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  • 1970-1974  (6.987)
  • 1920-1924  (3.414)
  • General Chemistry  (8.154)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1.794)
  • Ultrastructure  (453)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 285 (1974), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Fenfluramine ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Phospholipidosis, drug-induced ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After administration of the anorectic drug fenfluramine (40 mg/kg per day) to rats (s. c. or i. p.) and guinea pigs (p.o.) over periods of 2 to 11 weeks, electron microscopic examination was performed on lungs, liver, lymphatic tissues and peripheral blood of both species, and on adrenal glands and ovaries of rats. In rats, fenfluramine caused the following alterations (listed according to the duration of treatment): Formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in lymphocytes and plasma cells of lymphatic tissues, appearance of “foam cells” in lung alveoli; formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in corpus luteum, lymphocytes of peripheral blood, and in adrenal cortex. In guinea pigs, the same alterations were found in lymphocytes of spleen and peripheral blood, in hepatocytes and in lung. The present observations support the concept of a generalized phospholipidosis induced by amphiphilic compounds. The potency of fenfluramine to induce a lipidosis is, however, considerably less pronounced than that previously demonstrated for the anorectic drug chlorphentermine. This difference is suggested to be due mainly to the lower degree of amphiphilia of fenfluramine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 286 (1974), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Lipidosis ; Antidepressants ; Neuroleptics ; Lymphocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Lymphocytes of rat lymph nodes have previously been revealed as reliable and sensitive indicators of a particular drug side effect, notably a generalized phospholipidosis, inducible by a compound of amphiphilic character (chlorphentermine). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of other amphiphilic compounds upon rat lymphocytes. After oral administration of various tricyclic antidepressants (iprindole, imipramine, clomipramine, 1-chloro-amitriptyline, 1-chloro-10,11-dehydro-amitriptyline, noxiptiline, amitriptyline), or of two neuroleptic drugs (chlorpromazine, thioridazine) to rats, the popliteal lymph nodes were examined with the electron microscope. After a single application of either iprindole (50 mg/kg), imipramine (100 mg/kg), or clomipramine (150 mg/kg) small proportions of lymphocytes were found to contain abnormal lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions. The size and number of inclusions and the number of affected lymphocytes increased with further treatment. Similar observations were made after treatment with the chlorinated amitriptyline derivatives. On the other hand, only small numbers of lymphocytes were affected by noxiptiline, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine and thioridazine, even after prolonged treatments (up to 13 weeks) with high doses (up to 125–175 mg/kg). The present ultrastructural finding are interpreted as representing lipidosislike cellular alterations, yet of highly varying degrees. The large quantitative differences are tentatively suggested to be due to differences in the rate and mode of metabolism of the drugs, and due to differing degrees of amphiphilia of the compounds applied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 559-567 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora's disease) ; Type I (Unverricht, Lundborg) ; Type II ; Liver findings ; Clinical aspects ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Glycogenosis type IV ; Progressive Myoklonusepilepsie (Laforasche Erkrankung) ; Typ I (Unverricht, Lundborg) ; Typ II ; Leberbefunde ; Klinik ; Histologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Histochemie ; Biochemie ; Glykogenose Typ IV
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Dem klinischen Bild der progressiven Myoklonusepilepsie (Lafora's disease) liegt eine kongenitale Stoffwechselanomalie mit Ablagerung pathologischer Stoffwechselprodukte vorwiegend im Zentralnervensystem zugrunde. Der häufigere Typ I (Typ Unverricht, Typ Lundborg) zeigt eine regelmäßige Mitbeteiligung von Leber und Myokard sowie teilweise der Muskulatur, der seltenere Typ II ist mit seiner Speicherung nur auf das Zentralnervensystem beschränkt. Die Kenntnis der charakteristischen Leberbefunde kann einmal eine Hilfe sein für die klinische Unterscheidung von Typ I und Typ II, unspezifisch degenerativen Formen der Myoklonusepilepsie sowie gegenüber der myoklonischen Variante der amaurotischen Idiotie. Als eine weitere Möglichkeit könnte das bisher unbekannte Speicherprodukt und der auslösende spezifische Enzymdefekt auf diesem Wege identifiziert werden. Lichtmikroskopisch zeigen die Leberzellen — vorwiegend der Läppchenperipherie — und gelegentlich auch die Kupfferschen Sternzellen eine PAS-positive homogene Speichersubstanz, die in Übereinstimmung mit den Befunden am Zentralnervensystem und am Myocard elektronenoptisch aus granulärem und filamentärem Material aufgebaut ist. Die Deutung der einzelnen Untersucher hinsichtlich der histochemischen und biochemischen Ergebnisse variiert: die Natur des Ablagerungsproduktes wird als Mucopolysaccharid aber auch als Polyglucosan angesprochen. Übereinstimmend sieht man aber die Hauptstörung im Bereich des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels. Die hier demonstrierten bemerkenswerten licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Übereinstimmungen mit der Glykogenose Typ IV lassen nach unserer Auffassung nahe Beziehungen zur Gruppe der Glykogenosen annehmen. Als Thesaurismose ist die Laforasche Erkrankung eine potentielle Vorstufe der Cirrhose. Es entwickelt sich eine mehr oder minder ausgeprägte Mesenchymbeteiligung im Sinne einer chronischen Hepatitis. Eine komplette Cirrhose ist jedoch selbst bei den Spätfällen nicht nachzuweisen. Eine Hepatomegalie als Folge der Speicherung fehlt. Spezifische Leberproben fallen negativ aus. Das klinische Bild wird nicht von Seiten der Leber, sondern ausschließlich von der progredienten neurologisch-psychiatrischen Symptomatik der Myoklonusepilepsie geprägt.
    Notizen: Summary The cause of clinical manifestations of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora's disease) is an inborn error of metabolism characterised by deposition of pathologic metabolic products in the central nervous system. In the most common type I (Type Unverricht, Type Lundborg) these deposits are regularly located in liver and myocard, and in some cases also in sceletal muscle. In the less common type II they are found only in the central nervous system. The characteristic liver findings might help to distinguish type I, type II, unspecific degenerative forms of myoclonic epilepsy and the myoclonic form of amaurotic idiocy. They also might be valuable in identification of yet unknown specific enzyme defect leading to tissue deposits. Our light microscopy observations demonstrate deposits of a PAS-positive homogene substance in liver cells—especially in the periphery of lobule— and sometimes in Kupffer cells. By electron microscopy this substance is identified as granular and filamentary material. This corresponds to our findings in the central nervous system and myocard. The interpretation of existing histochemical and biochemical studies did not yet solve the question, if the mentioned deposits are mucopolysaccharides or polyglucosanes, however, it is recognized that the main disorder is an error in carbohydrate metabolism. The notable similarity of our light- and electronmicroscopic observations to results obtained in glycogenosis type IV suggest that Lafora's disease might be another form of glycogenosis. As a thesaurismosis Lafora's disease can predispose to cirrhosis. The activation of mesenchyme, less or more pronounced, corresponds to chronic hepatitis. And even in the late forms a complete cirrhosis is not found. This thesaurismosis does not lead to hepatomegaly. Specific liver function tests are negative. The clinical course is characterised not by liver symptoms but by the neurologic and psychiatric symptoms of progressive myoclonic epilepsy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notizen: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Scenedesmus Bristles ; Openings ; Props ; Ridges ; Tubules ; Brisble Origin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Bristles radiating from openings were detected on colonies and unicells ofScenedesmus culture N 46, when examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Although narrower, they correspond in gross appearance and ultrastructure to previously describedScenedesmus bristles. Openings, bordered by a series of props, are unlike those ofScenedesmus culture 614. Additional props are observed scattered independently on the cell wall; ridges are composed of a linear row of props. Sections of cells, or cell walls, reveal an additional prop, situated inside the openings; these props are composed of several tubules. Possible extrusion of bristles through these tubules, as well as the origin of the bristle from the cavity and vesicles immediately under the opening are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Septa ; Schizophyllum ; Dissolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A strain ofSchizophyllum commune carrying a mutation in theB-mating factor (B-mut) shows septal dissolution when grown at 30° C for 2 to 3 days. The septa are intact if the organism is grown at 25° C for the same time, but begin to break down within 1 h after transfer to 30° C. At the ultrastructural level the dolipore swelling is the first part of the septal apparatus to be degraded, closely followed by the disorganization of the parenthesomes. A progressive thinning of the septal cross-wall produces an enlargement of the septal aperture sufficient to allow the passage of nuclei. It appears that degradative enzymes are probably carried to the site of septal dissolution in vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum in the area of the septal apparatus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Anabaena cylindrica ; Nitrogen Starvation ; Pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Heterocyst Differentiation ; Nitrogenase Activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen starvation, effected by incubating a culture ofAnabaena cylindrica in a medium free from combined nitrogen and under an atmosphere of 1% CO2 in argon, leads to rapid and characteristic changes in the appearance, structure and function of the alga. Change of colour, due apparently to a decrease in the amounts of nitrogenous pigments, is accompanied by a structural transformation of vegetative cells: cyanophycin granules and polyhedral bodies disintegrate, lipid and glycogen accumulate, and large membrane-bound spaces form by means of thylakoid swelling and vesiculation. The rate of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity is increased. These changes are fully reversed on addition of ammonia to the culture. It appears that thylakoids reform by coalescence of small vesicles assembled in the intrathylakoidal space. Rapid ammonia assimilation is indicated by ample formation of cyanophycin granules in vegetative cells and of “plugs” in the heterocysts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Marine Fungi ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellate Sporangial Wall ; Sagenogenetosome ; Zoospore Cleavage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of aJaponochytrium sp. has been studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The wall has been shown to be multilamellate and persistent. Stages in zoospore cleavage are described and sagenogenetosomes reported in mature sporangia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell Wall ; Wall Formation ; Lomasome ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on encysting haploid zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula are presented with special reference to cell wall deposition. Multivesicular bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of zoospores 15 min after inoculation, lomasomes after 30 min and fine membrane profiles between the plasmalemma and the cyst wall are observed after 4 h indicating a possible system for secretion of cell wall components.