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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (806)
  • 1978  (806)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (765)
  • pharmacokinetics
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Diazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; pregnant women ; plasma clearance ; blood/plasma concentration ratio ; placental transfer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The disposition of diazepam has been studied in pregnant women at parturition. The plasma concentration of diazepam was monitored for at least 3 days in 18 women who received a single intravenous injection of 10 mg during the 10 h-period prior to delivery. Fourteen mothers had uneventful puerperia (Group I) and in 13 of these cases there was a pronounced postnatal increase in the plasma concentration of diazepam. The terminal phase half-life (t1/2) was significantly greater for Group I (mean = 65 h; range = 24–114 h) than for age-matched non-pregnant patients (mean = 29 h; range = 18–44 h from literature). The prolonged t1/2 appeared to be related to changes in the distribution of diazepam and not to a reduction in hepatic elimination since the total plasma clearance (Cltp) in these 14 pregnant patients (mean = 28 ml/min; range = 18–43 ml/min) was not reduced compared to that reported for non-pregnant controls (mean = 30 ml/min; range = 22–45 ml/min). Four mothers underwent postnatal surgery for tubal ligation (Group II) and the plasma concentration-time profiles for this group did not show the same postnatal phenomenon as did the profiles obtained for Group I. The t1/2 for Group II was shorter (mean = 31 h; range = 24–37 h) than for Group I and similar to that for the non-pregnant controls. The Cltp for Group II was greater (mean = 56 ml/min; range = 48–63 ml/min) than for both Group I and non-pregnant controls. These results suggest that delivery alters the disposition of diazepam and is generally associated with a postnatal re-distribution of diazepam into the systemic circulation. The blood/plasma concentration ratio was determined in 9 patients (mean = 0.62; range = 0.54–0.77). There was no difference in the total blood clearance between the pregnant patients of Group I and the non-pregnant controls. In most cases the umbilical venous plasma concentration (Cpuv) of diazepam was greater than the peripheral maternal venous plasma concentration (Cpmv) at delivery. The foetus appears to constitute a slowly equilibrating tissue-group in which diazepam does not reach equilibrium with the maternal systemic circulation for at least 5–10 h at which time the diazepam concentration in maternal and foetal plasma is similar.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 49-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid ; clofibrate ; steady-state plasma concentrations ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Plasma concentrations and bioavailability of clofibrinic acid have been estimated under conditions approaching the steady-state during a ten-day period of administration as clofibrate or as a calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination (1:1 w/w) at a dosage interval of 12 h. Formulation — related differences in bioavailability were not significant, and the 95% confidence limits of these differences were within −2% to +8% of the mean for the reference formulation of clofibrate. The mean steadystate plasma concentrations of clofibrinic acid measured on the tenth day of dosing were 116 µg/ml±22 S.D. and 119 µg/ml±23 S.D. after administration of 885 mg as clofibrate and the calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination respectively. The peaks of mean plasma concentrations were 70 µg/ml±15 S.D., 119 µg/ml±32 S.D. and 131 µg/ml±26 S.D. on the first, fifth and tenth day of dosing with clofibrate, and 62 µg/ml±13 S.D., 127 µg/ml±S.D. and 143 µg/ml±25 S.D. on the corresponding days of dosing with the calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination. After the last dose on the tenth day of dosing, the mean apparent half-lives of elimination of clofibrinic acid from plasma were 24.2 h±4.4 S.D. and 25.5 h±3.2 S.D. after administration of clofibrate and the calcium clofibrinate-carbonate combination respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; hydrocortisone ; elimination rate ; distribution volume
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The influence of a high plasma concentration of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phenazone in humans has been studied. Two series of experiments were carried out, Group A to demonstrate any enzyme-inducing effect of hydrocortisone, and Group B to study the immediate effect of hydrocortisone on the metabolism of phenazone. 9 subjects (Group A) received a total 250–400 mg hydrocortisone i.m. twice daily for three days and the 24-hour elimination of phenazone was studied before and afterwards. In a further 5 subjects (Group B) the elimination of phenazone was examined during administration of hydrocortisone or placebo. The elimination rate and the apparent volume of distribution of phenazone remained unchanged under both experimental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Clonidine ; plasma level ; pharmacokinetics ; steady state ; urinary excretion ; side-effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A single oral dose of clonidine 300 µg was administered to 8 healthy, normotensive subjects and the time course of its plasma concentrations was followed for 24 h. The plasma concentration of clonidine rose to a peak of 1.17±0.12 ng/ml at about 2 h: the absorption half-life was 0.6±0.2 h. Elimination followed first order kinetics with a half-life of 7.7±2.0 h. The correlation between the two most common side-effects of clonidine, sedation and dryness of the mouth, with the time course of its plasma concentrations was highly significant, p〈0.01. All the subjects complained of severe sedation. During continuous administration of clonidine (75 µg t.i.d.) for one week a steady state serum level of 0.30–0.35 ng/ml was achieved. One 75 µg tablet of clonidine raised the serum level to about 0.69±0.13 ng/ml in two hours. After cessation of dosing, the serum level declined with a half-life of 7.5±1.5 h. The urinary excretion of unchanged clonidine was found to be about onethird of the administered dose in 24 h during continuous administration and in the first 24 h after the single oral dose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Mepivacaine ; pharmacokinetics ; neonates ; healthy adults ; metabolism ; renal excretion ; lignocaine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of mepivacaine has been studied in premature neonates dosed subcutaneously and in healthy adults dosed intravenously. The pharmacokinetics of mepivacaine in four neonates (N) was compared with that in six adults (A). Newborns had a significantly longer terminal phase half-life than adults (N mean 8.69 h; A mean 3.17 h). Total plasma clearance normalized on body weight was significantly smaller in neonates (mean 2.34 ml/min/kg) than in adults (mean 5.47 ml/min/kg), as was the hepatic blood clearance (N mean 1.37 ml/min/kg; A mean 5.10 ml/min/kg). The renal plasma clearance, however, was significantly greater in neonates (mean 0.76 ml/min/kg) than adults (mean 0.20 ml/min/kg). There was an average six-fold increase in the fraction of the dose excreted unchanged in newborns (mean 43.3%) compared to adults (mean 7.1%) with acidified urine (pH 5.5–6.0). There was significantly more of the mono-N-demethylated metabolite of mepivacaine excreted by newborns (mean 11.4%) than by adults (mean 2.2%), but their capacity to carry out aromatic hydroxylation of mepivacaine was negligible. These results for mepivacaine were compared with those previously reported for lignocaine in premature infants. The immaturity of hepatic function appears to have diminished more profoundly the ability of premature infants to metabolize mepivacaine than lignocaine. These findings are discussed in terms of perfusion theory of hepatic drug elimination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Children ; leukemia ; high-dose methotrexate ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of intravenous high-dose methotrexate were studied in two groups of children being treated for malignant diseases, mostly acute lymphatic leukemia. The peak serum level of methotrexate of 2.32·10−5 mol/l was found in children given 500 mg methotrexate/m2 by a 24 h infusion, and another group given 2790 mg/m2 during a 6 h infusion had serum levels as high as 2.16·10−4 mol/l. The decay of serum concentration of methotrexate after completion of the infusion followed a diphasic curve, with an initial serum half-life of 4.8 h, followed by a second half-life of 34.4 h at distribution equilibrium. The apparent volume of distribution was 56.8 litres/m2. Significant levels of methotrexate were found in cerebrospinal fluid, but penetration into cerebrospinal fluid was slow. Urinary excretion of methotrexate was considerable. Four to five days after commencement of the infusion, urinary concentrations of methotrexate still exceeded the serum levels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Drug binding to muscle ; interindividual differences ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Binding of 22 drugs to human muscle tissue has been determined by ultrafiltration. All drugs tested were bound, the bound fraction ranging from 13% (aminophenazone) to 〉98% (desipramine). Both linear and nonlinear binding was observed. For chemically related substances, binding to muscle tissue correlated with plasma binding and lipid solubility. There were significant differences in binding to muscle from different individuals. With respect to pharmacokinetics of drugs, it is suggested that binding to muscle tissue may be at least as important as plasma binding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 41-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Furosemide ; pharmacokinetics ; anephric patients ; metabolism ; protein binding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of furosemide 40 mg i.v. were compared in 7 anephric patients and in 7 normal subjects. The average serum clearance was 66 ml/min in the patients and 219 ml/min in the normal subjects, and the corresponding weight corrected clearances were 1.33 ml/min · kg and 2.96 ml/min · kg. Binding to serum proteins was significantly decreased in the anephric subjects, in whom a significant negative correlation was found between the percentage binding and the volume of distribution VDss. In the patients, but not in the normal subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between $$V_{D_{ss} } $$ and serum clearance. Both in normal and anephric individuals 4-chlor-5-sulphamoylanthranilic-acid (CSA) was found, but there was no evidence of special accumulation either of CSA or anthranilic acid in the anephric patients. In the patients the initial increase in serum concentration of sodium and protein followed by a more conspicuous decrease were more pronounced, but none of the changes were statistically significant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Microcrystalline theophylline ; chronic obstructive airways disease ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Plasma theophylline concentrations have been measured in 9 patients with chronic obstructive airways disease following the oral administration of a microcrystalline theophylline preparation. Some measurements of FEV1 were also made. Four patients were given 375 mg as a single dose and then subsequently 375 mg stat and 125 mg 4 times daily for 3 days, (Group I). A further 5 patients took 250 mg as a single dose and then 250 mg 4 times daily for 3 days, (Group II). In both groups, following the single dose and again after the last dose of chronic administration, blood samples were obtained at frequent intervals up to 24 h for plasma drug estimation. During the 3-day course, blood samples were drawn before and 2 h after each morning dose. In Group I patients, substantial plasma theophylline concentrations were seen only after the loading dose. Thereafter, the mean concentrations before or 2 h after the morning doese were always less than 4.0 µg/ml. Trough concentrations were usually below 2.0 µg/ml. In contrast patients in Group II achieved substantially higher plasma theophylline concentrations, with mean peak concentrations always 10 µg/ml or greater, and trough concentrations greater than 5 µg/ml on at least one occasion in every subject. The elimination half-lives after chronic administration in both groups were not significantly different from those obtained after single doses. Mean drug accumulation, measured as AUCss/AUC1, was 0.87±0.07 in Group I and 0.72±0.14 in Group II, indicating that accumulation had not occurred with either regimen. The mean increase in FEV1 2 h after the administration of a single dose was 19.2% after 375 mg and 16.7% after 250 mg. These results indicate that the recommended dosage regimen for microcrystalline theophylline preparation (375 mg stat and 125 mg 4 times daily) produces inadequate plasma theophylline concentrations: 250 mg 4 times daily would appear to be likely to result in satisfactory theophylline levels in more patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Etidocaine ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; neonate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The urinary elimination of etidocaine and several of its metabolites was investigated in neonates whose mothers had received one or more doses of etidocaine during labour. The urine collection period ranged among the neonates from 21.4 to 47.0 h post-partum. The total amounts of etidocaine and its metabolites recovered in neonatal urine represented a mean of 0.12 per cent of the maternal dose. Some differences in the pattern of urinary metabolites were observed between neonates and adults. Mean half-life of elimination of etidocaine calculated from sigma-minus plots of the neonatal urinary data was 6.42 h. This is greater than that previously reported following intravenous administration of etidocaine to adults (2.6 h). The slower rate of elimination in neonates is probably due to an increased neonatal volume of distribution since there is evidence to show that etidocaine is extensively metabolised by the neonate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Antipyrine ; pharmacokinetics ; phenzone ; posture ; immobilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of phenazone was studied in six subjects while ambulant and during bed rest for 3 days. Elimination of the drug was followed for 12 h after oral and intravenous administration. The elimination rate constant and total body clearance were significantly increased during bed rest as compared to the ambulant period, but the differences were small. The apparent volume of distribution decreased significantly. No consistent change due to bed rest was found in the rate of absorption or bioavailability of the oral dose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Paracetamol ; acetaminophen ; Gilbert's syndrome ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol after intravenous and oral administration has been studied in 6 