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  • 1995-1999  (2,028)
  • 1995  (2,028)
  • General Chemistry  (1,656)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (196)
  • Rat  (177)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Material
Years
  • 1995-1999  (2,028)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cervical sympathectomy affects gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in male rats (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of anesthesia 9 (1995), S. 166-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Cervical sympathectomy ; Stellate ganglion block ; Gonadotropin ; Testosterone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine the effects of bilateral cervical sympathectomy on the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (TS), 24 male rats were divided into four groups: control (C), light (L), sympathectomy (S), and light-sympathectomy (LS) groups. The C and S groups were kept under a 12-h light-dark cycle and the L and LS groups were kept under continuous light for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, blood was collected and the rats were perfused with a fixative. GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus were stained immunohistochemically, and serum LH and TS levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Although the difference in the number of GnRH neurons between the C and S groups was not significant, the L group was significantly lower than the C or LS groups. The serum LH and TS levels in the L group were higher than in the other groups. The present results suggest that continuous light increases GnRH secretion in the hypothalamus, followed by increased secretions of LH in the pituitary and TS in the testes, and bilateral cervical sympathectomy under continuous light inhibits these hormonal changes. However, a normal circadian rhythm does not affect gonadotropin secretion. Therefore, long-term and repeated stellate ganglion block may inhibit the increases of GnRH, LH, and TS secretions induced by continuous light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02479850
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization of the NMDA recognition site in rat and mouse spinal cord by [3H]CGS 19755in vitro autoradiography (1995)
    Springer
    Amino acids 9 (1995), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; NMDA receptors ; CGS 19755 ; TCP ; Spinal cord ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility to visualize the NMDA recognition site with [3H]CGS 19755in vitro autoradiography was evaluated in rat brain and spinal cord sections and thereafter used to study the distribution of the NMDA recognition site in rat and mouse spinal cord. The [3H]CGS 19755 binding was concentrated to the dorsal horn, in particular to the substantia gelatinosa. Notable binding was also seen in the intermediate area and ventral horn, while some binding was observed in the funiculi. No major differences were seen in [3H]CGS 19755 binding at various levels of the rat or mouse spinal cord, although a more dense binding was seen in the mouse. A similar distribution of the [3H]CGS 19755 specific binding and the NMDA receptor associated ion-channel site, labeled with [3H]TCP, was found in the mouse spinal cord. Taken together, our data indicate that the NMDA recognition site can be visualized in rat and mouse spinal cord byin vitro [3H]CGS 19755 autoradiography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00805956
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral fat embolism: A case report (1995)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 21 (1995), S. 679-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Fat embolism ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality following multiple fractures. Neurological involvement (cerebral fat embolism) has been reported frequently. A case of cerebral fat embolism is reported. While CT scan revealed no abnormalities, MRI, performed in this patient 8 days after trauma, showed relative lowintensity areas on T1-weighted images and high intensity areas on T2-weighted images involving cerebral white matter, corpus callosum and basal ganglia. MRI follow-up (1 and 3 months post-trauma) showed nearly complete resolution of the abnormal signal. MRI seems to be a useful diagnostic tool for detecting and quatifying lesions in fat embolism syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01711549
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor in CCK induced satiety in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 351 (1995), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words 8-OH-DPAT ; WAY-100135 ; 5-HT1A receptor ; CCK ; Feeding ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study was designed to examine possible interactions between exogenous CCK and the 5-HT1A receptor subtype mediated serotonergic effects on feeding in rats. The somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.32 mg/kg sc) evoked feeding in freely feeding rats. This effect was attenuated by treatment with CCK-8 (1, 5 and 25 μg/kg ip). In food deprived rats, CCK-8 (40 μg/kg ip) significantly reduced the size of a test meal. Treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100135 (10 mg/kg ip) antagonized this anorectic effect of CCK-8. WAY-100135 on its own did not affect food intake. These results suggest the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor subtype in mediating 5-HT-CCK interactions in the control of food intake in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233239
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etofibrate suppresses neointima formation of the ballooned common carotid artery of rats (1995)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 352 (1995), S. 424-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Balloon injury ; Carotid artery ; Fibrates ; Neointima ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inhibition of neointima formation by drugs is a major goal to prevent restenosis following angioplasty. In the present study, the effect of etofibrate on blood lipids and vessel wall was investigated using a balloon injury rat model. Two weeks after ballooning the common carotid artery neointima formation was quantified by morphometric measurement of the neointimal area and cellularity in vessel cross sections, and by fluorometric evaluation of the DNA content. Etofibrate (160 mg/kg/day) had no effect on plasma triglyceride levels, but reduced serum cholesterol by about 25%. The injury-induced increase of both the neointimal area and the DNA-content was significantly inhibited by 47% (P 〈0.005) and 34% (P 〈0.05), respectively, in the drug-treated animals in comparison to the untreated control rats. The ratio of neointima and media was significantly (P 〈 0.001) reduced from 152.9 ± 11.6% (controls) to 82.84 ± 12.59% in the etofibrate-treated group. The cellularity (numerical profile and volume density of nuclei) in the neointima was similar in both groups. In conclusion, injury-induced neointima formation is reduced in etofibrate-treated animals, which could be due to an inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172780
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etofibrate suppresses neointima formation of the ballooned common carotid artery of rats (1995)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 352 (1995), S. 424-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Balloon injury ; Carotid artery ; Fibrates ; Neointima ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The inhibition of neointima formation by drugs is a major goal to prevent restenosis following angioplasty. In the present study, the effect of etofibrate on blood lipids and vessel wall was investigated using a balloon injury rat model. Two weeks after ballooning the common carotid artery neointima formation was quantified by morphometric measurement of the neointimal area and cellularity in vessel cross sections, and by fluorometric evaluation of the DNA content. Etofibrate (160 mg/kg/day) had no effect on plasma triglyceride levels, but reduced serum cholesterol by about 25%. The injury-induced increase of both the neointimal area and the DNA-content was significantly inhibited by 47% (P〈0.005) and 34% (P〈0.05), respectively, in the drug-treated animals in comparison to the untreated control rats. The ratio of neointima and media was significantly (P〈0.001) reduced from 152.9±11.6% (controls) to 82.84±12.59% in the etofibrate-treated group. The cellularity (numerical profile and volume density of nuclei) in the neointima was similar in both groups. In conclusion, injury-induced neointima formation is reduced in etofibrate-treated animals, which could be due to an inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172780
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin receptors mediating inhibition of basal and stimulated electrogenic ion transport in rat isolated distal colonic mucosa (1995)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 352 (1995), S. 402-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Electrogenic ion transport ; Rat ; colonic mucosa ; Somatostatin (SRIF) ; BIM-23027 ; BIM-23056 ; L-362855 ; Seglitide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the potencies of several recently identified selective somatostatin (SRIF)-receptor ligands as inhibitors of electrogenic ion transport in the rat distal colonic mucosa with the view to identifying the SRIF receptor type involved. Under basal conditions, cumulative administration of SRIF and SRIF2g decreased short circuit current (SCC), a measure of electrogenic ion transport, with EC50 values of 4 nM and 9 nM respectively. The peptidase inhibitors, phosphoramidon (1 μM) and amastatin (10 μM), had no effect on the potencies of either SRIF or SRIF28. The inhibitory action of SRIF on basal SCC was suppressed by piretanide and diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, compatible with the assumption that the Na+K+2Cl− co-transporter and Cl− channels, respectively, may be involved in this antisecretory action of SRIF. Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) had no effect on the antisecretory action of SRIF, suggesting that the process was not neuronally mediated. All of the SRIF analogues examined, with the exception of BIM-23056, maximally inhibited basal SCC to a similar extent as SRIF. Seglitide and octreotide were both more potent antisecretory agents than SRIF (respective EC50 values, 0.4 nM and 1.5 nM) suggesting that this effect was mediated by a receptor belonging to the SRIF1 receptor group. The most distinguishing feature of the rank order of agonist potencies was the high potency of the selective sst2 receptor ligand, BIM-23027 (EC50, value 0.32 nM), the weaker potency exhibited by the selective sst5 receptor ligand, L-362855 (EC50 value 21 nM), and the lack of agonist activity displayed by the selective sst3 receptor ligand, BIM-23056 (EC50 value 〉 1000 nM). This profile is comparable with that observed in binding studies on the recombinant sst2 receptor. Forskolin-stimulated secretion was suppressed by SRIF analogues with the rank order of agonist potencies BIM-23027 〉 SRIF 〉 L-362855 〉 BIM-23056 which resembled that exibited under basal conditions. However, the absolute potencies of these agonists were lower (respective EC50 values 2 nM, 14 nM, 38 nM and 〉 1000 nM) whilst the magnitude of inhibition was about three fold greater. BIM-23027 and SRIF (both 30 nM) also inhibited carbachol-stimulated increases in basal SCC by 60–70%, while a similar concentration of L-362855 inhibited these responses by 11 %. BIM-23056 (1 μM) had no effect on carbachol-simulated secretion. Radioligand binding studies on rat colonic mucosal membranes using [125I]-Tyr11-SRIF suggested heterogeneity of SRIF binding sites. Thus, SRIF and SRIF28 competed for binding (IC50 values, 0.32 and 0.63 nM, respectively) with Hill slopes less than unity; while seglitide and BIM-23027 both maximally displaced only 30–40% of specific binding with apparent high affinity (respective pIC50 values, 10.1 nM and 10.0). In conclusion, SRIF decreases basal as well as both cAMP and Ca2+-dependent Cl− secretion in rat colonic mucosa. The rank order of agonist potencies suggests that receptors resembling the recombinant sst2 receptor mediate inhibition of basal and forskolin-stimulated secretion. Radioligand binding studies suggest that BIM-23027 interacts with a sub-population of [125I]Tyr11-SRIF binding sites in rat colonic mucosal membranes which probably correspond to the receptors mediating the antisecretory effects described here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172777
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific evaluation of localized bone mass and bone loss in the rat using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry subregional analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 5 (1995), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Absorptiometry ; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Histomorphometry ; Ovariectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), together with the use of ultra-high resolution software, recently appeared as an accurate method for determining bone mineral density (BMD) in the rat. In order to assess the ability of this technique to detect changes in bone mass in the rat rapidly and precisely, we measured BMD at various sites of the femur using DXA subregional analysis. In particular, we studied the BMD of the metaphyseal part of the femur (M-BMD) rich in trabecular bone, and compared the values obtained with the cancellous bone volume measured by histomorphometry. In short-term ovariectomized animals (experiment 1), M-BMD was the only parameter to differentiate statistically between 10 ovariectomized (OVX) and 10 SHAM-operated (SHAM) rats (−11.2%,p〈0.01) 9 days after surgery. M-BMD still expressed the greatest variation between OVX and SHAM rats 42 days following ovariectomy (experiment 2) (−16.1%,p〈0.001 v −6.2%,p〈0.01 for the total femur BMD) and confirmed previous data demonstrating a greater loss of cancellous than cortical bone after cessation of ovarian activity. M-BMD was highly correlated with cancellous bone volume (BV) in normal (r=0.82,p〈0.001,n=30), OVX (r=0.77,p〈0.001,n=22) and SHAM (r=0.88,p〈0.001,n=21) rats. Furthermore, subcutaneous treatment with rat parathyroid hormone fragment (1–34) (r-PTH(1-34)) partially and significantly protected animals from trabecular osteopenia induced by OVX; there was a similar degree of protection of BV and M-BMD (50% and 61% respectively), while BMD of the entire femur achieved complete protection. This M-BMD measurement, specifically reflecting cancellous bone mass as confirmed by the correlation study and the response to PTH treatment, is a sensitve and simple method which can be used to assess any precocious modifications of bone density under physiopathological or therapeutic conditions in experimental rat models of bone loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02106092
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects on haematology parameters during cold storage and cold transport of rat and dog blood samples (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Cold storage ; Cold transport ; Dog ; Haematology ; Parameters ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A sample surveillance programme is scheduled to be conducted on measurement methods of haematology parameters which will include the participation of over 70 facilities. In preparation for that programme, a preliminary study was conducted, at five of the facilities, on the effects of cold storage and transport on rat and dog blood samples. The blood samples used in this study were taken from healthy, untreated rats and dogs from stocks held at each facility, and were anticoagulated with EDTA-2K. The blood samples were stored undisturbed at 4–10°C. The effects of transporting samples were also investigated by placing aliquots of the same samples in a cooler (4–13°C) containing a cold insulator. Red blood cell counts (RBC), total white blood cell counts (WBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB) and platelets (PLT) were measured twice for each sample, i. e., fresh and 24 hours later, and these results were compared. Although blood sampling conditions were similar for all facilities, each facility employed its own method with respect to the analysis. Automated haematology analysers used included the Toa Sysmex E4000/CS, Toa Sysmex E5000, Coulter S-Plus STRK, Technicon H*1 and Nihon Kohden MEK-4500. In the case of rat blood samples, measured values after undisturbed cold storage, fluctuating by −2 to +1% in comparison with values before storage. Measured values after cold transport fluctuated by −2 to +7% in comparison with those before transport. It was concluded, for rat blood samples, that neither storage condition had a significant effect on the results. In the case of dog blood samples, RBC, HCT and HGB values fluctuated by +1 to +2% and 0 to +2% in comparison with prestorage and pretransport values, respectively. They were not, therefore, significantly affected by undisturbed cold storage or cold transport. However, WBC values increased by +18% after undisturbed cold storage and by +18% after cold transport. Conversely, PLT values decreased by −20% both after undisturbed cold storage and cold transport. It is known that dog blood samples are affected by cold storage, and a similar trend was observed in this study. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the distribution of rat blood samples for the conduct of a sample survey of analytical methods under cold storage is suitable, and that it will be necessary to have the samples prepared at a single facility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044141
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-radioactive immunoassays in toxicology: Instrumentation and analysis of hormones (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: T3 ; T4 ; Progesterone ; Rabbit ; Rat ; ELISA ; Automation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have designed and executed comparative studies with the objective of selecting instrumentation for the non-isotope immunological determination of free and total thyroxine (fT4 and tT4), and total triiodothyronine (tT3) and progesterone in rat plasma for general toxicity studies. In addition, this instrumentation has been used for the determination of progesterone in rabbits for early pregnancy diagnosis in reprotoxicity studies. During instrument selection, special emphasis has been given to automation and on-line coupling capabilities, maximal flexibility in method development, walkaway capability, manufacturers' computer validation and GLP performance, linearity and intra-assay CV. For tT3 and tT4, seven instruments have been compared with each other whereas for progesterone and fT4, three instruments were compared. Normal rat plasma values have been subjected to variance analysis, followed by Duncan testing. The instrument selection process finally indicated the ES300 Enzymun ELISA of Boehringer Mannheim as the best candidate on the aspects defined above. Spiking recovery values on the ES300 are presented. The ES300 provides a reliable pregnancy diagnosis for rabbits as early as day +4 after mating in the predosing period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368041
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical pathology in the neonatal rat (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 237-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Clinical chemistry ; Haematology ; Neonate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was performed to collate background data for a range of blood pathology parameters in neonatal rats, strain Crl: CD BR VAF/Plus, which could be used to assess organ maturity and function. This information was considered necessary as concern over neonatal toxicity has been expressed by scientists in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and industrial fields. Haematological and clinical chemistry profiles were generated from neonate blood samples, taken via cardiac puncture. Samples were obtained, under terminal anaesthesia, on days 4, 12, 15 and 20 post partum. Analyses were performed on a regime of pooled and individual samples per sex for each litter. All results were compared with normal blood parameter ranges for non-pregnant rats aged approximately 9–10 weeks. The haematological profile indicated that the pups had an immature haemopoietic system and were developing subclinical but physiological anaemia in the early postnatal period. This was shown by low and decreasing Hb concentration and MCHC, a large proportion of reticulocytes in the red cell mass and low RBC, PCV, total and differential WBC. APTT was considerably shorter in the neonate, whereas PT was longer. Fibrinogen concentration was low. Principal findings from the clinical chemistry profile indicated apparent immaturity of the liver, kidneys and adrenal cortex. In the time course observed GPT, albumin, globulins, sodium and chloride increased; potassium, urea and bilirubin decreased; AP, calcium, phosphates, triglycerides and cholesterol levels were high compared with normal adult ranges. Both profiles showed there to be no obvious differences between the male and female pups up to 20 days post partum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044140
