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  • 1990-1994  (2,717)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (1,617)
  • Genetics  (1,100)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; haplotype ; HLA-A ; HLA-DQ ; HLA-DR ; tumour necrosis factor ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Finland the haplotype A2, Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8 is the third most common haplotype in insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients and has the highest haplotype-specific absolute risk for IDDM. Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8 haplotypes containing HLA-A alleles other than A2 are infrequent in the population and are not associated with IDDM. Comparison of the A2 and non-A2 haplotypes at the DNA level showed that they were identical at HLA-B,-DR, and -DQ loci. Evidence that class I alleles confer susceptibility to IDDM was obtained from the two HLA-C, -B, -DR and -DQ haplotypes most frequently found in IDDM patients in Finland. A24, A3 and A2 on the Cw3, B62, DR4, DQ8 haplotype, and A28, A2 and A1 on the Cw7, B8, DR3, DQ2 were all found to be associated with IDDM. In Finland these seven haplotypes, including A2, Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8, account for 33% of diabetic haplotypes and 10.3% of non-diabetic haplotypes (p〈0.00001). The contribution of the class I region to IDDM susceptibility was also apparent in those IDDM patients lacking the disease-predisposing class II alleles. Significantly more non-DR3/non-DR4 IDDM patients (47 of 55) possessed two of the IDDM-associated HLA-A alleles compared to non-DR3/non-DR4 control subjects (40 of 58; p=0.038). Moreover, IDDM patients confirmed by oligotyping as unable to form a ‘diabetes-susceptibility’ DQ heterodimer, tended to possess two diabetes-associated HLA-A alleles (12 of 13) compared to control subjects (12 of 20; p=0.056).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; diabetes mellitus ; mitochondria ; maternal ; deafness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has a strong genetic component and maternal factors have recently been implicated in disease inheritance. The mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases which often show maternal inheritance as a result of mtDNA defects; some patients have impaired glucose tolerance. Occasional families with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness associated with a deletion or point mutation of mtDNA have been reported. To assess the importance of mitochondrial gene defects in NIDDM, 150 unrelated diabetic subjects from Wales, UK and 68 unrelated patients with diabetes and at least one affected sibling from England, UK were studied. Southern blot analysis did not show any large mtDNA deletions or duplications. One patient had a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAleu(UUR) gene at bp 3243. This mutation is commonly associated with the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS). Study of this patient and his siblings showed a distinct form of late-onset diabetes associated with nerve deafness but no clinical features of the MELAS syndrome. No diabetic subject was shown to have the mtDNA mutation at position 8344 (tRNAlys) which has previously been described in the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and red-ragged fibres (MERRF). The role of other mitochondrial gene defects in diabetes and the pathophysiological basis of glucose intolerance in patients with the MELAS mutation requires further elucidation.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Myotonic dystrophy ; Limb girdle muscular dystrophy ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A family is reported in which a 29-year-old woman showed the clinical features of myotonic dystrophy while her 26-year-old brother presented with the clinical picture of limb girdle syndrome. In the affected female, direct genetic testing for the specific myotonic dystrophy mutation on chromosome 19 revealed abnormal expansion of a repeat unit containing the three nucleotides cytosine, thymine, and guanine (CTG) — typical for myotonic dystrophy — while her diseased brother displayed two normal alleles. This supports the hypothesis of the extremely rare occurrence of two clinically and genetically different myopathies in one family. Genetic analysis of six other family members showed that the father of the diseased siblings as well as all of his three brothers and sisters had a pathological CTG repeat expansion, and that the other two family members tested had a normal allelic pattern. The number of CTG repeats in the diseased women was approximately tenfold higher than in her asymptomatic relatives who revealed an abnormal allelic pattern. The increase in CTG repeats with transmission to a subsequent generation in this family was paralleled by a dramatic increase in the severity of myotonic dystrophy.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 372-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Absences ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and EEG family data of 140 cases with early childhood epilepsy with absences are presented. The aim of the study was to evaluate, whether the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) as a presenting symptom might correlate with family data, i.e. whether there are indications of heterogeneity. One hundred and forty cases were selected from the epilepsy family data base of the Neuropaediatric Department. The selection parameter was epilepsy with absences manifesting between the 1 st and 5th year of age. The incidence of seizures was evaluated in siblings, parents and parents' siblings. EEG records were available from 103 parents and 106 siblings. The analysis supports the assumption of heterogeneity within early childhood absence epilepsy. Parents and their sibs of cases manifesting with GTCS had seizures twice as often than parents and their sibs in the non-GTCS group. In the affected relatives of the GTCS group early onset GTCS prevailed, whereas in the relatives of the non-GTCS group absences were found more frequently. The EEG of relatives showed elevated incidences of spikes and waves and photosensitivity in both groups, indicating common genetic factors. In parents of the non-GTCS group, however, EEG pathology was significantly more frequent than in parents of the GTCS group. Comparing EEG pathology in parents with seizure risk in siblings, evidence for maternal preponderance in transmission of the seizure liability was found. Mothers' EEG seems to be the best predictor of the seizure risk in probands' siblings. Early childhood epilepsy with absences can be regarded as an intermediate type, showing overlap with early onset GTCS and myoclonic astatic epilepsy on the one side and with childhood absence epilepsy on the other.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; Genetics ; Oral clefts ; Registers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiological and genetic variables for oral clefts were analysed for the years 1981–1989 in a case-control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna, Veneto, and Friuli regions, and in the Trento and Bolzano hospitals. Birth prevalence for all cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) was 8.2 per 10,000 births, and that for cleft palate only (CP) was 6.1 per 10,000. Coexisting abnormalities were found in 23% of CL(P) cases and in 43% of CP. No clusters in time or space were detected. For isolated clefts, a predominance of males among CL(P) and of females among CP was found; epilepsy was the only maternal risk factor correlated with clefts, and an association between clefting and consanguinity was found. Empirical recurrence risks were calculated in both isolated CL(P) and CP.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 244 (1994), S. 138-140 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Parity ; Genetics ; Diathesis-stress model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As part of a follow-up and family study of post-partum psychoses, this episode of illness being the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, patients with puerperal episodes (PE) and nonpuerperal episodes (NPE) of illness in the long-term course (n=79) were compared to patients with PE only (n=40). Few differences were found. Relatives of patients with PE only had a lower morbidity risk for functional psychoses than relatives of patients with PE and NPE. A favourable course of illness in the presence of a low genetic predisposition may be expected, according to the diathesis-stress model of functional psychoses.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis Epidemiology ; Immigrants Environment ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) were compared, controlling for age, in native-born Israelis of different origins and in immigrants to Israel. This comparison was carried out in two populations, countrywide and in Jerusalem. In the countrywide population, ascertainment was based mainly on hospitalizations; it included 252 patients who were native-born and 150 who had immigrated from Africa-Asia (AA immigrants). The 89 MS patients of Jerusalem also included patients diagnosed in outpatient clinics. In native-born Israelis whose father was born in Europe-America (I-EA), the incidence and prevalence of MS were found to be as high as or even higher than that found previously in immigrants from Europe-America. Among native-born Israelis whose father was born in Africa or Asia (I-AA), the yearly age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates were found to be 1.4- to 1.8-fold higher than among AA immigrants, pointing to environmental factors. The incidence and prevalence rates in the I-EA were 1.2- to 1.6-fold higher than in the I-AA, pointing to genetic factors. These results seem to point to both environmental and genetic factors in the aetiology of MS. Further research is needed, however, to disentangle the genetic factors from possible environmental differences in the two ethnic groups.