheless, by a semi-quantitative approach, some time characteristics could be estimated: about 11 min after the onset of their synthesis the proteins enter the Golgi system, and about 25 min later the condensing vacuoles. Secretory granules become labelled between 60 and 120 min. These results are discussed, also in relation to the transport route and kinetics in mammalian tissue.
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  • 117
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte-resembling cells ; Habenular region ; Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Ontogenetic development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the pineal gland, the pineal stalk, and the lamina intercalaris contain 5-HT and are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres. These peripheral nerve fibres continue rostrally from the lamina intercalaris and run into the central nervous tissue of stria medullaris and the habenular nuclei. Pharmacological treatment to increase the cellular 5-HT content revealed that the sympathetic fibres are in close relation to yellow fluorescent cells embedded in the brain tissue. These yellow fluorescent cells develop very late in the ontogenetic development (three weeks or more postnatally) and are preceded by ingrowth of sympathetic fibres into the brain tissue. The results support the hypothesis that the cells found in the habenular region are of pinealocyte rather than neuronal nature, but it is possible that they differ in certain aspects from the cells of the pineal gland proper.
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  • 118
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fibres (Tadpole tail) ; Degeneration ; Macrophages ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes histochemical and ultrastructural studies of tail muscles in tadpoles of Rana japonica and Rana catesbeiana during metamorphosis, this process being accompanied by degeneration of the tail. Degeneration of individual tail muscles does not occur at the same time; this is true for both the red and white muscle fibres. The initial phase of degeneration showed mesenchymal macrophages first invading the muscle fibres and then sending out many long cytoplasmic processes which split the fibres apart. The disappearance of myofibrils during degeneration proceeds along at least two different mechanisms even within a single muscle fibre. In one type, the Z-band becomes diffuse and then disappears, resulting in fragmentation of the myofibrils at the sites previously occupied by the Z-bands. The second pattern of degeneration is characterized by disappearance of the Z-band followed by a fanning out of the myofilaments not associated with fragmentation of myofibrils. As atrophy of muscle fibres proceeds, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the perinuclear sarcoplasm. Macrophages show more intense acid phosphatase activity than do the muscle fibres. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is described and discussed.
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  • 119
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysectomized rats ; Reorganized stalk ; Ultrastructure ; Salt load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reorganized stalk of hypophysectomized rats, either “intact” or subjected to a 6-day salt load, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. PAF-positive neurosecretory material is seen mainly in the periphery of the reorganized stalk, usually in 2–5 μ nerve swellings of animals operated two months before. Nerve swellings make contact with a dense capillary network. Three types of nerve fibres and their swellings are distinguished according to the size of elementary granules. Peptidergic A1 and A2 types contain granules with a maximum diameter of 170 and 130 nm respectively; monoaminergic B type fibres have granules of 100 nm in diameter. A1 type axonal swellings are the most numerous and can be tentatively divided into four subtypes according to their ultrastructure and relationships with capillaries and pituicytes. Swellings of types b and c, making direct contact with capillaries or pituicyte perikarya, usually contain few granules and numerous synaptic vesicles arranged frequently in clusters in the “active” zones. It is assumed that they are especially active in the release of peptide neurohormones. It is also hypothesized that in the hypophysectomized rats peptide neurohormones are released not only directly into the pericapillary space but also into the intercellular cleft, especially at sites of neuron-pituicyte junctions. Nerve swellings of type a, separated from the pericapillary space by thin pituicyte processes, usually contain numerous neurosecretory granules. It is suggested that vascular “end-feet” of pituicytes may somehow reduce neurohormone release. The depletion of PAF-positive material as well as the decreased granule content even after a salt load of only 1 per cent shows that the reorganized stalk is functional as a neurohaemal organ, but has a diminished hormone reserve. This, together with a primitive cytomyeloangioarchitecture speaks for morphological and functional imperfection of the reorganized stalk.
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  • 120
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Somatic spines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of ultrathin serial sections of the perikarya and adjacent neuropil of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the adult male rat revealed varying forms of two types of somatic spines. One type forms synapses with axons passing the cell, the other, without synapses, appears to serve as a buttress or clasp for adjacent neuronal and glial processes. The synapse-bearing spines lack the usual spine apparatus but contain the flocculent substance often seen in spines. The other spines do not exhibit either of these structures. These somatic spines were also seen in Golgi impregnated preparations but the types could not be distinguished. Certain axons synapse either on a somatic spine of the perikarya or penetrate the glial sheath of the neuron and synapse, usually repeatedly, on the soma in an en passant manner.
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  • 121
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cecum ; Colon ; Lanthanum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After exposure of mouse cecal mucosa to lanthanum during primary fixation in glutaraldehyde, the metal was found as discrete particles covering microvilli and microorganisms, as a continuous layer outlining the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells, and as particles bound to collagen fibrils. The results suggest that lanthanum acts primarily as a stain of the surfaces of certain cells and extracellular structures, and to a lesser extent as an inert probe of the extracellular space.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons ; Filum terminale (Cyprinus carpio) ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic semidesmosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small nerve cells are scattered among the ependymal cells of the central canal of the filum terminale in Cyprinus carpio. The dendrites of these neurons form bulb-like endings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These endings are similar to the CSF contacting dendritic terminals of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Therefore, we consider these nerve cells to belong to the CSF contacting neuronal system. The axons of these neurons enter the hypendymal fibrous zone where nerve processes of various calibres and axon terminals on dendrite-like profiles and sometimes on ependymal processes were found. In addition to cytoplasmic elements ordinarily present in nerve cells there are granulated vesicles of about 800 to 900 Å in diameter in the perikarya of the CSF contacting neurons. Axons containing synaptic and dense-core vesicles (diameter about 400 Å and 800 Å, respectively) build up synapses on the basal part of these neurons. The CSF contacting neurons described are dissimilar to the Dahlgren cells present in the urophysis and in the rostral part of the filum. In addition, we found axon terminals forming synaptic semidesmosomes on the basal lamina of the external surface of the filum. At some places these terminals are numerous, building up primitive median eminence-like areas on the surface of the filum. In addition to synaptic vesicles these terminals contain numerous granulated vesicles of 800 Å. The axons forming these terminals are supposed to originate from the CSF contacting neurons. The presence of special nerve terminals on the external surface furnishes morphological evidence for the passage of substances from the nervous tissue into the external CSF space at the level of the filum terminale.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (Rat) ; Periarteriolar lymphocytic sheath ; Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) ; Thymectomy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electron microscopic studies reveal that the peri-arteriolar lymphocytic sheath of the rat spleen can be divided into two areas. The central area contains small lymphocytes, interdigitating cells (IDC, light staining cells with extensive cytoplasmic interdigitations) and some scattered reticulum cells. The peripheral area contains a mixed population of lymphocytes and circumferentially oriented reticulum cells. It is shown that only the central area of the peri-arteriolar lymphocytic sheath is thymus-dependent. In neonatally thymectomized rats, before interdigitating cells appear, monocytes and promonocytes reside in this area. It is suggested that the IDC are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (Langevoort et al., 1970). They probably form the micro-environment necessary for the differentiation and proliferation of T-cells. The analogies between IDC, epithelioid cells and the macrophages in the migration inhibition test are discussed. The hypothesis is put forward that these cells are similar in ultrastructural and functional aspects because all three are macrophages under the influence of humoral factors from T-cells, such as migration inhibition factor.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Mammals ; Chicken ; Newt ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars tuberalis of the rat, mouse, garden door mouse, European hamster, cat, cattle, chicken and newt is composed of two main cell types: specific secretory cells and follicular cells. The specific cells are characterized by comparable morphologic features in the investigated species, despite differences in the diameter of the secretory granulated vesicles; the ultrastructural morphology of these cells is different from that of any of the known cell types of the adenohypophysis. The follicular cells are devoid of secretory granules, they do not only line the numerous follicular cavities of the pars tuberalis but may also be found in the periphery of the cell cords (border cells). In addition, gonadotrophic cells are found; they predominate in the distal portion of the pars tuberalis and are definitely activated by castration or hypophysectomy. Experimental interventions on most of the major endocrine systems did not cause any noticeable ultrastructural changes in the specific cells. It appears certain that the pars tuberalis secretes a specific hormone whose function remains to be determined.
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  • 125
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Electric coupling areas ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal glands of Wistar rats were fixed in glutaraldehyde and prepared by the freeze-etching technique. With regard to the form and internal structure of pineal cells this technique has revealed nothing essentially new. Synaptic ribbons are very rarely found. A regular diagonal arrangement of membrane attached particles between the Schwann cell and the axon of an autonomic nerve terminal was observed. Three types of contact areas between pineal cells are described. In the first two types, which occur more frequently, the diameter of the area varied from 1000 to 2500 Å, with irregularly aggregated membrane associated particles. The third type, larger but less frequently found, has a surface area of 0.4 μm2 and much more regularly distributed membrane associated particles (ø 88 Å). These contact areas can be considered to be electric coupling areas between pineal cells.