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical pathology in the female rat during the pre- and postnatal period (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Clinical chemistry ; Haematology ; Lactation ; Pregnancy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical pathology parameters are a valuable index relating to the pathophysiological state of an animal and are routinely measured in most toxicological studies. In order to interpret blood data in reproductive studies it is first necessary to know ‘normal’ background ranges through pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to generate this database using the Crl:CD VAF/Plus strain of rat as a model. Blood profiles were generated by bleeding time-mated female rats at various intervals during the pre- and postnatal period (days 7,12,15 and 20 of pregnancy, days 4,12,15 and 20 lactation). A routine set of clinical pathology analyses were performed. The haematology results showed that during pregnancy an increase in plasma volume causes a reduction in haemoglobin concentration, RBC and PCV leading to the onset of ‘emergency haematopoiesis’ and hence an increased reticulocyte count. There was also a decline in circulating WBC, mainly lymphocytes. Both the APTT and PT increased during gestation. With the exception of WBC, the haematology values returned to within normal non-pregnant ranges during lactation. The clinical chemistry results indicated that organ function was changed during gestation and lactation in the dam compared to that of a normal non-pregnant female. These changes were primarily linked to hypertrophy of the liver, changes in hydration and an altered renal threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214486
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localisation of dehydrogenases in rat thymocytes after immunisation (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 98-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Dehydrogenases ; Electron microscope ; Immunisation ; Rat ; Thymus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and localisation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were studied using electron microscopy (EM) and cytochemical reactions in the thymus of rats 3 days afterEscherichia coli immunisation. In thymic lymphoblasts of untreated rat thymus, LDH was present mainly in the nuclear envelope, in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), sometimes in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria, whereas the SDH reaction product was evident in the nuclear envelope and in the mitochondria. In the lymphocytes the LDH and SDH reaction product was observed in some mitochondria and in small quantities in the nuclear envelope. A small amount of LDH reaction product was also present loosely distributed within the cytoplasm. In the treated rats the LDH and SDH localisation was similar to that of the untreated rats, but the amount of both reaction products was increased in the nuclear envelope. Since the lymphocytes both in treated and untreated animals showed small amounts of LDH and SDH reaction product compared to that observed in the lymphoblasts, our results show a correlation between the level of cell maturation and the distribution of LDH and SDH reaction product in the thymocytes of both treated and untreated rats. However, the increase of LDH and SDH in the nuclear envelope of thymocytes of treated animals indicates a variation of cell metabolism afterE. coli immunisation. This finding would suggest that the nuclear envelope is a probable site of enzyme synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638926
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some species differences in the false prolongation of prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times in toxicology (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 140-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: APTT ; Dog ; Human ; Monkey ; Mouse ; PT ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Stability ; Storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in plasma activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) and prothrombin times (PT) in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys and human were examined for up to 96 h at storage temperatures of 4 and 25°C. Prolongation of APTT in rats was rapid and marked, with times doubling within 24 h post-sampling. Plasma APTT of human and monkey were also affected, but to a lesser extent. No effect was observed in mice, rabbits and dogs. On the other hand, the magnitude of PT changes was much smaller than that observed with APTT in all species. No significant differences were noted between the results from samples stored at 4°C or 25°C for either test. The false prolongation of APTT is clearly undesirable in a toxicity study, especially in rats. It is important therefore to minimise these changes by performing this test under strict time-controlled conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638933
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxisomes and Hepatotoxicity (1995)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 5 (1995), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Cell lines ; Guinea pig ; Human ; Hypolipaemic agents ; Peroxisome proliferators ; Rat ; Species difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles of eukaryotic cells and are present in significant amounts in hepatic liver cells. Peroxisomal enzymes contribute to several metabolic pathways including fatty acid, purine and amino acid catabolism or bile acid synthesis. The peroxisomal oxidative reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, mostly degraded by catalase which prevents oxidative stress. Moreover, peroxisomes are involved in arylderivative drug detoxification through its epoxide hydrolase activity. In rodents the exposure of cells to xenobiotic compounds such as fibrates, phthalates/adipates and chlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives, which are used as hypolipaemic drugs, plasticizers and pesticides respectively, lead to a liver mass increase and to a high peroxisome proliferation. This latter event is due to a strong genetic activation triggered by the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator activated nuclear receptor). Human contrasts with rodent since there is no, or little, effect of the above cited compounds. In contrast, the defect of single or multiple peroxisomal functions caused by genetic disorders lead to an increase of very long chain fatty acid level, which is toxic, especially for brain and kidney. The liver response to xenobiotics of the peroxisome proliferator class may be modulated by auxiliary compounds such as hormones (e.g. thyroid hormone) or nutriments (e.g. retinoids).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368043
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI appearances of the asymptomatic patellar tendon on gradient echo imaging (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Patellar tendon ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gradient echo (GRE) sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thickening of the patellar tendon and foci of increased signal intensity have been described as characteristic features of “jumper's knee” (chronic patellar tendinitis) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was our impression that such appearances may be seen in the patellar tendons of patients without symptoms referable to the anterior part of the knee when using gradient echo images. The appearances of the asymptomatic patellar tendon on three-dimensional gradient echo sequences were studied by retrospectively reviewing the images of 60 patients, none of whom had symptoms related to the anterior part of the knee. The anteroposterior width of the patellar tendon was measured at three levels (superior, middle and inferior) on the central sagittal image of a gradient echo sequence. The relative signal intensities at the same levels were recorded. In 97% of subjects the superior part of the tendon was wider than the midpoint, and in 97% the inferior part was wider than the midpoint. The range of widths was wide, and there was no significant difference between sexes. Focal increased signal intensity in the superior part was shown in 75%, and in the inferior part in 43%. The asymptomatic patellar tendon shows uniform thickness throughout most of its length, but there are focal expansions at the proximal and distal ends. It usually demonstrates low signal on MRI, but may contain foci of increased signal intensity at either or both ends when imaged on gradient-echo sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198074
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinctive radiological features of small hand joints in rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthritis demonstrated by contrast-enhanced (Gd-DTPA) magnetic resonance imaging (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gd-DTPA ; Contrast medium enhancement ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; Seronegative spondyloarthritis ; Differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A series of patients with clinically early inflammatory joint disease due to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome were examined by plain film radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The spin echo T1-weighted precontrast, T2-weighted, and, especially, T1-weighted postcontrast images demonstrated distinct differences in the distribution of inflamatory changes, both within and adjacent to involved small hand joints. Two major subtypes of inflammatory arthritis were shown, thus providing a specific differential diagnosis between rheumatoid arthritis and some patients with seronegative spondyloarthritis. In particular, all the patients with Reiter's syndrome who were studied, and half of those with psoriatic arthritis, had a distinctive pattern of extra-articular disease involvement. The need for a new classification of clinical subsets in psoriatic arthritis has been recently suggested. The present findings suggest that magnetic resonance imaging could be useful in such a reclassification of seronegative spondyloarthritis, as well as offering considerable potential for a reappraisal of pathogenesis and therapy. In this series, it was also noted that juxta-articular osteoporosis on plain film did not correlate with bone marrow oedema on MRI. Hence the aetiology of this common radiographic finding also merits further consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197064
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Juvenile spondyloarthropathies: clinical manifestations and medical imaging (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 399-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Spondyloarthropathy ; Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis ; Juvenile psoriatic arthritis ; Arthritis with IBD ; Reiter's syndrome ; Reactive arthritis ; Enthesitis ; Sacroiliitis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spondyloarthropathies comprise four distinct entities — ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, the arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, and Reiter's syndrome and other related forms of reactive arthritis. Although these are distinct diseases, they have a number of clinical, radiologie, and genetic characteristics in common which permit them to be classified under the unifying term “spondyloarthropathy”. They are diseases of young adults, and when they present in patients under 16 years of age we refer to them as the “juvenile” spondyloarthropathies. They must be distinguished from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, which is a totally separate entity; however the distinction may not always be obvious. Involvement of peripheral and sacroiliac joints commonly occurs in the juvenile spondyloarthropathies. The peripheral arthritis may be erosive and associated with bone apposition at the joint margins. Axial involvement is usually a late finding. Dactylitis and tenosynovitis are frequently present early on. Enthesitis, a highly specific feature, occurs much more often in the juvenile spondyloarthropathies than in the adult forms and it may be the only presenting feature. The plain radiograph is the primary and most important imaging modality for the assessment of these diseases. However, an expanding role of magnetic resonance imaging is evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941234
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cat scratch disease: magnetic resonance imaging findings (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Cat scratch disease ; Infectious lymphaden ; opathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cat scratch disease is an infectious lymphadenitis frequently occurring in children and adolescents. We present the magnetic resonance imaging findings of two patients with this disease. In both cases, lymphadenopathy was characterized by extensive stranding of the surrounding soft tissues, consistent with the inflammatory nature of this condition. Magnetic resonance imaging can be diagnostic and may obviate the need for invasive means of evaluation in patients suspected of having cat scratch disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941241
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis of popliteus injuries with MR imaging (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Injuries ; Tendons ; Muscles ; Popliteus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. Popliteal muscle and tendon injuries are thought to be unusual. This report describes the magnetic resonance (MR) appearances of popliteus muscle and tendon injuries. Design and patients. The study included 24 patients where the diagnoses of popliteal injuries were prospectively made based on MR appearances. The study group was taken from 2412 consecutive knee MRIs. The injuries were characterized as to involving the muscular or tendinous portions of the popliteus apparatus. Results. In 95.8% (23/24) of patients, the tears of the popliteus involved the muscular portion. The injuries were either partial and interstitial or complete. Three patients had tears of both the muscular and tendinous portions or the tendon alone. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were torn in 16.7% (4/24) and 29.2% (7/24) of patients, respectively. There were medial and lateral meniscal tears in 45.8% (11/24) and 25% (6/24) of patients, respectively. There were injuries of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments in 8.3% (2/24) and 4.2% (1/24) of patients, respectively. Bone bruises and/or fractures were seen in 33.3% (8/24) patients. In 8.3% (2/24) of patients, the popliteus injury was an isolated finding. Conclusion. Popliteus muscle and tendon injuries are not uncommon. They usually occur in conjunction with other significant injuries of the knee and can be characterized with MR imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202148
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MR imaging of a meniscal ossicle (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 543-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Meniscus ; Meniscal ossicle ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the MR appearance of a meniscal ossicle, which is an unusual etiology for knee pain. The role of MR in differentiating a meniscal ossicle from a loose body is presented. The MR images also demonstrated associated tibial cartilage thinning and a possible meniscal tear. These MR findings led to arthroscopic treatment rather than conservative management. A review of the literature on meniscal ossicles is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202157
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synovial hemangioma of the knee: MRI findings in two cases (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 579-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Knee ; Synovial hemangioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The findings in two patients with histologically proven synovial hemangioma of the knee are described. Both cases emphasize the typical appearance of this unusual tumor on magnetic resonance imaging. Additional radiologic findings, such as adjacent osseous involvement, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204855
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging of hereditary hernias of the peroneus longus muscle (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 601-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Muscle hernias ; Peroneus longus ; Fascial defects ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Herniation of the left peroneus longus muscle was present in three male members of the same family, being the first reported case of this condition in a familial setting. The hernias were differentiated from other mass lesions and varices by magnetic resonance imaging. The images demonstrated a fascial defect originating in the area where vessels and nerves penetrate the fascia, suggesting that the three men had a congenital weakness in the fascia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204860
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synovial hemangioma: imaging features in eight histologically proven cases, review of the literature, and differential diagnosis (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Vascular lesions ; Hemangioma ; Synovial hemangioma ; Soft tissue tumors ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to describe the imaging characteristics of synovial hemangioma, with the goal of improving the disappointing rate (22%) of clinical diagnosis of this condition. A review of the literature and the differential diagnosis of intra-articular lesions, including synovial osteochondromatosis and pigmented villonodular synovitis, are also presented. Patients The subjects of the study were 8 patients (4 males, 4 females; age range: 5–47 years; mean age: 19 years) with histologically confirmed synovial hemangioma involving the knee (n=7) or wrist (n=1). We retrospectively examined the imaging studies performed in these patients, including plain radiography (n=8), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n=4), angiography (n=3), arthrography (n=2), and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT; n=2). Results Plain radiographs showed a soft tissue density suggesting either joint effusion or a mass in all patients. Phleboliths and bone erosions on plain films in four patients with extra-articular soft tissue involvement pointed to the correct diagnosis. Angiography, showing fine-caliber, smooth-walled vessels, contrast pooling in dilated vascular spaces, and early visualization of venous structures, was diagnostic in two patients. Neither arthrography nor CT yielded specific enough findings. MRI was consistently effective in allowing the correct diagnosis to be made preoperatively, showing an intra-articular or juxta-articular mass of intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and of high signal intensity on T2or T2*-weighted images with low-signal channels or septa within it. A fluid-fluid level was found in two patients with a cavernous-type lesion. Conclusion Despite the limited nature of this study, it shows clearly that MRI is the procedure of choice whenever an intra-articular vascular lesion such as synovial hemangioma is suspected. Nonetheless, phleboliths and evidence of extra-articular extension on plain radiographs point to angiography as an effective procedure of first resort because it can be combined with embolotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204857