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas ; Senescent ; Microtubules ; Complexes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Complexes of twisted ribbons composed of ordered arrays of microtubules are identified in close association with the plasmalemma and the surfaces of some organelles in senescent cells of photoheterotrophically cultured Chlamydomonas dysosmos. The ribbon complexes occur throughout the cytoplasm, and do not appear related to the flagellar insertions. The component microtubules are approximately 26 nm in width, exhibiting a center-to-center spacing of about 44 nm. Additional cytoplasmic microtubules are often closely related to the tubular complexes. A detailed description of their fine structure is presented here which tends to support the ascribed function of microtubules in maintaining the structural integrity of the protoplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Anabaena cylindrica ; Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Nitrogenase ; Ultrastructure ; Storage Products ; Heterocyst Frequency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The structural and functional symptoms of molybdenum deficiency inAnabaena cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen and thus dependent on fixation of elemental nitrogen, resemble those brought about by nitrogen starvation. However, the substantially increased rate of heterocyst differentiation in this culture is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in nitrogenase activity; on the contrary, enzyme activity is severely impaired in the absence of molybdenum. When the supply of molybdenum, or of ammonia, is restored, the alga recovers rapidly. Vanadium exerts an inhibitory effect upon nitrogen-fixing ability of the alga, and its presence in the molybdenum-deficient culture results in the amplification of the symptoms of mlybdenum deficiency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Microbodies ; Vacuolaria ; Gonyostomum ; Chloromonadophyceae ; Chromophyta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Microbody-like organelles occur in the cytoplasm of two chloromonadophycean algae,Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky andGonyostomum semen Diesing. Microbodies ofVacuolaria andGonyostomum have a granular matrix which lacks a crystalloid core; they are often present in close association with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The occurrence of microbodies in other algae is briefly reviewed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 45-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Baboon ; Cleavage stages ; Embryos ; Preimplantation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La structure et l'ultrastructure des embryons de babouin sont étudiées dans la période précédant l'implantation. Six stades du développement embryonnaire sont observés 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 et 8 jours après la date présumée de fécondation. Dans les 3 premiers cas, on compte respectivement 2, 8 et 24 blastoméres. A 5 jours, il y a 30 à 40 cellules et un nombre dépassant 60, ultérieurement. Des cellules trophoblastiques primitives se différencient à 7 jours et une cavité de segmentation en forme de croissant apparaît au 8 ème jour. La zone pellucide est toujours présente à 8 jours, la période de préimplantation semblant plus longue chez le babouin que chez l'homme. Des particules de type C sont décrites dans la zone pellucide et les espaces périvitellin et interblastomériques. La transformation des mitochondries, des changements dans la répartition des ribosomes, des corps multivésiculaires, pseudocristallins et figures myéliniques, des nucléoles et amas granuleux intra-nucléaires s'observent chez le babouin comme chez certains autres Mammifères; par contre, les faisceaux fibrillaires cytoplasmiques sont absents. L'étude des changements de l'ultrastructure provoqués par des hormones et drogues permettrait de mieux évaluer la nocivité de ces substances pendant les premiers stades du développement embryonnaire des Primates.
    Notizen: Summary The baboon preimplantation stages were examined using light and electron microscopy. Six cases were studied at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 days estimated fertilization age. The first 3 specimens were composed of 2, 8 and 24 blastomeres respectively. At 5 days, 30 to 40 cells were counted and more than 60 cells in later stages. Primitive “trophoblast cells” differentiate at 7 days and a crescentic blastocoele appears at 8 days. Shedding of the zona pellucida is not observed in the 7 and 8 day specimens. The preimplantation period is longer in the baboon than in man. C-type viruses are observed in the zona pellucida, in the perivitelline and interblastomeric spaces. Microvilli and caveolae cover the periphery of the baboon conceptus. As in many other mammals, transformation of the mitochondria, changes in the ribosomes distribution, multivesicular bodies, myelin figures, nucleoli and intranuclear clusters of granules are described in the baboon. Cytoplasmic fibrous strands are not present as in the mouse. Experiments on the influence of hormones and drugs on ultrastructural changes would help to evaluate the importance of biohazards during the early development of primates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Myosatellite cells ; Shark ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The myosatellite cells in the axial muscles of the sharkGaleus melastomus is found more frequently in the red muscle fibers than in the white fibers. The total length of the cell extensions is about 100 μm. In about 20% of all cases, the extensions were present in pairs, and it is concluded that the satellite cell processes bifurcate. Processes towards the intercellular space and towards the interior of the muscle fiber are also described. The cytoplasm of the satellite cells contain glycogen, Golgi elements, lysosome-like vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. It is concluded that the morphology of the satellite cells indicates a more active function than that of a dormant reserve myoblast.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Renal innervation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerves ; Neuroeffector zones ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In der Rattenniere werden die muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße und der juxtaglomeruläre Apparat innerviert. Blutgefäße mit Pericyten, porenhaltige Capillaren sowie die Tubuli der Rinde und des Markes werden nicht von Nervenfasern begleitet. Ganglienzellen wurden in der Rattenniere nicht beobachtet. Periphere Nerven mit einem ein-bis zweischichtigen Perineurium kommen im paravasalen Gewebe der Interlobar- und Arcuata-Arterien vor; sie enthalten neben zahlreichen marklosen Nervenfasern gewöhnlich auch 2–4 markhaltige. Nervenfaser-Bündel ohne perineurale Scheide finden sich im paravasalen Gewebe der Arcuata- und Interlobular-Arterien. Darüber hinaus sind in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der großen Arterien (Interlobar-, Arcuata- und Inter-lobular-arterien) und der Vasa afferentia marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone vorhanden, die auch die proximalen Abschnitte der Vasa efferentia der subcapsulären und intermediären Rindenschicht begleiten. Im Nierenmark werden die juxtamedullären Vasa efferentia und die Arteriolae rectae innerviert; marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone sind nur bis zur Außen-Innenstreifen-Grenze nachweisbar. Die Innervation der muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße erfolgt durch aufgetriebene Axonabschnitte (Neuroeffektor-Zonen), die vorwiegend agranuläre Vesikel enthalten. Diese Strukturen liegen stets an der Grenze von Adventitia und Media bzw. Elastica externa; zwischen den glatten Muskelzellender Media wurden keine vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitte gefunden. Als minimaler Abstand zwischen den vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitten und den von einer Basalmembran umschlossenen glatten Muskelzellen (neuromuskuläre Distanz) wurden 600 Å gemessen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden mit den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen und histochemischen Untersuchungen über die adrenerge und cholinerge Innervation der Niere verglichen. Die sich aus diesem Vergleich ergebenden Probleme und funktionellen Konsequenzen für die Innervation der Niere sowie die Natur der cholinergen Fasern (afferente oder postganglionäre parasympathische Fasern) werden diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The innervation of the rat kidney is defined by a system which supplies those arterial blood vessels whose walls contain smooth muscle cells and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Vessels containing pericytes, or those vessels composed of an endothelium only, as well as the tubules of both the cortex and medulla, are not innervated. Furthermore, ganglion cells do not occur in the rat kidney. The nervous apparatus of the rat kidney consists of peripheral vegetative nerves, ensheathed by a perineurium, with 2–4 myelinated fibers running in the paravasal tissue of the interlobar and arcuate arteries, and of nerve bundles without a perineurial sheath in the paravasal tissue of the arcuate and interlobular arteries. Non-myelinated fibers and free axons occur in the immediate vicinity of the great arteries (interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular) and the vasa afferentia. Nerve fibers and free axons are also seen in the vicinity of only the proximal parts of those vasa efferentia which supply the cortical capillary plexus. The arteriolae rectae of the medulla, and their vasa efferentia, from which they arise, are innervated by non-myelinated fibers and free axons which accompany these arterial vessels only to the boundary of the outer and inner stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. The functional innervation of those vessels with smooth muscle cells results from neuro-effector zones which predominantly show agranular vesicles. These structures were never seen between the smooth muscle cells within the media; the minimum neuromuscular distance was 600 Å. The present findings are correlated with the lightmicroscopically demonstrated adrenergic and cholinergic innervation. The resultant problems and functional consequences of the innervation of the kidney, especially the nature of the cholinergic fibers (afferent or post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers) are briefly discussed.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 239-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Oocyte ; Follicle cells ; Intercellular bridges ; Lizard ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Intercellular bridges connect the oocyte with its surrounding follicle cells. 2. Fibrillar bundles and microtubules are oriented along the length of the bridge. Mitochrondria, endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular vesicles and other cytoplasmic components are also present in this region. 3. This communication may be very important for the flow of nutrients necessary for the growth of the oocyte.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Mouse kidney ; Thin limbs ; Ultrastructure ; Renal concentrating mechanism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The thin limbs of the loops of Henle in the mouse kidney have been investigated by conventional electron microscopy. Resulting from light microscopic investigations, a distinction in the epithelia of short and long loops can be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally, the thin limbs (descending) of short loops are composed of a uniformly thin and simple epithelium. In contrast, long loops (thin descending and ascending) are composed of three different epithelial types which are representative of a distinctly more complex epithelial system. Two epithelial types were observed in the thin descending limbs of long loops and the third type was observed in the ascending thin limbs. Based upon these findings it is suggested that the thin descending limbs of short and long loops of Henle in the mouse kidney cannot perform the same functions in the renal concentrating mechanism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Explants ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Testes of newborn mice not older than one day were transplanted into the anterior chamber of one eye of an adult male white Holtzman rat. The events observed in the Leydig cells of the grafted testes can be divided into two periods. Period one is marked by differentiation; period two, by dedifferentiation. In period one, the lipid and glycogen inclusions disappear, possibly owing to the gonadotropins of the host. In period two, which starts after day 15 post-grafting, the lipids and glycogen reappear; the Leydig cells now contain residual bodies, whereas the S.E.R. disappears. Immunological mechanisms can be implicated; it is suggested that the Leydig cells dedifferentiate because the host's gonadotropins may be incapable of evoking and/or activating the genetic memory of the grafted Leydig cells.