patients with Gilbert's syndrome, and 6 healthy controls. Paracetamol clearance was significantly less in the patients (255 ml/min SE±23 ml/min) than in the normal subjects (352 ml/min SE±40 ml/min). Moreover, whilst paracetamol concentrations declined monoexponentially in the patients, the decline was biexponential in the controls. No difference in the bioavailability of 500 mg paracetamol given orally was observed between the two groups. The results suggest that not only is paracetamol elimination impaired in Gilbert's syndrome, but that its distribution kinetics are also abnormal. Both these findings could be attributed to a decrease in hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Aminopyrine ; pharmacokinetics ; 14CO2 breath test ; hepatic disease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The time-course of aminopyrine in plasma and of14CO2 in breath was determined for 6 hours after oral administration of (14C-methyl) aminopyrine to healthy controls and to patients with hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatic bilharziasis.14CO2 in breath declined about 1.8 times more slowly than aminopyrine plasma levels, which suggests the occurrence of metabolite demethylation. This was confirmed by the slow elimination of14C from plasma, the formation of14CO2 after aminopyrine had disappeared and the presence of a considerable amount of monomethyl-aminopyrine in plasma. The mean14CO2 concentration in breath was correlated with but was not proportional to aminopyrine clearance, which was attributed to individual differences in aminopyrine half-life. Both a correlation and proportionality were found when14CO2 extrapolated to zero time was used as a parameter of14CO2 production. Hepatic disease affected aminopyrine clearance to a variable extent. In the hepatitis and fibrosis group, aminopyrine clearance was affected in 2 out of five subjects. In all except one cirrhotic subject aminopyrine clearance was markedly decreased. Moreover, in three out of seven cases aminopyrine absorption was impaired, presumably due to decreased gastrointestinal blood-flow. This may produce an erroneously low14CO2 concentration in breath during the first two hours after aminopyrine administration. Hepatic bilharziasis was accompanied by very low aminopyrine clearance in all four cases. In two patients high apparent Vd values were observed, probably due to “first-pass” metabolism. Patients with ascites had Vd values within normal limits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Chemotherapy ; sulfadiazine ; trimethoprim ; pharmacokinetics ; acetylation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sulfadiazine (SDZ) 800 mg and trimethoprim (TMP) 160 mg were given orally to 10 normal subjects and the concentration of SDZ and TMP in serum and urine was followed for 24 h. Both drugs showed a significant negative correlation between individual “peak” concentrations in serum and the body weight of the subject. Twelve hours after dosing the serum concentration was 12 to 25 µg/ml for SDZ and 0.3 to 1.1 µg/ml for TMP. Individual concentration ratios between SDZ and TMP in serum were 4.8 (1 h) – 145 (24 h), and in the urine the ratio was close to 6 throughout the 24 h collection period. The range of urinary concentrations was from 65 to 400 µg/ml for SDZ and from 13.8 to 93.4 µg/ml for TMP. The fraction acetylated SDZ/acetylated SDZ + SDZ was 21% during the 0–8 h period, 33% during the 8–15 h period and 41% during the 15–24 period. The average values for the notional volume of distribution, Vd, were 0.36±0.13 1/kg for SDZ and 1.39±0.25 1/kg for TMP. The average “t1/2” was 15.2±7.4 h for SDZ and 7.4±1.9 h for TMP. Individual subjects showed a significant correlation between the serum clearance of TMP and SDZ (p〈0.01) and also between the renal clearance of the two drugs (p〈0.05). The serum clearance was significantly correlated with the renal clearance for TMP but not for SDZ. For SDZ Vd was significantly negatively correlated with the elimination constant; for TMP no such correlation was found. The serum clearance of SDZ was significantly correlated with the percentage of SDZ which was excreted as the (presumably) acetylated compound. The renal clearance of SDZ was independent of the serum concentration of SDZ. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the renal clearance and serum concentration of TMP, as well as for “acetylated SDZ”. The renal clearance of “acetylated SDZ” averaged more than six times that of unconjugated SDZ. With increased urine flow the renal clearances of TMP and SDZ were significantly increased.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Furosemide ; arterial hypertension ; protein binding ; sodium excretion ; renal function ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Furosemide 40 mg was injected intravenously in 7 patients with severe hypertension and vascular complications. A two compartment, open model was used to describe the disappearance of the drug from serum. The mean serum clearance (Cls=1.83 ml/min · kg) was significantly reduced compared to the mean Cls-value of a group of normals (2.96 ml/min · kg). A significant correlation was found between Cls and mean blood pressure, as well as between Cls and renal clearance (mean Clr=0.83 ml/min · kg); extrapolation of the regression line yielded a Cls-value of 50 ml/min for Clr=0. The Clr was also significantly negatively correlated with mean blood pressure. Protein binding of furosemide was normal, except in one patient, who had considerable impairment of renal function. Apparently more than 90% of unchanged furosemide passed in urine was excreted by tubular transport. A highly significant negative correlation was found between Cls and the fraction of furosemide excreted as a glucuronide. During the first two hours, significantly less sodium was excreted by the patients than by a comparable group of normal subjects. The correlation between serum concentration of furosemide and the amount excreted of sodium was not significant, but highly significant correlations were found between the amounts of furosemide and sodium excreted by the kidney in 0–30 and 0–60 min. In all the individual patients an approximately linear relationship with wide variation in the slope was found between the cumulative excretion of furosemide and sodium from 0–30 min to 0–60 and to 0–120 min. After 120 min deviations were observed in the curves from 4 of the patients, which indicated that smaller and smaller additional amounts of sodium were excreted with constant additional amounts of furosemide.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Lithium ; sustained-release ; pharmacokinetics ; manic patients
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An ordinary and a sustained-release lithium carbonate preparation were administered acutely at equivalent dosage (1.80 g=24.3 mmol) in a crossover fashion to manic patients. Serum lithium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Maximum mean serum levels of 1.13 mmol/l and 0.78 mmol/l were achieved at 6 h and 12 h respectively with the ordinary and sustained-release forms. The mean half-lives of absorption, redistribution and elimination were 0.78 h±0.05 (SE), 5.06 h±0.23, 26.8 h±4.5 and 3.73 h±0.37 (SE), 4.42 h±0.28 and 25.6 h±5.5 for the ordinary and sustained-release forms respectively. In healthy volunteers the ordinary preparation was completely absorbed but only 85% of the sustained-release form was absorbed in the manic subjects. Lithium ion distributed into two kinetic compartments and the final compartment appeared to correspond to total body water.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Doxycycline ; iron ; charcoal ; enteral cycling ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In order to study the intestinal interactions of doxycycline (DC) with Fe++ and charcoal, two groups of healthy volunteers were given either 200 mg or 100 mg DC in capsules at 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., and blood samples for fluorimetric assay of DC were collected for 24 h starting at 8.30 a. m. on the following morning. A 24-h-urine was also collected. The test was subsequently repeated at one-week intervals, when the volunteers also ingested either ferrous sulphate (80 mg Fe++) or charcoal (4.0 g) immediately after the zero-time sample of DC and at 3, 8 and 12 h. Charcoal completely adsorbed DC in vitro in an artificial small intestinal fluid. Ferrous sulphate or charcoal did not modify the serum level or urinary excretion of DC after the 200 mg+200 mg dose, but ferrous sulphate did reduce the 24-h urinary excretion of DC after the 100 mg+100 mg dose. The serum half-life and AUC of DC were reduced by ferrous sulphate given after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. Charcoal did not modify any parameter, even after the 100 mg+100 mg dose of DC. The results do not support existence of important enteral cycling of DC. Although oral ferrous sulphate can lower the serum level and shorten the serum half-life of DC, the acute experiment suggested that a therapeutic serum level of DC can be maintained despite treatment with iron in the doses used in iron-deficiency, and charcoal in the doses used in diarrhoeic states, if the drugs are administered several hours apart.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Citalopram ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; steady state levels ; metabolism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The plasma concentrations of citalopram, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its demethylated metabolite have been determined by a specific fluorescence coupling technique during single dose experiments in volunteers and in clinical tests. Citalopram was found to have linear kinetics within the dose range investigated, which were characterized by fairly rapid absorption and slow elimination (biological half-life 1–21/2 days). Steady state levels in the range 120–340 nM (i.e. slightly above those associated with pharmacodynamic activity in animals) were attained within a week. A drug/metabolite ratio of 2–3 was recorded.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 431-434 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Timolol ; pharmacokinetics ; oral and intravenous dosing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The plasma kinetics of timolol administered orally and intravenously to 5 male subjects were examined. Bioavailability was reduced by 25% when the drug was taken orally. Mean plasma half-life after oral dosing was 4.86 h, and after intravenous administration it was 4.56 h; the difference was not significant. The volume of distribution was 3.5 l/k. It is suggested that timolol is little affected by the ‘first pass effect’, even though there is marked interindividual variation in availability and peak plasma level.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Lignocaine ; pharmacokinetics ; neonates ; metabolism ; renal excretion ; plasma concentrations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lignocaine in premature neonates was studied after subcutaneous administration. The collection of serial urine together with a limited number of blood samples from neonates enabled simultaneous computer fitting of data to a pharmacokinetic model. The disposition kinetics of lignocaine in four neonates were compared with similar data reported for adults. Neonates had prolonged t1/2 (neonate mean: 3.16 h; adult mean: 1.80 h), and an increased total volume of distribution (neonate mean: 2.75 l/kg; adult mean: 1.11 l/kg) compared with adults. Total plasma clearance (Cltp) normalised on body weight showed no significant difference between neonates (mean: 0.610 l/h/kg) and adults (mean: 0.550 l/h/kg). The urinary excretion of lignocaine and several of its metabolites was studied in 8 neonates and 11 adults. Neonates were shown to excrete much more unchanged lignocaine (mean: 19.67%) compared with adults (mean: 4.27%) and the proportion of the dose excreted as 4-hydroxyxylidine is considerably reduced in neonates (neonate mean: 8.89%; adult mean: 63.78%). The use of the two pharmacokinetic parameters, t1/2 and Cltp, as indices of drug elimination ability are discussed.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Glaziovine ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma levels ; urinary excretion ; biliary excretion ; enteral absorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetic parameters of Glaziovine, a pro-aporphine alkaloid with neuropharmacological properties, were investigated in healthy human volunteers. Glaziovine-14C 20 mg was administered in capsules (oral route) and in vials (i.v. route). Total radioactivity was measured in plasma, urine and faeces. When administered orally, peak plasma levels were encountered at 2 h. The cumulative urinary excretion of total radioactivity over a 24 h period was 38% after oral and 50% after i.v. administration. Investigation of metabolites in urine revealed Glaziovine glucuronide as the sole metabolite of the drug. By comparing the percentage of urinary excretion or the area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC) obtained in the first 24 hours after i.v. and oral administration, enteral absorption was found to range from 78 to 84%. Thus, glaziovine appears to show very high enteral absorption.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Valproic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; liver disease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The disposition of valproic acid (di-n-propylacetate; VA) has been studied after a single oral dose of a solution of 450 mg in 7 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 4 patients recovering from acute hepatitis. The diagnosis was based on biochemical function tests and histological findings. The pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with those reported for healthy volunteers. VA in therapeutic concentration (80 µg/ml) in plasma was less bound to plasma proteins in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (70.7±11.3%) and in patients recovering from acute hepatitis (78.1±14.1%) than in controls (88.7±5.2%). The reduced binding affected the blood/plasma concentration ratio and the apparent distribution volume Vd(β); the latter was increased from the normal value of 0.14±0.05 l/kg to 0.22±0.09 (p〈0.05) in alcoholic cirrhotics, and to 0.20±0.07 (p=0.056) in patients recovering from acute hepatitis. The half-life of elimination T1/2 (β) (controls=12.2±3.7 h) was significantly (p〈0.05) prolonged in cirrhotics (18.9±5.1 h) and in patients recovering from acute hepatitis (17.0±3.7 h). The plasma $$\overline {Cl} $$ of total drug was not impaired, which can best be explained by the lower plasma protein binding, which might have increased the $$\overline {Cl} $$ of this drug which shows restricted clearance. In addition, the plasma $$\overline {Cl} $$ of free drug was significantly (p〈0.02) reduced in alcoholic cirrhotics. During a two day urine collection no measurable amount of unchanged VA was recovered. There was considerable excretion of VA-conjugates, which could be hydrolyzed either by HCl or by β-glucuronidase/arylsulphatase (4–23% of the dose). These percentages were in the same range as in normals (26.7±16.1%). The study indicates that elimination of VA is slightly impaired in patients with dysfunction of the liver.