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualisation of subchondral erosion in rat monoarticular arthritis by magnetic resonance imaging (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Rat ; Knee ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radiography ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate antigen-induced monoarticular arthritis (AIMA) in the rat. In sagittal, spin-echo images of the knee, characteristic parallel bands, in the order dark-light-dark, were consistently observed 5–8 days after arthritis induction; the bands ran concentric with, and just beneath, the femoral and tibial articular surfaces. Concurrent radiology, histology and MRI (chemical shift-selective imaging and contrast enhancement with magnetisation transfer and gadolinium) established that the phenomenon reflected subchondral erosion, not artefact. The outer hypointense band corresponded to calcified cartilage underlying the articular surface. The central hyperintense band reflected inflammatory matrix displacing normal haematopoietic tissue immediately subchondrally; here, trabecular bone had mostly disappeared, but adjacent articular cartilage, although under attack and lacking proteoglycan, appeared structurally normal. The inner hypointense band reflected deeper, truncated trabeculae within inflammatory matrix, layered with pallisading osteoblast-like cells. This study exemplifies the power of MRI for revealing localised joint pathology non-invasively, and shows that rat AIMA shares many pathological features with arthritis in human beings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197062
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gadopentetate-dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging of osteonecrosis and osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow: initial experience (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Elbow ; Osteonecrosis ; Osteochondritis dissecans ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadopentetate dimeglumine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on seven patients with aseptic osteonecrosis (n=4) and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD;n=3) of the elbow. Precontrast MRI was superior to plain radiographs, which did not show any abnormality in three cases of osteonecrosis. On gadopentetate-dimeglumine-enhanced T1-weighted images, which were obtained in three patients with osteonecrosis and three patients with OCD, all cases of osteonecrosis demonstrated homogeneous enhancement of the lesions. All cases of OCD were diagnosed on plain radiographs. On MRI one showed significant enhancement of the loose body. In another case an incompletely enhancing loose body was surrounded by a diffusely enhancing region. In the third patient only a small marginal enhancement of the defect was observed. Our results suggest that MRI can improve the accuracy in diagnosis of aseptic osteonecrosis of the elbow. The use of gadopentetate dimeglumine allows the viability of the lesions or the loose bodies to be demonstrated and reparative tissue to be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02425939
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging of intraosseous lipomas: a radiologic-pathologic correlation (1995)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 24 (1995), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Intraosseous lipoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four patients with intraosseous lipomas were studied with magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging features and histology of each tumor were compared. Magnetic resonance imaging was very helpful in establishing a pathologic diagnosis. If a severe degree of involution was present, then the magnetic resonance findings could be ambiguous, making diagnosis more difficult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02425945
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleolar segregation as an early marker for DNA damage; an experimental study in rats treated with 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (1995)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 426 (1995), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Nucleolar segregation ; 4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide ; Rat ; DNA adducts ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male 6-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were given a single intravenous injection of 4-hydroxyamino-quinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO) at a dose of 20 mg/kg in order to produce ultrastructural changes as possible morphological biomarkers for toxicity. Immunohistochemically demonstrated formation of 4HAQO-DNA adduct was correlated with the changes found. Nucleolar alteration, demonstrable by electron microscopy as segregation of nucleolar components into granular and fibrillar compartments, was evident in cells of the target organs, exocrine pancreas and adrenocortex, but not of the non-target liver parenchyma. Sequential observation clarified that such alteration was highest in frequency 6 h and 4 h after 4HAQO administration in pancreatic acinar cells and adrenocortical cells respectively. Electron microscopically, apoptotic changes of acinar cells were evident 2 h after injection of 4HAQO. DNA adduct formation was consistently demonstrated in the same target organs showing nucleolar segregation, the highest frequency being noted 4 h after 4HAQO treatment in both pancreatic acinar cells and adrenocortical cells. Our results thus indicate an identity of the target cells for nucleolar segregation and 4HAQO-DNA adduct formation which correlates with 4HAQO-toxicity. We suggest that nucleolar segregation occurs subsequent to the generation of DNA damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191367
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoform distribution in the rat pelvic ganglion: effects of diabetes and bladder outlet obstruction (1995)
    Springer
    Urological research 23 (1995), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Rat ; Pelvic ganglion ; Lactate dehydrogenase ; Isoforms ; Infravescial obstruction ; Diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have previously shown that the intramural motor nerves in the rat bladder can function in anoxic conditions. The present study aims to explore the distribution and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the key enzyme for ATP generation in anoxia. The activity and isoform distribution pattern of LDH was studied in pelvic ganglia from male and female rats. A histochemical investigation showed that the LDH activity was intense in the ganglion cells, and weak in the other tissue components (nerve bundles, connective tissue). The male pelvic ganglion weighed 55% more than the female pelvic ganglion, the enzyme activity per unit ganglion weight was 60% higher and the total LDH activity was 155% higher. The isoform distribution was similar, with M4 being dominant isoform, followed by M3H. Infravesical outlet obstruction in the female rat induced a threefold increase in ganglion weight, and the total LDH activity increased twofold. In this hypertrophic female ganglion a decreased relative amount of M4, and an increased amount of MH3, was found. Diabetes in the male rat had no effect on ganglion weight or its contents and isoform distribution of LDH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698742
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the mesenteric vascular bed (1995)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 17 (1995), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Endothelial cells ; Isolation ; Culture ; Mesentery ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods are described for the enzymatic isolation of endothelial cells from rat and rabbit mesenteric arteries and veins. The mesenteric vascular bed is incubated with an enzyme solution containing collagenase, deoxyribonuclease, papain, dithiothreitol and bovine serum albumin for 45 min at 37 °C in a shaking waterbath. After the 45 min digestion, cells are centrifuged and plated. This method yields an endothelial cell population with a high plating efficiency which is relatively free of smooth muscle contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986231
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss of hilar somatostatin neurons following tetanus toxin-induced seizures (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Hippocampus ; Rat ; Somatostatin ; Tetanus toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A loss of inhibitory interneurons has been reported in the hippocampus following seizure activity in various animal models of epilepsy and in human epileptic tissue. The question of whether particular populations of inhibitory neurons are similarly affected by the chronic block of inhibition tha tresults after tetanus toxin injections directly into the brain has not previously been addressed. In the present study a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of tetanus toxin into the ventral hippocampus was used to produce a chronic epileptic syndrome characterised by brief seizures that recurred intermittently for 6–8 weeks. The results reveal, for the first time, the morphological changes in somatostatin interneurons following tetanus toxin-induced seizures in the rat. A bilateral short-term increase in immunoreactivity of somatostatin neurons is present 1 week after injection. This is accompanied by an increased intensity of somatostatin-immunoreactive axon terminals in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is more marked on the contralateral side. A chronic and significant loss of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons was noted in the hilus of the dentate gyrus 2 months later. The significance of the chronic loss of the hilar somatostatin neurons in the control of excitatory activity in the dentate gyrus and whether the acute morphological changes are due to a direct action of the toxin on release mechanisms or as a result of seizure activity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307647
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pathology of the lower leg muscles in pure forefoot pes cavus (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 552-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Pes cavus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pathology ; Morphometry ; Peroneus longus hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enlargement of the peroneus longus muscle is a common occurrence in patients with forefoot pes cavus, and may contribute to the cavus deformity. The present study compares the morphology of up to five lower leg muscles from 17 patients with forefoot pes cavus with those of normal muscles. Eight cases had an identifiable neurogenic cause for the cavus. In four cases of hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy, the tibialis anterior showed more severe damage than the peroneus longus. In two cases of cerebral palsy, fibre atrophy and increased oxidative enzyme activity were observed. In nine clinically idiopathic cases, the histological appearances ranged from normal to generalised fibre atrophy or hypertrophy in individual muscles. There was a trend for the mean fibre area to be greater in peroneus longus than in tibialis anterior in six of the idiopathic group of patients. The muscle cross-sectional area on magnetic resonance imaging was correlated closely with the mean fibre area measured on tissue sections. In idiopathic forefoot pes cavus, fibre hypertrophy in peroneus longus (relative to tibialis anterior) may contribute to the cavus deformity. Muscle fibre hyperplasia may contribute to the peroneal muscle enlargement in Friedreich's ataxia. In none of the cases was peroneus longus enlargement due to fat or fibrous tissue replacement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571511
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pathology of the lower leg muscles in pure forefoot pes cavus (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 552-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pes cavus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pathology ; Morphometry ; Peroneus longus hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enlargement of the peroneus longus muscle is a common occurrence in patients with forefoot pes cavus, and may contribute to the cavus deformity. The present study compares the morphology of up to five lower leg muscles from 17 patients with forefoot pes cavus with those of normal muscles. Eight cases had an identifiable neurogenic cause for the cavus. In four cases of hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy, the tibialis anterior showed more severe damage than the peroneus longus. In two cases of cerebral palsy, fibre atrophy and increased oxidative enzyme activity were observed. In nine clinically idiopathic cases, the histological appearances ranged from normal to generalised fibre atrophy or hypertrophy in individual muscles. There was a trend for the mean fibre area to be greater in peroneus longus than in tibialis anterior in six of the idiopathic group of patients. The muscle cross-sectional area on magnetic resonance imaging was correlated closely with the mean fibre area measured on tissue sections. In idiopathic forefoot pes cavus, fibre hypertrophy in peroneus longus (relative to tibialis anterior) may contribute to the cavus deformity. Muscle fibre hyperplasia may contribute to the peroneal muscle enlargement in Friedreich's ataxia. In none of the cases was peroneus longus enlargement due to fat or fibrous tissue replacement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571511
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of systemically administered human anticerebellar antibody by rat Purkinje cells following blood-brain barrier disruption (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Purkinje cells ; Blood-brain barrier ; Human anticerebellar antibody ; Rat ; Paraneoplastic syndromes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration accompanying gynecological or breast malignancies is frequently associated with an autoantibody response, termed “type I” or “anti-Yo” directed against cytoplasmic antigens of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The role of this antibody response in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is unknown; however, it is also not known whether anti-Purkinje cell antibodies from the systemic circulation bind to target Purkinje cell antigens under the conditions of brain inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption, which are frequently present at the onset of cerebellar symptoms. Inbred Lewis rats received intraperitoneal injections of type I or normal IgG in the setting of blood-brain barrier disruption induced by adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and were killed after 24, 48, and 96h. Brains of these animals were studied histologically for evidence of EAE and immunohistochemically for binding of human or endogenous rat IgG to target neurons. Rat IgG was detected around vessels and in Purkinje cells of all animals studied. Human IgG was detected around vessels of all animals. In animals examined 96 h after receiving type I human IgG, human IgG was identified within processes of Purkinje cells and within occasional Purkinje cell bodies. Uptake of type I IgG by other cell types was not observed, and neuronal uptake of IgG was not seen in brains of animals receiving normal human IgG. Our data demonstrate that circulating type I IgG is internalized by cerebellar Purkinje cells in the setting of blood-brain barrier disruption and suggest a mechanism by which an antibody response directed against cytoplasmic antigens of Purkinje cells may reach target antigens at the onset of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309627
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of systemically administered human anticerebellar antibody by rat Purkinje cells following blood-brain barrier disruption (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Purkinje cells ; Blood-brain barrier ; Human anticerebellar antibody ; Rat ; Paraneoplastic syndromes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration accompanying gynecological or breast malignancies is frequently associated with an autoantibody response, termed "type I" or "anti-Yo" directed against cytoplasmic antigens of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The role of this antibody response in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is unknown; however, it is also not known whether anti-Purkinje cell antibodies from the systemic circulation bind to targe t Purkinje cell antigens under the conditions of brain inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption, which are frequently present at the onset of cerebellar symptoms. Inbred Lewis rats received intraperitoneal injections of type I or normal IgG in the setting of blood-brain barrier disruption induced by adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and were killed after 24, 48, and 96 h. Brains of these animals were studied histologically for evidence of EAE and immunohistochemically for binding of human or endogenous rat IgG to target neurons. Rat IgG was detected around vessels and in Purkinje cells of all animals studied. Human IgG was detected around vessels of all animals. In animals examined 96 h after receiving type I human IgG, human IgG was identified within processes of Purkinje cells and within occasional Purkinje cell bodies. Uptake of type I IgG by other cell types was not observed, and neuronal uptake of IgG was not seen in brains of animals receiving normal human IgG. Ou r data demonstrate that circulating type I IgG is internalized by cerebellar Purkinje cells in the setting of blood-brain barrier disruption and suggest a mechanism by which an antibody response directed against cytoplasmic antigens of Purkinje cells may reach target antigens at the onset of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309627
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidized cellulose causes focal neuropathy, possibly by a diffusible chemical mechanism (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Nerve blood flow ; Neuropathy ; Oxidized cellulose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We observed incidentally that rat sciatic nerve in contact with oxidized cellulose (OC), an absorbable hemostatic agent, underwent focal fiber degeneration, and we undertook studies to determine the mechanism of its production. Topically applied OC generated acute nerve damage within the adjacent nerve fascicle of rat sciatic nerve in a dose-dependent fashion (r = 0.99, P 〈 0.01, threshold amount: 9.9 mg). In single teased fibers, the predominant type of myelinated fiber damage was axonal degeneration. The subperineurial blood flow of the rat sciatic nerve was serially measured by microelectrode hydrogen polarography, and the reduction at 90 min after application of OC was not greater than that of controls. A thin polyethylene membrane interposed between OC and the sciatic nerve almost completely prevented the nerve damage. These data suggest that the chief mechanism of nerve damage by OC was neither compression nor ischemia, but was a diffusible chemical mechanism. Care should be taken to avoid direct OC application around peripheral nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296512
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    G-protein activation enhances Ca+2-dependent lipid secretion of the rat Harderian gland (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Harderian gland ; Rat ; G-protein ; Carbachol ; Extracellular calcium ion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the secretory mechanism of the Harderian gland of rats. After perfusion with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution containing NaF (10 mM) with AlCl3 (10 μM), a G-protein activator, the glandular cells of the Harderian gland showed massive exocytosis and apocrine-like protrusions on the luminal surface. Some of the secretory vacuoles aggregated within the cytoplasm, and large vacuoles were formed. Contraction of the myoepithelial cells covering the glandular endpieces caused a narrowing of the glandular lumina, which contained cytoplasmic fragments, and deformation of the basal contour of the glandular end-pieces. The basal regions of the glandular cells also bulged between the myoepithelial cells. Secretory vacuoles were also discharged to the lateral cell surface, and the intercellular spaces were dilated. The enhanced secretory activities of the glandular cells and the contraction of the myoepithelial cells were similar to those in rats stimulated with 10 μM carbachol (CCh). However, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum in glandular cells (type A cells), which leads to the formation of small vesicles, was observed in those glands stimulated by NaF+AlCl3, but not in those stimulated by CCh. Removal of Ca+2 from the perfusing HR or addition of EDTA (0.5 mM) diminished and inhibited NaF+AlCl3- or CCh-enhanced secretory activity of the glandular cells and also allayed the deformation of glandular cells caused by myoepithelial cell contraction. The present results demonstrate the involvement of G-proteins and Ca2+-influx in the lipid secretion of glandular cells and in the contraction of myoepithelial cells of the Harderian gland in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710101
