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  • 1970-1974  (116)
  • 1965-1969  (55)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1820-1829
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Apical dendrites ; Dendritic bundles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In frontal, horizontal and sagittal paraffin sections through the cat's brain regional differences in the pattern of dendritic bundling have been investigated. It is shown that in the gyrus splenialis and suprasplenialis 2–5 apical dendrites of layer IV pyramids approach each other to form vertical bundles which run straight through layer IV. In the posterior sigmoid gyrus, on the other hand, most apical dendrites arising from the pyramidal cells bifurcate immediately above layer V and give rise to obliquely running branches which cross each other before turning upwards and joining other dendrites to take part in the formation of bundles. In this region the dendritic tree of the pyramidal cells seems to be characterized by an unexpectedly high degree of directional specialization.—In functional terms the findings can be summarized by stating that in the visual and sensorimotor regions of the cat's cerebral cortex basic differences exist in the relation between the apical dendrites of layer V pyramids.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 141-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tapetum lucidum cellulosum ; Cat ; Development ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des Tapetum lucidum cellulosum der Katze wird mit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Bereits am ersten postnatalen Tag sind im Bereich des prospektiven Tapetum zwei Zellarten voneinander zu unterscheiden: 1. mesenchymale Bindegewebszellen und 2. prospektive Tapetumzellen, die durch elektronendichte Tapetumstäbchen gekennzeichnet sind. Die Mesenchymzellen unterteilen als parallel zur Retinaoberfläche ausgebreitete Zellplatten in der Choriodea am hinteren Augenpol den weiten extracellulären Raum in 20–25 etwa 5 μm hohe Schichten. Die Tapetumzellen liegen zwischen den Mesenchymzellplatten und wachsen im Verlaufe der ersten vier postnatalen Wochen innerhalb der Schichten in die Breite, bis sie den extracellulären Raum vollständig ausfüllen und als polygonale Zellen direkt aneinander grenzen. Im weiteren Verlauf der Entwicklung werden die Mesenchymzellplatten rückgebildet, so daß bei der adulten Katze die Tapetumzellschichten direkt übereinander liegen und nur von Netzen elastischer und kollagener Fasern getrennt sind. Die von einer Elementarmembran umgebenen Tapetumstäbchen enthalten einen elektronendichten, in den ersten postnatalen Wochen mit einer Periode von 100 Å quergestreiften Kern. Zunächst nehmen sie an Zahl und Länge zu und füllen am Ende der vierten postnatalen Woche, zu Bündeln von parallel verlaufenden Stäbchen geordnet, das Cytoplasma der Tapetumzellen. Dann nehmen die Tapetumstäbchen an Dicke zu, und ihre Querstreifung wird von einem elektronendichten Material überlagert. Die Entwicklung der Tapetumstäbchen hat eine starke Ähnlichkeit mit der in der Literatur beschriebenen Entwicklung von Melanosomen in Melanocyten. Das Tapetum lucidum cellulosum wird als ein dichter Verband hochdifferenzierter extrakutaner Melanocyten angesehen.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the tapetum lucidum cellulosum of the cat was studied by light and electron microscopy. Already by the first postnatal day two cell types can be distinguished in the prospective tapeta area: 1. mesenchymal cells and 2. prospective tapetal cells, characterized by electron dense, membrane bound, rod-like inclusions. The flattened mesenchymal elements form 20–25 separate layers of cells, which are arranged parallel to the surface of the retina, subdividing the extracellular space of the chorioidea at the posterior pole of the eye into 5 μm high compartments. These compartments contain the tapetal cells which enlarge (in their longitudinal axis) during the first four weeks post partum until they occupy the extracellular space almost completely. At this stage, the tapetal cells are polygonal in shape and closely attached to each other. During the subsequent period of development there is a gradual involution of the mesenchymal cell plates. Thus, in adult cats the individual layers of tapetal cells are only separated from each other by networks of collagen and elastic fibers. The tapetal rods are bound by unit membranes and contain an electron dense core which, during the early postnatal weeks, exhibits a periodic cross-striation (100 Å). The tapetal rods increase in number and length during the first four weeks post partum; by the end of the fourth week, they occupy the whole cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. Parallelly arranged rods are grouped into individual bundles coursing inside the cytoplasm in different directions. Thereafter, the tapetal rods increase in thickness and their cross-striation becomes obscured by an electron dense material. This development of the tapetal rods closely resembles that of melanosomes. Thus the tapetum lucidum cellulosum can be regarded as a compact tissue made up of modified extracutaneous melanocytes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Crossed connections ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection of radioactive leucine in various regions of the brain stem reticular formation has revealed the presence of ample crossed reticulo-reticular connections in the cat. The terminal area for the crossed fibers are almost mirror images of the injected sites. The findings made is another example that hitherto unknown fiber connections can be demonstrated by axoplasmic protein tracing.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 507-521 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Transients ; Antagonistic inhibition ; Sensory storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses to interruptions of light stimuli were studied in 58 X-type and 7 Y-type LGN relay cells with intra- and extracellular recording techniques. The responses to interruption were then compared with responses to either appearing or disappearing light stimuli which had the same luminance and size as the interrupted stimulus. The extent to which responses to interruption differed from those to appearance and disappearance was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI), the duration of the stimulus before the interruption (t1) and after the interruption (t2). Responses to stimuli appearing after interruptions of up to 500 msec were weaker than those to appearance and disappearance. This difference decreased with increasing ISI. The difference between responses to appearance and interruption increased as t2 decreased, and decreased as t1 decreased. The reverse was true for the difference between responses to disappearance and interruption. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation consistently reduced the difference between responses to appearance and disappearance compared with those to interruption for all stimulus conditions. These results are discussed in the context of the psychophysical study presented in the preceding paper. It is shown that the neuronal reactions are reflected in detail by the ability of humans to detect appearances and disappearances that occur during interruptions. EPSP sequences recorded from LGN relay cells and relay cell responses conditioned by reticular stimulation suggest that the differentiation of responses to interruption and change partially occurs already in the retina. This differentiation is subsequently enhanced by antagonistic inhibition in the LGN. It is proposed that these inhibitory interactions at peripheral sites of the visual pathway store visual information and serve to reduce the redundancy of responses to short interruptions of the visual input. Centrifugal modulation of LGN inhibition is proposed to control the trade off between temporal integration and temporal resolution.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 467-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Suprasylvian gyrus ; Cat ; Single neurons ; Eye movements ; Direction sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 270 single neurons from the anterior part of the middle suprasylvian gyrus (AMSS) were recorded in awake and non-paralyzed cats (Chronic preparation). 10% were unresponsive to visual stimulation, the remainder reacted well to moving visual stimuli. Half of the units tested were directionally selective. Horizontal, or downward preferred directions predominated. Most neurons were relative insensitive to changes of shape, orientation, contrast, and velocity of the visual stimulus. Some neurons preferred rapid (100°/sec) jerky movements, others required complex motions of irregular shapes, a few strongly preferred objects moving towards the animal in the midsagittal plane. 40% of neurons yielded phasic On-Off reaction to flashing stationary spots. Habituation to repeated stimulation was a common feature and occured in 50% of AMSS neurons. In 19% of neurons tested the discharge rate was not affected by saccadic eye movements, when the animal faced a patterned background. Among the remainder two types of saccade associated responses could be distinguished. Type I discharged prior to or simultaneously with the onset of saccades. This early response was usually associated with saccades of particular directions. Saccades in total darkness yielded weaker and less consistent responses. Type II discharged subsequent to the onset of the saccades after a latency of 40 msec (type IIa), 40–80 msec (type IIb) and 80 msec (type IIc). Responses of type IIa are probably consequences of the retinal effects of eye movements. The saccade associated responses of type Ia, IIb and IIc are tentatively interpreted as results of an eye movement-synchroneous subcortical input, which facilitates transmission in AMSS neurons. Presaccadic facilitation, which generates type Ia responses, may be functionally related to shifts of attention prior to eye movements. It is suggested that postsaccadic facilitation, which underlies the reactions of type IIb and IIc, may be a correlate of visual attention during the fixation period.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Cutaneous and muscle postganglionic neurones ; Noxious stimulation of skin ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somomato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to skin and muscle induced by noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The reflexes were elicited by mechanical damaging stimuli and by temperature stimuli of more than 45°C. 2. In most cutaneous units the spontaneous activity was depressed during noxious stimulation of skin. Some cutaneous units were excited or showed mixed responses. The depression of the spontaneous activity was maximal from the skin area which was innervated by the cutaneous postganglionic neurones and much weaker or not elicitable from other skin areas. 3. Most muscle units were excited during noxious stimulation of skin. This excitation could be elicited from all over the body surface. 4. The effective cutaneous afferent fibres which are involved in these reflexes are the Group III axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging stimuli and the Group IV axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging and/or by thermal noxious stimuli. 5. These investigations reveal that the somato-sympathetic reflexes have opposite organization in cutaneous and muscle postganglionic fibres. The reflex patterns are discussed in relation to a possible central organization of the sympathetic nervous system.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Selective rearing ; Maturation ; OKN ; Perception of motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Kittens reared in the dark from birth were exposed one hour a day between the 4th and the 10th week of age, to a visual environment which consisted exclusively of vertical edges moving horizontally at a constant speed, and always in the same direction. Total exposure time varied between 10 and 60 hours. 2. At the 12th week of age, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in response to displacements of the visual field, was tested. Displacements in the direction that the kittens had experienced during the exposure period elicited immediately an OKN, the frequency of which was related to the speed of the moving pattern. Displacements in the opposite direction elicited a poorer response, only for slowly moving edges. When the speed of the displacement was increased, OKN failed to adapt and finally disappeared. 3. These results suggest the existence, in this type of visuomotor behavior, of a component built up by early visual experience (adaptative component) overlying another component pre-existing visual experience (pre-programmed component).
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory transmission ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Visual cortex ; Attentive behaviour ; Vigilance ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of 6 cats was studied in a vigilance task. Each cat was trained to press a pedal on the floor of a training box. A waiting interval of fixed (FI) or variable (VI) duration then followed, after which a stimulus (S), a spot of light or a tone, was presented for a short period of time. The cat gave a correct response if, during this time, it pressed a panel. The animal was then rewarded with food. When an experiment had been completed using one S the cat was trained to respond to the other. The latency of response following the onset of S was measured for each waiting interval in the VI schedules. It was found that the longer latencies were associated with the shorter waiting intervals; that is, the cats responded more quickly to S as expectancy increased. Between the time the pedal and pand were pressed the optic tract (OT) was shocked not more than once and the response of the LGN and visual cortex recorded. The time at which the shock was delivered varied from 1 trial to the next. The responsiveness of the LGN and visual cortex did not vary during the waiting interval in either of the FI schedules or in the VI schedule in which S was a spot of light. However, in the VI schedule in which S was a tone, the responsiveness of the visual cortex to the thalamocortical input declined as the length of the waiting interval increased. No changes were observed at the LGN or in the presynaptic cortical response. These results contrast with those observed during changes in the level of arousal as assessed by the ECoG. When the ECoG passed from the synchronised to the desynchronised state there was an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic LGN response to the OT shock, but no change in the responsiveness of the cortex to the increased thalamocortical input. These changes in transmission in the visual pathways are discussed in relationship to the animal's behaviour and to the inferred state of attention.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electrotonic coupling ; Antidromic responses ; Abducens motoneurone ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrical stimulation of the abducens nerve provokes the classical true antidromic invasion of the abducens motoneurone and a depolarization which is often capable of generating full action potentials in the impaled motoneurone. Experiments studying these depolarizations suggest the existence of electrotonic coupling between the abducens motoneurones of the cat. Intracellular activity of the abducens motoneurones was recorded following intracellular stimulation of the impaled neurone and antidromic stimulation of the abducens nerve. Collision between the outgoing action potential and the antidromic volley differentiated the true antidromic spike from the depolarizations which can induce or not action potentials. The latency of the depolarization ranged between 100 and 1200 μsec. Collision demonstrated that the depolarization and the true antidromic action potential have an independent origin. The depolarizations and action potentials which are not conveyed to the motoneurone by its own axon are interpreted to be generated by electrotonic coupling.
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  • 11
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 315-336 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex (area 17) ; Cat ; Columnar organization ; Retino-cortical scatter ; Intracortical connections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of cortical cells in the cat's area 17 (central and paracentral area), recorded successively during electrode penetrations perpendicular to the surface, were averaged (PSTH). All cells recorded during one penetration were stimulated with the same stimulus, a slowly moving light or dark slit oriented optimally for the first cell recorded. Comparisons between successively recorded cells were completed by simultaneous recordings from two neurones with the same microelectrode tip. Eye movements as an error were excluded by simultaneous recording of a geniculate cell throughout a cortical penetration. 2. The centers of excitatory receptive fields (ERFs) of simultaneously or successively recorded cells during a penetration may be separated by more than 4°. The mean scatter around a column average is 0.81±0.99° in both directions. The scatter is independent of the recording depth. Whereas the optimal orientation of cells recorded during one penetration was generally similar, the optimal direction (forward and backward movement of an optimally oriented stimulus) was variable. 3. The ERF diameters as determined from the PSTH were between 〈0.5° and 7.5°. During each penetration, cells with small (up to 3.0°) and large (〉3.0°) ERFs could be discriminated. The inhibitory fields (determined with the conditioning method of Bishop, Coombs and Henry, 1971) were between 2.0 and 8.5° along both the optimal and the non-optimal orientation axis of a cell. The borders of inhibitory fields of cells collected during one penetration were also scattered though overlapping. 4. Response analysis of simultaneously and successively recorded cells with different stimuli indicated that, in spite of considerable ERF-overlap, cells with small ERFs had separate excitatory inputs and that intracortical excitatory connections between cells recorded during one penetration were improbable. 5. The ERFs of cells with large ERFs covered a field approximately corresponding to the fields of cells with small ERFs. But a convergent input from many small ERF cells to single large ERF cells was excluded because of the incompatible functional properties of both types of cells, which correspond to some extent to simple and complex cells respectively. 6. It is concluded that cells within cortical cylinders are not connected through excitatory contacts with each other and that most cells in area 17 are excited by individual excitatory geniculate or cortical inputs. Inhibitory connections seem to be the most important intracortical connections. 7. In an Appendix it is shown that anatomical and physiological data do not support significant excitatory convergence of specific geniculate afferents on cortical neurones.