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  • 126
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 381-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Mouse ; Syncytium ; Morphogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'origine embryologique des constituants cytologiques de la barrière placentaire chez la Souris a été mise en évidence du 8ème au 11éme jour de la gestation et la séquence des phénomènes favorisant la formation d'un syncytium trophoblastique, précisée. La barrière placentaire trilaminaire a une double origine: la couche interne provient du trophoblaste chorionique, la couche médiane syncytiale comme la couche externe dérivent du trophoblaste ectoplacentaire. Le stimulus initial de la différenciation semble résulter au 9ème jour du contact entre le trophoblaste chorionique et le mésoderme allantoïdien. Quelques heures après, on observe la réaction des cellules chorioniques, caractérisée par une augmentation importante des nucléoprotéines cytoplasmiques, puis l'apparition de globules lipidiques et enfin des propriétés de motilité. Ces cellules établissent des jonctions complexes avec le trophoblaste ectoplacentaire indifférencié qu'elles côtoient. En même temps, le métabolisme nucléaire de ces cellules ectoplacentaires semble modifié. Ultérieurement, au 10éme jour de la gestation, la disparition des membranes plasmiques latérales de ces cellules, conduit à la formation d'un syncytium par fusion de cellules au même stade d'évolution.
    Notes: Summary The morphogenesis of the different layers forming the mouse placental barrier is described during the 8th to 11th day of gestation. The timing and events leading to the formation of the syncytiotrophoblast are analyzed. Two different processes lead to the formation of the hemotrichorial placental membrane: the internal layer is formed by the chorionic trophoblast, both the intermediate syncytial layer and the external cytotrophoblast layer are derived from the ectoplacental trophoblast. The differentiation of the placental barrier begins on the 9th day of gestation by the establishment of contact between the chorionic trophoblast and the allantoic mesoderm. A few hours later, the chorionic cells show a considerable increase in cytoplasmic nucleoproteins and lipids and become ameboid. Complex cell-junctions differentiate between these chorionic cells and the adjacent ectoplacental trophoblast. On the 10th day of gestation the lateral cytoplasmic membranes disappear leading to the formation of a syncytium.
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  • 127
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin terminals ; 5,6- and 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Chemical degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopical evidence for the existence of an important serotonergic input to the rat median eminence is presented. This evidence is based on the demonstration of degenerating nerve terminals in the external layer of the rat median eminence following the application of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, drugs known to exert more or less selective toxic effects on central serotonin neurons. The finding of a serotonergic innervation of the median eminence in mammals has important implications for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a modulator of synthesis and/or release of hypothalamic, hypophysiotropic hormones.
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  • 128
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fenestra dorsalis ; Allanaspides ; Syncarida ; Ion transport ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The genus Allanaspides (Crustacea, Syncarida) is characterised by a conspicuous modification of the cephalo-thoracic tergite, the fenestra dorsalis. The ultrastructure of the fenestra dorsalis was examined in both known species of Allanaspides. The organ is separated from surrounding tissue by a clearly demarcated transition zone in which the cuticle thickens and looses its normal laminated structure. In the cells of the fenestra dorsalis, three regions may be distinguished. The apical region has an abundance of long invaginations, often packed closely together. The invaginations possess numerous microtubules plus numerous mitochondria whose membranes are closely associated with the invaginated membranes. Both microtubules and mitochondria are aligned in the same direction as the invaginations. The middle region of the cells contains many intracellular vacuoles in Allanaspides hickmani whilst in Allanaspides helonomus the same region contains extensive extracellular spaces. The basal region of the cells is marked by deep infoldings and an abundance of mitochondria. Microtubules are common and these, together with the mitochondria, are aligned along the direction of the infoldings. Adjacent cells are linked by frequent septate junctions. The fine structure of fenestra dorsalis tissue indicates an active participation in ion and/or water movement. However, in contrast to other crustacean tissues known to be involved in this function, it is postulated that the fenestra dorsalis of Allanaspides provides a two-stage transport system, in which “mitochondrial pumps” are present on both the inner and outer cell surfaces.
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  • 129
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 143-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Planaria ; Neurotubules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The photoreceptors of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The eye was found to be rhabdomeric; it is composed of approximately 25 visual cells and a monolayered cup of pigment cells enclosing the light sensitive rhabdome. The pigment cell gave the appearance of having a phagocytic function in addition to regulating the light entering the rhabdome. Extensions of these pigment cells were shown to be the “membranous structure” seen by light microscopy in the open area of the eye. The bipolar visual cell consisted of a perikaryon, axon and a dendritic extension comprised of a stalk, conical body and microvillous rhabdomere. Efferent nerve fibers formed synapses with dendritic spines protruding from receptor stalks. A specialized structure at the transition area between neurotubules and neurofilaments was observed in the conical body. A dense intercellular space occurred between all regions of adjoining visual cells.
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  • 130
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeal muscle ; Smooth muscle ; Rat ; Innervation, adrenergic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat anococcygeus muscle, which is known from previous functional and histochemical investigations to be a smooth muscle with a dense adrenergic innervation, was studied by electron microscopic methods. The muscle was found to be organized in small bundles of 2 to 8 muscle cells, which were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and by gap junctions. Small Schwann cell-axon complexes with 1 to 5 axons appeared to represent the functional terminal nerve pathway. Such axon complexes were located at the periphery of the small smooth muscle bundles, they never penetrated into them. A ratio of approximately 6 small axon complexes per 100 muscle cells was found. After glutaraldehyde fixation axon varicosities contained mainly small empty vesicles. After treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine and permanganate fixation mainly small vesicles with a dense core were found. The neuromuscular distances ranged from 550 to 5000 Å, with a mean of about 2600 Å. True close neuromuscular contacts at a distance below 500 Å with a fusing of basal laminae were absent. The present observations provide a morphological base for the findings of previous electrophysiological and pharmacological studies on the anococcygeal muscle.
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  • 131
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Holothuroidea (Leptosynapta clarki) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spermatozoon of the holothurian Leptosynapta clarki has a small circular head measuring about 3.0 μ at the greatest diameter, a midpiece containing a single mitochondrion and a tail flagellum measuring between 35 μ and 45 μ in length. The acrosomal region contains a granule measuring 0.7 μ in diameter which consists of electron dense material arranged in concentric lamellae. Five concentric very electron dense lamellae alternate with areas of much less electron dense material in the central region of the granule. This granule rests in an anterior nuclear depression. The nucleus is circular in shape and contains one or two unbound vacuoles which frequently contain a fine granular material. Posteriorly the nucleus is bounded by a large mitochondrion and an occasional Golgi complex. The proximal centriole which contains a lateral arm of dense material lies in a deep fossa projecting into the nucleus. The distal centriole lies posteriorly in the mitochondrial mass and gives rise to nine satellite projections and their Y-shaped connective extensions. The tail contains the 9 + 2 tubule arrangement and tapers at its distal end.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Nervous system ; Polychaete ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organs of presumed photoreceptor significance in Nephtys exhibit great simplicity. The pigmented eyes of Nephtys are embedded in the posterior region of the brain. Each consists of a pigment cup and two closely-associated sensory cells. The cells exhibit the characteristic features of rhabdomeric-type photoreceptor structures. The anterior or accessory eyes are identical to the pigmented eyes except that each may consist of only a single cell and that pigment cups are absent. A pair of “sensor sacs” is also present, embedded in the brain. Each consists of a single cell which has the appearance of possessing a large intracellular vesicle (the phaosome) into which project irregularly arranged microvilli. The limiting membrane is, in fact, continuous with the cell membrane. Evidence is presented of the secretion of material of unknown character into the vesicle.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex-hormones ; Ultramorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ultramorphometrisch wurde nach dem Verfahren von Rohr et al. (1971) die äußere Zona fasciculata von Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bei 5 Gruppen zu je 4 Tieren verglichen: Männchen, Weibchen im Diöstrus, Weibchen im Östrus, männliche und weibliche Kastraten (Kastration am 4. Lebenstag). Die Nebennierenrindenzellen der äu\eren Fasciculata sind bei Weibchen gegenüber denen normaler Männchen hypertroph: Weibchen im Diöstrus zeigen gegenüber Männchen größere Einzelzellen mit vermehrtem glattem endoplasmatischem Reticulum, erhöhten Einzel- und Gesamtvolumina der Mitochondrien sowie einem höheren Lipoidgehalt bei stärkerer Dispersion der Liposomen. Dieselben funktionsspezifischen Strukturen nehmen bei den Weibchen im Östrus noch weiter zu. Die Kastration der Weibchen am 4. Lebenstag führt zu einer Reduktion der funktionsspezifischen morphometrischen Parameter unter die Werte der Diöstrus-Tiere. Männliche Kastraten gleichen die Werte ihrer funktionsspezifischen Strukturen weitgehend denen der Weibchen im Diöstrus an. Nach Kastration am 4. Lebenstag zeigen weibliche Tiere somit etwas niedrigere morphonietrische Parameter in der äußeren Zona fasciculata als die männlichen Kastraten.