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alpha calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II immunoreactivity in corticospinal neurons: combination of axonal transport method and immunofluorescence (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pyramidal tract ; Phosphorylation ; Immunofluorescence ; Motor cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combination of either retrograde or anterograde fluorescent tracer and immunofluorescence histochemistry using the monoclonal antibody specific for the alpha isoform of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase IIα) was employed to test whether CaM kinase IIα is expressed in somata of corticospinal neurons and their axons over their whole course. After the injection of carbocyanine dye DiI into the hindlimb area of the primary motor cortex of the rat, corticospinal axons and their terminal arbors were anterogradely labeled: DiI-labeled corticospinal fibers proceeded caudally in the ipsilateral internal capsule, cerebral peduncle and medullary pyramid, crossed at the pyramidal decussation and descended in the ventralmost area of the contralateral dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord. These DiI-labeled corticospinal axons expressed strong CaM kinase IIα immunoreactivity along their course. However, their terminal arbors within the gray matter of the lumbar cord were very weakly immunostained. With the injection of Fast Blue into the lumbar enlargement of the rat, somata of corticospinal neurons in layer V of the motor cortex were retrogradely labeled. The subsequent immunofluorescent histochemistry revealed that more than 80% of Fast Blue-labeled corticospinal neurons were immunostained with CaM kinase IIα antibody. The present immunohistochemical study demonstrated that CaM kinase IIα is strongly expressed in both somata and axons of a majority of corticospinal neurons, although we could not detect this enzyme in the corticospinal terminals in the spinal target areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186001
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss of hilar somatostatin neurons following tetanus toxin-induced seizures (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Hippocampus ; Rat ; Somatostatin ; Tetanus toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A loss of inhibitory interneurons has been reported in the hippocampus following seizure activity in various animal models of epilepsy and in human epileptic tissue. The question of whether particular populations of inhibitory neurons are similarly affected by the chronic block of inhibition that results after tetanus toxin injections directly into the brain has not previously been addressed. In the present study a unilateral intrahippocampal injection of tetanus toxin into the ventral hippocampus was used to produce a chronic epileptic syndrome characterised by brief seizures that recurred intermittently for 6–8 weeks. The results reveal, for the first time, the morphological changes in somatostatin interneurons following tetanus toxin-induced seizures in the rat. A bilateral short-term increase in immunoreactivity of somatostatin neurons is present 1 week after injection. This is accompanied by an increased intensity of somatostatin-immunoreactive axon terminals in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is more marked on the contralateral side. A chronic and significant loss of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons was noted in the hilus of the dentate gyrus 2 months later. The significance of the chronic loss of the hilar somatostatin neurons in the control of excitatory activity in the dentate gyrus and whether the acute morphological changes are due to a direct action of the toxin on release mechanisms or as a result of seizure activity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307647
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidized cellulose causes focal neuropathy, possibly by a diffusible chemical mechanism (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nerve blood flow ; Neuropathy ; Oxidized cellulose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We observed incidentally that rat sciatic nerve in contact with oxidized cellulose (OC), an absorbable hemostatic agent, underwent focal fiber degeneration, and we undertook studies to determine the mechanism of its production. Topically applied OC generated acute nerve damage within the adjacent nerve fascicle of rat sciatic nerve in a dose-dependent fashion (r=0.99, P〈0.01, threshold amount: 9.9 mg). In signle teased fibers, the predominant type of myelinated fiber damage was axonal degeneration. The subperineurial blood flow of the rat sciatic nerve was serially measured by microelectrode hydrogen polarography, and the reduction at 90 min ather application of OC was not greater than that of controls. A thin polyethylene membrane interposed between OC and the sciatic nerve almost completely prevented the nerve damage. These data suggest that the chief mechanism of nerve damage by OC was neither compression nor ischemia, but was a diffusible chemical mechanism. Care should be taken to avoid direct OC application around preripheral nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296512
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of maternal adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid administration on the development of rat cerebral cortex (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Prenatal development ; Cerebral cortex ; Adrenalectomy ; Glucocorticoid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the incidence of maternal glucocorticoids on morphological parameters in fetal development, we performed optic and electron microscopic analysis of the cerebral cortex of fetuses of 16 and 20 days of gestation, from control (C) and pregnant rats bilaterally adrenalectomized on day 1 of gestation (ADX). We also studied fetuses 20 days old from pregnant rats betamethasone-injected on days 15, 16 and 17 (BET), and adrenalectomized on day 1 and betamethasone-injected on days 15, 16 and 17 (ADX+BET). Absence of maternal glucocorticoids during gestation caused, in fetuses 16 and 20 days old, a marked increase of cellular density, laxity of tissue and lower cellular maturation in comparison with the control group. Beta-methasone injected into sham-operated animals (BET) caused a slight advance in relation to controls in developmental parameters such as cellular density, maturation and synapse formation. Betamethasone injection into adrenalectomized animals prevented the lower degree of maturation characteristic of the adrenalectomized group, although an increase of cellular density could be detected. The cerebral cortex from fetuses of 16 days of gestation from adrenalectomized mothers also showed an increase of cellular density as compared with the control group. These results show that glucocorticoids participate in prenatal rat brain in control mechanisms of cellular division and maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186994
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coculture of the vomeronasal organ and olfactory bulb of the fetal rat (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 415-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vomeronasal axon ; Fasciculation ; Synapse ; Organotypic culture ; Rat ; Vomeronasal system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The vomeronasal organ and the olfactory bulb of the rat were cocultured from 15-day embryo siblings on collagen-coated membrane in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing fetal calf serum, horse serum, and antibiotics. At 4 days in vitro (DIV), vomeronasal axons forming two to three large fascicles were seen originating from the explants of the vomeronasal organ. Differential axonal growth was observed. Some fascicles made connections with the explants of the olfactory bulb. Twenty percent of the cocultures studied here showed the formation of connections. At 6–10 DIV many fascicles that did not connect with the olfactory bulb had degenerated, and large fascicles that were connected with the olfactory bulb survived for more than 10 DIV. The formation of connections between the vomeronasal organ and the olfactory bulb in coculture favors the survival of large nerve fascicles, but it could not be determined whether or not the presence of the olfactory bulb affects the initial orientation of the fibers and fascicles from the explants of the vomeronasal organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240374
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging reveals a markedly inhomogeneous distribution of marrow cellularity in a patient with myelodysplasia (1995)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 71 (1995), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Myelodysplasic syndrome ; Leukemia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Bone marrow biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 47-year-old male patient with myelodysplasia showed increasing values of serum lactate dehydrogenase (up to 3500 units/l) and an increasing blast count. Several biopsies (taken from the posterior iliac crest) revealed marked hypocellularity. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging of the marrow demonstrated an inhomogeneous distribution of marrow with hypocellular and also large hypercellular areas not detected by cytological and histological analysis. A location for biopsy of hypercellular marrow was provided by T1-weighted and water-selective magnetic resonance imaging. The findings in the patient were compared with those in a matched healthy volunteer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01702650
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic resonance imaging reveals a markedly inhomogeneous distribution of marrow cellularity in a patient with myelodysplasia (1995)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 71 (1995), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Myelodysplasic syndrome ; Leukemia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Bone marrow biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 47-year-old male patient with myelodysplasia showed increasing values of serum lactate dehydrogenase (up to 3500 units/l) and an increasing blast count. Several biopsies (taken from the posterior iliac crest) revealed marked hypocellularity. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging of the marrow demonstrated an inhomogeneous distribution of marrow with hypocellular and also large hypercellular areas not detected by cytological and histological analysis. A location for biopsy of hypercellular marrow was provided by T1-weighted and water-selective magnetic resonance imaging. The findings in the patient were compared with those in a matched healthy volunteer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01702650
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The long-term metabolic function of intraportal and renal subcapsular islet isografts and the effect on glomerular basement membrane thickness in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 1014-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; pancreatic islet ; transplantation ; diabetes mellitus ; nephropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies of intraportal islet autotransplantation in large animals have reported graft failure after months or years. In the rat it has been reported that intraportal islet isografts eventually failed whilst islets transplanted to the renal subcapsule functioned up to a year. We made Dark Agouti (DA) rats severely diabetic with streptozotocin, then 1000 or 3000 DA islets were transplanted beneath the renal capsule or into the liver. One set of transplanted rats and untreated diabetic and normal non-diabetic littermates were monitored lifelong by measurement of plasma glucose, others were killed at 6, 12 and 18 months for measurement of haemoglobin A1c, intravenous glucose tolerance test, pancreas insulin content and histology of the kidney. Renal glomerular basement membrane thickness was measured by the orthogonal intercept method. The results showed that intraportal isografts reversed hyperglycaemia significantly faster than renal subcapsular isografts. In the renal subcapsular site, consistent reversal of diabetes was achieved with 3000 islets but not with 1000 islets. Furthermore, intraportal islet grafts with 3000 islets led to lower, normal random glucose level than renal subcapsular grafts for the first 13 months. Normoglycaemia was maintained life-long in all rats that achieved early normoglycaemia after transplantation of 3000 islets, irrespective of the site of islet transplantation. The fasting glucose, haemoglobin A1c levels, K value and glomerular basement membrane thickness of the recipients of 3000 islets to either the intraportal and subcapsular site were not significantly different from each other and the normal controls up to 18 months. We conclude that, in streptozotocin diabetic DA rats, normoglycaemia following transplantation of an adequate mass of pancreatic islet tissue (3000 islets) to the liver or beneath the renal capsule is lifelong and the development of glomerular basement membrane thickening is prevented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402170
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Updated management strategy for patients with cervical osteophytic dysphagia (1995)
    Springer
    Dysphagia 10 (1995), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0460
    Keywords: Dysphagia ; Osteophyte ; Cervical spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Carcinoma ; Surgery ; Deglutition ; Deglutition disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anterior cervical osteophytes impinging upon the pharynx or esophagus constitute a rare cause of dysphagia. In severe cases, surgical removal of these osteophytes can provide symptomatic relief. We describe a patient of this type who failed to improve postoperatively, only to be found subsequently to have a carcinoma of the base of the tongue. To assist other clinicians in evaluating similar patients, and also to emphasize the great utility of modern radiologic techniques in these cases, we propose a diagnostic algorithm that incorporates magnetic resonance or computerized tomographic imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260972
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of histidine decarboxylase mRNA in various rat tissues by the polymerase chain reaction (1995)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 44 (1995), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Histidine decarboxylase mRNA ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA in various rat tissues were quantitated by using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in which a mouse mRNA was used as an internal standard. The stomach HDC mRNA level was the highest followed by the brain, skin, jejunum, spleen and liver. There was no measurable HDC mRNA in the kidney. The stomach HDC activity was also the highest followed by the brain, skin, spleen, jejunum, liver and kidney. A significant correlation (r = 0.940,p 〈 0.0001) was observed between the HDC mRNA levels and HDC activities in these tissues. We have also examined the HDC mRNA levels in fasting rats and found that HDC mRNA levels in the stomach were reduced after the 48-hr-fasting with the decrease in HDC activities. These observations indicate that there may exist a gene regulation, at least at the basal level, for the HDC activities in the rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782020
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant Gartner duct cyst: Magnetic resonance imaging findings (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 566-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Genitourinary tract abnormalities ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pelcic cysts ; Congenital anomalies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gartner duct cysts derive from remnants of the vaginal portion of the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts. In cases of incomplete regression of these ducts, cysts can develop due to secretory activity [1]. Clinically, those cysts are usually asymptomatic, their size not exceeding 2 cm in diameter. In rare cases with larger cysts, the presence of dyspareunia and problems in obstetric delivery are described [2, 3]. We present a case of a histologically proven symptomatic Gartner duct cyst with a size of 16 ×15×8 cm. To my knowledge, this is the largest Gartner duct cyst ever reported in the imaging literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01256713
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Portal blood flow in the presence or absence of diffuse liver disease: measurement by phase contrast MR imaging (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Flow dynamics ; Portal vein ; Liver cirrhosis ; Chronic hepatitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: In patients with diffuse liver disease, the portal flow dynamics change markedly in accordance with disease progression and would provide a useful index of progression of stage. Methods: Portal blood flow (PBF) was measured by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 21 patients with diffuse liver disease and 20 healthy volunteers. The MRI method was validated by a flow phantom study. The mean PBF could be measured in 6.8 min without breath-holding. Results: Doppler ultrasound measurements of PBF volume were obtained reproducibly in all the healthy volunteers and were shown to correlate with the MRI values (Doppler: 12.5 ±3.2 cm3/s, MRI: 12.0 ± 3.3 cm3/s; mean ± SD). The PBF volume of patients with chronic hepatitis showed no significant difference from that of the healthy volunteers. In patients with liver cirrhosis, the PBF volume ranged from 5.01 to 32.3 cm3/s. A significant increase in PBF volume was caused in one patient by massive intrahepatic shunting and a significant decrease was caused in two patients by massive extrahepatic shunting. Conclusions: The measurement of PBF by phase contrast MRI is clinically useful in predicting intrahepatic or extrahepatic shunting in patients with liver cirrhosis, and may be of value in detecting the progression of stage in diffuse liver diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00200392
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging of prostate cancer (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 505-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Prostate neoplasms ; Ultrasound ; Doppler ultrasonography ; Radionuclide studies ; Computerized tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Monoclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment is fast emerging as a major health care issue in the United States. However, there are great uncertainties about the value of specific tests and therapies. Imaging modalities play a major role in the current management of patients with prostate cancer and this role is likely to expand in the future. Transrectal ultrasound is used to identify non-palpable lesions, direct systematic biopsies, determine gland volume and stage prostate cancers. For staging skeletal metastases, the bone scan is acknowledged as the best method, however controversy surrounds its routine use in patients with low prostate specific antigen (PSA) values. Computed tomography (CT) and transrectal ultrasound have limited value in detecting extracapsular disease but CT can be used in conjunction with percutaneous biopsy to identify nodal metastases. The role of Endorectal coil MRI is currently evolving in the wake of a disappointing multiinstitutional trial but MRI still holds the most promise for accurately detecting local extent of prostate cancer. New radiolabeled techniques with monoclonal antibodies and peptide imaging are also having early but promising results. The role of imaging in prostate cancer is continuing to evolve as technology and knowledge about prostate cancer biology improves and health care economics force a more judicious use of imaging resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01256700