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 241 (1994), S. 487-491 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Juvenile absence epilepsy ; Valproate ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen patients aged 11–25 years (mean 15.37, SD 3.89) suffering from juvenile absence epilepsy are presented. Only 3 (20%) had absences (AS) as the only seizure type, 12 (80%) had associated generalized tonic-clinic seizures (GTCS) and in the remaining 3 with absences and GTCS there was also sporadic myoclonus. We found a higher frequency of AS in our patients by clinical history and video-EEG than has been previously reported. In our patients the mean age of onset in years was 11.4, SD 1.24 for AS, 13.12, SD 2.31 for GTCS and 12.5, SD 2.18 for myoclonus. The correct diagnosis was not made on referrals for any of the patients. It took an average of 3–5.5 years from the onset of the AS (range: 6–120 months) and 2 years from the occurrence of GTCS (average: 1–72 months) to make the correct diagnosis and institute proper treatment, which was valproic acid (VPA). The GTCS were controlled in all patients whereas AS continued in 6 (40%), but to a significantly lesser degree. The frequency and the duration of the GTCS before the start of VPA treatment seemed to have an adverse effect on AS control. We documented no circadian rhythm in either AS or the GTCS, except in 2 patients who had AS and GTCS mainly when they awoke in the morning. The sample size was too small to perform a proper genetic study, though a positive history of epilepsies of mixed types was obtained in 35.7% of the parents and the siblings of the probands.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words     Primitive neuroepithelial tumor ; Desmoplastic small cell tumor ; Brain tumor of infancy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      We describe a case of a desmoplastic brain tumor which was initially resected from the right fronto-temporal region in a 2 year-old boy. This nodular, calcified tumor was vascularized by the internal carotid artery and the middle meningeal artery branches. Grossly, it contained several mucoid cysts. Light microscopy showed cords or nests of small cuboidal cells surrounded by a loose connective tissue and desmoplasic areas containing fibers and spindle cells. The cuboidal cells expressed epithelial, neuronal and neuroendocrine markers. Some foci of spindle cells showed glial differentiation. The tumor recurred 16 months later and displayed some characteristics of the small cell neuroepithelial component, mitoses being conspicuous. Electron microscopy revealed undifferentiated clear cells, some containing neurosecretory granules. Karyotyping demonstrated the following formula: 〈 15 〉 46, t(8;11) (q13; q11). The chromosome 11 breakpoint was different from that described in Ewing's sarcoma. This isolated translocation has not been previously reported to our knowledge. These unusual features lead us to report this case and to discuss its pathogenesis.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 15 (1994), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Subaortic stenosis ; Congenital heart disease ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The first case of multiple family members with discrete subaortic membrane and no other congenital defects is presented. One family member presents with findings suggesting a forme fruste of this disease. Increased surveillance of family members of individuals with discrete subaortic membrane is warranted, as the clinical findings of mild subaortic obstruction may be indistinguishable from those of an innocent flow murmur.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 15 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Tricuspid atresia ; Tricuspid hypoplasia ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Occurrence of a similar cardiac malformation in multiple family members has been reported for many lesions. Neither tricuspid atresia nor tricuspid annular hypoplasia and tricuspid atresia and one case of tricuspid annular hypoplasia with an atrial septal defect in siblings. The findings in this family suggest an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance for abnormal tricuspid valve morphogenesis.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ; Qualitative and quantitative inheritance ; Plant breeding ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and one morphological marker were used to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological and physiological traits evaluated on 150 F2∶3 maize (Zea mays L.) lines derived from the cross of elite U.S. Corn Belt inbreds Mo17 and H99. F2∶3 lines were grown in a replicated experiment and evaluated for plant and ear heights and flowering traits. QTL were identified for each trait, and genetic effects were determined. Estimated gene action for the flowering traits was predominantly overdominance. Both parents contributed toward increased values for anthesis and silk emergence. QTL for increased plant and ear heights were usually contributed by the taller parent, Mo17. Estimated gene action for these traits was mainly partial to overdominance. QTL for plant height were located in the vicinity of loci defined by alleles with qualitative effects on plant height.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Polyploidy ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA markers ; Arbitrarily primed PCR ; RAPD markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent work has revealed random chromosome pairing and assortment in Saccharum spontaneum L., the most widely distributed, and morphologically and cytologically variable of the species of Saccharum. This conclusion was based on the analysis of a segregating population from across between S. spontaneum ‘SES 208’ and a spontaneously-doubled haploid of itself, derived from anther culture. To determine whether polysomic inheritance is common in Saccharum and whether it is observed in a typical biparental cross, we studied chromosome pairing and assortment in 44 progeny of a cross between euploid, meiotically regular, 2n=80 forms of Saccharum officinarum ‘LA Purple’ and Saccharum robustum ‘ Mol 5829’. Papuan 2n=80 forms of S. robustum have been suggested as the immediate progenitor species for cultivated sugarcane (S. officinarum). A total of 738 loci in LA Purple and 720 loci in Mol 5829 were amplified and typed in the progeny by arbitrarily primed PCR using 45 primers. Fifty and 33 single-dose polymorphisms were identified in the S. officinarum and S. robustum genomes, respectively (χ 2 at 98%). Linkage analysis of single-dose polymorphisms in both genomes revealed linkages in repulsion and coupling phases. In the S. officinarum genome, a map hypothesis gave 7 linkage groups with 17 linked and 33 unlinked markers. Four of 13 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase and 9 were in coupling phase. In the S. robustum genome, a map hypothesis gave 5 linkage groups, defined by 12 markers, with 21 markers unlinked, and 2 of 9 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase. Therefore, complete polysomic inheritance was not observed in either species, suggesting that chromosomal behavior is different from that observed by linkage analysis of over 500 markers in the S. spontaneum map. Implications of this finding for evolution and breeding are discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 754-758 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato breeding ; Potato leaf roll virus ; Virus resistance ; Major gene resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) of cv ‘Maris Piper’ with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. To examine the genetic control of resistance to PLRV multiplication, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar ‘Maris Piper’ and the two resistant clones, and the three parents were selfed. Seedling progenies of these families were grown to generate tubers of individual genotypes (clones). Clonally propagated plants were graft-inoculated, and their daughter tubers were collected and used to grow plants with secondary infection in which PLRV concentration was estimated. The expression of resistance to PLRV multiplication had a bimodal distribution in progenies from crosses between ‘Maris Piper’ and either resistant clone, and also in progeny from selfing the resistant parents, with genotypes segregating into high and low virus titre groups. Only the progeny obtained from selfing ‘Maris Piper’ did not segregate, all genotypes being susceptible to PLRV multiplication. The pattern of segregation obtained from these progenies fits more closely with the genetical hypothesis that resistance to PLRV multiplication is controlled by two unlinked dominant complementary genes, both of which are required for resistance, than with the simpler hypothesis that resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, as published previously.