    Notes: Summary With the method of Rohr et al. (1971) the outer zona fasciculata of Sprague-Dawley-rats was compared ultramorphometrically in 5 groups of 4 animals each: males, females during diestrus, females during estrus, male and female castrates (castration on 4th day of life). Adrenal cortical cells of the outer fasciculata in females are hypertrophic in comparison with those of normal males: females during diestrus show in comparison with males larger individual cells with increased SER, increased volume of the individual mitochondrium and total volume of mitochondria as well as an increased lipoid content together with a more pronounced dispersion of liposomes. The same function-specific structures show a further increase in females during estrus. Castration of females on the 4th day of life leads to a reduction of the function-specific morphometric parameters below the values of the diestrus animals. Male castrates show adaption of the values of their function-specific structures towards those of females during diestrus. Following castration on the 4th day of life, female animals thus show somewhat lower morphometric parameters in the outer zona fasciculata than male castrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal zona glomerulosa ; Rat ; Normal ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on an electron microscopic study of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in the normal rat, with special emphasis on the structural diversity of mitochondria in its parenchymatous cells. The mitochondria of cristae may be tubulo-vesicular, plate-like and/or straight tubular, any one mitochondrion containing one or more types of cristae. The mitochondrial features of the zona glomerulosa parenchymatous cells are attributed to the biochemical stages of aldosterone synthesis, taking place in different mitochondria of these cells.
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  • 135
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neural lobe ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract were studied in embryonic C3H mouse neural lobes; at least four glands at each gestational day 15–19 were examined. Single axons and small bundles of fibres are visible at gestational days 15 and 16. By day 17 large fibre bundles penetrate between glial cells. They increase in number during the next two days. Electron-lucent and electron-dense vesicles are seen in the fibres of the 15th and 16th gestational days. In the 17–19 day-old embryos development is characterized by a successive rise in the number of the two types of vesicles. The mean diameter of the electron-lucent vesicles is approximately unchanged in all the stages examined (50 nm). The electron-dense vesicles increase in size from approximately 80–90 nm at days 15–16 to 140 nm at the 19th gestational day. By day 19 contacts between neurosecretory fibre terminals and the outer basement membrane of internal and peripheral capillaries are occasionally observed. The possibly adrenergic nature of a few terminals contacting peripheral vascular structures in 17 and 18 day-old embryos is suggested.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ; Ultrastructure ; Osmotic stimulus ; Quantitative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substitution of a 2% solution of sodium chloride in place of drinking water for 3 days significantly increased both the size of neurosecretory neurones in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of rats and the proportion of these cells which had dilated endoplasmic reticulum. There was an increase in the number of multivesicular bodies per mean cell profile and also an increase in the ratio of “dense” (immature) to “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules within the perikarya, although the total numbers of granules were unchanged. If, after 3 days of saline-treatment, the rats were again allowed tap water to drink for 2 days, the proportion of cells showing dilated endoplasmic reticulum and the number of multivesicular bodies returned towards normal, but there was a significant increase in the number of large dense lysosomal bodies per cell profile and a relative increase in the proportion of “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules. These changes suggest that the increased bio-synthetic activity resulting from saline-treatment subsides when the treatment is terminated. Furthermore, since neurohypophysial hormone stores have still not returned to normal in animals of the recovery group, they also imply the absence of an internal feedback system by which the level of neural lobe hormone stores might govern the synthetic activity of the neurosecretory cells. Both the increased synthesis, and the increased electrical activity which accompanies it, may be independent consequences of the depleting stimulus.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Chemoreceptors ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the antenna of adult male Periplaneta americana, three size ranges of classical sensilla basiconica were found. Based on SEM, a sensillum of the s. trichodeum shape was revealed, but our TEM efforts indicate that this sensillum has the thin-wall, porous ultrastructure of a sensillum basiconicum. Sensilla basiconica contain flask-shaped cuticular pores. All viewed pores join four or five tubules. The pore tubules clearly contact plasma membranes of dendritic branches. Two sizes of grooved pegs were observed. The terminal segment of the antenna contains a variety of other “receptors”.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Harvestman ; Exocytosis ; Release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les plaques paraganglionnaires de l'Opilion Trogulus nepaeformis sont des organes neurohémaux constitués d'une lamelle neurale externe, épaisse, en contact avec un sinus sanguin, d'une couche basale de cellules gliales, et de 7 types de terminaisons axonales (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) renfermant des granules élémentaires qui diffèrent par leur taille, leur densité aux électrons et l'aspect de leur contenu. Les granules de type A1 se déchargent par exocytose dans l'espace extra-axonal, sous la lamelle neurale; ceux de type C se fragmentent en microgranules à contenu dense qui s'accumulent avec des vésicules claires contre l'axolemme en des places suggérant des sites de libération dans l'hémolymphe.
    Notes: Summary The paraganglionic plates of the harvestman, Trogulus, are neurohemal organs composed of a thick neural lamella facing a blood sinus, basal glial cells, and seven distinct types of axon terminals (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) identified on the basis of elementary granule size, electron density, and structure of contents. The release of A1 type granules occurs by exocytosis into the extraaxonal space below the acellular neural lamella. The release of the content of C granules occurs after fragmentation into small electron dense vesicles. Clusters of these vesicles intermixed with clear vesicles pressing against the axolemma beneath the neural lamella, apparantly correspond to the sites of release.
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  • 139
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 343-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Gametes ; Echinoid ; Echinarachnius ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of gametes of a representative echinoid, Echinarachnius parma were investigated ultrastructurally with particular emphasis on gamete interaction during fertilization. The acrosomal region of the spermatozoon is characterized by the presence of two components: an acrosomal vesicle and periacrosomal materials. The acrosomal vesicle, which is completely bounded by a limiting membrane, is surrounded by periacrosomal materials. Nuclear and mitochondrial regions of the spermatozoon are also described briefly. The ovum is surrounded by two extraneous coats: an outer jelly layer and an inner vitelline envelope. Pigment cells are present within the outer jelly layer. Ooplasmic organelles and inclusions including cortical granules and the female pronucleus are described. Spermatozoa undergo the acrosomal reaction in the vicinity of mature ova. Events of acrosomal reaction, including dehiscence of the acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal tubule formation, are described and summarized schematically. Acrosomal vesicle contents remain adherent to the outer surface of the tubule membrane. Primary binding of the spermatozoon to the surface of the ovum is accomplished by the establishment of morphological continuity between this extracellular coat and the vitelline envelope of the ovum. It is suggested that the species specificity of fertilization resides in this primary binding of gametes. Membrane fusion, between the tip of the acrosomal tubule and the colemma, follows primary binding and cytoplasmic continuity of the gametes is thereby established. It is concluded that the early events of fertilization in Echinarachnius parma generally conform to the Hydroides-Saccoglossus pattern of the Colwins (1967).
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Rat ; Granule distribution ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neurohypophyse und die neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebiete von normalen männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, von trächtigen und durstenden Tieren wurden elektronenmikroskopisch und morphometrisch mit der Fragestellung untersucht, ob sich in den Häufigkeitsverteilungen der mittleren Granula-Durchmesser, bezogen auf die Anzahl der Axone, eine zweigipflige Verteilung ergibt. Bei Kontrolltieren zeigen die Perikarya des Nucleus supraopticus zahlreichere und größere Granula als die Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis, wobei der Unterschied in den Durchmessern der Granula bei den weiblichen Tieren ausgeprägter ist als bei den männlichen. Beide Kontrollgruppen zeigen in der Neurohypophyse ein zweigipfliges Verteilungsmuster der Granula, wobei die beiden Gipfel bei den männlichen Kontrollen dichter beieinander liegen als bei den weiblichen. Bei den trächtigen Tieren weisen beide Kerngebiete Zeichen gesteigerter Aktivität auf und die Granula in den Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis sind deutlich größer als bei Kontrolltieren. Zu Beginn der Tragzeit werden relativ große, wahrscheinlich vasopressinhaltige Granula in der Neurohypophyse gespeichert, während sich im letzten Drittel der Tragezeit die beiden Populationen dort nicht mehr unterscheiden lassen. Nach 48 Std. Wasserentzug erscheinen beide hypothalamischen Kerne aktiviert. Auffallend ist, daß die Granula im Nucleus supraopticus deutlich kleiner sind als bei Kontrolltieren. Entsprechend fehlen in der Neurohypophyse große Granula, während Axone mit kleinen Granula vermehrt sind. Nach zehntägiger Durstperiode lassen sich im Nucleus supraopticus, neben sehr typischen morphologischen Veränderungen, morphometrisch ebenfalls deutlich kleinere Granula nachweisen. Im Hypophysenhinterlappen dieser Versuchsgruppe sind die granulahaltigen Axone sehr stark vermindert, und in der Häufigkeitsverteilung fehlen die Granula mit großem Durchmesser während der dem Oxytocin zugeordnete Gipfel unverändert erscheint. In Verbindung mit den elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden lassen sich also aus den Verschiebungen der Verteilungsmuster zwischen den sechs Versuchsgruppen die Granula mit kleinerem Durchmesser oxytocinhaltigen Axonen zuordnen und Granula mit größerem Durchmesser zu den Endigungen, die Vasopressin enthalten. Die morphometrischen Befunde in den neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebieten bestätigen diese Zuordnung. Die elektronenmikroskopischen und morphometrischen Befunde werden besonders im Hinblick auf die Hormonverschiebungen zwischen dem “reserve pool” und den “easily releasable pool” diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A morphometric evaluation of electron micrographs has been carried out from neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis and from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in normal male and female rats as well as in pregnant and water deprived rats. The task of this investigation was to find out whether frequency distribution diagrams of the mean diameter of the neurosecretory granules, plotted versus the number of axons, reveal a grossly bimodal distribution. In normal rats the nerve cells of the nucleus supraopticus (S.O.N.) show more numerous and larger granules than the cells of the nucleus paraventricularis (P.V.N), this difference with respect to the diameter being more pronounced in female than in male animals. In the posterior pituitary lobes the neurosecretory granules exhibit a bimodal distribution, the second peak being situated more closely to the first one in male controls. In pregnant animals both nuclei appear to be activated, and the granules of P.V.N. are distinctly larger as compared to those of female control animals. In early pregnancy larger, i.e. presumably vasopressin-containing granules are stored in the neurohypophysis, while in the last phase before delivery oxytocin-containing neurons and vasopressin-containing ones cannot be differentiated any more. After 48 hrs of thirst both hypothalamic nuclei exhibit signs of increased activation, the diameters of the granules in the S.O.N. being distinctly smaller than in normals. In the neurohypophysis granules with large diameters are lacking, while axons with small granules are more frequent. In the S.O.N. of animals, water deprived for 10 days the diameters of the granules are smaller than normal and in the neurohypophysis the number of granule-containing fibres is strongly reduced. In the frequency distribution diagram granules with larger diameters are lacking whereas the peak, attributed to oxytocin, is not essentially altered. However, from the observed alteration on the distribution patterns of the six experimental groups and in connection with the electron microscopic results the granules with smaller diameters can be attributed to oxytocin-containing axons and the larger ones to vasopressin-containing terminals. Analogous morphometric data have been obtained from the neurosecretory nuclei as well. The electron-microscopic and morphometric observations are discussed with regard to hormone-shifts between the reserve pool and the easily-releasable pool.