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis testis: imaging appearance (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 379-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Paratesticular ; Fibrous pseudotumor ; Tunica vaginalis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound ; Hemiscrotum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fibrous pseudotumor is a benign paratesticular tumor that typically presents as a painless mass of the hemiscrotum. Because this tumor can mimic a malignant process, it is usually not diagnosed preoperatively. We describe a case of fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis, demonstrating the ultrasound and magnetic resonance image (MRI) appearance with pathologic correlation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203377
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of pelvic neurofibromatosis (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 176-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurofibroma ; Prostate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pelvic neurofibromatosis is a rare disease and rarely involves the prostate. A 19-year-old male presented with irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large mass extending from the sacral promontory to the perirectal and perivesical spaces and to the proximal root of the penis. The mass also involved the prostate. The characteristics of the mass were highly suggestive for neurofibroma. Prostate biopsy showed neurofibroma, and the immunohistochemistry stain for S-100 protein was positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201533
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gravid uterine dehiscence: MR findings (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 486-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Rupture, uterine ; Pregnancy, complications ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gravid uterine rupture can be a difficult diagnosis, both clinically and radiologically. Ultrasound has been successful in detection of some indirect signs of uterine rupture but thus far has shown little success in demonstrating the myometrial defect. We present the MR findings in a case of gravid uterine dehiscence in which the actual uterine wall defect was well demonstrated. Gross pathologic correlation is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213280
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenocortical adenoma containing a fat component: CT and MR image evaluation (1995)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 20 (1995), S. 489-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Adrenal glands ; Adrenocortical adenoma ; Adipose tissue ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of adrenocortical adenoma containing small adipose foci is presented. A small amount of fat within the mass led to an erroneous preoperative diagnosis of myelolipoma. Adrenal adenoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of adrenal mass containing fat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213281
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Low dose phenytoin is an osteogenic agent in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phenytoin ; Bone formation ; Osteocalcin ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Osteogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-term use of phenytoin for the treatment of epilepsy has been associated with increased thickness of craniofacial bones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that low doses of phenytoin are osteogenic in vivo by measuring the effects of phenytoin administration on serum and bone histomorphometric parameters of bone formation in two rat experiments. In the first experiment, four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received daily I.P. injections of 0, 5, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day of phenytoin, respectively, for 47 days. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin were increased by 5 and 50 mg/kg/day phenytoin. The increases in osteocalcin and ALP occurred by day 7 and day 21, respectively. The tibial diaphyseal mineral apposition rate (MAR) at sacrifice (day 48) was significantly increased in rats receiving 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin. At a dose of 150 mg/kg/day, the increase in serum ALP, osteocalcin and MAR was reversed. No significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus, or 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were seen. In a second experiment, three groups of rats received daily I.P. injection of lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 42 days. Phenytoin also did not affect the growth rate or serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D3 levels. Daily injection of 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin significantly increased several measures of bone formation, i.e., serum ALP and osteocalcin, bone ALP, periosteal MAR, and trabecular bone volume. However, rats receiving lower doses of phenytoin (i.e., 1 mg/kg/day) did not show significant increases in the serum bone formation parameters. In contrast, metaphyseal osteoblast surface, osteoblast number, osteoid thickness, surface, and volume were all significantly increased in rats treated in 1 mg/kg/day but not with 5 mg/kg/day phenytoin, suggesting that the tibial diaphysis and metaphysis bone formation parameters might have different dose-dependent responses to phenytoin treatment. Administration of the test doses of phenytoin did not significantly affect the histomorphometric bone resorption parameters. In conclusion, these findings represent the first in vivo evidence that phenytoin at low doses (i.e., between 1 and 5 mg/kg/day) is an osteogenic agent in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298743
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    A new rapid and reproducible homologous immunoradiometric assay for amino-terminal parathyroid hormone in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Immunoradiometric assay ; Parathyroid hormone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the rat is most often performed with competitive ligand radioimmunoassays (RIA) utilizing heterologous antibodies. We report here the validation of a newly developed homologous immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for rat PTH. Two different goat antibodies to the amino-terminal sequence of rat PTH are utilized; one is immobilized onto plastic beads to capture the PTH molecules and the other is radiolabeled for detection. To test this new IRMA, 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three treatment groups to receive by intraperitoneal injection: (1) saline 1 ml/kg (control); (2) calcium chloride 40 mg/kg (hypercalcemic); and (3) EDTA 300 mg/kg (hypocalcemic). Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 180, and 300 minutes after administration of the assigned treatment for measurement of ionized calcium (Ca2+) and serum PTH. Most of the variance in PTH levels was found to be due to changes in Ca2+ (r2=0.780, P〈0.0001). There was also a close temporal relationship between the two, with the highest levels of PTH occurring at the same measured time points as the lowest Ca2+, and vice versa. The measured detection limit of the IRMA was 3 pg/ml with intra-and interassay coefficients of variation of 1.74% and 3.07%, respectively. Serial dilutions with pooled rat serum, synthetic rat PTH-(1–34), and synthetic human PTH-(1–34) showed good parallelism with increased specificity for the pooled and synthetic PTH, despite a degree of crossreactivity with hPTH. The assay is able to quantitate rapid changes in PTH, providing all the advantages of IRMA methodology including technical simplicity and speed of performance, and is likely to become a useful tool in investigations of bone, mineral, and renal homeostasis using the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298749
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    Effect of stopping fluoride administration on the distribution profiles of fluoride in three different kinds of rat bones (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 292-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Defluoridation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to explore the reduction of fluoride concentrations in the skeleton after stopping experimental fluoride administration. Fluoride was administered to the rats at varying doses (0, 50, 100 ppm in drinking water) and for different lengths of time (4, 13, 25 weeks). A series of fluoride concentrations across the full thickness of humerus, parietal bone, and vertebra arch in rats were measured by means of an abrasive micro-sampling technique. The distribution profiles of fluoride from periosteal to endosteal surfaces, which were apparently related to the histological structure of these bones, were U shaped in the humerus, V shaped in the parietal bone, and W shaped in the vertebra arch. The average fluoride concentrations in the bones increased significantly with each increasing dose and length of fluoride administration. The relative increments were similar between the different regions or the different bones. After stopping fluoride administration, on the other hand, the relative reduction of the average fluoride concentrations in the bones were 30–100%. They were greatly related to the length after stopping fluoride administration and the dose and length of fluoride administration, but also dependent upon the type of bone and the region examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318049
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    Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1995), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Tissue concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent evidence suggests that 13-hydroxy metabolites of anthracyclines may contribute to cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and the 13-hydroxy metabolite daunorubicinol in plasma and tissues, including the heart. Fisher 344 rats received 5 mg kg−1 daunorubicin i.v. by bolus injection. Rats were killed at selected intervals for up to 1 week after daunorubicin administration for determination of concentrations of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, and skeletal muscle. Peak concentrations of daunorubicin were higher than those of daunorubicinol in the plasma (133±7 versus 36±2 ng ml−1;P〈0.05), heart (15.2±1.4 versus 3.4±0.4 μg g−1;P〈0.05), and other tissues. However, the apparent elimination half-life of daunorubicinol was longer than that of daunorubicin in most tissues, including the plasma (23.1 versus 14.5 h) and heart (38.5 versus 19.3 h). In addition, areas under the concentration/time curves (AUC∞) obtained for daunorubicinol exceeded those found for daunorubicin in almost all tissues, with the ratios being 1.9 in plasma and 1.7 in the heart. The ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations increased dramatically with time from 〈1 at up to 1 h to 87 at 168 h in cardiac tissue. Thus, following daunorubicin injection, cumulative exposure (AUC∞) to daunorubicinol was greater than that to daunorubicin in the plasma and heart. If daunorubicinol has equivalent or greater potency than daunorubicin in causing impairment of myocardial function, it may make an important contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686550
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    Pharmacokinetics of different doses of methotrexate at steady state by in situ microdialysis in a rat model (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 36 (1995), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Microdialysis ; Methotrexate ; Steady state ; Rat ; Tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We used a microdialysis technique to monitor extracellular methotrexate (MTX) levels during the steady state in a rodent model. Microdialysis probes were implanted in the muscle, liver, and kidney of anesthetized male Wistar rats. MTX (18.75–500 mg/kg) was given as a continuous infusion through a venous catheter, and blood samples were obtained through a second venous catheter. Heparinized plasma, ultrafiltered plasma, microdialysis effluent from tissues, and tissue samples (obtained at the end of experiments) were analyzed for MTX content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Steady state was demonstrated in the blood and tissues from 2 h until the end of the experiments (6 h). Extracellular drug levels in muscle and liver displayed a linear correlation with doses, whereas kidney levels reached a plateau at an MTX dose of 150 mg/kg per 6 h. Microdialysis-fluid endpoint levels for muscle, liver, and kidney were positively correlated to the endpoint total tissue levels (r 2=0.80, 0.85,  and 0.68, respectively). In the kidneys, the maximal relative tissue MTX accumulation was measured at a total dose of 75 mg/kg per 6 h. At higher doses, the relative drug sequestration declined to less than half of the values observed at this dose. This study demonstrates that the microdialysis technique can provide reproducible data on MTX tissue exposure in an animal model and that it offers a means of serial and reproducible monitoring of extracellular-tissue MTX levels at steady state and over a wide dose range. Pending additional studies, microdialysis may be a helpful technique for elucidating the kinetics of drug delivery to both targeted and toxicity-prone tissues during chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689044
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    Atypically located Peyronie's disease: imaging findings (1995)
    Springer
    European radiology 5 (1995), S. 669-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Peyronie's disease (IPP) ; Endoluminal ultrasound ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Corpus spongiosum ; Corpus cavernosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the case of a 44-year-old male presenting with deviation of the penis during erection. Upon physical and clinical examination the patient did not have the typical findings of Peyronie's disease, therefore he was admitted for further evaluation by conventional sonography, duplex Doppler ultrasound, endourethral ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Endourethral ultrasound and MRI provided evidence of Peyronie's disease with atypical involvement of the corpus spongiosum and, in addition, demonstrated nonpalpable plaques in the septum of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190941
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    Increased survival of rat EGF-generated CNS precursor cells using B27 supplemented medium (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 102 (1995), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Precursor cell ; EGF ; B27 supplement ; BrdU ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies suggest that a population of precursor cells from the developing and adult mouse striatum can be expanded in culture using serum-free, N2-supplemented medium and mitogenic factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF). Here we show that EGF-responsive precursor cells from embryonic rat striatum and mesencephalon can also be expanded in culture, incorporate bromodeoxy uridine (BrDU) and develop into spheres that either adhere to the surface of the culture dish or float freely in the medium. Addition of B27, a medium supplement that increases neuronal survival in primary CNS cultures, resulted in a tenfold increase in the number of proliferating cells in vitro over the first week. The effects of B27-supplemented medium on precursor cell survival were only seen when primary cultures were used, such that dividing cells grown in B27 for 1 week could then be transferred to either B27 or N2 medium and show similar survival and division rates in response to EGF. After 1, 2 or 4 weeks of growth in B27-supplemented medium, dissociated precursor cells from either striatal or mesencephalic cultures could be differentiated when exposed to a poly-1-lysine-coated substrate in serum and EGF-free medium supplemented with B27. These cells then matured into a mixed culture containing neurons (approximately 35% of cells), astrocytes (approximately 44% of cells), and oligodendrocytes (approximately 10% of cells), based on immunocytochemical staining with microtuble-associated protein (MAP2), glial fibriallary acidic protein and galactocerebrosidase. When whole spheres of precursor cells were allowed to differentiate, every one examined was found to generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in similar proportions. Our findings suggest that B27-supplemented medium provides an enhanced environment for dividing and differentiating multi-potential precursor cells over the first week in vitro. This culture system gives an expandable source of well-characterised, multipotential CNS precursors that can be labelled with BrdU and, as such, may prove useful for either differentiation experiments in vitro or as a source of tissue for grafting into the damaged CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230645
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    Suppression of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and the late development of epilepsy in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 102 (1995), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Status epilepticus ; Synaptic reorganization ; Secondary epileptogenesis ; Pilocarpine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) has been related to subsequent development of epilepsy. The present work was aimed at elucidating the relationship between the duration of pilocarpine- (PILO)-induced SE and the subsequent development of epilepsy in rats. The latency for the appearance of the first spontaneous seizure, the frequency of spontaneous seizures, the cell density in the hippocampal formation and the density of supragranular neo-Timmstaining were monitored. At 30 min, 1, 2 and 6 h after the beginning of SE, animals were treated with diazepam plus pentobarbital. In non-treated rats, SE remitted spontaneously. Animals exhibiting 30 min of PILO-induced SE did not develop spontaneous seizures. Hippocampal cell counts and the density of neo-Timm staining in these animals were similar to those observed in control rats. In the other groups longer SE durations were related to: shorter latency for the appearance of the first spontaneous seizure, increased number of the spontaneous recurrent seizures, severe cell loss in the hippocampal formation, or increased supragranular neo-Timm staining. These data suggest that more than 30 min of SE is required to produce hippocampal damage with subsequent synaptic reorganization of the mossy fibre pathway that could account for SRSs observed in the PILO model of epilepsy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230647
