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  • 1965-1969  (2,058)
  • 1920-1924  (688)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2,714)
  • Electron Microscopy  (32)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 250-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Congenital Myopathy ; Nemaline Myopathy ; Z-band Structure ; Sarcoplasmic Masses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale d'une observation de «Nemaline-Myopathy» a été centrée sur les rapports structurels entre bâtonnets et stries Z normales dans différentes conditions de fixation. L'aspect des stries Z, en section transversale, varie en effet avec la fixation: réseau de ponts «obliques» (par rapport à l'alignement quadratique régulier des terminaisons des filaments fins) après fixation osmiée, réseau de ponts «transversaux», isolé ou superposé au premier réseau, après fixation aldéhydique initiale. L'aspect des bâtonnets en section transversale varie également avec la fixation; la disposition quadratique des filaments constitutifs des bâtonnets est visible après l'une et l'autre fixation, mais un réseau quadratique régulier, de 75 Å de côté, n'est clairement apparent qu'après fixation aldéhydique. Le point important est que ce dernier aspect diffère complètement du réseau «oblique» des stries Z normales, et peut être rapproché au contraire du réseau «transversal» de la strie Z obtenu après fixation aldéhydique; l'hypothèse est ainsi soulevée de la constitution des ponts dans les bâtonnets aux dépens d'un seul des deux constituants morphologiques de la strie Z. La topographie des bâtonnets a été également étudiée: tantôt périphérique, au sein de masses sarcoplasmiques latérales, tantôt centrale, au sein de petits foyers de désintégration myofibrillaire. La structure des plaques motrices visibles dans les préparations était normale. La spécificité de la lésion élémentaire et l'autonomie de ce type de myopathie sont ensuite discutées.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural study of an observation of “Nemaline Myopathy” has been focused on structural relationships between rods and normal Z-bands in different conditions of fixation. The Z-band structure studied in transversal section, varies with the fixation: network of “oblique” (relative to the regular quadratic pattern of the thin filament endings) bridges after osmic fixation; network of “transversal” bridges, alone or associated to the first network, after aldehydic fixation. The rod structure, in transversal section, is also varying with the fixation: a quadratic disposal of the filamentary content is visible after both fixations, but a regular quadratic network, 75–85 Å side, is clearly appearent only after aldehydic fixation. This last network differs from the “oblique” network of the normal Z-band; it can be compared to the “transversal” one obtained in the Z-band after aldehydic fixation. The hypothesis that bridges in the rods are formed only by one of the two normal morphological components of the Z-band, is raised. Topography of the rods in muscle fibers has been studied: either in peripheral sarcoplasmic masses, or in small central-located foci of myofibrillar disintegration. The end-plates structure was normal. Specificity of the elementary lesion, and autonomy of that type of myopathy is discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sodium Deposits ; Electron Microscopy ; Perfusion with Hydroxyadipaldehyde-Antimonate ; Extracellular Space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Modifikation der Methode zur ultrastrukturellen Darstellung von Natrium wird beschrieben, die eine Perfusion mit leicht alkalischer Mischung von Hydroxydipaldehyd, Phosphatpuffer und Kalium-Pyro-Antimonat verwendet. Im normalen Gehirn werden keine Natrium-Deposite angetroffen. Das spricht dafür, daß im Gehirn keine intraoder extracelluläre Konzentration über 150 mM vorliegt. Bei Vorliegen hoher NaCl-Konzentration sieht man ein großes, dichtes Präcipitat, das nach direkter Injektion in den extracellulären Räumen, Neuronen und Astrocyten lokalisiert werden kann. Im Mark der vergifteten Ratten findet sich ähnlich wie nach direkter Natrium-Injektion ein diskretes, gleichfalls als Natrium aufgefaßtes Präcipitat an der Oberfläche von Oligodendrogliazellen, aber nicht innerhalb dieser Zellen. Ein elektronendichtes Deposit unklarer Herkunft findet sich in den Myelinspalten, die nach akuter TET-Vergiftung auftreten. Der Wechsel in Charakter und Lokalisation dieser elektronendichten Partikel mahnt zur Vorsicht in ihrer Interpretation bei histochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden.
    Notes: Summary A modification of the technique for the ultrastructural demonstration of sodium is described which involves a perfusion with a slightly alkaline mixture of hydroxyadipaldehyde, phosphate buffer and potassium pyroantimonate. No sodium deposits are found in normal brain indicating that no intra or extracellular concentration exceeding 150 mM is present in the brain. In the presence of high concentration of NaCl, a large dense precipitate can be seen which after a direct injection can be localized to extracellular spaces, neurons and astrocytes. In the white matter of tin poisoned rats, as well as after the direct injection of sodium, a discrete precipitate, also believed to represent sodium, is noted at the surface of oligodendrocytes but not within these cells. An electron dense deposit of dubious origin is present in the myelin clefts which occur as a result of acute triethyltin intoxication. The variations in the character and localization of these electron dense particles emphasize the caution which is required in their interpretation following histochemical procedures.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 276-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex Virus ; CNS Tissue Culture ; Multiplication in vitro ; Cytopathic Alterations ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die häufig diskutierte, (Mit)beteiligung von Herpes simplex-Virus (HSV) bei bestimmten Alterationen im ZNS sowie der hohe Neutropismus des HSV führte zur Frage, inwieweit sich HSV auch in in vitro gezüchteten, spezifischen Zellen vom Nerven-system vermehren und züchten läßt, und ob sich hierbei licht-und elektronenmikroskopisch charakteristische Alterationen nachweisen lassen. Es zeigte sich, daß sich das HSV in allen verschiedenen angezüchteten spezifischen Zellen (von Plexus chorioideus des Rhesusaffen, Kaninchenspinalganglien, menschlichen Oligodendrogliomen, Meningeomen sowie fibrillären und protoplasmatischen Astrocytomen) kultivieren und vermehren läßt. Hierbei kommt es in den spezifischen Zellen nicht nur lichtmikroskopisch zu charakteristischen cytopathischen Veränderungen, sondern auch biologisch zu einer signifikanten Vermehrung des Virus in diesen Zellen. Auch elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich viele der charakteristischen Bildungs-, Reifungs- und Ausschleusungsstadien des Virus in den Kernen und im Cytoplasma der Zellen beobachten. Die Besonderheiten der elektronenmikroskopisch erhobenen ultrastrukturellen Befunde werden ausführlich beschrieben, und die sich daraus abzuleitenden Möglichkeiten werden im Hinblick auf die biologischen Eigenheiten des HSV bei in vivo-Infektionen, aber auch im Hinblick auf die Deutung lichtmikroskopisch histochemischer und immunhistologischer Befunde nach in vivo-Infektionen mit diesem Virus ausführlich diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The participation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in certain alterations of the CNS has been partially questioned and frequently discussed. Therefore, the question arose whether HSV can also be cultivated and multiplied in vitro in CNS specific cells, and if so, whether characteristic alterations and structures can be observed by means of light and electron-microscopic examinations. Our data demonstrate that HSV multiplies in all different specific cells originating from plexus chorioideus of rhesus monkeys, from spinal ganglia of rabbit, from human oligodendroglioma, meningeoma as well as from fibrillar and protoplasmatic astrocytoma. Characteristic cytopathic alterations of these specific cells and significant multiplication of the virus in these cells are to be found. Many of the characteristic forms of formation, maturation and release of HSV can be seen by electronmicroscopic examinations. The particular ultrastructural data observed by electron microscopy are described in detail and the resulting possibilities are broadly discussed not only with regard to the biologic particularity of HSV in in vivo infection but also in view of the interpretations, deriving from histochemical and immunohistological data obtained by light microscopy after in vivo infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methamphetamine Poisoning (Artificial Psychosis) ; Synapses ; Nerve Conduction and Transmission ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amphetaminchlorid in Mengen von 1 mg pro kg pro Tag wurde 8 männlichen Meerschweinchen ungefähr 1 Jahr lang täglich injiziert, um eine chronische Amphetaminvergiftung zu erzeugen. Bei jedem vergifteten Tier wurde die Feinstruktur des Gehirns elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Befunde waren folgende: 1. Verschmelzung der Membranen zwischen Axonen in den Nervenendigungen sowie zwischen Axonen und Dendriten wurden in der Großhirnrinde, im limbischen System, im Thalamus und Hypothalmus beobachtet; ferner wurde eine sich vom Cytoplasma bis zur Nervenendigung erstreckende Membranstruktur in diesen Hirnbereichen festgestellt. 2. Im Frontal-, Parietal-, Temporal- und Occipitalhirn sowie im limbischen System fanden sich vermehrt membranbegrenzte Vesikel im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen und verdicktes und vermehrtes ER in den Nervenfasern. In Anbetracht klinischer Symptome der Patienten mit Amphetaminvergiftung wurde angenommen, daß die Verschmelzung von Membranen zwischen Nervenfortsätzen und das Auftreten der Membranstrukturen in allen Teilen des Nervenzellcytoplasmas vom Perikaryon bis zur Nervenendigung die wichtigsten Befunde sind, die darauf hindeuten, daß die Vergiftungsvorgänge einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Leitungssystem der Nerven ausüben können.
    Notes: Summary In 8 male albino strain guinea pigs, 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine HCl was injected daily for 7 months to 1 year to produce chronic methamphetamine intoxication and to study the fine structure of the brain electron microscopically. The following results were obtained: 1. Coalescence of membranes, between axons at the nerve endings and between axons and dendrites, was found in the cortex of the cerebrum and limbic system, in the thalamus and hypothalamus. Membranous structures were found in all portions of the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. 2. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, coated vesicles were increased in number with hypertrophy and increase of endoplasmic reticulum within nerve fibres in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, and in the limbic system. In view of these findings, as well as the clinical neurological symptoms in patients with methamphetamine poisoning, the coalescence of membranes between nerve processes and the appearance of membranous structures in all portions of nerve cell cytoplasm from body to nerve endings appear to represent the most important findings, they probably produce a profound disturbance in the system of nerve conduction and transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Physiologic ; Phosphonic Acids ; Phosphates ; Crystallization ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la formation de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium cristallin à partir de solutions d'ions de calcium et de phosphate et l'inhibition de la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium au moyen de polyphosphonates et de polyphosphates. Les polyphosphonates, éthane hydroxy-1-diphosphonate-1,1 de disodium et dichlorométhanediphosphonate de disodium, sont inhibiteurs efficaces contre la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium. Les polyphosphates sont aussi inhibiteurs efficaces contre la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium tant que le niveau exigé de polyphosphate intact est présent dans le système. Cependant, à cause de leur instabilité hydrolytique, qui est soulignée par une température élevée, valeur de pH basse, et certaines enzymes, la concentration du polyphosphate diminue avec le tempsin vitro, et son activité comme inhibiteur est perdue. Au contraire aux polyphosphates, les polyphosphonates sont hydrolytiquement stables. Les polyphosphonates sont chimiosorbés sur la surface des microcristallites de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium, ainsi empêchant l'occurrence d'autre croissance de cristaux semblable à l'action d'autres poisons connus de croissance de cristaux. On propose l'extension de cette action sur la formation de l'apatite et cette stabilité des polyphosphonates aux applications médicales et dentaires concernant le metabolisme pathologique de calcium et de phosphate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bildung des kristallinen Calciumhydroxyapatit aus Lösungen, welche Calcium- und Phosphationen enthalten, und die Hemmung der Bildung von kristallinen Calciumhydroxyapatit durch Polyphosphonate und Polyphosphate wurden untersucht. Polyphosphonate, Dinatriumäthan-1-hydroxyl-1,1-diphosphonat und Dinatriumdichloromethandiphosphonate verhindern das Kristallwachstum des Calciumhydroxyapatits. Die Polyphosphate verhindern ebenfalls das Kristallwachstum des Calciumhydroxyapatits, solange die notwendige Konzentration des nicht hydrolysierten Polyphosphats vorhanden ist. Wegen ihrer hydrolytischen Unbeständigkeit, die durch hohe Temperatur, niedrige pH und bestimmte Enzyme erhöht wird, vermindert sich jedoch die Konzentration des Polyphosphats allmählichin vitro, und ihre Hemmungsaktivität geht verloren. Im Gegensatz zu den Polyphosphaten sind die Polyphosphonate hydrolytisch beständig. Die Polyphosphonate werden an der Oberfläche der Mikrokristallite des Calciumhydroxyapatits chemisorbiert und verhindern, wie andere bekannte Kristallwachstumsgifte, auf diese Weise weiteres Kristallwachstum. Die Beständigkeit der Polyphosphonate und ihre Chemisorption an dem Apatit empfehlen ihren Gebrauch in der ärztlichen und zahnärztlichen Praxis, soweit sie den pathologischen Calcium- und Phosphatstoffwechsel betreffen.