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Chlordiazepoxide ; benzodiazepines ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; intramuscular injection ; alcohol withdrawal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The absorption of oral and intramuscular (i. m.) chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (CDX · HCl) was compared in two pharmacokinetic studies. In Study One, single 50-mg doses of CDX · HCl were administered orally and by i. m. injection to 14 healthy volunteers using a crossover design. Whole-blood concentrations of chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and its first active metabolite, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX), were determined in multiple samples drawn after the dose. Mean pharmacokinetic variables for CDX following oral and i. m. administration, respectively, were: highest measured blood concentration, 1.65 vs 0.87 µg/ml (p〈0.001); time of highest concentration, 2.3 vs 7.6 h after dosing (p〈0.001); apparent absorption half-life, 0.71 vs 3.39 h (p〈0.001). Biphasic absorption after i. m. injection, consistent with precipitation at the injection site, was observed in 9 of 14 subjects. Based upon comparison with previous intravenous data, the completeness of absorption was 100% for oral vs 86% for i. m. CDX · HCl (p〈0.1). In Study Two, 28 male chronic alcoholics with clinical manifestations of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: 50 or 100 mg doses of CDX · HCl, by mouth or by i. m. injection. Concentrations of CDX and DMCDX, determined in plasma samples drawn every 20 min for 5 h following the dose, were significantly higher after oral administration of a given dose than at corresponding points in time after i.m. injection after the same dose. Thus absorption of oral CDX is reasonably rapid and complete, whereas the absorption rate of i. m. CDX is slow.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Phenylbutazone ; pharmacokinetics ; model ; retrospective analysis ; digestive-tract hemorrhage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Phenylbutazone treatment can cause digestive-tract hemorrhages, but its concentration in the blood at the time of hemorrhage is generally not known. In two patients who had had digestive tract hemorrhages, the variation in the serum phenylbutazone concentration throughout treatment and just before hemorrhage was simulated by a two-compartment model based on assays (gas-liquid chromatography) made after the hemorrhage. Identification of the parameters of the model and simulation of changes in concentration during therapy suggested that the phenylbutazone level in serum at the time of hemorrhage was 101 and 125 µg/ml respectively.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Hydroflumethiazide ; pharmacokinetics ; cardiac failure ; renal drug excretion ; metabolism ; 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoro-methylaniline
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of hydroflumethiazide (HFT) were investigated after single oral doses of 6 µmoles/ per kg body weight in five healthy subjects and in nine patients with moderate cardiac failure. HFT was excreted in urine together with 2,4-disulfamyl-5-trifluoromethylaniline (DTA), which was also present in the blood after administration of HFT. HFT and DTA were determined by TLC and spectrofluorodensitometry. Mean cumulative urinary excretion of HFT was 46.5 and 47.5 per cent of the dose both in healthy subjects and in patients. Distribution half-life (t1/2α) was about 2 h in both groups of subjects, while biological half-life (t1/2β) ranged from 12.4 to 26.9 h (mean 16.6) in healthy subjects, and from 6.3 to 13.7 h (mean 9.6) in patients. Mean renal clearance was 0.33 and 0.211 · h−1 · kg−1 in normal subjects and patients, respectively, and was almost equal to the total body clearance. HFT had a large apparent volume of distribution (Vβ), with mean values of 6.4 and 3.11 · kg−1 in normal subjects and patients. Mean cumulative urinary excretion of DTA was 1.8 and 1.9 per cent in healthy subjects and patients with cardiac failure. The apparent half-life of DTA, determined from urinary excretion rate in eleven subjects, ranged from 16 to 56 h but half-lives in three others were more than 100 h. The results indicate that HFT is partly metabolized in the body to DTA, and DTA and HFT are excreted in urine. The half-life of DTA was longer than that of the parent drug. The apparent volume of distribution, clearance and biological half-life of HFT were lower in patients with cardiac failure than in healthy subjects.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Furosemide ; gestosis of pregnancy ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Furosemide 50 mg was administered orally and intravenously to twelve gestotic women for brief periods as a part of a randomized, multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of bed rest and pharmacological treatment. The pharmacokinetic profile was investigated using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique. The plasma half-life after oral and intravenous administration was 115±37.1 and 71.8±26.3 min and plasma clearance was 153±48 and 152±23 ml/min, respectively (mean±SD). Comparative data from healthy pregnant women cannot be obtained for ethical reasons. The results show that gestosis has only a marginal if any effect on the kinetics of furosemide in comparison with published kinetic parameters in healthy volunteers and patients with renal failure. The new-born babies where checked for side effects according to a protocol in use in a larger regional surveillance programme. No clinical side-effects were attributable to furosemide, but the small size of the group does not permit any definitive conclusions about this aspect.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 281-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Phase I clinical trial ; complex protocol ; tolerance ; pharmacokinetics ; praziquantel ; anthelmintic
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The tolerance of Praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino-[2, 1-a]isoquinoline-4-one) in oral doses of 1×20 mg/kg, 1×50 mg/kg, 3×10 mg/kg and 3×25 mg/kg body weight (τ=4 h) was tested in a complex study involving 36 healthy volunteers. In addition to the usual assessment of clinical chemistry, haematology, coagulation physiology, urinalysis, clinico-physiological examination including EEG, and medical examination, clinico-psychological parameters were also recorded and special neurological investigations were performed. No clinically relevant changes were found in any of the laboratory parameters, nor in the medical-neurological or clinico-physiological examinations. Based on a few clinicopsychological parameters and subjective comments, the largest daily dose tested (3×25 mg/kg=75 mg/kg) produced a slight, transient disturbance in general well-being, which was barely detectable on objective clinical examination. The pharmacokinetic behaviour was dominated by rapid metabolism and pronounced first-pass metabolism of praziquantel, which greatly limits the value of results obtained by GC analysis of unchanged drug in serum. The peak concentration in serum was reached after 1– h, and the elimination half-life for the period 2–8 h was 1–1.5 h.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Norethindrone ; bioavailability ; man ; competitive protein binding ; sex differences ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A competitive protein binding assay for norethindrone was developed to measure plasma levels in human subjects. The plasma levels were considerably higher in women than in men, especially at low dose levels. The plasma levels were directly related to the dose in men; but greater variations in the plasma levels were observed in women. The plasma half-life was about 5 h in both sexes with single oral doses of 5 to 20 mg. A comparative bioavailability study with norethindrone from 2 different manufacturers, formulated in the same manner, showed no significant differences in absorption characteristics and provided sufficient data for pharmacokinetic analysis.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Bendroflumethiazide ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension ; renal clearance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After four weeks on placebo treatment, 8 hypertensive patients (WHO stage I) were treated for 2 weeks with bendroflumethiazide (bft) 2.5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily. Subsequently they received bft 5 mg and KCl 1.5 g daily for a further fortnight. At the end of each period of treatment blood pressure was recorded and blood samples and urine were collected for analysis of bft by GLC. Before taking the daily dose of bft, no trace of the drug was found in plasma. Peak levels of bft were seen after 2.3 h and averaged 23 and 50 ng · ml−1 after 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively. After bft 2.5 mg the plasma level was too low for kinetic analysis. The plasma half-life after 5 mg averaged 4.1 h. The mean apparent volume of distribution was 1.18 l · kg−1. Non-renal clearance averaged 200 ml · min−1. The renal clearance of bft was significantly lower (p〈0.05) after 5 mg (48 ml · min−1) than after 2.5 mg bft (93 ml · min−1), although the creatinine clearance remained unchanged. No correlation was found between the plasma level of bft and its effect on blood pressure.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 13 (1978), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Cephacetrile ; pharmacokinetics ; renal Impairment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of cephacetrile, administered as a single i. v. injection of 15 mg/kg, have been determined in 8 patients with normal renal function and in 12 patients with a varying degree of renal impairment. A two-compartment model was used to describe the biphasic decline in serum concentrations and to calculate the amount of antibiotic in the central and peripheral compartments. In patients with normal renal function the following values were obtained for various pharmacokinetic parameters: α=3.971 h−1; β=0.343 h−1; K12=1.745 h−1; K21=0.763 h−1; Kel=1.793 h−1; Vc=8.181; Vp=18.401 and Vdss=26.581. Cephacetrile had some of the highest apparent distribution volumes of all the cephalosporins. Impaired renal function significantly affected α, β, K12, and Kel. A linear relationship between Kel of cephacetrile and creatinine clearance was demonstrated. The elimination of cephacetrile in anuric patients was about ten times slower than in patients with normal renal function.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Breath analysis ; 14CO2 exhalation ; drug metabolism ; glycodiazine ; liquid chromatography ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Exhalation of14CO2 in breath has been used to assess the rate of hepatic demethylation of (14C-dimethyl)aminopyrine, but due to the complexity of aminopyrine metabolism the pharmacokinetics of the procedure are insufficiently understood. Therefore, studies were performed in five individuals after oral administration of (14C-methoxy)glycodiazine, a model substance with relatively simple kinetic properties. Plasma concentrations of the drug and urinary output of its metabolites measured by high pressure liquid chromatography were analysed by a two-compartment open model. The terminal disappearance of14CO2 from breath was practically identical with the terminal disappearance of glycodiazine from plasma, which could be correlated with the plasma clearance of free glycodiazine. The mean transit time of14C-atoms from plasma to breath was 3 h. These results contribute to the pharmacokinetic basis for use of14C-demethylation breath tests. In particular, they are consistent with the hypothesis that14CO2-breath analysis may be used to assess certain pharmacokinetic parameters of appropriately labelled test compounds. These parameters may not necessarily be a direct reflection of the rate of demethylation.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 405-412 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Colloidal plasma substitutes ; cross-linked polypeptides ; Haemaccel® ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Infusions of 3.5% isocyanate cross-linked polypeptide solution 500 ml were given to 52 patients with normal or impaired renal function: glomerular filtration rate (GFR)=0–133 ml/min. The serum concentration and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline were measured and the equivalent polypeptide concentrations were calculated from the results. In patients with normal renal function (GFR〉90 ml/min) the proportion of polypeptide excreted in the urine up to 12 h was 45.4±2.6% ( $$\bar X$$ ±SEM), up to 24 h 47.7±2.9% and up to 48 h 49.3±3.4%. In patients with moderate renal insufficiency (GFR=30–90 ml/min) there was no decrease in polypeptide excretion and even in patients with more serious impairment of GFR (11–30 ml/min) 48-h urinary polypeptide excretion was still 40.6±5.9%. In patients with GFR of 2–10 ml/min polypeptide excretion fell to 10.7±3.2% during the first 12 h, although there was an increase in later collection periods as compared to patients with normal renal function −19.9±3.9% in 24 h and 27.0±3.5% in 48 h. The elimination half-life (t1/2) calculated from serum concentrations was 505±30 min ( $$\bar X$$ ±SEM) in patients with normal renal function (GFR〉90 ml/min). Only when the GFR fell below 30 ml/min did it slowly begin to increase. In patients with minimal residual renal function (GFR=0–0.5 ml/min), who were on haemodialysis, the elimination half-life was 985±49 min, i.e. approximately twice the normal. Twice weekly infusion of 3.5% polypeptide solution 500 ml over a period of 6 weeks did not produce any significant cumulation in haemodialysis patients (GFR=0–0.5 ml/min). A weekly dose of polypeptide 35 g appeared to be quite safe when given for several weeks, even to anuric patients. As no significant amount of polypeptide was lost during haemodialysis, the dose can be chosen without taking into account any effect of intermittent haemodialysis.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 505-519 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): morphine ; first-pass elimination ; pharmacokinetics ; enterohepatic recirculation ; availability ; routes of administration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Morphine was administered to rats by oral, intraportal, and intravenous routes in a dose of 7.6 mg · kg −1.From the serum concentration data after intraportal administration it was calculated that the first-pass elimination of morphine in the liver amounts to 72±2% (sd). The first-pass fraction eliminated after oral administration was 85±7% (sd), thus yielding a contribution by the gut mucosa of 46% to the overall first-pass elimination after an oral dose. The results were obtained with a general compartmental model which included the kinetics of enterohepatic recirculation. The oral availability was also estimated with the aid of pharmacological effect data. This availability was in good agreement with the corresponding value determined from the serum concentration data. The results suggest that morphine is subjected to enterohepatic recirculation and that the slowest phase of decline of morphine concentrations in serum might be due to this physiological process.