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 419-436 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Gloeobacter violaceus ; Photosynthetic Pigments ; DNA Base Composition ; Fatty Acid Composition ; Cyanobacterium ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Gloebacter violaceus gen. and sp. n. is a unicellular photosynthetic prokaryote of unusual cellular structure. The only unit membrane in the small, rod-shaped cells is the cytoplasmic membrane, which has a simple contour, without intrusions. Immediately underlying it is an electron-dense layer 80 nm thick. Gloeobacter is an aerobic photoautotroph which contains chlorophyll α, β-carotene and other carotenoids, allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are associated with the particulate fraction of cell-free extracts, and are thus probably localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. The phycobiliproteins may be associated with the electron-dense 80 nm layer. The DNA contains 64.4 moles percent GC. The cellular lipids have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, largely linoleate and γ-linolenate. Despite its atypical fine structure, Gloeobacter is evidently a cyanobacterium, sufficiently different from other unicellular cyanobacteria to be placed in a new genus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 331-344 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Myxomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Systematics ; Food Vacuoles ; Stalk Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Observations of sporophore development in fresh and glutaraldehydeosmium sequentially-fixed material ofProtophysarum phloiogenum show the following sequence. Small plasmodia cease streaming and round up. Food vacuoles collect in the lower center of the cytoplasmic mass. As the cytoplasm rises the food vacuolar contents are excluded from the plasmalemma and become the stalk core. A continuous, fibrous peridium and stalk tube enclose cytoplasm and stalk core respectively. Capillitial formation just precedes spore cleavage. Sporophore development is marked by autophagic activity and calcium deposition. Stalks of dried herbarium specimens of seven additional species have been examined. A mature stalk morphology very similar toProtophysarum with recognizable remnants of microorganismal food material is seen in all of them. It is thought that this marker is indicative of non-stemonitaceous stalk development.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Zoophagus insidians Rotifer ; Predacious Fungi ; Oomycetes ; Glue Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The predacious watermold Zoophagus insidians traps loricate rotifers on short, lateral branches of the main, hyphal axis. These branches or “traps” are packed at their distal ends with a number of vesicles filled with an electron-dense matrix. Electron micrographs of the mycelium disclose a two-layered wall; the outer layer is electron dense and the inner, electron transparent. The outer dense layer on the tip of the “trap” is organized into a number of fine ridges and occasional discontinuities. Thin sections through recently trapped rotifers indicate that the cilia of the animals are stuck to the trap by a glue. This adhesive is derived from secretion of the matrix of the vesicles aggregated in the tip of the trap. The secretion mechanism is triggered by the animal and is accompanied by: 1. The separation of the two layers of the wall, 2. fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane and 3. extrusion of the glue through pits in the tip of the inner wall of the “trap”. After snaring a rotifer, the previously arrested branch grows as a haustorium into the body cavity of the animal. The host tissues disintegrate within a few hours and appear to be the main nutrient source of the fungus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 299-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Brain cortex slices ; Ultrastructure ; Fluid spaces ; Swelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A comparison was made between morphological and biochemical estimates of extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces in rat brain cortex slices incubated under different conditions. By light microscopy the periphery of the slices was found to be more swollen than the center; this regional difference was verified biochemically in unfixed tissue. The electronmicroscopic evaluation of intra- and extracellular fluid spaces was accordingly based upon findings in a preselected area. Due to intracellular penetration of inulin in rat brain cortex slices the biochemically, determined extracellular and intracellular spaces were obtained by compartmental analysis of the inulin space. The concordance between the biochemical and the morphological findings was good: Both methods showed that the extracellular space increased during the incubation to a considerable magnitude after one hr. and that this extracellular space was reduced by excess potassium, glutamate, anoxia or incubation at 0°. Under the same conditions the biochemically determined intracellular space was increased. This cellular swelling was confirmed morphologically and found to comprise mainly glia cells after exposure to excess potassium, predominantly neurons after incubation at 0° and both cell types after anoxia or addition of glutamate.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ; Spirillum serpens ; Freeze Fracture ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Damage ; Organismic Associations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The freeze-fracture technique and electron microscopy have been used to demonstrate that localized damage is inflicted upon the cytoplasmic membrane of Spirillum serpens VHL within 20 to 30 min after the start of its association with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109D. This damage is not observed in uninfected Spirillum cells, nor in infected cells within the first 10 min. This damage takes the form of a “blister” which, when viewed stereoscopically in electron micrographs, is seen to project toward the interior of the Spirillum cell. Shortly after its formation, the blister becomes elaborated into a series of ridges which may assume forms ranging from an elaborate spiral to a series of loops or knots. The formation of a blister is shown to involve both the inner and outer leaves of the membrane bilayer, and evidence is presented to indicate that the blister site corresponds to the site of attachment of the Bdellovibrio cell. The hypothesis is proposed that this ultrastructural damage is the cytological basis for the controlled and localized leakage through the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space of the Spirillum cell at locations adjacent to the Bdellovibrio cell. It is suggested that this localized membrane damage may be the ultrastructural basis for the high efficiency with which bdellowvibrios are known to incorporate cytoplasmic materials from the other bacteria in whose periplasmic spaces they develop.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Streptomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Surface Sheath
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract 1. Tubular-like structures were regularly revealed in the surface sheath of the aerial mycelium of the parent strain of Streptomycetes roseoflavus var. roseofungini. In their shape and dimensions these structures were highly reminiscent of those massive accumulation of which was earlier reported to occur in cultures of dedifferentiated nocardioform “fructose” mutant of the same parent strain. 2. The tubular-like structures of the aerial mycelium sheath were shown to be markedly susceptible to brief acetone washing, undergoing almost complete desintegration. 3. On addition of water to crude acetone extract of the aerial mycelium precipitation and possible selfassembly of a spectrum of various structures occurred (folded scaly, bubble-like, spout-like). Some among structures so produced were reminiscent of those found in spectra of structures observed in reconstruction experiments with tubules from the mutant as well as of structures found in the aerial sheath of the parent strain and some other actinomycetes. Similarity in subunit structure of above materials was also noticeable. The presence, in the sheath of aerial mycelium, of material with a tendency to selforganization is discussed in relation to the possible involvement of selfassembly processes in the formation of the surface sheath.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Hallervorden-Spatz Disease ; Mitochondria ; Axonal Swelling ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Multifocal central white matter axonal swelling characterized electron microscopically by focal axonal mitochondrial and membraneous body enrichment occurred in a 52 year old man who presented with the chief complaint of severe progressive muscular weakness accompanied by disorientation. The clinical and pathological findings in this patient appear unique and are presented in order to broaden our concepts of axis cylinder pathology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Optic Nerve ; Schilder's Disease ; Devic's Disease ; Disseminated Sclerosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the optic nerve is described and compared in: a)Schilder's Disease, b)Devic's Disease, c)Disseminated Sclerosis. a) Schilder's Disease. Parts of the nerve were demyelinated, sometimes extensively so and from these regions the oligodendrocytes had disappeared and there was proliferation of astrocytes. Parallel bundles of fibres with a “railway line” formation, occurred in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes. Phagocytes infiltrated the damaged nerve bundles and the fibrous septa between them. Osmiophilic particles occurred in the astrocytes, capillary endothelial cells and in the phagocytes. The collagen fibres of some septa were widely separated presumably by fluid. b) Devic's Disease. This condition occurred in a patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis. The nerve was extensively demyelinated and showed absence of oligodendrocytes, proliferation of astrocytes and infiltration by macrophages. Some astrocytes possessed Rosenthal fibres. Intranuclear inclusions occurred in the astrocytes and electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions in the capillary endothelial cells and the macrophages. c) Disseminated Sclerosis. Parts of the nerve were partially and other parts completely demyelinated. Oligodendrocytes were absent from the completely demyelinated zones but were present in the partially demyelinated zones. In and around the demyelinated regions, there was proliferation of astrocytes and they frequently exhibited the “railway line” patterns in their cytoplasm. Phagocytes were frequent amongst the degenerating myelin and the proliferating astrocytes and also in the fibrous septa. Some macrophages presented intranuclear inclusions having a “corn on the cob” appearance.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Lead Toxicity ; Brain ; Cerebral Endothelium ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of cerebral vessels was studied at various stages of brain development in chick embryos exposed to lead intoxication when they were 4 days old. The endothelial cells showed swelling of mitochondria, presence of many cytolysosomal structures, many tubular bodies, and coated vesicles. A few vessels showed attenuation on the lining endothelial cells. The significance of these morphological alterations are discussed.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Chick Embryo ; Brain ; Blood Vessels ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the blood vessels was studied in the developing brain of chick embryo. The blood vessels were present in the embryos first examined (4 days after incubation) and their number increased in subsequent stages. The endothelial cells were generally large and showed junctional complexes, many microvilli and a large number of cytoplasmic organelles. Many tubular bodies and coated vesicles were also present. The tubular bodies were sometimes noted near the Golgi apparatus, suggesting their origin from this organelle. The mitochondria in the endothelial cells were generally larger than those in the surrounding neuropil. An ill-defined basement membrane-like substance was noted outside some endothelial cells on the 11th day and well formed basement membrane was present in the vessels of 18 day old embryos. A complete subpial astrocytic basement membrane was present from the early stage studied (4 days).