    Notes: Abstract The formation of crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite from solutions of calcium and phosphate ions and the inhibition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth by polyphosphonates and polyphosphates have been studied. The polyphosphonates, disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and disodium dichloromethane diphosphonate, are effective inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth. The polyphosphates are also effective inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth as long as the required level of intact polyphosphate is present in the system. However, because of their hydrolytic instability, which is enhanced by high temperature, low pH, and certain enzymes, the concentration of the polyphosphate decreases with timein vitro, and its activity as an inhibitor is lost. In contrast to the polyphosphates, the polyphosphonates are hydrolytically stable. The polyphosphonates are chemisorbed on the surface of the microcrystallites of calcium hydroxyapatite and, in the manner of other known crystal growth poisons, thus prevent further crystal growth. The stability of the polyphosphonates and their chemisorption on apatite suggest their use in medical and dental applications involving pathological calcium and phosphate metabolism.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Marginal Siderosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin-Sheath-Like Structures ; Plaques Fibromyéliniques ; Gliosis, Perivascular, Subpial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen mit einer experimentell erzeugten Randzonensiderose des Zentralnervensystems konnten elektronenmikroskopisch in der Großhirnrinde eigentümliche Spiralstrukturen beobachtet werden. Diese Spiralen fanden sich vornehmlich im Bereich von subpialen und perivasculären Gliosen vor. Sie bestanden aus äußerst dünnen lamellären Astrocytenausläufern, welche um andere astrocytäre Zellfortsätze oder um Dendriten aufgewickelt waren. Die spiralisierten Astrocytenausläufer wiesen in ihrem Inneren feine Filamente mit einer ziemlich regelmäßigen Anordnung auf. In radiärer Richtung ließen die astrocytären Lamellenspiralen eine periodische Schichtung erkennen, welche etwas an die von echten Markscheiden erinnerte. Es wird in Betracht gezogen, daß sie das submikroskopische Äquivalent der sog. Plaques fibromyéliniques darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Peculiar spiral structures could be observed by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex of rabbits with an experimentally produced marginal siderosis of the central nervous system. These spirals were found predominantly within areas of subpial and perivascular gliosis. They consisted of extremely thin lamellar astrocyte extensions winding around other astroglial processes or dendrites. The spirally coiled astrocyte extensions exhibited within their interior fine filaments having a rather regular arrangement. In the radial direction, the astrocytic lamellae spirals showed a periodic stratification somewhat resembling that of true myelin-sheaths. They were considered to represent the submicroscopic equivalent of the socalled plaques fibromyéliniques.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Swayback of Lambs ; Electron Microscopy ; Corpus Callosum ; Myelogenesis ; Axonal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des Corpus callosum normaler Lämmer und von solchen mit „Swayback” (enzootische Ataxia) ergab den morphologischen Nachweis normaler Myelinentwicklung in beiden Tiergruppen. Von zwei Zellfortsätzen umgebene Axone wurden häufig beobachtet. Reaktive Veränderungen wurden in Axonen der „Swayback”-Lämmer gefunden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the corpus callosum of normal and swayback lambs has revealed morphological evidence of normal myelinogenesis in both groups of animals. Axons wrapped by two cell processes were frequently encountered. Reactive changes were found in axons in the swayback lambs. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oligodendroglioma ; Nuclear Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Ultrastruktur von intranucleären stabförmigen Gebilden bei einem Oligodendrogliom beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets in an oligodendroglioma is described.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 118-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin Disintegration ; Cerebral Anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach experimenteller CO-Vergiftung fanden sich schwerere und ausgedehntere Läsionen in der weißen als in der grauen Hirnsubstanz. Zwischen akuter und chronischer CO-Vergiftung ergaben sich keine wesentlichen qualitativen Unterschiede der Hirnveränderungen. Die Läsionen nach chronischer Intoxikation waren jedoch schwerer als nach akuter Vergiftung. Die Nervenzellen zeigten leicht dilatiertes oder fragmentiertes EPR und Golgi-Komplexe, doch boten die Mitochondrien meist keine pathologischen Veränderungen. Bei chronischen Fällen fand sich gelegentlich eine deutliche Schwellung des EPR von Oligodendrogliazellen. Die Capillaren blieben intakt und die perivasalen Astrogliaendfüßchen waren nicht geschwollen. Im Mark kam es zu teilweisem Ausfall der normalen Markscheidenbestandteile. Die Marklamellen zeigten mäßige Exfoliation sowie eine Umwandlung in homogene oder strukturlose Substanz. Bemarkte Axone waren teilweise kontrahiert und zeigten auf Querschnitten unregelmäßige Form. Gelegentlich fand sich eine Vergrößerung der axonalen Mitochondrien und Zerstörung ihrer inneren Parallelstrukturen. Als Hauptfaktoren in der Pathogenese der Hirnveränderungen nach experimenteller CO_Vergiftung werden zerebrale Anoxie infolge CO-Hämoglobinbildung, cytotoxische Wirkung von CO auf das Hirngewebe und eine Störung der Blutzirkulation angenommen.
    Notes: Summary In experimental carbon monoxide poisoning, more marked and widespread pathological changes in the brain were seen in the white matter as compared with the gray matter. No essential difference, in the appearance of cerebral alterations, was detected between acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. It was confirmed that the changes resulting from chronic poisoning showed a higher degree of severity as compared with those resulting from acute poisoning. Nerve cells with slightly dilated or fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the gray matter were found infrequently. However, most mitochondria did not show any kind of abnormality in such cells. A remarkable dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes was sometimes seen in chronic cases. Capillaries remained intact and astrocytic perivascular foot-plates were not swollen. In the white matter, the normal constituents of the myelin sheath were partially lost and the myelin lamellae showed moderate exfoliation, or a change into homogenous or structureless substance. Myelinated axons were partially contracted and showed an irregularity in shape in transverse sections. Enlargement of occasional axonal mitochondria and the destruction of their internal parallel structures were observed. Cerebral anoxia caused by carboxyhaemoglobin, together with the cytotoxic action of carbon monoxide on the brain tissue and the disturbance of blood circulation in the brain are suggested as the chief factors in the pathogenesis of the cerebral alterations induced by experimental carbon monoxide poisoning.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Cobalt Gelatine ; Plasmatic Infiltration ; Brain Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 25 erwachsenen Ratten wurde ein epileptogener Kobaltgelatineherd in einer Standardregion der Hirnrinde erzeugt. Die Tiere wurden am 1., 3., 5., 8., 14. 21. und 28. Tag nach der Operation getötet. Das Gebiet des epileptogenen Herdes wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die frühesten Veränderungen bestanden in ödem. Später traten Veränderungen der Astrocytenfortsätze auf, die sich an die Basalmembranen der Capillaren anlegten; die Intercellularräume erweiterten sich, füllten sich mit elektronenoptisch dichten Massen und entwickelten ein “plasmatisches Infiltrat”. Allmählich breitete sich dieses Exsudat weiter um die Capillaren aus; es trat an Orten auf, wo die Astrocytenfortsätze und die Dendriten schwer geschädigt waren und erfüllte die weiteren Intercellularräume des Neuropils. Die Nervenzellen zeigten eine auffallende Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber diesem pathologischen Prozeß. Manchmal waren sie umschlossen von Exsudatmassen und zum Teil oder ganz der zarten neuralen und Astrocytenfortsätze beraubt, von denen sie normalerweise umgeben sind. Unsere Befunde werden als das ultrastrukturelle Korrelat der Schols'schen “plasmatischen Infiltration” interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary In 25 adult rats an epileptogenic cobalt-gelatine focus was produced in a standard region of the cerebral cortex. The animals were killed successively on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after operation and the region of the epileptogenic focus was examined electron microscopically. The earliest changes were those of oedema. Later there occurred disturbances of the astrocytic processes which cling to the basement membranes of the capillaries; the intercellular spaces widened and filled with rather E. M. dense masses and a “plasmatic infiltrate” developed. Gradually this exudative substance spread even further from the capillaries. It appeared in places where the astrocytic processes were severely demaged and the dendrites were partly dissipated and it filled out the wide intercellular spaces of the neuropil. The nerve cells showed a striking resistance toward this pathological process. Sometimes they floated in the exudative masses but were partly or totally deprived of the fine neural and astrocytic processes which normally surround them. Our findings are interpreted as the ultrastructural correlate of Scholz's “plasmatic infiltration”.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Leucodystrophy, Metachromatic ; Enzyme Histochemistry, Electronmicroscopical ; Lysosomes ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la leucodystrophie métachromatique, les lipides anormaux s'accumulent dans les lysosomes des cellules gliales et des phagocytes. Les inclusions lipidiques les moins organisées sont les plus riches en phosphatases acides. Celles dont l'ultrastructure est prismatique ont une activité enzymatique très faible et semblent plus proches de corps résiduels que de lysosomes actifs. Il semble que l'absence d'arylsulfatase lysosomiale induise la persistance des sulfatides accumulés dans les lysosomes alors que les autres lipides provenant de la dégénérescence myélinique, seraient normalement catabolisés. Un remaniement progressif de l'ultrastructure du contenu des lysosomes en est la conséquence.
    Notes: Summary In metachromatic leucodystrophy abnormal lipids are stored within the lysosomes of the glial cells and phagocytes. The lipid inclusions which are the less structured are the richest in acid phosphatases. Those of which the ultrastructure is prismatic show a very low enzymatic activity and are more similar to residual bodies than to active lysosomes. It appears that the lack in lysosomal arylsulfatase leads to an accumulation of the sulfatide moiety of the stored lipids while the other lipids originating from the myelin breakdown, would be normally catabolized. This leads to a progressive transformation of the ultrastructure of the lysosome contents.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
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  • 13
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Wallerian Degeneration ; Nodal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen in den Ranvierschen Knoten des N.suralis der Ratte im Laufe der Wallerschen Degeneration berichtet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten 12 und 120 Std nach einer örtlichen Quetschungsverletzung. Die ersten bemerkbaren Veränderungen finden sich im Axon. Nodale und paranodale Anhäufungen von Mitochondrien, multivesikulären und lamellären Körpern, wie auch kleinen blasen- und röhrenartigen Bildungen sind teilweise in den Knoten sichtbar und am deutlichsten nach 24–36 Std erkennbar. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Aufsplitterung der Neurofilamente und Neurotubuli, die ihre Liniengestaltung verlieren und sich zusammenballen. Die Zone der erhöhten Dichte gerade unterhalb des nodalen Axolemmas bleibt erhalten. Veränderungen im Myelin beginnen etwas später und bestehen in einem vesikulären Verfall der Endomyelinlamellen und einer Trennung der Endomyelinschlaufen vom Axolemma durch Schwannzellenfortsätze. Dieser Vorgang schien mit einem Zurückziehen des Myelins vom Knoten im Zusammenhang zu stehen. Schwannzellenfortsätze erstrecken sich auch so weit, daß sie das nodale Axon bedecken, wobei sie die nodalen Schwannzellenfortsätze vom Axolemma trennen. Das Endstadium ist die Unterbrechung des nodalen Axons und die Verschmelzung der Myelinenden als Teil der Ovoidbildung.
    Notes: Summary Observations are reported on the ultrastructural alterations at the nodes of Ranvier in the rat sural nerve during the course of Wallerian degeneration. These were examined between 12 and 120 hours after a localized crush injury. The earliest detectable changes are in the axon. Nodal and paranodal accumulations of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, lamellar bodies and small vesicular and tubular profiles are seen at a proportion of the nodes and are most evident at 24–36 hours. Concomitantly with this, the neurofilaments and neurotubulus fragment, lose their alignment and clump together. The zone of increased density just beneath the nodal axolemma is preserved. Changes in the myelin begin slightly later and consist of vesicular breakdown of the terminal myelin lamellae, and separation of the terminal myelin loops from the axolemma by Schwann cell processes. The latter event appeared to be associated with retraction of the myelin from the node. Schwann cell processes also extend to cover the nodal axon, separating the Schwann cell nodal processes from the axolemma. The final stage is the interruption of the nodal axon and the fusion of the ends of the myelin as part of ovoid formation.