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 265-282 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): pharmacokinetics ; linear systems analysis ; in vivo dissolution rates ; absorption rates ; metabolic rates ; bioavailability ; numerical desconvolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The application of certain aspects of linear systems analysis to pharmacokinetic-problems is described. Topics covered include the evaluation of in vivodissolution rates, absorption rates, and metabolic rates, and the use of pharmacological data. Relevant numerical procedures are also discussed.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 315-325 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): percutaneous penetration ; methotrexate ; compartmental models ; pharmacokinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Compartmental models were developed to describe the penetration of a drug from a topically applied vehicle through the skin. Data for in vitro penetration of methotrexate through hairless mouse skin from vehicles varying in PH from 3.5 to 6.5 were computer- fitted to estimate model parameters. Comparison of lag time and the exponential coefficient suggested that parallel penetration pathways exist. The fraction of drug penetrating through the shunt pathway increased as vehicle pH and ionization increased. Penetration curves were quantitatively partitioned into bulk tissue and shunt contributions. At pH 6.5, flux through the shunt pathway predominated.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 521-537 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): compartmental analysis ; doxantrazole ; drug distribution ; mathematical prediction ; pharmacokinetics ; rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A pharmacokinetic model incorporating 14 compartments and 29 transfer coefficients has been developed from experimental data obtained after intravenous administration of a single dose to describe the distribution of doxantrazole in the rat. The distribution calculated from the model agreed closely with that determined experimentally. In addition, the model was able to predict with considerable accuracy the distribution of doxantrazole after repeated dosing.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorpromazine ; pharmacokinetics ; oral absorption ; single dose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A single oral dose (120 mg/m2) of Chlorpromazine hydrochloride was administered to four healthy subjects and the blood levels of Chlorpromazine were determined with time. Appropriate equations describing the two-compartment open model with zero-order absorption and the two-compartment model with first-order absorption, both with a lag time, were fitted to the observed data using weighted nonlinear least-squares regression analysis. Fitting the two-compartment model with zero-order absorption and a lag time to the observed data resulted in a significant reduction of the weighted sum of squared deviations, i.e., better correlation between the observed and calculated data, and a closer random scatter of the observed concentration data around the calculated curve with no apparent systematic deviations from the curve. These results suggest that Chlorpromazine absorption is zero order. Chlorpromazine began to appear in the systemic circulation after a mean lag time of 0.4 hr and continued to be absorbed for approximately 2.9 hr. The mean half-lives of the distribution and elimination phases were 1.63 and 17.7 hr, respectively.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 547-558 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): statistical moments ; network theory ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; deconvolution ; plasma concentration-time curve ; urinary excretion rate-time curve ; compartment models
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Statistical moments are parameters that describe the characteristics of the time courses of plasma concentration (area, mean residence time, and variance of residence time) and of the urinary excretion rate that follow administration of a single dose of a drug. The relationship between the moments of a time-course curve and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug disposition, i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, is described. The moments are related to the extent and rate of bioavailability, and it is shown that they can be effectively applied to the deconvolution operation.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 539-546 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): trapezoidal rule ; area under the curve ; pharmacokinetics ; clearance ; bioavailability ; integration method ; sulfisoxazole
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The linear trapezoidal rule method is commonly used for the estimation of the area under the plasma level-time curve. Error analyses are performed when the method is used in first-order absorption and first-order elimination kinetics in the one-compartment system. It is found that significant underestimations and overestimations in area during the absorption phase and postabsorption phase, respectively, can occur when the method is improperly used. During the exponential postabsorption phase the relative error is only a function of the ratio (n)of the time interval over the half-life of the two plasma data points in the interval. The error from the linear trapezoidal rule method at n=0.5 is about 1%. The error increases to 15.5% and 57.1 % when nis increased to 2 and 4, respectively. It is recommended that for most absorption studies the linear trapezoidal method be used for prepeak and plateau plasma data and the logarithmic trapezoidal method for postpeak plasma data.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 295-303 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): tetracycline ; antibiotics ; Billroth-II gastrectomy ; gastrectomy ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The bioavailability of a single 250-mg oral dose of tetracycline hydroghloride was studied in seven patients following Billroth-II gastrectomy in comparison with seven control subjects matched for age and body weight. There were no significant differences between control subjects and gastrectomized patients in the apparent lag time prior to the start of absorption (23.6 vs. 22.8 min), peak serum tetracycline concentration (1.72 vs. 1.75 μg/ml), the time of attainment of peak concentrations (3.35 vs. 3.42 hr), the apparent first-order absorption half-life (1.8 vs. 1.4hr), or the apparent first-order elimination half-life (8.0 vs. 8.7hr). Completeness of tetracycline absorption, as judged by area under the 24-hr serum concentration curve, did not differ significantly between the two groups, nor did 24-hr urinary excretion of tetracycline. Thus the abnormalities of gastrointestinal structure and function produced by Billroth -II gastrectomy do not result in impairment of the rate and completeness of tetracycline absorption.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 369-387 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Schlagwort(e): pharmacokinetics ; dog ; diethyldithiocarbamate metabolite of disulfiram ; presence of methyl ester ; kinetic evaluation of prior studies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Following the intravenous infusion of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate to dogs, the disposition kinetics of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a metabolite of disulfiram, were assessed. Approximately 27% of the administered dose was S-methylated, this process exhibiting a mean first-order rate constant of 0. 0569 min−1 (t1/2=12.2 min), while the remainder was eliminated by other routes having a rate constant of 0.148 min−1 (t1/2=4.68 min). The methyl diethyldithiocarbamate (MeDDC) formed from DDC showed an elimination rate constant of 0.0141 min−1 (t1/2=49.2 min). These observations are discussed in the light of previous investigations where the presence of MeDDC has rarely been sought or reported. A few comparisons with prior studies, in which DDC or disulfiram was administered, are made by retrospective kinetic evaluation of published data. The results are discussed in relation to the duration of action of disulfiram in man.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Determination of Activation Parameters of Spironorcaradiene-Spirocycloheptatriene Equilibria by Line Shape Analysis of 1H and 13C NMR SpectraLine shape analysis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra is used for the determination of activation parameters of the valence isomerization of substituted spironorcaradienes/spirocycloheptatrienes 5 ⇌ 6. Whereas the values obtained for the dibenzo-spironorcaradienes 5a, b are comparable with the data of simple norcaradiene derivatives, those of tetrachloro derivatives 5c, d show considerable differences.
    Notizen: Die Linienformanalyse der 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren wird zur Bestimmung der Aktivierungsparameter der Valenzisomerisierung von verschieden substituierten Spironorcaradienen zu Spirocycloheptatrienen 5 ⇌ 6 herangezogen. Während die Aktivierungsparameter bei Dibenzospironorcaradienen 5a, b vergleichbar sind mit denen der einfachen Norcaradienderivate, treten bei den Daten der Tetrachlorderivate 5c, d erhebliche Abweichungen auf.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 42-55 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Allyl Radicals with Bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Skeleton, a Contribution to the Problem of Homoconjugative InteractionsThe ESR spectra of allyl radicals with bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton were analyzed in order to investigate the possibility of nonbonding interactions in free radicals. The similarity of the spin density distribution in radicals 7 and 8 demonstrates that 7 has the character of a bicyclic allyl radical. There is no significant interaction between HOMO allyl and LUMO double bond in 7. The same is true for the radical having a fused benzene ring instead of the double bond.
    Notizen: Radikale mit Bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-Gerüst wurden ESR-spektroskopisch untersucht, um Aussagen über nichtbindende Wechselwirkungen in Radikalen zu gewinnen. Die Ähnlichkeit der Spindichteverteilung in 7 und 8 zeigt, daß 7 den Charakter eines bicyclischen Allylradikals besitzt. Eine merkliche Wechselwirkung wischen HOMO-Allyl und LUMO-Doppelbindung in 7 existiert nicht. Gleiches gilt, wenn anstelle der Doppelbindung ein Benzolrest anelliert ist. Die experimentellen Befunde werden mit INDO-Rechnungen verglichen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 56-64 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Mechanism of the Thermal Isomerisation of O-2-Butenyl O,O-Dimethyl Thiophosphate. Kinetic StudyThe thermal isomerisation of O-2-butenyl O,O-dimethyl thiophosphate (1b) (scheme 3) obeys first order rate law. Solvent polarity does not affect the parameters of activation, but influences a little the rate constants. The kinetic data and the observed “special” salt effect lead to the conclusion that the isomerisation proceeds by a dissociative mechanism. Ion pairs as intermediates are proposed.
    Notizen: Die thermische Isomerisierung von Thiophosphorsäure-O-2-butenylester-O,O-dimethylester (1b) (Schema 3) verläuft nach einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz 1. Ordnung. Die Polarität des Mediums beeinflußt nicht die Aktivierungsparameter und übt lediglich einen minimalen Einfluß auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten aus. Die kinetischen Daten und der festgestellte „spezielle“ Salzeffekt lassen den Schluß zu, daß diese Isomerisierung einem intramolekularen ionischen Mechanismus folgt. Als ionische Zwischenstufe werden Ionenpaare postuliert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1210-1216 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus, 73: 1,2-Diphenyldiphosphane1,2-Diphenyldiphosphane (1) is formed, contrary to results given in the literature, by the reaction of KHPPh with 1,2-dibromoethane. Pure 1 is obtained by hydrolysis or alcoholysis of Me3Si(Ph)P-P(Ph)SiMe3 in the dark. It is stable at - 30°C. 1 disproportionates at room temperature to give PhPH2, higher homologues of the series H2[PPh]n, especially H2[PPh]3, and cyclic phenylphosphanes [PPh]n, mainly [PPh]5. These rearrangements are accelerated by light, phosphides, and strong acids and bases. With K(Ph)P—P(Ph)K, Me3Si(Ph)P—P(Ph)SiMe3, and P2Ph4 1 reacts to give the asymmetric diphosphanes K(Ph)P—P(Ph)H, Me3Si(Ph)P—P(Ph)H, and Ph2P—P(Ph)H, respectively. The NMR, IR, and Raman spectra are discussed.
    Notizen: 1,2-Diphenyldiphosphan (1) wird - entgegen Literaturangaben - bei der Reaktion von KHPPh mit 1,2-Dibromethan gebildet. Reines 1 ist durch Hydrolyse oder Alkoholyse von Me3Si(Ph)P - P(Ph)SiMe3 unter Lichtausschluß erhältlich und bei - 30°C beständig. Es disproportioniert bei Raumtemperatur in PhPH2, höhere Homologe der Reihe H2[PPh]n  -  insbesondere H2[PPh]3 - und cyclische Phenylphosphane [PPh]n  -  vor allem [PPh]5. Diese Umlagerungen werden durch Licht, Phosphide sowie starke Säuren und Basen beschleunigt. Mit K(Ph)P—P(Ph)K, Me3Si(Ph)P—P(Ph)SiMe3 oder P2Ph4 reagiert 1 zu den unsymmetrischen Diphosphanen K(Ph)P—P(Ph)H, Me3Si(Ph)P—P(Ph)H bzw. Ph2P—P(Ph)H. Die NMR-, IR- und Raman-Spektren von 1 werden diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1223-1227 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Organic Syntheses by Means of Transition Metal Complexes, 6: Synthesis of Ketenimines via Ketenimine Complexes, Isocyanide Carbene Addition and Ketenimine Carbene Rearrangement in Metal ComplexesTransition metal carbene complexes of the Fischer type, e. g. pentacarbonyl(methoxymethyl-carbene)chromium(0), add isocyanides to give ketenimine complexes (1). Ligand displacement by excess isocyanide affords ketenimines (3), which can be isolated in good yields. In contrast to free ketenimine, the nucleophilic attack on ketenimine coordinated to a metal occurs at the terminal carbon atom leading to carbene complexes. The structures of the ketenimine complexes of chromium (1) and tungsten (2), the product of isomerization (5)(2) of the chromium complex, and the products formed by addition of methanol or water (6 and 7, resp.)(2) are discussed, using 13C NMR data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1233-1238 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Polycyclic Compounds, X: A Facile Synthesis of (Partially Hydrogenated) Benz[a]anthracenes with Functional GroupsThe hexa- and decahydrobenz[a]anthracenes 3 and 5 are available in a one step synthesis by Diels-Alder reaction of the tetrahydrobenzo[b]furans 2 with 2,3-didehydronaphthalene (1) or with the naphthalene-endoxide 4. The interconversions 3 → 6, 7 and 8 and 5 → 9 show that many hydroxy- and oxosubstituted (partially hydrogenated) benz[a]anthracenes can be obtained from the primary adducts 3 and 5.