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Rice ; Phosphorousefficiency ; Diallel analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of phosphorous (P) — deficiency tolerance in rice was investigated by a sevenparent diallel. The parent materials involved were four P-efficient (IR20, IR54, IR28, and Mahsuri), one moderately P-efficient (TN1), and two P-inefficient (IR31406333-1 and IR34686-179-1-2-1), genotypes. Relative tilering ability (RTA) under P-deficient and P-supplemented soil conditions was the parameter used in determining the tolerance level of the different genotypes. Diallel graph analysis revealed that tolerant parents have an excess of recessive genes, while moderate and susceptible parents possess more dominant genes. Genetic-component analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. The trait exhibited over doiminance as confirmed by the graphical analysis. Narrow-sense heritability of the trait was moderate (0.50) and environmental effects were low. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, but GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parents exhibited a high GCA whereas susceptibles have a very poor GCA, suggesting that tolerant parents were mostly enriched in additive genes and susceptible parents in non-additive genes. Crosses involving two high general combiners showed low SCA effects whereas crosses between poor general combiners manifested highly-significant SCA values.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Disease resistance ; Monocots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An F2 oat population was produced by crossing the diploid (n=7) species Avena strigosa (CI 3815) with A. wiestii (CI 1994), resistant and susceptible, respectively, to 40 isolates of Puccinia coronata, the causal agent of crown rust. Eighty-eight F2 individuals were used to construct an RFLP linkage map representing the A genome of cultivated hexaploid oat. Two hundred and eight RFLP loci have been placed into 10 linkage groups. This map covers 2416 cM, with an average of 12 cM between RFLP loci. Eighty-eight F3 lines, derived from F2 individuals used to construct the map, were screened for resistance to 9 isolates of P. coronata. One locus, Pca, was found to confer a dominant resistance phenotype to isolates 203, 258, 263, 264B, 290, 298, 325A, and 345. Pca also conferred resistance to isolate 276; however, an unlinked second gene may also be involved.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 290-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Polyembryony ; Chromosome mosaics ; Rye ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have obtained one plant regenerated from rye tissue culture which showed a high percentage of polyembryonic seeds in its progeny. The mutation inducing the development of extra embryos is also influencing erroneous cell division, mitosis and meiosis. The genetic analysis indicated that the aptitude for polyembryonic seed formation is a heritable trait controlled by a dominant gene. However, for expression of the phenotype the female parent should have a specific cytoplasm.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Desmoids ; Genetics ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the natural history and management of surgically unresectable intra-abdominal desmoid tumors in two patients with Gardner's syndrome from two unrelated families, where each had failed on conventional therapy. METHODS: Two patients with Gardner's syndrome were placed on a chemotherapy regimen which included doxorubicin (90 mg/m2) and dacarbazine (900 mg/m2) in divided doses over four days of continuous infusion. Their progress on chemotherapy was assessed by abdominal computerized tomography and laparoscopy. RESULTS: The computerized abdominal tomography scans proved difficult to interpret because of adhesions and matted small bowel resulting from the patients original colectomies. These findings made it difficult to differentiate postoperative changes from residual desmoid tumor. Second-look laparotomy in such patients was contraindicated as this may predispose to further desmoid production. Laparoscopy disclosed a complete response to this chemotherapy. Nevertheless, we had an iatrogenic small bowel perforation in one of these patients. Each patient showed a complete response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection remains the first-line treatment of intra-abdominal desmoid tumors. However, doxorubicin/ dacarbazine chemotherapy on a clinical trial basis may be indicated in patients whose intra-abdominal desmoid is unresectable, or who have failed to respond to treatment with hormones (tamoxifen, Toremifene), steroids (prednisone), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (Clinoril®; Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA).
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Recombinant U1-nRNP proteins ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate a possible involvement of HLA-class II alleles in the genetic predisposition for the formation of anti-U1-nRNP antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), genomic DNA of 178 patients was typed for the DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-radioactive-oligonucleotide typing. Antibodies against recombinant U1-nRNP proteins (U1-A- U1-C-and 70K-protein) were determined by ELISA. Anti-U1-C antibody was found in 26 (14.7%), anti-U1-A in 34 (19.2%) and anti-70K in 17 (9.6%) patients. A joint occurrence was observed for these antibodies against the recombinant U1-nRNP proteins: anti-U1-C and anti-U1-A antibodies occurred together more frequently than alone and than together with anti-U1-70K antibodies. The frequency of DRB1 * 04 was slightly increased in the patients with anti-U1-C as compared to the patients without anti-U1-C (P〈0.05, Pcorr=n.s., RR=2.4). The DQA1 * 0301 allele, which is in linkage disequilibrium with DRB1 * 04, is found more frequently in anti-U1-C-positive than in antibody-negative patients. The DQB1 * 0303 allele, detected in 12 of 176 SLE patients, was absent in the patients with any of the antibodies against the U1-nRNP proteins. All these deviations may be due to chance alone. We concluded that the presence of antibodies against recombinant U1-nRNP proteins was not significantly associated with any HLA DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 allele in our group of SLE patients.
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  • 25
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    Metabolic brain disease 9 (1994), S. 105-131 
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Alcoholism ; Genetics ; Endorphins ; Enkephalins ; Dynorphins ; Opioid ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At the present time alcoholism is recognized as a metabolic disease exhibiting the clinical features of craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, tolerance and physical dependence on alcohol, while both epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that genetic factors may be important in determining whether an individual has a high or low vulnerability to develop alcoholism. Evidence also indicates that alcoholism is not characterized by a single gene single allele inheritance. Instead it seems that multiple genes and environmental factors interact to increase or decrease an individual's vulnerability to become an alcoholic. Current research is aimed at investigating whether certain behavioral, physiological and biochemical markers are highly associated with the incidence of alcoholism. Among the biochemical markers currently under investigation is the endogenous opioid system and its implication in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. It is the objective of this manuscript to review current research on: (a) the interactions of ethanol with the endogenous opioid system at the molecular level; (b) the existence of genetically determined differences in the response of the endogenous opioid system to ethanol between subjects at high and low risk for excessive ethanol consumption, as well as between lines of animals showing preference or aversion for ethanol solutions; (c) the decrease of alcohol consumption following pretreatment with opioid antagonists; and (d) the possible use of specific opioid receptor antagonists together with behavioral therapy to modify drinking behavior, to control craving and to prevent relapse.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Ribozyme ; npt-gene ; Transgenic tobacco ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chimeric gene encoding a ribozyme under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into transgenic tobacco plants. In vivo activity of this ribozyme, which was designed to cleave npt mRNA, was previously demonstrated by transient expression assays in plant protoplasts. The ribozyme gene was transferred into transgenic tobacco plants expressing an rbcS-npt chimeric gene as an indicator. Five double transformants out of sixteen exhibited a reduction in the amount of active NPT enzyme. To measure the amount of ribozyme produced, in the absence of its target, the ribozyme and target genes were separated by genetic segregation. The steady-state concentrations of ribozyme and target RNA were shown to be similar in the resulting single transformants. Direct evidence for a correlation between reduced npt gene expression and ribozyme expression was provided by crossing a plant containing only the ribozyme gene with a transgenic plant expressing the npt gene under control of the 35S promoter, i.e. the same promoter used to direct ribozyme expression. The expression of npt was reduced in all progeny containing both transgenes. Both steady-state levels of npt mRNA and amounts of active NPT enzyme are decreased. In addition, our data indicate that, at least in stable transformants, a large excess of ribozyme over target is not a prerequisite for achieving a significant reduction in target gene expression.