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  • 12
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Visual cortex ; Layer V-pyramids ; Clare Bishop area ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Neurones in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) activated by the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT-LRN neurones) were identified by their responses to stimulation of fibres descending in the contralateral ventral quadrant of the spinal cord which activate the bVFRT neurones monosynaptically. 2. Eighty-eight of the 134 bVFRT-LRN neurones encountered could be antidromically activated at a low stimulus strength from small areas of the cerebellar surface assumed to represent cortical termination points. 3. The bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts of the LRN and terminated bilaterally in the anterior lobe and sparsely in the ipsilateral paramedian lobule and in the pyramis. 4. The responses evoked in the bVFRT-LRN neurones on stimulation of the contralateral ventral quadrant at C5 and L1 made it possible to estimate the approximate spinal level from which the bVFRT fibres originated. On this basis the bVFRT-LRN neurones were divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar groups receiving bVFRT afferents from mainly one spinal level and a convergence group receiving bVFRT afferents from several levels. 5. The different bVFRT-LRN groups received excitation from different combinations of nerves in the four limbs. 6. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred in successively more ventrolateral portions of the LRN. 7. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones terminated in successively more rostral areas of the anterior lobe. 8. The organization of the bVFRT-LRN path is compared with that of the ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts. The possible function of the bVFRT-LRN path is discussed.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Superior colliculus ; Cat ; Experimental anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following altogether 18 stereotactically placed lesions of different location and size in the superior colliculus the efferent fibres to the RF and their distribution were traced in silver impregnated, approximately serial sections (Nauta and Fink and Heimer methods), cut in the transverse, horizontal or sagittal plane. The projection to the mesencephalic RF was found to be almost completely ipsilateral, that to the pontomedullary RF largely contralateral. In the mesencephalic RF the fibres end in its dorsal half approximately. In the pons and medulla they supply only the medial 2/3 of the main RF, with two distinct maxima within the total field of termination. One maximum covers the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the adjoining part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, the other occupies the rostralmost part of the latter and the caudal part of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Of the precerebellar reticular nuclei the contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis receives a distinct component of tectal fibres in a small area dorsomedially. Some fibres end in a restricted part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis and in the paramedian reticular nucleus. The tectoreticular projection appears to be organized according to the same principles as other afferents to the RF. In the main RF the areas of termination of the tectoreticular fibres coincide more or less with the areas of termination of corticoreticular, fastigioreticular and vestibuloreticular fibres. These common terminal areas are those which give off the bulk of reticulospinal fibres. Some functional implications of the pattern of organization in the tectoreticular projection are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Size principle ; Motoneurons ; Cat ; Recruitment ; Neurophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Henneman et al. have shown that a wide variety of stimuli activate motoneurons in the order of their sizes, though some reversals occur. It is not clear which motoneurons should be included in the “pool” from which recruitment by size takes place. The “pool” may consist of 1. all the motoneurons to a given muscle 2. all the motoneurons in a given ventral root or 3. all the motoneurons activated by a given stimulus. We have examined recruitment in the pool of fibers to a given muscle. A variety of mechanical stimuli to cat's legs were used to elicit bursts of activity in gastrocnemius motor units. In 30% of pairs of units, one unit had a consistently lower threshold, i.e. it always began and ended a burst. In the other 70%, either unit could start or end a burst. For 48% of motor unit pairs recorded in either the medial or lateral gastrocnemius, each unit of the pair had runs of firing of at least 10 spikes while the other was totally inactive. By the same criterion, 23% of pairs of temporalis units showed differential activity. During spontaneous breathing there was no consistent recruitment order in 24% of pairs of units in throat respiratory muscles. These data indicate that reversals of recruitment order are relatively common for motoneurons innervating the same muscle. We discuss the possibility that size principle may hold for motoneurons in a single ventral rootlet whose somas are anatomical neighbors (even though they innervate different muscles), but not for motoneurons that are anatomically distant in the cord (even though they innervate the same muscle).
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  • 16
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Renshaw cell ; Antidromic activation ; Differential blocking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Attempts were made to study differences in the relative effectiveness of different size ranges of motor axons to Renshaw cells by differential blocking of larger fibers of the gastrocnemius nerve in cats anesthetized with Nembutal. 1. Differential blocking of larger fibers in the nerve was successfully obtained by applying trapezoid wave current to the nerve. 2. It was shown that more than half (58.1%) of the Renshaw cells receive homogeneous inputs from a motor axon collaterals, 25.8% of the cell receive collateral inputs from a certain group of fibers, and 12.5% of the Renshaw cells were activated by “γ range” fibers.
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  • 17
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Postganglionic fibres to skin and muscle ; Natural stimulation of skin ; Hair-follicle receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and to muscle produced by mechanical non-noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Most of the postganglionic fibres investigated were spontaneously active and had presumably vasoconstrictor function. 2. In 60% of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones stimulation of hairs induced predominantly excitation. This excitation was mostly followed by a slight depression of the spontaneous activity. In 30% of the neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed or predominantly depressed by these stimuli. 3. In most muscle postganglionic neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed by stimulation of hairs. 4. In both types of neurones the reflexes were produced by activity in hair follicle receptors with Group II afferents. Hair follicle receptors with Group III afferents most probably also contributed to this effect. Except for a slight depression of the spontaneous activity in some cutaneous postganglionic neurones by slowly adapting receptors, mechanical stimulation of other types of receptors with Group II afferents had no effect on the postganglionic neurones. 5. Reflexes in postganglionic neurones could be elicited by stimulation of hairy skin all over the body surfaces.
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  • 18
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Thalamic projections ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrolytic lesions were placed into the left vestibular nuclei of 22 adult cats. Silver impregnation for degenerated terminal fibres of serial sections revealed the existence of a relay of the corticopetal vestibular pathway in the contralateral thalamus. Its main afferent fibres originate in the superior and medial vestibular nuclei. By crosschecking the results it was possible to demarcate a focus of vestibular projections in the ventro-caudal part of the thalamus, situated between the centre median, the ventro-basal group and the caudal segment of the ventro-lateral nucleus. The direct ascending afferents of this focus are relatively few in number. The functional significance of this vestibular relay with regard to the proprioceptive influx passing through this region of the thalamus is open to discussion.
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  • 19
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ampullary nerve ; Cat ; EPSP ; IPSP ; Vestibular neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The six ampullary nerves in both labyrinths were separately stimulated by electric pulses in anesthetized cats. Resulting responses in neurons in the vestibular nuclei were recorded intracellularly. Almost all the vestibular neurons showed an EPSP in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral ampullary nerve. These neurons were subclassified as A-, L-, and P-neuron receiving specific projections from the anterior, lateral and posterior canal, respectively. Three fourths of the vestibular neurons recorded from received an IPSP in response to stimulation of the contralateral ampullary nerve. Plane-specific contralateral inhibition was found in most of vestibular neurons; i.e. A-, L-, and P-neuron received IPSP from the contralateral posterior, lateral, and anterior ampullary nerve, respectively. Approximately two thirds of vestibular neurons exhibiting the plane-specific inhibition were recorded in the medial vestibular nucleus. A collision test of impulses in primary afferent fibers were performed during recording of ipsilateral EPSPs produced by strong stimulation of more than one ampullary nerve. No positive evidence was provided for the existence of neural convergence on single vestibular neurons from different ampullary nerves on the same side. It is suggested that the plane-specific contralateral inhibition increase the sensitivity of vestibular neurons during head rotation.
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  • 20
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 347-362 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Tilt response ; Sinusoid ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were made in the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei of decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The firing patterns of single units were studied using small amplitude sinusoidal roll tilts of from 0.01 Hz to 1.0 Hz. Three-fourths of the tilt-sensitive units showed greater modulation of their firing rates as the frequency of the sinusoidal tilt was increased. The responses of cells in both nuclei were similar. These responses were virtually unchanged in cats with chronically plugged semicircular canals, indicating a probable otolith origin for the dynamics of the tilt response.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 363-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pain ; Somatosensation ; Cerebral cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiment examines the role of the cerebral cortex in regulating responses to noxious stimulation by studying the effects of cortical ablations in cats on escape from electric shock applied to the foot pads. The latency of escape as a function of shock intensity was measured before and after bilateral ablations of various portions of the cat's somatosensory cerebral cortex. Ablations of the second somatosensory cerebral cortex significantly increased the escape response threshold. If the sulci bordering this region were included in the ablation, the threshold increase was greater and longer-lasting. Ablations of the primary somatosensory cortex increased latencies at most intensities of electric shock, but did not change the response thresholds. Ablations of both primary and second somatosensory cortex increased response thresholds and response latencies. None of these ablations altered the responses, however, if the cat had been overtrained for six to seven months prior to surgery. The results suggest that the second somatosensory region and the sulci bordering the second somatosensory region in the cat cerebral cortex are involved in responses to noxious stimulation.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 45-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Efferent cells ; Non-efferent cells ; Synaptic connection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal connections in the visual cortex of cat (areas 17 and 18) were studied with intracellular recording and electrical stimulation techniques under Nembutal anaesthesia. Four types of axonal projection were seen; 1. association efferent cells projecting to adjacent cerebral cortex on the ipsilateral side, 2. commissural efferent cells to visual cortex on the contralateral side, 3. corticofugal efferent cells to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus, and 4. non-efferent cells whose projection is confined within the visual cortex. Both association and commissural efferent cells were located in layer III, corticofugal efferent cells in layer V and non-efferent cells in layers II–VI. Upon these cells two types of synaptic actions were exerted by the specific visual afferents that originate from the lateral geniculate body; 1. type I, monosynaptic excitation plus disynaptic inhibition and 2. type II, disynaptic excitation plus trisynaptic inhibition. Type I effects were found in layers III–V, and type II in layers II and VI. In the border region between areas 17 and 18 monosynaptic excitation and disynaptic inhibition were produced also by the commissural efferents originating from the contralateral visual cortex. On the basis of these results, a possible neuronal circuitry in the visual cortex is postulated.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 473-486 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar projection ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The areas of the cerebellar cortex receiving fibres from the mLRN (major portion of the lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) were determined by identifying the low-threshold spots on the cerebellar surface from which 286 mLRN neurones could be antidromically activated. 2. The mLRN fibres terminate bilaterally in the anterior lobe and pyramis, and ipsilaterally in the paramedian lobule. Some fibres terminate also in the rostral part of lobule VI but hardly any in other parts of the cortex. It follows that the mLRN projects almost exclusively to the classical spinal receiving areas. 3. Neurones in the parvi- and magnocellular parts project to similar cortical areas. 4. Two regions in the mLRN were distinguished on the basis of their different projection areas. Region A, a dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part, projects to the ipsilateral parts intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Region B, a ventral portion of the parvi- and magnocellular parts, projects bilaterally to the pars intermedia and vermis of the anterior lobe and sparsely to the pyramis. 5. Neurones throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts receive monosynaptic excitation from fibres ascending in the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus.
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  • 24
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    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 501-513 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The activation of neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) by two spinal tracts ascending through the ventral part of the lateral funiculus has been studied by recording from 277 neurones of which 187 could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the cerebellar surface. Forty-eight % of the neurones were activated by the bVFRT and described in a previous paper (Clendenin et al., 1975b) and 12% were activated by a previously unknown tract denoted the ipsilateral forelimb (iF) tract and described in the present paper. 2. The iF-tract is activated by stimulation of nerves in the ipsilateral forelimb only. The response consists of a train of impulses with a high initial frequency and an almost constant latency. Cutaneous afferents and high threshold muscle afferents contribute to the excitation which is mediated by interneurones. 3. The responses to stimulation of peripheral receptors were weak and difficult to classify. 4. The iF-tract activates neurones in the dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part of the mLRN which projects to the ipsilateral pars intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. 5. The possible information carried by the iF-tract is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 36-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Motor cortex ; Evoked potentials ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A topographical study of cerebello-cortical relations was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. The potentials evoked by punctate stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei were recorded at various sites in the contralateral motor cortex. A map of the cortical responses obtained by stimulating each of the cerebellar nuclei was established. For this purpose, the stimulation thresholds as well as the response amplitudes, polarity and latency were noted. 2. Local stimulation of each cerebellar nucleus evoked responses in particular regions of the contralateral motor cortex. When a stimulus was applied to the interpositus nucleus, short latency responses were recorded in the lateral part of the area 4. Dentate nucleus stimulation induced short latency responses in the medial part of area 4 and in area 6. Furthermore, late responses were also recorded laterally in area 4. 3. The interpositus nucleus was found to project to the portion of motor cortical area controlling the distal forelimb with only a fast conducting pathway. The fastigial nucleus seems to be connected with proximal and axial motor areas. The projection system of the dentate nucleus appears to have a temporal organization: a fast conducting pathway was found to project to the axial and proximal motor area while a slower one seems to transmit impulses to the motor area of the forelimb extremity. 4. The functional aspects suggested by the temporal organization of the cerebellocortical inputs and the distribution of each nucleus projections on the motor cortical areas are discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Splanchnic Afferents ; G.I. and Peritoneal Receptors ; Cortical Projections ; Microelectrode Technique ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were performed on cats anesthetized with chloralose or Nembutal. The unitary activity of cortical neurons was recorded in the SI and SII areas by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. The neurons showed frequently a spontaneous discharge (irregular or regular tonic discharge bursts of spikes). The electrical stimulation of contralateral splanchnic nerves produced different effects on a great number of the neurons: 1. early short activation, 2. late activation, 3. early and late complex activation, 4. partial or total inhibition of the spontaneous activity. These effects were obtained in the different cortical layers. Similar results have been observed by mechanical stimulation of the splanchnic receptors located in the gastro-intestinal tract and in the peritoneum. However in this case, the duration and the amplitude of inhibition and activation were generally weaker.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 121-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytic membranes ; Cat ; Orthogonal particle-complexes ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed and unfixed astrocytic membranes from the CNS of the cat were studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. A variable number of gap junctions was detected in astrocytic membranes. They are characterized by the well known hexagonal composition of their subunits. Besides this type of highly ordered membrane-bound particles, a second one was found. It is composed of four single particles (diameter 5 nm) which form an orthogonal subunit with a side length of about 10 nm. These membrane-associated orthogonal particle complexes (MOPC) could be observed in different stages of aggregation and expansion. They reveal an accumulation in membranes of the marginal glia layers and in the perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Unfixed, glycerol treated membranes, however, do not show these structures. After glycerol treatment of the unfixed membranes by immersion, the MOPC disintegrate to single particles which form clusters of various extension. The clustering phenomenon is dependent on the length of the time of exposure to glycerol. Shortening of the glycerol treatment by intravasal perfusion of the cryoprotectant agent causes an decrease of the clusters. Fragments and transient forms of the MOPC become visible. By variation of different physico-chemical parameters of the washing solution a similar effect on the MOPC was not achieved. The discussion deals with probable functional aspects of the MOPC. They are considered to act as membrane-bound functional multienzyme complexes which a) might play a role in mediating transmembrane passage of metabolites, or b) are essential for CSF control mechanisms, or c) have a functional relation to the nexus.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 489-498 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to re-examine the central nucleus of the cat in Nissl stained sections, to describe its fine structural characteristics, and to compare the lateral subdivision of this nucleus with the putamen. In Nissl preparations, it was observed that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus contains a fairly homogeneous population of small cells while the putamen contains both small and large cells. It is the presence of a few large cells at the lateral periphery of the lateral part of the central nucleus that makes the boundary between the two nuclei indistinct. Examination of the fine structure of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the central nucleus revealed the presence of many boutons containing flattened vesicles and fewer with spheroid vesicles. In contrast, most of the boutons in the putamen have spheroid vesicles. It is concluded that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus may be distinguished from the putamen, except at its most lateral border, by its homogeneous population of small cells and its many boutons containing flattened vesicles.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteria centralis retinae ; Cat ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal axons emerging from the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina reach the wall of the arteria centralis retinae, as revealed by electron microscopy. Numerous unusually large dense core vesicles (about 1000 Å in diameter), of different electron densities, occur in the varicosities of these axons. These observations may be compatible with the idea of an innervation of the central artery of the retina which is non-autonomic, possibly intrinsic in nature.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Hypothalamus ; Stereotaxic lesions ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to determine the origin of the hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections in the cat, small lesions were placed at various rostro-caudal levels of the hypothalamus. The animals were sacrificed after a period of 4, 8 or 11 days and the brains stained with the Nauta (1957), Fink and Heimer (1967) or Wiitanen (1969) method for the demonstration of degenerating axons and their terminals. It was observed that the anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends a small projection to the medial subdivision of the central nucleus and to the basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. The lateral preoptic area sends a larger projection to the anterior amygdaloid area, both subdivisions of the central and basal nuclei, and to the lateral and medial nuclei. No degeneration was observed in the amygdala following lesions in the medial preoptic area, the ventromedial nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area caudal to the anterior hypothalamic area. In a series of animals with lateral preoptic lesions, the site of termination of degenerating boutons on neurons of the amygdaloid nuclei was determined and the course of the degenerative process followed over a period ranging from 2 to 15 days. Many of the boutons, especially in the earlier stages of degeneration, appeared to be of the B3 type, containing flattened vesicles and forming symmetrical synaptic contacts with dendrites or somata. With longer post-operative survival times, however, they became increasingly electron dense and shrunken, so that the bouton type could not be determined.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 577-586 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Axonal-glial junctions ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paranodal zone of myelinated nerve fibers from the CNS of cats has been studied by means of the lanthanum technique and after freeze-etching. Special interest was given to the axonal-glial zones of contact in this region. Examination of the membranes of the paranodal pockets and the axolemma revealed that the membrane thickenings which occur between the adjacent membranes actually consist of bands. The bands show a specific pattern of diagonal running subunits 10 nm apart. These substructures of the axonal side of the membrane contacts protrude outwards, i.e. towards the glial membrane, where they fit into depressions on the glial membrane surface. This arrangement in form of a “zip-fastener” makes the whole structure very flexible. The subdivision of the bands was identified with both techniques. The different membrane aspects obtained by the freeze-etching technique are discussed in respect to the splitting theory, and a hypothetical model of this membrane specialization is presented.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 565-576 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central myelin ; Junctions ; Cat ; Freeze-etching ; Lanthanum impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In male and female cats central myelin was studied using the freeze-etching technique, and after impregnation with lanthanum as a tracer. The freeze-fractured and etched faces of the myelin reveal membrane formations which in many respects resemble tight junctions. The formations consist of parallel rows of particles on one half of the membranes matched by corresponding furrows on the other membrane half. These structures occur across the width of the myelin sheath and are most common in that part of the myelin underlying the external cytoplasmic loop. They are interpreted as correlates of the radial component of the i-line which occurs in cross-sections of central myelin after potassium permanganate staining. In the paranodal zone the lanthanum-impregnated myelin displays punctate fusions between the outer leaflets of the oligodendrocytic membranes. These findings strongly suggest that tight junctions are a common feature in the central myelin. The arrangement of the membrane fusion in relation to the elements of the lamellar complex and their functional significance is discussed.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 409-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic organization ; Trochlear nucleus ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of neuron in the cat trochlear nucleus (one large, one small) are described, the α- and γ-motoneurons, respectively. Four types of terminals are observed which establish axo-dendritic synapses. Two of them (Types I and II) perform axo-somatic synapses as well. Terminals en passant (Types I and II) are predominant. The Type I terminal is long and slender with a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles and the unique feature of a relative narrowing of the synaptic cleft as compared to the width of the neighboring extracellular space. Its vesicle population is pleomorphic and a conspicuous glial barrier surrounds the synaptic zones. The Type II terminal differs slightly from Type I, revealing a wider synaptic cleft and lacking a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles. The type III terminal is rarely observed performing axo-somatic synapses, but is a common finding in the neuropil. Post-junctional dense bodies are often present in its axodendritic synapses. The Type IV nerve terminal performs axo-dendritic synapses and is characterized by a rich content of large granulated vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses are observed only very rarely. The synaptic organization of the feline trochlear nucleus is compared with the synaptic morphology of the oculomotor nuclei of inframammalian species (Waxman and Pappas, 1971). In addition to certain similarities (e.g., richness of synapses en passant), significant differences are encountered: the present study provides no morphological evidence for electrotonic transmission in the trochlear nucleus of cat.
