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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Potassium ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Cortisol ; Captopril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucose loading is known to cause acute suppression of plasma aldosterone and stimulation of plasma renin activity. The relative contribution of variations in circulating angiotensin II to the regulation of aldosterone secretion following glucose loading was assessed in ten normal subjects. The effects of a standard oral glucose loading test (100 g) on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, potassium, aldosterone, renin activity and cortisol were studied (a) under basal conditions, and (b) after inhibition of angiotensin II with the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (50 mg t.i.d. during 3 days). Under basal conditions the acute increase in plasma glucose and insulin after glucose loading was accompanied by a significant decrease (P〈0.01) in plasma cortisol and aldosterone and by a significant increase in plasma renin activity (P〈0.01); plasma potassium was decreased slightly but not significantly. Following captopril treatment preloading plasma renin activity was increased significantly, most probably reflecting an effective reduction of angiotensin II. Glucose loading caused a similar suppression of plasma aldosterone, as observed under basal conditions. This observation suggests that renin activation does not substantially contribute to the acute regulation of plasma aldosterone after an oral glucose load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 523-530 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Neurotensin ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Gastric secretion ; Pancreatic secretion ; Motility ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurotensin is a tridecapeptide originally isolated and characterized from bovine hypothalamus and later, in identical form, from bovine and human intestine. In the rat about 85% of immunoreactive neurotensin is found in the gut and about 10% in the brain. When an antibody specific for the amino terminal region of neurotensin was used the highest concentrations were found in the mucosa of the ileum, while an antibody specific for the biologically active region, the carboxyl terminus, also detected large amounts in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract. After a meal neurotensin — as measured by carboxyl terminal antibodies — rises after 5 min, a time in which the chymus has not yet reached the ileum, the main source of whole neurotensin. It is therefore possible that the carboxyl terminal molecules of neurotensin, found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, play an important physiological role. In plasma, neurotensin is rapidly degraded into smaller amino terminal and therefore biologically inactive molecules. Increases of carboxyl terminal neurotensin have been found in plasma in only a very few studies. The nature of this immunoreactive material has not yet been established. Therefore, the physiological role of neurotensin as a circulating hormone is unknown. Potential actions of neurotensin include thermoregulation, regulation of hormone release from brain (pituitary hormones) and gut (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide), increase of vascular permeability, vasodilatation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of pancreatic secretion and changes of gut motility from the fasting to the fed type.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Oscillations ; Insulin ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to determine the effect of low dose continuous and oscillatory intraportal insulin infusions upon subsequent glucose-induced insulin release. In overnight-fasted and anesthetized rats with indwelling catheters in the jugular vein, carotic artery, and mesenteric vein insulin was infused intraportally for 3 h via the mesenteric vein catheter at a continuous rate of 45 µU/kg·min, or the same amount of insulin was administered at alternating high (72 µU/kg·min) and low infusion rates (18 µU/kg·min), respectively, in 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-min cycles (oscillatory infusions). Another group received a continuous infusion of saline. Glucose (0.4 g/kg) was given i.v. 30 min after the end of the insulin or saline infusion. During the 3-h infusion of insulin or saline the peripheral glucose level remained unchanged in all groups. In response to the i.v. glucose load peripheral arterial plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated after preceding oscillatory infusions compared to the continuous insulin infusion. As compared to the group receiving saline the glucose-induced insulin response after continuous insulin infusion was significantly reduced. The plasma glucose responses were not different except for inexplicably elevated glucose levels in the 4-min cycle group. No difference was observed for plasma glucagon levels in all groups. The present data demonstrate an augmented responsiveness of theβ-cell to glucose after a preceding oscillatory infusion of insulin and an impaired responsiveness to glucose after continuous insulin infusion. This indicates that an oscillatory insulin release might be of importance for an adequate regulation ofβ-cell function.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 27 (1984), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; administration and dosage ; therapeutic use ; insulin infusion devices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tendency of insulin to form insoluble aggregates is a major obstacle to the development of implantable insulin infusion systems for treatment of insulin-deficient diabetic patients. A test system was developed to examine the kinetics of insulin aggregation under controlled conditions of temperature, vibration and contact material in an effort to provide design criteria for minimising aggregation. The contact materials tested were all potentially suitable for pump reservoirs on engineering criteria and included metals (stainless steel, titanium and a titanium alloy) and various plastics (polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyvinylchloride, polyamide, cellulose butyrate and silicone elastomer). The rate of insulin aggregation was markedly affected by the nature of the contact material. Hydrophilic materials, particularly polyamide and cellulose butyrate (2% of total insulin aggregated after 96 h vibration), appeared more compatible with insulin stability than did hydrophobic ones, such as polypropylene (16% aggregation) and Polyvinylchloride (37% aggregation). A specially formulated ‘pump’ insulin preparation, stabilised by addition of polyethylenepolypropyleneglycol, was significantly superior (three to five times more stable) to a regular neutral insulin formulation under most, but not all, conditions. Standard clinical syringes (polypropylene) performed poorly with both insulin formulations but especially with the neutral regular insulin (100% aggregation after 96 h vibration). In addition to physical aggregates, significant amounts (5%–30%) of the insulin remaining in solution were no longer detectable by immuno- or receptorassay in all materials tested. Appropriate combinations of insulin formulations and materials can minimise insulin aggregation and denaturation, but since the mechanisms involved are as yet poorly understood, realistic testing of proposed reservoir components and insulin formulations must be a prerequisite in insulin infusion pump planning and design. These testing procedures should be designed to test for denaturation in solution as well as for precipitation of insulin.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; immunogenicity ; immune response genes ; haemocyanin ; HLA ; DR7 ; C2 ; C4 ; factor B ; Gm ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventy-nine patients were observed prospectively during their initial period of treatment with conventional bovine insulins. Insulin antibody levels 6 months after starting insulin therapy did not correlate with age, gender or β cell function at onset of treatment. Patients who required soluble insulin in addition to isophane insulin developed higher levels of insulin antibody. Patients bearing the HLA-B8, DR3 and C4AQO alleles had lower levels of insulin antibody, whereas those bearing DR7 produced significantly higher levels. Other alleles at the C4A, C4B, C2, factor B or Gm loci did not appear to have a significant effect on insulin antibody production. The hyporesponsiveness of B8/DR3/C4AQO-positive individuals probably reflects a non-specific abnormality of immunity whereas the enhanced responsiveness of those positive for DR7 suggests the presence of a specific immune response gene for insulin
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; gastric inhibitory polypeptide ; insulin sensitivity ; glucose tolerance ; diabetes ; diet ; fat ; rate of carbohydrate digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study examined the acute effects of coingestion of fat (37.5 g) on the post-prandial metabolic responses to 75 g of carbohydrate which was either slowly absorbed (lentils) or rapidly absorbed (potatoes). Co-ingestion of fat resulted in a significant flattening of the post-prandial glucose curves, the effect being more pronounced for the rapidly absorbed potatoes. This was probably due to delayed gastric emptying. However, the post-prandial insulin responses to either carbohydrate were not significantly reduced by fat, suggesting that the insulin response to a given glucose concentration was potentiated in the presence of fat. The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) responses to both carbohydrates were greatly increased in the presence of fat. To investigate further the possible roles of GIP in the entero-insular axis, a 5-g bolus of glucose was injected intravenously 1 h after lentils ± fat. This was sufficient to raise the glucose levels above the threshold reported for GIP to potentiate insulin secretion. However, despite the large differences in circulating GIP levels, the insulin response to glucose was not affected by the presence of fat. These results suggest that (1) the rate of absorption of carbohydrate is a major determinant of post-prandial metabolic responses even in the presence of fat, (2) fat-stimulated GIP secretion does not potentiate glucose-induced insulin secretion, and (3) the potentiation of the insulin response to glucose when carbohydrate is co-ingested with fat is consistent with the well-documented insulin resistance associated with high fat diets.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A ; sterol synthesis ; human mononuclear leucocytes ; post-transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Incubation of freshly isolated human mononuclear leucocytes in lipid-depleted serum for 4 h resulted in a two-fold increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. Insulin, when added to the incubation medium at concentrations of 10 and 100 nmol/l at zero time, caused additional increases in the enzyme activity of 30% and 37%, respectively. The hormone action was not immediate because no effect was observed when insulin was added at 4 h and activity examined thereafter. Under these conditions sterol synthesis from 14C-acetate and tritiated water was strictly proportional to the activity of HMG-CoA reductase. Cycloheximide (20 μg/ml), a translational inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevented the insulin-mediated increase in the enzyme activity and the incorporation of 14C-acetate into sterols. Cordycepin (50 μg/ml) inhibited messenger RNA synthesis by 〉 50%, but had no inhibitory effect on the induction of HMG-CoA reductase and sterol synthesis. Low density lipoprotein (80 μg protein/ml) and complete serum blocked the induction of the enzyme and sterol synthesis from 14C-acetate caused by lipid-depleted serum. The insulin-effect, however, remained unchanged. The results suggest that insulin may regulate the de novo synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase and accordingly sterol synthesis at a post-transcriptional level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 10 (1984), S. 209-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Amitriptyline ; Hydrocortisone ; Insulin ; Prenalterol ; Cardiac failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of severe amitriptyline poisoning with grade IV coma, seizures, bradycardia and hypotension who did not respond to dopamine was successfully treated with prenalterol, a new cardioselective β-agonist. The case is discussed with respect to plasma concentrations of dopamine, prenalterol and amitriptyline. Prenalterol, hydrocortisone and insulin may be useful as inotropic agents in tricyclic poisoning where dopamine fails to provide an adequate response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 400 (1984), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sodium pump ; Na-K ATPase ; Na fluxes ; Vanadate ; Insulin ; Skeletal muscle ; Ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have measured the effects of concentrations of vanadate ranging between 0.01 and 10 mM on the22Na efflux of frog sartorius muscles. The addition of vanadate had no effects when concentrations lower than 0.5 mM were used; higher concentrations increased Na efflux. The increase was abolished by the addition of ouabain (10−5M). In muscles pretreated with ouabain vanadate did not modify Na efflux. The stimulatory effects of vanadate on Na efflux were also observed in Na-free solutions indicating that the effux of vanadate was not caused mainly either by an increase in the exchange of Na for Na or by an increase in Na entry into the muscle. We also examined the effects of vanadate on muscles immersed in solutions containing 20 mM K+; both vanadate and increased K+ produced stimulations of Na efflux that were additive. Similarly when the effects of vanadate and insulin were measured on the Na efflux of the same muscle, additive effects were found. As the ouabain-sensitive Na efflux in frog muscle is generally agreed to be due to the activity of the Na-K ATPase, our findings suggest that the net effect of vanadate in intact muscle cells is an increase in the activity of the Na pump. Since vanadate affects many enzymes it is quite possible that the stimulatory action is not due to a direct effect on the Na-K ATPase but may be mediated through an intermediary step. Regardless of the specific mechanism, it is evident that, our results as well as other findings in the literature, strongly indicate that Na pumping by intact cells can be increased by vanadate administration. Hence it is not justified to attribute the physiological modifications caused by vanadate administration to blockade of the Na-K ATPase unless the attribution is justified by specific experimental evidence.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Biological transport ; Insulin ; Energy metabolism ; Epinephrine ; Endocrinology ; Albuterol (salbutamol) ; Active sodium-potassium transport ; Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The total metabolic energy expenditure associated with active Na−K-transport over the first 20 min of stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol (ΔHmNa−K) was determined from direct calorimetric and tracer ion flux measurements in isolated muscles at rest. The reversible work performed by the Na−K-pump during the same interval of time (WrevNa−K) was calculated as the product of the ouabain-suppressible Na−K transfers and the mean free energy increase imparted to the two ions as they are transported against their electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane. Comparison of membrane potential and intracellular Na and K concentrations before and after the stimulations indicated that part of WrevNa−K had contributed to increase the ion electrochemical gradients in the preparation (i.e. had not been lost as heat) during the 20 min period. Accordingly, the maximum value of ΔHmNa−K was taken as the sum of the ouabain-suppressible heat production and WrevNa−K. Following stimulation with insulin, adrenaline or salbutamol this maximum corresponded to 10, 10 and 12% respectively, of basal metabolism. Under the same three conditions, the minimum “energetic efficiency” of the active Na−K-transport process, defined as the ratio between WrevNa−K and maximum ΔHmNa−K, was 35, 41 and 38%, respectively.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 142 (1984), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Craniopharyngioma ; Growth ; Insulin ; Neurosurgery ; Radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Management of craniopharyngiomas is still controversial. 28 children with this tumor were studied. GH deficiency was present in 22 patients following surgery, 10 of these GH-lacking patients had normal or accelerated growth (usually associated with rapid weight gain) postoperatively. Somatomedin levels were normal in three of six normally growing patients. After craniotomy their basal and TRH-stimulated prolactin levels were in the normal range, but their insulin secretion was markedly increased. Postoperatively there was a significant correlation between peak insulin levels following arginine infusion and growth velocity in all patients. Complete tumor removal could be performed in 28% of our patients. Altogether 36% of all patients had at least one tumor recurrence. Recent literature with the addition of our series showed tumor recurrence in 22% of patients with “total” tumor excision and in 72% of patients with partial tumor removal. Radiotherapy seems to be capable of destroying craniopharyngioma tissue. The recurrence rate was only 26% in patients with subtotal excision plus radiotherapy. Unless radical tumor removal can be attempted with safety, subtotal tumor removal plus radiotherapy appears to be the treatment of choice for craniopharyngioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Foetal pancreas ; β Cells ; Insulin ; Fasting mothers ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After maternal fasting for 72 h the pancreatic β cells of 18-day-old foetal rats show a conspicuous enrichment in secretory material, with an increase of pancreatic insulin concentration and a marked development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The morphometric analysis shows that the intracytoplasmic migration of the secretory granules is inhibited, principally inside the cell web. Consequently the number of secretory granules fused with plasma membrane decreases and this is associated with a decreased foetal plasma insulin. The difference in the ultrastructural aspect of the β cells of foetuses from fasting mothers and of foetuses from fed mothers is less conspicuous at 19 days of gestation and progressively disappears at 20 and 21 days. The modifications in ultrastructural aspect and in functional state are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Muscle glycogen ; Time sequence ; Free fatty acids ; Insulin ; Exercise in humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the metabolic and hormonal adaptations following a rapid change in muscle glycogen availability, 14 subjects had their muscle glycogen content increased in one leg (IG) and decreased in the other (DG). In group A (n=7), subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 70% maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min using the DG leg. Without resting these same subjects exercised another 20 min using the IG leg. Subjects in group B (n=7) followed the same single-leg exercise protocol but in the reverse order. In order to get some information on the time sequence of these possible adaptations, blood samples were collected at rest and at the beginning and the end of each exercise period (min 5, 20, 25, and 40). Results indicated that 5 min after the switch from the DG leg to the IG leg. transient increases in plasma free fatty acids (1.20 to 1.39 meq·l−1) and serum insulin (10.1 to 12 mU·l−1) concentrations occured. Between minute 25 and 40 of exercise, the DG to IG switch was accompanied by a decrease in free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations as well as an increase in lactate levels. An opposite response was observed in the IG to DG condition during the same time span. Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, and serum cortisol concentrations were not significantly affected by the leg change. These results suggest a rapid preferential use of muscle glycogen when available and a time lag in the response of the extramuscular substrate mobilization factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Triglycerides ; Free fatty acids ; Glycerol ; Insulin ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Metabolic and hormonal responses to prolonged treadmill exercise in dogs fed a fat-enriched meal 4 h prior to the exercise were compared to those measured 4 h after a mixed meal or in the postabsorptive state. Ingestion of the fat-enriched meal caused significant elevations in the resting values of plasma triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and glycerol concentrations. A reduction of the plasma TG concentration (from 1.6±0.2 to 1.1±0.10 mmol·l−1,P〈0.005) occurred only in dogs exercising after the fat-enriched meal. No significant changes in this variable were noted in dogs fed a mixed meal, whilst in the postabsorptive state exercise caused an increase in the plasma TG level (from 0.42±0.03 to 0.99±0.11 mmol·l−1,P〈0.01). The exercise-induced elevations in plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were the highest in the dogs given the fat-enriched meal. Plasma glycerol during exercise correlated with the initial values of circulating TG (r=0.73). The plasma FFA-glycerol ratio, at the end of exercise was lowest in the dogs taking the fat-enriched meal (1.39±0.19), suggesting an increased utilization of FFA in comparison with that in the postabsorptive state (3.27±0.37) or after a mixed meal (2.88±0.55). Basal serum insulin (IRI) concentrations were similarly enhanced in dogs fed fat-enriched and mixed meals, and they were reduced to control values within 60 min of exercise. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations correlated with time of exercise (r=0.84 andr=0.96, respectively) and were unaffected by the nutritional modifications. It is concluded that ingestion of a single fat-enriched meal considerably modifies the exercise-induced changes in lipid metabolism. The pattern of changes in plasma TG, FFA, and glycerol concentrations indicates an enhanced hydrolysis of plasma chylomicron-TG, suggesting that this lipid source may contribute markedly to exercise metabolism.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 52 (1984), S. 426-430 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Apoproteins ; Lipoproteins ; Insulin ; Blood lactate ; Physical training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight well-trained males were studied before, during and after 6 months of a progressively increased amount of endurance training in order to elucidate the effects on the apoproteins and apo-lipoproteins. Initially high HDL-cholesterol levels were revealed (1.62±0.15 mmol×l−1, mean ± SE.). After a transient but not significant, slight decline at the onset of the increased training program (1.57±0.06 mmol×l−1) HDL-cholesterol increased gradually to the end of the training period (1.92±0.12 mmol×l−1). There was an increased aerobic capacity as judged by maximal oxygen uptake and by lactate concentration during standardized submaximal work. However, at the end of the training period, a levelling off in maximal oxygen uptake was revealed, while HDL-cholesterol was still increasing. The present data demonstrate that HDL can be influenced by training at all levels of aerobic capacity.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Biochemistry and Function 2 (1984), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 0263-6484
    Keywords: Insulin ; pancreas ; pancreatic islets ; insulin release ; proinsulin conversion ; transglutaminase ; methylamine ; trimethylamine ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The metabolic and secretory effects of methylamine in rat pancreatic islets were investigated. Methylamine accumulated in islet cells, was incorporated into endogenous islet proteins, and inhibited the incorporation of [2,5-3H] histamine into either N,N-dimethylcasein or endogenous islet proteins. Methylamine (2 mM) did not affect the oxidation of glucose or endogenous nutrients or the intracellular pH in islet cells. Glucose did not affect the activity of transglutaminase in islet homogenates, the uptake of 14C-methylamine by intact islets or its incorporation into endogenous islet proteins. Methylamine inhibited insulin release evoked by glucose, other nutrient secretagogues, and non-nutrient insulinotropic agents such as L-arginine or gliclazide. The inhibitory effect of methylamine upon insulin release was diminished in the presence of cytochalasin B or at low extracellular pH. Methylamine retarded the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Trimethylamine (0.7 mM) was more efficiently taken up by islet cells than methylamine (2.0 mM), and yet caused only a modest inhibition of insulin release. These findings suggest that methylamine interferes with a late step in the secretory sequence, possibly by inhibiting the access of secretory granules to their exocytotic site.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Malnutrition ; Insulin ; Growth plate ; Proteoglycans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Insulin is an important growth factor in man and mammals. In the present investigation, we have studied the incorporation of (35S)-sulfate into growth plate proteoglycans in normal, diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, and marasmic rats. We found that diabetes leads to an all-but-total stop in the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The glycosaminoglycan chains actually synthesized were shorter than in normal rats. The proteoglycan monomers were smaller and did not form large aggregatesin vitro. Marasmic rats and insulintreated diabetic rats were intermediate between normal and diabetic rats with respect to sulfate uptake by cartilage, incorporation of cartilage sulfate into glycosaminoglycans, and the chain length of glycosaminoglycans. We conclude that insulin and nutrition play important but different roles in the biosynthesis of growth plate proteoglycans and thus for the longitudinal growth of skeletal bones.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Insulin ; C-peptide ; Diabetes ; Pituitary function ; Gastric acid secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of somatostatinoma syndrome in a 30-year-old woman is presented. Basal levels of growth hormone and of pancreatic and gastric hormones were reduced and the response of growth hormone, insulin and C-peptide to stimuli such as arginine, glucose, glibenclamide and calcium was virtually abolished. Similarly, gastric acid secretion, pancreatic exocrine function and intestinal absorption were significantly reduced. On the other hand, basal and stimulated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were within the normal range. Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was increased to 600 2,000 pg/ml (normal: 88–140 pg/ml). Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated the presence of somatostatin immunoreactive material in the primary tumour in the head of the pancreas and in the liver metastases. In spite of two courses of chemotherapy with streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil the patient died due to liver failure 5 months after the first admission to hospital.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; Type 2 diabetes ; oscillations ; pulsations ; man ; vagotomy ; pacemaker ; atropine ; naloxone ; phentolamine ; propranolol ; glucose ; tolbutamide ; sodium salicylate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were examined in man in a basal state from central venous samples taken at 1-min intervals for up to 2.5 h. Normal subjects have insulin oscillations of mean period 14 min (significant autocorrelation, p 〈 0.0001) with changes in concentration of 40% over 7 min. The pulsation frequency was stable through cholinergic, endorphin, α-adrenergic or β-adrenergic blockade, or small pertubations with glucose or insulin. Stimulation of insulin secretion by intravenous glucose, tolbutamide or sodium salicylate increased the amplitude of the insulin oscillations while the frequency remained stable. Patients with a truncal vagotomy or after Whipple's operation had longer-term oscillations of 33 and 37 min periodicity (autocorrelation: p 〈 0.0001), with insulin-associated glucose swings four times larger than those of normal subjects. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients had a similarly increased insulin-associated glucose swing of six times that seen in normal subjects. The hypothesis is proposed that the 14-min cycle of insulin production is controlled by a ‘pacemaker’ which assists glucose homeostasis. The longer 33–37-min oscillations, seen in those with denervation, may arise from a limit-cycle of the feedback loop between insulin from the B cells and glucose from the liver. The vagus may provide hierarchical control of insulin release.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; erythrocyte membrane ; lateral mobility ; Type I diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of insulin in vitro on the fluidity of the human erythrocyte membrane in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and healthy control subjects was investigated using a fluorescence technique. It was found that the addition of 10-9 mol/l porcine insulin significantly increased fluorescent probe lateral mobility in the membrane lipid layer but did not appear to produce any conformational changes of membrane proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 399-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; immunogenicity ; immunoglobulins ; radio-labelled insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion The immunogenicity of insulin preparations is of both academic and clinical interest. The links between insulin antibodies and insulin allergy, some forms of insulin resistance and injection site lipoatrophy are well-established, but other more subtle metabolic effects require further examination. Contamination with impurities (e.g. proinsulin) has been a major factor in the immunogenicity of conventional bovine insulin preparations but the less frequent, although still detectable, immunogenicity of highly purified porcine and human preparations remains enigmatic. Further work is required to analyse the physico-chemical factors involved, while the genetic control of the immune response to insulin is of fundamental interest. In order to facilitate comparative studies of different insulin preparations and data translation between different laboratories, it is essential that efforts be made to introduce some elements of standardisation in assay techniques, reporting of results and assessment of precision, accuracy and sensitivity. International collaborative laboratory studies have been successful in various other areas of clinical research relevant to diabetes, notably the series of HLA workshops [53] and comparisons of the radioimmunoassay and bioassay of insulin [54, 55] and the radioimmunoassay of C-peptide [56]. It is hoped that present efforts to achieve successful collaboration for insulin antibody determination will harmonise the diverse approaches to the problems which continue to surround the immunogenicity of insulin.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; cirrhosis ; C-peptide ; proinsulin ; oral glucose tolerance test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The levels of proinsulin, immunoreactive insulin, true insulin (calculated from the difference, namely immunoreactive insulin-proinsulin) and C-peptide were determined in the fasting state and during a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test after administration of 100 g of glucose in 12 patients with cirrhosis with normal oral glucose tolerance test (50 g) and in 12 healthy subjects serving as controls. In the patients with cirrhosis the serum levels of proinsulin and immunoreactive insulin were significantly higher in the fasting state and after glucose loading than in the healthy subjects. The serum level of true insulin was also higher in the patients with cirrhosis, but the difference was less pronounced and only significant at a few of the time points. The serum level of C-peptide was very similar in both groups. These results emphasize that cirrhosis is a condition in which the serum proinsulin level is raised and that this hyperproinsulinaemia contributes greatly to the increased immunoreactive insulin levels observed in patients with this disease.
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  • 23
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    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 74-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; growth hormone ; cortisol ; glucagon ; catecholamines ; adrenaline ; somatostatin ; thyroid hormones ; insulin resistance ; prolactin ; calcitonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 578-585 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat calvaria ; Osteoblast-like cells ; Insulin-like growth factors ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A (sub)population of cells obtained from newborn rat calvaria by (sequential) collagenase digestion is grown to confluence in serum-containing medium. These cells are osteoblast-like with respect to high alkaline phosphatase activity and marked responsiveness (cAMP) to parathormone. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) enhance net incorporation of the labeled precursors thymidine, uridine, and glucose into the respective macromolecules DNA, RNA, and glycogen. Human IGF I is five times as potent as IGF II in evoking these anabolic responses in cultured rat calvaria cells. In contrast to insulin, the factors are effective in concentrations in which they are present in serum.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: β-Adrenoceptor antagonists ; (+)- and (−)-Configuration ; Membrane stabilizing activity ; Glucose tolerance test ; Insulin ; Glucose ; Insulin-glucagon ration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relevance of the steric configuration to the effects of two non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonists without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (+)- and (−)-bupranolol (10 and 50 μg/kg i.v.) and (+)- and (−)-propranolol (100 and 500 μg/kg i.v.) on the i.v. glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) were investigated in conscious, normoglycemic dogs. The effects of the β-adrenoceptor antagonists on plasma glucose, and insulin levels and insulin-glucagon ratio following IVGTT were evaluated by calculating the respective areas under the curve (AUC). The AUC values for plasma glucose were significantly increased by the (−)-configuration of both β-adrenoceptor antagonists. In the (+)-configuration only propranolol (500 μg/kg i.v.) increased the AUC value for plasma glucose significantly. The AUC values for plasma insulin and also for the plasma insulinglucagon ratio were significantly decreased by (−)-propranolol (500 μg/kg i.v.) and by (−)-bupranolol (10 and 50 μg/kg i.v.). Thus the impairment of glucose tolerance, due to suppression of the plasma insulin level, depends mainly on the β-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity of the (−)-configuration.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Exercise ; Noradrenaline ; Glucose ; Fructose ; Insulin ; Hepatic glucoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It seems likely that depletion of body carbohydrates may account for the rise in the sympathetic activity during prolonged exercise, since glucose given during or before exercise reduces the increase in plasma catecholamines. The aim of the present study was to find out whether the increase in plasma noradrenaline (NA) in response to exercise can be reduced by 1. increasing of the amount of carbohydrate available for metabolism without producing hyperinsulinemia and 2. by inhibition of afferent activity from hepatic glucoreceptors. The study was performed on dogs which exercised whilst receiving either the intravenous fructose infusion (2.2 mmol/min) or a slow glucose infusion (0.25 mmol/min) which was given either via the portal or a peripheral vein. Fructose infusion reduced the muscle glycogen depletion during exercise and reduced the increase in plasma NA and glycerol concentrations without altering the blood glucose or insulin levels. The exercise-induced increases in plasma NA and gycerol concentrations were significantly smaller with intraportal than with peripheral glucose infusion but there were no differences between these two cases in the concentration of glucose in the systemic circulation. These findings indicate that the reduction of the plasma NA response to physical effort under conditions of increased carbohydrate availability cannot be attributed to the inhibitory effect of insulin on sympathetic activity and provide evidence for the participation of hepatic glucoreceptors in the control of the sympathetic activity during exercise.