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  • 27
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A formula of the coefficient aN-K of the eigenpolynomials connected with the zero-order term's coefficient of the eigenpolynomials corresponding the k-order-induced subgraph's molecular fragments has been induced. From this formula, aN-K can be calculated and the contributions of the induced subgraph's molecular fragments to the stability and reactivity of the molecules are revealed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 28
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that for a number of molecules there exists a Hammett-like equation for the chemical hardness or the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Substituent effects can be factored out of the molecular hardness. Preliminary results show that a hardness substituent constant, similar to the Hammett σ-constant, can be defined and determined for each substituent. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 29
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 343-352 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of the truncation errors resulting from the numerical integration on the accuracy of the calculation results in the DV-Xα method is analyzed and it is shown that evaluating the overlap integrals analytically or adopting orthogonalized basis sets can reduce the errors on the density matrices to the second order. An approach to improve the calculation accuracy of the total energy is proposed based on the error analysis. The calculation results for several molecules are presented to demonstrate the conclusion. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 30
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The geometries of the reactant, product, and transition state of the reaction between acetylene and the hydrogen atom have been optimized at the level of HF/6-31G using the energy gradient method. The barrier height for this reaction was calculated to be 105.9 kJ/mol with a zero-point energy correction and elimination of spin contamination. The intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) for this reaction was traced and the coupling between the IRC and normal modes was analyzed along the IRC. The variational transition-state theory with the correction of the tunnel effect has been used to evaluate the reaction rate constant. It is in good agreement with an experimental estimate. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 31
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 59-61 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 32
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The recently introduced second-order similarity index gAB was generalized by using the geminal and/or spingeminal expansion of pair densities that they are derived from. The comparison with previous related studies confirms that the generalization does increase the information content of new indices, especially in providing the information about the difference in the spin recoupling of pure singlet and triplet states of electron pairs. Analogously, as in previous studies, the approach was applied to the analysis of several selected pericyclic reactions and possible mechanistic implications arising from the increased information content are briefly discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 33
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 34
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept of internal connectivity associates to each eigenvector of the molecular graph a graph with signed edges. We show that the respective edge signs can be deduced without knowing the graph eigenvectors. The dependence of the edge signs on molecular structure is elucidated. The sign of an edge whose end vertices are νr and νs is found to be the result of separate interactions through all paths connecting the vertices νr and νs. The analysis of the edge signs is particularly simple in the case of acyclic systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 35
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 36
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 133-134 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 185-195 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As the representative point on an electronic energy surface moves along any closed level curve, the corresponding electronic eigenvectors behave as does the normal to a Moebius strip when its foot is moved around the strip. This introduces a topology into the space of eigenvectors that is not envisaged in the definition of Hilbert space, but is fundamental to molecular quantum mechanics. Salient properties of these “non-Hilbertian” vector spaces are established. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 38
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 39
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on the EHMO approach, an approximate treatment of electronic energy-band structures is suggested. By employing this treatment, computations of the band structures for the Al-doped superconductors YBa2Cu3-xAlxO7 + δ were carried out. It is shown by analysis of the band structures and the density of states that the 2D Cu-O planes in the Y—Ba-Cu—O superconducting system play a dominant role in superconductivity, whereas the 1D Cu—O ribbons have indirectly an influence on superconductivity through the connection of the O(4) atoms to two Cu—O planes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 40
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An isodesmic energy analysis has been carried out at the MP2/6-31G*//HF/3-21G level for the nonplanar ground state (1) of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctateraene and for two planar forms, one having complete π delocalization (2) and the other having alternating single and double bonds (3). 1 is found to have a considerable degree of stabilization, which is attributed to limited π delocalization. The polyene 3 is the more stable of the two planar forms; it is a transition state in the inversion between two possible nonplanar structures. 2 is found to be a triplet at the Hartree-Fock level and is a critical point on an alternate pathway between the two possible arrangements of alternating single and double bonds in 3. Both 2 and 3 have negative isodesmic energies, indicating the presence of stabilizing factors. Our results for 3 show that an “antiaromatic” system need not necessarily show a net destabilization. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 41
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio configuration interaction (CI) calculations have been performed for the O2 + H2 complex in a trapezoidlike collision arrangement with C2v symmetry. The potential energy surfaces of the four lowest states of this van der Waals complex (arising from the X3 Σg-, a1 Δg, and b1 Σg+ states of the oxygen moiety), as well as the collision-induced b1 Σg+ - a1 Δg electric dipole transition moment (Mb-a), have been analyzed for different CI expansions, using as a reference determinant the restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock (ROHF) function for the ground state of the complex H2(X1 Σg+) + O2(X3 Σg-). The geometry optimized at the ROHF/6-311G** level was refined by a partial optimization at the CI level scanning the intermolecular distance. The equilibrium distances for the X, a, and b states have been found to be a slightly different in the region 3.02-2.98 Å. The larger binding energy of the b1 Σg+ state (2.96 kJ/mol) in comparison with the a1 Δg (2.1 kJ/mol) and ground X3 Σg- states (1.35 kJ/mol) presumably could be explained as resulting from charge-transfer interactions. A good convergence of the calculated transition moment Mb-a for the larger CI expansions (approximately 50,000 configuration-state functions) has been obtained. The calculated collision-induced intensity of the b1 Σg+-a1 Δg and a1 Δg-X3 Σg- transitions in molecular oxygen are in reasonable agreement with recent experimental data for several foreign gases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 317-332 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present a systematic comparison of the correlation contribution at the level of the second-order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) and MP2 to the static dipole polarizability of (1) Be, BeH-, BH, CH+, MgH-, AIH, SiH+, and GeH+; (2) BH3, CH4, NH3, H2O, HF, BF, and F2; and (3) N2, CO, CN-, HCN, C2H2, and HCHO. Fairly extended basis sets were used in the calculations. We find that the agreement with experimental values is improved in SOPPA and MP.2 over the results at the SCF level. The signs and magnitudes of the correlation contribution in SOPPA are similar to those obtained in analytical derivative MP2 calculations. However, it is not possible to say, in general, which method gives the largest correlation contribution or the best agreement with experiment, nor is it possible to make a priori prediction of the sign of the correlation contribution. For the first group of molecules, which have a quasi-degenerate ground state, additional CCDPPA and CCSDPPA calculations were performed and compared with polarizabilities obtained as analytical/numerical derivatives of the CCD and CCSD energies. The CCSDPPA results were found to be in better agreement with other calculations than were the SOPPA results, demonstrating the necessity of using methods based on infinite-order perturbation theory for these systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 353-367 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Single-reference coupled-cluster methods corresponding to various approximate forms of the cluster operator including up to four-electron operators are applied to the simple H4 model system with the aim of numerically studying the attainability and properties of multiple solutions of the systems of nonlinear equations for the cluster amplitudes. Various solutions have been obtained for the excited states 21 A1 and 51 A1. It is documented that there exist nonphysical nonstandard solutions that yield energies very close to the physical ones. A simple way of selecting the physically meaningful solutions is proposed. It is demonstrated that the attainability of nonstandard solutions describing a state of H4 within the framework of a given SE-CC method strongly depends on the cluster structure of that state. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 44
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 45
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 395-400 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We apply the HH-GLF method, a new simple hyperspherical harmonic method proposed recently by one of us, to directly solve the three-body Schrödinger equation for e+e-e+. Uniformally convergent energy eigenvalues are obtained with only several GLF and the obtained ground-state energy with 200 HH and 6 GLF is -0.26124 au, which is very near the exact value of -0.26200 au. Energy results for maximum global momentum Km ≤ 20 are compared with those from some other hyperspherical techniques carefully, and we find that, in the example of e+e-e+, the HH-GLF method can yield results as accurate as the best available other HH method, but is conceptually simpler and more convenient for practical calculations with a large number of hyperspherical harmonics. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 46