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Parallel and Concentric Tubules ; Arachnoid Cells ; Cerebral Glioma ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Parallel and concentric tubules were observed in the cytoplasm of arachnoid cells overlying cerebral gliomas. The parallel tubules were 400–500 Å wide. Their electron dense walls, 150 Å thick lay 200–250 Å apart with distensions up to 400 Å in diameter at irregular intervals between the walls. The walls formed terminal loops limiting up to 4 adjacent tubules; transverse extensions were present between adjacent walls. The tubules sometimes communicated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum from which they may possibly arise. The concentric tubules were 250 Å wide: they communicated at irregular intervals.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Chronic Lead Intoxication ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Microglia ; Pericytes ; Monocytes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Wistar rats of both sexes and the same litter were exposed to chronic lead intoxication from birth untill sacrifice 9 months later. Lead was administered as 0.4% solution of lead nitrate in drinking water. Samples from the parietal brain cortex were examined electron microscopically following intracardiac perfusion with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. Similar changes were observed in the microglial cells and the vascular pericytes whereas all the other tissue elements appeared intact. Both cell types hypertrophied, the microglia assumed characteristic spindle or rod shape, the cell organelles increased, the microglial endoplasmic reticulum widened strongly and a large number of lipid inclusions appeared. The latter consisted of large lipid droplets of varying size and shape, containing multiple zones of low density, and a dense component with a coarse granular structure. The similarity in the response of both cell entities to the lesion as well as some probable functions of microglial cells and their relationship to vascular pericytes are discussed.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Myoclonic Epilepsy ; Atypical Myoclonus Body (Type II) ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Histochemical studies of type II myoclonus bodies demonstrated that they were composed of a saccharide-lipid complex with a small amount of protein. In particular, they contained phospholipid, ganglioside and sphingomyelin. The ultrastructure of the bodies revealed that they were bound by a membrane. They were diffusely stippled or homogeneous. They were not formed of filaments or lamellae. Some correlation with microbody or lysosomal structures in association with degeneration of the neurone was suggested.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Human Outer Cortex ; Pia Mater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pia mater consists of a single, interrupted layer of elongated cells which lie fairly close to the surface of the cortex. Granular material and some collagen fibres lie between the pial cells and the cortex, a greater amount of collagen being present where the pial cells are discontinuous. Basement membrane covers the outer aspect of the cortex, the outer layer of which is formed by interlacing astrocyte processes of varying size. The processes are closely applied with occasional desmosomes between them. Projections of astrocyte processes of different dimensions covered by basement membrane extend at irregular intervals from the cortex into the subarachnoid space.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Polymyositis ; Ultrastructure ; Histiocytes ; Birbeck Granules ; Macrophages
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A fatal case of polymyositis in a young female is presented. Two muscle biopsies obtained before and after treatment with large doses of steroids, as well as autopsy tissue, demonstrated widespread degeneration of myofibres associated with cytoplasmic tuboreticular structures resembling paramyxovirus nucleocapsids in capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Aggregates of spherical particles and “simple and granular” nuclear bodies suggested a virus-related or associated etiologic agent. In addition, interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin, probably related to macrophages or histiocytes were present. These contained numerous rodlike profiles or phagolysosomal bodies which resembled “Birbeck” granules. Inflammatory response was very scant. It would appear that polymyositis probably represents a primary reaction to antigemic substances and a morphologic manifestation of altered host macrophage response.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Muscular Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Abnormal Muscular Inclusion ; Fingerprint Bodies ; Myofilament Synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary “Fingerprint bodies” are added to the “atypical” formations described in diseased muscle. These subsarcolemmal inclusions are variable in size and number, not membrane-bound and are formed by fine microtubules. They are not characteristic of a specific muscular disease and occur probably along with a focal anomaly of myofilament synthesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Malignant Lymphoma ; Blood Vessels ; Lymphe Node ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the blood vessels of an apparently primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma was compared with those in another malignant lymphoma in a retroperitoneal lymph node. The essential features of the blood vessels in both cases were the same. They resembled the blood vessels found in normal lymph nodes and were both distinctly different from those seen in normal brain. It was concluded that the direction of differentiation of the blood vessels which arise to nourish the neoplastic tissue is determined by the nature of the tumor rather than the vessels from which they originate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Thermoreceptors ; Cold Receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Receptor Morphology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Afferent impulses were recorded from single fibers serving cold and warm receptors in the skin of the cat's nose. The receptors were carefully tested for specificity and the receptive fields localized under the microscope with a microthermode. Each single fiber served one spot-like receptive field. The field was marked without damaging the nerve ending by inserting two thin stainless steel wires into the skin on both sides of the receptor. Investigation of semithin and ultrathin serial sections by light and electron microscopy revealed beneath each cold spot a dermal papilla which contained a single small myelinated fiber dividing into a number of unmyelinated terminals. Near the epidermis the receptor branches leave their Schwann cell envelope, penetrate the basal lamina of the epithelium, and their tips are invaginated into the cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells. The basal lamina of the epithelium fuses with that of the receptor axon. The receptor axons contain numerous mitochondria, glycogen particles and a filamentous receptor matrix with vesicles of various sizes. The described structures were absent beneath the warm spots. In addition to the cold receptors, Merkel cell neurite complexes and lamellated encapsulated endings were found that are known to be mechanoreceptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Kidney ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Proximal tubule degeneration ; Heparinoid ; Niere ; Ratte ; Ultrastruktur ; Proximale Tubulusdegeneration ; Heparinoid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 24 Std nach i.v. Injektion von 100 mg/kg eines Pentosanschwefelsäureesters (SP 54) sind in der Nierenrinde von Ratten schwere degenerative Veränderungen der proximalen Tubuluszellen zu beobachten. Das Tubulusepithel ist flachkubisch umgewandelt, das Tubuluslumen ist angefüllt mit ausgestoßenen Mitochondrien und anderen Zelltrümmern. Am stärksten betroffen ist die Pars contorta des proximalen Tubulus. Weniger stark veränderte Tubuluszellen sind angefüllt mit Cytosomen, die eine spezifische Feinstruktur haben oder gehäuft gegenüber Kontrollen Cytoplasmaprotrusionen in das Tubuluslumen aufweisen. Die akute Tubulusdegeneration ist ein spezifischer Effekt von SP 54. Heparin bewirkt nur eine leichte Schwellung des Tubulusepithels, die häufiger auftritt als bei Kontrolltieren.
    Notizen: Summary 24 hrs after the intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg of a Pentosansulfuricacidester (SP 54) severe degenerative alterations are observed in the proximal tubular cells in rat kidney cortex. The tubular epithelium has changed to a single layer of elongated cubic cells. The tubular lumen is filled with cellular debris and extruded mitochondria. The greatest change is seen in the pars contorta of the proximal tubule. Less degenerated tubular cells have a great number of cytosomes with a specific substructure or have cytoplasmatic protrusions into the tubular lumen. This acute tubular degeneration is a specific event after the administration of SP 54 and is not seen after an equimolar dosis of Heparin. Heparin induces only a slight swelling of the tubular epithelium, more frequent seen as in the control animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Ulcus ventriculi ; Pathologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Glatte Muskulatur ; Ulcus ventriculi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die glatte Muskulatur des Antrum ventriculi sowie des Pylorus von 7 Patienten mit einem oder mehreren Ulcera ventriculi untersucht. Vergleichsweise konnten die entsprechenden Regionen des Magens von 5 normalen Organspendern der elektronenmikroskopischen Präparation zugeführt werden. Elektronenoptisch faßbare Veränderungen fanden sich noch 180 mm von der Ulcusläsion entfernt an den glatten Muskelzellen der inneren Rings- und der äußeren Längsmuskulatur sowie an den Gefäßen. Eine regelmäßig anzutreffende Veränderung der glatten Muskelzellen des Antrum und des Pylorus besteht in einer Strukturverdichtung des Kerns, der sarkoplasmatischen Grundsubstanz und der Myofilamente, kombiniert mit einer Vermehrung und Vergrößerung der hypolemmalen Vesikel, wie der dense bodies. Die Befunde werden als Ausdruck einer starken isometrischen Kontraktion der glatten Muskulatur im Antrum und im Pylorus bei Ulcera ventriculi gedeutet. Die geschilderten Befunde ließen sich an normalem Untersuchungsmaterial nicht erheben. Neben für das Magenulcus unspezifischen pathologischen Befunden an den glatten Muskelzellen, wie Anhäufung von Lipofuscin im Endoplasmahof und Lyse der Myofilamente, konnten spezifische Veränderungen gefunden werden. Diese betreffen die nur im Endoplasmahof differenzierten Räume des endoplasmatischen Reticulums. Bei zahlreichen Muskelzellen der Rings- und Längsmuskelschicht kommt eine extrem starke Quellung des endoplasmatischen Reticulums zur Beobachtung. Die Vacuolisation der endoplasmatischen Räume führt zu einer Verdrängung der übrigen Zellorganellen sowie der Myofilamente. Die Capillarendothelzellen weisen degenerative Veränderungen auf, die zu einem Sistieren cytopemptischer Vorgänge führen. In der arteriolären Gefäßstrecke findet sich vielfach eine starke Kontraktion der glatten Muskulatur bis zum völligen Verschluß der Gefäßlichtung. Auch diese Befunde ließen sich nur an den Mägen mit Ulcera ventriculi, nicht dagegen an dem normalen Vergleichsmaterial erheben.