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  • 27
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    European journal of applied physiology 50 (1983), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Carbohydrate loading ; Exercise ; Long distance running ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In previous studies we have shown that when endurance athletes refrain from daily exercise for three days, they rapidly loose their enhanced insulin sensitivity. This finding suggests that a precompetitive highrbohydrate diet with reduced training might alter plasma glucose and insulin regulation. To test this hypothesis, six long distance runners were recruted to participate in a five-day experiment. During the first two days, the subjects fasted while running 16 km d−1. Thereafter, they consumed 16.3 MJ (3900 kcal) and 539 g carbohydrate per day for three days while remaining inactive. Before and after each portion of this experiment, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed in fasting state. As expected, fasting with exercise induced a considerable deterioration of glucose tolerance, as reflected by lower K value and higher total area glucose during IVGTT. The high carbohydrate refeeding restored glucose tolerance to a level comparable to that observed when subjects maintain their usual life habits. However, while a decrease in insulin sensitivity is observed in subjects inactive for three days, the insulin sparing effect of exercise training is retained if this period of inactivity is preceeded by two days of fast accompanied by exercise. These results show that glucose disposal and insulin response to glucose injection are not adversely modified by the precompetitive “glycogen loadingℝ procedure.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Noradrenaline ; Insulin ; Physical exercise ; Metabolic receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to provide information concerning the mechanism of exercise-induced stimulation of growth hormone (GH) release in human subjects. For this reason serum GH as well as some hemodynamic variables and blood concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), insulin (IRI), lactate (LA), glucose (BG), and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined in seven healthy male subjects exercising on a bicycle ergometer with arms or legs and running on a treadmill at equivalent oxygen consumption levels. Significantly greater increases in serum GH concentration accompanied arm exercises than those observed during the leg exercises. This was accompanied by greater increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma NA and blood lactate concentrations. Serum IRI decreased during both leg exercises and did not change during the arm exercise. There were no differences in BG and plasma FFA concentrations between the three types of exercise. The role of humoral and neural signals responsible for the greater GH response to arm exercise is discussed. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neural afferent signals sent by muscle “metabolic receptors” participate in the activation of GH release during physical exercise. It seems likely that the stimulation of these chemoreceptors is more pronounced when smaller muscle groups are engaged at a given work load. However, a contribution of efferent impulses derived from the brain motor centres to the control system of GH secretion during exercise is also possible.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin were subjected to pancreas transplantation. After twenty weeks, the duct-ligated pancreas transplant was studied morphometrically to determine the effect of duct occlusion on the various cell populations of the islets. Concomitantly, the streptozotocin-treated host pancreas was examined for a possible influence of the graft on the diabetic pattern of islet cell population. Twenty weeks after pancreas transplantation, the volume fractions of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells in the graft islets did not differ from those of the normal control pancreas. In the pancreas of nontransplanted diabetic rats, insulin-positive B cells were reduced from 60–65% to less than 10% of the islet volume, whereas non-B cells were significantly increased in volume density. The changes in fractional volume of the various islet cells correlated fairly well with changes in plasma concentration of the corresponding pancreas hormones. In the recipient's own pancreas, the relative volumes of glucagon and somatostatin cells were unaffected by the pancreas transplant. However, the insulin cell mass was significantly increased, and comprised about 20% of the islet volume, while cells containing pancreatic polypeptide were found only sporadically.
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  • 30
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    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 767-772 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetic glomerulosclerosis ; Clinical symptoms ; Proteinuria ; Insulin ; Diabetes mellitus ; diabetische Glomerulosklerose ; Klinik ; Proteinurie ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 111 Fälle (bioptisch erfaßtn=106, autoptisch erfaßtn=5) werden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Diffuse diabetische Glomerulosklerose (n=74), gemischt diffus-noduläre Glomerulosklerose (n=14) und noduläre diabetische Glomerulosklerose (n=23). Die klinischen Parameter, Angaben über Dauer des Diabetes und Dauer der Nierenerkrankung sowie über Therapieformen werden zu den einzelnen morphologischen Gruppen korreliert. Dabei ergibt sich unter anderem: Die noduläre Glomerulosklerose tritt besonders häufig bei Frauen auf, geht häufig mit einer Diabetes-Manifestation jenseits des 40. Lebensjahres einher, ist mit der längsten Diabetes-Dauer korreliert und weist einen häufig meist stark erhöhten Serumkreatinin-Spiegel auf. Die Proteinurie ist mit rund 90% häufigstes und erstes Symptom der diabetischen Glomeruloskerose. Eine Insulinbehandlung hat offenbar einen günstigen Einfluß auf die Proteinurie. Zusammenfassend muß jedoch betont werden, daß die Variabilität der klinischen Symptomatik sehr groß ist, so daß eine Diagnose allein auf der Basis klinischer Befunde nicht immer möglich ist.
    Notes: Summary One hundred and eleven cases of diabetic glomerulosclerosis (biopsiesn=106, autopsiesn=5) are divided into three groups: Diffuse diabetic glomerulosclerosis (n=74), mixed diffuse-nodular glomerulosclerosis (n=14) and nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis (n=23). The clinical parameters, data concerning duration of diabetes and of renal disease, as well as types of therapy, were correlated with the different morphologic groups. The following results could be observed: nodular glomerulosclerosis very frequently occurs in women, often accompanied by a diabetes-manifestation beyond the fourth decade of life. This correlated with the longest duration of diabetes and frequently showed a greatly increased serum-creatinine level. Proteinuria of about 90% is the most frequent and first symptom of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Therapy with insulin apparently shows an advantageous influence on proteinuria. In summary, however, the variability of clinical symptoms and signs should be emphasised, preventing in some cases a diagnosis being made on clinical findings alone.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Capillary blood flow ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Kinins ; Prostaglandins ; Skelettmuskel ; Kapillardurchblutung ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Kinine ; Prostaglandine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anpassungen des Energiestoffwechsels wie sie im kontrahierenden Skelettmuskel auftreten, werden im Anschluß an die Phase der anaeroben Glycolyse über Änderungen des kapillaren Blutflusses vorgenommen, der Substrate und Sauerstoff für die Energiegewinnung heranträgt. Da zu Beginn der Leistung die Sauerstoffversorgung limitiert ist, scheint Glucose das geeignete Substrat, da sie sowohl anaerob zur Energiegewinnung benützt werden kann als auch pro Molekül Sauerstoff mehr Energie als Fettsäuren liefert. Neben der Glucose werden auch Aminosäuren für eine beschleunigte Proteosynthese und Muskelhypertrophie benötigt. Aus diesem Grunde muß die Erweiterung des kapillaren Gefäßnetzes von einer Modulation der Wirkung von Insulin begleitet sein, das häufig z.B. nach einem Übernachtfasten nur in niedrigen Konzentrationen vorliegt. Dieses Ziel wird auf dreierlei Weise erreicht: 1. Durch Erweiterung des kapillaren Gefäßnetzes, was zu einer verbesserten Versorgung mit Insulin und zu einem größeren Angebot an Insulinrezeptoren führt, 2. durch einen beschleunigten Transport von Insulin durch die kapillaren Gefäßwände, so daß mehr Insulin im interstitiellen Raum und an den Plasmamembranen des Gewebes vorhanden ist. 3. durch einen Effekt auf molekularer Ebene am „Insulin-Rezeptor-Messenger“-Mechanismus. Diese Adaptationen sind Teile eines selbstregulatorischen Prozesses, der durch die Freisetzung von Metaboliten aus dem arbeitenden Muskel in Gang gesetzt wird. Aus neueren Studien gibt es zunehmend Hinweise, daß Kinine und Prostaglandine beteiligt sind. Die ersteren werden bei Bedarf aus ihrem Präkursorprotein Kininogen proteolytisch freigesetzt und tragen als Gewebshormone das Signal des arbeitenden Muskelgewebes über den interstitiellen Raum zur glatten Gefäßmuskelzelle der Kapillaren. Daraufhin werden Prostaglandine aus Plasmamembranlipiden freigesetzt, die als Zellmediatoren zusammen mit den Kininen die verschiedenen Adaptationsmechanismen hervorrufen. Verstärkersysteme dieser Art dürfen nicht nur im Muskel, sondern auch in anderen Geweben eine Rolle spielen, in denen eine adäquate Kinin- und Prostaglandin-Freisetzung unter den verschiedensten klinischen Bedingungen, z.B. im Schock, beim Herzinfarkt, bei Wundheilung etc. für die adäquate Bereitstellung von Sauerstoff, energiereichen Substraten und Aminosäuren als Bausteinen sorgt.
    Notes: Summary Adaptations of energy metabolism, as they occur during contractions of skeletal muscle besides by anaerobic glycolysis are achieved via changes in capillary blood flow providing substrates and oxygen for combustion. Since, initially, oxygen supply is restricted in the working muscle, glucose would seem to be the adequate fuel as it may be used anaerobically and yields more energy per mole of oxygen than fatty acids under such circumstances. Besides glucose, amino acids are also required for accelerated proteosynthesis according to the work load. Therefore, an enlargement of the capillary net has to be accompanied by an amplification of the action of insulin, which is often present in only small amounts, e.g., after an overnight fast. This aim is met in three ways: (1) enlargement of the capillary net with accelerated blood flow increasing the supply of insulin and the number of receptor sites for insulin binding; (2) accelerated transport of insulin through the capillary wall, providing more insulin in the interstitial space and at the plasma membranes; (3) a molecular mechanism directly involving the insulin-receptor-messenger complex, localized at the plasma membrane of the working muscle cell. These mechanisms resemble a self-regulatory process, set in motion by the release of metabolites from the working tissue. From recent studies there is accumulating evidence that kinins liberated from their precursors are involved as tissue hormones by carrying the signal across the interstitial space to the smooth muscle cells of the capillary vessels. Concomitantly, prostaglandins are released intracellulary to bring about, in cooperation with kinins, the various adaptive mechanisms. Amplifying systems of this kind may play a role not only in muscle but also in other tissues where adequate kinin or prostaglandin release would appear beneficial under several clinical conditions such as shock, coronary infarction, would healing, etc.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Liver regeneration ; Liposomes ; Portosystemic shunt ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regenerative activity of the liver parenchyma after two-thirds hepatectomy was examined in normal rats and rats with a fresh or 7-day-old portocaval shunt. The parameter for regeneration was the incorporation of3H-thymidine into DNA. The exogenous supply of insulin and glucagon—both potential stimulators of regeneration—by permanent infusion into the portal vein, or by several injections of the liposome-encapsulated hormones, did not significantly stimulate the rate of regeneration normally controlled by endogenous pancreatic hormones.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: H2-Receptor ; Somatostatin ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Gastrin ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of histamine H2-receptor stimulation via the infusion of impromidine was assessed with regard to postprandial plasma insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, and gastrin levels. The effect of impromidine was assessed in the postprandial state during a liver extract/sucrose test meal which had a buffer capacity to maintain the intragastric pH at a constant level for the time impromidine was infused. Postprandial plasma insulin and gastrin levels were not changed by impromidine (10µg/kg·h−1). Plasma somatostatin levels rose significantly, whereas the postprandial increase of plasma PP levels was attenuated. The effects on somatostatin and PP were antagonized by the infusion of cimetidine, a specific histamine H2-receptor blocker. In conclusion the present data demonstrate that in the postprandial state activation of H2-receptors stimulates somatostatin and inhibits PP release while insulin and gastrin release are not affected.
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  • 34
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    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; granule ; vesicle ; rat ; islet cell tumour ; insulinoma ; subcellular fractionation ; electrophoresis ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Density gradient centrifugation techniques, using iso-osmotic colloidal silica suspensions (Percoll), were developed for the isolation of insulin secretory granules from a transplantable rat islet cell tumour. These procedures were readily completed within 7 h and from each animal yielded approximately 1 mg of granule protein. The isolated granules were essentially free of other subcellular organelles as evaluated by their contents of marker proteins, electron microscopy and by electrophoretic analyses. Their susceptibilities to lysis at low osmotic strength, at pH values above 7 or in media containing sodium ions were similar to those of granules partially purified from islets. Insulin comprised 50–60% of the total granule protein when determined by immunoassay or by densitometry of electrophoretic profiles. The proinsulin content was marginally higher than that of islets, as was the ratio of insulins I to II. Electrophoretic analyses revealed that the secretory granules contained 150 or more proteins besides insulin-related peptides. The majority of these had acidic isoelectric points and were located both within the granule interior and its enveloping membrane.
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  • 35
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    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin activity ; insulin association ; crosslinking ; receptor clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extensive association of mammalian insulins in solution and the aggregation of insulin receptors in cell membranes are well documented. The hypothesis advanced here is that a direct connection exists between these observations. It is postulated that, after binding to its receptor, an insulin monomer can interact with another similarly bonded hormone-receptor complex through those groups on the insulin monomer faces utilized for dimer-dimer contacts in the crystal and in solution. Regarded thus, the insulin molecules are effectively bivalent as required for the formation of cross-links between receptors, with the accompanying enhancement of biological activity. A number of properties of native insulins from different animals, and of modified insulins, are considered in the light of this suggestion. It is shown to have considerable power in reconciling a diversity of such observations and to provide a plausible model for the experimentally observed receptor clustering phenomenon.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin absorption ; plasma insulin ; blood glucose ; exercise ; growth hormone ; urinary catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin was absorbed faster from the abdomen than from the thigh under resting conditions and during exercise. Exercise enhanced the rate of insulin absorption marginally. The fall of blood glucose during rest and exercise was not significantly different after insulin injection into either site. The faster absorption of insulin from the abdomen during rest and exercise was reflected in a sharper rise of serum growth hormone levels and urinary adrenaline excretion. Therefore exercise should not be taken immediately after injection of a large dose of soluble insulin, particularly into the abdomen.