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 401-410 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problems connected with the simulation by the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method of atomic and molecular systems in the two-dimensional (2D) space have been investigated on the 1 2S and 2 2S states of the hydrogen atom and on the 1 1S and 1 3S states of the helium atom, assuming r-1 Coulomb interactions between the particles. The potential surface of the 1Σg+ state of the 2D hydrogen molecule has been calculated in the range 0.1-1.5 bohr: A dissociation energy of 1.2703 Hartrees is found at the equilibrium distance of 0.3639 bohr. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 581-589 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A diatomic charge density distribution function may be partitioned into free atom and delocalization components. Integrating the electrostatic force on one of the nuclei as the atoms join to bond yields a repulsive atom superposition energy Er(R) and an attractive delocalization energy Ed(R) which, when added, equal the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy, E(R). Bond stretch force constants may be calculated to quite good accuracy from the Poisson equation ▽R2E(R) = 4πZbpa(r = R), where Zb is the charge of nucleus b at a distance of R from nucleus a and pa is the charge-density distribution function of isolated atom a. This equation follows if the delocalization density component is rigid during molecular vibrations and Ed = c/R, where c is a constant. Ed(R) is well approximated by the change in orbital energy, δEMO(R), for the bond-forming reaction a + b → a - b as obtained from a modified extended Hückel procedure. The resulting E() = Er(R) + δEMO(R) generalizes immediately to polyatomic molecules and solids and can be used for the calculation of structures and other properties and their molecular orbital interpretation. The current understanding of the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) theory is presented in this article. It is pointed out that a parallel exists with the density functional theory, wherein the Born-Oppenheimer potential function may be constructed from energy points E(R) that are functionals of the molecular charge density distribution function. Calculations of molecular structures with density functional theory has also become possible only through the introduction of electron orbitals. However, the approaches are otherwise different, for density functional theory works with the total energy of the molecule and the ASED approach works with the molecular binding energy obtained by integrating the electrostatic force on a nucleus, which is zero for the isolated atoms. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 48
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A formulation for calculating frequency-dependent hyperpolarizabilities in the coupled-cluster (CC) theory with the Brueckner orbitals is presented. Our quasi-energy derivative (QED) method is applied, and explicit expressions for response properties up to third order [μ, α(-ω1;ω1), β(-ωσ;ω1, ω2)] are derived. The position of the resonances is determined from the RPA-like equation. It is found that the pole structures are not compatible with ones of the exact response functions. An extension of the coupled Brillouin-Brueckner CEPA-0 by Kutzelnigg to the time-dependent case is also discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 49
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio Hartree-Fock, Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), and quadratic configuration interaction, using single and double substitutions (QCISD), calculations were carried out for the NF3+ ion. Optimized structures were examined at the various levels of theory. Calculation of the inversion barrier height shows the importance of optimizing the geometry at the post-Hartree-Fock level and the inclusion of polarization functions. The best calculated inversion barrier was 13.3 kcal/mol, compared to an experimental value of 17.3 kcal/mol. The dissociation transition state was computed to determine the well depth of the NF3+ ion and its stability toward dissociation. The computed well depth was 28 and 48 kcal/mol at the SCF and MP2 levels, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 50
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 407-415 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An application of symplectic implicit Runge-Kutta (RK) integration schemes, the s-stage Gauss-Legendre Runge-Kutta (GLRK) methods of order 2s, for the numerical solution of molecular dynamics (MD) equation is described. The two-stage fourth-order GLRK method, the implicit midpoint rule, and the three-stage diagonally implicit RK method of order four are studied. The fixed-point iteraction was used for solving the resulting nonlinear system of equations. The algorithms were applied to a complex system of N particles interacting through a Lennard-Jones potential. The proposed symplectic methods for MD integration permit a wide range of time steps, are highly accurate and stable, and are thus suitable for the MD integration. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 51
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 333-351 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of electron nuclear dynamics (END) developed by Öhrn and Deumens has been applied to the coupling of electronic structure and vibrational motion in the hydrogen molecule with the aim of elucidating and illustrating the characteristic features of this method. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 52
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 369-384 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recursive formulas are derived for generating the conjugated-circuit polynomials for circuits up to size n = 6, 10, or 14 on regular chain polyhex graphs. These counting polynomials are of use for a simple valence-bond resonance-theoretic derived model: the conjugated-circuit model. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 53
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 385-394 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relative stability of the four tautomeric forms of α-hydroxytetronic acid was calculated with full geometry optimization at the STO-3G, 3-21G, 6-31G*, and 6-31G** SCF levels. Correlation effects were estimated using the MP2 method. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds are found to be of primary importance for the relative stability of the various tautomers, and the same tautomer that in the case of L-ascorbic acid is experimentally observed in the crystal as well as in solution is found to be the most stable one, if polarization functions on the hydrogen atoms are taken into account. It is concluded that even in the gas phase this tautomer predominates in α-hydroxytetronic acid as well as in L-ascorbic acid. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 54
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 50 (1994), S. 411-428 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quantum defect orbital (QDO) method and its relativistic (RQDO) counterpart have been employed in this work to compute oscillator strengths for several fine-structure transitions in members of the copper isoelectronic sequence up to Z = 92. The RQDO results are found to be in quite good agreement with the best estimates derived from other sources, whenever the comparison is possible. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 55
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 569-575 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for finding the chemical potential for an electronic system with density ρ = Σρi represented within the Kohn-Sham approximation is proposed. To find the chemical potential of the system under consideration, we propose to refer to the definition μ = δE/δρ and to apply the mathematical properties of functional derivatives. Particularly, in the case examined, the result μ = μ(r) ≠ const has been obtained, which may be explained in the framework of the calculus of variation. Taking the limit limr→∞ μ(r) as the best approximation to the proper equilibrium chemical potential of a free atom, one obtains μ = -I, where I denotes first ionization energy. A possibility of further applications of the proposed method in relation to crystalline systems is also discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 56
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecules of M2Se and M2I+ (M = Ag, Au) are used as test models to study the quality of the pseudopotential methodology when using the Hartree-Fock and second-order Møller-Plesset methods. We have used two implementations of the Wadt and Hay pseudopotentials: the new large- and small-core pseudopotentials (known as LANL 1DZ and LANL2DZ in GAUSSIAN-92) and the traditional one used for a long time. It is found that the optimum geometry depends on the type of pseudopotential selected. A comparison with the results computed when all the electrons are taken explicitly into account shows that the new LANL1DZ and LANL2DZ give the right answer. Using these potentials, the geometry and potential energy surface of the M2Se and M2I+ systems is explored and its optimum geometry found. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 57
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 13-25 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations are reported for the closed-shell cyclic polyenes CNHN (N = 6, 10, 14, 18) in the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) approximation, as a function of the hopping parameter β. A wide range of values of β is considered, from a highly correlated situation, β = 0, to a very weakly correlated limit, β = -10 eV. An estimate of the role of higher than two-body connected cluster components was done, through a partial (i.e., limited to two-body terms in the exponent) cluster analysis performed on the FCI wave function. The comparison with the approximate coupled pair theory that accounts for quadruply excited clusters [see P. Piecuch and J. Paldus, Theor. Chim. Acta 78, 65 (1990)] shows a good agreement in the whole range of the hopping parameter, particularly when the contribution of connected triples excitations is also taken into account. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 58
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We studied the possibility of defining a one-electron effective Hamiltonian in the form of a Hückel-type matrix, taking into account the effect of the environment of the atoms in different molecules (the E2HT). It is found that the appropriate basis set in which this Hamiltonian is defined can be determined by using diatomic fragments. Concerning the matrix elements themselves, the appropriate information can be taken in fragments with a size similar to that of ethane. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 59
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We presnet a theoretical study of the effect of the conjugation length on the electronic properties and second-order molecular polarizabilities β in p-amino-p′-nitrodiphenylacetylene molecules where the number of triple bonds in the conjugated segment varies from 1 to 4. The β values are calculated via an intermediate neglect of differential overlap/single configuration interaction (INDO/SCI) sum-over-states (SOS) approach. We test the convergence of the SOS method and the validity of the two-state model to describe the β response. The results indicate that increasing the conjugation length results in a decrease of the charge transfer within the molecule. The two-state model is shown to break down as the conjugated segment extends to four triple bonds; this is due to the appearance of several low-lying nearly isoenergetic excited states that significantly contribute to the β response. The theoretical results are in excellent agreement with recent experimental data. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on the generalized relationship for calculating the nuclear spin-spin coupling constants and the correlation of the bond stretching frequencies with the coupling constants, a novel generalized reationship, which includes the contributions of not only the hybrid orbitals, but also the net atomic charges, is introduced for calculation of the bond stretching frequencies and employed to elucidate the C—H stretching frequencies in hydrocarbons and heterosubstituted hydrocarbons on the basis of the MBOHO calculation employing the CNDO/2 approximation. By use of the obtained concrete realtionships, one can get different νCH value for the C—H bonds existing in different chemical environments, which is coincident with chemical intuition. The calculated numerical results show that for hydrocarbons the contribution of the net atomic charges can be neglected, but it is necessary for heterosubstituted hydrocarbons to include the contribution of the net atomic charges to the C—H stretching frequencies. The calculated C—H stretching frequencies are in good ageement with the experimental data, which shows its reasonableness. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 61