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  • 34
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    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior thalamic nuclei (AM and AV) ; Cellular and fiber structure ; Golgi study ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The characteristic dendritic arborization of different cell types, the axon arborization of Golgi type II neurons, and the terminal parts of the specific and non-specific afferents in the nucleus anterior ventralis and medialis were observed, using the Golgi-Kopsch perfusion method. The cell types and their special characteristics, such as the dendritic tree, dendritic processes and axon-arborization patterns are similar to those described in the other specific nuclei of the thalamus. The significance of Golgi type II/a cells and their synaptic relations are discussed from the point of view of inhibitory mechanisms postulated in the thalamic relay nuclei. The synaptic articulations of specific (Vicq d'Azyr) and non-specific afferents with the different cell types have been studied.
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  • 35
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    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Spontaneous activity ; Vestibular stimulation ; Caloric irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The spontaneous activity of 132 single LGN neurones was recorded prior to and following irrigation of the external auditory meatus from cats in light urethane-pentobarbitone anaesthesia with immobilized eyes. Caloric irrigation was administered in the case of 96 units; the remaining 36 units were controls for irrigation with water at body temperature. The data for each individual neurone were analyzed statistically. 2. It was found that the spontaneous activity of 71 % of the 96 LGN neurones studied was significantly changed by at least one kind of caloric irrigation. This percentage is significantly higher than the 17% of the control LGN neuronal sample (n = 36) whose spontaneous activity was influenced significantly by irrigation with water at 37°C. 3. The majority of LGN neurones were affected by only one kind of caloric irrigation (either warm or cold). Both activity enhancement and activity depression were observed. 4. Possible mediating pathways are discussed as well as the implications of the 0findings for opto-vestibular interactions at the cortical level.
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  • 36
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    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Evoked activity ; Opto-Vestibular Interaction ; Caloric irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The light-evoked activity of 97 single LGN neurones was recorded from anaesthetised cats prior to and following caloric irrigation. The data from each individual neurone were analyzed statistically. 2. It was found that the light-evoked responses of 79% of the LGN neurones studied were significantly changed by at least one kind of caloric irrigation. This percentage is significantly higher than the 20% of a control LGN neuronal sample whose light-evoked responses were influenced significantly by irrigation with water at 37° C. 3. Both light-evoked activity enhancement and depression were observed. 4. For a given LGN neurone, caloric effects on its light-evoked responses are independent of those on its spontaneous activity. 5. Caloric irrigation often affects the light-evoked responses of only the centre or the periphery of a given LGN neurone's receptive field, thus upsetting the balance between these two antagonistic mechanisms.
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  • 37
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 221-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Main cuneate nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Muscle stretch receptors ; Natural stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recording was made from 77 primary afferent fibres, 106 cells in the external cuneate nucleus, and 60 cells in the main cuneate nucleus, all activated by slowly adapting muscle stretch receptors. The nature of the muscle receptors responsible for the activation was determined by various types of receptor stimulation. Primary group I afferents from muscle spindles and tendon organs in distal forelimb muscles showed complete overlap of conduction velocities and thresholds to electrical stimulation. Both types of group I afferents as well as group II muscle spindle afferents were shown to ascend through the dorsal funiculus to the level of the cuneate nuclei. Three groups of cells were identified in the external cuneate nucleus, activated by group I muscle spindle afferents, tendon organ afferents and group II muscle spindle afferents, respectively. Almost all group I activated cells in the main cuneate nucleus, including all 34 cells identified as cuneo-thalamic relay cells, received their afferent input from muscle spindle afferents. Three cells were activated by tendon organ afferents.
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  • 38
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 507-520 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synapse ; Motor cortex ; Microstimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Spread of synaptic effects within the gray substance of the motor cortex was examined in cats by delivering intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) through a tungsten electrode and recording postsynaptic potentials (p.s.p.'s) intracellularly from neighbouring cells. 2. ICMS of 4 μa within layer I did not produce any p.s.p.'s in the surrounding neurons. 3. ICMS of 4 μa at layers II, III and IV produced monosynaptic p.s.p.'s only in adjacent neurons. Their horizontal and vertical spread was limited to within 0.5 mm of the stimulating site. Ascending spread from the stimulating sites was not observed in these layers. 4. Polysynaptic effects from layers II, III and IV were found at a distance up to 1.0 mm from the stimulating site both in horizontal and vertical directions. Inhibitory spread was wider than excitatory. 5. ICMS of 4 μa in the deep layers (V and VI) produced both mono and poly synaptic activation of cells in these same layers as well as in the superficial layers (II–III). The effects of ICMS were mixed, but were predominantly inhibitory. 6. The possible synaptic organization within the cortex is discussed and it is concluded that these neuronal connections as a whole constitute a columnar organization within the cortex with feedback circuits built into the system.
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  • 39
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    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 315-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Unit recording ; Motor cortex ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A topographical study of the cortico-rubrospinal pathway was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Extracellular unit recordings were made from cells in the red nucleus projecting to the spinal cord. They were identified by antidromic invasion following stimulation of their axones at the 2nd cervical and 9th thoracic levels of the spinal cord. I. The pericruciate cortical regions from which spikes could be induced in rubrospinal neurons were limited to the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus, the lateral sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus. No responses were obtained from stimulation of the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus or the gyrus proreus. Compared to the somatotopic organization of the motor cortex for the cat described by Woolsey (1958), our results show that the rubrospinal cells receive projections from the motor cortex controlling proximal and distal muscles but not axial muscles. II. Neurons projecting to the cervico-thoracic cord receive afferents from the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the lateral sigmoid gyrus whereas those projecting to the lumbo-sacral cord receive projections from the entire surface of the sigmoid gyrus except the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the gyrus proreus. III. A latero-medial organization of cells within the red nucleus was found according to the origin of their cortical afferents. Rubrospinal neurons with fibers terminating in the cervical or thoracic cord receive projections from the motor cortex controlling the proximal musculature of the forelimb when they are located in the dorso-lateral region of the nucleus and the entire forelimb motor cortex when they are located in the medial part of the nucleus. It is suggested that this organization may indicate a control of proximal forelimb musculature by dorsolateral rubrospinal cells and distal musculature by medial cells. IV. Rubrospinal cells placed medially in the nucleus receive more convergent projections (i.e. from a greater cortical surface) than cells placed more laterally. It was shown that for certain cells the convergence occurs in the direct pathway. These results are discussed in terms of a functional organization allowing coordinated movements of different segments of a single limb or of different limbs.
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  • 40
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    Experimental brain research 18 (1973), S. 304-315 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Ganglion cell ; Receptive field ; Lateral inhibition ; Surround antagonism ; Center-surround interaction ; Adaptation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. 57 on- and off-center units in the cat's optic tract were studied after 30 min of dark adaptation by stimulating the receptive field periphery with flashing annuli. 49 reacted with center-like responses, 4 did not respond and 4 offcenter cells showed weak antagonistic surround responses. 54 showed antagonistic surround responses when a steady adapting spot of suitably chosen luminance was directed on to the center of the fields. 2. With equal stimulation of the surround the total flux of the steady center spot determined the condition of reversal from center to surround responses. 3. Under the condition of reversal the on-going firing rate was also affected. Reversal of responses was also observed with short stimulus durations (≥ 50 msec). 4. The recovery time from reversed responses to center-like responses was less than I min after darkening the center again. 5. With increasing center spot luminance, the latency of the center-type excitatory responses from on- and off-center neurones remained approximately constant, whereas the latency of the surround excitatory response was decreased. 6. Neuronal mechanisms are considered which give rise to excitatory responses in total darkness and inhibitory responses if neighbouring parts of the retina are light adapted. The equivalence of light adaptation and lateral inhibition as well as the effects of stray light are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 410-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Cellular ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The four deep cerebellar nuclei exhibit a similar pattern of organization. They consist of isodendritic neurons of different sizes. The dendritic fields of the neurons display the characteristics of “noyaux fermés”. The medium sized neurons contain small Nissl bodies anastomosed by threads of the same material giving rise to a tridimensional network; the large majority of the polyribosomes are free and suspended among the cisterns of the Nissl substance. Peculiar inclusions, resembling laminated inclusion bodies, are occasionally present in the perikarya. The origin of such inclusions from the endoplasmic reticulum has been proved, since intermediary steps in the transformation of endoplasmic reticular cisterns into laminated bodies have been disclosed. Rarely, annulate lamellae occur in the perinuclear region. The smaller neurons contain a large nucleus, almost 2/3 of the somatal volume, and in their cytoplasm Nissl bodies are practically absent. The Golgi impregnation and the electron microscopic observations have revealed the existence of large dendritic varicosities, giving rise to long slender filopodia localized in distal segments of some dendrites. The varicosities are filled with mitochondria and some glycogen particles. These features are characteristics of growing tips of dendrites (Sotelo and Palay, 1968). The immediate environment of medium sized neurons consists of axon terminals and astrocytic processes, in a near similar proportion. On the other hand, smaller neurons are in intimate contact with satellite oligodendrocytes, astrocytic processes, myelinated fibers and very few axon terminals. Close appositions, resembling “gap” junctions have been disclosed between perikarya of interfascicular oligodendrocytes.
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  • 42
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 431-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Synaptic ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of the cerebellar deep nuclei in the cat has been analysed with the Golgi technique and the electron microscope. The Golgi picture is qualitatively very similar in the four nuclei. Both thick and thin fibers, with the latter being more numerous, contribute to the formation of pericellular nests around large neurons, where a large amount of boutons “en passant” can be observed. The electron microscopic study corroborates these observations since the cell surface of large neurons is mostly covered by axon terminals, while smaller neurons receive very few axo-somatic synapses. According to their size and shape three types of axon terminals have been encountered synapsing on large neurons: medium-sized, large slender and climbing-like boutons. The two last types only represent less than 13% of the total amount of axon terminals, and they are considered as synaptic boutons arising from different sources. The medium-sized boutons must represent a mixed population. A majority of these boutons contain rounded vesicles, while some, in a variable proportion from one animal to another, contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles. The morphological features of “active” zones present in medium-sized boutons are not related to the shape of the vesicular population. This lack of association between vesicular shape and a specific pattern of “active” zones has been discussed. In the neuropil, large and smaller dendritic profiles have their surface mostly covered by axon terminals. These boutons are morphologically of the same three types described in axo-somatic position. Synapses on axon hillocks and on the initial segments of axons of large neurons are frequently observed, the presynaptic element being always a medium-sized bouton. However, axo-axonic serial synapses are only a very rare observation. In all the normal cats used in this study, axons and axon terminals containing atypical organelles, mostly originated from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, have been observed. They probably represent aspects of a degenerative process of axon terminals reflecting a continuous remodeling of synaptic connections, as has been suggested by Sotelo and Palay (1971).
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Main cuneate nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Muscle stretch receptors ; Convergence patterns ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patterns of inhibitory and excitatory convergence were investigated for 70 group I activated cells in the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) (34 identified cuneo-thalamic relay cells) and 102 group I activated cells in the external cuneate nucleus (ECN), using natural stimulation of stretch receptors in various wrist muscles. MCN cells as well as ECN cells showed a high degree of spatial specificity. Most of the cells were activated by receptors in one wrist muscle only. A few cells were activated from a couple of adjacent synergists. Inhibitory effects were rarely produced in group I activated MCN cells, but were common among the ECN cells (40%). Many different combinations of excitation and inhibition from the various wrist muscles were found for ECN cells. There was no particular tendency of reciprocal effects from antagonistic muscles.