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  • 37
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    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; diabetic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a single blind randomised cross-over study, 40 patients were changed from ordinary bovine to highly purified porcine insulins for a period of 6 months. Half were later rechallenged with bovine insulin. Sequential determinations of IgG insulin binding capacity for bovine insulin were correlated with insulin dose and diabetic control. After changing to highly purified insulins the following correlations were observed between percentage change in insulin dose and change in insulin binding capacity: at 2 months r = 0.35 (p 〈 0.05), at 4 months r = 0.38 (p 〈 0.02) and at 6 months r=0.37 (p 〈 0.02). When the patients who showed substantial changes in HbA1 were removed from the analysis, the remaining 29 demonstrated a clearer relationship between these two variables (r = 0.56, p 〈 0.01). Removal of patients with a low initial insulin binding capacity left 18 patients with stable diabetes, and changes in insulin binding capacity and insulin dose showed an even closer correlation for this group (r = 0.77, p 〈 0.001). A similar degree of positive correlation was observed after rechallenge with bovine insulin. We conclude that the level of circulating insulin antibody affects the dose of insulin required to maintain stable diabetic control.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin receptors ; mouse skeletal muscle ; rat hepatocytes ; human lymphocytes ; photoaffinity labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the photoreactive, biologically active insulin analogue, B2-(2 nitro, 4-azidophenylacetyl)des-PheB1 insulin, which can be covalently bound to receptor molecules upon photolysis, the insulin receptor has been studied in three different types of cells or tissues: isolated rat hepatocytes, intact murine soleus muscle and cultured human lymphocytes. When compared with native insulin, this analogue displayed a slightly reduced binding affinity. Accordingly, the biological potency of the photoreactive analogue was decreased by approximately 30% compared with native insulin when tested for its ability to stimulate amino acid transport in hepatocytes, and deoxyglucose uptake in soleus muscles. It was as effective as insulin, however, at maximally stimulating concentrations and therefore is a full insulin agonist. This photoprobe was used to specifically label the insulin receptor in the three tissues: after ultra-violet irradiation, sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel analysis of extracts under reducing conditions revealed that most of the radioactivity was associated with a 130,000 dalton band. In isolated hepatocytes, two bands at 125,000 and 23,000 daltons were also specifically labelled. In three different cell types from three different animal species, the 130,000 dalton band appeared to be the major subunit of the insulin receptor.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucose ; glucose tolerance ; rat ; portal blood flow ; pancreatic transplantation ; pancreatic islets ; streptozotocin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect on glucose metabolism of altering the site of the venous drainage of an isograft of isolated adult islets implanted beneath the renal capsule, from the systemic circulation to the portal circulation was determined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Reversal of diabetes was accomplished by the transplantation of 1000–1200 isolated islets beneath the left kidney capsule. The rate of fall of the glucose concentration (as expressed by the K value) was found to be significantly decreased in transplanted animals (1.7 ± 0.5%/min; mean ± SD) compared with normal animals (2.4 ± 0.5%/min). Draining the left renal vein into the portal circulation restored the K value to that of normal animals (2.5 ± 0.4%). However the fasting glucose concentration was significantly higher and the basal insulin levels lower in both normal and transplanted rats with a renoportal shunt.
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  • 40
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    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; calcium ; calmodulin ; cyclic nucleotides ; phosphorylation ; phenothiazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion It is clear that calcium ions are of considerable importance as a second messenger in insulin secretion. There is increasing evidence that calmodulin, a ubiquitous intracellular regulatory protein that mediates calcium-dependent processes, has a fundamental role in stimulus-secretion coupling. Calmodulin is present in the B cell and the secretion of insulin is inhibited by phenothiazines which bind to and inhibit the action of calmodulin. The evidence strongly suggests that phenothiazines influence insulin secretion by their effect on calmodulin which probably mediates calcium-dependent insulin release. It seems likely that calmodulin acts at several points in stimulus-secretion coupling, influencing cyclic nucleotide metabolism, protein phosphorylation and exocytosis. The discovery of calmodulin and the increasing clarification of its roles in cellular metabolism represent major steps towards our understanding of the mechanisms which influence the secretion of insulin.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin degradation ; kinetics of insulin disappearance ; constant infusion technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mechanism of insulin degradation in normal subjects, a kinetic model of insulin disappearance was constructed: insulin was assumed to be extracted from plasma by two independent processes, one saturable and one non-saturable. On the basis of these assumptions, a linear (non-proportional) relationship between steady-state plasma insulin concentration and steady-state plasma disappearance rate was predicted over the concentration range studied. Constant infusion experiments were performed on eight healthy normal subjects, normoglycaemia and fasting plasma C-peptide concentrations being maintained during the experiments. Agreement was found between the predictions of the model and the experimental results, and it is concluded that insulin degradation in normal subjects may be described in terms of two processes: one that is saturated at physiological plasma insulin concentrations and one that is apparently non-saturable over a wide concentration range.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Trauma ; Protein sparing ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic effects of TPN were studied in a selected group of trauma patients. Nineteen patients were randomly divided into two groups: the first was treated with glucose and insulin, the second with glucose, insulin and amino acids. Each patient in both groups received TPN isocaloric with respect to daily energy output and the treatment lasted five days. Each group was further divided into two subsets (severe or moderate catabolism) according to fasting energy output with respect to the expected energy expenditure. During the acute flow phase, both in moderate as well as in severe catabolism, glucose and insulin were effective for protein sparing; the maximum protein sparing effect was reached when giving a caloric intake equal to 130% of daily energy output. Glucose, insulin and amino acids were effective in replacement of nitrogen losses. In moderately catabolic patients nitrogen balance was significantly better than in severely catabolic patients. This study shows that early and short-term TPN is effective in controlling the flow phase of trauma. Glucose and insulin appear to be the determinants of the protein sparing effect when given in amounts equal to those needed; amino acids provided protein replacement when given in amounts equal to about 20% of energy output. Energy supply higher than 120–130% of daily energy output does not increase protein sparing and protein replacement, the only effect being a further increase in metabolism, which is possibly dangerous in critically ill patients.
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  • 43
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    Intensive care medicine 8 (1982), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Hormones ; Sepsis ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Ureagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This is a brief review of the observed hormonal alterations following trauma and sepsis. The major changes noted in the metabolic status of the stressed patient have been characterized by deranged carbohydrate metabolism, altered metabolic rate as measured by oxygen consumption and increased ureagenesis. Each of these phenomena are regulated to a large extent by the specific hormonal profile of the patient. Failure of insulin and growth hormone production have been associated with glucose intolerance, excessive urinary nitrogen loss and a fatal outcome. Glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines exhibit sustained elevation and have been associated with increased metabolic rate and excessive ureagenesis. These changes are usually self limited following trauma but will persist if the patient enters a septic phase. The use of specific nutritional support, namely hypertonic glucose versus a balanced fat emulsion system in the face of sepsis is considered.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenosine ; Adenosine-5′-N-Ethylcarboxamide ; Isolated pancreas ; Glucagon ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of adenosine-5′-N-ethylcarboxamide, (NECA), a long-lasting adenosine derivative with pronounced vasoactivity was investigated on glucagon and insulin release from the in situ isolated blood perfused pancreas in the anesthetized dog: NECA (10−9 to 10−5 mol/l) led to a dose-dependent glucagon release. Insulin release was inhibited by NECA at low concentrations, but significantly increased at higher concentrations of the adenosine analogue. Similar effects were observed with infusion of adenosine at 10−7 and 10−6 mol/l. Aminophylline (10−4 mol/l) produced a 10-fold attenuation of the actions of NECA. The preponderance of glucagon release at low concentrations of NECA and adenosine in contrast to that of insulin release at high concentrations may represent a local pancreatic regulatory mechanism of adenosine in glucose homeostasis.
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  • 45
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 320 (1982), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: β-Adrenoceptor antagonists ; Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity ; Glucose tolerance test ; Insulin ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on the intravenous glucose tolerance test was investigated in conscious dogs. dl-Celiprolol (cardioselective with ISA=intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) 200 and 1000 μg/kg i.v., dl-metoprolol (cardio-selective without ISA) 200 and 1000 μg/kg i.v., dl-pindolol (non-selective with ISA) 5 and 25 μg i.v. and l-bupranolol (non-selective without ISA) 10 and 50 μg/kg i.v. were used in the study. The influence of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on the plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin following the intravenous glucose tolerance test were evaluated by calculating the respective areas under the plasma curve. The present investigtion clearly demonstrates the marked difference between the various β-adrenoceptor antagonists on heart rate and, especially on metabolic parameters. dl-Metoprolol, a β-adrenoceptor antagonist with cardioselectivity and without ISA can be assumed not to alter plasma insulin level and glucose assimilation. l-Bupranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist without ISA reduces plasma insulin level and probably enhances peripheral glucose uptake, resulting in an “unchanged” glucose tolerance. dl-Celiprolol or dl-pindolol, β-adrenoceptor antagonists with ISA, but cardioselective or non-selective enhance both, basal insulin level and insulin level after glucose stimulation but must be assumed to decrease peripheral glucose uptake since here too glucose tolerance was unchanged.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Isolated perfused rat kidney ; Insulin ; Metabolic clearance rate ; Radioimmunoassay ; Filtering nonfiltering kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Renal handling of pig-and rat-insulin was studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 2. Metabolic clearance rates of both pig- and rat-insulin excceded GFR. 3. Peritubular uptake of pig-insulin accounted for 13%, of rat-insulin for 31% of the total metabolic clearance. 4. The nonfiltering kidney does not remove insulin from the peritubular circulation. 5. Metabolic clearance rates of pig- and rat-insulin are directly related to GFR. 6. The filtration process seems to be necessary for the uptake of insulin at the peritubular site.
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  • 47
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    European journal of pediatrics 138 (1982), S. 226-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Hepatic glycogenoses ; Growth ; Somatomedins ; Insulin ; Growth hormone ; Cortisol ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical and endocrine responses of 13 patients with hepatic glycogen storage disease (HGSD) (type I-six patients, type Ib-two, type III-three, type IX-two patients) to an oral glucose load have been investigated. Longitudinal growth data was available in all patients. The height velocity standard deviation score (HVSDS) was positively correlated with the plasma somatomedin and inversely correlated with the glucose-insulin ratio, plasma cortisol and plasma growth hormone concentrations. There was no correlation between plasma glucagon and HVSDS. Free fatty acid and lactate concentrations were highest in the older untreated patients who were growing slowly. In four patients improvement in the HVSDS with treatment was accompanied by a rise in plasma somatomedin and a fall in growth hormone and cortisol. In two patients the glucose-insulin ratio decreased. Growth retardation in HGSD can be explained as part of the adaptation to the inability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis.
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  • 48
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    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Hormone-receptors ; Insulin ; Plant seed development ; Serotonin ; Triiodothyronine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Treatment with insulin, triiodothyronine or serotonin resulted in increases of root length, root weight, coleoptile weight and mitotic index of germlings from barley seeds at concentration of 10−8 M. All three hormones were superior in activity to the natural and synthetic plant hormones (3-indoleacetic acid, naphthylacetic acid, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) tested for comparison. The experimental observations suggest that plant cells also have receptors to which hormones of vertebrates can bind, and that plants cells also respond to such hormones.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Glucose delivery ; Insulin ; Muscle metabolites ; Gastrocnemius ; Soleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modified rat hindlimb perfusion technique, aimed at studying factors of importance for glucose uptake at rest and during exercise, is presented. The modifications involved cannulation of the femoral artery and femoral vein in the groin, instead of the aorta and caval vein. This modification gives a number of advantages, among others the possibility of using the contralateral leg as control, perfused or nonperfused. The muscle tissue was well preserved after 40 min of perfusion, as judged from normal levels of muscle metabolites. The glucose uptake at rest was dependent on glucose delivery (glucose concentration times blood flow) as well as insulin concentration. During exercise, induced by sciatic nerve stimulation, glucose uptake, lactate production and oxygen uptake increased. The glucose uptake during exercise was closely related to the metabolic state of the muscle tissue. Thus, the glucose uptake was negatively correlated with the ATP/ADP ratio and the creatine phosphate level, and positively correlated to the lactate level in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscle. The results suggest that the level of the glucose uptake in exercising muscles is determined by the energy state of the muscle tissue.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Glucose tolerance ; Insulin ; Diabetogenic hormones ; Caerulein ; Man ; Glukosetoleranz ; Insulin ; Diabetogene Hormone ; Caerulein ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden 11 gesunde Personen, fünf Typ I und ein Typ II Diabetiker. Nach einer 12stündigen Fastendauer wurde Caerulein (20 ng/kg) i.v. injiziert und 60 Minuten später eine orale Glukosebelastung mit 100 g bei den Gesunden und 25 g Glukose bei den Diabetikern durchgeführt. Blutdruck, Puls, Blutglukose, Serum-Insulin, Glucagon, Prolaktin und Wachstumshormon wurden während der gesamten Testdauer von 240 min in regelmäßigen Abständen gemessen und mit den Werten einer Kontrolluntersuchung bei den gleichen Personen ohne Caerulein verglichen. Caerulein führte zu keiner signifikanten Änderung einer der gemessenen Parameter. — Während Caerulein die exokrine Pankreasfunktion stark stimuliert, hat dieses Decapeptid keinen Einfluß auf Glukosetoleranz und Funktionen des endokrinen Pankreas und der Hypophyse.
    Notes: Summary Eleven healthy volunteers, five type I diabetics, and one type II diabetic man were examined. After an overnight fast caerulein (20 ng/kg) was injected intravenously and 60 min later an oral glucose tolerance test was performed with 100 g glucose in the normals and 25 g glucose in the diabetics. Blood pressure, pulse rate, blood glucose, serum insulin, glucagon, prolactin and growth hormone values were measured during the whole period of 240 min and compared with the same parameters in control tests in the same persons without caerulein application. None of the measured parameters were significantly influenced by caerulein. It is therefore concluded that in contrast to the stimulation of the exocrine pancreas functions of the endocrine pancreas, the pituitary gland and glucose tolerance are unchanged after caerulein.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Alanine ; Postoperative metabolism ; Gluconeogenesis ; Protein-catabolism ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Alanin ; Postoperativer Metabolismus ; Glukoneogenese ; Eiweißkatabolismus ; Insulin ; Glukagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei sieben Patienten wurde am 1. postoperativen Tag nach Cholecystektomie eine achtstündige Alanininfusion (90 mg/kg/h) durchgeführt und der Einfluß des erhöhten Plasmaalaninspiegels auf die postoperative Stoffwechselsituation untersucht. Folgende Metaboliten und Hormone wurden im Plasma bestimmt: Glukose, Harnstoff, freie Fettsäuren, Ketonkörper, Aminosäuren, Insulin und Glukagon. Gegenüber den Basalwerten (1. postoperativer Tag, nach einer 14stündigen Fastenperiode in der Nacht), vor Beginn der Alanininfusion, wurden folgende Veränderungen festgestellt: Die Plasmaglukosekonzentrationen stiegen bis zur 4. Infusionsstunde an und erreichten hier ein Maximum (p〈0.05). Von den Plasmaaminosäuren erhöhten sich die Konzentrationen von Alanin (um 300%,p〈0.001), Glutamin (36%,p〈0.05) und von α-Aminobutyrat (um 61%,p〈0.01). Die freien Fettsäuren und die Ketonkörper sanken unmittelbar nach Beginn der Alanininfusion ab (p〈0.05) und stiegen ab der fünften Infusionsstunde wieder an. Sowohl die Sekretion von Insulin, als auch die von Glukagon wurde durch die Alaninzufuhr stimuliert. Die Insulinstimulation erreichte bereits nach 5 min ihren maximalen Wert, während die Plasmaglukagonkonzentrationen bis zum Infusionsende anstiegen. Eine Berechnung der Stickstoffbilanz ergab nach der Korrektur mit den angestiegenen Plasmaharnstoffwerten eine ausgeglichene Proteinhomöostase unter der Alaninzufuhr. Die Stickstoffbilanz war, verglichen mit Kochsalzinfusionsperioden vor und nach der Alanininfusion, signifikant verbessert (p〈0.001). Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, (1) daß postoperativ erhöhte Plasmaalaninspiegel zu einer Stimulierung der Glukoneogenese und einem Konzentrationsabfall der lipolytischen Metaboliten im Plasma führen. Die dabei beobachtete Insulin- und Glukagonstimulation ist je nach der Dauer der Alanininfusion unterschiedlich, da nach einer längeren Alaninzufuhr die Insulinstimulation abnimmt, während die Glukagonstimulation andauert, und (2) daß Alanin in der unmittelbaren postoperativen Phase eine eiweißanabole Wirkung hat.