    Notizen: Summary The smooth musculature of antrum and pylorus of 7 patients with one or more stomach ulcers was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Corresponding regions of the stomachs of 5 normal organ donors served as control material. Electronmicroscopically visualizable changes were found at distances of up to 180 mm from the site of ulcerous lesion on the smooth muscle cells of the inner circular and outer longitudinal musculature, also on the blood vessels. A regularly occurring modification of the smooth muscle cells of antrum and pylorus consists of a structural condensation of the nucleus, of the sarcoplasmic ground substance and of the myofilaments, combined with augmentation and distension of the hypolemmal vesicles and of the dense bodies. These findings are interpreted as expression of a pronounced isometric contraction of the smooth musculature in the antrum and pylorus in presence of ulcera ventriculi. Such findings are not obtainable on normal material. Besides pathological modifications at the smooth muscle cells which are unspecific for stomach ulcer, such as accumulation of lipofuscin in the endoplasmatic lacunae and lysis of the myofilaments, specific changes were observed. These concern the interstices of the endoplasmic reticulum to be found only in the endoplasmatic lacunae. In numerous muscle cells of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers an extremely marked distension of the endoplasmic reticulum is found. Vacuolization of the endoplasmic cisternae causes displacement of the other cell organelles and of the myofilaments. The capillary endothelial cells show degenerative changes which bring about arrest of cytopemptic processes. In the arteriolar regions a strong contraction of the smooth musculature, at times resulting in complete occlusion of the vasal lumen, is frequently found. These findings, too, are obtainable only on stomachs with ulcera ventriculi and not on normal control material.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 61-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Blue fox ; Lutein cells ; Plasma progesterone ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An electron microscopic investigation of the lutein cells of the blue fox was undertaken, based on the hypothesis that differences in plasma progesterone levels at differing stages of pregnancy might be reflected in the ultrastructural organization. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals mated 1, 2, 5, 14, 18, 20, 28, 33, 36, 39 and 45 days after the estimated time of ovulation. Measurements of progesterone on plasma samples were performed by a rapid competitive protein-binding assay. During the period with increasing and/or high plasma progesterone levels, (i.e. 1 to 14 days after ovulation) the lutein cells are characterized by evenly distributed cisternal agranular ER, mitochondria with both tubular and lamellar cristae, and electron-dense lipid droplets. The abundant agranular ER is closely associated with the lipid droplets and mitochondria. During the period with declining plasma progesterone levels, the lutein cells present a different morphological picture: the agranular ER assumes the form of bundles of parallel tubules disposed in several planes. During the latest stages observed, these “bundles” are disrupted and most of the agranular ER become arranged in smaller concentric whorls. Both kinds of whorls regularly enclose lipid droplets, dense bodies and mitochondria. The regions between the whorls contain scattered cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosome-like dense bodies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretion ; Harvestman ; Exocytosis ; Release ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les plaques paraganglionnaires de l'Opilion Trogulus nepaeformis sont des organes neurohémaux constitués d'une lamelle neurale externe, épaisse, en contact avec un sinus sanguin, d'une couche basale de cellules gliales, et de 7 types de terminaisons axonales (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) renfermant des granules élémentaires qui diffèrent par leur taille, leur densité aux électrons et l'aspect de leur contenu. Les granules de type A1 se déchargent par exocytose dans l'espace extra-axonal, sous la lamelle neurale; ceux de type C se fragmentent en microgranules à contenu dense qui s'accumulent avec des vésicules claires contre l'axolemme en des places suggérant des sites de libération dans l'hémolymphe.
    Notizen: Summary The paraganglionic plates of the harvestman, Trogulus, are neurohemal organs composed of a thick neural lamella facing a blood sinus, basal glial cells, and seven distinct types of axon terminals (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) identified on the basis of elementary granule size, electron density, and structure of contents. The release of A1 type granules occurs by exocytosis into the extraaxonal space below the acellular neural lamella. The release of the content of C granules occurs after fragmentation into small electron dense vesicles. Clusters of these vesicles intermixed with clear vesicles pressing against the axolemma beneath the neural lamella, apparantly correspond to the sites of release.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 417-421 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Paraventricular organ ; Xenopus laevis ; Monoamines ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ultracytochemical identification of monoamines in the paraventricular organ (PVO) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was achieved by applying glutaraldehyde-potassium dichromate fixation to the brains. It appears that the amines are concentrated inside elongated or round large granular vesicles within the neurons. The presence of dopamine and, to a lesser extent, of indolamines in neurons of the PVO is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Rabbit pars intermedia ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve terminal ; PI-type glandular cell ; ACT-type cell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary By electron microscopy three types of nerve terminals have been identified in adult rabbit pars intermedia (PI). The characteristics of these are described and their development traced. The distribution of nerve terminals and neurons within the PI is documented. In particular the association between types of nerve terminal and the different glandular cells is shown to be precise and selective. Direct innervation of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI is described for the first time. The author is particularly grateful to Dr. J. W. B. Bradfield for help in the preparation of this paper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Olfactory organs ; Cephalopods ; Chemoreception ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the so-called olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris has been investigated. Electron microscopy shows the superficial layer of the epithelium to consist mainly of cells bearing microvilli. Below this, often very deeply, lie very many large cells, which bear numerous cilia. These cells open to the surface via narrow processes running between the epithelial cells. Although details of their innervation have yet to be established the large cells are assumed to be receptors and these findings are interpreted as evidence that this organ is indeed chemosensory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 63-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Afferent fibres ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The innermost layer of the circular musculature of the ileum of the guinea-pig, mouse, rat, rabbit, cat and dog is made of special small and dark muscle cells (sd cells), which can be identified by light and electron microscopy. These cells have a higher surface to volume ratio than ordinary muscle cells. They show all the organelles of smooth muscle cells and are in close relationship with a great number of extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres. They send numerous thin cytoplasmic processes towards the bulk of the circular layer, but nexuses between the sd cells and ordinary muscle cells are not found. It is suggested that some of the nerve fibres in this part of the circular layer are motor, setting the sd cells to a given length, and some are afferent in luminal pressure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Parathyroids ; Rana temporaria ; Crystals ; Ultrastructure ; Catalase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Crystalline inclusions in parathyroid gland cell nuclei of Rana temporaria were studied by electron microscopy using a specimen tilting stage. Images were analysed by optical diffraction. Results were compared with X-ray and electron microscopic data of trigonal bovine liver catalase to which a striking resemblance of the inclusions was found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eyes ; Retinula ; Ephestia kuehniella ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Auge von Ephestia kommen Kontakte zwischen den Zellen benachbarter Retinulae vor. Diese Kontakte finden sich am häufigsten in der Kernregion der Retinulazellen und können 2 oder mehr Retinulae miteinander verbinden. Da keine besonderen Membranstrukturen in der Kontaktzone beobachtet wurden und da andererseits die Retinulazellen auf diesem Niveau und weiter distal Pigmentgranula enthalten, scheinen diese Kontakte weder die Zellen chemisch bzw. elektrisch zu koppeln noch Reizlicht zu übertragen. Vielmehr wird angenommen, daß die Verlagerungen des Cytoplasmas bei Hell-Dunkeladaptation in benachbarten Retinulae durch die gegenseitige Berührung koordiniert werden.
    Notizen: Summary Connections were found between retinula cells of adjacent retinula cell columns in the eye of Ephestia. The connections occur most frequently at the level of the retinula cell nuclei and may involve two or more retinula columns simultaneously. The absence of specialized structural modifications of the membranes and the presence of pigment granules at the level of the connections or distal to them indicates that these connections are probably not involved in selective chemical or electrical communication nor in light transmission. It is suggested that the connections may serve tactily to coordinate cytoplasmic movement in adjacent retinula columns during light-dark adaptation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 339-355 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sertoli cell, human ; Morphological classification ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary As revealed by light microscopical investigations the human Sertoli cell presents different appearances according to the pattern of infranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Although two or three stages of spermatogenesis are seen in a single cross section of a seminiferous tubule the Sertoli cells all show virtually the same features in such a cross sectioned tubule. The different appearances are also evident under the electron microscope. Although no obvious correlation was found with the stages of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous epithelium, the Sertoli cell appearances described here may be assumed to represent different metabolic situations. Other features of Sertoli cell ultrastructure are discussed such as the presence of residual bodies in the apical cytoplasm, glycogen-rich areas protruding towards the tubular lumen or the extracellular space, and membrane bound, round structures, found between the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and resembling the “microbodies” of steroid producing cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 517-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Medial preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The neuronal and glial cell bodies and the neuropil of the medial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus were studied under the electron microscope. Two different types of neurons are identified on the basis of electron density. These two types differed in a number of ultrastructural features. Three types of nerve terminals based on vesicle morphology are also described, as well as the general structure of the axons, dendrites and synapses in the neuropil. The structure of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes is also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Agranular and granular vesicles ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Nerve profiles in the basal part of the palisade zone of rat median eminence have been divided into 4 categories on the basis of their vesicular content: profiles a with agranular vesicles of about 50 nm, b with similar agranular vesicles and also with granular vesicles of mainly 70–140 nm, c with granular vesicles alone and d without vesicles. After intravenous injection of exogenous peroxidase, castrated male rats showed, in comparison to sham-operated controls, a 3–5 fold increase in the percentage of nerve profiles of category a which contained peroxidase loaded vesicles of about 50 nm. In contrast, no significant change was observed for nerve profiles of other categories. It is concluded that exogenous peroxidase may be used to demonstrate changes in the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerve terminals at the ultrastructural level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle fibres (Tadpole tail) ; Degeneration ; Macrophages ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This report describes histochemical and ultrastructural studies of tail muscles in tadpoles of Rana japonica and Rana catesbeiana during metamorphosis, this process being accompanied by degeneration of the tail. Degeneration of individual tail muscles does not occur at the same time; this is true for both the red and white muscle fibres. The initial phase of degeneration showed mesenchymal macrophages first invading the muscle fibres and then sending out many long cytoplasmic processes which split the fibres apart. The disappearance of myofibrils during degeneration proceeds along at least two different mechanisms even within a single muscle fibre. In one type, the Z-band becomes diffuse and then disappears, resulting in fragmentation of the myofibrils at the sites previously occupied by the Z-bands. The second pattern of degeneration is characterized by disappearance of the Z-band followed by a fanning out of the myofilaments not associated with fragmentation of myofibrils. As atrophy of muscle fibres proceeds, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the perinuclear sarcoplasm. Macrophages show more intense acid phosphatase activity than do the muscle fibres. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is described and discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A series of rigid polyurethane foams of densities varying from 65 kg/m-3 to 400 kg/m-3 have been tested in compression as a function of rate and temperature. Two yield points are observed, the lower one being associated with the surface layers, the higher with the bulk of the material. The yield points may be predicted to a first approximation for the higher density foam using a model based on the buckling of a thinwalled cylinder.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 362-365 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of changes in crystallinity on the β-transition in poly(vinyl chloride) was studied by dynamic mechanical measurements of loss tangent (tan δ) and storage modulus (E′) over the temperature range -160° to 85°C. Four frequencies were covered, 3.5, 11, 35, and 110 Hz. The data presented demonstrate that crystallinity has a significant influence on the relaxation processes involved in the β-transition. The restrictions on segmental mobility imposed by crystallinity are most pronounced in the region between Tβ and Tg, with Tβ tending to shift to lower temperatures, Tg shifting to slightly higher temperatures, the magnitude of tan δ decreasing, and engineering tensile strength increasing. Our data also show that individual PVC resins have mechanical and physical properties which differ enough so that comparisons which are often made between them may be inconclusive. Moreover, the properties of one resin may be more sensitive to thermal treatment than those of another. We are continuing this study to establish correlations between the observed trends and other important mechanical properties such as impact strength, toughness, tensile, and compressive strength.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The equations of stress-strain of gel-filled polymer under large deformation were derived by using a simple model i.e. a sphere in a cubic matrix. The author finds for no adhesion between the phases: In case of perfect adhesion between the phases: where σ(α) is the stress of a blend at an elongation ratio of α, σR(α) the stress of a rubber matrix at α, σG(αG) the stress of a gel component at αG, σR (αR) the stress of a rubber matrix at αR, φ the volume fraction of gel. The validity of Eq 1 was shown for the polychloroprene vulcanizates containing polystyrene-gel which exhibits no adhesion with the polychloroprene matrix. This result shows the value of the model proposed here. The tensile strength of polychloroprene vulcanizates filled with polychloroprene-gel at break is discussed by the use of Eqs 2-4.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Two overriding characteristics for major applications of plastics in consumer products are: - the need for high volume production and - their exposure to hostile environments.Successful application and continued growth for plastics in these products requires knowledgeable prediction of performance in the process to produce the plastic part and in the environments to which it will be exposed during the product's lifetime. Progress on establishing relationships between material properties and structure are described with emphasis on response to melt process conditions and behavior when exposed to hostile environments.Commercial plastics and the processes by which they are converted into useful applications are complex systems. A multitude of interacting variables must be dealt with in order to achieve successful implementation in commercial products. Specific examples are discussed in the area of processing for non-Newtonian flow characteristics and overt effects in injection molding and extrusion, tailoring of polymers within established rheological limits and the influence of melt processing on physical and mechanical properties. The influence of application environments is discussed and specific examples are given for environmental stress cracking, stress-environment embrittlement and the effects of hot water solutions on polymer systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 27 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 212-222 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Flow patterns have been observed during the injection molding of rheologically characterized low-density polyethylene and polystyrene melts under various molding conditions. Some studies of high-density polyethylene were also carried out. Various mold designs were included in the study and the flow patterns investigated under both isothermal and cold cavity wall conditions. In addition to investigating injection molding of single polymer melts, flow patterns in the sandwich molding of polyethylene and polystyrene were studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 50-57 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The chemo-rheological behavior has been elucidated for three high temperature epoxy resins. Constant temperature and shear stress measurements were made on a modified Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. Curing behavior of various temperatures is unified by a time-temperature superposition method. The curing rate of one resin, Ferro E-293, is limited by the chemical reaction. The other resins, 3M PR-286 and PR-288, each have consecutively occurring reactions, both of which are diffusion limited. The chemo-rheological information obtained for these materials is used to model viscosity for compression molding of hand-laidup composites.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 98-100 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The melt flow of a plastic as measured by the standard method (ASTM D-1238) is at a high enough stress so that the flow is non-Newtonian. If the die in the plastometer is replaced by a nonstandard, tapered die of large orifice, a lower stress can be used and the flows are shown to be comparable to Newtonian viscosities measured in a cone and plate rheometer. Under these conditions the plastometer can be used as a sensitive measure of the melt stability of a plastic.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The porosity of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin particles produced in bulk polymerization is sensitive to polymerization conditions. Using scanning electron microscopy, 60μ spherical beads of PVC are shown to be composed of loosely packed 1μ spherical subparticles. This complex morphology is characterized by a variability in surface area. The surface area of bulk PVC materials can be measured by a chromatographic technique. The elution time of n-octane as a probe molecule on PVC packed columns is simply related to PVC surface area. At approximately constant particle size (measured by Coulter counter and optical microscopy), surface areas measured by argon adsorption are correlated to chromatographic elution times. The bulk density, plastisol viscosity and pore volume (from mercury penetration porosimetry) are determined and related to specific surface area.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of cold rolling on the Izod impact strength of amorphous polycarbonates has been studied. The impact strength is a function of the roll reduction as well as the original sheet thickness. Sheets varying from 0.125 to 0.645 inches in thickness have been studied and roll reductions up to 50 percent have been utilized. It is shown that enhancement in impact strength occurs at very small percent roll reductions. The orientation release stress has been measured as a function of roll reduction and the internal stresses through the thickness of the sheets have been studied by birefringence methods. It is suggested that the residual stresses are responsible for impact enhancement rather than the molecular orientation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 22 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 702-705 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Plasticized poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate/acrylate copolymer films were examined by isothermal creep at low loads measured at several temperatures from ∼Tg to Tg + 15°C. Viscosity calculated using η = σ/3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} was plotted vs temperature giving precise values for Tg based on a viscosity criterion of η = 1013 poises. Creep fracture data at various temperatures below Tg were interpreted using the maximum apparent viscosity measured at the minima of strain rate vs strain curves. Plots of ηmax VS stress at several temperatures gave values of ΔTg/Δσ of -1° to 2°C/106 N/m2 in agreement with treatment of ΔTg/Δσ based on free volume. Fracture occurred at low elongations when ηmax was ≥1013 poises, and at higher elongations when ηmax was 〈1013 poises supporting the concept that fracture is related to the lowering of Tg under stress. Plots of log σ VS log εb (the elongation at fracture) had the same form as that for crosslinked elastomers above Tg reported by T. L. Smith. Plots of log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document}b VS log εb also had the same form supporting proposals on the rate sensitivity of fracture.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 538-541 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In the manufacture of electronic devices for integrated circuits, reducing the number of resist steps is desirable for a variety of reasons. We describe some experiments on a process aimed at reducing the number of resist and registration steps in electron beam lithography. The process involves locally varying the electron dose in an electron sensitive resist (in this case poly[methyl methacrylate]) so that the different levels of exposure can be distinguished by subsequent developing. Reliable results have been achieved with three levels: (i)Strongly exposed (resist removed after short immersion in developer).(ii)Partially exposed or “metastable” (resist removed only after prolonged immersion in developer).(iii)Unexposed.In strongly exposed regions, operations such as etching may take place while using the metastable and unexposed regions to protect the workpiece. Subsequently, the metastable region may be developed for further processing.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 567-572 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Aspects of the present status of structure-property correlations for linear polycarboranesiloxanes which contain rigid carborane cages and flexible siloxane in-chain linkages are discussed. Low temperature secondary transitions, glass transitions, crystallization and melting transitions, and high temperature chemical transformations in inert and air atmospheres are emphasized. The linear polymers serve as the basis for new high-temperature elastomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 810-816 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Processors have encountered processing problems in dealing with thermoforming co-extruded sheet where one layer is semitransparent to incident radiant energy of the heater banks and the other is opaque. An analysis of the radiant heating process shows that significant volumetric absorption of radiant energy takes place within the semitransparent sheet. From the model, it is shown that to minimize temperature excursions within laminated sheets (and thus reduce the tendency for delamination and blistering), heater banks should be programmed to cycle in an on-off mode with a rather short cycle period.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 831-839 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effects of an isopropanol environment on the deformation characteristics of copoly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been investigated. Creep tests were performed in tension and torsion both in air and in isopropanol. It was noted that accelerated rates of creep were encountered during the tensile tests in isopropanol as compared with air but no differences were noted during the torsion tests. An explanation is proposed that the greatly increased creep strains encountered in tension result from diffusion of the fluid into the polymer. The rate of diffusion is controlled by changes in the free volume which occur on application of uniaxial tensile stresses. The existence of the fluid molecules in the polymer matrix reduce its local creep resistance and produce swelling, both of which are manifested as increased creep strains. The fact that no effects were noted during torsion tests (where the free volume remains constant) or when an unstressed specimen was immersed in the fluid indicates that no significant absorption occurs at the equilibrium (unstressed) free volume.