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  • 44
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory cortex ; Cat ; Spindle input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 27 cells in the S I group I projection area of the cerebral cortex, identified as activated by group I afferent fibres by electrical stimulation of the deep radial nerve, were examined by natural stimulation in 4 awake cats. Sixty-four percent of the cells responded to wrist and/or digital ventroflexion only. Another 28% of the cells responded also to elbow flexion or extension. Only one cell responded to stretch of antagonistic muscles. Half of the cells responded to pulling of only one out of four available muscle tendons of wrist and digital dorsiflexors. The rest of the cells responded to pulling of two adjacent tendons. All cells tested responded to light tapping stimulation of skin areas overlying the muscles providing excitation, presumably as a result of mechanical stimulus spread to sensitive muscle spindles. 20% of the cells responded to deflection of hairs located on the paw. The receptive fields obtained were compared with those obtained in the cortex and at lower levels of the pathway with electrical nerve stimulation on nembutalized animals.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata (see preceding communication) responding maximally to both electrical and chemical stimulation by inducing an increase of ventilation was marked electrolytically and examined histologically. A characteristic group of large multipolar nerve cells was always found at the spot marked by electrolysis. These cells are located medial to the hypoglossal roots and ventral to the inferior olive which separates them from the respiratory centers. The cells are distributed at a distance of 8–450 μm from the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, the greatest concentration being located at 150–200 μm beneath the surface. The possible role of these cells in the central chemical respiratory drive is discussed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with Chloralose-Urethane was electrically stimulated with a unipolar electrode (rectangular impulses 40/sec; 1 msec; 1–4 V) from the lower pons to C1–C2. Beginning at the ventral surface all points were stimulated at distances of 0.1–0.2 mm up to a depth of 1 mm, thereafter at millimeter intervals up to a depth of 6 mm below the surface. Ventilation, expiratoryPCO2 and arterial pressure were recorded. 1. As has been demonstrated earlier by Loeschckeet al. (1970) stimulation of two separate areas on the ventral medullary surface caused increase in tidal volume, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure, the latter not without exception. 2. In the more caudal area medial of the hypoglossal roots the response to electrical stimulation was strongest at the surface or not more than 0.2 mm below the surface. The response decreased with increasing distance from the surface until at a depth of 0.6–0.8 mm no or only a minimal response was observed. In 2 to 3 mm depth either a second rise in the rhythmic ventilatory response or a maintained forced inspiration was evoked, while stimulation at still deeper location was followed by a decrease of the tidal volume or by respiratory arrest in expiratory position. 3. In the more rostral area, the response pattern in the more superficial layer was similar but less marked. 4. It is suggested that one type of substrates responding to stimulation is confined to two thin layers at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata and that these structures are involved in the drive of ventilation and of vasomotor tone. Their location is similar to the location of chemosentitivity as described by Schläfkeet al. (1970) and it seems possible that they play a role either in the origin or the transmission of chemosensitive impulses. Other substrates showing respiratory responses of the inspiratory or expiratory type are located deeper in the medulla oblongata and well demarcated from the described superficial substrates. They include the respiratory centres.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Medulla oblongata ; Vasomotor Tone ; Heart Rate ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane was exposed from the ventral side and systematically explored in three coordinates by stimulation (rectangular stimuli 1 msec, 40/sec, 1–4V) with unipolar electrodes. The responses of arterial pressure and of heart rate were determined and mapped similarly to the respiratory responses in the preceding paper (Trouthet al., 1973 a,b). A vast preponderance of vasopressor points was found, whereas vasodepressor points showed a sparse and less consistent distribution with a maximum effect in the neighborhood of the expiratory half center. Pressor effects were obtained from most of the reticular nuclei, the gratest effects being observed in the nucleus parvocellularis. The heart rate was usually influenced to a minor degree only and very often in the opposite direction to the arterial pressure. Only at one point (2 mm rostral, 2 mm lateral, 3–4 mm deep) was the heart rate clearly diminished simultaneously with a strong depression of arterial pressure. More caudally the vasopressor area migrates to the lateral part of the medulla. Pressor effects from very superficial structures beneath the ventral surface have been observed in a rostral and lateral location corresponding to the area described by Mitchellet al. (1963a, b) and medially of the hypoglossal roots in the area described by Loeschckeet al. (1970). These areas, however, are not clearly separated from deep structures yielding vasomotor effects as is the case with the respiratory responses.
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  • 48
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    Documenta ophthalmologica 34 (1973), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Cat ; Electroretinogram ; Centrifugal optic nerve fibers ; Dark adaptation ; Intermittent stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In twelve cats the ERG was examined prior to and after severance of one optic nerve. The neurally isolated eye displayed enhanced ERG b-waves as compared to preoperative recordings and to recordings from the fellow eye. The concept of an inhibitory control of retinal function via centrifugal fibers within the optic nerve which rivals retinal sensitivity is discussed. Photic stimulation superimposed upon background illumination did not produce differences in the ERGs. During recovery from light adaptation the ERG was often equal in both eyes during the photopic phase of dark adaptation. Thereafter the isolated eye exhibited enhanced retinal responses. These findings are in accordance with those from patients with optic nerve lesion. When intermittent stimulations at different intensities were used the positive amplitudes of the first response in the isolated eye were always higher than those in the fellow eye. The steady states were achieved later in the isolated eye than in the fellow eye and decreased at a faster rate in the former. This suggests a decreased ability of the isolated eye to maintain its performance as compared to the eye under cerebral control.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colon rectum ; Cat ; Adrenergic ; Cholinesterase ; Autonomic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and intrinsic innervation of the colon, rectum, internal anal sphincter, ano-coccygeus and recto-coccygeus have been studied in the cat with cholinesterase and catecholamine-fluorescence histochemical techniques. A variable pattern of intrinsic innervation by acetylcholinesterase-positive and adrenergic nerves along the length of the large bowel is described and is related to segmental variations in motor activity. A variation in the distribution of non-specific cholinesterase within the muscle layers is also described. Adrenergic nerves in proximal colon are arranged in the usual peri-ganglionic manner but there is also a rich direct adrenergic innervation of the longitudinal muscle in distal colon and rectum, and of circular muscle in lower rectum and internal anal sphincter. This distribution has not been reported in other species. Direct adrenergic innervation of muscle cells has been confirmed at ultrastructural level after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic neurones have not been detected in cat bowel. The ano- and recto-coccygeus muscles and internal anal sphincter possess a dense innervation of adrenergic and cholinesterase-positive nerves. It is suggested that the variation in intrinsic innervation along the large bowel should be considered in the interpretation of pharmacological and physiological experiments on this part of the gut.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 515-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Carotid body ; Cat ; Corrosion casting technique ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den arteriennahen, peripheren Bereichen des Glomus caroticum der Katze wurden arteriovenöse Verbindungen nachgewiesen, die ihrem Charakter nach unterschiedlich sind. Es ist allerdings noch nicht zu entscheiden, ob derartige Anastomosen regelmäßig vorkommen und wie sie funktionieren. Die beschriebenen Gefäßverbindungen konnten lichtmikroskopisch anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und mit Hilfe einer weiterentwickelten Korrosionstechnik im Rasterelektronenmikroskop dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary In artery surrounding areas in the periphery of the carotid body of the cat we found arteriovenous anastomoses differing in respect to their character. So far, it is not yet to decide the frequency of their occurrence and their functional significance. The anastomoses were demonstrated by light microscopy of serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy with a more developed corrosion casting technique.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic innervation, smooth muscle cells ; Degeneration of sympathetic nerve endings, Schwann cell ; Nictitating membrane ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultrastruktur der vegetativen Endformation im Bereich der Katzennickhaut wird beschrieben. Nach Exstirpation des Ganglion cervicale superius werden die degenerativen Veränderungen der postganglionären sympathischen Nervenfasern vor allem im Bereich ihrer Endstrecke untersucht. Axonale Degenerationsmerkmale sind Agglutination und Koagulationsnekrose der Organellen sowie Lyse der Matrix mit anschließender Absorption durch die Schwannsche Zelle. Darüber hinaus werden im Bereich der vegetativen Endformation entartete Axone aus den Begleitzellen ins Interstitium ausgeschleust. Die koagulierten Axoplasmareste werden von Histiozyten beseitigt. Die Schwannschen Zellen ziehen sich allgemein zurück; einige weisen Zeichen der Hypertrophie sowie osmiophile Einschlußkörper („residual bodies“) auf. Außerdem finden sich degenerierende Begleitzellen. Wahrscheinlich wird auch ein Teil der funktionslos gewordenen, entarteten Schwannschen Zellen phagozytiert.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the innervation of the nictitating membrane in the cat is described. Degenerative changes of adrenergic nerve endings were studied after superior cervical ganglionectomy. Fine structural changes of degenerating axon terminals include agglutination and coagulation of axonal organelles as well as lysis of the axonal matrix. Absorption of the axonal debris by the Schwann cytoplasm follows. Moreover axonal extrusion from the sheath cell and macrophage activity can be observed. Most of the Schwann cells withdraw, some of them show signs of hypertrophy and contain osmiophilic inclusion bodies (residual bodies). A few degenerating Schwann cells can be seen. It seems that a portion of the degenerated sheath cells is phagocytosed following loss of normal function after denervation.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 133-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Adrenal medulla ; Rabbit ; Osmiophilic vesicles ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die organspezifischen Strukturen im Glomus caroticum und Nebennierenmark zeigen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen ein unterschiedliches Bild. So läßt sich unter anderem durch Modifizierung der Fixationsmedien (Glutaraldehyd, Osmiumsäure in Kombination mit verschiedenen Puffern) eine optimale Differenzierung der zellulären Strukturelemente von Glomuszellen erreichen. An den osmiophilen Vesikeln fällt eine starke Variabilität ihres Erscheinungsbildes auf. Feinstrukturelle Unterschiede werden in Elektronendichte des Vesikelinhaltes, Größe und Ausbildung des Hofes sowie in Aufbau und Verlauf der Membran deutlich. Auf Grund dieser Kriterien lassen sich im wesentlichen 4 Haupttypen der Granula von seltener vorkommenden Sonderformen abgrenzen.
    Notes: Summary The organospecific structures of the carotid body and the adrenal medulla show a different appearance under various experimental conditions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an optimal differentiation of the cellular structure elements of the carotid body cells by modifying the fixatives (glutaraldehyde, osmic acid, in combination with various buffer systems). Especially the osmiophilic vesicles show a great variability in their appearance. Ultrastructural differences become evident in the electron-density of the vesicle content, in the size of the electron-lucent space (halo of the dense core), as well as in the structure and conduct of the membrane. Based on these criteria four main types of granules can be said to occur in the carotid body. These can be distinguished from more uncommon special types.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 421-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Cat ; Magnocellular neurons ; Electron microscopic autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis revealed that H3-valine infused into the lateral ventricle of normal and acutely dehydrated cats is preferentially taken up by the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Grain counts for these magnocellular neurons in normal unstressed cats were highest at one hour post infusion with a significant fall off by three hours. Uptake by the SON and PVN at one hour exceeded neighboring nuclear groups by a factor of 7 and 4 fold respectively. Electron microscopic autoradiographs from acutely dehydrated cats revealed the presence of emission grains in association with rough endoplasmic reticulum and large osmiophilic neurosecretory vesicles. In view of statistically significant uptake values and rapid turnover of H3-valine by SON and PVN in normal animals, coupled with emission tracks in direct association with underlying neurosecretory product in acutely dehydrated ones, it is speculated that valine may be an amino acid component of one or both of the neurophysins to which neurohypophyseal hormones are non-covalently linked.
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  • 54
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    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 59-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Stellate Ganglion ; Postnatal Development ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des Ganglion stellatum der Katze wurde an 19 Tieren im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 6 Jahren untersucht. Die Ganglien wurden durch Perfusion fixiert. Folgende quantitative Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Das schnelle Wachstum der Nervenzellen und der nicht-neuralen Elemente führt von der 2. Woche an zu einer Abnahme der Nervenzellen pro Volumeneinheit. Nach dem 3. Monat scheint die Zahl der Nervenzellen gleichzubleiben. 2. Die Anzahl der Gliazellen pro Volumeneinheit steigt während der beiden ersten Wochen auf etwa das Doppelte des bei der Geburt vorhandenen Wertes. Nach Erreichen eines Maximums nimmt die Zelldichte bis zum Alter von 1 Jahr wieder ab. Die Entwicklung des Ganglion stellatum zeigt folgende histologische Veränderungen: 1. Das Wachstum der Nervenzellen ist mit strukturellen Veränderungen an Kern und Perikaryon verbunden. Nach Vollendung des 1. Lebensjahres treten im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen autofluorescierende Granula auf. 2. Während der Phase der Gliazellzunahme sieht man zahlreiche Mitosen. Die ersten Markscheiden treten am 8. Tag auf. 3. Das interstitielle Bindegewebe ist in den ersten Monaten außerordentlich zart und zellarm. 4. In allen Altersstadien findet man Mastzellen.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the stellate ganglion was studied in cats aged from 1 day to 6 years and fixed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid from the aorta. The following quantitative findings were obtained: 1. The number of nerve cells per unit volume decreases from the 2nd week after birth. This decrease in number is attributed to the rapid growth of the neuronal elements and to an increase in the number of non-neuronal cells. From the 3rd month, the number of the nerve cells remains constant. 2. The number of glial cells per unit volume increases during the first two weeks after birth to roughly twice the number noted at birth. During this period numerous mitoses are found. After reaching a maximum at about 15 days, the cell-density decreases up to the age of 1 year. During postnatal development of the stellate ganglion the following histological changes were observed: 1. Growth of the nerve cells is accompanied by structural changes of the nucleus and perikaryon. In the cytoplasm of the nerve cells autofluorescent granules appear in cats aged about 1 year. 2. The first myelin sheaths appear on the 8th day. 3. During the first few months, the interstitial connective tissue is poorly developed. 4. Mast cells are found at every stage of the postnatal development.
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    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 125-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Prenatal ontogenesis ; Neocortex ; Cat ; Golgy study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The individual prenatal ontogenetic history of the horizontal neurons (the Cajal-Retzius cells) of layer I, the Martinotti neurons of layer VI, the pyramid-like neurons (the polymorphous or spindle cells) of layer VI, and the pyramidal neurons of layer V of the cat neocortex have been investigated. These neurons undergo, in the course of prenatal ontogenesis, a series of significant changes in their dendritic and axonic arborizations resulting in their complete structural transformation. Some of these changes have led to the appearance of new types of neurons quite different from the original in their morphological features as wells as in the territory of distribution of their axons. The horizontal neurons of layer I (superficial plexiform layer) come to assume the morphological characteristics of Cajal-Retzius cells late in prenatal ontogenesis. Also, the pyramid-like neurons of layer VI (deep plexiform layer) acquire the features of polymorphous (spindle) neurons of layer VI late in prenatal neocortical ontogenesis. Certainly, the resulting functional transformations that these neuronal changes cause are important and of great significance in the understanding of the organization of the mammalian neocortex. In the course of prenatal ontogenesis the following occur: the horizontal neurons of layer I lose their axonic connections with layer VI and acquire an increasing relevance in the structural organization of layer I; the pyramid-like neurons of layer VI lose their axonic and dendritic connections with layer I and undergo pronounced regressive changes in their dendritic and axonic arborizations; and the Martinotti neurons lose their axonic connections with layer I and also undergo regressive changes in their dendritic arborizations. In addition, the structural-functional interrelationships among these three neurons, which are quite prominent during early neocortical ontogenesis, fade away in the course of late prenatal ontogenesis and possibly disappear altogether by the time of birth in the cat. These three neurons are the basic neuronal elements of the early, precallosal organization (the primordial neocortical organization) of the mammalian neocortex. Phylogenetically, these three types of neurons are very old ones and have been described in the cerebral cortices of amphibians and reptiles. Therefore, it is not surprising that the early, precallosal organization of the mammalian neocortex should resemble the structural organization of the reptilian (general cortex) neocortex. It is postulated in this communication that these neuronal transformations are the result of a restructuring in the organization of the mammalian neocortex which follows the arrival of the callosal fibers and of a new type of corticipetal fibers at the pyramidal plate. this restructuring represents a transformation of the fibrillary-neuronal structure of the mammalian neocortex from its early, precallosal (reptilian) organization into a more distinctly mammalian one. The mammalian neocortical organization is characterized by the sequential maturation of several strata of true pyramidal neuronal systems. In the course of prenatal ontogenesis the fibrillar and neuronal elements of the early, precallosal neocortical organization lose progressively their relevance in the structural organization of the mammalian neocortex while the new pyramidal neuronal systems acquire an increasing relevance in it.