    Notes: Summary An alanine infusion (90 mg/kg/h) for eight hours was administered to seven patients after cholecystectomy in order to investigate the influence of elevated plasma alanine levels on the postoperative metabolism. The following metabolits and hormone concentrations were analysed in plasma: glucose, urea, free fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids, insulin and glucagon. Compared to the pre-infusion values on the 1. postoperative day after an overnight fasting, the following changes were monitored. The plasma glucose concentrations reached a maximum after four hours of infusion (p〈0.05). Of the amino acids, significant elevated levels were found for alanine (300%,p〈0.001), glutamine (36%,p〈0.05), and α-aminobutyrate (61%,p〈0.01). The free fatty acids and ketone bodies concentrations decreased immediately after the onset of the infusion of alanine (p〈0.05), and increased again during the last four hours of infusion. The secretion of insulin and also the secretion of glucagon were stimulated by the increased alanine levels. The stimulation of insulin reached a maximum after only five minutes, but the glucagon levels increased continously until the end of the infusion. During the administration of alanine a nitrogen homeostase was achieved, which was a significant improvement (p〈0.001) when compared to saline infusions before and after the alanine infusion. Conclusions: (1) Postoperative increased plasma levels of alanine stimulate gluconeognesis and reduce the plasma levels of lipolytic metabolites. The induced stimulation of insulin and glucagon is dependent on the duration of the alanine infusion for during extended infusion of alanine the insulin stimulation diminishes while the glucagon secretion continously increases. (2) Alanine is a potent anabolic substrate in the immediate postoperative situation.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Uremia ; Oral glucose tolerance test ; α-Keto acids ; Insulin ; C-Peptide ; Urämie ; oraler Glukosetoleranztest ; α-Ketosäuren ; Insulin ; C-Peptid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß eines oralen Glukosetoleranztests (oGTT) auf die Serumkonzentrationen verzweigtkettiger Ketosäuren (BCKA), d.h. α-Ketoisocapronsäure (KICA), α-Keto-isovaleriansäure (KIVA) und α-Keto-β-methyl-n-valeriansäure (KMVA) sowie auf die Konzentrationen von Seruminsulin, C-Peptid und Blutglukose wurde bei Urämikern mit kompensierter chronischer Niereninsuffizienz und bei gesunden Kontrollen untersucht. Bei den Kontrollen fielen nach oraler Gabe von 100 g Glukose die Blutkonzentrationen von KICA, KMVA und KIVA signifikant ab. Bei Urämikern ließ sich kein Abfall von KICA nachweisen, während der Abfall von KMVA deutlich vermindert war. Nur die Blutkonzentrationen von KIVA wurden im Verlaufe des oGTT im gleichen Ausmaß gesenkt wie bei den Kontrollen. Sechs von acht Urämikern zeigten eine gestörte Glukosetoleranz, obwohl sich bei ihnen die Konzentrationen von Seruminsulin und C-Peptid vor und während des oGTT nicht signifikant von denen der Kontrollen unterschieden. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß der bei Gesunden zu beobachtende Abfall der BCKA-Blutspiegel nach oraler Glukosebelastung bei Urämikern gestört ist. Diese Störung betrifft vorwiegend KICA und ist wahrscheinlich durch Insulinresistenz und/oder durch ungenügende Insulinsekretion bedingt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) on serum levels of branched-chain keto acids (BCKA), i.e. α-keto-isocaproic acid (KICA), α-ketoisovaleric acid (KIVA) and α-keto-β-methyl-n-valeric acid (KMVA) as well as on serum insulin, C-peptide and blood glucose levels was determined in uremic patients and in healthy control subjects. In controls, blood levels of KICA, KMVA and KIVA declined significantly following oral administration of 100 g glucose. In uremic patients no declinc of KICA was observed. The fall of KMVA was diminished, while suppression of KIVA blood levels in response to the oGTT remained unimpaired. Although serum insulin and C-peptide levels in uremic patients were not significantly different from the controls before and throughout the oGTT, six out of eight displayed abnormal glucose tolerance. It is suggested that the response of blood BCKA levels to an oGTT is altered in uremia, an abnormality restricted primarily to KICA and possibly explained by insulin antagonism and/or by insufficient insulin secretion.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; obesity ; blood glucose ; plasma non-esterified fatty acids ; low-dose insulin infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After an overnight fast, the effects of a 30-min low-dose intravenous insulin infusion (2.6 units/h) upon plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids were compared in 29 very obese patients and 17 nonobese controls. The dose of insulin was chosen so as to have its sole or predominant hypoglycaemic effect upon hepatic glucose release. The proportional fall from basal values at 30 min of both plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids was significantly greater in the controls and there was no difference between males and females. In the controls the fall in plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids was significantly and inversely correlated with the basal plasma insulin level. Neither index of insulin sensitivity was significantly related with the basal plasma insulin in the obese subjects. Weight loss in the obese subjects led to increased insulin sensitivity; in particular, the degree of change in insulin-induced nonesterified fatty acids was significantly related to the percentage change in weight. Despite their extreme degree of obesity, the distributions of basal plasma insulin levels and the indices of insulin sensitivity in the obese subjects overlapped with those of the nonobese controls.
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  • 54
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    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 625-629 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; diabetes ; lysosomal enzymes ; mononuclear cells ; acid cholesterol ester hydrolase ; N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase ; low density lipoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Methods for the measurement of the lysosomal enzymes acid cholesterol-ester hydrolase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase were adapted for use with freshly isolated circulating mononuclear cells. Activities of both these enzymes increased (to 259 and 147% of control values respectively) after 7 days of insulin therapy in diabetic subjects. Low density lipoprotein degradation by freshly isolated mononuclear cells increased simultaneously by 67% (p〈 0.05). The findings in this pilot study suggest [1] that circulating mononuclear cells can be used to evaluate the effect of metabolic changes in vivo on lysosomal enzymes and low density lipoprotein metabolism, and [2] that insulin can stimulate cellular lysosomal enzyme activity.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; adipocytes ; prednisolone ; dexamethasone ; insulin binding ; deoxyglucose transport ; glucose oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone in vitro and in vivo on insulin binding, deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation in rat adipocytes. In the studies in vivo, rats were treated for 22 h with dexamethasone (30 μg/kg) or prednisolone (200 μg/kg). Following sacrifice, adipocytes were prepared and the results demonstrated that cells from prednisolone treated rats showed a 17% increase in insulin binding and increased rates of basal and insulin stimulated deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation. Conversely, dexamethasone administration resulted in a 22% decrease in insulin binding, and decreased rates of deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation by the cells. Thus, prednisolone and dexamethasone had opposite effects in vivo. In contrast to the opposite effects of the two glucocorticoids in vivo, dexamethasone and prednisolone (each at a concentration of 1 μmol/l) had similar effects on adipocytes in vitro. Incubation of adipocytes with the steroids did not alter insulin binding, while both agents led to a comparable decrease in the rates of basal and insulin stimulated deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation. Thus, dexamethasone and prednisolone have opposite effects on adipocyte glucose metabolism in vivo but have similar effects in vitro.
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  • 56
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    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; sodium ; kidney ; diabetes ; obesity ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Data are discussed which demonstrate that insulin plays an important role in sodium metabolism. The primary action of insulin on sodium balance is exerted on the kidney. Increases in plasma insulin concentration within the physiological range stimulate sodium reabsorption by the distal nephron segments and this effect is independent of changes in circulating metabolites or other hormones. Several clinical situations are reviewed: sodium wasting in poorly controlled diabetics, natriuresis of starvation, anti-natriuresis of refeeding and hypertension of obesity, in which insulin-mediated changes in sodium balance have been shown to play an important pathophysiological role.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin receptors ; insulin degradation ; human adipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 125I-insulin binding and receptor-mediated insulin degradation were studied in isolated human fat cells from subcutaneous tissue. A high albumin concentration during cell isolation and incubation protected the fragile human adipocyte from lysis. Binding of tracer was pH dependent with an optimum between 7.4 and 7.6. At 37 °C steady state was reached by 45 min and maintained for at least 2 h. The binding of labelled insulin in the presence of 10 μmol/l unlabelled insulin was only 1–4% of the total insulin binding. The half-maximal displacement of tracer iodoinsulin (10 pmol/l) by unlabelled insulin occurred at 0.25 nmol/l. Kinetic studies of the dissociation of labelled iodoinsulin from fat cells showed a slight acceleration in the presence of a high concentration of unlabelled insulin in the washout buffer as compared to a buffer containing no insulin. At steady state binding about 95% of the cell-associated radioactivity was extracted as iodoinsulin as judged by gel filtration. The remaining 5% co-eluted with iodotyrosine. During 60 min about 90% of the cell-associated radioactivity dissociated as iodoinsulin and the rest as iodotyrosine. Conclusions: 1) A high albumin content of buffers prevents traumatization of the human adipocyte; 2) under these conditions steady state binding of insulin is readily measured at 37 °C; 3) the use of a washing procedure makes the non-specific binding negligible; 4) the human adipocyte insulin receptor has a very high affinity; 5) receptor-mediated insulin degradation is minimal.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; secretin ; vaso-active intestinal polypeptide ; glucose ; glycerol and 3-hydroxy-butyrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison of the metabolic and gastroentero-pancreatic hormonal responses of ten obese and eight lean subjects to 12 h and 36 h fasts has been made. Each subject was given a 50 g oral glucose tolerance test at the end of both 12 h and 36 h starvation. After the 12 h fast blood glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate were similar in each group but blood glycerol was 30% higher in the obese subjects. Plasma insulin and vaso-active intestinal polypeptide were also higher in the obese subjects after 12 h starvation. After 36 h starvation in the lean subjects blood glucose was unchanged but on refeeding with 50 g oral glucose, glucose tolerance was impaired. In the same group blood glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyrate rose after 36 h starvation. Plasma glucagon, secretin and vaso-active intestinal polypeptide rose after 36 h starvation in the lean subjects but plasma insulin was unchanged. Refeeding with oral glucose suppressed the increased plasma glucagon, secretin and vaso-active intestinal polypeptide. After the 36 h fast in the obese subjects, blood glucose was unchanged, blood glycerol fell, but blood 3-hydroxybutyrate rose although to a reduced level in comparison with the lean subjects. In the obese group there was no change in plasma glucagon, secretin or vaso-active intestinal polypeptide after 36 h starvation, although plasma insulin fell. The results show different metabolic and gastro-entero-pancreatic hormonal responses to fasting in lean and obese human subjects and suggest an important metabolic role of glucagon, secretin and vaso-active intestinal polypeptide during starvation.
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  • 59
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    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; crystal ; dissolution ; bicarbonate ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is insoluble in water at physiological pH, but dissolves relatively rapidly in plasma. To quantify the ability of various solutions to dissolve crystalline insulin, a simple assay measuring dissolution time was developed. At pH 7.5 and room temperature, distilled water, 0.154 mol/1 NaCl, Ringer's lactate solution, and 5% albumin in 0.154 mol/1 NaCl did not dissolve insulin crystals within 30 min. Normal postprandial human plasma and a proteinfree cell culture medium dissolved insulin crystals within 3 to 8 min. This ability was inhibited by acid titration of the fluids to a stable pH of 6.30, at which point bicarbonate depletion could be implied. Repletion of bicarbonate did restore the ability of these solutions to dissolve insulin crystals, but back-titration to the initial pH with NaOH did not. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone was strongly concentration dependent above 23 mmol/1. We suggest that the ability of physiological fluids to dissolve insulin crystals at normal pH depends on their bicarbonate content. The ability to dissolve insulin with a physiological solvent which prevents its reaggregation promises to facilitate its use in portable pumping systems.
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  • 60
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    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin receptors ; circumventricular organs ; hormone feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vivo radioautographic method has been applied to elucidate the mechanism of direct peptide hormone “feedback” action in the CNS. Using this method we have identified the circumventricular organs of the brain as general endocrine target tissues for a variety of blood-borne polypeptide hormones, including insulin. In the arcuatemedian eminence region of the hypothalamus blood-borne insulin directly interacts with receptive nerve terminals, suggesting that insulin acts to influence the electrical activity of select hypothalamic nerve circuits at the level of synaptic transmission. Recent results obtained from preliminary surgical and chemical lesion studies of brain indicate that insulin-receptive nerve terminals in the arcuate-median eminence region arise from neurons intrinsic to the medial basal hypothalamus. This has lead us to propose the concept of the hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular insulin-receptive neuron and its axon collaterals as a pathway for the centripetal flow of insulin “signals” in the form of electrical impulses. We envisige that the neuroanatomic pathway, provided by the hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular neuron, functions to link changes in body metabolic activity, as reflected in changing levels of circulating insulin, to the neuronal process of elaborating specific central metabolic-regulatory programs. This pathway could be of key importance in understanding and combating metabolic disease.