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    Vibrissal motor cortex in the rat: connections with the barrel field (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 104 (1995), S. 41-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatosensory cortex ; Barrels ; PHA-L ; HRP ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The flow of information in the sensorimotor cortex may determine how somatic information modulates motor cortex neuronal activity during voluntary movement. Electrophysiological recordings and neuroanatomical tracing techniques were used to study the connections between the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and the vibrissal representation of the primary motor cortex (MI) in rodents. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was applied to the vibrissal region of the motor cortex to identify a site from which stimulation evoked movements of the vibrissae. Movements of only a single whisker were evoked by applying low-intensity stimulating current to particular locations within MI. A single injection of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or biocytin was made at the stimulus site in each animal, to retrogradely label cells in the somatosensory cortex. Receptive field (RF) responses were recorded from neurons in the barrel cortex to identify the sensory cortex representation of the same whisker that responded to ICMS. The site at which neurons responded predominately to manual stimulation of this particular vibrissa was marked by a small electrolytic lesion. The projection from the somatosensory cortex to the identified whisker representation in the motor cortex was determined by mapping the location of labeled neurons in tissue sections processed for either HRP or biocytin. The relationship of the labeled cells in SI to the barrel structures was determined from adjacent sections that were stained for cytochrome oxidase. In all cases, the barrel column associated with the relevant whisker contained labeled cells. Surrounding barrels also contained labeled cells, although fewer in number. Very few labeled cells were found in non-contiguous barrels. These results show that the SI to MI projection is somatotopically arranged, such that the sensory cortex representation of a whisker is morphologically connected to the motor cortex representation of the same whisker. Thus, sensory information is relayed to MI from the relevant whisker region in SI. Adjacent whisker regions also appear to relay somatic input, but presumably to a lesser degree. A second group of animals received single small injections of the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, to an electrophysiologically identified whisker representation in the sensory cortex. A single narrow column of labeled fibers was found in the motor cortex following such injections. Thus, the sensory cortex appears to relay somatic information from the vibrissae to restricted regions of the motor cortex in a somatotopically organized manner. Furthermore, the stimulus-evoked whisker movements suggest that certain features of the output map of the motor cortex are discretely organized. These input/output relationships suggest that complex information processing within the vibrissal sensorimotor cortex is highly organized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229854
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    Temporal pattern of host responses against intrastriatal grafts of syngeneic, allogeneic or xenogeneic embryonic neuronal tissue in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 104 (1995), S. 227-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neural transplantation ; Allogeneic ; Xenogeneic ; Major histocompatibility complex antigens ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The host response to immunologically incompatible intrastriatal neural grafts was studied using immunohistochemical techniques. Dissociated ventral mesencephalic tissue from embryonic donors of either syngeneic, allogeneic or xenogeneic (mouse) origin was stereotaxically implanted into adult rats. The brains were analysed 4 days, 2 weeks or 6 weeks after grafting with antibodies against the following antigenic structures: major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens; MHC class II antigens; complement receptor (CR) 3 (marker for microglia and macrophages); helper T-lymphocyte antigen-cluster of differentiation (CD) 4; cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-CD8; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (marker for transplanted dopaminergic neurons). The number of surviving TH-positive cells was not different at the various time points in either the syngeneic or allogeneic groups, whereas the xenogeneic cells were all rejected by 6 weeks. The host reactions were similar in character in the syngeneic and allogeneic groups. At 4 days after implantation, there were increased levels of expression of MHC class I and II antigens. In and around the grafts, there were cellular infiltrates consisting of activated microglia, macrophages, CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes. At 6 weeks, MHC expression was reduced and the cellular infiltrates had subsided with only low numbers of activated microglia cells and CD8-positive lymphocytes remaining. In the xenogeneic group, at 4 days, some grafts contained cavities, possibly reflecting acute rejection. At later stages, the xenografts were heavily infiltrated by macrophages, activated microglial cells and T-lymphocytes, and at 6 weeks all the xenografts were rejected. Taken together, the results suggest that there is an inflammation caused by the implantation process which leads to an accumulation of host defence cells. This, in turn, leads to increased MHC expression in and around the grafts. In syngeneic grafts, these reactions are short lasting and weak; for allografts slightly more pronounced and longer lasting than syngeneic grafts, but not sufficient to cause rejection. For xenografts, the reactions are more intense and lead to transplant rejection. Thus, a strong sustained inflammatory response may be an important determinator for the failure of histoincompatible neural grafts. It can be speculated that a short-term anti-inflammatory treatment of graft recipients may be a sufficient immunosuppressive regimen to allow long-term graft survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242009
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    Selective rostral transection of the fornix spares the hippocampal commissural pathway in the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tracing study (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 104 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Septo-hippocampal projection ; Fimbria-fornix transection ; Hippocampal commissural projection ; Anterograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study describes an approach for disconnecting the septal region from the hippocampus by fimbria-fornix lesions while sparing the commissural projections. After a frontal cut through the rostral fornix, commissural fibres were labelled with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. The commissural fibre bundle located in the posterior-basal fornix (ventral hippocampal commissure) remained unaffected by the rostral fornix transection, whereas the absence of septal fibres in the hippocampus could be verified using AChE histochemistry. Thus, using this approach, selective studies of the septo-hippocampal projection can be performed while leaving the overwhelming portion of the commissural fibre system intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242010
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    Transplantation of embryonic retinal donor cells labelled with BrdU or carrying a genetic marker to adult retina (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1995), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal transplantation ; Donor cell label ; E. coli β-galactosidase ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After transplantation of embryonic retinal cells to injured adult retina, it is often difficult to distinguish donor from host cells. To overcome this problem, two methods were applied: labelling donor cells with the nuclear marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and use of transgenic donor tissue. BrdU was injected into timedpregnant rats on 2 or 3 consecutive days. The donor embryos were taken 1–4 days later for transplantation. The BrdU-labelled donor tissue was examined in transplants sampled up to 1 year after grafting. Labelled donor cells were specifically identified in the transplants and in the interface with the adjacent host retina. The varying intensities of cell labelling indicated differences in the initial uptake of BrdU in the S-phase, or the dilution of the label by cell divisions after BrdU injection. The best labelled cells were presumably the ones that stopped dividing shortly after injection of BrdU. As controls, the normal development of BrdU-labelled retinas from the offspring of females that had been BrdU-injected at E16 and E17 and not used for transplantation was studied. Near the time of birth, clones of labelled cells were radially distributed. In the mature retina, labelled cells were seen in all retinal layers. Embryonic retina derived from transgenic (NSE-lacZ) mice was transplanted to ‘nude’, immunodeficient rats (xenografts). These transgenic mice contain the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene, coupled to the promoter for neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Thus, all retinal donor cells that contain NSE could be identified by histochemistry or immunohistochemistry. The donor cells expressing the transgene could be detected several months after transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242182
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    Repeated administration of a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist to 6-OHDA — lesioned rats does not affect the survival and outgrowth of intrastriatal fetal mesencephalic grafts (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 107 (1995), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; Image analysis ; Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic activation of dopamine D2 receptors on the development of grafted fetal rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine — lesioned rats received intrastriatal mesencephalic cell suspension grafts and were subsequently chronically treated with the selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist LY 171555 (Quinpirole). After treatment for 6 consecutive weeks, the rats were processed for tyrosine-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry to assess the survival and outgrowth from grafted dopaminergic neurons. Morphological analysis revealed that, like the volume and morphology of the graft, neither the number nor the cell area of grafted dopaminergic neurons was significantly different between vehicle- and LY 171555-treated animals. To obtain a quantitative estimate of the graft-derived dopaminergic reinnervation, a computerized image analysis system was used. Using this procedure, which was based on the densitometric measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the area adjacent to the grafted tissue, it was found that the extent of graft-derived outgrowth also appeared to be un-affected upon chronic treatment with LY 171555. It is concluded that long-term concurrent administration of a dopamine D2 receptor agonist for 6 consecutive weeks does not impair the survival and outgrowth of grafted rat fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228016
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    Oxytocinergic innervation to the upper thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 107 (1995), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sympathetic preganglionic neurons ; Oxytocin ; Cholera toxin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combination of retrograde cell body labeling and immunohistochemistry was employed to elucidate how oxytocinergic fibers make contact with sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the rat spinal cord from T1 to T4. SPNs were labeled retrogradely using cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated CTb. Oxytocin-immunoreactive (ir) fibers were found in the intermediate zone, including the sympathetic preganglionic subnuclei. In the central autonomie nucleus and the intercalated nucleus, brown-stained oxytocin-ir varicosities or terminals were frequently observed to stud black-stained dendrites of SPNs. Electron microscopical observations showed that oxytocin-ir terminals form synapses with dendrites or soma of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The terminals contained numerous small clear round vesicles and a few large, cored vesicles. These results clearly show that a large proportion of SPNs are innervated by oxytocin-containing fibers. The origin of these fibers is discussed, and it is concluded that they are probably descending fibers from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228011
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    Behavioural and neurochemical effects of superior cervical ganglionectomy in rats with septo-hippocampal lesions (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 102 (1995), S. 429-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Fimbria-fornix lesion ; Hippocampus ; Radial-arm maze ; Spatial memory ; Sympathetic sprouting ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This longitudinal study, extending over 12 months, assessed the behavioural and biochemical effects of hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth (HSI) into the partially denervated hippocampus. Male Long-Evans rats received fimbria-fornix lesions (FIFO) or sham operations at 90 days of age. At the same time half of the rats from each group sustained bilateral ablation of the superior cervical ganglia (SCGX). A battery of behavioural tests, measuring spontaneous alternation, activity in the open field and home cage, and radial-maze performance, were employed, starting after one very short (16 days) and one extended (216 days) postoperative delay. Neurochemical analyses measuring choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, high-affinity choline (HACU) and noradrenaline uptake by hippocampal synaptosomes (HANU), hippocampal noradrenaline ([NA]), serotonin ([5-HT]) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ([5-HIAA]) concentrations were carried out in a dorsal, a “middle” and a ventral region of the hippocampus. Lesion of the FIFO induced a significant and enduring deficit in radial-maze performance, in addition to a persistent locomotor hyperactivity. ChAT and HACU were significantly depleted in all three regions of the hippocampus at 12 months, and these deficits were negatively correlated with maze performance. SCGX in the presence of the FIFO lesion significantly reduced [NA] in the middle region of the hippocampus, as compared to SCGX rats, and contributed to a restoration of lesion-induced depletions in [5-HT] and [5-HIAA] in the middle and ventral hippocampal regions, whilst failing to elicit any behavioural changes at either time point. It is concluded that if lesion-induced HSI indeed occurred, as is suggested by neurochemical evidence, it had no effect upon the observed behavioural deficits elicited by transection of the FIFO in the rat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230648
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    PDGF and its receptors following facial nerve axotomy in rats: expression in neurons and surrounding glia (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 102 (1995), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Platelet-derived growth factor ; Receptors ; Facial nerve ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors in rat facial nuclei following axotomy by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Facial nuclei were examined on days 3, 6, 12, 19 and 26 postoperatively (p.o.). Strong immunoreactivity for PDGF was found in facial neurons and surrounding astrocytes on the ipsilateral side of the brainstem already after 3 days p.o. and persisted at a high level until day 26 p.o. in rats with a facial nerve cut injury. After crushing of the facial nerve, a similar increase was seen in PDGF immunoreactivity which, however, decreased after day 19 p.o., when reinnervation had occurred. Reactive gliosis appeared on the operated side and was confirmed by an increase in intensity of GFAP staining. The kinetics of PDGF A-chain mRNA expression corresponded to the PDGF immunoreactivity, whereas the B-chain mRNA was present only in the neurons. The PDGF α-receptor immunoreactivity as well as the mRNA were detected in scattered glial cells. The density of the PDGF α-receptor mRNA expressing glial cells was higher on the injured side, but the intensity of the expression per cell did not change after axotomy. An increase in PDGF β-receptor immunoreactivity was seen in the ipsilateral facial nuclei after 3–6 days p.o., however, the increase in the mRNA could not be detected. The staining persisted until day 26 p.o., when transected facial neurons showed heavier staining than those that had been crushed. Furthermore, both mRNA and protein of the β-receptor were expressed in the blood vessels after 3–6 days p.o., increasing with time. These results imply a role for PDGF in the regeneration process following nerve injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230646
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    In vivo intracellular recordings of medial septal and diagonal band of Broca neurons: relationships with theta rhythm (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 103 (1995), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intracellular theta rhythm ; Medial septum Diagonal band of Broca ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transmembrane potentials from medial septal and diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB) neurons and hippocampal field activity were recorded in curarized and urethanized rats. MS-DBB cells were studied during large amplitude irregular activity and during hippocampal θ rhythm, elicited by either sensory (i.e. stroking the fur on the animal's back) or electrical stimulation of the reticularis pontis oralis nucleus (RPO). Three types of cells were described according to their firing pattern and the characteristics of their “intracellular θ” rhythm. Type A neurons displayed continuous rhythmic oscillations in the membrane potential (Vm) of approximately 17 mV. These oscillations generated rhythmic high-frequency spike trains which were phase-locked with hippocampal θ rhythm. Type A cells revealed intracellular θ rhythm even in the absence of hippocampal θ rhythm, suggesting that the activity of this type of cell was the most important in hippocampal θ genesis. Type B cells were characterized by marked postspike afterhyperpolarization and intracellular θ oscillations of smaller amplitude than in type A cells. Type C cells revealed a post-spike afterdepolarization and a lower amplitude, intracellular θ rhythm only in the presence of hippocampal θ rhythm. Type C neurons could fire slow spikes at depolarizing (46% of cells) or hyperpolarizing (15% of cells) Vms. Type B and C cells were intracellularly stained with Lucifer yellow. Although type B and C neurons revealed dissimilar electrophysiological properties, they had comparable morphological shapes. RPO electrical stimulation generated hippocampal θ rhythm and intracellular θ rhythm in types A and B cells but not in type C cells, and increased the spike rate in type C neurons. Electrical stimulation of the fornix only evoked synaptic responses in type B and C neurons, with antidromic responses being elicited in 12% of type C cells. These results indicate that probably most of the type A rhythmic cells did not receive direct hippocampal feedback and that at least some type C cells were projecting neurons. The present findings demonstrate that θ rhythm oscillations in the Vm of MS-DBB neurons elicit different rhythmic discharge patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241962
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    Nerve injury in adult rats causes abnormalities in the motoneuron dendritic field that differ from those seen following neonatal nerve injury (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 103 (1995), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneuron ; Dendrites ; Cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase ; Sciatic nerve-crush ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Disruption of neuromuscular contact by nerve-crush during the early postnatal period causes increased activity and abnormal reflex responses in affected motoneurons, but such changes are not found after nerve-crush in adult animals. We found previously that neonatally lesioned cells develop an abnormal dendritic field, which may explain the functional changes. Here we have studied the dendritic morphology of the same motoneuron pool after nerve-crush at maturity in order to correlate the observed alterations in morphology with physiological findings. One to two months after sciatic nerve-crush in adult animals, motoneurons supplying the extensor hallucis longus muscles of the rat were retrogradely labelled with cholera toxin subunit-B conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The dendritic tree of labelled cells was then analysed. Following adult nerve-crush, the dendritic tree of the motoneurons was smaller but did not display the localised increase in dendritic density seen after neonatal nerve-crush. These findings support the view that such specific morphological changes contribute to the physiological abnormalities seen only after neonatal nerve injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231710