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    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neocortex ; Dendrites ; Columns ; Rabbit ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In frontal and tangential paraffin sections through the sensory-motor cortex of the rabbit, vertical bundles of dendrites have been found. Each bundle consists of several apical dendrites of layer V pyramids and extends through layer IV into layer III/II where the dendrites begin to ramify. Electron microscopy reveals that within the bundle some of the dendrites approach each other so closely as to be separated by the extracellular space only. A vertical bundling of dendrites has, also been found in various regions of the sensory-motor cortex of the cat. — The hypothesis is put forward that the vertical bundles of dendrites are the morphological substrate of the vertical functional units deduced from electrophysiological observations.
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    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cytoarchitecture ; Man ; Rhesus monkey ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Kleinhirnrinde von Mensch, Rhesusaffe und Katze lassen sich Unterschiede in der Zellgröße und Zellzahl in verschiedenen Kleinhirnabschnitten nachweisen. Im ältesten Kleinhirnabschnitt, dem Lobus nodulofloccularis sind die Purkinjezellen und die Körnerzellen stets größer als in den Lappen des Corpus cerebelli. Außerdem besteht noch eine Größendifferenz zwischen Wurm und Hemisphären. In den vermalen Abschnitten aller Kleinhirnlappen sind die Purkinjezellen und die Körnerzellen größer als in den dazugehörigen Hemisphärenanteilen. Daneben bestehen Unterschiede in der Zellzahl. Im Lobus nodulofloccularis ist die Zellzahl signifikant geringer als in den übrigen Kleinhirnabschnitten. Ähnlich wie bei der Zellgröße bestehen aber auch bei der Zellzahl Unterschiede zwischen den Hemisphären- und Wurmanteilen eines Kleinhirnlappens. In den Wurmabschnitten ist die Zellzahl geringer als in den Hemisphären. Die regionalen Unterschiede in der Cytoarchitektonik und das zahlenmäßige Verhältnis der Purkinjezellen zu den Körnerzellen bei Mensch, Rhesusaffe und Katze werden im Hinblick auf den evolutiven Status der Gehirne diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In different parts of the cerebellar cortex of man, rhesus monkey and cat there are variations in the size and number of cells. In the lobus nodulofloccularis, the Purkinje cells and the granule cells are larger in diameter than in the corpus cerebelli. Moreover, the Purkinje cells and the granule cells in the vermal parts of the nodulofloccular lobe, the posterior lobe and the anterior lobe are always larger in size than in the hemispheres of these lobes. In addition there are differences in the number of cells: In the nodulofloccular lobe the number of cells per unit volume is significantly lower than in the different parts of the corpus cerebelli; in the vermal parts the number of cells is smaller than in the respective parts of the hemispheres. Thus there are parallels between the differences in size and in number of Purkinje cells and granule cells in the phylogenetic older (vermis) and younger (hemispheres) parts of the cerebellum. The regional differences in cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellar cortex in man, rhesus monkey and cat are discussed with respect to evolution.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Mossy fibers ; Purkyně cells ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an account of single Purkyně cell responses when three types of mechanical stimulation, as in the previous paper, are applied to the forefoot and hindfoot of the decerebrate unanesthetized cat. Attention was concentrated on the effects of brief mechanical pulses to the footpad. Recording was extracellular by glass microelectrodes and special precautions were taken in identifying the spike responses as being due to a single Purkyně cell and in securing its effective isolation for our computer averaging techniques, as described in the previous papers. All Purkyně cells were in the ipsilateral anterior lobe in the lateral vermis or pars intermedia of lobules III, IV, V, except for a few recordings in the extreme rostral zone of lobule VI. Mechanical pulses or taps evoked responses from many Purkyně cells which were pure excitatory, pure inhibitory or admixtures thereof. The latencies of onset were usually in the range of 12–20 msec from the onset of the tap, which tends to be a little longer than the observed latencies for mossy fiber responses described in the preceding paper. There was often a considerable difference in the sizes of the responses evoked from different pads of the same foot, and the usual threshold for response was below 0.2 mm amplitude. Durations of responses were usually 10–20 msec for excitation and 50–100 msec for inhibition. Pressure pulses to the central foot pads of 2 sec duration evoked a wide variety of responses: brief phasic at “on” and “off” that could be admixtures of excitation and inhibition; almost pure tonic excitations or inhibitions that were well maintained during the 2 sec; phasic-tonic responses in various relative degrees. Usually 500 g was maximally effective and the threshold was below 100 g. Hair receptors were stimulated preferentially by brief air jets, there being brief excitatory or inhibitory responses much as with taps, but with rather longer latency. The effective area was usually fairly extensive over the hairy skin of the foot. In general the effects on Purkyně cells by cutaneous mechanoreceptors acting via mossy fibers were in accord with the mossy fiber responses reported in the preceding paper and with the well-known excitatory and inhibitory effects that are exerted by mossy fiber inputs on Purkyně cells.
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  • 59
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    Experimental brain research 14 (1972), S. 210-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Lateral geniculate body ; Postsynaptic inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spike activities of optic tract fibers and corresponding relay cells were recorded simultaneously in layers A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Light stimuli of various diameters were shone into the receptive field center of these unit pairs and their input/output ratios were determined. An increase of the stimulus size leads to an impairment of the input/output ratio in on-center and off-center relay cells. This suppressive effect has approximately the same latency as the excitatory response. Intracellular recordings suggest that the inhibitory effect of the surround is due to a postsynaptic process. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials occur during and — under certain stimulus conditions —before the excitatory response. The short latency of these IPSPs suggests that they result from the activity of adjacent units with the same RF characteristics as the recorded neuron. This inhibitory input is not restricted to the RF periphery but may also be activated by stimulation within the RF center. Most neurons are also inhibited by units with antagonistic center responses.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Vision ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cats without general anaesthesia electric stimulation of the optic chiasma evoked usually in the depth of the cerebellar cortex of lobuli VI and VII a sequence of waves at a latency of 7–10 msec which have been shown to be due to the mossy fibre input. A later wave at a latency of 18–20 msec was also sometimes found in isolation or in association with the early wave. This later field has been identified as due to the climbing fibre input. Unitary recordings have given support to this interpretation. Some correlation has been made with recordings obtained by electric stimulation of the superior colliculus and by flash stimulation of the retinae. It is concluded that the optic pathways project to the visual area of the cerebellar cortex through both mossy and climbing fibre inputs, although from this study based mainly on the laminar analysis of evoked fields, the former input seems to be more widespread and more consistently obtained than the latter.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Receptive fields ; Visual deprivation ; Neuronal plasticity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats reared with their visual world restricted to vertical lines for one eye and horizontal lines for the other had, in their visual cortices, units with elongated receptive fields that were either vertically or horizontally oriented. These receptive fields could be mapped only using that eye which had seen lines of the same orientation during development. Other units had diffuse, unresponsive receptive fields (Hirsch and Spinelli, 1970). Six cats, from the group above, were revived and allowed normal binocular viewing in an attempt to determine the possibility and extent of adding other types of receptive fields by giving other experiences to their visual systems. After exposure to a normal environment for up to 19 months it was found that indeed there had been a massive increase in the percentage of those classes of receptive fields that were either absent or weak at the end of the selective visual experience. Significantly, these receptive fields, acquired during binocular viewing, were very often binocular. The results, however, show that units whose response characteristics mimic the stimuli viewed during development were almost completely unaffected by normal binocular visual experience, i. e., they were monocularly activated and had the orientation appropriate for the stimuli viewed by the eye from which they could be mapped. Most impressive are a few units whose receptive field shape is almost a carbon copy of the pattern viewed during development. The data provide evidence that visual experience has a direct continuing and lasting effect on the functional connectivity of cells in the visual cortex.
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  • 62
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    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 441-451 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic tract ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Cat ; Backward masking ; Forward masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimuli leading to backward and forward visual masking in man were presented to the cat. Responses of single units in the optic tract and the lateral geniculate nucleus were measured. 2. The results of these measurements have been compared with human psychophysical data obtained under the same stimulus conditions. The possibility of comparison between the two kinds of data is discussed. 3. From this comparison it is concluded that the time course of both backward and forward masking is fully determined by mechanisms localized in the retina. The response duration and the antagonistic behaviour of ON- and OFF-center units are responsible for backward masking whereas the effects of the lateral inhibition may be responsible for forward masking. 4. Some suggestions are done in order to explain how the perception is mediated by the cooperation of the signals of ON- and OFF-neurons. Firstly, firing of the ON-units followed by firing of the OFF-units is the condition necessary for the perception of one brief flash. Secondly, two rapidly succeeding ON-excitations which are not separated by an OFF-excitation do not lead to the perception of separate flashes.
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  • 63
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 115-139 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pontine nuclei ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Experimental anatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibres passing from the intracerebellar nuclei to the pontine nuclei proper have been noted only by few students. In the present study this projection is analysed by mapping with the Nauta (1957) and Fink and Heimer (1967) methods the degeneration which occurs in the pontine nuclei following stereotactically placed electrolytic lesions in different parts of the intracerebellar nuclei in the cat. Cerebellopontine fibres come from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL) except its ventralmost part, and from the rostral but probably not from the caudal part of the interpositus anterior (NIA) and the interpositus posterior. The fibres end in three fairly well circumscribed regions of the pontine nuclei: a longitudinal column in the paramedian pontine nucleus, a column in the dorsolateral nucleus and one in the dorsal peduncular nucleus. Fibres from the NL as well as the NIA appear to end in all three regions, but the possibility of a more specific distribution cannot be excluded. Parts of the projection areas in the pons appear to be specific to cerebellar afferents, while other parts overlap with terminations of cerebropontine fibres, especially from SmI and SmII. The findings support the conclusions arrived at in recent studies of the cerebral corticopontine projections by P. Brodal (1968a, 1968b, 1971a, 1971 b) that the pontine nuclei are very precisely organized. The general principles in the organization of the corticopontine and cerebellopontine projections appear to be similar.
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  • 64
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    Experimental brain research 14 (1972), S. 312-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Orientation specificity ; Visual neurons ; Head tilt ; Orientatiton ; Variations ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The orientation specificity of the receptive fields of single neurons in primary visual cortex of the cat varied as a function of sustained head tilt in a sample of 33 cells. The types of variation suggested analogies to certain psychophysical phenomena. Orientation specificity of visual cortical cells may in part be determined by information from non-visual afferent systems.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Receptive field ; Temporal summation ; Ganglion cell ; Time constant ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Mit Hilfe der Schewellensummation für Reize wachsender Dauer und mit zwei zeitlich getrennten Reizen wurde die Impulsreaktionsfunktion retinaler Ganglienzellen gemessen. Bei einer Reizgröße von 15′ Durchmesser und einer Hintergrundsbeleuchtung von 0.5 asb ergibt eine Exponentialfunktion eine gute Über-einstimmung mit den Meßwerten. Alle Neurone folgten dem Bloch-Gesetz (Is · T = const.) für kurze Reize mit einem kontinuierlichen ×bergang zu einer konstanten Schwelle. 2. Die einzelnen Zeitkonstanten wurden den jeweiligen Schwellensummations-kurven entnommen. Die mittlere Zeitkonstant beträgt 75 ms für On-Zentrum-Neurone und 126 ms für Off-Zentrum-Neurone. Das D-System der Off-Zentrum-Neurone ist gegenüber kurzen gegenüber langen Reizen unempfindlicher als das B-System der On-Zentrum-Neurone. 3. Kurze und lange Zeitkonstanten wurden sowohl in der zentralen als such in der peripheren Retina gedunden, kurze jedoch häufiger bei großer Exzentizität. 4. Die auf die Hintergrundsbeleuchtung begozene Zentrumsempfindlichkeit für kurze Reize ist vereinbar mit einer Schwellenerregung, die im Mittel für alle rezeptiven Felder als gleich groß angesehen werden kann. 5. Das der äumlichen Summation analoge Zeitsummationsverhalten führt zu dem Konzept eines zeitlichen rezeptiven Feldes.
    Notes: Summary 1. The impulse-response function of the retina was estimated at the ganglion cell level by comparing the temporal summation curve with the corresponding time integral. With a test spot of 15′ in diameter and at a background luminance of 0.5 asb, an exponential function with different time constants was found to be a good approximation. All neurons followed Bloch's law, Is · T = c, at short stimulus durations. With increasing stimulus durations, luminance threshold approached a constant. 2. The time constant for each receptive field was taken from the corresponding threshold summation curve. The mean value for on-center fields was 75 ms and for off-center fields 126 ms. The D-system was less sensitive than the B-system. 3. Short time constants were found primarily within a radius of 20° from the area centralis, whereas long time constants were obtained predominantly in the outer periphery. 4. The sensitivity of receptive field centers at short stimulus durations is consistent with an invariant threshold excitation, defined by the dimensionless value of the excitability integral. 5. Spatial and temporal summation are described by the concept of spatiotemporal receptive fields.
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  • 66
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 60-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic tract ; Latencies ; Centre-excitation ; Centre-inhibition ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Excitatory and inhibitory responses of on- and off-centre neurones were elicited by stimuli restricted to the receptive field centres of optic tract units. The latencies of these responses were measured for various stimulus intensities and durations. Latencies depend upon: 1. the total effective luminance, including stimulus and background; 2. the luminance of the test spot relative to threshold luminance: latency changes for a particular light increment near threshold are larger than in the higher supra-threshold range; 3. the latencies of inhibitory responses are further influenced by the activity of the neurone before the onset of inhibition. A comparison of the latencies of excitatory and inhibitory responses showed that, following incremental light stimuli, the off-centre neurones became inhibited before the on-centre neurones were excited. The actual latency difference was a function of stimulus intensity and previous neuronal activity. Following light-off inhibitory responses were again faster, but the difference in time between the inhibition of on-centre neurones and the excitation of off-centre neurones was smaller than for the corresponding on-responses. It is suggested that the earlier onset of inhibitory responses is important for the release of reciprocal inhibition between on- and off-centre neurones in the lateral geniculate body.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Experimental anatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intensity and distribution of degeneration in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (N.r.t.) were mapped in silver impregnated sections following stereotactic lesions of the intracerebellar nuclei. Confirming previous results (Brodal and Szikla, 1972) fibres from the interpositus-lateralis-complex, reaching the N.r.t. by way of the crossed descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum, supply the main central part of the N.r.t. from rostral to caudal. The interpositus posterior does not appear to take part in this projection, nor do the ventralmost parts of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL). The caudal part of the latter appears to give off more fibres than its rostral part. Rostral and caudal parts of the interpositus anterior (NIA) appear to contribute approximately equally. Fibres from both nuclei terminate in a largely overlapping fashion in the central main regions of the N.r.t. On the whole the NIA projection is situated a little more medially than the NL projection (Fig. 8). Within both projections caudal parts of the nuclei tend to project somewhat more medially than lateral parts, especially caudally. Certain findings suggest that there may be more detailed topical relations. The organization in the cerebellar-nuclear projection onto the N.r.t. corresponds in principle to the pattern found for its other afferent contingents (especially from the cerebral cortex, Brodal and Brodal, 1971). In spite of wide overlapping there is some degree of topical order.