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio self-consistent field (SCF) calculations are performed with the standard 6-31G* basis set for all-trans conjugated oligomers C2n+2H2n+4. The canonical occupied and virtual molecular orbitals (MOs) are separately localized by unitary transformations. Due to the localization, the perturbation operator is partitioned into two-particle and into single-particle terms; the MBPT is, therefore, a double-perturbation expansion in this case. By using the localized representation of the MBPT, the correlation energy contributions can be partitioned into local and nonlocal effects. It can be shown that the local effects are very important and well transferable, which makes possible the calculation of the correlation energy of larger molecules if the localized molecular orbitals (occupied and virtual) of smaller related molecules are known. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 62
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An iso-energy cutoff scheme is introduced for the calculation of the potential of mean force between two ions in water. The cutoff criterion is based on the optimal interaction of the water dipole with the ion pair, for which analytical expressions are derived. Formulas are also derived to characterize the solvent reorganization contribution to the potential of mean force. Treatment of the contributions from waters outside the cutoff is also discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 63
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Within the framework of the AMO-EHF approximation for the Hubbard model, it is shown that the band gap ΔE of an arbitrary regular alternant 1D π-system (polymer), having a singlet ground state, is different from zero, i.e., the ground state is a dielectric one. At least one of the three components of the energy gap - the topological, Δtop; the geometrical, Δgeom; or the correlation, Δcorr (combined via the equation ΔE = {Δcorr2 + (Δtop + Δgeom))2}1/2 - is different from zero. Numerical results for several 1D alternant polymers with conjugated π-systems are given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 64
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 191-197 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantioselective hydrogenation of α-ketoesters with cinchona-modified platinum catalysts has been studied theoretically in order to rationalize the interaction between the chiral modifier and the substrate. The structure of the probable transition complex has been calculated for the system methyl pyruvate (substrate)-cinchonidine (modifier) using quantum chemistry techniques at both ab initio and semiempirical levels and molecular mechanics. The calculations indicate that crucial interaction occurs via hydrogen bonding of the quinuclidine nitrogen and the oxygen of the α-carbonyl moiety of methyl pyruvate and confirm earlier experimental evidence that the quinuclidine nitrogen of the cinchonidine is involved in the interaction leading to enantiodifferentiation. The resulting complex, which resembles to a half-hydrogenated state of the substrate, is shown to be a possible transition state for the enantioselective hydrogenation of α-ketoesters. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 65
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 211-225 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Coupled-cluster (CC) methods at the level of CCSD, CCSD+T(CCSD), CCSD(T), CCSDT-1, and CCSDT-3 are applied to calculations of the dipole moment and polarizability of the CN molecule, ionization potentials and electron affinities of the oxygen and iron atoms and CN molecule, and the energy splitting of the 5D and 5F states of the iron atom. Both UHF and ROHF references are applied. Extended basis sets are used in some comparison of CC data to experiment. All calculated atomic and molecular properties are known as challenging problems, suitable for a careful analysis of the performance of sophisticated versions of the CC approach. Attention is paid to energy terms distinguishing CCSD(T) from CCSD+T(CCSD). We exploit results from various iterative and noniterative high-level CC methods in the assessment of error bars in calculations of atomic and molecular properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 66
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 227-245 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dynamical behavior of simple nonrigid molecules still attracts much interest both from experimentalists and theoreticians. On the one hand, modern laser-spectroscopic techniques like SEP allow for the detection of highly excited vibrational-rotational states of a molecule, and advanced theoretical methods, on the other hand, are more and more able to calculate accurate potential energy surfaces and to simulate the intramolecular dynamics. The aim of the present article was to contribute to the understanding of the dynamical properties of simple floppy molecules by means of a comparative study of the two triatomics HCN and HO2. Continuing our earlier work, we start from an analysis of the potential energy surface topography, then we investigate the classical dynamical behavior and the localization of the quantum states. Several conclusions of probably more general validity are drawn. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 67
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 267-280 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The elongation method, a theoretical tool to synthesize the electronic states of polymers, is applied within the framework of the density functional approach and using a linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals. In this treatment, the wave function of a cluster is localized and the interaction with an attacking monomer is self-consistently calculated according to the Kohn-Sham equation. The reliability and the applicability of our treatment are examined by the application to a random hydrogen molecule cluster, comparing the results with those obtained by the usual diagonalization method for the whole system. The results show that this treatment efficiently provides the electronic states of the end part of aperiodic polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 68
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 295-299 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new quantum chemical definition is proposed of the full atomic valence, VA, taking into account both the covalent and ionic parts of the chemical bonds formed by atoms in molecules and crystals. The full atomic valencies, covalencies, and charges on atoms are calculated for nickel-oxygen crystalline compounds in the CNDO band theory approximation. A comparison of the chemical bonding in nickel and copper crystalline oxides is given. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 69
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method of description of a crystalline solid is presented and discussed in the light of the variational method. The proposed method refers to the muffin-tin cellular method but it is formulated in the language of electron density, without referring to wave-function treatment. Model calculations of p-dependent binding energy for alkaline metals have been performed. The results show that the proper adjustment of the effective charge of atomic core zeff parametrizing the electron density in the cell allows one to reproduce exact values of binding energy at the equilibrium distance. The numerical results prove that the dependence between the charge zeff and the radius of the cell RMT may be represented by the functión zeff = (21)1/2(1 + B exp(-ARMT)), where A and B are numerical parameters changing with high regularity throughout the period and I denotes the first ionization energy. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 70
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The periodic ab initio Hartree-Fock linear combination of atomic orbitals program CRYSTAL has been used to investigate the electronic structure of the wurtzite-type phase of SiC. Binding energy, lattice parameters (a,c), and the internal cordinate have been optimized. Inclusion of polarization functions, which has been shown to be necessary in the description of related systems, has been used to compute the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative and the central zone A1 transverse optical phonon frequency. The electronic structure of SiC is analyzed using density of states projections and electron density maps. Results are compared with those obtained for the cubic zinc blende-type phase. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 71
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 353-364 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Geometry optimizations on molecular clusters of the five-membered heterocyclic molecules pyrrole, furane, thiophene, and selenophene were carefully carried out. It is shown that the value of the band gap cannot be related to the bond alternation in the aromatic compounds. However, a correlation of the gap value with the ionization potential of the heteroatom in the ring is found and can be explained by the different stabilizations of the LUMO energy of the heterocycle with respect to the butadiene backbone. The energy band structure including also corrections for the electron correlation effects is reported. The newly developed variational method for the calculation of static polarizabilities of polymers is reviewed and applications to cyclopropene and heteroaromatic derivatives are reported. Finally, a possible approach to treat dynamical polarizabilities of polymers based on perturbation theory is briefly outlined. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 413-423 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The many-electron system in one and two dimensions are studied within the geminal approach. The analytical expressions for the wave functions and ground-state energies are obtained for a number of 1-D and 2-D systems: conjugated polymers, organic conductors, 2-D conductors with square lattices, and others. It is shown that electron excitations of a kink type can exist in 2-D systems with mixed valency. In this case, the correlation pairing of current carriers arises as a result of correlation effects leading to superconducting properties of the system. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 447-463 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The convergence properties of the expansions of (a) the function 1/r and (b) the function exp(-αr) in an even-tempered basis of Gaussians are studied analytically. The starting points are the Gaussian integral representations of 1/r and exp(-αr). One arrives at an expansion in a finite number of Gaussians in three steps: (1) a restriction of the integration domain, (2) a variable transformation, and (3) discretization of the integral. The cutoff error goes in both cases essentially as exp(-ah), and the discretization error, as exp(-b/h). The minimum overall error is reached for the β-parameter of an even-tempered basis β ∽ exp(c/√n), where n is the dimension of the basis, and the error itself decreases as ∊ ∽ exp(-d√n). Different optimum basis parameters are obtained depending on which quantity one wants to minimize, e.g., the error of the energy expectation value, the distance in Hilbert space, the variance of the energy, or the density at the nucleus. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 473-485 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantum Chemistry can today boast the fact that ordinary chemists - by means of personal computers and programs available - can study many theoretical properties of molecules by solving the Schrödinger equation and get an advance idea of how to properly arrange their experiments to find new features. For small molecules, they can use ab initio programs of the Hartree-Fock type, and for large molecules, they can use semiempirical programs available. To achieve higher accuracy and to include electron correlation properly, however, one has in the ab initio approach to use configurational interaction methods and giant computers, whereas in the semiempirical methods, the effect of correlating is often taken into account in the adjustable parameters forming the basis for this approach. In connection with the ab initio methods, it is further emphasized that the resolvent methods combined with the partitioning technique provide an excellent conceptual and mathematical framework for getting solutions of any accuracy desired, but that most of the programming of this approach remains to be done. Ordinary wave mechanics is valid at absolute zero of temperature, and - in order to include such important chemical concepts as temperature, entropy, free energy, etc. - one has to go over to general quantum theory and the Liouvillian formalism. One can stil start from the Coulombic Hamiltonian, but it becomes of importance to include the nuclear motion properly and preferably on the same level as that of the electronic motion. It is further emphasized that the irreversibility problem is not yet fully solved, that the theory of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic fields still needs some improvements, and that the question of the proper introduction of relativistic corrections in the quantum theoretical treatment of molecular systems involving heavier atoms still has a great deal to desire. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 499-518 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electronic rearrangement is a common occurrence in interactions of an atom with other atoms or with solid surfaces and in molecular photodissociation by visible and UV light. In this contribution, the emphasis is on the way properties change over time, as a system progresses from its initial to its final state in a collision. An overview is presented of our recent work describing electronic rearrangement in terms of coupled differential equations for electronic orbitals and nuclear degrees of freedom. An eikonal/(time-dependent Hartree-Fock) approximation is described and a new compact formulation is given in terms of operators in Liouville space, for both small and extended molecular systems. A method is described for treating the coupling of degrees of freedom with very different time scales. The method is illustrated with selected results for temporal atomic population changes in ion-atom and ion-solid surface interactions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 51 (1994), S. 539-553 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The availability of recent supercomputers and massively parallel computing facilities makes possible the calculation of the electronic structure of highly extended (mesoscopic) molecular networks. Disorder, which is practically always present in these systems, causes an extreme complexity of the wave function that typically shows multifractal behavior in the intermediate length scale. Multifractal analysis, however, is possible only on systems that cover several orders of length scales. Though such calculation can be carried out on model systems, it is beyond the bounds of present ab initio or semiempirical treatments. In this contribution, a shape-analysis method of the wave function is given that is applicable both for localized and multifractal one-particle states even in moderately large networks without a regular geometrical structure. No boxing of the distributions is necessary through several orders of magnitude of scaling distances. Multifractal behavior and different regularly decaying localization shape functions can be distinguished. Finite-size multifractal distributions are also discussed. The described method is intended to serve as an easily applicable and efficient tool for bridging over the gap between the wave-function analysis of systems containing macroscopic and moderately large number of particles. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The vibrational Stark effect together with nuclear relaxation and vibrational contributions to the static molecular electric properties of the N2O molecule are computed using ab initio molecular orbital thoery. Contributions to the molecular properties are computed by finite-difference techniques involving the energy vs. the uniform electric-field strength. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 79
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 17-37 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some alternative methodologies for the construction of reliable charge density models, involving distributed multipole schemes, potential fitted atomic charges, and a recent approach proposed by Ferenczy, are compared and analyzed critically. Ferenczy's method, which combines the distributed multipole description and the classical least-squares fit, allows one to get an insight into the well-known shortcomings of standard potential- or field-derived atomic charge models. It is now demonstrated that the conformational dependence of fitted point charges is not exclusively due to through-space inductive effects, but that it can be partly rationalized by the reorientation of the atomic multipoles. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 80
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The generator coordinate approximation (GCA) for the calculation of spectra of diatomics is briefly reviewed. Results of this method applied to a series of curve crossings are presented. In all cases, the generator coordinate method performs significantly better than does the adiabatic approximation. When the energy gap becomes smaller, the GCA results improve. In the crossing limit, the GCA becomes exact. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 81
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 71-88 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodissociation dynamics of some organometallic molecules in the lowest repulsive electronically states are reported for the following concurrent primary reactions: (i) the homolysis of a metal-hydrogen bond vs. the heterolytic loss of a carbonyl ligand in HCo(CO)4; (ii) the photoinduced elimination of molecular hydrogen vs. the loss of a carbonyl ligand in H2Fe(CO)4; and (iii) the photoinduced elimination of molecular hydrogen vs. the loss of a mesithylene ligand in H2Os(CO)Mes (Mes = C6H3(CH3))3. The dynamics are simulated quantum mechanically using a time-dependent wavepacket propagation technique on potential energy surfaces obtained from CASSCF/CCI calculations for HCo(CO)4 and H2Fe(CO)4 and from SCF-INO/MRCI calculations for H2Os(CO)Mes. This approach gives a rather detailed view of some important elementary processes that contribute to the photochemistry of these complexes. The nature of the photoactive excited states is determined without ambiguity, as well as the time scales, the branching ratio of the different primary dissociation pathways, and some features of the absorption spectra. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 82
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF), unrestricted second-order Møller-Plesset (UMP2) perturbation, unrestricted coupled cluster (UCCD), and unrestricted quadratic configuration interaction (UQCISD) calculations have been performed on the organic radicals CH3, CH3CH2, CH2CHCH2, CH3CHCOO-, HCOCHCOH, CH3COCHCOH, CH3COCHCOCH3, and CH3COC(CH3)COCH3, using double-zeta and split-valence-plus-polarization basis sets. These radicals are derived from common organic ligands and have been observed in recent experimental work on tris(β-ketoenolato)cobalt(III) complexes. Their geometry has been optimized at the UHF level using the two mentioned basis sets. From these calcuations, values for the isotropic hyperfine coupling constants at the hydrogen atoms are predicted and compared with the experimental results. The usefulness of semiempirical extrapolations based on limited basis sets and treatment of electron correlation effects is carefully analyzed in the examples considered. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 83
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 947-956 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied symmetry breaking in three open-shell systems: CF4+ (D2d and C2v) and CF32+ (D3h) molecular ions. These different Hartree-Fock solutions are employed as starting points to calculate the correlation energy of these ions with perturbative, configuration interaction, and density functional methods. When symmetry-broken or symmetry-adapted wave functions are used, the correlation energy obtained with each method changes the order of stability of CF4+ for a determined symmetry. Density functional methods produce higher correlation energies although they do not alter the order of stability of Hartree-Fock calculations. The behavior of correlation energy with different methods and the characteristics of the symmetry of wave functions are compared. A study of appearance energies for three different channels of the decomposition reaction of ionized carbon tetrafluoride are considered by using different methods with symmetry-broken or symmetry-adapted wave functions to calculate correlation energies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 84
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 935-945 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Second-order density functional methods are used to introduce the electron correlation in Hartree-Fock (HF) ab initio electronic energy calculations of three-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PES). We analyze the behavior of these methods in PES calculations by applying them to the Li + FH reaction, which has been considered a prototype of the elementary atom-diatom reactions. This system has been studied also by the usual techniques, allowing a point-by-point (for a total of 317 grid points) comparison for the lowest 2A' adiabatic state. In particular, we compare the results obtained using the HF, Møller-Plesset (MP3 level), and configuration interaction (CISD and MRDCI levels) methods with the corresponding results obtained using the Colle-Salvetti (CS) and Moscardó-San Fabián (MSF) procedures using the HF results as the starting point. We found that the CS and MSF procedures support the prediction of a shallow well in the entrance channel that deepens slightly away from collinearity and disappears for a bond angle Θ 〈 74°. We also found that the constrained saddle-point positions remain essentially constant from Θ = 180°-90° and are clearly in the exit channel as for the MRDCI approach (corresponding to the best results). In conclusion, there is a good overall agreement, but there is a question in which this agreement is less pronounced: the heights of the saddle points including the transition state. In particular, the transition-state height is about 3 kcal/mol higher than the more accurate value obtained with the MRDCI approach. However, the second-order density functional methods have been capable of reducing the HF barrier from 18 to 9 kcal/mol (all of these values obtained by spline interpolation), the latter value being very similar to the CISD result. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 85