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  • 14
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Tay-Sachs Disease ; Brain Subcellular Localization ; Hale Stain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von kolloidalem Eisen mit Sialomucinen (Hale stain) wurde zur elektronenmikroskopischen Darstellung der neuraminsäurehaltigen Ganglioside in den subcellulären Fraktionen des Gehirns angewandt. Zunächst wurde mit Hilfe tritiummarkierter Ganglioside überprüft, ob bei der Gewinnung subzellulärer Fraktionen Ganglioside nicht unspezifisch subcellulär adsorbiert werden. Eine nennenswerte Adsorption konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Das Verfahren wurde zuerst auf die aus Meerschweinchengehirnen isolierten Fraktionen angewandt. Da Nervenendigungen, Mitochondrien und Synapsenbläschen Hale-positiv reagierten, dienten Enzyminkubationen mit Neuraminidase und Hyaluronidase zur Differenzierung von anderen Hale-positiven sauren Substanzen. Schließlich wurde die Methode auf die cytoplasmatischen multilamellären Körperchen (MCB) übertragen, die aus Gehirnen an Tay-Sachs'scher Krankheit Verstorbener isoliert wurden. Aus den Versuchen konnte abgeleitet werden, a) daß die Hale-Färbung auch Ganglioside anfärbt, b) daß Ganglioside auf der Oberfläche der Membran von den multilamellären Körperchen und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch auf der Membran der Nervenendigungen lokalisiert sind, c) daß die Synapsenbläschen eine positive Reaktion ergeben, die jedoch nicht mit Sicherheit auf vorhandene Ganglioside zurückgeführt werden kann, d) daß die äußere Mitochondrienmembran Hale-positive Substanzen enthält, deren Natur unbekannt ist.
    Notes: Summary The reaction of colloidal ferric oxide with sialomucins (Hale stain) was applied to sialic acid-containing gangliosides in subcellular fractions of the brain, in order to investigate their localization by electron microscopy. Prior to all experiments, a check was made, by means of tritium-labeled ganglioside, to confirm that the ganglioside content in the subcellular particles was not the result of an unspecific adsorption during the isolating procedure. No considerable unspecific adsorption could be registered. Hale stain was first applied to subcellular fractions obtained from guinea-pig brains. Since nerve-endings, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles gave a positive staining reaction, incubations with neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were carried out in order to achieve a differentiation. Finally, the method was applied to the membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) which were isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay-Sachs disease. It was concluded that: a) Hale stain stains gangliosides also, b) gangliosides are localized in the membrane of membranous cytoplasmic bodies and also very probably in the membrane of nerve-endings, c) synaptic vesicles give a Hale-positive reaction which cannot with certainty be attributed to gangliosides, d) the outer membrane of mitochondria contains Hale-positive substances, the nature of which is not known.
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  • 15
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 301-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningiomas ; Electron Microscopy ; Endotheliomatous, Fibromatous Type ; Light Cells ; Dark Cells ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 17 chirurgisch entfernte Meningiome vom endotheliomatösen und 5 vom fibromatösen Typ wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Unterschiede im Entwicklungsgrad der cytoplasmatischen Fortsätze und der Beziehungen zwischen den Plasmamembranen der Tumorzellen wurden in den endotheliomatösen Meningeomen beobachtet. In 4 fibromatösen Tumoren sind die zelligen Areale von bindegewebigen Räumen umgeben. Auch wenn die meisten Tumorzellen helle Zellen sind und sich nicht wesentlich von den Tumorzellen der endotheliomatösen Meningiome unterscheiden, ist die histologische Anordnung der fibromatösen klar von derjenigen der endotheliomatösen Meningeome zu trennen. Ausschlaggebend dafür ist die starke Entwicklung des Bindegewebes. Die Dunkelzellen lassen sich in zwei Typen gliedern: Typ I wird in vier Tumoren mit stark ausgebildetem Bindegewebe angetroffen. Die Analyse der inneren Zellstruktur sowie das Vorliegen von Übergängen zwischen hellen und dunklen Zellen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß diese nur verschiedene Typen einer einzigen Ursprungszelle darstellen. Die Bedeutung dieser verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der Meningiomzellen wird diskutiert. Die Ultrastruktur der Tumorzellen ähnelt derjenigen der normalen arachnoidalen Zellen. Rückschlüsse auf die blastodermale Herkunft der normalen und tumoralen meninigalen Zellen auf Grund ihrer ultrastrukturellen Merkmale erscheinen verfrüht.
    Notes: Summary Seventeen surgically removed meningiomas of the endotheliomatous and five of the fibromatous type were investigated with an electron microscope. Differences of the development of cytoplasmic processes and the relations between plasma membranes of blastomatous cells were observed in endotheliomatous meningiomas. In four of the fibromatous tumors the cell groups were surrounded by spaces of connective tissue. Although most of the tumor cells were light cells and are not essentially different from the tumor cells of the endotheliomatous meningiomas, the histological structure of fibromatous meningiomas is clearly distinguished from the endotheliomatous type, because of the greater amount of connective tissue. The dark cells may be divided into two types: the first was found in those four tumors, where the connective tissue is well developed, while the second one only occurred in one of the tumors. The analysis of the inner cell structure as well as the presence of interstages between dark and light cells makes it probable that dark and light cells are different types of one original cell. The cause of this different appearance of the menigioma cells is discussed. The fine structure of the tumor cells showed a great similarity with that of normal arachnoidal cells. Conclusions on the blastodermic origin of normal and blastomatous meningial cells on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics, however, seem to be premature.
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  • 16
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dystrophia myotonica ; Electron Microscopy ; Sarcolemmal Nuclei ; Myofibrillar Material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In fünf Fällen von Dystrophia myotonica zeigte die elektronenoptische Untersuchung von bioptisch entnommenem Material zentrale und subsarkolemmale Kerne, die komplexe vacuoläre Areale um myofibrilläres Material enthalten. Diese bisher nicht beobachtete Veränderung könnte durch Verlagerung von myofibrillärem Material in den Kern während seiner Wanderung in das Faserzentrum durch Invagination, aber nicht Durchbrechung der Kernmembran bedingt sein.
    Notes: Summary In five cases of dystrophia myotonica electron microscope preparations of muscle taken at biopsy showed both centrally placed and subsarcolemmal nuclei containing complex vacuolar areas enclosing myofibrillar material. It is suggested that this appearence, which has not been seen in any other condition, may be due to the forcing of myofibrillar material into the nucleus during its migration to the centre of the fibre invaginating but not breaching its membrane.
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  • 17
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 329-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myopathy ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; Glycogen, Muscular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen wurden an Muskelbiopsien von 4 Fällen hypokaliämischer periodischer Paralyse durchgeführt. Die frühesten Veränderungen betreffen nach Meinung der Verfasser das sarkoplasmatische Reticulum: Vacuolisierung des Längssystems und vermutlich Multiplikation des Quersystems. Es wird vermutet, daß die Vacuolenbildung die Folge einer Fusion der Vesikeln des Quersystems darstellt. Destruktion von Myofibrillen und Vergrößerung der, interfibrillären Räume treten erst in späteren Phasen des Krankheitsprozesses auf. Ausdehnung und Intensität dieser Veränderungen bedingen das typische histologische Bild myogener Läsionen bei Fällen m klinisch fixierten Symptomen der Myopathie.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron-microscopic studies were performed on the muscles taken from 4 cases with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The authors conclude that the earliest changes concern the sarcoplasmic reticulum: vacuolisation of the longitudinal system and probably, multiplication of the transverse system. It is suggested, that vacuoles are formed as a result of fusion of the vesicles of the transverse system. Destruction of myofibrilles and enlargement of the interfibrillar spaces appear at a later period of the disease process. Extensive and intensive changes of that kind present a typical appearance of myogenic changes in histological study observed in the cases with clinically fixed symptomes of myopathy.
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  • 18
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Dementia ; Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease ; Brain Biopsy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane ; Astroglia Dilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenoptische und histochemische Untersuchung von Biopsiematerial bei zwei Fällen subakuter Demenz ergab Neurone mit reichlich Lipofuscin-Depots sowie erhöhter saurer Phosphatase-Aktivität. Obwohl diese Veränderungen eine Nervenzellerkrankung anzeigen dürften, werden sie wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit sowie wegen des Vorliegens anderer, spezifischerer Zellveränderungen als Sekundärphänomene gedeutet. Im ersten Fall wird als primäre Läsion eine Verdickung der Basalmembran der Gefäße, im zweiten Fall eine Astrogliaschwellung angenommen. Da diese Strukturen wichtige Transportfunktionen haben dürften, könnten diese Anomalien leicht die neuronale Versorgung stören und dadurch die neuronalen Läsionen verursachen. Die Bedeutung des Glykogens in diesen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic and histochemical findings in biopsies of two cases of subacute dementia have revealed neurons containing numerous lipofuscin bodies and increased acid phosphatase. Although these changes are considered to indicate neuron disease, they are believed to represent a secondary process because of their similarity and because other more distinctive cell alterations are present. In the first case, the primary abnormality is believed to be thickening of the vascular basement membrane, while in the second case, astroglial dilatation is considered a primary change. Since these structures appear to have important transport functions, these abnormalities could easily impair the nutrient supply to neurons and, in this way, produce the neuronal alteration. The significance of glycogen in these tissues is discussed.
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  • 19
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy, Chronical ; Hypertrophic Neuritis ; Schwann-Cell ; Onion Bulb ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Veränderungen bei dem mitgeteilten Fall von chronischer frühinfantiler Neuropathie bestehen in einer Modifikation der Schwann-Zellen, die zur Bildung eines konzentrischen Netzwerkes von Lamellen führt. Dieses wird durch eine doppelkonturierte Hülle der Basalmembran um zahlreiche große bemarkte und unbemarkte Fasern gebildet. Die Anomalien der Markscheiden sowie die Häufigkeit von Desmosomen sind bemerkenswert. Diese Besonderheiten unterscheiden diesen Fall von anderen, bisher beschriebenen chronischen Neuropathien. Trotzdem erscheint es derzeit nicht möglich, eine Aussage über die Spezifität der ultrastrukturellen Befunde am untersuchten Nerven zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary The principal lesion in this case of chronic early infantile neuropathy is a modification of the Schwann cell resulting in the formation of a concentric network of lamellae formed by a double-layered sheet of basement membrane around numerous, large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. The abnormalities in the myelin sheaths and the frequency of desmosomes are noteworthy. These peculiarities distinguish this case from other chronic neuropathies described up to now. Nevertheless, it is impossible to say at present whether the ultrastructural aspect of the nerve studied here is in any way specific.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's Disease ; Granulomatous Encephalitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 21 Fällen von Whipplescher Krankheit in der Sammlung des Armed Forces Institute of Pathology zeigten 4 Fälle neurologische Symptome mit besonders ausgeprägten Hirnläsionen. Lichtmikroskopisch bestanden die Herde aus knötchenförmigen Anhäufungen von Makrophagen, deren Cytoplasma mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin eine charakteristische schwachblaue und nach Durchführung der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion eine stark rote Färbung zeigte. Elektronenmikroskopisch fanden sich in den Hirnläsionen Bacillen, die morphologisch den im Darm beschriebenen glichen und die auch dieselben Degenerationserscheinungen aufwiesen. Die Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion färbt Kapselmaterial und Zellwände,die auch nach Untergang der Bacillen noch nachweisbar sind. Diese Beobachtungen werden als weiterer Beweis für die infektiöse Ätiologie der Whippleschen Krankheit angeführt.
    Notes: Summary Among the 21 autopsied cases of Whipple's disease on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 4 had neurological symptoms and prominent involvement of the central nervous system, By light microscopy the lesions were composed of nodular aggregates of macrophages having cytoplasm that stained a distinctive pale blue with hematoxylin-eosin and bright red with the periodic acid-Schiff technique. By electron microscopy the cerebral lesions revealed bacilli morphologically identical to and undergoing the same sequence of degenerative changes as those observed in the intestine. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction stains the walls and the capsular material that persists even after intact organisms disappear. These observations further support the infectious nature of Whipple's disease.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 197-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral Nerves ; Axons ; Myelin Sheaths ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine kombinierte licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung am normalen N. suralis von 7 Menschen im Alter von 15–59 Jahren wurde vorgenommen. Qualitative und quantitative Beobachtungen an Schwann-Zellen und Fibroblasten, markhaltigen und marklosen Fasern wurden an isolierten Faszikeln durchgeführt. Schwannzellen überwiegen gegenüber Fibroblasten im Verhältnis von etwa 9:1. Die meisten Schwannzellen (etwa 80%) liegen an marklosen Fasern. Die Faktoren, welche die Dichte dieser Zellen pro Querschnittsareal beeinflußen, werden diskutiert. Einige ultrastrukturelle Befunde an bemarkten Fasern werden beschrieben und ihre Zahl pro mm2 sowie die Häufigkeitsverteilung ihrer Dicke wird angegeben. Eine indirekte Methode zur Bestimmung der mittleren Internodienlänge für jede der Markfasergrößenpopulationen an Querschnitten von Faszikeln normaler Nerven durch Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der markhaltigen Fasersegmente zu ihrer Kernzahl wird vorgeschlagen. Die Ultrastruktur der marklosen Nervenfaern wird beschrieben und die Identifizierung dieser Axone mit extremen Durchmessern diskutiert. Ihre Dichte und Größenfrequenzhistogramme sind die ersten, die am Menschen durch systematische elektronenoptische Untersuchungen veröffentlicht werden. Das mittlere Verhältnis von marklosen zu bemarkten Fasern ist etwa 3,7:1 und schwankt in den Faszikeln der Einzelindividuen.