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  • 141
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 395-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Teleost ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial cells of the ventricle of the trout heart is described as the result of an investigation with the electron microscope. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse in distribution compared to that of birds or mammals but shows a fundamentally similar organization. A very loose network of fine tubules is in intimate contact with the myofibrils but with no local modification with respect to the arrangement of myofilaments within the sarcomeres. There is no special association of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the Z-bands. Some tubules pass to the cell periphery where they expand to form subsarcolemmal cisternae in which electron-dense matter is often seen. The occurrence of the subsarcolemmal cisternae (peripheral couplings) is random and they are not observed in the vicinity of intercalated discs. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is discussed in relation to excitation-contraction coupling in teleost myocardial cells, and in comparison with that of other vertebrates.
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  • 142
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Influence of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitativ-morphologische Analyse des juxtaglomerulären Apparates nach DOC-Behandlung zeigte, daß mit der Hemmung der Reninbildung eine Hypoplasie der epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates einhergeht. Der Granulagehalt der juxtaglomerulären Zellen nahm ab; die Kern-Plasma-Relation änderte sich und die Leiomyofibrillen in den Epitheloidzellen nahmen zu. An den übrigen Anteilen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere der Macula densa, wurden keine morphologischen Veränderungen beobachtet. Die DOC-Behandlung führte darüber hinaus zu einer Bildung von Einschlüssen in den Podocyten, den Mesangiumzellen und den Zellen der Bowman-Membran. Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, über welche Faktoren die juxtaglomerulären Zellen nach DOC-Behandlung degranuliert werden, werden diskutiert. Das ultrastrukturelle Bild der Epitheloidzellen nach DOC-Behandlung entspricht deutlich einer gehemmten Sekretion, da das Ergastoplasma und der Golgi-Apparat ganz besonders stark zurückgebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative morphological analysis of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and salt revealed hypoplasia of the epithelioid cells as a concomitant of the inhibition of renin synthesis. The granular content of the Juxtaglomerular cells was significantly decreased, while the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the volume density of leiomyofilaments in the epithelioid cells increased. No morphological alterations were observed in the remaining constituents of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus, including the macula densa. DOC-treatment also induced the appearance of inclusions in the podocytes in the cells of the mesangium, and in the cells of Bowman's capsule. The possible mechanisms of degranulation of the Juxtaglomerular cells after treatment with DOC are discussed. The ultrastructural appearance of the epithelioid cells after treatment with DOC corresponds to an inhibition of secretion, since the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus undergo marked regressive changes.
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  • 143
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 193-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Imaginal fat body ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the first egg-maturation period (6 days at 25° C) the adult fat body of the female of Calliphora goes through sequential changes correlated with the development of the oocytes. The first two days represent a growth and differentiation phase. Free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) gradually increase in quantity. Golgi complexes consisting of clusters of vesicles and vacuoles appear to bud off from cisternae of the RER. Dense bodies possibly arise by sequestration from Golgi complexes. Content of acid phosphatase shows the dense bodies to be lysosomes. Many contain crystalloids. Glycogen is first seen as a network, in which gamma-elements appear; later alpha-particles occur. Lipid droplets are abundant. Lipid droplets break down where they border upon glycogen. In four-day old females the fat body is in a phase of production. Golgi complexes concentrate protein secretion granules believed to represent yolk protein. Then follows a phase of regression characterized by the formation of cytosegresomes and by an accumulation of lipid. In mature females a remodeling of the fat cell begins, evidenced by a renewed formation of free ribosomes, RER, and probably dense bodies resembling those of the one-day old female.
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  • 144
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitelline cells ; Dugesia lugubris (Turbellaria, Tricladida) ; Yolk material ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of vitelline cells in the fresh-water Triclad Dugesia lugubris has been studied by means of electron microscopic and cytochemical techniques. We observed a single cell type in different stages of development more or less evenly distributed from the periphery towards the centre of the follicles. Young vitelline cells have the characteristic morphology of cells in early stages of maturation: they show a large nucleus, a nucleolus with fibrillar and granular components, and many ribosomes in an undifferentiated cytoplasm. Subsequently, large amounts of parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum and some Golgi complexes appear and the vitelline cells assume the typical appearance of secretory cells. Reserve substances progressively accumulate in the vitelline cells, which when mature appear very electron dense. We have recognized the following types of reserve substances: 1) Neutral lipid droplets which are the first to appear and can reach a diameter of 4–5 μm or more. 2) Yolk globules of 2–3 μm in diameter which appear simultaneously with cocoon-shell globules but are clearly different from them in structure and chemical composition. The yolk globules probably arise from the cooperation between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes and have a very complex proteinaceous nature. 3) Large amounts of α-glycogen granules which occupy cytoplasmic sacs.
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  • 145
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 517-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Medial preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuronal and glial cell bodies and the neuropil of the medial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus were studied under the electron microscope. Two different types of neurons are identified on the basis of electron density. These two types differed in a number of ultrastructural features. Three types of nerve terminals based on vesicle morphology are also described, as well as the general structure of the axons, dendrites and synapses in the neuropil. The structure of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes is also discussed.
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  • 146
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gobius jozo (Teleost) ; Testis ; Steroidogenic tissue ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The homologue of mammalian Leydig cells in the testis of fish of the genus Gobius is believed to be a glandular mass lying along the mesorchium and quite distinct from the seminiferous region. This gland was studied in Gobius jozo by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the gland is composed of cords of polyhedral cells located between the main vessels of the testis and the deferent duct. Dark and light cell varieties were observed both after staining with toluidine blue and with respect to their cytoplasmic electron density. The fine structure of the glandular cells is characterized by a well developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of random anastomosing tubules and vesicles and by very numerous mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae. In some mitochondria the internal organization is paracrystalline. One or two bodies of unknown nature are Found in the Golgi region. They are partially limited by an unusually thick membrane and contain a material subdivided mostly into small vesicles. Liposomes and lipofuscin pigment granules are also present. The ultrastructural features of the glandular cells of the testis of Gobius jozo confirm a specialization in steroid hormone production.
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  • 147
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 211-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Goldfish ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, morphological and functional aspects of the pituitary gland were studied at the ultrastructural level and six cell types could be distinguished in the pars distalis. Acidophilic cells of the rostral pars distalis were identified as prolactin cells, the chromophobic cells of the rostral pars distalis as ACTH cells, the non-globular basophilic cells of the rostral and the proximal pars distalis as TSH cells, the globular basophils of the proximal pars distalis as gonadotropic cells and the acidophils of the proximal pars distalis as somatotrophs. Besides some of the well established criteria of morphological and functional identification of different cell types, two new approaches have been used in the present study. One was to express the electron density of secretory granules objectively by means of a photometric method. It was found that both types of acidophilic cells which produce the proteohormones prolactin and somatotropin respectively, had granules with the highest electron densities. The basophilic cells producing the glycoproteins gonadotropin and TSH respectively, possessed granules of intermediate electron density whereas the chromophobic cells storing the peptide hormone ACTH had granules of lowest densities. The second new approach was the administration of the synthetic mammalian releasing hormones LH-RP and TRF, which helped in identifying gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells respectively. In the goldfish there is evidence for the presence of only one type of gonadotropic cell.