    Notizen: Die Hexa- und Decahydrobenz[a]anthracene 3 und 5 sind in einem einstufigen Verfahren durch Diels-Alder-Reaktionen der Tetrahydrobenzo[b]furane 2 mit 2,3-Didehydronaphthalin (1) bzw. mit dem Naphthalin-endoxid 4 zugänglich. Die Reaktionsfolgen 3 → 6, 7 und 8 sowie 5 → 9 zeigen die vielfältigen Abwandlungsmöglichkeiten der Primäraddukte 3 und 5 zu hydroxy- und oxo-substituierten (partiell hydrierten) Benz[a]anthracenen auf.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1253-1263 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vinyl Cations, 26: Syntheses and Solvolyses of Vinyl FluoridesThe vinyl fluorides 5-8 were prepared by treatment of the corresponding olefins with BrF and subsequent dehydrobromination. The solvolysis reactions in various solvents were studied. The products and their rates of solvolysis measured under different conditions point to a vinyl cation mechanism of the solvolysis reactions.
    Notizen: Die Vinylfluoride 5-8 wurden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Olefine mit BrF und sich anschließende Dehydrobromierung dargestellt und die Solvolysereaktionen in mehreren Lösungsmitteln untersucht. Die Reaktionsprodukte sowie die unter verschiedenen Bedingungen gemessenen Solvolysegeschwindigkeiten deuten auf einen Verlauf der Solvolyse über Vinylkationen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1264-1274 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Bicyclofulvenes, IV: Syntheses of Methylenetricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nonane- and -tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane DerivativesThe synthesis of 9-methylenetricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nonane (3), 8-methylenetricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane (2) and their derivatives as well as that of methylenehomocubane (37) and 9-methylenepentacyclo-[4.3.0.02,4.03,8.05,7]nonane (38) is described.
    Notizen: Die Darstellung von 9-Methylentricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nonan (3), 8-Methylentricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octan (2) und ihrer Derivate, sowie von Methylenhomocuban (37) und 9-Methylenpentacyclo-[4.3.0.02,4.03,8.05,7]nonan (38) wird beschrieben.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1284-1293 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis of 6-Deoxycryptosporin and Related CompoundsThe cis-hydroxylation of naphthopyran 5 yields the ketol 9 as the main product. Furthermore the epimeric ketol 11 and the hydroxylated quinones 2 and 13 can be isolated. Product 2 is the 6-deoxy compound of naturally occuring cryptosporin (1). The stereochemistry of the hydrogenation of the ketol 9 and of the reduction with sodium boron hydride and diisobutylaluminium hydride is reported.
    Notizen: Die cis-Hydroxylierung des Naphthopyrans 5 liefert als Hauptprodukt das Ketol 9. Daneben können das epimere Ketol 11 und die hydroxylierten Chinone 2 und 13 isoliert werden. Das Syntheseprodukt 2 ist die 6-Desoxy-Verbindung des Naturstoffs Cryptosporin (1). Über die Stereochemie der katalytischen Hydrierung des Ketols 9 und die Reduktion mit Natriumborhydrid und Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid wird berichtet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1315-1322 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Influence of Various Anions on the Kinetics of the Acid Hydrolysis of the Cation Tetraaquamono(salicylaldehydato)chromium(III)The kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of the cation tetraaquamono(salicylaldehydato)chromium(III) in perchloric acid were studied at 70°C at constant ionic strength as a function of various anions added to the system. The hydrolysis is strongly accelerated by oxyanions like sulfate and nitrate, while halide anions like chloride and bromide affect the rate only slightly. The findings are explained on the basis of the „cis-effect“ of the oxyanions. The reaction is interpreted by an associative interchange mechanism (Ia).
    Notizen: Die Kinetik der Säurehydrolyse des Tetraaquamono(salicylaldehydato)chrom(III)-Kations in perchlorsaurer Lösung wurde in Abhängigkeit vom Zusatz verschiedener Anionen bei 70°C und konstanter Ionenstärke untersucht. Die Hydrolyse wird durch die Oxyanionen Sulfat und Nitrat stark beschleunigt, während die Halogenid-Ionen Chlorid und Bromid die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit nur geringfügig erhöhen. Dieses Ergebnis wird mit dem „cis-Effekt“ der Oxyanionen erklärt. Der Reaktionsablauf wird mit einem assoziativen Interchange-Mechanismus (Ia) interpretiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1330-1336 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Heterocyclopolyaromatics, VI: Heterocyclotetraaromatics Containing Similar Kinds of NucleiHeterocyclotraaromatics have been unknown hitherto. Now were prepared 4 representatives (6a, 7, 9, 11) with nucleophilic and 1 representative (13b) with electrophilic aromatic ring members. With one exception the cyclisation of the precursors occurred by oxidative coupling.
    Notizen: Heterocyclotetraaromaten waren bisher unbekannt. Es wurden 4 Vertreter (6a, 7, 9, 11) mit nucleophilen aromatischen Ringgliedern und 1 Vertreter (13b) mit elektrophilen aromatischen Ringgliedern dargestellt. Mit einer Ausnahme erfolgte die Cyclisierung der Vorstufen durch oxidative Kupplung.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1337-1361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Generation and Synthetic Use of Metallated Dimethylhydrazones Regio and Stereoselective Alkylation of Carbonyl CompoundsDimethylhydrazones (DMH's) 6-10 of enolizable aldehydes and ketones can be metallated quantitatively in α-position by n-butyllithium and/or lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran. The lithio derivatives thus obtained (11-14) are highly reactive carbon nucleophiles. Their application as enolate equivalents is demonstrated via the sequence carbonyl compound, DMH-derivative, metallation, reaction with alkyl halides (→ 16, 18, 19), and cleavage to the α-substituted carbonyl compound (17) in a number of examples. Apart from some special cases, the alkylations occur regiospecificly at the less substituted carbon atom. Cyclohexanone derivatives are selectively axially alkylated, allowing for example the preparation of trans-disubstituted cyclohexanones. An efficient new conversion of dimethylhydrazones to carbonyl compounds under mild conditions (pH 7, room temperature) by oxidative hydrolysis has been developed. Advantages of the procedure are discussed briefly.
    Notizen: Dimethylhydrazone (DMH's) 6-10 von enolisierbaren Aldehyden und Ketonen können mit n-Butyllithium und/oder Lithium-diisopropylamid in Tetrahydrofuran quantitativ in α-Stellung metalliert werden. Die so erhaltenen Lithiumderivate 11-14 sind hochreaktive Kohlenstoffnucleophile. Ihre Verwendung als Enolatäquivalente wird über die Sequenz Carbonylverbindung, DMH-Derivat. Metallierung, Reaktion mit Alkylhalogeniden (→ 16, 18, 19) und Spaltung zur α-substituierten Carbonylverbindung (17) an einer Anzahl von Beispielen demonstriert. Die Alkylierungen erfolgen, von Spezialfällen abgesehen, regiospezifisch am weniger substituierten Kohlenstoffatom. Cyclohexanonderivate werden stereoselektiv axial alkyliert, was zur Darstellung von trans-disubstituierten Cyclohexanonen ausgenutzt wird. Zur quantitativen Spaltung der Dimethylhydrazone zurück zu den Carbonylverbindungen unter milden Bedingungen (pH 7, Raumtemperatur) wurde eine neue oxidative Hydrolyse entwickelt. Die Vorteile der Methode werden kurz diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1384-1394 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Reactivity-Selectivity Principle, 2: Application of the Reactivity-Selectivity Principle to the Formation of SulfonamidesWhen sulfonyl chlorides 1 and anilines 2 react to sulfonamides 3 at a relatively low rate of formation, variation of the solvent has a greater effect than on reactions of more reactive starting compounds (table 1 and 2). On the other hand, selectivity increases with increasing reactivity when substituents X and Y are varied, and only one solvent is used5. This contradictory behaviour of the reactivity-selectivity principle (RSP)(1) for changing solvents and changing substituents can be explained by the opposing influence of substituents X and Y over bond formation and bond cleavage (transition states 4 and 5 in scheme 1). It is concluded that the failure of the RSP does not mean that the Hammond-Postulate does not hold.Selectivity measurements at various temperatures show that the isoselective temperatures (Tis) of these reaction series are in the range of 190°C (table 3 and 5, figure 2).
    Notizen: Die Lösungsmittelvariation übt auf kleine Bildungsgeschwindigkeiten der Sulfonsäureamide 3 aus Sulfonsäurechloriden 1 und Anilinen 2 einen größeren Einfluß aus als auf die rascheren Umsetzungen reaktiverer Ausgangssubstanzen (s. Tab. 1 und 2). Im Gegensatz dazu steht der Anstieg der Selektivität mit zunehmender Reaktivität, wenn in einem Solvens die Substituenten X und Y der Sulfonsäurechloride 1 und Aniline 2 variiert werden(5). Dieser Widerspruch zwischen Gültigkeit des Reaktivitäts-Selektivitätsprinzips (RSP)(1) bei Lösungsmittelwechsel und seiner Ungültigkeit bei Substituentenvariation läßt sich mit dem gegenläufigen Einfluß der Substituenten X und Y auf die Bindungsbildung und den Bindungsbruch deuten (s. Übergangszustände 4 und 5 im Reaktionsschema 1). Es wird geschlossen, daß das Versagen des RSP nicht mit einem Versagen des Hammond-Postulats einhergeht.Selektivitätsmessungen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen zeigen, daß die isoselektiven Temperaturen (Tis) dieser Reaktionsserien bei ca. 190°C liegen (s. Tab. 3 und 5. Abb. 2).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1404-1412 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Selective Double Bond Isomerizations with C-17 Inversion in 20-Methyl-A-nor-pregnadienesThe A-nor-steroid-diene 3a was prepared from the cyclosteroid 1 as well as from the A-nor-steroid-dienes 2 and 4 by HBr-induced regioselective double bond isomerization. Configurational inversion of the 17β-isopropyl group during isomerization (Δ8(9) or Δ8(14) → Δ14) of 1, 2, and 4, presumably via a spirocyclic intermediate, only occurs under special reaction conditions. 3a was converted into 20-methyl-14β,17α-pregn-4-en-3-one (9a).
    Notizen: Aus dem Cyclosteroid 1 wie den A-Nor-Steroid-dienen 2 und 4 wurde durch HBr-induzierte, regioselektive Doppelbindungsisomerisierungen das 17α-konfigurierte A-Nor-Steroid-dien 3a dargestellt. Die Isomerisierungen (Δ8(9) bzw (Δ8(14) → Δ14) verlaufen bei 1, 2 und 4 bei Einhaltung spezieller Reaktionsbedingungen unter Konfigurationsinversion der 17β-Isopropylgruppe, vermutlich über ein spirocyclisches Zwischenprodukt. Aus 3a wurde 20-Methyl-14β,17α-pregn-4-en-3-on (9a) erhalten.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: High-energetic Molecules, VI: MINDO/3 Calculations on the Thermolysis of 1,2-Dioxetanes. Evidence for a CC Biradical as Transition State of the Fragmentation to Products in the Electronic Ground StateMINDO/3 calculations of the conformation and bond strengths of substituted 1,2-dioxetanes (3-7) show that the O—O bond is strengthened by increasing alkyl substitution. This stabilizes the molecule and increases the concerted nature of the fragmentation. Substituents with lone pairs (OR, F) tend to weaken the C—C bond to the extent that cleavage to ground state products starts with C—C bond breaking.