    Notes: Summary A combined light and electron microscope study of the normal sural nerve in 7 people aged 15–59 years is reported. Qualitative and quantitative studies of the Schwann cells and fibroblasts, myelinated and unmyelinated fibres are made in isolated fascicles. Schwann cells predominate over fibroblasts in the ratio of about 9-1. Most Schwann cells, almost 80%, are attached to unmyelinated fibres. Factors influencing the densities of these cells per cross sectional area are discussed. Some ultrastructural features of the myelinated fibres are described and their numbers per sq.mm and frequency distribution of their sizes are produced. An indirect method is proposed for assessing the mean internodal length for earch of the myelinated fibre size populations in cross sections of fascicles of normal nerves by estimating the proportion of myelinated segments cut through their nucleus. The ultrastructure of unmyelinated fibres is described and the identification of axons of extreme diameter is discussed. Their densities and size frequency histograms are the first to be reported in man by systematic electron microscope studies. The average ratio of unmyelinated to myelinated fibre density is about 3.7:1 though it varies in the fascicles of the different individuals. The implications of axonal diameter in the presence of myelin are commented on.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration of the CNS ; Van Bogaert-Bertrand-Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Astrocytic Mitochondria ; Abnormal Cerebral Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen an Muskel-und Hirnbiopsien eines Falles von spongiöser Degeneration des ZNS berichtet. Die in der grauen und weißen Hirnsubstanz enthaltenen Vacuolen entsprechen a) Spalten in den Markscheiden infolge Aufsplitterung an der intraperiodischen Linie und b) geschwollenen Astrocytenperikaryen und-fortsätzen. Ungewöhnliche Mitochondrien mit Gehalt an kristallinem Material fanden sich nur in Astrocyten. Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde entsprechen denen des Hirnödems. Es wird angenommen, daß die Astroglia eine primäre Rolle in der Flüssigkeitsansammlung spielt, während die Markscheidenschwellung als eine Sekundärläsion aufgefaßt wird. Die mögliche Bedeutung abnormer Astrocyten-Mitochondrien wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy study of skeletal muscle and cerebral biopsies from a case of spongy degeneration of central nervous system is reported. The multiple vacuoles present in cerebral gray and white matter correspond to (a) clefts within myelin sheaths resulting from splitting at the intraperiod line and (b) swollen astrocytic perikarya and processes. Unusual mitochondria containing crystalline-like material were observed only in astrocytes. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with cerebral edema. It is suggested that the astrocytes play a primary role in the fluid accumulation while the myelin swelling is a secondary lesion. The possible role of the abnormal astrocytic mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Leucoencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Tubular Inclusions ; Inclusion Bodies (Cristalline Rods, Fibrillar Bundles, Nuclear Bodies, Osmiophilic Particles)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs rapportent 4 observations caractéristiques de LESS: L'analyse ultra-structurale montre: 10 — des inclusions tubulaires intra-nucléaires neuronales ou gliales et intra-axonales de morphologie superposable à celle des nucléocapsides des myxo-virus, de la rougeole en particulier. 20 — des formations non spécifiques: corps nucléaires, faisceaux cristallins et fibrillaires traduisant un trouble métabolique nucléaire, particules osmiophiles liées à une hyperactivité cellulaire. Les inclusions tubulaires virales sont présentes quelque soit la durée de la maladie (3 mois à 5 ans) indiquant l'absence d'autostérilisation virale dans le S.N.C. La LESS apparaît liée au virus rougeoleux mais le mécanisme indirect immunitaire ou métabolique de cette action est inconnu.
    Notes: Summary Four cases of S.S.L.E are reported. The electron microscopy findings show: 1. Tubulary inclusion bodies: They appear in three cases out of four, either in neuronal and glial nucleus or in axis cylinders. Their morphological features are similar to the nucleocapsides of myxoviruses and particularly measles-virus. 2. Other different types of nonspecific inclusions: nuclear bodies, cristalline-like rods and fibrillar bundles which may be considered as the result of a nuclear metabolic disorder, osmiophilic particles which may be seen as the result of a cellular intracytoplasmic hyperactivity. The tubules are found whatever the duration of the disease (3 months up to 5 years) may be. This might indicate that there is no autosterilization of the virus in the C.N.S. during the course of S.S.L.E. According to the most recent papers, such a disease might be interpreted as an infection indirectly induced by measles-virus with an unknown immunologic or metabolic mechanism.
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  • 24
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Sodium Azide ; Electron Microscopy ; Ferritin ; Capillary Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle histotoxische Hypoxämie wurde in Ratten durch Natriumacid-Vergiftung erzeugt. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hirne ergab keine Veränderung, aber bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung fanden sich als Frühveränderungen in der Hirnrinde und im Subcortex eine Erweiterung der intercellulären Räume und eine Anschwellung der pericapillären Astrocytenfortsätze. Ferritinalbumin-Mischung, die als Indicator des Eiweißtransportes benutzt wurde, zeigte keine Vermehrung der Capillarpermeabilität. Es wird vermutet, daß Natriumacid den Wasserstoffwechsel beeinträchtigt, wobei es eine osmotische Ausgleichstörung im Gehirn erzeugt.
    Notes: Summary Histotoxic hypoxia was experimentally produced in the rat brain by sodium azide intoxication. In spite of the absence of light microscopic alterations, electron micrographs showed the early changes in the cerebral cortex and subcortex which consisted of widening of the intercellular space and swelling of the pericapillary astrocytic end-feet. However, ferritin-albumin mixture, used for the tracer of protein transport, did not show any increase in the capillary permeability. Sodium azide was considered to disturb the water metabolism, producing osmotic unbalance in the brain.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each statocyst in Apylsia californica contains 13 neurons. The statocyst nerve, which connects each statocyst to the cerebral ganglion, contains only the 13 axons of the statocyst neurons. The size of the statocyst, the number of neurons in the statocyst, and the average axonal diameter does not change even though the statocyst nerve lengthens greatly as the animal enlarges. A description of the statoconia and the supporting cells in this organ has been given. This prepazation may be useful for microelectrode studies designed to test whether the gap and cytoplasmic specializations that are used to identify active synapses, are necessary for all types of chemical synaptic transmission.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 177-203 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The venom system of Nasonia vitripennis is well-developed and composed of an unbranched acid gland and associated reservoir. Fine-structural, histochemical and electrophoretic studies indicate that the venom is produced by two protein-secreting epithelia. The bulk of the venom is synthesised in the columnar cells of the acid gland and discharged via “vesicular organelles” and the efferent ductular system into the lumen of the reservoir. The acid gland also contains squamous chitogenous cells, situated either around the central lumen or interposed between the bases of the columnar cells. Once within the reservoir, the venom is probably activated by enzymatic secretions from the reservoir secretory cells. Each of these cells has a “vesicular organelle” but, in contrast to the columnar cells of the acid gland, the cytoplasm contains a preponderance of free ribosomes, and protein segregation apparently occurs outside the Golgi complexes.The venom is expelled through the efferent discharge duct by muscular contractions, which open the duct lumen and bring it into contact with the funnel of the ovipositor. Excessive distortion of the duct is prevented by a massive ventral ligament.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 409-429 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The developmental cytology of the apical tissue of the testis of Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas rugipes was studied with light and electron microscopy. In the early larvae of both species the tisue was found to be a thickened protrusion of nongerminal cells appearing at the apical end of each testis follicle following gonadal differentiation. The cells persist through pupal and adult stages in both species, becoming more prominent at these stages in Z. rugipes, despite tracheal invasion in both species. In older adults the apical tissue regresses and ultimately distintegrates.Ultrastructurally the apical cells are distinguished from adjacent germinal cells by their (1) small, rounded or oval nuclei, (2) highly convoluted plasma membrane, (3) electron-opaque cytoplasm, (4) profuse concentrically-stacked, granular endoplasmic reticulum, (5) large aggregates of glycogen-like granules, (6) numerous small, tubular mitochondria, (7) well-developed Golgi centers and (8) striking arrays of microtubules. These cells have many cytological features in common with the androgenic gland cells of crustaceans, but not with the steroidogenic cells of vertebrates. Evidence for the formation of protein granules is also lacking. As yet, experimental procedures have not indicated an endocrine function for these cells in tenebrionids. However, their cytology is consistent with secretory activity of some kind.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 475-509 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rectum of Periplaneta americana L. is lined with cuticle and has six radially arranged cushion-shaped thickenings, the rectal pads, composed of columnar cells. Narrow strips of simple rectal cells lie between the pads. Tall junctional cells form a thin but continuous collar around the pads where they join the rectal cells. The epithelium is surrounded by a layer composed of circular and longitudinal muscles and connective tissue. This layer of muscle and connective tissue is innervated and tracheated, and is separated from the pad surface by a subepithelial sinus. Fluid flowing through the sinus enters the haemolymph through openings in the muscle layer whre large tracheae penetrate. These openings can be sealed by muscle contractions that appress the muscle around the openings against the pad surface. The tracheae pass on into the pads, following basement membrne-lined indentations of the pad surface. Within the pad tracheolar cells send fine branches between the cells. Near the apical and basal surfaces the lateral membranes of pad cells are bridged by septate desmosomes that form a continuous band around the cells. Between apical and basal septate desmosomes is an interconnected labyrinthine system of intercellular spaces. There are three kinds of space, dilations and apical sinuses, both of variable size, and narrow communicating channels about 200 Å wide. The membranes of the latter have mitochondria closely associated with them. Continuity between the system of spaces and the subepithelial sinus is established by the basement membrane-lined invaginations of the basal surface where tracheae penetrate between pad cells. Apical surfaces of the pad cells are highly infolded and are also associated with mitochondria. However, unlike the lateral membranes facing the narrow channels, the apical membranes have a cytoplasmic coating of particles. Both associations of mitochondria with membranes constitute discrete structural entities that are found in many transporting epithelia, and we have termed them “plasmalemma-mitochondrial complexes.” As the rectal pads are organized into systems of spaces that ultimately open in the direction of fluid movement, existing models of solute-coupled water transport can be applied. However, the rectal pads are structurally more complex than fluid-transporting tissues of vertebrates. This complexity may be related to the ability of the rectum to withdraw water from ion-free solutions in the lumen. We present a structural model involving solute recycling to explain the physiological characteristics of rectal reabsorption.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of mouse tracheal epithelium was examined. The three cell types, basal cells, ciliated cells and goblet cells, described for other mammalian trachea were found to be present although goblet cells occurred only rarely. A cell type, termed the nonciliated cell, not described in other mammalian trachea was frequently found in mouse tracheal epithelium. These cells contained abundant smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, a large Golgi complex, and many mitochondria. There were many vesciles containing an electron dense material near the luminal surface of these cells; these cells were positive for PAS. These features suggested a secretory function for the cells. This, along with the scarcity of goblet cells, suggested that the nonciliated cells of mouse tracheal epithelium fulfill the function of the goblet cells found in other mammalian trachea.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytodifferentiation during spermiogenesis in Hydra littoralis was studied at the fine structural level. Concentration of nuclear material as well as specific orientation of granular and filamentous nuclear elements are apparent in two regions of the early spermatid: where the nuclear envelope is in contact with mitochondrial membranes at one pole of the cell and at an opposite region where the nucleus is closely apposed to the plasma membrane. Ultimately the mass of condensed nuclear material becomes concentrated at the mitochondrial pole of the cell. Additional electron-dense material is extruded from the nucleus into a large vacuole which is in continuity with the nuclear membrane as well as associated with Golgi lamellae and vesicles. Eventually all residual cytoplasm is sloughed, leaving the nucleus, mitochondria, and flagellum. These observations are suggestive of nucleocytoplasmic interactions during development, especially influences of mitochondria and plasma membranes on chromatin condensation.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the eye in embryos of Rana pipiens raised at two different temperatures was studied in detail from Shumway stage 16 through Shumway stage 25. One clutch of eggs from each of ten different female frogs was divided into two groups, one of which was raised at a temperature of 14°C and the other at 19°C. The 14° to 19° difference falls in the middle of the temperature range for normal development of Rana pipiens as established by Atlas ('35), Moore ('39), and Ryan ('41). Two hundred embryos, one embryo from each of the ten clutches, raised to each of ten stages at 14° or at 19°, were sectioned for microscopic study of the eye region. Descriptions of the morphology and histology of the developing eye are illustrated by photographs and provide a reference to which development of experimental embryos may be compared. A synoptic checklist is provided which specifies the changes occurring at each stage studied.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the mid-gut epithelium and regenerative cells of larvae of a moth (Ephestia kühniella) is described. Particular attention is paid to the absorptive and goblet cells and their lateral junctions; these features are discussed in terms of the digestive and regulatory functions of the epithelium. One digestive pathway has been investigated with the aid of ingested ferritin; intake of this marker by endocytosis and the evident involvement of Golgi vesicles in the transformation of endocytic vesicles into multivesicular bodies, together with the fate of the latter, are discussed in terms of the digestive function of this part of the alimentary tract and of the lysosome concept.