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  • 148
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 251-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Tilapia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the skin of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) is described. In certain areas the epidermal surface forms so-called Epidermal Surface Patterns. Two types of epidermal cells are distinguished and their differences noted. The epidermal surface is covered by a layer of acid mucopolysaccharide, yet the contents of the mucus cells did not react with ruthenium red. The dermis consists mainly of bundles of collagen fibres and associated fibroblasts, but melanophores, iridophores and complex melano-iridophores are also present. Aspects of the development and structure of the guanine platelets and the melanosomes are discussed.
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  • 149
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathways of axonal transport of secretions from neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the medial group (viz. A-, A1, B-, and C-type NSC) and the lateral group (L-type NSC) are described. Individual axons can be recognized in the electron microscope by the kind of neurosecretory particles they contain. In general, the secretions from the medial NSC are carried to the contralateral nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC), those from the lateral NSC to the ipsilateral NCC. Some axons from the A-type NSC, in addition, may run to ipsilateral NCC. All A-type axons have collaterals which run to the ipsilateral NCC. The medial and lateral bundles of “mixed” axons run through one paired NCC but remain separated spatially. Release of secretion from the C-type NSC can take place before the corpus cardiacum is reached. A- and A1-type NSC have additional collaterals that branch from the proximal part of the axons and penetrate deeply into the neuropile of the protocerebral lobes. Local swellings appear to be closely associated with fibers from non-neurosecretory neurons. The sites of contact are characterized by the accumulation of microvesicles (400 Å) near an electron-dense cleft of 150–200 Å width, and resemble regular chemical synapses. The microvesicles prove to be present within the neurosecretory fiber in most of the specimens studied, and within the non-neurosecretory fiber in only a few cases. It seems most likely that the collaterals in some phases convey afferent signals to the NSC which inhibit the release of an efferent neurochemical “messenger” of unknown nature into the neuropile.
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  • 150
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    Keywords: Median eminence ; Agranular and granular vesicles ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve profiles in the basal part of the palisade zone of rat median eminence have been divided into 4 categories on the basis of their vesicular content: profiles a with agranular vesicles of about 50 nm, b with similar agranular vesicles and also with granular vesicles of mainly 70–140 nm, c with granular vesicles alone and d without vesicles. After intravenous injection of exogenous peroxidase, castrated male rats showed, in comparison to sham-operated controls, a 3–5 fold increase in the percentage of nerve profiles of category a which contained peroxidase loaded vesicles of about 50 nm. In contrast, no significant change was observed for nerve profiles of other categories. It is concluded that exogenous peroxidase may be used to demonstrate changes in the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerve terminals at the ultrastructural level.
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  • 151
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 336 (1974), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Rat ; Splenectomy ; Gastric Ulceration ; Increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Splenektomie auf Magensaftsekretion und Ulcusentstehung untersucht. Sowohl nach “restraint-stress” als auch Pylorusligatur wiesen die splenektomierten Tiere eine ausgeprägte Steigerung der Ulcuszahl und -größe gegenüber den Kontrolltieren auf. In der Magensaftanalyse waren dagegen die Werte der splenektomierten Tiere gegenüber den scheinoperierten nur geringgradig gesteigert. — Als mögliche Ursache der vermehrten Ulcusanfälligkeit nach Splenektomie wurde eine Veränderung lokaler, nicht säuresekretorischer Faktoren der Magenwand diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In Splenectomiced rats incidence of gastric ulceration was compaired with control groups. Restraint stress and ligation of pylorus was used as model. Splenectomiced rats do show an higher incidence in both models. Both frequency and extension of gastric ulcer were accumulated significantly. Analysis of gastric secretion was only unessentially raised in comparisom to control-groups. Change of protective factors of stomach as possible reason is discussed.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 317-333 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphological features of random block copolymers of tetramethyl-p-silphenylene (TMPS) and dimethylsiloxane (DMS) have been studied as a function of copolymer composition. Wide-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction coupled with several electron diffraction and microscopy studies were used to investigate these materials. The results of this work clearly indicate that the amorphous segments do not enter into the crystalline lattice of the crystallizable component which is varied in content from 90% to 30%. Over the entire range of compositions the block copolymers are crystallizable. Spherulites can be grown from the melt, and single crystals and/or spherulites may be obtained from solution. Single crystals can be obtained over the entire range of compositions provided ample time is allowed for crystallization. The crystalline TMPS component exhibits tetragonal symmetry at all compositions. The amorphous phase manifests itself as a diffuse halo in patterns obtained by electron and x-ray diffraction.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of isothermal crystallization from the glassy state at low temperatures and the morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filled with additives are reported. Talc, kaolin, silicon oxide, and titanium oxide have been used as fillers; they act as effective nucleating agents for PET. The overall rate of crystallization depends on the volume concentration, the size distribution, and the nucleating ability of the additives. An electron microscopic study reveals a transcrystalline morphology at the surface of the filler particles. The occurrence of transcrystallinity is attributed to extensive heterogeneous nucleation induced at the filler surface. From the shape of the crystallization isotherms, it can be concluded that the crystallization mechanism depends on the type of filler.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 399-406 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The nonlinear integral equations governing phase transition kinetics with homogeneous nucleation and growth site impingement are developed and solved to the first order for the two-dimensional case. It is shown that the fractional transformed area at time t is given approximately by a(t) = Kt3/(1 + Kt3). The iteration method used to get the solution is applicable to certain other nonlinear differential and integral equations. It is shown that the theory predicts the total number of growth sites formed, and that the nucleation rate and growth constants can be deduced from this and the gross kinetic data. The extension of the method of three-dimensional growth is indicated.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 417-429 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study of the effect of excluded volume on the mean-square optical anisotropy 〈γ2〉 and the mean-square end-to-end distance 〈R2〉 has been carried out for polymer chains of up to 2000 bonds. The calculations have been made for models assuming (a) equiprobability of internal rotations and (b) interdependence of short-range intramolecular interactions. All the results indicate that 〈γ2〉 is practically insensitive to the excluded-volume effect. Concomitantly the behavior of 〈R2〉 has been analyzed.