    Notizen: MINDO/3-Berechnungen der Konformation und der Bindungsstärken bei substituierten 1,2-Dioxetanen (3-7) zeigen, daß die O—O-Bindung durch zunehmende Alkylsubstitution gestärkt wird. Damit sollte die Stabilität des Moleküls und der Synchroncharakter des Zerfallsmechanismus zunehmen. Substituenten mit freie Elektronenpaaren (OR, F) hingegen schwächen die C—C-Bindung soweit, daß der Zerfall zu Produkten im elektronischen Grundzustand unter bevorzugtem Öffnen der C—C-Bindung möglich erscheint.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1446-1452 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis of Long Chain Terminally Bifunctionalised Alkane and Alkyne DerivativesBy reaction of the Grignard derivative of compound 1 with α,ω-disubstituted alkanes 2-4, 7 and catalysis with Li2CuCl4 compounds 6a, b, 8, 9 are synthesized. The reaction of the lithium salt of alkyne 12 with the dihalogenalkanes 10a, 11b in THF/HMPT followed by hydrolysis gives compounds 14a, b with chains of 38 and 46 carbon atoms. By repetition of this reaction sequence the alkyne derivatives 18a, b with chains of 64 and 72 carbon atoms are obtained.
    Notizen: Durch Umsetzung der Grignard-Verbindung von 1 mit den α,ω-disubstituierten Alkanen 2-4, 7 unter Katalyse mit Li2CuCl4 werden die Verbindungen 6a, b, 8, 9 synthetisiert. Die Reaktion des Lithiumsalzes von 12 mit den Dihalogenalkanen 10a, 11b in THF/HMPT und nachfolgende Hydrolyse ergibt die Verbindungen 14a, b mit Ketten von 38 und 46 Kohlenstoffatomen. Durch Wiederholung dieser Reaktionsfolge werden die Alkin-Derivate 18a, b mit Ketten von 64 und 72 Kohlenstoffatomen erhalten.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1471-1474 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Light-induced [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Thiones with Cyclic AlkenesUnder n→π* excitation using sodium light, xanthione (1) combines with acenaphthylene, indene or N-phenyl maleoylimide in good yields with formation of the spirothietane drivatives 3, 7, or 8, respectively. The analogous photoreactions (λ ≍ 400 nm) of the 2-thioparabanate 4 in the presence of indene, benzo[b]furan or N-phenyl maleoylimide proceed with formation of the spirothietanes 6a, b, or 9, respectively. The thietane structures are consistent with spectroscopic data.
    Notizen: Bei n→π*-Anregung mit Natrium-Licht vereinigt sich Xanthion (1) mit Acenaphthylen, Inden bzw. N-Phenylmaleinimid in guten Ausbeuten zu den Spirothietan-Derivaten 3, 7 bzw. 8. Die analogen Photoreaktionen (λ ≍ 400 nm) der 2-Thioparabansäure 4 in Gegenwart von Inden, Benzo[b]furan bzw. N-Phenylmaleinimid verlaufen unter Bildung der Spirothietane 6a, b bzw. 9. Spektroskopische Daten sichern die Konstitutionen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1475-1485 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes, XII: Reaction of Persubstituted Isothioureas with IsocyanatesThe isothiourea 1a reacts with the sulfonyl isocyanates 2a-c to give the stable 1,4-dipoles 3a-c, which can be characterized spectroscopically as well as by protonation to yield the ureas 7. For one example (3b) the molecular structure is elucidated by an X-ray structural analysis. The isothioureas 1b-g with bulkier substituents react with 2a, b in a [2 + 2]-cycloreversion to give the isocyanates 5 and the N-sulfonylisothioureas 6. Using (thio)benzoyl isocyanates (2d, e) the same type of reaction leads to the N-(thio)benzoylisothioureas 8.
    Notizen: Der Isothioharnstoff 1a reagiert mit den Sulfonylisocyanaten 2a-c zu den stabilen 1,4-Dipolen 3a-c, die sich spektroskopisch sowie durch Protonierung zu den Harnstoffen 7 charakterisieren lassen. An einem Beispiel (3b) wurde die Molekülstruktur durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt. Die höher substituierten Isothioharnstoffe 1b-g setzen sich mit 2a, b in einer [2 + 2]-Cycloreversion zu den Isocyanaten 5 und den N-Sulfonylisothioharnstoffen 6 um. Mit (Thio)-Benzoylisocyanat (2d, e) entstehen nach dem gleichen Reaktionsprinzip N-(Thio)Benzoylisothioharnstoffe 8.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1527-1532 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Stereoselective Formation of 2r-Halogeno-3c-dimethylamino-4t-phenylthietane 1,1-Dioxides and 2-Halogeno-4-phenyl-2H-thiete 1,1-DioxidesN,N-Dimethyl-(E)-styrylamine (1) reacts with halogen-substituted methanesulfonyl chlorides (2a-e) to give acyclic substituted products (4a-e) and stereoselectively 2r-halogeno-3c-dimethylamino-4t-phenylthietane 1,1-dioxides (3a-c). Cope-elimination from 3a-c produced only the 2-halogeno-4-phenyl-2H-thiete 1,1-dioxides (5a-c). The additional halogenation of 4-phenyl-2H-thiete 1,1-dioxide in the 2-position and the oxidation to the 2-oxo derivative did not succeed.
    Notizen: Aus N,N-Dimethyl-(E)-styrylamin (1) und halogensubstituierten Methansulfonylchloriden (2a-e) entstehen neben acyclischen Substitutionsprodukten (4a-e) mit hoher Selektivität die 2r-Halogen-3c-dimethylamino-4t-phenylthietan-1,1-dioxide (3a-c). Durch Cope-Eliminierung aus 3a-c erhält man ausschließlich die 2-Halogen-4-pheny-2H-thiet-1,1-dioxide (5a-c). Die nachträgliche Einführung von Halogen in die 2-Position von 4-Phenyl-2H-thiet 1,1-dioxid gelingt ebensowenig wie dessen Oxidation zum 2-Oxoderivat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1521-1526 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: New Hetero Anellated Benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-Dioxides2-Benzoyl-3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide reacts with semicarbazide. 4-methylbenzamidrazone, 1,8-diaminonaphthaline to give 1c-e, with KSCN to give the isothiocyanate 1g. The hydrolysis of 1g and also the reaction of ammonia with 1a leads to 1h. 1a reacts with sodium-azide to form 2b, and with hydrazine to form 2a. The hydrolysis of 1d results in 3. Ethyl β-amino-crotonate condenses with 1a to the pyridine derivative 4. The pyrimidine compounds 6a-c can be prepared by the reaction of 1a with guanidine, benzamidine and acetamidine respectively. 1g reacts with aniline to give 5, o-phenylenediamine, ethylenediamine and N-methylethylenediamine on reaction with 1a give the diazepine derivatives 8a-c. The reaction of 1a with o-aminothiophenol gives the benzothiazole derivative 9.
    Notizen: 2-Benzoyl-3-chlorbenzo[b]thiophen-1,1-dioxid (1a) reagiert mit Semicarbazid, 4-Methylbenz-amidrazon, 1,8-Diaminonaphthalin zu 1c-e, mit KSCN zu dem Senföl 1g: durch Hydrolyse von 1g erhält man 1h, zu dem man auch durch Umsetzung von 1a mit Ammoniak gelangt. 1a reagiert mit Natriumazid zu 2b, mit Hydrazin zu 2a. Saure Hydrolyse von 1d führt zur Verbindung 3. 3-Aminocrotonsäure-ethylester kondensiert mit 1a zum Pyridinderivat 4: mit Guanidin, Benzamidin und Acetamidin erhält man die Pyrimidinabkömmlinge 6a-c. 1g reagiert mit Anilin zu 5, 1a mit o-Phenylendiamin, Ethylendiamin und N-Methylethylendiamin zu Diazepinverbindungen 8a-c, mit o-Aminothiophenol zum Benzothiazol 9.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1549-1557 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: On the Formation of Oxirenes from Cyclic α-DiazoketonesThe reactions following the nitrogen elimination from 2-diazo-12-methyl-1-cyclododecanone (15) are studied. In the intermediate 12-membered α-oxocarbene 17 the first example of a photochemically and thermally induced 1,2-shift of oxygen in a cyclic α-oxocarbene is described. The rearrangement involves the condensed oxirene system 18. The occurrence of the two isomeric α-oxocarbenes 17 and 17′ is demonstrated by the subsequent 1,2-hydrogen rearrangement to isomeric α,β-unsaturated ketones (19, 20 and 19′, 20′). In contrast no oxirene participation is found in the silver oxide-catalysed reaction.
    Notizen: Die Folgereaktionen nach der Stickstoff-Abspaltung aus 2-Diazo-12-methyl-1-cyclododecanon (15) werden untersucht. Am intermediären 12-Ring-α-oxocarben 17 wird das erste Beispiel einer photochemisch und thermisch ausgelösten 1,2-Sauerstoffverschiebung in cyclischen α-Oxocarbenen beschrieben. Die Umlagerung verläuft über das kondensierte Oxiren-System 18. Das Auftreten der beiden isomeren α-Oxocarbene 17 und 17′ wird durch die nachfolgende 1,2-Wasserstoff-verschiebung zu isomeren α,β-ungesättigten Ketonen (19, 20 und 19′, 20′) belegt. Im Gegensatz dazu wird bei der silberoxid-katalysierten Reaktion keine Oxiren-Beteiligung gefunden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1578-1590 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Über die konformative Präferenz in substituierten Cyclopentadienyl- und Heterocyclopentadienyl-KomplexenMO-Berechnungen ergeben erhebliche Barrieren für die internen Rotationen in Thiadiborolen-Fe(CO)3- und Diazaborolen-Cr(CO)3-Komplexen. Die Gleichgewichtsgeometrien der zwei Moleküle sollten verschieden sein. Eine MO-Fragmentanalyse erklärt diese Ergebnisse und führt darüberhinaus zu einer ganz allgemeinen Analyse der Rotationsbarrieren in Heterocyclopentadienyl- und substituierten Cyclopentadienyl-ML3- und -ML2-Komplexen. Für letztere wird ein gleitender Übergang von η5- nach η2-Koordination vorhergesagt.
    Notizen: Molecular orbital calculations indicate substantial barriers to internal rotation in thiadiborolene-Fe(CO)3 and diazaborolene-Cr(CO)3 complexes. The equilibrium geometry of the two molecules should also differ. A fragment analysis explains these results and leads to a general analysis of rotational barriers in heterocyclopentadienyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl-ML3 and -ML2 complexes. In the latter an interesting “slipping” from η5 toward η2 coordination is predicted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1591-1602 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cycloheptatrien- und Fulven-Cr(CO)3-KomplexeIm Tricarbonylchrom(0)-Komplex von 1,6-Methano[10]annulen und in einigen verwandten Komplexen nimmt die Cr(CO)3-Einheit verglichen mit allen anderen Hexatrien-Cr(CO)3-Systemen eine anomale Orientierung relativ zum Polyen ein. Eine theoretische Analyse dieses Problems zeigt, daß diese Vorzugskonformation eng mit der Cycloheptatrien-Norcaradien-Valenztautomerie zusammenhängt. Mögliche Wege, die Rotationsbarriere in derartigen Komplexen zu beeinflussen, werden aufgezeigt. Vorzugskonformation, Rotationsbarriere und Abknicken der exocyclischen Methylengruppe in Tricarbonyl(η6-fulven)chrom(0) werden diskutiert und die Analyse wird auf die analogen Benzyl-Cr(CO)3- und Cyclobutadiencarbinyl-Fe(CO)3-Kationen ausgedehnt. Die Konformation dieser Komplexe wird solchen gegenübergestellt, die zwei Elektronen mehr enthalten.