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A fine structural study of the ventricular muscle of Venus mercenaria has revealed that it is an invertebrate smooth muscle. In the relaxed state induced by acetylcholine, both thick (350 Å) and thin (80 Å) myofilaments are observed. These are loosely distributed in bundles in the periphery of the mononucleated myocytes. The central core of the cell contains an ovoid nucleus, α-glycogen rosettes, round mitochondria and numerous smooth surfaced vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum. After exposure to serotonin, all myofilaments are compacted in the peripheral cytoplasm and become oriented parallel to the longitudinal cellular axis. This produces contraction bands visible in phase contrast microscopy. Because these myofilaments attach to the cell membrane at sites of attachment plaques, contraction of the cell results in the serial evagination or blebbing of the cell surface. The above features are clearly demonstrable in this invertebrate smooth muscle and strongly suggest a sliding filament model as the contractile mechanism in this tissue. Moreover, the cell surface is thought to play an active and major role in that process.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 341-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three-dimensional, histological, and x-ray techniques provide a picture of body segment and limb morphogenesis. Cell multiplication begins in the proliferation region (“meristem”) during the molt from the preceding instar. By four days post-molt, the cells that will form the new segments are well under way in their anterior, lateral, and dorsal migration. It is suggested that after the anlagen for all the new segments are estabilshed, a mitotic wave commences in the most anterior anlagen and moves posteriorly during the remainder of the instar. When cell proliferation is complete, final differentiation of the segments takes place.The process of limb formation is one of cell proliferation and perhaps migration. Each limb develops in a membranous pocket during the instar following the one in which its respective body segment was formed.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 453-473 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bovine parotid glands exhibit outstanding structural differences when compared with those of non-ruminant mammals. The acini are tortuous, branched and lined with cells of different heights, imparting a scalloped appearance to acinar lumina. Numerous microvilli, ca. 1.5 μ in length, extend into the lumina and intercellular canaliculi. Intercellular canaliculi measure ca. 3 μ in diameter and interweave in close association with intercellular tissue spaces. Intercellular tissue spaces are separated from the extraacinar spaces across a basal lamina only, whereas junctional complexes guard canaliculi from direct continuity with tissue spaces and/or extraacinar spaces. Flattened cytoplasmic lamellae extend from adjacent acinar cells and loosely interdigitate with one another across the tissue spaces. Acinar cells contain more mitochondria and less granular endoplasmic reticulum than parotid glands of non-ruminant mammals. Two types of secretory material, in the form of inclusions which vary in size and electron density, are present in the acinar cells. Intercalated ducts connect acini with striated ducts which in turn, empty into collecting ducts located between gland lobules. In terms of frequency of “basal infoldings” and numbers of mitochondria, striated ducts of calf parotid glands are not as well developed as those of certain other salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are most often present at junctions of acini and intercalated ducts where they may attach to both acinar and ductal epithelium. Nerve “terminals” were not observed on the epithelial side of basement membranes in relation to the secretory cells.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 67-93 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The endoskeletal structure supporting the gill-books of Limulus polyphemus has been investigated by means of light and electron microscopy, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. This tissue is a cartilage which has significant correspondences with both vertebrate cartilage and plant tissues. Morphologically, the Limulus cartilage resembles certain cellular vertebrate cartilages with relatively scant matrix, and also certain plant parenchyme, collenchyme and sclerenchyme tissues. Of particular interest, was the observation that during cytoplasmic division, a phragmasome-like structure appears between the daughter cells of the dividing gill cartilage cells. This phragmasome-like structure appears to be a precursor of new matrix (cell-wall) formation between the young chondrocytes, in much the same fashion as its counterpart in plant tissues. Perichondrial cells and underlying chondrocytes contain lipid droplets, abundant glycogen and ribosomes, as do corresponding vertebrate cartilage cells. In some of the Limulus cells, glycogen and ribosomes appear to be admixed with lipid, forming aggregates in which all three materials are in intimate intraparticulate relationship. During molting, the number of ribosomes seen in chondrocytes increases. The tissue contains both hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and gives a weak x-ray diffraction pattern.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A principal component analysis revealed that the two major components of mandibular shape variation among individuals within breeding groups of white-tailed deer in Canada and the United States involve contrasts between the mandible and the dentition and between the premolars and the molars. Size variation appeared to account for 34% of the total variation within the groups, and the two major shape variations accounted for 23% and 8% respectively.A canonical analysis was used to identify the major components of mandibular variation among the breeding groups and to provide measures of the proportion of the total variation accounted for by each component. Among male groups, size variation was associated with latitude, and the major shape variation was closely associated with longitude, so a bivariate plot of the first two canonical variates reflected the general geographic orientation of the populations.The mandibular size in a Tennessee population that descended from Wisconsin and Michigan ancestors appears to have not decreased appreciably in the more southerly habitat after introduction more than 20 years ago. Changes in range conditions in eastern Upper Michigan over the past 30 years have not influenced local mandibular morphology as reflected by the first two canonical variates. Regardless of general smallness of individuals, the mandibular morphology of the deer from the Cross Timbers area in Kansas appears to approximate more closely that of northern populations than that of the more southerly populations from Oklahoma and Texas.Sexual dimorphism on the first two canonical axes was observed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Structural and functional changes have been correlated during metamorphic degeneration of a single muscle fiber, the plantar retractor of G. mellonella, its axon, and their junctions to determine which features persist as long as muscle contractility. Changes commence simultaneously in muscle and nerve near cuticular attachments, and spread towards the center. Alterations associated with the muscle, including appearance of collapsed tracheoles and mitochondria with dense bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Within 12 hours after pupal ecdysis some tracheolar withdrawal occurs, sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes reduced, and many mitochondria have dense bodies, dense membranes, or are enlarged. By 17-19 hours primary myofilaments and striations begin to disappear, microtubules and autophagic vacuole-like bodies appear, and phagocytes invade the muscle. It remains partially contractile upon electrically stimulating its nerve, the ventral nerve, until these changes spread throughout the fiber.Neuromuscular junction changes, including appearance of dense mitochondria and isolation bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Junctions become fewer, and none remain in those muscle areas where tracheoles, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and primary myofilaments have disappeared.Preliminary studies on nerve discharge activity to the muscle suggest that nerve silence occurs at approximately the time when the muscle loses all contractility. In some axons isolation bodies appear and neurotubules are lost, other axons remain unchanged, and new ones develop later in the pupal state. Phagocytes invade the neural lamella and it disappears in the late pupa, but it reappears in the adult.The adult ventral nerve has over three times more axons and a thinner layer of glial cells than the larval nerve.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ampullary receptor organs of the South American weakly electric gymnotid fish Eigenmannia virescens consist of a pore at the surface of the skin, a canal through the epidermis, and the expanded basal end of the canal in the corium. The cavity of the organ contains a jelly that is filled with fine fibers. The canal wall consists of three to six layers of flattened cells that appear to be derived from the adjacent skin. Along the lumen of the organ the cells are joined by tight junctions. Usually there are four spherical receptor cells in the base of the organ. They are innervated by single neural terminals. These organs are compared to tuberous receptor organs found in the same species, and the functional significance of the fine structure observed in these cells is discussed.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 233-257 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are eight retinula cells in the ommatidium of the compound eye of the toadbug (Gelastocoris oculatus), two of which are central in position. Along the axial sides of the six peripheral retinula cells expand six cytoplasmic processes from the apical crystalline cone cells. These processes, which contain longitudinally-oriented microtubules, are associated with all eight retinula cells by means of desmosomal junctions. In addition to providing structural support, the possibility is set forth that the interconnecting cone processes might also serve to functionally integrate the retinula cells of an ommatidium. The eight retinula cells possess microvillus surfaces, which are especially prominent in the six peripheral cells, where they extend into the lumen of the ommatidium. There is evidence of pinocytotic activity at the bases of microvilli. Multivesicular bodies are present in the cytoplasm of retinula cells, and the means by which these bodies might be elaborated are discussed.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 73-104 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of the adult fly foot falls into clearly defined phases of cell division, growth, cuticle secretion and cell death. The pulvillus is composed dorsally of two giant cells and ventrally of thousands of minute tenent cells; the former produce the dorsal footpad cuticle and the latter the thousands of tenent hairs. Cell divisions are still occurring in future tenent cells when increase in size of the cells and in polyteny of the chromosomes is already occurring in the two dorsal cells. Also cell death occurs considerably earlier in the tenent cells, yet the sequential secretion of some six cuticular layers takes place at comparable times in dorsal and ventral cuticles. The cuticular layers formed are, in their order of secretion: ecdysial membrane, cuticulin of the epicuticle, dense exocuticle, homogeneous exocuticle, an intermediate layer, wax of the epicuticle, and an extensive mass of endocuticle. The ecdysial membrane seems to perform an important mechanical role in maintaining the shape of the delicate cytoplasmic projections of the tenent cells, before and during cuticle secretion, and in establishing the cuticular pattern of ridges in the dorsal cuticle. Comparisons are made with trichogen cell cuticle development and with tracheal cuticle. Tracheal, trichogen and dorsal footpad cuticle patterns are compared.Details of giant cell activity provide a working basis for studies of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, and the whole system raises many unsolved problems in the general field of cell differentiation and pattern formation.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed description of the innervation of the individual muscles of the antenna of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans is given. There are six nerves supplying the antennal muscles of each side. The nerve N I consists of 26 bundles of which two are motor, 12 sensory and 12 are mixed. It innervates the intrinsic muscles of the antenna and the antennal sense organs. The nerves N II, N III and N IV innervate the dorsal extrinsic muscles and the nerve N V and N VI the ventral extrinsic muscles.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dense bodies in the heart muscle of Venus mercenaria exist in two forms, free and attached. Free dense bodies morphologically consist of fascicles of thin filaments in parallel array and bound together by a dense, amorphous proteinaceous material. The binding of dense bodies to the cell membrane is effected via connecting filaments of the amorphous material of the dense body which join a condensation of morphologically similar material attached to the inner osmiophilic layer of the unit membrane. This composite of dense body, connecting filaments, membrane condensation and unit cell membrane has been termed collectively the attachment plaque. The attachment plaque is part of an extensive network on the cell surface which obligates that surface to a role in the contractile process. Moreover, this set of attachment plaques imposes an organization and an orientation to most thin filaments of the cell and preserves the contractile axis of the cell.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 205-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large quantities of colloidal particles were rapidly transported around the junctional complex into the lateral intercellular spaces by flounder renal epithelial cells. Large invaginations containing particles developed in the apical cytoplasm of cells when tracer particles were injected into the tubular lumens. Some membranebounded profiles containing particles appeared close to the lateral intercellular spaces. Particles were then found in the lateral intercellular spaces, between the basal plasmalemma and the basement membrane, and within the basement membrane. It is suggested that this transport might operate in situ and provide a morphological mechanism to explain a type of protein transport noted in the renal tubules of another flounder species by Maack and Kinter ('67). It is interesting to consider that perhaps a similar mechanism for the transport of intact proteins might also operate in mammalian nephrons as well.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rapid method for examining rat fetuses is presented. The technique consists of fixing the fetuses in Bouin's solution, serially sectioning the head, neck and lower trunk with a razor blade and doing sagittal sections of the heart after opening the thoracic cavity. Examples of sections from normal 20 day rat fetuses are given as well as some with the following abnormalities: cleft palate produced by chlorcyclizine and eye and heart malformations resulting from anti-adult rat kidney serum.
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  • 50
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The serigenous glands of a number of different sawfly larvae have been examined. Silk is secreted by pear-shaped cells which may be fused together in pairs or triplets, or exist simply as free, single cells. The cells are arranged in numerous groups attached to a pair of wide silk reservoirs by means of short canals. Each gland cell contains a large, irregular, ramifying nucleus and an intracellular duct which receives droplets of synthesised silk protein. Two modifications of this basic arrangement are described. It is suggested that the secretory cells are dermal gland cells, and that the intracellular duct is a rudimentary end-apparatus. A comparison is made between these and some other types of dermal gland cell found in insects.