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  • 156
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 655-664 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The 100-MHz proton NMR spectra of commercial and laboratory-prepared poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been measured in various solvents at high temperature (80-150°C). Tacticity in PVC was determined by the analysis of the β-proton spectrum. The spectrum was calculated assuming that the PVC chain consists of tetrad sequences of monomer units and that their distribution in the chain is described by a simple Bernoulli-sequence statistics with a Pm (the probability of isotactic placement) of 0.45 for commercial PVC polymerized at 50°C. Tacticity calibration curves based on measurements made for the polymer in pentachloroethane and β-dichlorobenzene were established, and they provide a simple method for the measurement of tacticity in PVC directly from the observed spectra. Excluding samples prepared in butyraldehyde solution, the formation of syndiotactic structures in PVC (prepared by free-radical polymerization) was found to be favored by lowering the polymerization temperature. This preference is due to an increase in the activation enthalpy of 510 cal/mole which is required for forming an isotactic placement in the chain during the propagation step.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 695-702 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Band assignments of phase-I PVF2 have been Revised by using additional data obtained by laser Raman spectra of oriented samples. A set of least-squares refined force constants was obtained which reproduce the experimental data to an average error in frequencies of 1.3 cm-1. In order to determine the effect of electrical polarization on the spectra, a Gaussian distribution of the dipole axis was assumed. The calculation shows that polarizations of less than 60% will not significantly affect the Raman spectra.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 713-733 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Brillouin scattering of laser light has been used to study the temperature dependence of phonon velocity in a variety of amorphous polymeric systems, particularly internally and externally plasticized methacrylates. Discontinuities in the temperature coefficient of the hypersound velocities are observed at the glass transition temperatures (Tg). This phenomenon is related to changes in the temperature behavior of the specific volume accompanied by corresponding discontinuities in certain second-order thermodynamic quantities. This method was also used to examine the temperature dependence of the Landau-Placzek ratio.This ratio is relatively large in polymer systems and appears to be independent of temperature in the region of the glass transition, provided that there are no internal strains in the sample at the temperature of measurement. Evidence is presented which suggests that the abrupt changes in this ratio at Tg reported by earlier workers were due to kinetic effects related to the relaxation of internal strains above Tg, and the results of recent studies by other investigators, both corroborating and supplementing the present work, are reviewed.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 785-793 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Analysis of the solution fractionation of ethylene-propylene copolymers was carried out by assuming a bivariate normal distribution function for the distribution of molecular weight and chemical composition. It was found that the variation of the molecular weight and composition distributions in fractions was complicated, because two distribution characteristics of the original copolymer affect fractionation to differing extents. The hypothetical cumulative weight distribution curves thus obtained agreed essentially with those obtained experimentally.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 815-818 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 871-890 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of polystyrenes with weight-average molecular weight M̄w up to 1.3 × 107 was prepared by anionic polymerization in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Each sample was characterized by gel-permeation chromatography, light scattering, and viscometry. It was found that each sample had an almost symmetrical and very narrow molecular weight distribution (M̄w/M̄n 〈 1.07). The mean-square unperturbed radius of gyration 〈S2〉0 was determined in trans-decalin at 20.4°C as 〈S2〉0 = 7.86 × 10-18M̄w (cm2). The particle scattering factor was well represented by the Debye equation irrespective of solvent in the range of M̄w 〈 4 × 106, and only a small deviation was observed in benzene at higher molecular weights. The penetration function Ψ ≡ A2M2/4π3/2NA〈S〉23/2 was found to approach a relatively low asymptotic value of 0.21-0.23 at molecular weights above 2 × 106 in benzene at 30°C, where A2 is the second virial coefficient and NA is Avogrado's number. It was also found that the theta temperature in trans-decalin was affected by the nature of polymer samples. A difference of about 3°C in the theta temperature was observed between two series of anionic polystyrenes, one prepared in THF and the other in benzene, but there was practically no difference in unperturbed chain dimension.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1015-1022 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A diffraction contrast study with the aid of an image intensifier was undertaken to obtain direct evidence for the existence of a mosaic block structure in polyethylene single crystals grown by self seeding under isothermal conditions. Dark-field microscopy indicates that the crystals do not contain a mosaic block structure. High-resolution electron diffraction confirms that the crystal is coherent (i.e., mosaic block-free) over regions of several thousands of Angstroms. It is concluded that a mosaic structure on the scale of ∼300 Å does not exist in polyethylene single crystals grown under carefully controlled conditions from dilute solutions. Possible reasons for previous results that indicate the presence of a ∼300 Å mosaic block structure are discussed.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1035-1052 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic viscosity of aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) at a polymer concentration of ca. 0.15 g/100 ml has been measured at frequencies from 2 to 500 kHz as a function of degree of polymerization P, degree of neutralization α, and salt (NaCl) concentration Cs. Relaxation spectra have been obtained from the dynamic viscosity. The spectra in the short relaxation time region can be approximated by the Zimm theory for the conformational relaxation of nonionic polymers. The maximum relaxation time τ1 of the Zimm spectra is proportional to P2 and depends rather moderately on α and Cs. Increased deviation is found, however, in the long relaxation time region, in particular for high values of P and α and low values of Cs. The major part of the deviation is interpreted in terms of rotational relaxation of a molecule as a whole. The rotational relaxation time τR is proportional to P3 and increases with increasing α and decreasing Cs. The remaining part of the excess spectra located between τ1 and τR is ascribed to the deviation of the conformational relaxation from the Zimm theory arising from ionization of the polymer.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1117-1126 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Single crystals of cellulose triacetate II (CTA II) free of crystallization solvent can be grown from dilute solution in mixtures of dibenzyl ether and n-tetradecane. Good results are obtained by using a polymer fraction with a degree of polymerization of 60 and a mixture of 70% n-tetradecane and 30% dibenzyl ether at 245°C. The lamellar crystals produced are lozenge-shaped with the longer diagonal parallel to the a axis of the lattice and with {110} as the growth faces. Twin growth occurs frequently with {110} as a twinning plane and less frequently with {210}.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1109-1115 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermoluminescence of polycarbonate irradiated by electron beams was observed in order to investigate the trapping of electrons and the luminescence mechanism. The thermoluminescence glow curve is composed of three components. The peaks appear at -150°C (α peak), -120°C (β peak), and -30°C (γ peak). The α peak is attributed to recombination of cations with electrons released from trapping sites formed by carbonate groups. The β peak is attributed to small amounts of impurities. The γ peak is perhaps due to untrapping of electrons from the phenoxy anion. The luminescence intensity of the α peak is linearly dependent on the absorbed dose, and that of the β peak is approximately proportional to the cube of the dose. The appearance of these peaks is presumably closely related to local molecular motions.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1163-1175 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Highly polished surfaces of nylon 6, nylon 66, polychlorotrifluoroethylene and polypropylene were etched by aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons at temperatures between 25 and 75°C to reveal surface morphology. Comparison with micrographs obtained with microtomed sections shows the absence of etching artifacts which are known to accompany the use of oxidizing etching agents.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 913-924 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymeric hydrogen form of phthalocyanine is found to be more conductive than the metallic derivatives, in contrast to the behavior of the monomers. In addition, the polymers were found to be much more conductive than the corresponding monomers with the resistivity of the polymers ranging from 7 ohm-cm to about 3 × 106 ohm-cm. The polymers were found to have moderately high dielectric constants ranging from 16 to 1300 at room temperature, depending upon the applied pressure. Based on the dependences of the conductivity and permittivity upon the electric field strength, the average molecular length of the conductive paths within the polymer molecule has been estimated to be 100-1000 Å. In view of these estimated lengths, together with the exponential dependence of the permittivity and conductivity upon the pressure and temperature, the dispersion of the dielectric constants in the range of 10-100 KHz, and the chemical architecture of these ribbonlike polymers, the electronic behavior of these polymers is concluded to be consonant with the model of essentially one-dimensional conduction within and along the chains by freed charges. Much as in a number of previously studied highly conjugated polymers, the present polyphthalocyanines are semiconducting and exhibit nomadic polarization, with dielectric constants ranging from 70 to 1300.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1001-1013 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The normal coordinate analyses of tetramethylthiuram mono-, di-, and tetrasulfides have been carried out by utilizing vibrational energies obtained from infrared and Raman spectroscopic data reported here. The C=S vibration is demonstrated to be highly coupled and to contribute to frequencies in the 850-1000 cm-1 region, but can be identified based on the strong Raman intensity. The results are useful in interpreting the spectra of these complex vulcanizing agents.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1023-1034 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of rubber elasticity relates the elastic modulus of unfilled amorphous rubber to the concentration of elastically effective strands. A theoretical relation between this concentration and the concentrations of potential entanglements, random tetrafunctional crosslinks, and chain ends was proposed recently. In the present work, the new relation was combined with the theory of rubber elasticity and verified experimentally. Polydimethylsiloxane samples were cured by 60Co irradiation and were extensively extracted to determine gel fraction, which was used to calculate concentrations of crosslinking and scission due to irradiation. Equilibrium modulus values determined from creep tests were in excellent agreement with those calculated using the new relation if the average spacing between potential entanglements is 116 (CH3)2SiO units. Thus, in typical commercial silicone rubbers, the contribution to the modulus from trapped entanglements is greater than the direct contribution from crosslinks. The new relation allows the calculation of crosslink concentrations from modulus measurements on other unfilled rubbers once the potential entanglement spacing of the polymer is determined.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1053-1080 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization kinetics for 12 polymers including polyolefins, polyesters, polyurethanes, polysiloxanes was measured by the evolution of heat in a modified Calvet-type calorimeter over wide temperature ranges. The results are analyzed in terms of the Avrami equation and a comparison between calorimetric and dilatometric results is carried out. It is concluded that, although in the majority of cases experimental results do not obey the Avrami equation, for some polymers the agreement is rather good. The Avrami parameter obtained, however, depends on the experimental technique. Possible reasons for this disagreement are discussed. Analysis of the calorimetric crystallization rate in the vicinity of the melting point by using the kinetic theory of crystallization shows that the growth is controlled by surface (two-dimentional) nucleation. Energy parameters for the crystallites were determined and it is shown that the surface energy of the crystallites depends on the molecular structure of the polymer. Temperature dependence of the calorimetric crystallization rate of the polymers for which crystallization rates could be determined above and below the maximum rate are analyzed using a kinetic equation with common approximations for the transport term. The influence of melting conditions on the crystallization rate was studied. The results indicate heterogeneous nucleation in the polymer melt. It is concluded that this may be due both to impurities and to high regularity of macromolecules in the polymer melt.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1137-1143 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Monte Carlo simulation has been used to investigate the excluded volume problem for branched polymers. The mean-square optical anisotropy and mean-square end-to-end distance were examined for two models including short-range intramolecular interactions. Molecules of regular-comb and random-comb type were studied. The various effects found are discussed.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1255-1258 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 173