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    Electron microscopic study of synaptogenesis and myelination of the olfactory centers in developing rats (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 103 (1995), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Development ; Olfactory bulb ; Primary olfactory cortex ; Lateral olfactory tract ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Development of the central olfactory system was studied in the rat with an electron microscope at three main structures: the olfactory bulb, the lateral olfactory tract, and the primary olfactory cortex (the piriform cortex). As a parameter of development, the synaptic density was examined quantitatively in the bulbar glomerulus and layer Ia (termination of bulbofugal fibers) of the piriform cortex, which are the key stations of the olfactory pathway. The synaptic densities in the glomerulus and those in layer Ia were 5.7% and 4.6% on embryonic day 19, 15.8% and 12.5% on postnatal day (P) 0, and 57.3% and 37.2% on P10, as compared with the adult (100%). As another parameter of development, the density of myelinated axons in the lateral olfactory tract was examined quantitatively. The densities of myelinated axons in the tract were 0% on P5, 15.1% on P10, and 73.5% on P21 of the adult density. Maturation in the tract was still progressing, even at P21, in terms of bundle formation and the thickness of myelin sheaths. The results show that synaptogenesis in the bulbar glomerulus is followed by synaptogenesis in layer Ia of the piriform cortex, and that myelination in the lateral olfactory tract occurs over a prolonged period, even in the stages after P21.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241497
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    Neuronal responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in the red nucleus of rats (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 107 (1995), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; 5-HT receptors ; Microiontophoresis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of microiontophoretic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the firing rate of red nucleus (RN) neurons were studied in urethane-anesthetized rats. The background discharge rate of almost all the neurons tested (97%) was modified by 5-HT, and generally increased (89%). Responses were dose dependent. Twenty-three percent of the excitatory responses were preceded by a short inhibitory phase. No significant difference in the effect of 5-HT was found between those RN neurons that project to the spinal cord and those that do not. The excitatory responses to 5-HT were blocked or greatly reduced by the 5-HT antagonists methysergide and ketanserin, and were even reversed in some cases. The 5-HT2/5-HT1A antagonist spiperone, in small doses, also blocked the transient inhibitory phases in addition to the excitatory effects. In RN neurons exhibiting a short-lasting inhibition in the response to 5-HT, the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propyl-amino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) induced inhibitory effects. These results support the hypothesis that 5-HT exerts control throughout the RN, mostly by acting on 5-HT2 receptors. Furthermore, an influence of this amine on the electrical activity of small groups of RN neurons by 5-HT1A receptors, and eventually by different mechanisms, appears probable. The functional significance of serotoninergic control of RN neuronal activity is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230043
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    Synaptic plasticity induced in single neurones of the primary somatosensory cortex in vivo (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 107 (1995), S. 241-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Homosynaptic ; Heterosynaptic ; Long-term potentiation ; Long-term depression ; Barrel cortex ; Iontophoresis ; Glutamate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments carried out in urethane-anaesthetized rats in which single neurones were recorded extracellularly from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex employed a procedure in which one of two vibrissal inputswas temporally paired with iontophoretic applications of glutamate. Following the pairing procedure, 31% of 49 neurones studied displayed some form of synaptic plasticity, in that responses to one or both vibrissal stimuli were altered. Homosynaptic potentiation occurred in 4 neurones, and these were recorded in layers II/III only. Homosynaptic depression occurred in 6 neurones and were mainly recorded in layer IV. Heterosynaptic depression was observed in 3 neurones. Non-selective depression was observed in 2 neurones. The duration of the induced plastic changes typically exceeded 15 min, and often lasted as long as stable recordings continued. The results from experiments in which repeated glutamate applications were given alone (without synaptic input) confirmed that the non-selective changes were due to repeated glutamate applications and not the temporal pairing with synaptic responses per se. Dual recordings confirmed that plasticity was restricted to the neurone at which pairings were made, and (at the other neurone) that synaptic responses remained stable over the course of study. In some neurones homosynaptic potentiation and depression were shown to occur to the early response component (〈10 ms), suggesting that direct thalamocortical synapses are modifiable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230045
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    Effects of histamine and betahistine on rat medial vestibular nucleus neurones: possible mechanism of action of anti-histaminergic drugs in vertigo and motion sickness (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 105 (1995), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial vestibular nucleus ; Histamine ; Betahistine ; Vertigo ; Motion sickness ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tonic discharge of 71 medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurones was recorded in slices of the dorsal brainstem of young adult rats. Bath application of histamine caused a dose-related excitation in 59 of the 71 cells (83%), the remaining 12 (17%) being unresponsive. Dimaprit, a selective H2 agonist, also caused excitation in all 20 cells tested. The histamine-induced excitation and the response to dimaprit were antagonised by the selective H2 antagonist ranitidine, confirming that the H2 subtype of histamine receptor is involved in mediating the effects of histamine on these cells. Triprolidine, a selective H1 antagonist, also antagonised the excitation caused by histamine, at a concentration (0.3 μM) which left the H2 receptor-mediated response to dimaprit unchanged. Thus the excitatory effects of histamine on MVN cells in the rat involve two components mediated through H1 and H2 receptor-linked mechanisms, respectively. Betahistine, a weak H1 agonist and H3 antagonist, had little excitatory action when applied on its own, but significantly reduced the excitation caused by histamine when the two drugs were applied together. The effects of betahistine were consistent with a partial-agonist action at H1 receptors on MVN cells, reducing the excitatory responses to histamine presumably by occupying these receptor sites in competition with the exogenously applied neurotransmitter. This partial-agonist action of betahistine may be an important part of its mechanism of action in the symptomatic treatment of vertigo and motion sickness, since it is likely to occur not only in the MVN but also in many brain regions, including the thalamus and cortex, which express H1 receptors and which are innervated by the hypothalamic histaminergic system. Thus the effectiveness of betahistine and other anti-H1 drugs against motion sickness may be explained by their action in reducing the effects of the excess histamine release induced in such conditions in various brain areas, including the MVN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242178
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    Prevention of mouse-rat brain xenograft rejection by a combination therapy of cyclosporin A, prednisolone and azathioprine (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neural transplantation ; Graft histology ; Immunosuppression ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue was grafted as tissue blocks to the hippocampal region of adult rats and the effect of two different immunosuppressive treatments compared. Immunosuppression with cyclosporin A, prednisolone and azathioprine or with cyclosporin A alone was compared with placebo treatment. Eight weeks' postgrafting medication with cyclosporin A, prednisolone and azathioprine had resulted in survival of 14 out of 15 grafts (93%), compared with 11 out of 14 (79%) in the group treated with cyclosporin A alone. Only 2 out of 13 grafts (15%) survived in placebo-treated animals. Transplants in the trimedication group displayed distinct cell and neuropil layers and only minimal cellular infiltration by leukocyte common antigen-expressing cells, whereas grafts in cyclosporin A- and placebo-treated groups were densely infiltrated. The results are discussed in relation to the need for extended immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory therapies after intracerebral grafting of histoincompatible tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241113
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    Electrophysiological characterization of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones in organotypic slice cultures of the rat ventral mesencephalon (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Organotypic slice culture ; 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Dopaminergic neurones ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Substantia nigra ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to characterize electrophysiologically neurones in organotypic cultures of the rat ventral mesencephalon and to compare these results with results published for the same neurones in other types of preparation. Intracellular recordings were obtained in 3- to 8-week-old organotypic slice cultures of the ventral mesencephalon prepared from newborn rats. Dopaminergic neurones were distinguished from non-dopaminergic neurones by staining with the autofluorescent serotonin analogue 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and briefly viewing the preparation with short exposures to ultraviolet (UV) light (365 nm). Short exposures to UV light did not affect the electrophysiological properties. There were no significant differences between dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones with regard to resting membrane potential or action potential threshold and amplitude, and in both types of neurone spontaneous burst activity and glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials were seen. There were differences in the following parameters, which can be used to distinguish between the two types of neurone. Dopaminergic neurones had broad action potentials (2–9 ms), high input resistance (mean 81 MΩ), were silent or fired spontaneously at a low frequency (0–9 Hz), and no spontaneous GABAA-ergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials or inward rectification were present. In contrast, non-dopaminergic neurones had fast action potentials (0.6–3.2 ms), low input resistance (mean 32 MΩ), were silent or fired spontaneously at relatively high firing frequency (0–28 Hz), and sometimes inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and inward rectification were seen. In the presence of 1 μM tetrodotoxin and 10 mM tetraethylammonium, Ca2+ spikes could be evoked in both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurones. Dopaminergic neurones in 3- to 8-week-old organotypic slice cultures have a number of distinguishing electrophysiological characteristics similar to those recorded in other types of acute or cultured preparations. However, some intrinsic regulatory mechanisms, namely the slow oscillatory potentials, inward rectification and the K+ current, I A, seem to be missing in the cultured neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241116
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    Dopaminergic neuronal survival and the effects of bFGF in explant, three dimensional and monolayer cultures of embryonic rat ventral mesencephalon (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Neuronal transplantation ; Trophic Factors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Embryonic substantia nigra cells when transplanted into the striatum can reverse many of the defects of Parkinson's disease. The efficacy of such grafts is compromised by the poor survival of grafted dopaminergic neurones; typically, 3–10% survive transplantation. We used three tissue culture models to identify stages in the procedure for the preparation and insertion of grafts which might be responsible for this cell death and to identify environments in which survival is optimised. (1) The ventral mesencephalon was dissected from the donor brain, then placed immediately into culture contained in a collagen gel. (2) The dissected tissue fragments were enzymatically dissociated, then the cells placed into monolayer culture. (3) Enzymatically dissociated tissue was packed into 0.5-mm-diameter porous tubes, to simulate the compaction of cells into a graft deposit in the host brain. Dissociation of the tissue by itself caused the death of approximately 30% of dopaminergic neurones, as judged by the difference in cell counts between the intact embryonic day 14 (E14) mesencephalon, and cells dissociated then packed into tubes. Of the dissociated neurones approximately 60% died during the first 24 h and 87% during the first 3 days in monolayer culture, while only 7% of dopaminergic neurones in three-dimensional cultures and 11% of neurones in explant cultures died over the first 3 days. Embryonic dopaminergic neurones are clearly very vulnerable to adverse conditions during the first days after their removal from the donor brain. The excellent survival of neurones in three-dimensional and explant cultures indicates that close association with other cells, which may provide greatly improved access to trophic factors, can enable the cells to survive this period of vulnerability. In contrast to its effects in monolayer cultures, bFGF had no effect on dopaminergic neuronal survival in either explant or three-dimensional cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241123
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    Optical responses recorded after local stimulation in rat neostriatal slice preparations: effects of GABA and glutamate antagonists, and dopamine agonists (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optical response ; Neostriatal slice ; GABA ; Glutamate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of GABA and glutamate antagonists as well as dopamine agonists and antagonists on the optical responses of neostriatal (Str) slices to local electrical stimulation were examined using a voltage-sensitive dye and a high-speed image sensor. A single local stimulation applied to the Str slices evoked optical responses lasting for 40–80 ms and propagating in every direction up to about 1.5 mm. Bath application of bicuculline methiodide increased the intensity and duration of optical responses, while their spatial response patterns were unchanged. Bath application of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) greatly reduced the late part of responses occurring about 4 ms after stimulation, but the early part of responses was unaffected by CNQX. The early part of the response was eliminated by application of tetrodotoxin. Bath application of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid and 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid resulted in only small changes in the optical responses. Bath application of D1 agonist 6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5,-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide consistently increased the intensity but decreased the speed of propagation and duration of the optical reponse. Bath application of D2 agonist quinpirole had no effect on the optical response. D1 antagonist SCH 23390 and D2antagonist sulpiride also failed to change optical responses. These results indicate that the early part of the reponse is due to direct activation of the neuronal elements by electrical stimulation, while the late part of the response is due mainly to glutamatergic ex-citatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors. This study also suggests that dopamine may modulate AMPA/kainate responses through D1 receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241114
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    Long-term potentiation deficits and excitability changes following traumatic brain injury (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 248-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Long-term potentiation ; Traumatic brain injury ; Excitability ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and cellular excitability were assessed at postinjury days 2, 7, and 15. TBI was induced using a well-characterized central fluid-percussion model. LTP of the Schaffer collateral/commissural system was assessed in vivo in urethane-anesthetized rats. Significant LTP of the population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope was found only in controls, and no recovery to control levels was observed for any postinjury time point. Four measurement parameters reflecting pyramidal cell discharges (population spike) indicated that TBI significantly increased cellular excitability at postinjury day 2: (1) pretetanus baseline recording showed that TBI reduced population spike threshold and latency; (2) tetanic stimulation (400 Hz) increased population spike amplitudes to a greater degree in injured animals than in control animals; (3) tetanus-induced population spike latency shifts were greater in injured cases; and (4) tetanic stimulation elevated EPSP to spike ratios (E-S potentiation) to a greater degree in injured animals. These parameters returned to control levels, as measured on postinjury days 7 and 15. These results suggest that TBI-induced excitability changes persist at least through 2 days postinjury and involve a differential impairment of mechanisms subserving LTP of synaptic efficacy and mechanisms related to action potential generation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241120
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    Oxygen supply and ion homeostasis of the respiratory network in the in vitro perfused brainstem of adult rats (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Anoxia ; Ion activities ; Medulla ; Respiratory activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An in vitro arterially perfused medulla preparation of 3- to 8-week-old rats is described in which synchronous rhythmic activity (frequency 4.5 ± 1.7 cycles/min, burst duration 3.1 ± 1.1 s, n = 40) was recorded from hypoglossal (XII), vagal (X), or spinal (C1–2) nerves and from different classes of neurons in the region of the ventral respiratory group (VRG). Stimulation of dorsal X nerve rootlets produced a reversible blockade of rhythmic activity. Under steady-state conditions, tissue oxygen (pO2) in the VRG (depth of 600–1600 μm below the ventral surface) fell from 180 to 40 mmHg. Extracellular K+ activity (aKe) in the VRG was about 0.3 mM higher, calcium concentration ([Ca]e) did not differ, and pH (pHe) was about 0.27 units lower than in the perfusion or superfusion solution (with an aKe of 2.2 mM, a [Ca]e of 1.5 mM and a pHe of 7.4). During inspiratory XII nerve discharges, rhythmic increases of aKe by up to 0.8 mM were detected in the VRG. Perfusion of N2-gassed hypoxic solutions (5–10 min) resulted in a tissue anoxia of the VRG and a reversible cessation of rhythmic activity after 2–7 min. Such anoxia was accompanied by a rise of aKe by up to 35 mM, whereas pHe and [Ca]e fell (from mean levels of 7.17 and of 1.5 mM, respectively) by more than 0.2 pH units and 1 mM. Similar observations were made during a 2- to 5-min arrest of the perfusion pump to simulate ischaemia, whereas significantly larger changes in aKe, pHe and [Ca]e were revealed during an “ischaemia” period of 10 min. The results indicate that the rhythmic activity is generated by the functionally intact respiratory network of the VRG in which neurons are under aerobic conditions and ion homeostasis is not impaired. We conclude that the preparation is an appropriate in vitro model for the analysis of the cellular mechanisms for generation of respiratory rhythm and of metabolic perturbations like anoxia and ischaemia in the mature respiratory network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241122