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  • 51
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 383-407 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of human labial salivary gland acini was studied by light and electron microscopy. Contrary to previous reports, these glands were pure mucous in nature; no serous elements were present. The acinar cells were found in all stages of maturation. Immature cells were characterized by an extensive and highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complex was extremely prominent, consisting of stacks of flattened cisternae and swarms of small vesicles. Mucous droplets were almost completely absent. As secretory activity progressed, the endoplasmic reticulum involuted, while the Golgi cisternae became distended and formed many vacuoles. In mature mucous cells, the apical cytoplasm was filled with membrane-bounded mucous droplets, and the nucleus was displaced basally. The droplets frequently showed great variation in density from cell to cell, and even within the same cell they sometimes were quite heterogeneous. They were liberated from the acinar cells by an apocrine process, so that droplets with intact limiting membranes were often observed in the acinar lumen. These droplets soon lysed, their contents fusing into streams of mucus. Occasionally during apocrine secretion a mucous cell failed to reconstitute its apical surface, and its entire contents spilled into the acinar lumen.Unusual cytoplasmic inclusions were present in many of the acinar cells. These inclusions, which were surrounded by a single membrane, consisted of lipid droplets closely associated with bundles of fine filaments.
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  • 52
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Submandibular glands of the opossum have been studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with other mammalian salivary glands. The glands have four parenchymal segments which connect in the order named below to convey saliva toward the oral cavity. 1Secretory units are elongated branching tubules exhibiting mucous and special serous cell types. Mucous cells predominate and resemble those in other salivary glands. Special serous cells differ from “typical” serous cells. They contain a preponderance of tubular or vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules which vary from electron lucent to electron opaque.2Intercalated ducts are short segments lined by nonsecretory, cuboidal cells.3Striated ducts are numerous and lie in the center of the lobule. The duct epithelium has four cell types, designated light cells, dark cells, Type I basal cells, and Type II basal cells. Light cells possess basal infoldings associated with mitochondria, but the other cell types lack this characteristic.4Excretory ducts are also lined by four cell types which bear the same names as those of striated ducts. Three of the four cell types are virtually identical to those of striated ducts, but light cells differ. They do not always contain basal infoldings and the supranuclear cytoplasm lacks distinct inner and outer zones.The glands resemble salivary glands of higher mammals in many respects while possessing certain unique cytological features which may reflect the secretory needs of the organism.
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  • 53
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 95-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several biological distances based on cranial and mandibular variation among breeding groups of white-tailed deer were calculated and compared with geographic distances among the groups. Distances based on epigenetic variation among ten groups were calculated using 16 non-metric variants of the cranium and mandible. Penrose's size and shape distances and Mahalanobis' D2 distance were calculated for 11 groups; the calculations were based on seven skeletal and seven dental metric variables of the mandible.The biological distances were correlated with geographic distance as follows: the epigenetic distance, 0.74; Penrose's shape distance, 0.71; Penrose's size distance, 0.45; and Mahalanobis' distance, 0.37. All correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. The epigenetic and Penrose shape correlations were significantly higher than the Mahalanobis correlation.Because of the conditions under which the breeding groups were selected, it was assumed that genetic affinites among the groups would be a function of geographic distance. The results suggest that the epigenetic distance and Penrose's shape distance reflect genetic affinities among groups better than do the Penrose size and Mahalanobis distances.
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  • 54
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 195-227 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of lung ventilation in chelonians has been much debated. Electromyographic studies show that the basic mechanism in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, is dependent on the activities of four major respiratory muscles that are capable of varying the volume of the visceral cavity. The precise mechanism utilized varies in response to environmental factors, especially the depth to which the animal is submerged. Chelydra tends to reduce muscular activity to a minimum, and hydrostatic pressure or gravity replaces muscular effort whenever possible. The response is subject to hysteresis. Both the mechanics and pattern of ventilation in Chelydra differ from those of Testudo. The differences appear to be attributable in part to Chelydra's markedly reduced plastron and more extensive respiratory musculature and in part to the different habitats occupied by the two species.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purported “neoblasts” of the serpulid Spirorbis have been studied in Spirorbis (Paradexiospira) vitreus and Spirorbis (Laeospira) borealis at both the light and electron microscopic levels. These perivasal cells occur in greatest abundance around the ventral blood vessel of the achaetous region. In light microscope preparations, the perivasal cells are intensely basophilic, containing basally situated nuclei, and relatively large nucleoli. The fine structure of the perivasal cells reveals that they contain an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi complex, heterogeneous dense bodies, and cytolysomes. The respiratory pigment chlorocruorin, which has a diameter of about 230 Å and is believed to be composed of two superimposed hexagonal components, has been localized within: cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, elements of the Golgi complex, and membrane-bounded vesicles at the base of the perivasal cells. Evidence is advanced which strongly suggests that molecules of chlorocruorin are transported from the perivasal cells into the lumen of the vessel by reverse pinocytosis. It is concluded that whatever other functional role(s) the perivasal cells of Spirorbis may have, a major function is the synthesis and secretion of chlorocruorin. Whether the perivasal cells can be considered to be pluripotent is discussed.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The concept of functional components was initially proposed by van der Klaauw ('45, '52) to indicate overlap of functional influences particularly in mammalian skulls; his analysis marked a departure from the study of single characters to that of function-modified systems. A very similar set of terms is now coming into vogue to describe the mechanically separable components of highly kinetic fish, amphibian and reptilian skulls. In these cases the term functional unit often pertains only to the musculo-skeletal system and is utilized during the process of description; it is often applied before a complete functional analysis has been carried out.Yet, any structure tends to be affected by the influence of multiple functions, and any function will almost certainly affect multiple characteristics of the animal. Since functional components overlap, the term should not be used to label an essentially topographical dissection of the animal. It cannot be expected that each loosely connected component of a kinetic skull subserves as a single “function,” and that this function does not overlap onto other units.It is suggested that the term mechanical unit be substituted as a label for the mechanical sub-divisions often utilized to organize descriptions. The concept of functional units in the original sense then remains available as an analytical tool.
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  • 57
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytology of the vitellogenic stages in the development of the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied using whole mounts and sections of plastic-embedded ovaries and single egg chambers for light microscopy and cytochemistry. The migrations, changes in morphology, and synthetic products of the follicle cells are described as a function of developmental stage. The follicle cells synthesize the egg coverings, the vitelline and chorionic membranes, and elaborate the micropyle and dorsal chorionic appendages. The changing structure of the nurse cell nucleus and changes in organelle composition of its cytoplasm are described. The nurse cells synthesize ribosomes, lipid droplets, and mitochondria. These components pass through the ring canal system into the oocyte, which increases in volume some 200,000 times during its 78 hours of development.
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  • 58
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 465-501 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanisms of development of posterior levels of neural tubes of chick embryos were analyzed by study of serial cross-sections of a continuous series of normal embryos between 40 to 72 hours of incubation. Two extirpation experiments were performed in ovo on other embryos of the same stages. Descriptive studies revealed the presence of an overlap zone in which two types of neural tube formation occurred. Open neural tube formation (by fusion of neural folds) occurred dorsally in this region; closed neural tube formation (by canalization of solid medullary cord tissue) occurred ventrally. Extirpation of the posterior end of the neural plate produced defects within the lumbosacral region, indicating that the posterior neural plate participates in the formation of the lumbosacrum, and that the overlap zone is therefore in the lumbosacral region. Extirpation of the prospective neural tissue in the anterior end of the tail bud indicated that only the most posterior levels of the neural tube originate exclusively by cavitation of the tail bud. In both extirpation experiments a neural tube formed independently within the tail bud tissue, indicating that formation of the neural tube in this region is not dependent upon direct continuity with neural tissue anteriorly.
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  • 59
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interstitial cells of Pennaria tiarella differentiate exclusively from the central endoderm of the planula. Shortly after their appearance, most of the interstitial cells become cnidoblasts. Subsequently, as the larva transforms into a polyp, both cnidoblasts and interstitial cells migrate from the endoderm, through endoblast and mesoglea, into the ectoderm. It is suggested that some interstitial cells remain in the endoderm and differentiate into the gland and mucous cells of the polyp gastroderm.
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  • 60
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A series of dimensions of the shoulder girdle of primates has previously been chosen as being related to function in that anatomical region. Their examination by canonical analysis suggests that they do indeed reflect aspects of the use of the shoulder in locomotion in the different primates.Further analysis is here performed using the technique of neighborhood limited classification and this confirms the basic picture presented by the previous analysis. The new method also gives more detailed information about the grouping of the specimens; thus it endorses the reality of functional divisions that appear to exist in the data. And in addition the groupings reflect differences in the structure of the shoulder that correlate well with certain taxonomic subdivisions of the order. The method maintains contact with individual specimens throughout the analysis and is capable of placing them within groups, at the boundaries of groups, within the interfaces between groups, or as satellites to groups.The new method appears to have a part to play in the description of the relationships between biological objects that is complementary to that of canonical analysis. As the mathematical concepts upon which the two techniques are based differ totally, the risk that the results might be inherent in statistical assumptions is thus averted.
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  • 61
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the annelid Enchytraeus albidus the ovary is composed of packets containing eight synchronously developing oocytes. Each oocyte in the packet is connected, via a bridge, to a common cytoplasmic mass. Developmental synchrony of oocytes within individual packets is probably related to the ooplasmic continuity.The young previtellogenic oocyte contains many polysomes, a few cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi complexes, and mitochondria. Many of the mitochondria are dumbbell-shaped and may thus represent division stages.Vitellogenesis is marked by the appearance of peripherally located lipid yolk and small, densely staining granules scattered throughout the ooplasm. There is an increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and enlarged Golgi elements. Small multivesicular-like bodies, the early stages of developing yolk, are derived from the Golgi complex. The mature yolk sphere is bipartite and consists of (a) a variable number of dense spheres, the core bodies, which are produced in the ooplasm by the Golgi complex and which become embedded in (b) a dense matrix. The electron opaque tracer, horseradish peroxidase is incorporated into the oocyte and deposited in the matrix suggesting that this component of the yolk sphere is obtained by micropinocytosis. Enzyme digestions and various cytochemical techniques suggest that the core bodies are rich in carbohydrate, probably as glyco- or mucoproteins, and that the matrix is rich in lipid.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differentiating oocytes and associated follicle cells of two species of amphineurans (Mollusca) Mopalia muscosa and Chaetopleura apiculata have been studied by techniques of light and electron microscopy. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, the ooplasm of young oocytes contains large, randomly situated, basophilic regions. These regions are not demonstrable in mature eggs.As oocytes differentiate, lipid, pigment and protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies accumulate within the ooplasm. Concomitant with the appearance of pigment and the protein carbohydrate containing yolk bodies, the saccules of the Golgi complex become filled with a dense material. Associated with the Golgi complex are cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum which are filled with an electron opaque substance which is thought to be composed of protein synthesized by this organelle. That portion of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the Golgi complex shows evaginations. These evaginations are thought to finalize into protein containing vesicles that subsequently fuse with the Golgi complex. Thus, the Golgi complex in these oocytes might serve as a center for packaging and concentrating the protein used in the construction of the protein containing pigment or protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies. The suggestion is made that the Golgi complex may also synthesize the carbohydrate portion of the formentioned yolk bodies.In an adnuclear position in young oocytes are some acid mucopolysaccharide containing vacuolar bodies. In mature eggs, these structures are found within the peripheral ooplasm and we have referred to them as cortical granules. There is no alteration of these cortical granules during sperm activation.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Biochemical assay of acid phosphatase in normal and lens-regenerating eyes of the urodele Diemictylus viridescens, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, demonstrates both soluble and lysosomal fractions of the enzyme. While the specific activity of the soluble fraction remains unchanged during lens regeneration, the lysosomal fraction shows four distinct rises in specific activity during the thirty-day regeneration period studied. These peak activities on the second, eighth, fifteenth, and twenty-second days post-lentectomy apparently correspond to lysosomal activity in the processes of wound healing, iris depigmentation, and lens differentiation which occur during urodele lens regeneration. On the basis of biochemical and histochemical studies as well as observations of morphological changes in the urodele eye as lens regeneration proceeds, it is postulated that there is a significant correlation between these morphological changes and the level and localization of the lysosomal acid hydrolases in the tissues in which the changes occur.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 473-491 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A sensory structure in the anterior region of the food canal of two species of aphid has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dorsal wall is innervated by a total of 60 neurones which terminate, in groups, at 14 porous papillae on the cuticle. Paired papillae have also been detected in the ventral wall of this region. The fine structure of individual neurones and their grouping around papillae indicates a chemosensory function.The examination of moulting aphids shows that the distal portions of dendrites are shed with the exuviae.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of respiration in the bullfrog has been analyzed by means of pressure recordings from the buccal cavity, the lungs and the abdominal cavity, by cinematography and cinefluorography, and by electromyography of buccal, laryngeal and abdominal muscles. Gas flow was investigated by putting frogs in atmospheres of changing argon and nitrogen content and monitoring the concentration of the nostril efflux.Three kinds of cyclical phenomena were found. (1) Oscillatory cycles consist of rhythmical raising and lowering of the floor of the mouth, with open nares. They have a definite respiratory function in introducing fresh air into the buccal cavity. (2) Ventilatory cycles involve opening and closing of the glottis and nares and renewal of a portion of the pulmonary gas. More muscles are involved and the pattern of muscular activity is more complex than in the oscillatory cycles. (3) Inflation cycles consist of a series of ventilation cycles, interrupted by an apneic pause. The intensity of the ventilatory cycles increases before this pause and decreases immediately thereafter. This results in a stepwise increase in pulmonary pressure, to a plateau (coincident with the pause) followed by a sudden or stepwise decrease.The respiratory mechanism depends on the activity of a buccal force pump, which determines pulmonary pressure whose level is always slightly less than the peak pressure values of the ventilation cycles. The elevated pulmonary pressure is responsible for the expulsion of pulmonary gas during the second phase of the next ventilation cycle. This pressure is maintained by the elastic fibers (and the smooth masculature) of the lungs.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The complete regeneration of a new oral-disc and tentacles has been observed and described for Aiptasia diaphana. These structures are regenerated quite rapidly: seven to ten days at 20°C. At three days post-amputation, the new primary, secondary, and tertiary tentacle buds begin to develop in direct association with the underlying primary, secondary, and tertiary septae (respectively) of the column, suggesting that the latter organize the form of the regenerating oral-disc. Two days after amputation, the zooxanthellae of the presumptive oral disc arrange themselves into a ring which quite precisely delimits the area from which the tentacle buds will form. In spite of its suggestive proximity, this accumulation of algae plays no role in the induction of tentacle buds as was shown by studying regeneration in anemones which essentially lacked large quantities of these symbiotic algae.Cuts perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the column result in an equal rate of tentacular regeneration around the entire circumference of the presumptive oral disc. Oblique amputations foster an asynchronous regeneration: the tentacle buds of the distal-most area of the severed column are larger and regenerate much sooner than those of the proximal region. Similar results were obtained by studying anemones which were cut perpendicular to their longitudinal axes at different levels along the column. The data suggest that an oral-aboral gradient exists concerning the time required for the initiation of tentacle budding and the rate of tentacle regeneration.