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1319-1325 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The birefringence of an object is usually obtained from its retardation. For an object of variable refractive index and optic axis orientation, a matrix procedure should be used for relating the retardation to the birefringence. There are many cases in the literature where this correct procedure has not been used. The correct procedure is illustrated for the case of a polymer spherulite.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1865-1874 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between the critical point and the precipitation threshold is examined in the Flory - Huggins approximation with concentration-independent interaction parameter χ. Approximate explicit expressions for the difference between the critical point and the threshold can be derived by series expansion of threshold conditions. In the first-order approximation, the concentration difference depends only on the chainlength averages xw, xz, and xz+1, in the second-order approximation it depends on xw, xz, xz+1, and xz+2, etc. For polymers of low polydispersity, the second-order approximation gives a good estimate of the concentration difference; for instance, for polymers with exponential distribution and xw/xn 〈 1.25, the error is lower than ca. 1%. The approximation is not suitable for polymers with xz+1 ≫ xz (including polymers whose cloud-point curve exhibits a triple point). Irrespective of the polydispersity of the polymer, the threshold as well as the whole cloud-point curve depend only on the weight-average and higher averages, xw, xz, xz+1, …, xz+k, where k → ∞; they are, however, independent of the number average xn.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1925-1937 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The glass-transition region of crosslinked polymers prepared from poly(1,2-propylene phthalate fumarate) and styrene was studied using a torsion pendulum. The glass-transition temperature and the modulus in the rubbery region of these polymers were analyzed in terms of the crosslink density. The styrene concentration at which the maximum crosslink density occurs, as estimated from the viscoelastic data, is found to be in agreement with estimates made by other workers using chemical methods.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1955-1968 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general method is described to take into account the multiple scattering effect in a small-angle light scattering from thin polymer films. It is seen that multiple scattering tends to make the scattering envelope more diffuse, reducing the intensity in the high intensity regions and increasing it in the low intensity regions. The method is applied here to a spherulitic system, but it is valid for any other system where the principal scattering is in the forward direction.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1969-1977 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) separations have been performed with several commercially available column packing materials. The results have been analyzed in the conventional manner to obtain the ratio of weight average to number-average molecular weight, Mw/Mn, for solutes with narrow molecular weight distribution. Various other parameters proposed to measure the efficiency of GPC columns have been evaluated and compared. It is proposed that the experimentally determined value of Mw/Mn for a series of different molecular weight samples with similar, narrow distribution for a given set of columns is a convenient parameter for comparing column efficiency in GPC. This parameter may be calculated from a single chromatogram unlike resolution, R, resolution index, RI, or specific resolution, RS, which require a pair of chromatograms. Results from the Mw/Mn method are usually in agreement with those from the R, RI, and RS calculations but one exception has been found. The number of theoretical plates calculated from the elution of a small molecule or from the polymer peak bears little relation to efficiencies predicted from the proposed Mw/Mn method or from R, RI, or RS.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 2019-2034 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Radical formation during tensile deformation of highly oriented poly[p-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid] fibers was investigated by electron spin resonance. Stretching of fibers in vacuo and in a stream of nitrogen gas at room temperature generated a large number of radicals which increased rapidly with macroscopic strain, while stretching in air generated only a small number of radicals. The radicals formed in vacuo or in nitrogen decayed rather rapidly after introduction of air. The observed spectrum was apparently a triplet with a line separation of about 7.5 gauss and a small asymmetry. The inspection of the hyperfine structure, line separation, and total width of the spectrum and the comparison between the observed and the calculated spectrum based on a model substance proved that the observed species is a phenoxy type radical generated by rupture of main chains. A small asymmetry of observed spectrum was explained by anisotropy of the g-tensor. The alkyl end-radical generated together with one of the phenoxy type could not be detected, perhaps owing to its high reactivity.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 2075-2089 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Daniels-type distribution functions of the end-to-end distance of three-dimensional and two-dimensional wormlike chains are obtained to terms of order t-10, by an operational method with use of a digital computer, where t is the ratio of the total chain contour length to the Kuhn segment length in three-dimensional cases and of the contour length to the persistence length in two-dimensional cases. The convergence of the ring-closure probability and the mean reciprocal distance is examined on the basis of these distribution functions. A similar study of the moment-based distribution functions is also made.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1771-1783 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The time - temperature superposition principle is well-established for linear viscoelastic properties of polymer systems. It is generally supposed that the same principle carries over into nonlinear phenomena, such as the relationship between viscosity η and shear rate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document}. Guided by this principle and the forms of various molecular theories, one would expect that η - \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document} data on the same polymer at different temperatures would superimpose when plotted as η/η0 versus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document}η0/ρT, η0 being the limiting viscosity at low shear rates, ρ the polymer density, and T the absolute temperature. Data on polystyrene melts, obtained in a plate-cone viscometer, appear systematically to violate this principle in the range 140-190°. Such anomalies are absent in concentrated solutions of polystyrene. The trends are similar to those reported by Plazek in the steady-state compliance of polystyrene melts near Tg, but they appear to persist to higher temperatures than the compliance anomaly.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1785-1804 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational character of a random copolymer of ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid (mole ratio 3:1) has been examined by intrinsic viscosity and light scattering in organic and in aqueous media. The unperturbed dimensions of this copolymer in its un-ionized state in an organic theta solvent are 1.3 to 1.4 times those obtained for the fully ionized polymer in an aqueous theta solvent. The data also suggest that a change in conformation from a swollen random coil to a compact random coil occurs in aqueous media as a function of ionic strength. These results are interpreted in terms of the hydrophobic interaction of the ester groups on the chain.An application of the wormlike chain model shows that viscosity data can be used to predict the light scattering results well with in experimental error.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1899-1924 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strain pattern about a spherical glass bead imbedded in a stretched rubber has been calculated and used to predict the birefringence and light scattering. This is compared with experimental measurements of the retardation pattern observed using a polarization microscope and deduced from the low-angle laser Hv light scattering pattern. The agreement with theory is favorable. The light scattering is suggestive of similar origins of light scattering from crystallizing rubbers and from inhomogeneously crosslinked rubbers.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 2399-2407 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dc conductivity measurements were performed as a function of temperature on unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and on PVC plasticized with various amounts of dioctylphthalate. The conductivity curves consist of two or three straight-line segments denoted I, II, and III with increasing of temperature. The intersection of segments I and II occurs at the glass-transition temperature Tg. The slope in region I is independent of the DOP concentration, while the slope in region II decreases slowly with an increase in the amount of DOP. No dependence of the conductivity on the molecular weight was found. From the conductivity curves, activation energies were evaluated below and above Tg. These satisfactorily coincide with those determined by dielectric loss or by electrical transient phenomena. A dc conduction mechanism is proposed based on electronic hopping favored by the micro-Brownian motions responsible for dielectric losses. These motions involve smaller chain lengths below than above Tg. The experimental results are discussed and interpreted in terms of the proposed mechanism.
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  • 184
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The energy level dispersion, along the chain wave vector, of infrared-active methylene rocking modes has been measured as a function of pressure to 40 kbar for a number of polymethylenes. They are crystalline polyethylene and n-paraffins C23H48, C24H50, C28H58, and C29H60. The crystalline factor-group splitting of each chain mode is observed at various pressures, for those polymethylenes which have orthorhombic or monoclinic structures. The effects of crystal structure, intermolecular force field and intramolecular force field on the observed energy levels as well as on the crystalline factor-group splittings are discussed A hydrogen-hydrogen nonbonded repulsion potential has been calculated as a function of interatomic distance rH••H for 2.3 Å 〈 rH••H 〈 3.0 Å from the observed volume dependence of the factor-group splittings of methylene rocking modes. It is shown that the dynamic potential wells along the normal coordinates of the rocking modes are harmonic up to room temperature.