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  • 68
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    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Facial nucleus ; Topographical representation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The facial nucleus (FN) of the cat was studied by electrophysiological method for (1) general characteristics of the FN neurons during antidromic activation, (2) topographical representation of the peripheral branches of the facial nerve and (3) synaptic activities induced in the FN neurons following peripheral facial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of either peripheral branches or the genu of the facial nerve produced negative field potential of 2–3 mV in the FN. The field potential had a latency of less than 1 msec, refractory period of 2–3 msec and a relatively short duration. During double shock testing of the antidromic field potentials, the test potentials were suppressed (after initial recovery from the refractory period) for a duration of up to 80–100 msec. Intracellular analysis revealed that antidromic firing of the FN neuron is composed of M, IS, SD spikes. The rise time of spike potentials ranged from 0.23 msec to 0.53 msec and fall time 0.73 msec to 4.7 msec. The duration of the spike after-hyperpolarization varied from 6 msec to 60 msec with latencies to peak of 1.5 msec to 14 msec. Double shock testing showed that the summation effect of the afterhyperpolarization was greater at shorter time intervals. The latencies of the spike potentials varied from 0.46 msec to 1.1 msec for peripheral nerve stimulation and 0.18 msec to 1 msec for genu stimulation. The conduction velocity of the facial nerve ranged from 25 m/sec to 75 m/sec. These results were compared with the known characteristics of other cranial and spinal motoneurons. Topographical representation of the peripheral branches of the facial nerve was that the PA was represented solely in the medial aspect, TZ mainly in the dorsal aspect of the intermediate portion and BL in the ventral aspect of the intermediate and mainly in the lateral aspect of the nucleus. Stimulation of peripheral facial nerve produced negative field potentials in the FN or induced EPSPs in the FN neurons with latencies of 4–7 msec. The synaptic inputs were found mainly in the medial aspect of the FN by PA stimulation. These synaptic inputs were discussed as being relayed through the trigeminal nucleus.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Mossy fibers ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an account of single mossy fiber responses when three types of mechanical stimulation are applied to the forefoot and hindfoot of the cat which is either decerebrate and unanesthetized or lightly anesthetized by pentothal or chloralose. The mechanical stimuli were applied either to footpads (brief pulses, taps, or longer square pulses or ramps) or to the hairy skin by air jets. Recording of single mossy fibers was extracellular by glass microelectrodes that were inserted into the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex or the subjacent white matter. As described in previous papers computer averaging techniques usually of 64 responses have been employed to enhance reliability. Taps evoked pure excitatory responses from many mossy fibers, which were usually brief high frequency bursts resembling those evoked by nerve volleys. Usually the threshold displacement was less than 0.2 mm and thresholds as low as 0.01 mm were observed. There were often considerable differences in the intensities of responses from different pads of the same foot. Successive pulses of mechanical stimulation evoked mossy fiber responses of diminished intensity. Longer mechanical stimuli with square or ramp onsets evoked various admixtures of phasic and tonic responses. Hair stimulation was often a very effective excitant, the receptive field for a single mossy fiber usually covering a considerable area of foot and leg. Taps and pressure to the pads were also effective in inhibiting the background discharge of some mossy fibers, and admixtures of excitatory and inhibitory actions were observed. The results are discussed in relationship to the discharges evoked in primary afferent fibers by cutaneous mechanoreceptor stimulation. They provide an intermediate stage of information between mechanoreceptor stimulation and the response of Purkyně cells as described in the next paper.
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  • 70
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    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 405-423 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual perception ; Visual cortex ; Visual deprivation ; Discrimination learning ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes a series of experiments testing the behavioral significance of orientation sensitive cells in the cat's visual cortex. Cats used for this purpose were raised with one eye (VE) viewing a field of vertical lines and the other eye (HE) viewing a field of horizontal lines. This experience simplified their cortical physiology, and is thus called “environmental surgery”. Cells with elongated fields were found to be activated monocularly: those driven by the VE had vertically oriented receptive fields, while those activated by the HE had horizontally oriented fields. These animals were tested, using one eye at a time, on a series of visual discriminations: a) flux discrimination, b) tests for selective response to vertical and horizontal lines, c) discrimination between two lines differing only in orientation, d) discrimination between mirror image stimuli, and e) evaluation of inter-ocular transfer on these discriminations. The threshold tests for orientation discrimination gave the clearest results: there were small but consistent differences in performance between the VE and HE which depended on the orientation of the lines being discriminated. There was also evidence that the animals responded to different parts of a stimulus with the VE and HE. As a group, the experimental cats showed less interocular transfer of visual discriminations than the normal controls. However, surprisingly, there was also evidence for much functional equivalence between the two eyes. Possible explanations for this are considered and it is suggested that an animal's ability to make pattern discriminations is not rigidly determined by the shape and orientation of its receptive fields.
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  • 71
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    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vestibular Influence ; LGN ; Light Evoked Activity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The light-evoked activity of single LGN neurones was recorded from light-adapted, anaesthetized cats. The neuronal responses to discrete illumination of the receptive field centre or periphery were compared to those obtained when the same photic stimulus was slightly preceded by electrical stimulation of the vestibular nuclei. It was found that the light-evoked responses of 82% of the LGN neurones studied were significantly affected by the vestibular stimulus. Both facilitatory and inhibitory effects were observed. There were no laterality effects. Similar modulation of LGN light-evoked activity was observed following stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Steps taken to eliminate various sources of experimental error are described. The above evidence suggests that the LGN is not a mere relay station but rather a structure where sensory interaction occurs.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Motoneuron ; Excitation ; Inhibition ; Spinal Cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In extensor alpha motoneurones, the effects of increasing the number of afferent fibres stimulated electrically, and the doubling of the threshold stimulus frequency for optimal repetitive firing was analysed quantitatively. 2. Three types of motoneurones could be distinguished according to their relative sizes, and to their discharge patterns during orthodromic stimulation of various strength and frequency: small (tonic), medium size (tonic) and large (phasic) motoneurones. 3. The excitability of the motoneurones was inversely related to their cell sizes. The order of inhibitibility depended on the experimental conditions. When the number of afferent fibres was increased by increasing the threshold stimulus strength by 2–4 X, at constant stimulus frequency, the mean firing rates of the small motoneurones were decreased very markedly. This procedure had practically no effect on the repetitive activity of the medium size motoneurones, whereas the large motoneurones could be driven better. 4. When the stimulus frequency was increased at constant stimulus strength, the large motoneurones were inhibited markedly, the medium size motoneurones less and the small motoneurones least,i. e., the inhibitibility of motoneurones was directly related to their cell sizes. 5. It was concluded that the high input resistance values in connection with postsynaptic inhibitory mechanisms could be responsible for more susceptibility of small motoneurones to inhibition, caused by electrically increasing the number of afferent fibres tetanized at constant stimulus frequency. To explain the greater susceptibility of large motoneurones to inhibition, caused by increasing the stimulus frequency from 100–200 Hz, a presynaptic mechanism was suggested. 6. The results were discussed according to several aspects of the size principle.
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    Research in experimental medicine 157 (1972), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Mechanical vibration ; Limb blood flow ; Cat ; Myogenic vasoconstriction ; Denervation ; Mechanische Vibration ; Extremitätendurchblutung ; Katze ; Myogene Vasoconstriction ; Denervierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der Einwirkung mechanischer Vibration (M. V.) mit höherer Frequenz zu klären, wurden 25 auto-perfundierte Katzenhinterextremitäten mechanischen Sinusschwingungen (100 Hz; 0,4 mm Amplitude; Wirkzeit 60 min) ausgesetzt und die resultierenden Veränderungen des lokalen Strömungswiderstandes ermittelt. Untersucht wurden die Auswirkungen von M. V. unter normalen Perfusionsbedingungen, nach pharmakologischer Ganglienblockade (10–15 mg/kg Pendiomid) sowie während i.v. Dauerinfusion von 4 µg/min L-Noradrenalin. Außerdem wurde regelmäßig die Reaktivität des Gefäßbettes auf vorübergehende Perfusionsdruckerhöhung um 50–60 mm Hg getestet. — Unter M. V.-Einwirkung trat stets innerhalb 50 min erhebliche Widerstandszunahme im untersuchten Gefäßbett ein, bei unverändertem Perfusions- und Systemarteriendruck. Dasselbe Reaktionsmuster war nach Pendiomidgabe und Denervierung zu beobachten, während bei erhöhtem Ausgangstonus (Noradrenalininfusion) der lokale Strömungswiderstand unverändert blieb. Die Reaktivität der Widerstandsgefäße auf Innendruckerhöhung wies ebenfalls Abweichungen gegenüber dem Verhalten des unbeeinflußten Gefäßbettes auf. — Insgesamt sind die Versuchsergebnisse mit der Annahme erklärbar, daß längerdauernde Einwirkung mechanischer Vibrationen zu einer lokalisierten Erhöhung des Basaltonus der Widerstandsgefäße führt.
    Notes: Summary In 25 experiments the effects of high frequency vibrational stress (M. V.) on total vascular resistance in the autoperfused cat hind limb was studied by local application of mechanical sine wave oscillations (100 Hz; 0.4 mm amplitude) for 60 min duration. The experiments were performed by recording of limb blood flow and arterial perfusion pressure during control perfusion, after ganglion blockade (10–15 mg/kg b. w. Pendiomid), after complete limb denervation and during i.v. infusion of L-noradrenaline (4 µg/min). In addition the induced changes of limb vascular resistance by a short time elevation of perfusion pressure (50–60 mm Hg) were tested before and during the M. V. period. — By M. V. a definite increase of local vascular resistance regularly could be produced in the vibrated limb within about 50 min, perfusion pressure as well systemic arterial pressure generally being constant. An almost identical response pattern was observed in the denervated limb as well as after pendiomid. By a transitory elevation of perfusion pressure the M. V. constriction could be reversibly eliminated. If applied during a sustained increase of vascular resistance (noradrenaline infusion), M. V. was without effect. — The experimental results are consistent with the assumption, that prolonged M. V. stress is followed by a localized diminution of limb blood flow, which is probably due to a substantial elevation of myogenic basal tone of the resistance vessels.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 83-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebellar cortex ; Cat ; Blood-brain-barrier ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kapillaren im Kleinhirn der Katze haben einen Durchmesser von 3,5–12 μ. Im Stratum granulosum finden sich vorwiegend engere, im Stratum moleculare und in der Purkinjezellschicht meist weitere Kapillaren. Die Endothelzellen bilden schmale Lamellen, die sich teilweise überlappen und durch „tight junctions“ miteinander verbunden sind. Vom umgebenden Kleinhirngewebe sind sie durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt, die sich häufig in zwei Schichten spaltet, zwischen denen Perizyten mit ihren Fortsätzen liegen. Diese sind vornehmlich im Stratum granulosum am Aufbau der Kapillarwand beteiligt. Um die Kapillaren bilden Astrozyten mit ihren Fortsätzen, zum großen Teil aber auch mit ihren Perikaryen, einen unvollständigen Mantel. An den von Astrozyten freien Anteilen der Kapillaroberfläche grenzen Oligodendrozyten, Körnerzellen und Golgizellen mit ihren Perikaryen direkt an die Basalmembran der Kapillaren. Purkinjezellen liegen dagegen nicht unmittelbar der Kapillare an, sondern sind immer durch eine Schicht von Korbzellaxonen und Gliafortsätzen von der Basalmembran getrennt. Kapillaren mit einem Durchmesser von mehr als 10 μ besitzen einen perikapillären Raum. Dieser ist sowohl gegen die Glia als auch gegen das Endothel der Kapillare durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt. Im perivaskulären Raum findet man Perizyten, Fibroblasten und zirkulär verlaufende kollagene Fasern.
    Notes: Summary The capillaries in the cerebellar cortex of the cat have a diameter varying from 3.5 to 12 μ. In the granular layer the capillaries have a smaller diameter than those in the molecular and the Purkinje-cell layer. The endothelium forms slender lamellae which partially overlap. These lamellae are connected with each other by tight junctions. The capillaries are separated from the pericapillary compartment by a basement membrane which often splits into two layers; in between these layers processes of pericytes are located. The pericytes make up a part of the capillary wall mainly in the granular layer. Around the capillaries the astrocytes form an incomplete glial sheath with their processes and also with their pericaryon. Those parts of the capillary basement membrane which are not covered by astrocytes or their processes, are in contact with oligodendrocytes, granule cells or Golgi cells. The Purkinje cells have no intimate contact to the capillary, they are always separated from the basement membrane by a thin layer of basket cell axons and processes of astrocytes. The capillaries with a diameter greater than 10 μ often have a perivascular space. This space is separated from the endothelium as well as from the nervous tissue by a basement membrane. In the pericapillary space pericytes, fibroblasts and circularly arranged collagenous fibers are located.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 455-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Cat ; ATPase ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three kinds of nucleoside phosphatases were demonstrated histochemically in the cat carotid body with nucleoside triphosphate, nucleoside disphosphate and nucleoside monophosphate as substrates. Each of these enzyme activities exhibited the substrate specificity respectively. The nucleoside triphosphatase activity showed specific localization in association with the parenchymal cells of the carotid body. The electronmicroscopy revealed that the reaction product was located on and between the two apposing plasma membranes of type I and type II cells, of a type II cell and its wrapping axons and of the intricate basal infolding of a type II cell itself. Some possible functions of the adenosine triphosphatase in the carotid body are discussed.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatoid bodies ; Spermatozoa ; Cat ; Jensen's ring ; Centriole ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The first indication of differentiation of the Jensen's ring has been detected in an early stage of spermiogenesis of Felis catus Linné when the pair of centrioles takes up a position immediately beneath the plasma membrane. The chromatoid bodies appear in the early spermatid cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex. In a more advanced stage, such bodies have been found in association with the striated columns, the distal centriole or the proximal part of flagellum and the Jensen's ring. As the spermiogenesis proceeds, the bodies have decreased their size and density, and finally disappear in mature spermatozoa. The chromatoid bodies seem, therefore, to share with the centriole the capacity to form the connecting piece. As a consequence of disorganization of triplet microtubules of the centriole, a noticeable material appears in the center of lumen of the centriole to be identifiable as a distinct precursor of the central pair of axonemal complex. Microtubules are first developed as the sheath of principal piece of the sperm flagellum, originating from the plasma membrane surrounding the axonemal complex.