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  • 68
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ventral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, a viviparous elasmobranch, has been found to possess distinctive cells identified as basophils on the basis of staining properties. At maximum size, such a cell consists of a distended vesicle containing PAS-positive, AF-negative material surrounded by a thin envelope of cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus. In earlier stages of these cells, vesicles are small or absent and granules in the more abundant cytoplasms are AF or Alcian-positive.Basophil numbers are high in pre-ovulation and mid-ovulation females, decrease markedly after the end of ovulation until embryos are about 1 cm long then increase greatly during August and September while embryos grow to 8 cm in length. Early high counts, if these basophils are gonadotropes, may be correlated with stimulation of the ovary and ovulation; reduced numbers suggest inhibition, possibly by ovarian hormones for a period, while subsequent increase may indicate indirect involvement in uterine conditions in this viviparous species. Conclusion are, admittedly, tentative as specimens were available during only a fraction of the ten month gestation period.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The secretory processes in the shell gland of laying chickens were the subject of this study. Three cell types contribute secretory material to the forming egg: ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells of the uterine surface epithelium, and cells of tubular glands in the mucosa. The ciliated cells as well as the non-ciliated cells have microvilli, which undergo changes in form and extent during the secretory cycle. At the final stages of shell formation they resemble stereocilia. It is postulated that the microvilli of both cells are active in the production of the cuticle of the shell.The ciliated cell which has both cilia and microvilli manufactures secretory granules which arise from the Golgi complex in varying amounts throughout the egg laying cycle. Granule production reaches its greatest intensity during the early stages of shell deposition. The ciliated cell probably supplies proteinaceous material to the matrix of the forming egg shell.The non-ciliated cell has only microvilli. Secretory granules, containing an acid mucopolysaccharide, arise from the Golgi complex. Some granules are extruded into the uterine lumen where they supply the egg shell with organic matrix. Others migrate towards the supranuclear zone. Here a number of them disintegrate. This is accompanied by the formation of a large membraneless space, which is termed “vacuoloid.” Subsequently the vacuoloid regresses and during regression an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum with numerous polyribosomes of spiral configuration appears. It is suggested that material in the vacuoloid originating from the disintegrating granules is resynthesized and utilized for the formation of secretory product.The uterine tubular gland cells have irregular, frondlike microvilli. During egg shell deposition, these microvilli form large blebs and are probably related to the elaboration of a watery, calcium-containing fluid.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hearts of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa were studied with the electron microscope after prefixation in phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde or buffered formalin and subsequent postifxation in phosphate buffered osmium tetroxide. Epicardial, myocardial and endocardial layers are identified; however the hearts of Myxine lack an extensive capillary system comparable to the coronary vessels of other vertebrate heart tissues. Instead, blood is supplied to cells via an elaborate system of channels which extend between numerous trabeculae that make up the cardiac wall of this organism. Fine structural features of special interest include the presence of numerous dense granules (chromaffin granules) within myofibers and also specific granular cells which lack the contractile elements that are characteristic of both skeletal and cardiac myofibers. Another prominent feature noted includes an elaborate system of tubular invaginations within the subjacent sarcoplasm. These elements appear to be specific for the myofibers. They are continuous with the plasma membrane and project into the peripheral sarcoplasmic matrix. Crystalline inclusions are also observed in the sarcoplasm of the myofibers. These are compared with similar inclusions in other cellular components. The Golgi complex is very extensive in the myofibers of Myxine, and granules of varying sizes and densities often appear in the vicinity of the Golgi saccules. The observations suggest that the numerous vesicles around the Golgi Complex represent intermediate stages in the formation of the chromaffin granules. The structure and function of the extensive tubular invaginations are compared with the transverse tubules reported in several mammalian heart tissues.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Communication organs (septulae) of cheilostome Bryozoa are more complex than perviously believed. Annuli, present only in lateral septulae, are thickenings of the intercalary cuticle. Each communication pore is filled with a ring-like “pore cincture,” through which project a pair of “special cells.” Septulae of all species examined (10 species from 6 families) can be considered modifications of the same structure, varying only in degree of calcification and number of communication pores.External walls, including basal and lateral walls, are best defined as reinforcements of the ectocyst, which is derived by intussusception from the primary cuticle of the ancestrula. The lateral ectocyst must be considered a double layer formed by invagination of the distal ectocyst. Internal walls are developed by apposition from inner parts of the ectocyst; they include pore plates and transverse walls.External walls are laid down first. Lenticular masses develop unilaterally on the uncalcified lateral ectocyst; the pore plate develops by apposition from the interior part of the ectocyst. Depending on the species, the pore plate may or may not be calcified at the time of its formation. Communication pores are formed when the developing pore plate abuts against embryonic special cells. The septular ectocyst never calcifies; it breaks down when the pore plate is complete.Some ascophorans undergo “reparative budding,” in which new zoids are formed within dead zoecia. Hollow, ectocyst-covered buds lined with blastemic epithelia are produced from septulae of live zoids; adjacent buds may fuse.These findings are consistent with the view that lateral septulae are aborted zoids and that pore plates represent transverse walls.
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  • 74
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 281-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the motor horn of the foetal mouse was investigated. A sampling technique was evolved using cresyl violet stained material.A decline in the number of motor neuroblasts occurred during the development, on each side, of four definitive motor regions from a single longitudinal column. The total number of motor horn cells fell from about 100,000 on the eleventh day after mating to about 25,000 on the fourteenth day. The early stages of this decline (between 11 and 12 days) are probably explained by the fact that not all neuroblasts in the region differentiate into motor cells; he later decrease can be entirely accounted for by the number of degenerations.Irradiation of the foetal mouse with a dose of 50 rads of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation resulted in an excess of about 20,000 differentiating motor cells on the thirteenth and fourteenth days. Irradiation increased the actual number, but not the percentage, of degenerations. This suggests that differentiation is a phase in the growth process which proceeds degeneation.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical procedures for acid phosphatase in normal and lens-regenerating eyes of the urodele Diemictylus viridescens demonstrate activity in a variety of structures. In the normal urodele eye, acid phosphatase is present in conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells and associated glands, in blood vessel endothelium and posterior epithelial cells of the iris, in the anterior lens epithelium, and in the cytoplasm of the optic nerve. Acid phosphatase in the lens-regenerating eye is localized in the same structures as in the normal eye as well as in increased amounts in the corneal epithelial cells and stromal macrophages at the lentectomy wound site and in the posterior portion of the developing lens during completion of differentiation of primary into mature lens fibers characterized by loss of many intracellular organelles. On the basis of these histochemical findings, it is proposed that hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes play an important role in the processes of cellular and intracellular destruction and synthesis which occur during Wolffian lens regeneration in the urodele.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Median cord development is uniform in six families of Hemiptera and five non-hemipterans. The median cord arises independently from the lateral cords and is histologically distinguishable from the latter throughout development. Intrasegmentally, median cord nuclei possess prominent nucleoli and many small chromatin granules surrounded by clear nuclear sap. This region forms what appear to be glial elements at the midline of the neuropile. Intersegmentally, a spherical clump of eight to twelve large nuclei develops surrounded by dark-staining granular cytoplasm. Each intersegmental clump migrates anteriorly into the preceding ganglionic region but degenerates soon after katatrepsis.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The order of ossification of bones in the skeleton of Rana pipiens during larval growth and metamorphosis has been determined from observations on specimens fixed in 70% alcohol and stained with alizarin red S. The axial skeleton ossifies in a generally cephalo-caudal sequence, beginning with the parasphenoid bone at Taylor-Kollros stages IV-IX, followed by vertebrae (V-IX) and then the urostyle (IX-XIV). Exoccipitals (VII-IX), frontoparietals (XI-XII) and prootics (XIII-XVII) are additional cranial bones which successively ossify before metamorphosis. With the onset of metamorphosis at stage XVIII jawbones and rostral bones of the skull ossify in the following succession: premaxilla, maxilla, septomaxilla, nasal, dentary, angular, squamosal, pterygoid, prevomer, mentomeckelian, quadratojugal, palatine, columella, posteromedial process of “hyoid.” The sphenethmoid does not ossify until after metamorphosis.Ossification of limbbones begins with the femur or humerus at stages X-XII and progresses proximo-distally to the phalanges by stages XIII-XV. Carpals, however, do not ossify until stage XXV or after metamorphosis. The ilium of the pelvic girdle begins to ossify at stages X-XII, but the ischium is delayed until stages XX-XXIII. Scapula and coracoid of the pectoral girdle undergo initial ossification at stages XII-XIV, suprascapula and clavicle at stages XIII-XV. The sternum does not begin to ossify until stage XXIV. The possible role of thyroid hormones in stimulating osteogenesis is discussed.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 443-463 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The campaniform sensilla on halteres of Drosophila were studied by electron microscopy in order to establish the relationships of functional elements in the sensory system. The surface of the sensillum consists of an oval cuticular cap membrane which may contain resilin, the rubberlike protein. A border of denser cuticle rings the cap membrane, and extending down around the neural process is a third type of cuticle filled with a fourth light fibrous type. The four cuticular components form a system for displacement of the neural process. The neural process is differentiated into a terminal fan-shaped structure projecting from a bulbous dilatation which tapers to a neck region ending proximally with two basal bodies. The neural process is packed with microtubules. Surrounding the dendrite is an inner enveloping cell, attached to the basal body region by septate desmosomes and by desmosomes to which microtubules of the enveloping cell are applied. An outer enveloping cell surrounds the inner one. The tip of the neural process is covered with a dense secretion which is tightly bound to the cap membrane. The dense secretion is surrounded by an extracellular fluid which might be compressed hydraulically by the cuticular system. The stimulus of cuticular distortion could thus be transmitted to the neural process which may be displaced between its fixed ends.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 80