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    Potentiation of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity following NMDA-induced retrohippocampal neuronal loss in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 356-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retrohippocampal cortex ; Locomotion ; Amphetamine ; Ventral striatum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiment assessed the locomotor response to a low dose (1 mg/kg) of systemic gemd-amphetamine in rats with cytotoxic lesions of the retrohippocampus (entorhinal and extra-subicular cortices), compared with vehicle-operated shams and unoperated controls. Under spontaneous and saline conditions, both the sham and the lesioned animals were more active than unoperated controls, and they did not differ from each other. Systemic gemd-amphetamine produced increased locomotion in all groups, but this effect was potentiated in animals with retrohippocampal lesions; two control groups did not differ from each other in their response to the drug. The present results are consistent with the suggestion that cell loss within the retrohippocampal region could affect the functional response of nucleus accumbens to amphetamine. The results are discussed in terms of the interaction between the retrohippocampus and nucleus accumbens in the control of mesolimbic dopamine release and the possible implications for schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241131
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    Attenuation of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ current run-down in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells by NaF (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 106 (1995), S. 505-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: High-voltage-activated calcium channels ; Voltage-operated calcium channels ; NaF ; G protein ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calcium currents in CA1 neurons from rat hippocampus were studied with the whole-cell, patchclamp technique. Under control conditions high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents activated from membrane potentials of -80 mV and -40 mV underwent “run-down”. The rate of run-down of the current activated from -40 mV was significantly attenuated by inclusion of the G-protein activator NaF (1 mM) in the pipette and also irreversibly attenuated by brief batch application of NaF (10 mM). This effect was significantly reduced by inclusion of high (10 mM) ethyleneglycoltetraacetate (EGTA) concentrations in the pipette, suggesting an involvement of calcium-dependent processes. It is suggested that activation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins by NaF leads to a long-lasting attenuation of HVA calcium current run-down in hippocampal CA1 cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231075
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    Meningioangiomatosis: advanced imaging and pathological study of two cases (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 120-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meningioangioma-tosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Malignant meningioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Meningioangiomatosis (MA) is a rare benign intracranial tumour of uncertain pathogenesis, with only 33 cases reported in the literature. Imaging features have been described in 21 cases, only 3 with contrast-enhanced MRI. We present two cases of MA with MRI and/or CT findings and gross, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical characteristics. MRI is particularly helpful for establishing the origin of the lesion and its anatomical location, while CT shows calcification, if present. The pathological characteristics establish the diagnosis and underline the differences from other entities such as malignant meningioma, one of the most important differential diagnostic considerations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588625
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Superficial siderosis in the central nervous system (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Central nervous sys- ; tem ; Siderosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a rare entity, superficial siderosis of the central nervous system, due to multiple small episodes of subarachnoid haemorrhage from any source. Nonspecific neurological findings are associated with deposition of iron-containing pigments in the leptomeninges and superficial layers of the cortex. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates characteristic low signal in the meninges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588627
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The corpus callosum in communicating and noncommunicating hydrocephalus (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; Hydrocephalus ; Dementia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate morphological changes in the corpus callosum in hydrocephalus and to correlate them with clinical findings we studied sagittal T2*-weighted cine MR images of 163 patients with hydrocephalus. The height, length and cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum were measured and related to the type of cerebrospinal fluid flow anomaly and to clinical features, especially dementia. With expansion of the lateral ventricles the corpus callosum showed mainly elevation of its body and, to a lesser degree, increase in length. Upward bowing was more pronounced in noncommunicating than in communicating hydrocephalus. Dorsal impingement on the corpus callosum by the free edge of the falx correlated with the height of the corpus callosum. Cross-sectional area did not correlate with either height, length or impingement; it was, however, the strongest anatomical discriminator between demented and nondemented patients. The area of the corpus callosum was significantly smaller in patients with white matter disease. Our findings suggest that, due to its plasticity, the corpus callosum can to some degree resist distortion in hydrocephalus. Dementia, although statistically related to atrophy of the corpus callosum, is possibly more directly related to white matter disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01578260
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Angiographically occult malformation ; Spinal arteriovenous malformation ; Cavernous malformation ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed 11 cases of intramedullary cavernous haemangiomas (IMCH) studied by MRI, to assess its diagnostic value in these lesions. Follow-up MRI was obtained in five patients 7 days-2 years following the initial study. In one case a postoperative examination was obtained. The diagnosis was pathologically proven in ten cases, and supported in the last by a family and personal history of cavernous haemangiomas. A reticulate appearance with areas of mixed signal intensity in both T1-and T2-weighted images was the most common finding. Homogeneous high, low or intermediate signal intensity was each found in one case, Two small lesions gave low signal. A rim of low signal was less common than in cerebral cavernous haemangiomas. In one case, the brain showed more than 20 lesions with the MRI appearances of cavernous haemangiomas. In two of five patients, serial preoperative MRI showed progressive disappearance of high-signal areas on both T1-and T2-weighted images. To find a haemorrhagic intramedullary lesion on MRI is not rare. Although the appearances are not pathognomonic, an IMCH can be suggested. We suggest that the following characteristics may help: (1) a personal and/or family history of cavernous haemangiomas; (2) typical MRI appearances of mixed acute, subacute and chronic haemorrhage; (3) a tendency for signal intensity to decrease on follow-up; (4) normal spinal angiography; and (5) associated brain lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588339
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of spinal epidural lymphoma (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine ; neoplasm ; Lymphoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the MRI features in eight patients with spinal epidural lymphoma (clinically primary in 4 patients); one patient had multiple lesions. The cervical spine was involved in one patient, the thoracolumbar spine in 5 and the sacrum in two. Mean longitudinal extension of the epidural lesion was 2.6 vertebral segments. The tumours were homogeneously isointense with the spinal cord on T1-weighted images and isointense or hyperintense on proton-density and T2-weighted images. The spinal cord was compressed in four patients but showed signal changes in only one. In five patients the lesions communicated through the intervertebral foramina with paravertebral soft tissue masses. In all but one of the patients diffuse signal changes in the vertebral body marrow consistent with osteolytic or osteoblastic changes were identified adjacent to or at distance from the epidural lesion. Vertebral collapse was observed in two patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588341
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI in the investigation of patients with myelopathy thought to be due to multiple sclerosis (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 384-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myelopathy ; Demyelinating disease ; Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of cerebral and spinal cord MRI was investigated in 65 patients with myelopathy suspected of having demyelinating disease. Cerebral MRI demonstrated lesions compatible with demyelination in 80 % and spinal cord MRI in 68.6 %. In 28.5 % of our patients brain lesions were present with normal spinal cord images, but in 17 % spinal cord lesions were depicted with a normal brain MRI. The combination of the two examinations demonstrated lesions in 97 % of the patients. The frequency of coexistent cerebral lesions in patients with spinal cord lesions was over 85 % in patients with chronic disease but only 28.5 % in patients with acute myelitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588019
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Status epilepticus presenting as progressive dysphasia (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 438-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Progressive dysphasia ; Status epilepticus ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Status epilepticus is usually a straightforward diagnosis when a patient has two or more seizures without regaining consciousness. However, when status is nonconvulsive and, in particular, has a temporal lobe flavour the clinical presentation may be misleading. Presentation with automatic or psychic behaviour is well recorded. We report a patient with nonconvulsive status who presented with progressive dysphasia with widespread CT and MRI changes. The dysphasia and imaging changes led to a diagnosis of a probable neoplastic brain process but reversed with anticonvulsant treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600083
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serial MRI in early Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease with a point mutation of prion protein at codon 180 (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Prion protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 66-year-old woman with histologically diagnosed Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), followed with MRI from an early clinical stage. MRI demonstrated expansion of the high cortical signal on T2-weighted images, which differs from previous MRI reports of CJD. This patient followed an atypical clinical course: 16 months had passed before she developed akinetic mutism, and periodic sharp waves had not been detected on EEG after 2 years in spite of her akinetic mutism. Brain biopsy showed primary spongiform changes in the grey matter, and a point mutation of the prion protein gene at codon 180 was discovered using polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing and Tth 111 I cutting. This is the first case with the point mutation of the codon 180 variant with an atypical clinical course and characteristic MRI findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593711
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification of brain compartments and head injury lesions by neural networks applied to MRI (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 535-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Head injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neural networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An automatic, neural network-based approach was applied to segment normal brain compartments and lesions on MR images. Two supervised networks, backpropagation (BPN) and counterpropagation, and two unsupervised networks, Kohonen learning vector quantizer and analog adaptive resonance theory, were trained on registered T2-weighted and proton density images. The classes of interest were background, gray matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, macrocystic encephalomalacia, gliosis, and “unknown.” A comprehensive feature vector was chosen to discriminate these classes. The BPN combined with feature conditioning, multiple discriminant analysis followed by Hotelling transform, produced the most accurate and consistent classification results. Classifications of normal brain compartments were generally in agreement with expert interpretation of the images. Macrocystic encephalomalacia and gliosis were recognized and, except around the periphery, classified in agreement with the clinician's report used to train the neural network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593713
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resolution of pachymeningeal enhancement following dural puncture and blood patch (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 557-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Meninges ; Contrast enhancement ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe thickening and contrast enhancement of the intracranial pachymeninges, revealed by MRI in a patient with presumed low-pressure headache following dural puncture and a blood patch. The clinical and radiological abnormalities resolved within 2 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593719
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of white matter changes in the Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 576-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Sjögren-Larsson syndrome ; Spastic diplegia ; Conduction aphasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome with spastic diplegia and conduction aphasia. MRI demonstrated the white matter changes deep in the cerebral hemispheres. We analyse the MRI findings and compare the results with neuropsychological signs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593725
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood neuroborreliosis: clinicoradiological correlation (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 578-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Lyme disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadopentetate dimeglumine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the cranial CT and MRI findings in three children with Lyme disease (neuroborreliosis). The neuroimaging findings in children have been rarely reported. We found cranial MRI far superior to cranial CT. Ring-enhancing lesions have been described in acute disseminating encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis but not in neuroborreliosis. Although orther infectious and inflammatory diseases cannot be excluded, Lyme disease should be included in the differential diagnosis and put forward as being the most likely diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting. Gadopentetate dimeglumine is helpful in assessing the response to antibiotic treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593726
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial data analysis in the quantitative assessment of cerebral white matter pathology on MRI in HIV infection (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 429-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spatial autocorrelation ; Cerebral HIV disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was carried out using MRI (proton density-and T2-weighted) on 16 HIV-negative controls, 9 symptom-free HIV-positive patients and 25 with CDC IV HIV disease. The studies from this last group had previously been allocated by a radiologist to the following categories: 8 with focal mass lesions and normal-appearing white matter; 9 with diffuse encephalopathy (high signal on T2-weighted images, affecting most or all of the white matter) and 8 with patchy encephalopathy (high signal affecting only one or two areas within the white matter). Moran'sI, a statistic of spatial autocorrelation, was calculated for the grey-scale values of a sampled pixel array from a central white matter region of each of the images. All values of Moran'sI calculated in this study showed a large positive excess over the expected value under randomisation, indicating highly significant positive autocorrelation in the spatial arrangement of the grey-scale values. On T2-weighted images a statistically significant increase in the mean value of Moran'sI, compared with controls, was found in the diffuse encephalopathy group, indicating that quantifiable changes in the spatial autocorrelation of pixel data can be related to recognised qualitative changes in the appearance of white matter in subjects with HIV disease. A lesser, but significant, rise in the mean value of Moran'sI was also found in the focal mass lesion group, suggesting that changes in spatial autocorrelation may indicate pathological change in advance of qualitative MRI changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600081
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of a pituitary cryptococcoma simulating an adenoma (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 449-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Pituitary Cryptococcosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a rare pituitary cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent patient, with radiological features similar to those of a pituitary macroadenoma. Although unusual, it should be added to the list of differential diagnosis of pituitary masses. Contrast enhancement of adjacent meninges differentiated the lesion from an adenoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600089
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary leiomyosarcoma of the spine (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 465-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Leiomyosarcoma, bone ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a 39-year-old man with tumour of the eighth thoracic vertebra, causing compression of the spinal cord. The tumour proved to be a primary leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of bone, an uncommon neoplasm; to our knowledge this is the first report of primary LMS in the spine. The lesion was documented by plain radiography, myelography, CT, MRI and digital subtraction angiography. These investigations did help to focus on the differential diagnosis and demonstrated the extent of the bony lesion, the findings were nonspecific, and the correct diagnosis was established by pathological examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600095
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome using fat saturation and Gd-DTPA (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 37 (1995), S. 475-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome ; Orbital pseudotumour ; Fat saturation ; Gadolinium ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome encompasses a group of inflammatory conditions for which no systemic or local cause can be found, and is commonly referred to as orbital pseudotumour. On conventional MRI sequences subtle areas of inflammation or enhancing tissue can easily be masked by the high signal intensity of orbital fat and involvement of the fat itself may not be appreciated. We describe the MRI features of three patients with idiopathic orbital inflammation using frequency-selective fat saturation and Gd-DTPA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600098
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