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  • 77
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    Anatomy and embryology 133 (1971), S. 216-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurocytology ; Synapse ; Audition ; Thalamus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study provides a combined analysis with the Golgi method and electron microscopy of the Golgi type II cells of the thalamus in the cat. In the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body these cells constitute a large, morphologically homogeneous population of neurons. They are clearly distinguished from the thalamo-cortical neurons by their size, shape, kinds of dendritic appendages, and cytoplasmic structure. The axon of the Golgi type II cell is exceptionally short and forms a small number of lumpy endings in the vicinity of its origin. The dendrites are often longer and much more elaborately branched than the axon. The shafts of these dendrites bear spiculated appendages, while the distal ends of the dendrites form clusters of very large endings. The appendages and terminal clusters participate in the nests of axonal endings formed by the afferent auditory axons and the dendritic branches of thalamo-cortical neurons. These axonal nests are the synaptic nests observed in electron micrographs. Within the synaptic nests the endings of Golgi type II neurons form dendrodendritic synapses on the dendrites of the thalamocortical neurons. The dendritic endings of Golgi type II neurons also receive synapses from the afferent axons. The dendrodendritic synapses may involve the Golgi type II neurons in an inhibitory role in the thalamo-cortical transformation of auditory signals. The dendrodendritic endings of the Golgi type II neurons continue to grow in the adult cat. Possibly these cells are involved in the evolution of cortical functions and in the plastic changes of neural activities that modify behavior.
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    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 117-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Prenatal ontogenesis ; Neocortex ; Cat ; Golgi study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neocortex of the cat undergoes a series of fundamental transformations of its fibrillar-neuronal organization during the course of early prenatal cortical ontogenesis. Some of these transformations assume structural chracteristics and neuronal features which resemble those of phylogenetically older cortical organizations. Following the arrival of corticipetal fibers at the marginal zone of the cerebral vesicle a very primitive neocortical organization, the primordial plexiform layer develops. It is characterized by the external location of the white matter with both corticipetal and a few corticofugal fibers and a few immature neurons sandwiched between the fibers. The primitive plexiform layer is present in the cat from the 20th to the 25th day of gestation. The external (superficial) location of the white matter of the primordial plexiform layer of the cat neocortex is reminiscent of the amphibian cortical organization. It also resembles other primitive structures (spinal cord) of the central nervous system. In view of its short duration and because of the immaturity of its fibrillar-neuronal elements, the primordial plexiform layer is considered to be a transient neocortical organization possibly without functional activity in the cat. The appearance of the cortical plate (25th day of gestation) causes the subdivision of the primordial plexiform layer into an outer and an inner zone. The outer zone becomes layer I and the inner zone layer VI of the neocortex. Both of these layers remain as such throughout cortical development. From the 25th to the 45th day of gestation the fibrillarneuronal structure of layers I and VI develop while the cortical plate grows, passively, by the progressive addition of new cells. The progressive fibrillar-neuronal organization of layers I and VI and the development of structural and functional interactions between them constitutes the primordial neocortical organization of the cerebral cortex of the cat. It is characterized by a superficial (layer I) and a deep (layer VI) plexiform layer composed predominantly of collaterals from the corticipetal fibers arriving at the developing cortex and by three basic types of neurons. The horizontal neurons of layer I with descending axons terminating in layer VI, and the Martinotti neurons of layer VI with ascending axons terminating in layer I, are associative neurons. The large stellate neurons of layer VI are projective neurons. The axons of these cells before entering the white matter send ascending recurrent collaterals to layer I. The fibrillar-neuronal organization of the neocortex during this gestational period (primordial neocortical organization) resembles the organization of the reptilian neocortex. It is postulated that the primordial neocortical organization of the cat is functionally active during this gestational period. The arrival of new types of afferent fibers at the lower region of the cortical plate (45th day of gestation) causes the maturation of the pyramidal neurons of this region of the neocortex. These neurons are recognized at this age as the pyramidal neurons of layer V of the neocortex of the cat. The appearance of these afferent fibers and the maturation of the pyramidal neurons of layer V marks the transformation of the neocortex from its primitive reptilian structure into a distinctly mammalian organization. It is postulated that the cortical plate (pyramidal plate) is a recent addition in neocortical phylogeny representing a mammalian transformation. An analogy seems to exists among the pyramid-like neurons of the amphibian cortex, the pyramid-like neurons of the reptilian neocortex and the pyramid-like neurons (stellate) of layer VI of the mammalian neocortex. This analogy differs from the classical one postulated by Cajal which includes the pyramidal neurons of the mammalian neocortex, which are here considered as recent additions to neocortical phylogeny and hence as distinct mammalian neurons.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monosynaptic response ; Primary afferent depolarization ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long trains of electrical stimuli supramaximal for Group I fibers of PBST nerves were used to study the effect on GS pathway. Inhibition of GS monosynaptic response occurred during PBST stimulation: however, decline in the inhibition developed with time despite the constancy of the inhibitory input monitored from the dorsal root. The level of recovery of the monosynaptic reflex at steady state depended upon the frequency of PBST stimulation, the higher the frequency the more complete the recovery. The effect of increasing the frequency of GS stimulation was to increase the inhibitory effect from PBST. Enhanced excitability of GS primary afferent endings in monosynaptic contact with homonymous motoneurons occurred and decreased parallel to the recovery of the monosynaptic response. When present, the polysynaptic response evoked by stimulating GS peripheral nerves increased during PBST stimulation in an inverse relation to changes in the monosynaptic response. Intracellular recordings from GS motoneurons usually revealed no change in membrane potential or in excitability of postsynaptic membrane to direct stimulation. Increased delay of intracellular GS spike potential was observed during PBST stimulation. The amount of this shift can be accounted for by polysynaptic activation of the same motoneuron.
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    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 339-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cuneocerebellar tract ; External cuneate nucleus ; Main cuneate nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The origin and termination was determined for cells belonging to the cuneocerebellar tract in the cat, which consists of one proprioceptive component (P-CCT) activated by group I muscle afferents and one exteroceptive component (E-CCT) activated by cutaneous afferents. The recording sites of the cells were histologically verified and the termination of the axons assessed by antidromic activation from the cerebellar surface. 2. The P-CCT originates from cells in the external cuneate nucleus, where forelimb muscles are somatotopically represented. The observations suggest that practically all cells in this nucleus project to the cerebellum and are activated by muscle afferents. 3. The E-CCT originates from cells in the rostral part of the main cuneate nucleus, where they occur intermingled with lemniscal neurones. 4. The CCT terminates in the pars intermedia of lobule V of the anterior lobe and in the four rostral folia of the paramedian lobule. The majority of the cells send one branch to each projection area. 5. The P-CCT and E-CCT terminate in the same projection areas. 6. CCT neurones activated from distal and proximal parts of the limb terminate diffusely in the entire projection area, although there is some tendency for neurones activated from distal parts to terminate caudally and for neurones activated from proximal parts to terminate rostrally.
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    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 498-503 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic nerve ; Retina ; Axon diameters ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because of the arrangement of axon bundles in the fibre layer of the cat's retina, it is possible to obtain electronmicroscopic sections of axon bundles which contain exclusively either axons arising from the area centralis, or axons arising from peripheral retina. From electronmicrographs of such sections we have constructed axon diameter spectra for central and peripheral axon samples. The centrally originating axons are markedly smaller than peripheral axons, in good agreement with their slower conduction velocity (described in an accompanying paper). The diameter spectra of both peripheral and area centralis axon samples are unimodal, in contrast to the two conduction velocity groups known to exist within each axon population. Alternative explanations of this discrepancy between diameter and conduction velocity spectra are discussed.
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    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Conduction velocity ; Cat ; Retina ; Optic nerv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By recording antidromic field potentials and unit responses generated in the retina by stimulation of the optic tract and optic disc, evidence was obtained which suggests the presence of four major conduction velocity groups in the cat's optic nerve. The axons from all peripheral retina appear to fall into two groups, fast and slow, which correspond to the two major velocity groups described by earlier workers. Evidence is presented that the axons which arise from the area centralis form two distinctly slower conduction velocity groups. For each conduction velocity group, and for 60 single units, conduction velocity was estimated for both the intraretinal (unmyelinated) and extraretinal (myelinated) segments of the axons. All axons encountered accelerated markedly on leaving the retina. An anatomical basis for the classification of conduction velocity groups is presented in an accompanying paper.
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    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 533-546 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate body ; Eye movements ; Corollary discharge ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of 83 single lateral geniculate body (LGB) neurons was recorded in encéphale isolé cats, during nystagmic eye movements induced as an after-effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus. Phasic changes in firing, time-locked with the eye movements were found in 66% of the neurons, by a method using the saccades to trigger a post-“saccadic”-time histogram of the corresponding neuronal discharge. In 51% of the neurons, a saccadelocked change was significant even in complete darkness. The onset of the postsaccadic change showed an average latency of about 100 msec from the onset of the movement. The change could be either an increase, or a decrease in firing in both light and dark, or a change evident in one condition only, or even a reversal of the pattern of the change by shifting from one condition to the other. The results are discussed in connection with theories on visuo-motor mechanisms that counteract illusory shifts of visual field during active eye movements. The saccadelocked influences on LGB dark activity strongly support the Helmholtz-Teuber notion of “corollary discharges” modifying the activity of visual centers during eye movements.
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    Experimental brain research 14 (1971), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei units ; Descending influence from cortical areas 2 pri and 6aδ ; Converging multisynaptic pathway ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cats under subhypnotic doses of a-chloralose and pentobarbital the descending action of circumscribed cortical stimulation on the unit activity in the vestibular nuclei was investigated. From a total of 215 units distributed through the middle areas of the vestibular nuclei, 61 units responded — 59 with facilitation and 2 with inhibition. No discernible relationship between units responding to horizontal rotation and those responding to cortical stimulation was demonstrated. Most responsive neurons within the vestibular nuclei were in the internal part of the triangular and the parvocellular and ventral subdivisions of Deiters' nucleus, whereas its dorsal part and the medial vestibular nucleus were virtually free of cortically excitable units. Stimulation of both ipsilateral and contralateral area 2 pri, on the anterior ectosylvian gyri, and area 6aδ, hidden in the cruciate sulcus, was effective, while stimulation of the surface parts of area 6 and of area 4 was not. This response may be conducted via converging multisynaptic pathways to a midbrain area, possibly to the nuclei of the direction-specific eye and head movements, and from there to the vestibular nuclei.
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Mossy fibres ; Climbing fibres ; Vestibular system ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In decerebrate cats, caloric and galvanic stimulations of the labyrinth were able to modulate the activity of the Purkinje cells through both the afferents which terminate in the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibres and climbing fibres. In response to these stimulations, several patterns of response were seen. For the galvanic stimulation a predominant pattern was described. In most cases the mossy fibre driven activity had an effect which was opposite to that of the climbing fibre one. The climbing fibre driven activity could be modulated only in the low frequency range, but it can interfere remarkably with the mossy fibre one. The results described were obtained not only in the so-called vestibular area of the cerebellum, but also in other areas.
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 132-149 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Spreading Depression ; Glutamic acid ; Excitation ; Depression ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Variations in the excitability of individual cortical neurones during the invasion of spreading depression (SD) have been monitored by observing the alterations of spontaneous and L-glutamate-induced firing. Invasion of many neurones during SD is marked by a brief burst of firing which occurs concurrently with the onset of the negative slow extracellular potential. Other neurones do not fire, although the microelectrode records a negative slow wave. Depression of glutamate-induced and spontaneous firing follows and may last for several minutes. The initial loss of excitability of those neurones that discharge during SD invasion may be due to excessive depolarization. This phase is rapidly succeeded by a period of depressed excitability, during which the neurones can be invaded by an antidromic spike or excited by increased amounts of L-glutamate. These findings indicate that SD propagation initially involves the release of an excitant substance, possibly glutamic acid. The continuing effects of SD are due to the reduction in cell excitability. As many neurones are depressed without undergoing an initial excitation, it appears that a depressant substance is also involved. This may be gamma-aminobutyric acid.
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 509-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Receptive fields ; Visual deprivation ; Neuronal plasticity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A novel procedure was used to rear kittens under conditions of controlled visual experience: one eye was exposed only to vertical lines while the other eye, simultaneously, was exposed only to horizontal lines. Stimuli were presented in a mask which the animals wore whenever they were in a lighted environment. At the conclusion of the rearing period elongated receptive fields of units recorded from the visual cortex of these animals were oriented either horizontally or vertically. This is in contrast to the full complement of receptive field orientations found in normal cats. Furthermore, units with vertically oriented fields were predominantly or exclusively activated by the eye which had been exposed to vertical lines, while neurons with horizontally oriented fields were predominantly or exclusively activated by the eye which had been exposed to horizontal lines. Normally, 80–90% of the neurons in the visual cortex of the cat are activated by both eyes. The consequences of this controlled visual experience provide evidence for highly selective modification of neuronal connectivity by environmental conditions prevailing during development. Sufficient control of the visual environment was achieved to allow direct comparison between single unit response characteristics and the specific stimuli presented during rearing.
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 184-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate ; Cat ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The laminae near the optic tract which have previously been described as C, C1 and C2, have been studied electron microscopically and compared ] to the A laminae. In the A laminae most of the presumed retinogeniculate axons end in encapsulated synaptic zones that contain multiple interconnected synaptic profiles. Only a few of these axons form simple axodendritic synapses upon proximal dendritic segments of the largest cells. In the C laminae the situation is reversed. Most of the retinogeniculate axons end as simple synapses upon medium or small dendrites and few end in encapsulated synaptic zones. Further, these zones are simpler in the C laminae than in the A laminae. The neuronal profiles are smallest and the synaptic interconnections appear to be least complex in lamina C2, where there are only a few, small, presumed retinogeniculate terminals. Of the three C laminae, lamina C, furthest from the optic tract, shows the largest profiles and the most complex interconnections. Bundles of very fine axons occur in all the laminae, but they dominate the regions closest to the optic tract (lamina C2) where they tend to run parallel to the lamina. Some of the largest cells in laminae A, A1 and C are contacted by very fine perisomatic axons which contain round vesicles. These axons have not been described before and are likely to represent an input too fine to have been demonstrable by light microscopical methods.
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    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 331-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Thalamus ; Silver methods ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The termination of the spinothalamic tract (STT) in the cat has been studied light microscopically in Fink-Heimer and Nauta impregnated sections. Following lesions of the STT at various rostrocaudal levels of the spinal cord the degenerating fibres in the thalamus and subthalamus were mapped, mainly in transverse sections. The cervicothalamic tract was not injured by the lesions. The spinothalamic fibres enter the diencephalon through the mesencephalic reticular formation and terminate in the following regions: the medial portion of the magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc), the ventrolateral portion of the medial part of the posterior nuclear complex (POm), the caudolateral and medial parts of the zona incerta (ZI), the nucleus centralis medialis (CeM), the nucleus parafascicularis (Pf), the lateral part of the nucleus centralis lateralis (CL), the medial and rostrolateral parts of the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL). To reach these regions the fibres pass through the nucleus centrum medianum (CM), the nucleus subparafascicularis (SPf) and the nucleus paracentralis (Pc). The fibres that terminate in the VL pass through Forel's field H1 and the external medullated lamina (EML). Conclusive results were not obtained concerning a termination in the CM. The spinothalamic fibres do not pass through nor terminate in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) and the nucleus reticularis (R). The VPL, defined as that portion of the ventral thalamus that receives terminal fibres from the dorsal column nuclei, has been found to extend rostrally only as far as Horsley-Clarke level anterior 10.5. The results strongly support the view that all the spinothalamic fibres terminate ipsilateral to their course in the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord. No signs of a somatotopical organization of the termination of the STT were found.