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 1247-1247 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 86
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 1267-1271 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An extended Rayleigh-Ritz method for computing two-sided eigenvalue bounds of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation without using a complementary method is presented. The method is based on the B-spline approximation over the truncated domain, which results in a generalized banded matrix eigenvalue problem. Numerical results for two multiminima potentials of different natures are presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 87
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 1287-1299 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calculations of finite atomic clusters based on the Hartree-Fock self-consistent field theory are modified to model more closely the ideal behavior of the infinite system. The density matrix of the standard finite supercell calculation is extrapolated to an infinite supercell so that it contains information from a continuum of k points in the first Brillouin zone. This modification is incorporated into the self-consistency loop of the MOPAC quantum chemistry program and leads to improved results compared to a standard finite supercell calculation. Heats of formation, bond lenghts, and electronic properties converge more quickly to the correct ground-state values. For polyacetylene, we obtain a reduced bond-length alternation of Δr = 0.084 Å, which is in agreement with more sophisticated calculations containing electron correlation effects. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 88
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 1317-1328 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photoenolization of a ketone in its lowest triplet state was examined using the AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital method with complete geometry optimization at the configuration interaction level in the restricted Hartree-Fock frame. The theoretical barrier fits with a polynomial given by Eq. (1) and the probability of tunneling of hydrogen was calculated by the WKB method. The density of states above the zero-point level was estimated by the Whitten-Rabinovitch approximation. Rate constants for the hydrogen and deuterium-abstraction processes via tunneling were then computed at different temperatures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 89
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Topological properties of the charge density \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \rho (\vec r) $\end{document} of a series of diatomic molecules, as well as ethane, ethene, and acetylene are calculated at the Hartree-Fock level employing various basis sets, and by the AM1 method. The effect of the core orbitals on the bonding regions in these molecules is examined. The results help to evaluate the utility of AM1 wavefunctions for analyzing the topological properties of the charge density. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 90
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 339-348 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hydration energies of the proton, hydroxyl ion, and several inorganic ions were calculated using the multicavity self-consistent reaction field (MCa SCRF) method developed for the quantum-mechanical modeling of rotationally or flexible systems in dielectric media. The ionic complexes H3O+(H2O)4, OH-(H2O)4, NH4+(H2O)4, and Hal-(H2O)4, where Hal = F, Cl, or Br, have been studied. Each complex was divided between five spheres, corresponding to the central ion and four water molecules in their first coordination sphere, respectively. Each cavity was surrounded by a polarizable medium with the dielectric permittivity of water at room temperature (80). The ionic hydration energies of ions were divided into specific and nonspecific parts. After accounting for the cavity-formation energy using scaled particle theory, good agreement between the total calculated and experimental hydration energies was obtained for all ions studied. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 91
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 395-410 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field of nonlinear optics in molecules and polymers offers challenging opportunities for theorists on both molecular modeling of new structures with enhanced microscopic response and manifestations of bulk effect in nonlinearity. This article presents an experimental point of view in assessing the current status of various theoretical approaches. Experimental results are presented for two model compounds together with predictions by various theoretical models to discuss issues and future opportunities. Three different types of nonlinear optical processes are discussed: (i) second order, (ii) third order, and (iii) photorefractivity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 92
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 451-467 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we investigate the electronic structure and the static longitudinal polarizability of regular finite and infinite chains of polythiophene at the ab Initio Hartree-Fock level. The effects of the inclusion of polarization functions in the basis set and the influence of introducing a torsional twist between adjacent rings are considered. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 93
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 433-450 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A methodology to characterize large-scale shape of macromolecular conformations is generalized and applied to a simple model of branched polymers. The standard global analysis of polymer configurations uses geometric shape descriptors, such as the mean radius of gyration. However, geometric descriptors alone do not depict well the intrincate folding features found in many macromolecules. For a more complete characterization, we employ here a new class of shape descriptors which convey the degree and complexity of the “entanglements” in a branched chain. Recently, the methodology has been applied to study statistical properties of linear polymer chains. In the present work, we extend the technique to branched polymers and analyze the configurational and long-chain behavior of their entanglement descriptors. A family of “stars” (polymers with a single branchpoint) with excluded volume interaction is studied, and the results are contrasted with those for linear chains. The relation between changes in geometric and shape descriptors within the polymer conformational space is presented. The complexity of entanglements for large chains and large stars are compared. The results suggest a similar scaling behavior of the entanglement descriptors for the two polymer architectures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 94
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radial Schrödinger equation for the Kratzer molecular potential is equivalent to that of a radial Coulomb problem with an effective (nonintegral) value of rotational angular momentum. The radial Coulomb and the Morse oscillator problems provide different realizations of the algebra so(2,1), whereby the Casimir operators of the Coulomb and Morse oscillator problems are related to the angular momentum quantum number and to the energy, respectively. These relationships permit mappings between the Kratzer molecular potential and the Morse oscillator potential such that the vibrational energy levels of a Kratzer potential with a fixed rotational angular momentum quantum number may be mapped onto degenerate vibrational levels of a set of displaced Morse oscillators. The ground vibrational level of the Kratzer potential is mapped onto the ground vibrational level of a specific Morse oscillator and the remaining (infinite) set of higher vibrational levels are mapped onto degenerate states of displaced Morse oscillators, corresponding to systematic unit increase in the number of bound vibrational levels and successive decrease in equilibrium separation. This behavior is contrasted with that of the finite set of displaced Morse potentials arising as supersymmetric partner potentials to a given parent Morse potential, where there is a systematic unit decrease in the number of bound vibrational levels and a successive increase in equilibrium separation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 95
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 97
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The definition of local hardness is clarified within the Kohn-Sham formulation of the density functional theory. Exact equations for the local hardness of open- and closed-shell electronic systems are derived. It is found that the Kohn-Sham independent particle kinetic energy does not contribute to local hardness. The apparent contradiction with previous work of Parr et al. is cleared up when the local hardness definition is revised. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 98
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Parr and Chattaraj proposed a principle of maximum hardness for stable molecular structures. Pearson and Palke used ab initio SCF MO calculations for ammonia and ethane to demonstrate the operation of the principle. In this paper, we present ab initio SCF MO results for five isomeric forms of the homoatomic P6 cluster as further support for the principle of maximum hardness. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 99
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The previously introduced σ and π energy separation is extended to subsystems. σ and π electron donor and acceptor properties of the substituents are tested with a Löwdin population analysis. The influence of the substituents on the σ and π electron energies is calculated for substituted benzene, cyclobutadiene, butadiene, and borazine. A linear relationship is found which shows that an increase of σ electron energy is accompanied by a decrease in π electron energy and vice versa. This allows a classification of substituent groups in terms of reactivity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 100
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 49 (1994), S. 253-277 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article addresses the chemical aspects of electronegativity: (1) What is its present status in the chemical community? (2) What are the necessary chemical criteria for a quantitative definition? (3) To what extent do contemporary proposals satisfy these criteria? (4) What connection can be made between the traditional free-atom scales and an in situ electronegativity appropriate for a particular atom in a specific molecule or solid? A longstanding special feature of electronegativity has been the seeming inability to measure it in the laboratory and this aspect proves to be a key to its definition. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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