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 9-23 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Frog retinal rod outer segments were detached from dark adapted retinas by (1) agitation in frog Ringer's solution or (2) by crushing between two glass surfaces. The resulting suspensions were further purified by low and high speed centrifugation procedures in Ficoll density gradients. The density of the outer segments in Ficoll solutions was found to be 1.09. The large frog outer segments, unlike bovine outer segments, are not readily separated from nuclei, which were estimated to comprise 2.6-8% of the material, based on DNA analyses. The RNA/DNA ratio was 0.4-0.5, like that of neuronal nuclei. Representative enzymes of glycolysis (lactic dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase), phosphogluconate oxidation (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), the citric acid cycle (malic dehydrogenase) and ATP degradation (ATPase) were assayed. A major part of the malic dehydrogenase activity was probably due to inner segments attached to some of the outer segments. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (but not lactic dehydrogenase) activities were lower in detached outer segments purified on Ficoll gradients than in samples of outer segment layer microdissected from freeze-dried sections of frog retina, as well as in whole retina. The data suggest that the activities of all the enzymes studied are intrinsically low in rod outer segments.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The frog, Rana pipiens, hibernates through the winter with ovaries containing oocytes which, in size and appearance, are ready for ovulation and maturation. From November through April, the normal time of egg laying, ovulation and maturation can be induced by interrupting hibernation and administering gonadotropic hormones. In the studies reported here, it has been found that oocytes taken from hibernating animals in early winter take up amino acids from a saline medium at a relatively rapid rate. Respiratory inhibition produced by such agents as dinitrophenol (DNP) and anaerobiosis, does not completely stop uptake but slows it down markedly.In late winter, amino acid uptake tends to be slower in normal cells and when DNP or cyanide is added, a marked acceleration of the rate of uptake is observed. The uptake in poisoned cells is accumulative, producing internal concentrations higher than that of the medium. At this concentration of DNP, amino acid incorporation is almost completely stopped. Fluoride abolishes the DNP stimulation of amino acid uptake. Removal of sodium ion from the incubating medium has no effect on either uptake or incorporation.These data are interpreted to mean that a capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in oocytes diminishes during winter hibernation. In the spring either an anaerobic capacity comes into being or becomes capable of being switched on. During this time the rate of amino acid uptake, even in the downhill phase, is limited by energy availability and is not dependent on a sodium gradient.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of temperature on intracellular ATP levels in cells of the ascitic Hepatoma 129 has been determined using an UV-enzymic method. ATP levels are found to vary inversely with temperature over the range (4°-37°C) studied, and this variation is found to be reversible. An indication of a possible direct correlation of ADP level with temperature was also obtained.A correlation is deduced between rise in intracellular ATP level and decrease in cytoplasmic viscosity, both from the present results, and from similar effects recently reported by Landau ('61) for increase in pressure.The significance of these observations is discussed with reference to the model for cytoplasmic viscosity proposed by Marsland ('56) and the wider biological significance of this effect is explored.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dietary zinc deficiency has been shown to decrease the in vivo incorporation of thymidine into the nuclear DNA of liver parenchymal cells in the rat. A single injection of 100 μg of zinc was sufficient to rapidly reverse the effect of zinc deficiency on the synthesis of DNA.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It has been shown by re-cloning of colonies formed in vitro from rat bone marrow cells, that normal granulocyte colonies can originate from single cells. No mixed macrophage (M) and granulocyte (G) colonies were obtained after re-cloning either M or G colonies. The results indicate, that clones of normal granulocytes and macrophages can be obtained in vitro, and that the mixed primary M and G colonies formed after seeding hematopoietic cells from animals presumably originate from a mixture of M and G cells.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytotoxic effect of high, as well as low, oxygen tension of proliferation and metabolism of Low line cells in culture is reversible even after several days of exposure provided the cells are returned to 95% air + 5% CO2 environment. This suggests that the activity of certain mechanisms within the cells may have been altered or in other ways inhibited by the abnormal environments but are quite rapidly regenerated once the adverse condition is removed. The cells tolerate a low O2 exposure for at least 20 days while continuous exposure to high O2 atmosphere results in degeneration and death after 7-10 days. Both glucose utilization and lactic acid production are elevated in cultures exposed to either low or high O2 tensions, although they are markedly higher in the latter condition. When cell so exposed are returned to an air + 5% CO2 atmosphere, rate of glucose uptake and lactic acid formation soon approaches that found in control cultures.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histologic examination of the spleens in RFM/Un mice killed 6 to 9 days after 350 to 800 R whole-body x-irradiation revealed hemopoietic colonies, the numbers of which decreased exponentially with increasing radiation dose. In such animals, myelocytic colonies were the predominant type on the sixth to the eighth day. However, they decreased in number with time, being fewer than erythropoietic colonies by the ninth day after irradiation. In C57BL mice, erythropoietic colonies were relatively more numerous, markedly predominating on both the eighth and the thirteenth days.RFM/Un mice injected with nonirradiated syngeneic bone marrow cells within 24 hours after 750 R developed colonies, predominantly of erythropoietic and undifferentiated types, the numbers of which were proportional to the numbers of marrow cells injected. The number of colonies formed from exogenous marrow cells increased slightly between the sixth and ninth days after inoculation, possibly because of a greater likelihood of counting them due to an increase in their size.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Tetrahymena pyriformis, mating type I, variety 1, cycloheximide rapidly and completely inhibited incorporation of 14C-L-leucine into protein. Actinomycin D (25 μg per ml) inhibited incorporation of 14C-uracil into cold-TCA-insoluble material, after a 5-10 minute lag. Frequently a subsequent decline in the amount of radioactivity was observed. Protein synthesis continued in actinomycintreated cultures for a variable time after cessation of RNA synthesis.Oral development was affected by cycloheximide virtually immediately, and by actinomycin D after a 10-15 minute lag. Cells affected by either drug before the onset of oral membranelle formation were permanently arrested in the stomatogenic field phase. Cells affected in the early and middle stages of membranelle formation completed development of membranelles, but did not invariably complete cell division. Cycloheximide, when added at the beginning of membranelle formation, brought about arrest or resorption of membranelles after they were completed. Actinomycin did not elicit resorption, but sometimes brought about blockage during cell division. Cells affected by either drug after membranelles were fully formed (and cell division was just beginning) completed oral development, nuclear divisions, and cell division. These results suggest that concurrent RNA and protein synthesis are essential for the initiation but not for the completion of membranelle differentiation. The results also suggest that a specific messenger RNA(s) with a very short half-life is required for the synthesis of proteins involved in the initiation of membranelle differentiation.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Growth of KB cells was inhibited by both spermine and spermidine, but the inhibition is reduced in conditioned medium. The amount of spermine required for 50% inhibition of plating varied according to the type of serum used with medium 199 (calf, fetal bovine, and horse; 0.55, 0.9, and 24 μg/ml respectively). The spermine oxidase activity of the three sera was calf 〉 horse 〉 fetal bovine, which is not the same ordering as was obtained for the inhibition. When the concentration of sera in the media was varied, the inhibition decreased as calf and fetal bovine sera concentration increased, whereas, with horse serum, an increase in serum concentration increased the inhibition. The opposite effects of increasing concentrations of the sera on the inhibition suggest that at least two factors are involved in the inhibition. A scheme which involves three factors (spermine oxidase, another enzyme and its activator) is postulated to account for the inhibitions and reversals observed. Spermine oxidase alone cannot account for the action of polyamine on cells.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed when HeLa S3 cells were grown in Puck's medium containing high concentrations of human serum. This effect was not seen with the enzyme of Chang liver 8A cells. The induction of increased alkaline phosphatase in HeLa S3 by prednisolone or by osmolality changes was not prevented by serum. The concentration of serum in the culture medium had no influence on acid phosphatase activity.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 233-234 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Functionally active 30S ribosomes can be reconstituted in vitro from 16S RNA and a mixture of 30S ribosomal proteins under certain defined conditions. Our previous studies on the specificity and kinetics of reconstitution are summarized and discussed. The reconstitution reaction is first-order with respect to formation of active 30S ribosomes. The rate-limiting reaction is probably unimolecular, and it represents the structural rearrangement of an intermediate. Presumed reconstitution intermediates, or RI particles, have been isolated from reconstitution mixtures incubated at low temperature. It has been concluded that the reconstitution takes place in stepwise fashion: 16S ribosomes. New experimental results that show the highly cooperative nature of the assembly reaction are described; the number of sites, per RNA chain, which can bind ribosomal proteins independently from each other (i.e., without cooperativity) is at most two to three. Finally, another approach to the study of ribosome assembly in vivo is described. It utilizes cold-sensitive E. coli mutants that are defective in ribosome biosynthesis at low temperature and accumulate incomplete “intermediate” ribosomal particles.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 223-234 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cell line was established in vitro from a spontaneous myeloid leukemia of SL strain mice. This cell line was cytologically identified as myeloblast, and its normal differentiation appeared to be completely blocked in mass culture. When the line cells were seeded in soft agar with a conditioned medium from normal cells, either macrophages or neutrophil granulocytes appeared from a single clone. The rate of formation of colonies containing differentiated cells always increased with an increase in the concentration of conditioned medium. The conditioned medium from this line cell was not as effective as was that from normal cells in inducing differentiation.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Considerable variability has been found in the yield of cells in batch cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown axenically in 1% tryptone/0.05% yeast extract. This variability has been traced to the photolysis by visible light of the flavin mononucleotide and thiamine components of yeast extract.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colony formation in vitro by mouse bone marrow cells following stimulation by human urine was analysed over a 7-day incubation period. There was a linear increase with time in the number of cell aggregates (clusters) developing in such plates. Early in the incubation period all clusters were granulocytic although later macrophage clusters developed. Although most fully developed colonies were composed of macrophages, mapping and transfer studies showed that at least half of these had initially arisen early in the incubation period as granulocytic clusters.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of bacterial viruses requires the formation of mature viral nucleic acid in the form found in progeny virus particles, the “packaging” of this viral nucleic acid within a capsule, and the assembly of “packaged” nucleic acid with the accessory structures necessary for infectivity. Recognition that the replicating viral nucleic acid is frequently in a form distinct from that found in mature particles has, in some instances, led to the postulation and formal description of presently unknown processes that must participate in the synthesis of the mature form. In at least some instances, packaging of the mature nucleic acid is clearly integrated with its synthesis.Examples involving the DNA bacteriophages T4, λ, and φ X174 and the RNA bacteriophages are presented to illustrate these points.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of a virus is programmed by a series of negative and positive controls which determine the timing and the segment on either of the two DNA strands (l or r) to be transcribed into specific messenger RNA's. Bacteriophage λ provides one of the most deeply studied systems for following the development of lysogenic viruses. In the lysogenic repressed state, only 2-4% of the λ genome is expressed. This pc-cI-rex region is transcribed leftward to produce a repressor protein which prevents any further transcription by blocking the oL and oR operators flanking the cI-rex operon (figs. 1, 2). This negative control is relieved by destruction of the repressor, and the result is the “induction” of viral development. The earliest post-induction or postinfection events are the leftward transcription of the pLoL N region from strand l and the rightward transcription mainly of the pRoR-x segment from strand r. The N product acts as a positive control, permitting a leftward transcription beyond gene N and a rightward transcription of genes cII-O-P and also Q. The int-xis system controls the excision of the λ genome, whereas the act of rightward transcription and the products of genes O and P initiate the replication of λ DNA. The product of gene Q, still another positive control, stimulates rightward transcription of the late genes which control the synthesis and assembly of the phage heads and tails as well as cell lysis. Among other types of negative control are the possible competition between the two divergent transcriptions originating in region x, the “antirepressor” effect of the x product, and the interference between the two convergent transcriptions which collide in the central b2 region. The majority of controls are based on protein-DNA interactions and can be modified by mutations. For instance, transcription can be rendered independent of negative repressor control either by constitutive, v, mutations which decrease or abolish the affinity of the o operators for the repressor or by insertion of new promoters-e.g., c17 or ric- on the “downstream” side of the operator. The need for the positive N and Q controls may also be obviated by mutations in the N- or Q-dependent promoter or terminator elements.The specific DNA structure within the controlling sites is not known. However, a remarkable coincidence was observed; namely, the occurrence of pyrimidine-rich clusters in those segments of the individual DNA strands acting as templates for RNA synthesis. This observation, which pertains to all studied DNA's, including those of phages T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, λ, and φ 80, formed the basis for a proposal that implicates pyrimidine-rich clusters in the initiation, control and/or termination of transcription, and also in the determination of the preferred strand and, consequently, the orientation of transcription. General considerations regarding the possible role of the structural singularities, especially those represented by the pyrimidine clusters, in the bipartite structure of the recognition regions in DNA are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 155-155 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 100
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 185-185 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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