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    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 359-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cuneocerebellar tract ; Proprioceptive path ; Exteroceptive path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The afferent connections to 180 cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) neurones were studied in the cat. The neurones were classified into two groups, proprioceptive and exteroceptive. 2. The proprioceptive neurones (P-CCT) occurred in the external cuneate nucleus and were monosynaptically activated by group I muscle afferents. About 60% of these neurones received additional excitation from group II muscle afferents. 3. The P-CCT neurones received excitation from one nerve only. 4. The P-CCT neurones received postsynaptic inhibition from muscle nerves not supplying excitation. 5. The exteroceptive neurones (E-CCT) occurred in the main cuneate nucleus and received di- and polysynaptic excitation from cutaneous afferents. Most neurones received additional excitation from high threshold muscle afferents. The latter originated from receptors that were sometimes activated by pressure against deep structures but seldom, if ever, from slowly adapting stretch receptors in muscle. 6. The E-CCT neurones were usually activated from several skin and muscle nerves. 7. Stimulation of the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex evoked inhibition in some P-CCT neurones and excitation and/or inhibition in some E-CCT neurones. 8. The afferent organization of the CCT is compared with that of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. The information carried by the two tracts is discussed.
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    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; Amphetamine ; Paradoxical Sleep ; Slow-Wave Sleep ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five cats were prepared with chronically implanted electrodes for recording sleep-wakefulness patterns. Four of these animals received fenfluramine at each of three dose levels and data was recorded for the following 12 hours. Percent of time in paradoxical sleep was significantly reduced by 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg, but not by 0.5 mg/kg, of fenfluramine. The higher doses also increased slow-wave sleep and, at 7.5 mg/kg (an anorexigenic dose), total sleep time was significantly increased. Under similar conditions amphetamine, at an anorexigenic dose of 1 mg/kg, significantly suppressed both paradoxical sleep and slow-wave sleep in three cats. Rebound of paradoxical sleep after suppression induced by 2.5 mg/kg of fenfluramine was not seen in either of two cats studied when sleep patterns were recorded for 48 hours. After 7.5 mg/kg of the drug, however, rebound was seen on days 3 and 4 after suppression of paradoxical sleep which lasted for over 26 hours. In two animals, daily administration of 2.5 mg/kg of fenfluramine for 16 consecutive days, followed by saline administration for three days, indicated that tolerance was developing to the suppression of paradoxical sleep produced by the drug.
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    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 390-400 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methamphetamine ; Septal Stimulation ; Limbic Seizures ; Septal after-Discharge ; Shock Avoidance ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It was predicted that methamphetamine administered to nine adult male cats would counteract the debilitating effects of electrically-induced septal after-discharges (seizures) upon learned shock avoidance. Performance was assessed in terms of number of avoidance responses and their latencies. Septal after-discharges of over five seconds duration resulted in the predicted deterioration of avoidance performance. Under the dosage (1.5 mg/kg) and conditions employed in the present experiment, methamphetamine appeared to enhance, rather than counteract, this effect. Methamphetamine alone had mixed effects upon avoidance behavior: there was less tendency for animals to “freeze” in response to the CS, but subjects appeared confused and disoriented. There was a greater likelihood of occurrence of after-discharges when methamphetamine was used in conjunction with electrical stimulation of the septum.
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    Pflügers Archiv 323 (1971), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemoreceptors ; Carotid Body ; Cat ; Oxygen Consumption ; Schlüsselwörter ; Chemoreceptoren ; Glomus caroticum ; Katze ; Sauerstoffverbrauch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oxygen consumption of the cat carotid body has been measuredin vitro using a confinement method. The oxygen consumption of the organ appears to be very high (1.14 ml STPD·min−1 per gram of dried tissue). The carotid body dry mass (0.044 mg) was much lower than the values found in the literature. The O2 consumption versus O2 tension relationship of this small organ shows no critical points as other organs generally do.
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    Pflügers Archiv 326 (1971), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extensor Motoneurones ; Synaptic Activation ; Inhibition ; Spinal Cord ; Cat ; Extensor-Motoneuren ; Synaptische Erregung ; Hemmung ; Rückenmark ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Veränderungen in repetitiven Entladungsmustern der extensor Alpha-Motoneuren während afferenter Tetanisationen mit verschiedenen Reizstärken und Reizfrequenzen wurden bei decerebrierten Katzen untersucht. 2. Die Motoneuren wurden durch Teilung der Ventralwurzeln bei Tetanizationen des ipsilateralen N. gastrocnemius mit 100–200 Hz funktionell isoliert. Nach Amplituden der extracellulär abgeleiteten Spikes wurden die Motoneuren zu “großen” und “kleinen” angeordnet. Die Anzahl der aktivierten afferenten Fasern wurde durch die Steigerung der Reizstärke gesteigert. 3. Kleine Motoneuren waren immer tonisch; große Motoneuren waren im allgemeinen phasisch, selten tonisch. Die Schwelle für tonische Entladungen lag höher bei großen Motoneuren als bei kleinen. 4. Hochfrequente Tetanisationen (150–200 Hz) des N. gastrocnemius verursachte eine Aktivitätsabnahme bei großen Motoneuren; dabei blieb die Entladungsfrequenz der kleinen Motoneuren unverändert oder war öfters leicht gesteigert. 5. Die Steigerung der Zahl der tetanisierten afferenten Fasern bei unveränderten Reizfrequenzen verursachte eine Abnahme des Entladungsrates der kleinen tonischen Motoneuren oder wandelte sie zu den phasischen um; die Entladungsfrequenz der großen Motoneuren wurde durch diese Prozedur gesteigert. 6. Möglichkeiten, welche die Unterschiede in Entladungsmustern der großen und kleinen Motoneuren während afferenter Tetanisationen mit verschiedenen Reizstärken und Reizfrequenzen verursachen können, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. Variations in repetitive firing patterns of extensor alpha motoneurones caused by afferent tetanizations at different intensity and frequencies were investigated in decerebrated cats. 2. Motoneuronal units were isolated by dividing ventral roots and tetanization of the ipsilateral gastrocnemius nerves with 100–200 Hz. The amplitude of extracellularly recorded spikes of motoneurones was used for classifying them as “large” or “small”. The number of activated afferent fibres was increased by increasing the stimulus intensity. 3. Small-amplitude motoneuronal units were always tonic; large-amplitude motoneuronal units were generally phasic, rarely tonic. The threshold for tonic firing was higher in large-amplitude units than in small-amplitude units. 4. High frequency afferent tetanization (150–200 Hz) caused depression in activities of large-amplitude motoneuronal units; discharge frequencies of small-amplitude motoneuronal units remained unchanged or were often slightly increased during such stimulations. 5. Increasing the number of afferent fibres tetanized at unchanged frequencies caused a decrease in firing rates of tonically discharging small-amplitude motoneuronal units or changed them to a phasic type of motoneurones; discharge frequencies of large-amplitude motoneuronal units were increased by this procedure. 6. Possibilities which can cause the differences in firing patterns of small- and large-amplitude motoneuronal units during afferent tetanizations at various stimulus intensities and frequencies are discussed.
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 155 (1971), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Chloralose ; Urethane ; Bladder function ; Isometric determinations ; Cat ; Chloralose ; Urethan ; Blasenfunktion ; Isometrische Untersuchungen ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei isometrischen Untersuchungen von Funktionsabläufen an Katzenharnblasen wurde bei 10 mit Urethan und 49 mit Chloralose narkotisierten Tieren eine eindeutige Dämpfung der Blasenfunktion durch Urethan gefunden. Diese trat bereits ab 50 mg Urethan/kg i.v. auf. Für funktionelle Untersuchungen des Blasenwandmuskels wird daher Chloralose 60 mg/kg i.p. empfohlen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of two anaesthetic agents (urethane and chloralose) on isometrically determined bladder function was compared in the cat. Even if the animal still showed pronounced muscle reflexes urethane (50 mg/kg and more) clearly impaired bladder function in the phase of collection and also the micturition reflex. Chloralose, even when applied in an anaesthetic dose (60 mg/kg i.p.) did not influence bladder function whatsoever. For this reason chloralose is preferable as an anaesthetic agent in functional experiments on the detrusor muscle of the cat.
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Cat ; Quantitative study ; Ultrastructural investigation-Neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Profiles of 14 neurons all sectioned through the nucleolar plane and 87 isolated dendritic profiles have been analyzed with respect to the surface area covered by boutons and astroglial processes. This analysis has revealed two different types of neurons within the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of the cat. The cell types also differ in other ultrastructural respects. One type, which probably consists of projection neurons, is characterized by a rather large size, a relatively small nucleus, numerous mitochondria, well developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane of these cells shows somatic spines and the perikaryon is covered with boutons to a mean extent of 42%. The other cell type, which probably is internuncial, is smaller, has a proportionally larger nucleus, few mitochondria and a poorly developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. These cells show no somatic spines and the perikaryal membrane is covered with boutons to an extent of about 10%. Also the bouton populations contacting the two cell types differ from one another. The proportion of internuncial neurons within the LCN has been estimated to about 8%. The internuncial neurons seem to have no preferential localization. The primary dendrites of the projection neurons have a bouton covering of about 48%. No proportional differences in covering could be revealed between different sizes of dendrites. The results are discussed in relation to what is known about the anatomical and physiological organization of the LCN, and also compared with the results obtained in other similar investigations on other parts of the central nervous system.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 76-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Cat ; Estrogen effects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the ultrastructural features of tissue from the posterior hypothalamic area were investigated. Ovariectomized cats which were either treated with sesame oil placebo or with estrogen for varying periods of time were used. The following observations were noted. 1. The cat that was treated with placebo one month after ovariectomy showed an increase in the number of dense core (granulated) vesicles within neuronal cytoplasm. This observation was not apparent in the cats which were treated with estrogen one month after ovariectomy. 2. In the cat that had been Ovariectomized for two months before treatment with placebo was initiated, axon terminals contained more dense core vesicles than were observed in axonal endings from estrogen-treated cats in the two month ovariectomy group. 3. The tissue from cats that were continuously treated with estrogen for one month after ovariectomy displayed dense-core vesicles in both somata and neuropil. It is suggested that the ultrastructural changes observed were dependent on both the time of initiation and the length of estrogen treatment. 4. It is concluded that the preliminary observations in this study provide anatomical evidence suggesting that estrogen level in the cat may affect the functional activity of the posterior hypothalamic area.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 532-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomera coronaria ; Cat ; Chemoreceptor cell ; Blood supply ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gefäße der zwischen Aorta ascendens und Truncus pulmonalis, an der Vorder- und Hinterwand des Truncus pulmonalis gelegenen Glomera, sowie das sogenannte „Glomus pulmonale“ der Katze lassen sich von den Coronararterien aus durch Tusche-Gelatine-Lösungen füllen. Die erwähnten Paraganglien sind als Chemoreceptorenfelder dem Coronarkreislauf angeschlossen und daher als Glomera coronaria zu bezeichnen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben eine morphologische Übereinstimmung mit dem Glomus caroticum. Vagusdurchtrennungen verursachen eine Degeneration der an den Glomuszellen gelegenen synaptischen Formationen sowie Veränderungen in Glomuszellen.
    Notes: Summary The vessels of the glomera that lie between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, on the anterior and posterior wall of the pulmonary trunk, as well as the so-called glomus pulmonale of the cat have been injected with gelatine-india ink mixture. The paraganglia mentioned above are associated with the coronary circulation as chemoreceptors and are designated as the glomera coronaria. The investigations demonstrate a morphologic similarity with the glomus caroticum. Section of the vagus causes a degeneration of the synaptic structures on the glomus cells as well as changes in the cells themselves.
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  • 99
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 44-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body-Synaptic patterns ; Experimental degeneration ; Collicular afferents ; Cell laminae ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body has been examined electron microscopically 2–5 days after destruction of the inferior colliculus. In both the ipsi- and contralateral ventral nuclei, degenerating collicular afferents are of medium diameter (1–5 μ) and their degenerating terminals are distributed mainly to synaptic aggregations (“glomeruli”) in which they end axo-axonically and axo-dendritically. Their distribution and mode of termination indicates that these terminals belong to a class which in normal material is large, contains round synaptic vesicles and ends by means of asymmetrical synaptic complexes upon dendrites and upon the second (“pale”) type of glomerular terminal. It also ends by means of “adhesion plaques” on the same dendrites. As the terminals of corticothalamic afferents to the nucleus are already known, only the origin of two types remains to be determined: the pale terminals, which arise from structures resembling dendrites and which end only axo-dendritically, and a small, less common terminal which ends axo-axonically, axo-dendritically and axo-somatically. Both types contain flattened synaptic vesicles and end by means of symmetrical synaptic complexes. Correlative Nauta and Golgi studies suggest that the collicular afferents have a very specific spatial distribution within the cellular laminae composing the ventral nucleus. The terminal degeneration commences as a neurofilamentous hyperplasia and quickly passes to one of increased electron density. There is evidence for early removal of degenerating terminals from the postsynaptic membrane.
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  • 100
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    Anatomy and embryology 132 (1970), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Nervous tissue ; Ependyma ; Fasciculus subcallosus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des lateralen Ventrikelwinkels und des Stratum subcallosum der Katze wird an Frontalschnitten durch eine Ebene rostral von Foramen Monroi untersucht. Das Ventrikellumen wird hier zur Zeit der Geburt von einem aktiven Matrixependym ausgekleidet, dessen Umwandlung in ein ruhendes, einschichtiges Ependyn beschrieben wird. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Nervenfasern des Fasciculus subcallosus bei der Geburt bereits vorhanden, aber sehr dünn sind. Ihr Durchmesser liegt mit etwa 0,25 μ unter der Auflösungsgrenze des Elektronenmikroskopes. Markscheiden treten erst gegen Ende der ersten Lebensmonats auf. Der Fasciculus subcallosus ist zur Zeit der Geburt gegen das angrenzende Hemisphärenmark durch einen auffälligen Zellwall abgegrenzt, in dem Mitosen vorkommen und von dem aus Zellen in Richtung Hirnrinde wandern. Später bilden sich auffällige Zellnester, die häufig Beziehungen zu Blutgefäßen haben und diese manschettenartig einscheiden können. Die Natur der Zellen in diesen Nestern bleibt unklar. Im Zellwall werden schon frühzeitig zahlreiche Zelluntergänge beobachtet. Der Zellwall wird bis zum 40. Lebenstag weitgehend abgebaut, doch können einzelne Zellen und Zellnester zeitlebens erhalten bleiben.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the lateral angle of the anterior horn and of the stratum subcallosum has been investigated in coronal sections of the cat's brain anterior to the foramen of Monro. At birth, the lateral angle of the ventricle is lined by a matrix ependyma, the transformation of which into a quiescent, isoprismatic ependyma is described. It is shown that the nerve fibres of the fasciculus subcallosus are already present at birth. They have a diameter of about 0.25 μ and are therefore only detectable with the electron microscope. The fibres grow quickly and become myelinated at the end of the first month. At birth, the border between the subcallosal fascicle and the corona radiata is marked by a conspicuous cell wall. Here we find mitoses and cells which are migrating towards the cerebral cortex. Later, within the cell wall, islands are formed by an accumulation of numerous nuclei. Such accumulations of cells are frequently seen in the neighbourhood of blood vessels which sometimes become practically ensheathed. Within the cell wall numerous degenerating nuclei are regularly found. After the second postnatal week the wall quickly disappears byt some cells and islands may persist throughout life.
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