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 859-867 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A simple method for predicting the primary normal stress function, θ, from viscosity data is proposed. A relation between θ and the viscosity function, θ, based on the Goddard-Miller rheological equation of state, is given. An easy-to-use generalized chart for estimating θ from θ is presented; in order to use this chart, viscosity data must be available from the zero-shear-rate value of the “power law region.” The method was applied to six polymer melts, three polymer solutions, and an aluminum soap solution for which θ had been measured experimentally. Even though θ varied by a factor of 103 over the examined range of shear rate, the theory and experiment seldom differed by more than a factor of 2. The generalized chart for θ was combined with Tanner's theory to prepare a graph which may be used to estimate jet swell from viscosity data. Comparison with experimental data of jet swell for 4 polymer melts shows good agreement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 730-733 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Polymer solutions and melts can both dissipate mechanical energy in flow, as well as accumulate elastic energy. If the assumption is made that elastic energy can be accumulated only through a decrease of conformational entropy, the general thermodynamic theory for non-linear viscoelastic materials simplifies considerably. In particular, though no generality is lost as far as the constitutive equation for stress is concerned, the energy equation, which allows in principle a calculation of temperature distributions arising from frictional heating and heat removal, reduces to the usual form which is valid for viscous materials.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 717-723 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: During an investigation of the time for ignition of polymeric materials under the influence of radiant heating, it was found that the polymer surface reflectance-absorptance characteristics were a major factor in the variance of the ignition times. A subsequent research study was made of the reflectance-absorptance characteristics of those polymers used in the ignition testing. Reflectance values were obtained over the wavelength of 0.3 to 2.5 microns using a double-beam Cary model 14 spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere reflectometer and over the wavelengths of 1.0 to 10.0 microns using a Gier-Dunkle Hohlraum with a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer. Absorptance values were obtained by means of Kirchoff's Law,Drawings and graphs are included which illustrate the test apparatus and type of data collected. A table of average absorptances of several polymers are given and listed according to the particular type of heat source used. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \alpha _\lambda + r_\lambda = 1 $$\end{document} Average absorptances of the polymers over the monochromatic wavelength span of the heat sources were calculated using the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \alpha _{{\rm av}} = \frac{{\int_{\lambda _1 }^{\lambda _2 } {\alpha _\lambda e_\lambda d\lambda } }}{{\int_{\lambda _1 }^{\lambda _2 } {e_\lambda {\rm d}\lambda}}} $$\end{document} Mathematical analyses were developed and are presented for both the integrating sphere reflectometer and Gier-Dunkle Hohlraum unit.Drawings and graphs are included which illustrate the test apparatus and type of data collected. A table of average absorptances of several polymers are given and listed according to the particular type of heat source used.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 764-767 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Polymer properties were measured as a function of temperature at 5 and 10°C per minute heating rates and as a function of time at constant temperature, using the Du Pont 940 thermal-mechanical analyzer. Data are reported on deflection temperature under load, vicat softening temperature, and creep properties. These results have been correlated with ASTM values. These tests require short times and are applicable to thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 778-781 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Electron microscopy studies indicate that the microfibrils are a well defined element of many uniaxially oriented polymers. On the basis of these results it was inferred that the mechanical responses of uniaxially oriented polymers are similar to those of a parallel ensemble of the microfibrils. An important consequence of this microfibrillar model is that the type of load transfer is independent of crystallite aspect (length/diameter) ratio. The analysis of anisotropy in modulus of uniaxially oriented nylon 6, however, indicates that the load transfer characteristics of these polymers are dependent on crystallite dimension. A series response is observed only with fibers or films of low and intermediate draw ratio. Highly oriented structures, however, exhibit a nearly isotropic response in load transfer. These results show that uniaxial polymers must be analyzed in terms of a model where the crystallites are embedded in an “amorphous” matrix. The equations are derived for modulus, strength, and coefficient of diffusion in terms of crystallite dimensions, and the results compared with the experimental data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 827-830 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Ternary phase diagram for several polybutene-1 and polystyrene resins in carbon tetrachloride have been determined. These show: Almost the entire phase diagram is a two-phase region.The composition of each phase is mainly of one polymer type.Increasing the molecular weight of either polymer diminishes compatibility.To our knowledge, this is the first example of phase separation in common solvent polymer solutions that involves a poly α-olefin. Viscosity and surface tension data on the equilibrium phases indicate the phases have the same surface tensions but far different viscosities. The upper phase is mainly polybutene-1 and is much more viscous than the lower phase which is mainly polystyrene. Slight agitation of the phases gives an “emulsion” that may be cast into a polymer film. The film has a continuous phase of Form III polybutene-1 and a dispersed phase of polystyrene. The polystyrene may be extracted from the film by immersion in methyl ethyl ketone to give a porous polybutene-1 film.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 853-858 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Computer simulation technology is used to define the problems in scale-up of extruders from 2.5 to 3.5, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.0 inches in diameter. It is shown that the conventional practice of scaling-up channel depths by the square root of the diameter ratio does not take full advantage of the potential output capacity of larger extruders and a faster rate of channel depth increase is proposed. It is also shown that inherent limitations resulting from decreasing barrel surface area and increasing flight clearance with increasing screw diameter will always result in a higher discharge temperature from the larger machine at any practical output rate. Frictional heat generation and heat removal requirements increase with increasing diameter, regardless of the scale-up system used, and these limit the output capability of the larger sizes at low discharge temperatures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 868-872 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The Contraves balance rheometer has been used in a study of the gelation and fusion process of three DOP-based PVC-plastisols and the results compared with those obtained with the Brabender plastograph. The tensile properties of samples fused at different temperatures have also been determined. The rheometer results relate to the temperature dependence of the viscosity, shear modulus, and loss angle of the plastisols used. The viscosity- and modulus-temperature curves are to some extent reminiscent of the torque-temperature curves obtained with the plastograph; the fusion temperatures are slightly different. The loss-angle-temperature curves measured with the rheometer exhibit sharp maxima in the vicinity of the Tg-point of the base polymer. The shear modulus decreases with time when the temperature is kept constant (above the fusion point). This effect is possibly associated with crystallite melting. The temperature necessary to reach the maximum strength plateau of films fused at various temperatures was found to agree (within 10°C) with the maximum in the modulus-temperature curves (minimum in loss-angle-temperature curves) when the rheometer shear rate was sufficiently low. On the whole, the rheometer allows for better temperature control. Also, the fact that the results are given in terms of viscosity and shear modulus may have some advantage in interpreting gelation and fusion data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 92-97 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The electret potentials developed by reverse osmosis electret membranes help control the undesirable deposition of charged colloidal particles on the membrane surfaces during membrane desalination. These antifouling electret membranes should help prevent the costly flux declines normally associated with deposition of colloidal iron oxides on the reverse osmosis membrane surfaces.Homocharge and heterocharge behavior of cellulose acetate membrane electrets have been studied. Asymmetric reverse osmosis membranes and dense membrane films were studied. The homocharge and heterocharge of cellulose acetate reverse osmosis electret membranes have been explained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Glassy, amorphous thermoplastics experience a nearly universal susceptibility to crack and craze formation in the combined presence of stress and a chemical environment. This susceptibility has been evaluated for styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers according to the factors which effect craze initiation and those which limit the rates of flaw propagation. Molecular weight, styrene-acrylonitrile ratio, rubber content, and rubber phase morphology are variables which were found to affect flaw initiation and propagation. Fundamental characterization of the chemical parameters which control the initiation of craze formation in polysulfone and polycarbonate is also presented. In particular, “3-dimensional” solubility parameters have been observed to be a reasonable means of characterizing susceptibility to environmental stress cracking.
    Zusätzliches Material: 21 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 206-211 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanism of weathering degradation of polyolefins is discussed. Variations in spectral radiation, temperature, density, polymer absorption spectra, orientation, and sample thickness are related to property deterioration. Organic ultraviolet stabilizers, zinc oxide stabilization, and UV catalyzed degradation are briefly reviewed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 260-263 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Amorphous polycarbonate sheets up to 1/4 inch in thickness have been crystallized both thermally and by acetone vapor sorption. For thick sheets acetone vapor sorption is the superior technique and a method has been developed for assuring homogeneous crystallized sheets. The crystallized polycarbonate can be cold rolled providing there is a residual acetone content to act as a plasticizer for the sheet. The tensile stress strain characteristics of the as-crystallized sheets as well as the rolled crystallized sheets have been determined as a function of the residual acetone content. It is shown that a crystallized polycarbonate whose thickness is reduced by 74 percent can achieve a true stress at fracture of 27,180 psi and a strain of 33 percent. These values are significantly greater than the values obtained for rolled amorphous polycarbonates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Two series of glass-reinforced diallyl phthalate molding compounds from two different manufacturers were evaluated using a Rheometrics, Inc. Mechanical Spectrometer and a Brabender Torque Rheometer. Comparison of reactivity and minimum viscosity as measured by these two instruments is presented. The Mechanical Spectrometer appears capable of differentiating smaller changes in melt viscosity than does the Brabender Torque Rheometer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 288-291 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Results are presented of friction and thermal tests of molded polyimide and pyrrone polymers. The coefficient of sliding friction up to surface velocities of 2 m/sec (394 ft/min) and the coefficient of thermal expansion from 300 to 500°K (80 to 440°F) were measured. An apparatus was constructed to measure simultaneously the coefficient of sliding friction and the friction-generated temperature. Measurements were made at a nominal pressure-velocity product of 0.25 MN/msec (7100 lb/in.2 × ft/min) and at temperatures between 300 and 500°K (80 and 440°F).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 338-341 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The biochemistry and stereochemistry of proteins are reviewed and related to molecular structure and specifically to the properties governing fiber formation. The conformation of amino acids, polypeptides and proteins are discussed. The amino acid composition of protein is considered in relation to structure, chain length and molecular weight. General descriptions are also given for typical synthetic polypeptides as well as for non-fibrous natural proteins used in fiber manufacture. Mechanisms and modes are presented for fiber formation including a discussion of molecular criteria involving intermolecular cohesive and crystalline configurational forces which are involved in the fiber forming process. These effects are related to treatments and processes, including thermal, mechanical and chemical modifications, which can be applied to protein for the purpose of forming fibers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 112-119 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A theoretical model for the simulation of dynamic operation of a plasticating extruder is proposed. The model can be recommended as a tool to study various dynamic situations of interest in the operation of an extruder. Several responses to changes in operating conditions are discussed. They indicate the occurrence of transient maximas and occasional oscillations. The controlling of flow rate by adjusting a valve at the die seems to cause temporary local high peaks in pressure, whereas its control through screw speed seems to be satisfactory.