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  • 61
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    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 274-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; food intake ; feeding ; CNS ; body weight ; adiposity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A feedback system for the regulation of food intake and body weight, consisting of two elements is proposed. One is related to the quantitiy and quality of the food ingested. It consists of neural afferents, psychosocial conditioning factors, and peptide signals from the gastrointestinal tract released by specific nutrient intake. The other is also sensitive to nutrient intake, but importantly modulated by relative adiposity. We present evidence to suggest that insulin serves as the key feedback signal to the central nervous system to serve this second function (body adiposity signal). Insulin has been found in cerebrospinal fluid where its concentration is increased by systemic infusions of glucose or insulin and is proportional to its concentration in plasma. When insulin (10 and 100 μU/kg/day) is infused into the lateral cerebral ventricles of free feeding baboons a dose dependent suppression of food intake and body weight is found. Intravenous infusion of 25% and 50% of total calories as glucose elevates endogenous insulin concentrations and suppresses food intake. These findings suggest that the amount of insulin secreted per day and more modulates food intake to maintain a constant body weight.
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  • 62
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    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; crystal ; dissolution ; bicarbonate ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is insoluble in water at physiological pH, but dissolves relatively rapidly in plasma. To quantify the ability of various solutions to dissolve crystalline insulin, a simple assay measuring dissolution time was developed. At pH 7.5 and room temperature, distilled water, 0.154 mol/l NaCl, Ringer's lactate solution, and 5% albumin in 0.154 mol/l NaCl did not dissolve insulin crystals within 30 min. Normal postprandial human plasma and a protein-free cell culture medium dissolved insulin crystals within 3 to 8 min. This ability was inhibited by acid titration of the fluids to a stable pH of 6.30, at which point bicarbonate depletion could be implied. Repletion of bicarbonate did restore the ability of these solutions to dissolve insulin crystals, but back-titration to the initial pH with NaOH did not. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone was strongly concentration dependent above 23 mmol/l. We suggest that the ability of physiological fluids to dissolve insulin crystals at normal pH depends on their bicarbonate content. The ability to dissolve insulin with a physiological solvent which prevents its raggregation promises to facilitate its use in portable pumping systems.
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  • 63
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    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; smooth muscle cells ; atherosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of insulin (10–10000 mU/l) on the proliferation of cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells was studied. Smooth muscle cells were cultivated by explantation. Cells from the third to the fifth subculture were used. Proliferation was studied by growth curve experiments. Insulin stimulated cell proliferation in all concentrations (p 〈0.001). Growth was however stimulated more by a medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The highest concentration of insulin produced only 35% of the effect of 10% fetal calf serum. Our results support the hypothesis that insulin may play a role in atherosclerosis.
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  • 64
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone induction ; Insulin ; Chondrogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of somatostatin on discrete stages of collagenous-matrix-induced endochondral bone formation has been investigated. Local injection of somatostatin, i.e., without any measurable systemic effect, resulted in a 75% reduction of cell proliferation as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and ornithine decarboxylase activities. The minimum effective inhibitory dose of somatostatin was 0.25 µg/day. Twice daily local injections of the hormone during cartilage formation also resulted in an inhibition, but this was shown to be due to impaired cell proliferation rather than to a direct effect of somatostatin on differentiation. Injection of somatostatin into developing bone tissue after the cartilage stage impaired osteogenesis, assessed by45Ca incorporation and alkaline phosphatase activity. Concurrent injections of insulin and somatostatin obliterated the inhibitory effect of the latter on cell proliferation. Somatostatin can locally regulate the proliferation and differentiation of chondroprogenitor and osteoprogenitor cells in vivo and may directly contribute to the regulation of bone growth by its ability to counteract the stimulatory effect of insulin.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cold exposure ; Glucagon ; cycloAMP ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of acute cold exposure on the concentration of glucagon in the blood was investigated in man and in intact and adrenalectomized rats. In man fasted overnight acute cold exposure, which caused a twofold increase in O2-consumption resulted in a rapid rise in plasma glucagon. The levels of insulin and blood glucose remained unaltered, while the concentration of serum free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate increased. In fasted intact rats acute cold exposure lead to similar effects. A close parallelism between the rise in plasma glucagon and the concentration of hepatic cycloAMP was observed. Adrenalectomy did not impair the cold induced rise in plasma glucagon and hepatic cycloAMP. It is concluded that acute cold exposure caused a rapid rise in the concentration of plasma glucagon leading to an increase in the concentration of hepatic cycloAMP, thus enhancing the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. As these alterations were similar in the absence of glucocorticoids and medulla-derived catecholamines, it is suggested that glucagon may play a role in the metabolic adaptation to acute cold exposure.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Arginine stimulation ; Calcium antagonism ; Glucagon ; Glucose ; Glucose stimulation ; Insulin ; Verapamil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of acute and protracted verapamil administration on insulin and glucagon secretion in man. For this purpose, 14 normal subjects received two consecutive glucose pulses (5 g i.v. in less than 20 sec or 20 g i.v. in less than 1 min, 7 subjects for each group), 70 or 90 min apart, before and during an infusion of verapamil (160 μg/min). Seven additional normal subjects received two consecutive arginine pulses (5 g i.v.), 70 min apart. In 14 inpatients with coronary heart disease, we investigated the effect of protracted verapamil administration. Seven of these subjects underwent two oral glucose tolerance tests (100 g) and the other 7 two arginine tests (30 g) before and after a 10-day treatment with verapamil, 240 mg/die p.o. divided into three doses; the last dose, 80 mg, was given orally 1 h before the performance of the post-treatment test. Verapamil significantly inhibited the acute insulin response (AIR, mean change from 3–10 min) to glucose (5 g), as well as the AIR and AGR (acute glucagon response) to arginine (5 g). By contrast, verapamil failed to alter significantly the AIR to the higher glucose pulse. There was no significant change of oral glucose tolerance after verapamil, nor was there a change in insulin response to oral glucose. By contrast, insulin and glucagon responses to arginine infusion were significantly reduced by the drug.
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  • 67
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    Acta diabetologica 18 (1981), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: C-peptide ; Free fatty acids ; Growth hormone ; Insulin ; Keto-acidosis ; Non-ketotic hyperosmolar diabetic coma ; Tolbutamide test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary For further evaluation of B-cell secretion in diabetic keto-acidosis (KA) and in non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma (NKHC), basal and post-i.v. tolbutamide blood CPR and IRI values were measured in 34 patients (22 KA and 12 NKHC). FFA, cortisol and HGH measurements were also performed. IRI was low in both KA and NKHC (0.07±0.01 and 0.082±0.01 nmol/l) as opposed to CPR which was significantly higher in NKHC (1.14±0.1 nmol/l) than in KA (0.21±0.03 nmol/l). After tolbutamide injection, CPR and IRI levels did not change in any of the KA cases, whereas they significantly increased in half of the NKHC cases. Cortisol and FFA values were similarly increased in both situations, as opposed to HGH which was significantly higher (6.1±1.2 ng/ml) in KA than in NKHC (1.9±0.2 ng/ml). These results suggest that B-cell function is less deficient in NKHC than in KA. Residual insulin amounts reaching the liver via the portal vein could partly account for the absence of ketosis in NKHC.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Fractional catabolic rate of endogenous triglycerides ; Free fatty acids (FFA) ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In non-diabetic persons whose serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations ranged from normal to very high levels, endogenous TG turnover was measured using the radioglycerol method of Farquhar and coworkers. Insulin, FFA, and glucose concentrations were estimated during an oral glucose tolerance test. Stimulated insulin levels were correlated positively to TG concentrations and absolute TG turnover rates, and negatively to fractional TG catabolic rates. FFA concentrations had similar relationships, also in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. A more detailed analysis showed that elevated insulin and FFA levels — as an expression of peripheral insulin resistance — are a typical finding in the kind of patients whose fractional TG catabolic rate is low [≤0.210 (h−1)], irrespective of actual serum TG concentration. Our data do not suggest a stimulatory role of insulin for TG production.
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  • 69
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    Acta diabetologica 18 (1981), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Cathepsin B ; Insulin ; Isolated islets ; Proinsulin ; Rhamnose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary L-Rhamnose at different concentrations stimulated incorporation of3H-leucine both into islet (pro)insulin and that released into the medium. Maximum isotope incorporation with either glucose or rhamnose was seen at a concentration of 16.7 mM, although the glucose-induced effect was significantly greater. Like glucose, rhamnose also enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin B in isolated rat islets.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Free fatty acids ; Glucagon ; Indomethacin ; Insulin ; Meal tolerance test ; Normal subjects ; Prostaglandins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the influence of a single oral administration of indomethacin on blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), α-amino-nitrogen, insulin and glucagon concentrations in young healthy subjects. Two groups of 6 subjects were studied, the first received a standardized 500 kcal mixed meal without any previous drug administration (controls) whereas the second group received 50 mg indomethacin 2 h before ingesting an identical meal. Plasma indomethacin concentration reached its maximum (2.36±0.36 Μg/ml) 15 min after administration and declined to 0.45±0.04 ug/ml after 2 h. Indomethacin ingestion was followed by a significant increase in blood glucose and plasma FFA reaching their maximum value at 45 min and returning to basal levels at 120 min. No simultaneous changes in plasma α-amino-nitrogen, insulin or glucagon levels were detected during this period. The meal was followed by a rise in blood glucose and plasma insulin as well as by a decrease in plasma FFA concentration. No significant differences were detected between the controls and the subjects receiving indomethacin. In controls, the meal was followed by a rise in plasma α-amino-nitrogen and a modest although significant increase in glucagon levels. In indomethacin-treated subjects, the increment of α-amino-nitrogen was less marked and the increase in plasma glucagon was not observed. Thus, indomethacin by itself can exert several metabolic effects; however, it does not deteriorate the blood glucose or insulin profile after a regular meal. The present work is the first to demonstrate that an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis inhibits the plasma glucagon rise occurring after a physiological stimulus such as a normal meal. On the basis of previousin vitro experiments, we suggest that this effect results from an inhibition of glucagon secretion by the PG synthesis inhibitor.
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  • 71
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    Acta diabetologica 18 (1981), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP ; Cyclic GMP ; Cyclic nucleotides ; Glucose ; Glycogen ; Glycogen synthase ; Insulin ; Rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine if cGMP might function as a second messenger for insulin, anin situ liver perfusion system was established in which hepatic effects of insulin could be correlated with changes in cyclic nucleotides. Several combinations of insulin (10 mU/ml) and glucose (50 mg/ml) were infused (0.1 ml/min) for 30 min into fasted normal and diabetic rats with removal of a similar volume of blood. Samples of livers were removed at the beginning and end and at various times during the perfusion. In normal animals perfused with buffer alone, hepatic glycogen content fell. When glucose (with or without added insulin) was added to the perfusate, glycogen levels rose. With buffer alone, there was no change in the independent (I) form of glycogen synthase at 10 min but a modest increase at 30 min. With insulin and/or glucose, there was a large increase in the I-form of the enzyme at 10 min and a further rise at 30 min. Neither cGMP nor cAMP changed even though tissue samples were obtained at multiple times throughout the perfusion. Cyclic nucleotides were also measured in liver slices exposed to insulin (1 mU/ml) after 30 min of preincubation for stabilization. Although significant increases in cGMP were noted in the tissue exposed to insulin, similar significant rises also occurred in appropriately paired control slices. When glucagon was used in both thein situ perfusion and the paired liver slice systems, the expected rapid and large increases in cAMP levels occurred attesting to the validity of both approaches in evaluating hepatic cyclic nucleotide responses. These results plus the paucity of convincing data in the literature strongly suggest that cGMP can no longer be considered a candidate for the putative second messenger of insulin.
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  • 72
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    European journal of applied physiology 46 (1981), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Cold ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the endocrine pancreas in glucose production (Ra), utilization (Rd), and metabolic clearance (R'd) was investigated during acute exposure to cold in normal normothermic dogs. Two ambient temperatures (TaN=+25
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  • 73
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 355 (1981), S. 648-648 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Resection ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Magenresektion ; Somatostatin ; Glucagon ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer tierexperimentellen Untersuchungsreihe wurde die Freisetzungskinetik der insulären Hormone Insulin und Glucagon und die peripheren Somatostatinspiegel nach Magenresektion mit unterschiedlichen gastroduodenalen und gastrojejunalen Anastomosierungstechniken untersucht. Die Insulinfreisetzung nach distaler Magenresektion mit gastrojejunaler Anastomose unterscheidet sich quantitativ aber nicht qualitativ von den nichtoperierten Kontrolltieren. Glucagon wird nach Ausschluß des Duodenums aus der Nahrungsmittelpassage inadäquat freigesetzt. Periphere Somatostatinwerte waren postprandial nur bei erhaltener Duodenalpassage meßbar.
    Notes: Summary Regulation of the endocrine pancreas receives important impulses from the duodenum and the upper gastrointestinal tract. Insulin release after distal stomach resection with gastrojejunal anastomoses shows quantitative, but no qualitative difference compared to that of the controls. The release pattern of glucagon after elimination of the duodenum from the digestive passage shows a low peripherial increase. After excluding duodenal passage, somatostatin shows a partial lack of peripherially measurable values.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas (rainbow trout) ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Gastric inhibitory polypeptide ; Immun ocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histological study of the pancreatic islets in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was undertaken in which polypeptide hormone-producing cells were localized, using immunocytochemical staining techniques. Four different celltypes were identified in this manner. These were the insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) cells. The glucagon/GIP cell was designated thus as antisera to both hormones crossreacted with a common population of cells. A fifth cell-type, commonly referred to as a clear cell, was also identified although its secretory product is as yet undetermined. These functional cell types were compared to the standard tinctorial properties of pancreatic endocrine cells. The relationships of the various cell types with each other was also observed.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Medroxyprogesterone acetate ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Cortisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen women aged 55 to 76 years who had been treated for endometrial cancer by surgery or radiotherapy or a combination of both were given 300 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily by mouth. Before treatment and again during the 3rd week of treatment an oral glucose tolerance test (with measurement of serum insulin levels) and an ACTH-stimulation test were done. All blood glucose levels tended to be higher with MPA therapy and serum insulin levels were significantly increased 3 h after a glucose load. The rise of serum cortisol 30 min after ACTH-stimulation was significantly less with MPA therapy. Oral MPA thus appeared to have a glucocorticoid-like action.