    Notizen: 1,6-Methano[10]annulene-Cr(CO)3 and several related complexes adopt an anomalous orientation of the Cr(CO)3 unit with respect to the polyene, compared to all other hexatriene-Cr(CO)3 complexes. A theoretical analysis of this problem shows that these conformational preferences are closely related to the cycloheptatriene-norcaradiene valence tautomerism. Several strategies for influencing the barrier to internal rotation in these complexes are presented. An analysis of the conformational preference, rotational barrier, and bending of the exocyclic methylene group in fulvene-Cr(CO)3 is also discussed. This is extended to the analogous benzyl-Cr(CO)3 and cyclobutadiene-carbinyl-Fe(CO)3 cations. Finally, the orientations of these complexes are contrasted to those containing two more electrons.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1619-1626 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chlorination of N-Substituted CarboxamidesN,N′-Dimethyl- (1a-c). N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl- (9a-c), and N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-diphenyl-diamides are transformed into the corresponding bis(chloromethyl)- (2a-c, 13, 14) or tetrakis-(chloromethyl)diamides (10a-c) by chlorination with simultaneous UV-irradiation. Chlorination of N,N′-dimethyldichloromalonamide (1c) with excess chlorine leads to N,N′-bis(dichloro-methylene)dichloromalonamide (5) in good yield. The compounds are characterized by NMR spectra and by substitution reactions. N-(Dichloromethylene)benzamide (15) reacts with dimethyl sulfoxide to give N-benzoyl-S,S-dimethylsulfimide (17), which decomposes thermally in part into N,N-methylenedibenzamide (19).
    Notizen: N,N′-Dimethyl- (1a-c), N,N,N,N′-Tetramethyl- (9a-c) und N,N′-Dimethyl-N,N′-diphenyl-diamide werden durch Chlorierung unter UV-Bestrahlung in die entsprechenden Bis(chlormethyl)- (2a-c, 13, 14) bzw. Tetrakis(chlormethyl)diamide (10a-c) übergeführt. Chlorierung von N,N′-Dimethyldichlormalonamid (1c) mit überschüssigem Chlor führt in guter Ausbeute zum N,N′-Bis(dichlormethylen)dichlormalonamid (5). Die Verbindungen werden NMR-spektroskopisch und durch Substitutionsreaktionen charakterisiert. N-(Dichlormethylen)benzamid (15) reagiert mit Dimethylsulfoxid zum N-Benzoyl-S,S-dimethylsulfimid (17), das thermisch teilweise zu N,N′-Methylendibenzamid (19) abgebaut wird.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1627-1631 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Alkynyl Compounds of Transition Metals, XXXV: Complexes of Palladium(II) Acetylides with 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethaneThe complexes cis-[Pd(C ≡ CR)2(dpe)] and cis-[Pd(C ≡ CC6H4C ≡ CH-o)(Cl)(dpe)] have been prepared according to the equations (1) and (2) (dpe = (C6H5)2PCH2CH2P(C6H5)2; R = H, C6H5, CH3). The cis-structure of these complexes is confirmed by their IR spectra and by 31P NMR data.  -  The complexes cis-[Pd(C2R)2(dpe)] react with excess KC ≡ CR to give the not quite pure tetrakis(alkynyl)palladates(II), K2[Pd(C2R)4], according to the equation (4). Both types of complexes can be reduced according to (5) or (6) to the palladium(0) complexes K2[Pd(C2R)2] known long ago.
    Notizen: Nach den Gleichungen (1) und (2) wurden Komplexe des Typs cis-[Pd(C ≡ CR)2(dpe)] sowie cis-[Pd(C ≡ CC6H4C ≡ CH-o)(Cl)(dpe)] dargestellt (dpe = (C6H5)2PCH2CH2P(C6H5)2; R = H, C6H5, CH3). Die cis-Struktur dieser Verbindungen wird durch ihre IR-Spektren bzw. 31P-NMR-Daten belegt.  -  Die Komplexe cis-[Pd(C2R)2(dpe)] reagieren mit überschüssigem KC ≡ CR gemäß Gleichung (4) zu den nicht ganz reinen Tetrakis(alkinyl)palladaten(II). K2[Pd(C2R)4]. Beide Komplextypen lassen sich gemäß Gleichung (5) oder (6) zu den schon lange bekannten Palladium(0)-Verbindungen K2[Pd(C2R)2] reduzieren.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1632-1645 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: [3.3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements at Glycals and Pseudoglycals3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enopyranose (1a) reacts in acetonitrile with sodium azide, potassium thiocyanate and potassium O-ethyl-dithiocarbonate in the presence of boron trifluoride-diethylether to afford the corresponding C-1-substituted 2,3-dideoxy-2-enopyranosyl compounds 2a, 3a, 11a and 11b. They easily rearrange at room temperature to the C-3-substituted glycals 4a, 5a, 12a, and 12b. In case of the azido compounds the rearrangement is reversible and equilibria are established between glycals and pseudoglycals. Similar results are found with other glycals. Allylic rearrangement of glycals can be used to prepare branched chain sugars as is shown by conversion of 14 to 15 and the formation of 18 from 17.
    Notizen: 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-1,2-didesoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enopyranose (1a) reagiert in Acetonitril mit Natriumazid, Kaliumthiocyanat und Kalium-O-ethyl-dithiocarbonat unter Bortrifluorid-Etherat-Katalyse zu den entsprechend in 1-Stellung substituierten 2,3-Didesoxy-2-enopyranosyl-Verbindungen 2a, 3a, 11a und 11b. Sie unterliegen bereits bei Raumtemperatur einer allylischen Umlagerung unter Bildung der 3-substituierten Glycale 4a, 5a, 12a und 12b. Im Falle der Azidoverbindungen sind die Umlagerungen reversibel und führen zu Gleichgewichten zwischen Glycalen und Pseudoglycalen. Ähnliche Ergebnisse werden mit anderen Glycalen erhalten. Durch Allylumlagerung an Glycalen sind auch C-verzweigte Zucker zugänglich, wie durch die Umlagerung von 14 nach 15 und die Bildung von 18 aus 17 gezeigt werden konnte.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1650-1652 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Functional Derivatives of Trimethylphosphine. VII: Ambivalent Behaviour of Tetrakis(trimethylphosphine) iron: Reaction with CH3ITreatment of the title complex 1a ⇌ 1b with CH3I in pentane at ambient temperature yields L4(CH3)Fel(L = P(CH3)3). The reaction is shown to proceed via oxidative addition to the iron(0) isomer 1a. In ether at lower temperature, a reaction with the iron(II) isomer 1b predominates, which leaves its hydridoiron function unchanged. So, a hydridoiron iodide complex is formed, probably by attack on the Fe—C bond.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 314-319 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Fused 2H-1,3-Oxazin-2-ones and -thionesCyclisation of 2-hydroxybenzimidic acid derivatives 1 and 2 by carbonyl reagents yields 2H-1,3-benzoxazin-2-ones 3 and 4. Multinucleous compounds 6 resp. 8 are formed starting with heterocyclic o-hydroxycarboximidic acid derivatives 5 resp. N,N′-bridged amidines 7.
    Notizen: Durch Ringschluß von 2-Hydroxybenzimidsäure-Derivaten 1 und 2 mit Carbonyl-Reagenzien werden 2H-1,3-Benzoxazin-2-one 3 und 4 erhalten. Heterocyclische o-Hydroxycarboximidsäure-Derivate 5 bzw. N,N′-überbrückte Amidine 7 liefern die mehrkernigen Analoga 6 bzw. 8.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Heterocyclic Seven-membered Ring Compounds, XX: Crystal Structure of a 1-Benzothiepin 1- Oxide3,5-Dimethoxy-4-phenyl-1-benzothiepin 1-oxide crystallizes in the rhombic space group P212121. The structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction using direct methods. The seven-membered ring exists in a big vaulted boat conformation with the oxygen of the sulfoxide function in exo-position.
    Notizen: 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-phenyl-1-benzothiepin-1-oxid kristallisiert in der rhombischen Raumgruppe P212121. Die Struktur der Verbindung wurde, röntgenographisch mittels direkter Methoden bestimmt. Der Siebenring besitzt eine stark aufgewölbte Bootform mit exo-ständigem Sauerstoff der Sulfoxid-Funktion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 282-298 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A Degenerate Rearrangement of cis-Bicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-trieneThe synthesis and the thermal behaviour of the diastereomeric 9-methyl- and 4,9-dimethyl-cis-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatriene-9-carbonitriles 1a,b and 10a,b are reported. The bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatriene ⇌ bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatriene rearrangement which is degenerate in the cases of 1a and 1b could be detected experimentally with the aid of the dimethyl derivatives 10a and 10b. At 102.5°C ([2H6]benzene) the mutual interconversion 10a ⇌ 11a ⇌ 12a ⇌ 13a and 10b ⇌ 11b ⇌ 12b ⇌ 13b, respectively, proceeds stereospecifically with inversion at the migrating carbon atom C-9 as postulated by Woodward and Hoffmann. Apart from the stereochemical result the concerted nature of this rearrangement is made plausible by the energetic parameter. The difference in the Gibbs energies of activation for the cleavage of the cyclopropane bond C-1 - C-9 in the bicyclo[6.1.0]-nonatriene → bicyclo[4.2.1]nonatriene isomerization 1a → 7a + 7b, 1b → 7a + 7b and in the rearrangement 10a → 11a, 10b → 11b amounts to ca. 7 kcal/mol in each case and suggests an aromatic transition state for the degenerate rearrangement.
    Notizen: Synthese und thermisches Verhalten der diastereomeren 9-Methyl- und 4,9-Dimethyl-cis-bicyclo-[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-trien-9-carbonitrile 1a,b und 10a,b werden beschrieben. Die in den Systemen 1a und 1b entartete Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien ⇌ Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien-Umlagerung konnte am Beispiel der Dimethylderivate 10a und 10b experimentell nachgewiesen werden. Die wechselseitige Umlagerung 10a ⇌ 11a ⇌ 12a ⇌ 13a bzw. 10b ⇌ 11b ⇌ 12b ⇌ 13b erfolgt bei 102.5°C ([D6]Benzol) stereospezifisch mit der von Woodward und Hoffmann postulierten Inversion am wandernden Kohlenstoff C-9. Außer durch das stereochemische Ergebnis wird der synchrone Charakter dieser Umlagerung durch den energetischen Parameter wahrscheinlich gemacht. Der Unterschied der Gibbs-Aktivierungsenergie für die Öffnung der Cyclopropanbindung C-1 - C-9 in der Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien → Bicyclo[4.2.1]nonatrien-Isomerisierung 1a → 7a + 7b, 1b → 7a + 7b und in der Umlagerung 10a → 11a, 10b → 11b beträgt in jedem Fall ca. 7 kcal/mol und legt einen aromatischen Übergangszustand für die entartete Umlagerung nahe.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 320-334 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Substituent Effect of the Guanidino and of the Guanidinium Group, Part I: The Effect on 19F NMR Spectra of Fluorobenzenes and on the Aromatic SubstitutionTaft's substituent parameters σ1, and σR are calculated from 19F NMR spectra of N-(fluorophenyl)-guanidines and their salts. The rearrangement of N-nitro-N′-phenylguanidine (1) in strong acid is shown to be an intermolecular nitration of the N-phenylguanidinium cation by NO2⊕. Both o-and p-nitro derivatives are formed at a rate which is but slightly retarded compared to that with benzene.  -  Together with results from 35Cl-NQR spectra(1) and redox potentials of guanidinoquinones(2) the above findings show that the guanidino group exerts only a + M-effect.  -  In addition to the expected  -  I-effect the guanidinium function shows a distinct + M-effect in spite of its positive charge and the reduced charge distribution in the guanidine system.