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Low profile polyesters and sheet molding compounds, SMC, are two of many resin-glass composites that have been commercialized in the past few years. They have evolved through application of earlier technologies and have opened up possibilities for fiber-reinforced plastics. Because of rapid growth, insufficient time has been spent documenting the technical aspects of making SMC. Techniques are thus described that we have used to characterize the rheological properties of the resin mix during its transition from liquid-like (viscous) behavior of the initial formulation through the solid-like (elastic) behavior of the resultant SMC.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 16-21 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The concentration dependence of the rheological response of aqueous Separan solutions was measured. The shear and primary normal stress response in steady shearing flow, and the relaxation of shear stress following cessation of steady shear flow, were measured with four different polymer solution concentrations. Two different nonlinear constitutive equations, Bird-Carreau and Meister, were used to analyse the data. The Bird-Carreau model fit the steady shear data very well and the parameters obtained from steady shear data allow reasonable estimates of the stress relaxation of these systems. The Meister model provided a fit of the transient stress relaxation data and could be used to estimate the steady shear response. No quantitative molecular theory was developed in this work. However, the nature of the concentration dependence of the Bird-Carreau parameters suggests that as the polymer concentration of aqueous Separan solutions decreases from 2.0 to 0.05 weight percent the solutions should be modeled less by an entangled network theory and more as slightly overlapping hydrodynamic units. The concentration where this behavior seems to be changing appears to be about 0.25 percent by weight of polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 298-307 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The procedures developed in this paper enable the die designer to estimate the dimensions of the die at the exit and to define a flow channel within the body of the die appropriate to the required dimensions and output rate of the extruded product. Design procedures are given for predicting die swell (and hence die exit dimensions) from a knowledge of product dimensions, output rate and the basic shear, elasticity, and viscosity data. Within the body of the die the length and included angle of a convergent tapered section should be such that the critical tensile deformation rate is not exceeded. At the die entry the taper angle is related to the tensile and shear viscosities. Analytical expressions based on flow data are given for predicting pressure drops resulting from flow through circular and slot dies of constant cross-section and through conical and wedge-shaped dies. A numerical example shows how the theory may be applied to the design of a die for a thin-walled tube. For the resultant die design, the likely effects are predicted to changes in output rate and melt temperature for the chosen material, of changes in grade of the same type of polymer, and of changes in polymer type.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 322-331 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It was theorized that the heat stability of PVC may be improved by exchanging the “weak” (allylic and tertiary) chlorines by groups of higher bond strength, e.g., phenyl. Thus PVC was phenylated by φ3Al in carbon disulfide slurry for various times (1 to 5 hrs) and temperatures (from -30 to +45°C). The φ3Al concentration, temperature and time of φ3Al treatment greatly affect the ultimate heat stability of PVC. Significant improvement in the heat stability was obtained by treating PVC in carbon disulfide at 25°C for 1 hr. The mechanism of phenylation was studied by model experiments in which the possible structural irregularities in PVC were simulated by small molecule chlorine compounds, i.e., 3-chloro-1-butene, 1,3-dichloro-1-butene, 4-choro-2-pentene were models for terminal and inchain allylic chlorines, t-butyl chloride was the model for tertiary chlorine at branch site, and isopropyl chloride simulated regular secondary chlorines. The reactions between φ3Al and these chlorides were carried out at 35°C for various times and the NMR spectra were analyzed. The φ3Al + tBuCl reaction in carbon disulfide gives t-butylbenzene (Wurtz coupling) and isobutylene oligomers. Evidently φ3Al (or the φ2AlCl formed) dehydrochlorinates tBuCl to isobutylene which rapidly oligomerizes in the presence of Lewis acids. In aromatic diluents, i.e., benzene, chlorobenzene, and o-chlorotoluene, Friedel-Crafts t-butylation of the diluent occurs; in mesitylene t-butylation is absent presumably because of steric hindrance and small amounts of t-butylbenzene are formed by Wurtz coupling. All the allyl chlorides examined are rapidly phenylated by φ3Al in carbon disulfide at 35°C and yield the expected products: 3-chloro-1-butene → 1-phenyl-2-butene; 1,3-dichloro-1-butene → 1-chloro-3-phenyl-1-butene; 4-chloro-2-pentene → 4-phenyl-2-pentene. The kinetics of phenylation by φ3Al of model compounds have been studied and the following rate constants were obtained: kallyl = too fast to measure, ktBuCl = 1.0, and kiPrCl = 9 × 10-4 l/mole min. Evidently the rate of the φ3Al + RCl reaction is mainly determined by the stability of the R⊕ intermediate: substituted allylic⊕ ≫ tertiary⊕ ≫ secondary⊕.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 352-356 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of insoluble gel material, crystalline aggregates, and suspension particle membranes on the physical and mechanical properties of solution cast films of suspension PVC has been studied. The chemical structure and morphology of the insoluble gel material was also studied. The suspension particle membranes are found to contain significant amounts of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups but are still predominately PVC. These particles affect the transparency of cast films as well as the surface topography by forming discrete clusters upon drying which are uniformly distributed throughout the films. Finally, insoluble gel material is found to have no significant effect on the low and high speed mechanical properties of the films.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 371-381 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Recent morphological studies of plasticized and unplasticified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are reviewed. Suspension polymerized PVC contains particles in a number of different size ranges 100-200Å, 1000-5000Å, 1μ and larger. The larger size particles are broken down during plasticization but both the 100Å and the 1000Å suspension particles retain their identity. The visibility, and presumably, coalescence of these particles is a function of the processing conditions. In particular, the size of the 100Å particle increases with plasticizer content and is most distinct as characterized both by small angle x-ray scattering and electron microscopy for milling temperatures in the 160-170°C. range. Consideration is given to the effect of these particles, their structure, and interrelationship on the rheological properties of the resins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) formulations were prepared in solid and foam form, and mechanical hysteresis was measured by low-speed tension and compression on an Instron tester and by high-speed rebound on a resiliometer. Hysteresis was greatest in copolymers with vinyl acetate, at low plasticizer concentration, with inefficient plasticizers, at high concentrations of reinforcing fillers, at high expansion to low density, and at high speed of testing. Conversely, resilience was greatest at high plasticizer concentration, with more efficient plasticizers, with non-reinforcing fillers, and at high density.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 401-412 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A concentric cyclinder dilatometer was designed and built to study the influence of shear on the crystallization kinetics of polymers. This instrument allows crystallization to be followed at both constant temperature and shear rate. Several samples of polyethylene oxide (Carbowax 4000, Carbowax 20-M, and WSR-205) were used. A low molecular weight fraction of the Carbowax 20-M, as well as the unfractionated material, was crystallized under shear. The WSR-205 was studied only in a mixture with Carbowax 4000. It was shown that the kinetics of crystallization of uncrosslinked melts of polyethylene oxide are altered by shear. The induction times for the appearance of crystallinity are shorter in the sheared systems than in the quiescent melts. The Avrami exponents are also higher for crystallization in sheared melts than in quiescent systems and increase with decreasing supercooling. The high values of the Avrami exponent are attributed to the disruption of crystalline aggregates into particles larger than the critical sized nucleus. These particles will persist in the melt and continue to grow spontaneously. A continuous infusion of growing particles into the melt occurs.At constant temperature and shear rate, the induction time of the crystallization curve is influenced by polymer molecular weight. In moderate to high molecular weight samples, the effect of shear becomes saturated at very low shear rates. Decreasing the molecular weight separates the crystallization curves. The curves from the higher shear rates appear at the shorter induction times. However, decreasing the molecular weight below that at the critical entanglement molecular weight allows the nucleation rate, strongly dependent upon the supercooling, to influence the relative positions of the sheared crystallization curves.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 478-480 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Chemical batch-to-batch variations of an acrylonitrile-modified epoxy potting compound were monitored by infrared spectroscopy and correlated to capacitance and hardness measurements of the cured product before and after exposure to high humidity. The reversion resistance of the cured material was dependent upon the amount of a carbonyl functionality in the uncured potting compound. This relationship is an approach to assess the reversion resistance of these types of potting compounds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 706-716 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This is a study of materials which are positive-temperature-coefficient resistors. Such materials, composed of conductive particles dispersed in a crystalline polymeric matrix, have been found to be of limited stability. An example is carbon black in high-density polyethylene. On repeated cycling through the anomaly temperature or on extensive heating at or above the anomaly temperature, the room temperature resistivity rises and the anomaly height falls to zero. This phenomenon has been shown to be caused by the absorption of oxygen by the polymer matrix which alters the structure, reduces the crystallinity, and induces an unusual form of crosslinking of a reversible nature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 760-763 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The flux models can be used to accurately predict the transmission or absorption of radiant energy through an absorbing scattering plastic. The apparent absorbing and scattering coefficients are dependent upon the physical characteristics of the body and the incident radiation as well as the actual absorption and scattering coefficients of the material. The apparent interfacial reflectivity can be estimated from the degree of scattering within the material.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 773-777 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A rheological investigation of the saturated fatty acids as lubricants for PVC was made in a Sieglaff-McKelvey rheometer over a wide temperature range. Results reveal that with an increase in carbon chain, fatty acids became more effective in reducing the melt viscosity of PVC. It was also discovered that the maximum viscosity variation due to these materials was observed at 350°F. At test temperatures of 400°F and above, no major viscosity differences were observed. Furthermore, the changes in the melt viscosity were more pronounced at shear rates less than 200 sec-1. The usefulness of the measured viscosity variations at the critical test temperature of 350°F was shown by extrusion. An excellent correlation between the apparent melt viscosity and extrusion melt temperature was found. The criticalness of the test temperature in assessing the effect of lubricants on PVC flow is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 14 (1974), S. 791-796 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A theory is presented which describes the dynamics of blade-coating of a viscoelstic fluid onto a moving sheet. The method begins with the usual “lubrication” approximation, and develops the solution as a perturbation about the Newtonian case. Viscoelasticity is described by an empirical constitutive equation which shows non-Newtonian viscosity and finite normal stress behavior consistent with typical observations of polymeric fluids. Theoretical results indicate a small increase in coating thickness due to departure from Newtonian behavior, and a significant decrease in the magnitude of the pressure developed under the blade. Consequently, the blade loading can be reduced significantly by viscoelastic effects. The results for the loading may be an artifact of the specific constitutive model, since it can be shown that some viscoelastic fluids, specifically an “elastic Newtonian” fluid, would exhibit increased loading relative to the inelastic Newtonian case.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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