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  • 76
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    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 1065-1069 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: CAPD ; Glukose ; Insulin ; Lipoproteine ; Aminosäuren ; CAPD ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Lipoprotein ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Biochemical studies are being performed in chronically renal insufficient patients undergoing treatment by CAPD. Serum protein and albumin levels have remained stable during treatment as have the ratios of essential/non-essential amino acids and valine/glycine in plasma. Dietary intake therefore appears to adequately compensate dialysate losses. Serum calcium and phosphate as well as immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration and alkaline phosphatase levels did not change during the treatment. The glucose load due to the high concentrations of glucose in the dialysate may have adverse effects on the glucose tolerance and insulin secretion of CAPD patients. However, in fasting patients it could be shown that only the 4.25% glucose dialysate causes any increase in plasma glucose levels with a concommitant rise of insulin secretion, an exchange with a 1.5% glucose dialysate having relatively little effect on these parameters. Quantification of the individual serum lipoproteins is also being performed during CAPD. No changes were observed in α-cholesterol levels, but 50% of the patients have shown significant increases in total serum cholesterol, β-cholesterol and serum triglycerides in the course of treatment. In these cases dietary consequences must be considered in order to minimise the potential artherosclerotic risk.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Biochemische Untersuchungen wurden an acht chronisch-niereninsuffizienten Patienten im Verlaufe der CAPD (mittlere Behandlungszeit 11,5±4 Monate) durchgeführt. Trotz erheblicher Proteinverluste ins Dialysat blieben die Serumprotein-und -Albuminkonzentrationen konstant. Auch die Quotienten essentielle/nicht essentielle Plasmaaminosäuren sowie Valin/Glycin im Plasma blieben unverändert. Es scheint also, als ob die Aminosäuren- und Proteinverluste ins Dialysat alimentär gut kompensierbar sind. Auf die Plasmakonzentration von Calcium und Phosphat hatte die CAPD keinen sicheren Einfluß. Ebenso ließen sich Änderungen des immunreaktiven Parathormons und der alkalischen Phosphatase nicht nachweisen. Theoretisch ist angesichts der hohen Glukosekonzentration der Dialysatlösungen und einer dadurch bedingten Glukosebelastung des Patienten mit einer Beeinflussung von Glukosetoleranz und Insulinsekretion zu rechnen. Unter Nüchternbedingungen fand sich jedoch ausschließlich bei Verwendung der hochkonzentrierten (4,25%igen) Glukosedialysatlösung eine erhöhte Plasmaglukose mit verstärkter Insulinsekretion. Die 1,5%ige Glukoselösung hatte dagegen keinen wesentlichen Einfluß auf diese Parameter. Von den Serumlipoproteinen blieb im Verlaufe der CAPD α-Cholesterin unverändert, während Gesamtcholesterin signifikant und β-Cholesterin sowie die Neutralfette insignifikant zunahmen. Um ein potentielles Arterioskleroserisiko gering zu halten, müssen gezielte diätetische Maßnahmen während der CAPD ergriffen werden.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Beta-receptor blockers ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Insulin ; ACTH ; Ergometry ; Beta-Rezeptorenblocker ; Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel ; Insulin ; ACTH ; Ergometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei 11 Hochdruckkranken (mittleres Alter 37 Jahre; Stadium I–II, WHO) wurde im Überkreuzversuch der Einfluß einer chronischen, überwiegend β1-selektiven (500 mg Acebutolol/die) und β1—β2-Rezeptorenblockade (15 mg Pindolol/die) auf den Blutdruck, den Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel und die Plasmainsulin- und ACTH-Spiegel untersucht, und zwar sowohl in Ruhe als auch während ergometrischer Leistung nach 6 min bei 100 Watt, nach 30 min im Steady-state mit einer Herzfrequenz von 130 min−1, während maximaler Leistung sowie 5 min danach. 2. Beide β-Rezeptorenblocker senkten nahezu gleichstark und signifikant (p〈0,01) den systolischen und diastolischen Blutdruck und die Herzschlagfrequenz in Ruhe sowie während und nach Ergometrie. 3. Allein unter Pindolol (P) kam es im Vergleich zur Kontrolle (K,p〈0,001) und zu Acebutolol (A,p〈0,01) zu einem signifikanten Absinken des Blutzuckers nach 30 min. Ergometrie im Steady-state (K 69.1±8.9; A 65.3±8.4, P 54.5±8.7 mg/dl) und während maximaler Leistung (K 70.4±10.7; A 67.6±8.7; P 54.1±12 mg/dl). 4. Die Plasmainsulinspiegel sanken signifikant (p〈0,05) während Ergometrie ab und zeigten unter beiden β-Rezeptorenblockern keine Abweichungen zu den Kontrollwerten. 5. Vor β-Rezeptorenblockade kam es nach 30 min Ergometrie zu einem signifikanten (p〈0,05) Anstieg des Plasma-ACTH-Spiegels, der unter Acebutolol annähernd gleichstark, unter Pindolol nahezu doppelt so stark (p〈0,05) ausfiel (K 60.4±43.8; A 64±42.7; P 117.3±108.8 pg/ml). 6. Der Abfall des Blutzuckers bis in den hypoglykämischen Bereich unter dem β1—β2-Rezeptorenblokker Pindolol bedeutet eine erhebliche Einschränkung der körperlichen Leistungsbreite. Er wird hervorgerufen durch eine im Vergleich zu Acebutolol stärkere Hemmung der Glykogenolyse im Skelettmuskel, da diese überwiegend über β2-Rezeptoren gesteuert wird. Deshalb empfiehlt sich besonders für jugendliche Hochdruckkranke und alle Patienten, die in Beruf und Freizeit und zur Durchführung eines präventiven und rehabilitativen Trainings auf ihre volle körperliche Leistungsbreite angewiesen sind, die Gabe eines β1-selektiven Rezeptorenblockers.
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of long-term beta1-selective (500 mg acebutolol) and nonselective (15 mg pindolol) beta-receptor blockade on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and plasma insulin and ACTH levels were studied at rest and during a short-term (6 min, 100 W), long-term (30 min under steady state conditions with a heart rate of 130 min−1) and maximal ergometric work and 5 min after exercise in 11 moderately hypertensive men (mean 37 years) using a single-blind, crossover design. 2. The antihypertensive effects of acebutolol and pindolol were virtually identical (p〈0.01) both at rest and in association with exercise. During exercise heart rates were similarly reduced by both drugs. 3. However, there was a marked and significant drop in the blood glucose levels in the 30th min of ergometric work on pindolol (P) as compared with acebutolol (A;p〈0.01) and with the Control group (C;p〈0.001) (C 69.1±8.9; A 65.3±8.3; P 54.5±8.7 mg/dl). The same phenomenon was observed during maximal work (C 70.4±10.7; A 67.6±8.7; P 54.1±12 mg/dl). 4. Plasma insulin levels decreased significantly (p〈0.05) during exercise and were not significantly affected either by acebutolol or by pindolol. 5. In the pretreatment examination there was a significant (p〈0.05) increase of the plasma ACTH level in the 30th min of ergometric work. This concentration was not significantly affected by acebutolol but was increased by pindolol (p〈0.05) (C 60±43.8; A 64±42.7; P 117.3±108.8 pg/ml). 6. The drop of blood glucose levels to hypoglycemic values on the beta1-beta2-receptor blocker pindolol implies a considerable reduction of the physical working capacity. The decrease is due to impaired glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscles, since this is mainly regulated via beta2-receptors. Therefore a beta1-selective receptor blocker is recommended especially for the treatment of young hypertensives and for all patients who are physically active on the job or are engaged in a preventive and rehabilitative training program.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Orale Glukose-Belastung ; Insulin ; Kalium ; Renin ; Aldosteron ; Oral glucose-load ; Insulin ; Potassium ; Renin ; Aldosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effects of a standard oral glucose load (100 g) on plasma glucose, insulin, potassium, renin and aldosterone levels were investigated in 10 supine normal subjects (Group A). Responses of plasma glucose, insulin, potassium and aldosterone to glucose ingestion were evaluated further in 16 seated normal or borderline hypertensive subjects (Group B), studied in the untreated state as well as following renin-aldosterone activation by diuretic pre-treatment. In both groups, the increase in plasma glucose and insulin following glucose ingestion was accompanied by an acute decrease (p〈0.01) in plasma potassium and aldosterone levels, which in Group A was associated with an increase (p〈0.02) in plasma renin activity. In all subjects analyzed together, significant (p〈0.005) correlations were noted between plasma aldosterone and potassium levels and between glucose-induced changes in these factors. In Group A, there were significant (p〈0.001) correlations between glucose-induced changes in plasma aldosterone and renin values and between absolute aldosterone and renin levels in the glucose-loaded state. Plasma aldosterone or renin levels following glucose-load were unrelated to glucose or insulin values. These findings indicate that an oral standard glucose load causes acutely marked aldosterone suppression and mild but distinct renin stimulation. The glucose-induced inhibition of aldosterone secretion appears to depend on insulin-mediated changes in potassium metabolism and may be partly counteracted by concomitant renin activation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß einer oralen Standard-Glukosebelastung (100 g) auf die Plasma-Konzentrationen von Glukose, Insulin, Kalium, Renin und Aldosteron wurde bei 10 liegenden Normalpersonen untersucht (Gruppe A). Das Verhalten der Plasma-Konzentrationen von Glukose, Insulin, Kalium und Aldosteron nach einer solchen Glukose-Einnahme wurde zudem bei 16 sitzenden, normalen oder grenzwertig-hypertensiven Personen studiert (Gruppe B), wobei die Untersuchungen im unbehandelten Zustand sowie nach Aktivierung des Renin-Aldosteron-Systems durch Vorbehandlung mit Diuretika erfolgten. In beiden Gruppen wurde der Anstieg der Plasma-Glukose und -Insulinwerte nach Glukose-einnahme von einer akuten Senkung (p〈0,01) der Plasma-Kalium und -Aldosteron-Konzentrationen begleitet. In Gruppe A fand sich gleichzeitig ein signifikanter Anstieg (p〈0,02) der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität. Die gemeinsame Analyse aller Personen ergab signifikante (p〈0,005) Korrelationen zwischen den basalen (prä-Glukose-Infusion) Absolutwerten von Plasma-Aldosteron und -Kalium einerseits und zwischen den Glukose-induzierten Änderungen dieser beiden Parameter andererseits. In Gruppe A fanden sich zudem nach der Glukose-Einnahme signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den absoluten Plasma-Aldosteron und-Reninwerten, sowie zwischen den Änderungen dieser beiden Parameter (p〈0,001). Dagegen korrelierten Plasma-Aldosteron- oder -Reninspiegel nicht signifikant mit den Glukose- oder Insulinwerten. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß eine orale Standard-Zufuhr von Glukose akut eine markante Aldosteron-Hemmung und eine leichte, aber signifikante Renin-Stimulation bewirkt. Die Glukose-induzierte Aldosteron-Suppression scheint mit den Insulin-vermittelten Änderungen des Kaliummetabolismus in Zusammenhang zu stehen und durch die Renin-Aktivierung teilweise antagonisiert zu werden.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Arginine-hydrochloride ; Endogenous glucagon ; Insulin ; Arterial blood flow ; Arterial blood pressure ; Heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship of arginine-mediated release of endogenous glucagon and insulin to renal and splanchnic arterial blood flow, blood pressure, and heart rate was studied in dogs. Intravenous injection of argininehydrochloride (arg-HCl) in logarithmically increasing doses increased the concentration of glucagon (pGl) in the femoral artery from 143 ± 39 pg/ml (pre-injection) to 282 ± 49 pg/ml (following maximum dosage of arg-HCl) and insulin concentration from 23 ± 5 to 41 ± 11 µU/ml. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and urea, isovolemic and isosmolar to arg-HCl, failed to change pGl and insulin. Arg-HCl depressed arterial blood pressure from 93 ± 13 (preinjection) to 60 ± 14 mm Hg (maximum dose), NaCl increased it from 89 ± 13 to 99 ± 13 mm Hg. The blood flow increase due to arg-HCl was comparable with that due to NaCl in renal as well as in celiac and left gastric artery. The former was more pronounced in superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery by 61 and 102%, and in gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric artery by 11 and 35%. Infusion of arg-HCl increased pGl from 294 ± 90 to 731 ± 200 pg/ml, and insulin from 23 ± 5 to 63 ± 18 µU/ml; the resulting blood flow increase, however, only differed in both pancreatic arteries by 10–20% from the rise during NaCl infusion where no change of pGl was observed and a decline occurred in insulin from 64 ± 21 to 27 ± 8 µU/ml. It is concluded that physiological levels of pGl have no systemic effect on arterial blood flow. A local flow increasing effect of glucagon and/or insulin on the arteries next to the pancreas is discussed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; pancreatic polypeptide ; glucagon ; antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sera of 30 patients who had been treated with conventional beef insulin were tested for binding of insulin and other pancreatic hormones. All showed antibody binding of insulin, 29 binding of proinsulin, 29 binding of pancreatic polypeptide, two binding of glucagon but none of the sera bound vasoactive intestinal peptide or somatostatin. After changing therapy to highly purified pork insulin the binding capacity of sera for insulin and the other hormones was monitored for up to 35 months and a steady fall was found in nearly all cases. In eight of the patients conventional beef insulin treatment was resumed: in one month binding of insulin and of the other hormones increased back to the initial levels. In eighteen subjects who had only received highly purified pork insulin low levels of insulin binding were found with no binding of proinsulin or other hormones. The amounts of proinsulin and contaminating hormones in highly purified pork insulin are so low that they are not immunogenic; conventional beef insulin not only contains immunogenic amounts of proinsulin and the contaminating hormones pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon but also is more immunogenic than purified pork insulin.