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  • 185
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 186
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 7-21 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermoelastic behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acrylic acid) networks was evaluated in pure water and CaCl2 solution. The ratio fe/f of the energy component of the force to the total force, evaluated without taking into account polymer-diluent specific interactions, ranged from -0.75 for networks swollen in pure water to -5.7 in 0.1M CaCl2. However, an analysis based on Flory's theory of polyelectrolyte gels yields fe/f constant at -1.32 when specific interactions are accounted for. In addition, the variation of In (r2)0 with CaCl2 concentration is 2000 times that with water. In neither pure water nor CaCl2 solution can specific interactions be neglected.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 239-254 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the solvent-nonsolvent gradient and the temperature gradient on the efficiency of the precipitation chromatography is investigated with radically and anionically prepared polystyrene samples. Only a combination of both gradients gives optimal effectiveness of the column. The separating power of the column was determined by using mixtures of well defined samples. From the elution curves of the mixtures the nonuniformity Ufr of fractions can be estimated. For fractions of anionically prepared polystyrenes Ufr is on the average 0.001; this value is of the same order of magnitude as the statistical error. These results show that with this chromatographic method it is possible to determine the narrow molecular weight distributions of anionically prepared polystyrenes (or other polymers) with an accuracy sufficient for kinetic studies.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1189-1193 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the disappearance of propagating butadiene radicals produced in the grafting of butadiene to poly(vinyl chloride) was followed by electron spin resonance measurements. The radical species observed in the temperature range 213-298°K is the conjugated allylic radical: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \hbox{---} {\rm CH}_{2}\hbox{---}\rm{CH}\hbox{=\hskip-1pt=}{\rm CH}\hbox{---}{\rm CH}_2 \rightleftharpoons\hbox{---}{\rm CH}_2\hbox{---}{\rm CH}\hbox{---}{\rm CH}\hbox{=\hskip-1pt=}{\rm CH}_2 $$\end{document} The reaction conditions were adjusted to provide a highly viscous medium in which the propagation reaction took place. Under these conditions the radicals were stabilized and a precise ESR spectrum was obtained. Arrhenius plots of the second-order decay rate constants yield an activation energy of 5 kcal/mole. This suggests that the bimolecular termination reaction is controlled by the segmental motion of the grafted side chains.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1339-1345 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To establish optimum operating conditions for high-speed gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), the effects of column packing particle size, solvent flow rate, and column length on the separation efficiency have been investigated by using monodisperse polystyrene samples and polystyrene gel columns (TSK-GEL column, Type-H). Decreasing the particle size of the column packing reduces the time required to obtain a given resolution. Monodisperse polystyrene standards were measured under the optimum operating conditions established (gel particle size 5 μ, column length 2 ft, flow rate 2.5 ml/min). The molecular weight distribution of a polymer mixture was determined in less than 10 min with the same accuracy as by the conventional GPC. Such short analysis time enables one to use GPC for in-plant quality control.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1383-1394 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The tensile stress relaxation of carbon-black-filled SBR was studied in the linear viscoelasticity region as a function of temperature and volume fraction of fillers. Time - temperature superposition was valid, and master relaxation curves were obtained. Carbon black increases the modulus of the compound, especially in the rubbery region, and the time range over which the glass-rubber transition occurred. The shift factor is divided into three regions; an Arrhenius dependence in rubbery and glassy states, and Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) dependence in the transition region. The apparent activation energy in the rubbery state increases with the volume fraction of carbon black (or silica) and is unaffected by the structure of the filler. The increase in activation energy is caused by the attachment of rubber chains to the carbon surface. At 30% elongation, the activation energy for carbon-black-filled rubber has a value of 32 kcal/mole, independent of structure and concentration of the filler.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 579-586 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of thin, unplasticized PVC films were fatigued to rupture in nitrogen and ethanol vapor. Examination of the fracture surface edges showed unusual yielding due to the proximity of an unconstrained surface. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs show several indications of supermolecular order in these highly oriented edges and possibly in the relatively unoriented bulk material.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of semicrystalline poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene siloxane) in three morphological preparations were measured over the wide frequency range of about 0.002 Hz to 500 Hz and the temperature range of about - 190°C to 100°C. The three samples were all isothermally crystallized at 125°C. Two samples had a spherulite size of 25 μ diameter but differed in the time allowed for secondary crystallization. The other sample had a smaller spherulite size. By assuming compliance additivity, the viscoelastic behavior could be separated into five relaxation processes with an indication that a sixth existed at low temperature. Two processes called γ1 and γ2 could be resolved at low temperatures. The γ1 process was associated with the amorphous region since the peak strength was affected by the rate of cooling through the glass transition region; the γ2 peak, unaffected by cooling rate, is attributed to the crystalline part. In the high-temperature region, the β peak is associated with the glass transition and has a shape and location that is essentially independent of the morphology. The highest temperature α2 process, whose maximum was not observed in the experimental range covered, is attributed to the crystalline region and is sensitive to changes in crystallization history. The strength of the α1 process unlike that of the other processes was found to be a function of temperature; it was associated with the noncrystalline region.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 407-416 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some dilute solution parameters have been measured for linear amylose tripropionate samples in ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran. Mark-Houwink relations for the molecular weight range 104 to 1.5 × 105 have been established, and the exponents are 0.58 and 0.61 in ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran, respectively. This indicates that the coil is only slightly expanded in these solvents. A value of 6.21 was calculated for the characteristic ratio C∞ leading to a steric parameter of σ = 2.32. The temperature dependence of the unperturbed dimensions (d In C∞/dT) was found to negative and of the order -4.05 × 10-3°K-1.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 431-439 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of temperature T and weight-average molecular weight M̄w on the rate of spreading of polystyrene melts on plane solid surfaces has been examined. The activation energy E of spreading was estimated to be 25.2 ± 3 kcal/mole, which is of the same magnitude as the activation energy for flow of polystyrene melts. The rate of spreading was found to be inversely proportional to M̄w raised to the 1.5 power. This rate of spreading, measured as the time rate of increase in the liquid-solid contact area, dA/dt, could be expressed as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ dA/dt = Ke^{-E/RT} \bar M_w {}^{-1.5}\gamma _{1{\rm v}} (\cos \theta _{\rm s} - \cos \theta _{\rm d}) $\end{document} where γ1v is the melt surface tension and θd and θs are the dynamic and static contact angles, respectively. The numerical value of K has been calculated to be (6.025 ± 3.693) × 10-14 in the temperature range of 110-260°C and for the values of M̄w from 2000 to 37000.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 501-513 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous network polymers composed of rigid polypeptide chains and flexible polyether chains were synthesized. That is, poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) was crosslinked with poly(oxyethylene glycol) (PEG) at various carboxy/hydroxyl mole ratios K. The solubility tests and hydrolysis of heterogeneous network polymers suggest that the crosslinking reaction proceeds by esterification. The dynamic mechanical properties of these polymers(100 Hz, -100-200°C) are greatly influenced by the presence of a trace of water and the weight per cent of PLGA. In addition, some of these polymers show only one maximum in the temperature dispersion of dynamic loss modulus E″ and tan δ, although their shape is rather broad. The x-ray photographs of these polymers show an amorphous halo or weak Debye-Sherrer rings. These findings suggest that these polymers are not simple adducts; neverthless PLGA and/or PEG domains exist.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rules formulated by Koningsveld for the determination of the critical concentration are shown to be in accord with the Flory-Huggins theory. Sometimes, however, they may not refer to stable conditions, and their application in such cases will result in misleading conclusions.
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  • 197
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 563-578 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Four samples containing 40, 60, 80, and 97 wt-% of poly(vinyl chloride), the rest being plasticizer and stabilizer, were tested by using the Weissenberg Rheogoniometer in the steady-shearing mode at temperatures between 155 and 235°C and rates of shear \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma = 0.01 - 400 $\end{document} sec-1. The viscosity η versus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document} follows Graessley's theoretical dependence for infinitely entangled system. The primary normal-stress difference coefficient ψ versus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document} is well described by the same theoretical function, used with the square of its argument. The temperature dependence of η0 and ψ0 shows discontinuities at T = Tb. The numerical values of Tb can be calculated from the theory of the melting point depression due to diluent. The activation energy of viscous flow Eη below Tb is 5-9 times as large as above this temperature. The activation energy of normal stress is found to be Eψ ≈ 5Eη. The characteristic relaxation times τo, ψp, calculated from superposition of η versus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document} and ψ versus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma $\end{document} data, respectively, onto Graessley's master curves, and τN, computed from zero shear parameters η0 and ψ0, differ in their sensitivity to the melting of microcrystalline regions. It is postulated that in the systems investigated, aggregates with long lifetimes are being formed, increasing the effective molecular weight and introducing changes in the effective polydispersity.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 633-633 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 635-643 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Semicrystalline polymers generally exhibit moduli well below their theoretical limit due to chain folding and to lack of crystal alignment. Modulus increases attainable through standard drawing procedures are limited by sample fracture before large draw ratios are reached. Using an Instron capillary rheometer which allowed a draw ratio of 〉 300, transparent polyethylene strands of unusually high c-axis orientation have been produced by a combination of pressure and shear. The virtually perfect crystalline orientation and evidence for extended chains confirm that a significant improvement in modulus can be realized by this technique. The dynamic tensile storage modulus was measured by Vibron over the temperature range -160°C to +120°C. Room-temperature moduli were 7 × 1011 dyne/cm2, higher than any reported values for drawn polyethylene. Values also remained above 1011 dyne/cm2 even at 120°C. The moduli and morphological data have been related by a model consisting of an extended-chain component in paralled with a conventional drawn morphology. Experimental and calculated moduli are compared and related to available theory.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 665-683 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene radically polymerized in atmosphere of air is composed of bisegment (C-A) or trisegment (C-A-C) block copolymers consisting of styrene segment (A) and styrene peroxide segment (C). Dielectric measurements of a system of copolymers of styrene and oxygen were obtained above the glass temperature. Three primary relaxations, a, b, and c, in order of descending temperature, were found corresponding to three microphases: styrene phase (phase a), styrene peroxide phase (phase c), and an intermediate phase (phase b) which contains a low concentration of peroxide bonds. An alternating copolymer of styrene and oxygen exhibits the relaxation c alone. With heat treatment above the glass temperature, relaxation c and subsequently relaxation b vanish with thermal degradation of peroxide bonds. The sum of relaxation strengths is linearly related to the content of peroxide bonds which was evaluated by the elementary analysis and DTA. Below the glass temperature, the temperature dependence of dielectric loss of carefully purified polystyrene without peroxide bonds shows very weak peaks which correspond to γ (200°K at 10 kHz) and δ (50°K at 10 kHz) peaks, respectively, in the activation plot. When low molecular degradation products of peroxide bonds are occluded or impurities such as benzaldehyde are added into the specimen, the height of the γ peak is appreciably enhanced, indicating that the reorientation of small polar molecules in polystyrene accompanies the vibration of the phenyl group about the C—C6H5 bond which gives rise to the γ relaxation.
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