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  • 81
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    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; insulin receptor ; insulin resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study was carried out to investigate whether insulin bound to antibody is able to bind the insulin receptor of target tissues. Three specific rabbit anti-insulin sera as well as sera from eight diabetic patients with insulin antibodies were incubated, free of insulin, with labelled insulin for 48 h at 4 °C; following incubation labelled insulin was employed in binding experiments on monocytes, erythrocytes and placenta membranes. Using rabbit sera, receptor binding was absent when insulin was totally combined with antibody, and appeared in increasing amounts as the percentage of free insulin increased to reach a maximum when no insulin was combined with antibody. The same experiment using sera from diabetic patients showed a close negative relationship (r = 0.95) between the amount of insulin bound to the antibody and the amount bound to receptors. The influence of the insulin-antibody complex on the insulin receptor interaction was evaluated by exposing the insulin-antibody complex to the receptor in pH, temperature and competition-inhibition curve experiments. The complex had no effect on receptor affinity or on the pH and temperature relationship influence with insulin-receptor interaction. The findings suggest that insulin resistance in the presence of insulin antibodies is due only to an alteration occurring before the interaction of insulin with its receptor, and demonstrate that the insulin-antibody complex does not influence the insulin receptor interaction.
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  • 82
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    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; receptor ; liver ; diabetic ; glucagon ; plasma membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection IP of insulin at a dosage of 1 μg/g body weight into normal rats produced a rapid rise in serum insulin levels from 〈 1 to 298 ng/ml, and a rapid decrease in specific 125I-insulin binding to its receptors in purified liver plasma membranes. A fall in binding was seen as early as 10 minutes after injection and binding remained decreased for up to 60 min. At 10 min, 125I-insulin binding had fallen to 59% of controls; in contrast, 125I-glucagon binding remained unchanged. Extraction of these plasma membranes followed by radioimmunoassay for insulin did not reveal appreciable amounts of exogenous insulin. The 125I-insulin dissociation rate from plasma membranes of control and insulin treated rats was the same, also indicating a lack of exogenous insulin. Scatchard analyses indicated that the decreased binding seen after insulin injection was due primarily to a change in the number of insulin receptors and not their affinity. These studies suggest, therefore, that high doses of insulin in vivo can rapidly regulate the number of plasma membrane insulin receptors in liver.
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  • 83
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    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; C-peptide ; proinsulin ; diabetic ; mothers ; infants ; neonatal hypoglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, IRI (Immunoreactive insulin) and proinsulin were determined in 31 insulin-dependent diabetic mothers and their newborn infants and in 13 nondiabetic mothers and their babies at the time of delivery. Eleven mothers with long-term diabetes had insulin antibodies and low or undetectable C-peptide levels (mean ± SEM: 0.04±0.01 nmol/l). Diabetic mothers without insulin antibodies had a mean C peptide value of 1.18 nmol/1 (range 0.05–3.00) and the non-diabetics 0.95 nmol/l (0.28–2.4). Blood glucose values (2 to 4 hours after birth) of less than 1.7 mmol/l were observed in 7 of the 11 babies with antibodies and in 3 of the 20 babies without antibodies. C-peptide in the 31 babies of diabetic mothers correlated to maternal glucose (p 〈 0.05). In addition the mean glucose value (2–4 hours) was negatively correlated to IRI and proinsulin (p 〈 0.01) in the babies without antibodies, confirming that elevated maternal glucose leads to increased insulin secretion at the time of birth, which may lead to hypoglycaemia. In babies without antibodies birth weight correlated to their C-peptide (p 〈 0.01) and proinsulin (p 〈 0.01). The 31 babies of the diabetic mothers were born with higher C-peptide (1.01±0.16 nmol/ 1) than babies of non-diabetic mothers (0.39±0.04 nmol/1). The newborn infants secrete significantly more proinsulin than their mothers. Babies of mothers with insulin antibodies were born with the same concentrations of antibodies (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.98) as in their mothers, but total IRI was higher in these babies, due in part to human proinsulin being bound to the antibodies. There were significant correlations between insulin antibodies on the one hand, and IRI, proinsulin and C-peptide on the other, in the 11 babies, p 〈 0.001, p 〈 0.001 and p 〈 0.01, respectively, the last indicating increasing B-cell activity with higher antibody levels.
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  • 84
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 195-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diabetes ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple instrument is described which measures the breaking strength of rat bones. The apparatus yields reproducible results and is suitable for use in measuring the strength of bones from both large and small animals. Diabetic rat femurs were more fragile and required less force to break in contrast to those from diabetic rats treated with insulin or normal rats. Daily insulin treatment significantly improved the bone cortical thickness and enhanced their capacity to withstand pressure, although these did not reach the level of the normal controls. The amount of force required to break the bone appears to be related to its cortical thickness and mass.
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  • 85
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    Experimental brain research 40 (1980), S. 464-467 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial hypothalamus ; Alloxan ; Insulin ; Ouabain ; Glucose oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is apparently not required for VMH glucose oxidation in vitro. Ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na-K pump ATPase, does not prevent VMH glucose oxidation in vitro. These data suggest (a) the VMH does not exhibit a cotransport phenomenon of glucose with the Na-K pump mechanism, and (b) glucose oxidation in the VMH is not insulin dependent. Alloxan-diabetes was induced to increase tissue insulin sensitivity. A comparison of glucose oxidation rates in alloxan-diabetic VMH tissue and normal VMH tissue, supplemented only with saline, indicated a highly significant (p 〈 0.001) depression of glucose oxidation in the alloxan-treated tissue. Cell membranes in the VMH are perhaps altered by alloxan.
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  • 86
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    Intensive care medicine 7 (1980), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Blood glucose ; Insulin ; Critical illness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The traditional “Sliding Scale” is an inefficient and unreliable way of controlling blood glucose levels in ill patients receiving nutritional support in the Intensive Care Unit. In these patients, it is necessary to reassess insulin requirements frequently in the light of changing clinical circumstances. A significant improvement in control can be achieved by using a dynamic scale of instructions for changing the insulin dose rather than one of arbitrary dose levels. This scale adapts to any changes that occur without needing to be rewritten. It avoids confusion due to a proliferation of prescription charts, and has been readily accepted by nursing staff.
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  • 87
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    European journal of pediatrics 134 (1980), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Prolactin (PRL) ; Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) ; Thyrold-stimulating hormone (TSH) ; Growth hormone (GH) ; Exercise ; Arginine ; Insulin ; Metoclopramide (MCP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metoclopramide (MCP), a derivative of procainamide was compared with exercise, arginine, insulin and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) as a prolactin (PRL) releaser in children. The peak response of plasma PRL after oral administration of MCP was greater than that after strenuous exercise and after i.v. administration of pharmacodynamic agents. Normal PRL and TSH responses were observed after TRH administration in all subjects. Variable PRL responses were seen after exercise and after i.v. administration of arginine and insulin, despite significant growth hormone (GH) release following the administration of these agents. MCP produced no increase in plasma TSH. Metoclopramide may be useful for dynamic testing of PRL release in children. It can be taken orally and is free of side-effects.
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  • 88
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    European journal of pediatrics 135 (1980), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Glucose ; Insulin ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcitonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Blood glucose, insulin, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were evaluated in 8 normal children, aged 17–41 months, during an oral glucose load; in 7 normal children, aged 15–42 months, during i.v. glucose infusion; and in 6 normal children, aged 19–40 months, during glucagon administration. During the oral glucose tolerance tests the mean maximum decline of Ca (8.63%) and P (12.66%) was at 120 min, while PTH and CT significantly increased from basal values of 1.36 ng/ml ±0.21 and 97 pg/ml±14 to 2.20 ng/ml±0.22 and 140 pg/ml±13, respectively. During the i.v. glucose tolerance tests the mean maximum decline of Ca was 12.12% at 15 min, and that of P 15.2% at 30 min. PTH and CT levels rose significantly from basal values of 1.16 ng/ml±0.25 and 86 pg/ml±12 to 2.83 ng/ml ±0.51 and 133 pg/ml±13, respectively, at 45 min. During i.v. glucagon administration the mean maximum decline of Ca (9.64%) and P (12.28%) was at 30 min. PTH levels rose significantly from basal values of 1.2 ng/ml±0.22 to 2.1 ng/ml±0.32 at 45 min, while CT increased rapidly from basal levels of 90 pg/ml±14 to 127 pg/ml at 15 min. In conclusion, increases in glucose and insulin due to ingestion or infusion of glucose, or to glucagon injection, are therefore not only associated with a fall in serum Ca and P but also with rises in PTH and CT.
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  • 89
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    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Insulin ; positive Inotropie ; Herzmuskel ; Insulin ; Positive inotropy ; Heart muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Beneficial effect of glucose and insulin on the myocardium are still a matter of discussion. The influence of insulin on isometric force of contraction of right ventricular papillary muscles of guinea pigs war studied. The papillary muscles were mounted vertically in a 95% O2, 5% CO2 modified Krebs-Hensuleit solution (31.5° C, 5.5 mM glucose) and stimulated 1/s. A positive inotropic effect of insulin was dedectable at a concentration of 5×10−4 IU/ml insulin, was half maximal (52% above controle force of contraction) at 8×10−3 IU/ml and maximal at 10−1 IU/ml. The maximal positive inotropic effect was observed 4.7±0.6 min after addition of insulin. After the maximum there was a decrease to a steady state level of 109.8±8.5% of control (p〈0.05) in 14.6±1.3 min. Higher glucose (16.5 mM) only shifted the half maximal positive inotropic effect to 5.5×10−3 IU/ml insulin (n.s.). Inhibition of glycolysis with hypoxia or jodoacetate (5×10−5 M) did not prevent the positive inotropic effect as known as 75% of control force was retained. When glucose transport was blocked with phlorizin (5×10−3 M) or phloritin (5×10−4 M) no positive inotropic action of insulin was observed. Therefore we conclude that the positive inotropic effect of insulin in isolated papillary muscles is mediated by inhanced glucose transport.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Therapeutische Wirkungen von Glukose und Insulin am Myokard sind umstritten. — Wir untersuchten den Einfluß von Insulin auf die maximale isometrische Kontraktionskraft rechtsventrikulärer Papillarmuskel von Meerschweinchen. Die Muskel waren vertikal in einer modifizierten Krebs- Henseleit-Lösung aufgehängt (31,5° C), äquilibriert mit 95% O2, 5% CO2, 5,5 mM Glukose) und wurden mit einer Frequenz von 1/s gereizt. Ein konzentrationsabhängiger positiv inotroper Effekt wurde bei 5×10−4 IE/ml Insulin (Schwelle der Wirkung), halb maximal (52% über der Ausgangskraft) gemessen bei 8×10−3 IE/ml und maximal bei 10−1 IE/ml. Das Maximum war nach 4,7±0,6 min erreicht. Danach ergab sich in 14,6±1,3 min ein Absinken auf ein steady state Niveau, das bei 109,8±8,5% der Ausgangskraft lag (p〈0,05). Eine Erhöhung der Glukosekonzentration auf 16,5 mM verschob den halb maximalen positiv inotropen Effekt zu einer Konzentration 5,5×10−3 IE/ml (n.s.). Wurde die Glykolyse unter dem Einfluß von Hypoxie oder Jodacetat (5×10−5 M) inhibiert, so war dennoch ein positiv inotroper Effekt von Insulin festzustellen, solange 75% der Ausgangskraft erhalten war. Eine Blockierung des Glukosetransports mit Phlorizin (5×10−3 M) oder Phloritin (5×10−4 M) verhinderten eine positiv inotrope Wirkung von Insulin völlig. Wir schließen daraus, daß die positiv inotrope Wirkung von Insulin am isolierten Papillarmuskel durch eine Steigerung des Glukosetransports bedingt ist.
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  • 90
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 97 (1980), S. 275-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Mammary carcinoma ; Diabetes ; Habituation ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia accompanied the i.m. growth of mammary aplastic carcinoma in CBA mice. In hosts rendered diabetic by means of alloxan, the tumor decreased blood glucose levels to almost the level seen in non-diabetic mice. Tumors maintained in diabetic mice grew faster after each subsequent transplantation into diabetic mice, and we noted increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of these tumor cells. The observed proliferation enhancement of mammary aplastic carcinoma maintained in diabetic mice is caused by de novo insulin and glucagon synthesis, apparently by the tumor cells themselves.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notes: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
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  • 92
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
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  • 94
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notes: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
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  • 95
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notes: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notes: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notes: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
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  • 98
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; galactose ; galactokinase ; deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez deux adultes souffrant d'une déficience en galactokinase la charge orale de galactose a été suivie d'une hypergalactosémie prolongée sans aucune élevation de l'insuline immunoréactive plasmatique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Orale Belastung mit Galactose führte bei zwei Erwachsenen mit Galactokinasemangel zu einer prolongierten Hypergalactosämie, aber nicht zu einem Anstieg des immunoreaktiven Insulins im Plasma.
    Notes: Summary Oral galactose loading in two galactokinase-deficient adults produced the expected high and prolonged rise of galactose in peripheral blood, but no rise of circulating immunoreactive insulin.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Toad Bladder ; Sodium Transport Pool ; Aldosterone ; Insulin ; Vasopressin ; Krötenblase ; Natrium-Transport-Pool ; Aldosteron ; Insulin ; Vasopressin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The size of toad bladder sodium transport pool, defined as that amount of sodium of apical origin and recovered in tissue at equilibrium, was compared with sodium transport rate, derived from short-circuit current read immediately before tissue analysis. Provided certain precautions be taken, the relationship between both variables can be described by a curve starting at the intersect ofX (pool, in μEq) andY (transport, in μEq/hr) axes, with a tendency forX to increase faster thanY. Assuming sodium transport pool forms one compartment, its calculated half-life averages 2–3 min. sodium transport pool measurements are thought to shed light on mechanism of sodium transport by toad bladder because pool size was large with respect to transport rate when tissue was exposed to several inhibitors of sodium transport. Conversely, upon stimulation of activity of (substrate — depleted) preparations by glucose, a relative reduction of pool size was observed. Aldosterone, vasopressin (and adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) increased sodium pool size and transport rate, proportionately; insulin stimulated sodium transport more than it increased pool size. Thus, insulin presumably exerts its effect at the sodium “pump” while such a site of action need not be postulated for aldosterone and vasopressin: these 2 hormones would instead induce, permeability changes faciliting sodium movement at the apical border of toad bladder epithelial cells.
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  • 100
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    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 371-388 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin assay ; Laboratory technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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