    Notizen: Aus den 19F-NMR-Spektren von N-(Fluorphenyl)guanidinen und ihren Salzen werden die Taftschen σ1- und σR-Werte errechnet. Die Umlagerung des N-Nitro-N′-phenylguanidins (1) in starker Säure verläuft intermolekular als Nitrierung eines N-Phenylguanidinium-Ions durch NO2⊕. Es entstehen o- und p-Nitroderivate mit relativ zu Benzol nur geringfügig reduzierter Geschwindigkeit. -- Zusammen mit 35Cl-NQR-Messungen (1) und der Beeinflussung von Redoxpotentialen bei Guanidinochinonen(2) zeigen diese Befunde, daß die Guanidinogruppe als mesomerer Elektronendonator wirkt.  -  Neben dem erwarteten  -  I-Effekt zeigt die Guanidiniumgruppe trotz ihrer positiven Ladung und der Einschränkung der Mesomerie im Guanidinsystem einen deutlichen + M-Effekt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 356-360 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Thiadiborolene Complexes of Chromium and Molybdenum3,4-Diethyl-2,5-dimethyl-Δ3-1,2,5-thiadiborolene (1) reacts with the hexacarbonyls of chromium and molybdenum photochemically to yield the mono- and bis(thiadiborolene) complexes 2, 3 and 4, 5. The latter exhibit higher thermal and hydrolytical stability than the tetracarbonyl compounds. 4 is also obtained from 1 and (C6H6)Cr(CO)3. From spectroscopic data it is concluded that pentahapto-thiadiborolene complexes and cis arrangement of the CO groups in 4 and 5 are present.
    Notizen: 3,4-Diethyl-2,5-dimethyl-Δ3-1,2,5-thiadiborolen (1) reagiert mit den Hexacarbonylen des Chroms und Molybdäns photochemisch zu den Mono- und Bis(thiadiborolen)-Komplexen 2, 3 und 4, 5. Letztere zeigen größere thermische und hydrolytische Stabilität als die Tetracarbonyl-Verbindungen. 4 entsteht auch aus 1 und (C6H6)Cr(CO)3. Aus den spektroskopischen Daten wird auf das Vorliegen von pentahapto-Thiadiborolen-Komplexen und cis-Anordnung der CO-Gruppen in 4 und 5 geschlossen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: On Amino Acids and Peptides, XXIV: Radically and Photochemically Initiated Oxidation of Amino Acid DerivativesIn an atmosphere of oxygen cyclic peptides are photochemically oxidized to mono- and bishydroperoxides (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11) in the presence of benzophenone as catalyst. The same products are also formed using radical initiators.
    Notizen: Cyclopeptide werden in einer Sauerstoffatmosphäre photochemisch-radikalisch unter Benzophenon-Katalyse zu Mono- und Bishydroperoxiden (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11) oxidiert. Die gleichen Produkte entstehen auch bei der Oxidation mit Hilfe von Radikalstartern.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1753-1762 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Organic Electrochemistry, I: Electrochemical Reduction of 2,3-Dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines and Autoxidation of the Reduction ProductsThe electrochemical reduction of 1-methyl- (2) and 1,4-dimethyl-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoxaline (3) leads in acidic media in an unusual 4 electron reduction step to 1-methyl- (4) and 1,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline (5), respectively. These compounds are converted to the starting material by autoxidation. The mechanisms of these reduction and reoxidation processes are discussed and proven experimentally. It is shown that 1-methyl-3-oxo-3.4-dihydroquinoxalinium cations (15, 16) are intermediates in the autoxidation process and that the carbonyl oxygen introduced in 2-position is derived from water.
    Notizen: Die elektrochemische Reduktion des 1-Methyl- (2) und 1,4-Dimethyl-2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrochinoxalins (3) führt im sauren Medium in einer ungewöhnlichen vierelektronigen Reduktionsstufe zu 1-Methyl- (4) bzw. 1,4-Dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochinoxalin (5), die unter Autoxidation jeweils die Ausgangsverbindungen zurückbilden. Die Mechanismen der Reduktions-und Reoxidationsprozesse werden diskutiert und experimentell belegt. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei der Autoxidation die Stufe eines 1-Methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydrochinoxalinium-Kations (15, 16) durchlaufen wird und der eingeführte 2-Carbonylsauerstoff aus dem Wasser stammt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1763-1779 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Organic Electrochemistry, II: Synthesis and Electrochemical Behaviour of 6,7-Dioxotetrahydropteridines and 2,3-Dioxotetrahydropyrido-pyrazinesThe 6,7-dioxotetrahydropteridines 1-9 have been synthesized and studied with respect to cathodic electroreduction. The 8-unsubstituted derivatives 1-5 are reduced in acidic as well as basic media in a four electron process to the corresponding 6-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridines (13-17), whereas the reduction of the 8-alkyl derivatives 6-9 stops after a two electron uptake at the 8-alkyl-7-hydroxy-6-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro level (19-22). The 2,3-dioxotetrahydropyrido-pyrazines 10-12 showed an analogous behaviour with formal reduction of one oxo function to give 23-26 and small amounts of dimeric products (27, 28). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been proven by spectroscopic investigations.
    Notizen: Die 6,7-Dioxotetrahydropteridine 1-9 warden synthetisiert und der kathodischen Elektro-reduktion unterworfen. Die 8-unsubstituierten Derivate 1-5 werden im allgemeinen sowohl im sauren als auch alkalischen Medium in einem vierelektronigen Prozeß zu den entsprechenden 6-Oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridinen (13-17) reduziert, wogegen bei den 8-Alkyl-Derivaten 6-9 die Reduktion nach Aufnahme von 2 Elektronen auf der 8-Alkyl-7-hydroxy-6-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-Stufe (19-22) zum Stillstand kommt. Die 2,3-Dioxotetrahydropyrido-pyrazine 10-12 zeigen analoges Reaktionsverhalten unter formaler Reduktion einer Oxo-Funktion zu 23-26 neben der Bildung kleiner Mengen an Dimeren (27, 28). Die Konstitutionen der neu synthetisierten Verbindungen werden durch spektroskopische Untersuchungen gesichert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1815-1823 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Diazadiphosphetidines by Cycloaddition of PhosphazenesThe iminophosphoranes 2a-i and 6a-c react with aminodiiminophosphorane 1 to give stable adducts to which we ascribe the cyclic structures 3a-i or 7a,b and 8b,c, resp., on the basis of spectroscopic data and thermal cleavage.
    Notizen: Die Iminophosphorane 2a-i und 6a-c bilden mit Aminodiiminophosphoran 1 stabile Addukte, für die aufgrund der spektroskopischen Befunde und der thermolytischen Spaltung die cyclischen Strukturen 3a-i bzw. 7a,b und 8b,c vorgeschlagen werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1833-1838 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 35Cl NMR Studies on Alkyl and Alkenyl Chlorides35Cl chemical shifts (δ35Cl) are reported for 17 alkyl chlorides and 4 alkenyl chlorides. A linear correlation results between δ35Cl and δ19F of analogous compounds of the type CnH2n+1 X and CnH2nX2. This relationship is not valid if there are more than two halogen atoms bonded to one carbon atom and also in the case of alkenyl halides. The reasons for this are discussed. There is no linear correlation between the calculated charge density on chlorine and δ35Cl.
    Notizen: 35)Cl-chemische Verschiebungen (δ35Cl) von 17 Alkylchloriden und 4 Alkenylchloriden werden mitgeteilt. Eine lineare Korrelation zwischen δ35Cl und δ19F analoger Fluoride für Alkylhalogenide des Typs CnH2n+1 X und CnH2nX2 zeigt den gleichsinnigen Einfluß des Alkylrestes auf die chemischen Verschiebungen δ35Cl und δ19 F. Bei mehr als zwei Halogenatomen pro Kohlenstoff versagt diese Beziehung, ebenso bei Alkenylhalogeniden; Gründe hierfür werden diskutiert. Zwischen der berechneten Ladungsdichte am Chlor und δ35Cl läßt sich keine lineare Korrelation herstellen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 388-399 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Rearrangements of Free Radicals, 6: Radicals with Bicyclooctane, Tricyclooctane, and Tetracyclooctane SkeletonRadicals with bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton are generated (2, 11-13) in order to investigate rearrangements to tricyclic (3) and tetracyclic (4) radicals. It is shown by product analysis and by ESR spectroscopy that radicals with bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2.6-dienyl structure are most stable. This maintains even if substituents which can stabilize structure 4 are introduced in 3-position of 2. Secondary radicals which derive from tricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]oct-3-ene (17), tetracyclo[3.2.1.02,7.04,6]-octane (18), bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene (25) and bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (26) also rearrange to 2. Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dienyl radical constitutes the most stable member in this series of radicals.
    Notizen: Radikale mit Bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-Gerüst (2, 11-13) werden auf eine Umlagerung in tricyclische (3) und tetracyclische Radikale (4) untersucht. Produktanalysen und ESR-spektroskopische Studien zeigen, daß die Radikale mit Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dienyl-Gerüst am stabilsten sind. Dies trifft auch zu, wenn in 3-Stellung (11-13) von 2 radikalstabilisierende Gruppen eingeführt werden, welche die Konstitution 4, nicht aber 2 stabilisieren können. Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse ist es nicht überraschend, daß die von Tricyclo[3.2.1.02,7]oct-3-en (17) und Tetracyclo[3.2.1.02,7.04,6]-octan (18) abgeleiteten Radikale sich in das Bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dienyl-Radikal 2 umlagern. Gleiches trifft für die aus Bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-dien (25) und Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-en (26) erzeugten sekundären Radikale 21 und 22 zu.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1873-1882 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Deamination Reactions, 30: Decomposition of Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene-7-diazonium Ionsexo-Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene-7-diazonium ions (16) have been generated from the corresponding nitrosourea 15 and base. In weakly alkaline methanol 7-anti-methoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (17), 2-exo-methoxybicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene (19), 7-exo-methoxybicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene (20), 5-methoxy-1,3-cycloheptadiene (21), and 3-methoxy-1,4-cycloheptadiene (22) were obtained. 22 is formed by isomerization of 3-methoxy-1(Z),4(E)-cycloheptadiene (30) which was trapped in the presence of furan to give the adducts 25 and 26. 19 is thought to arise by intramolecular cyclization of 5-methoxy-1(Z),3(E)-cycloheptadiene (31). The configurations of 19, 20, 25. and 26 suggest attack of methanol on the partially opened cyclopropyl cation 29. - In CH3OD/HCO2Na all products incorporated approximately the same amount of deuterium. The location of D in 17 indicates that double bond participation in 16 leads immediately to the 7-norbornenyl cation 33, without intervention of the tricyclic cation 32. In the presence of lithium methoxide the products 17 and 18, derived from the 7-norbornenyl cation 33, predominated while 19-22 virtually disappeared. The variation in products is explained in terms of the carbene rearrangement 38 → 41, followed by protonation of 41 to give 33.
    Notizen: exo-Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-en-7-diazonium-Ionen (16) wurden durch alkalische Spaltung des entsprechenden Nitrosoharnstoffs 15 erzeugt. In schwach alkalischem Methanol erhielten wir 7-anti-Methoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en (17), 2-exo-Methoxybicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en (19) 7-exo-Methoxybicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-en (20), 5-Methoxy-1,3-cycloheptadien (21) und 3-Methoxy-1,4-cycloheptadien (22). 22 wird durch Isomerisierung von 3-Methoxy-1(Z).4(E)-cycloheptadien (30) gebildet, das wir in Form der Furan-Addukte 25 und 26 abfangen konnten. Wir nehmen an, daß 19 aus 5-Methoxy-1(Z),3(E)-cycloheptadien (31) durch intramolekulare Cyclisierung entsteht. Die Konfiguration von 19, 20, 25 und 26 spricht für den Angriff von Methanol auf das „halbgeöffnete“ Cyclopropyl-Kation 29. - Alle in CH3OD/HCO2Na gebildeten Produkte hatten etwa gleichen D-Gehalt. Die Stellung des Deuteriums in 17 zeigt, daß Doppelbindungsbeteiligung von 16 direkt zum 7-Norbornenyl-Kation 33 führt und das tricyclische Kation 32 nicht als Zwischenstufe auftritt. In Gegenwart von Lithiummethylat entstanden überwiegend die Produkte 17 und 18 aus dem 7-Norbornenyl-Kation 33, während 19-22 nun fehlten. Die Änderung der Produktverhältnisse wird durch die Carben-Umlagerung 38 → 41 erklärt, der sich eine Protonierung von 41 zu 33 anschließt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1895-1907 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Deamination Reactions, 32: Decomposition of Bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,4-diene-8-diazonium Ionsexo-Bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,4-diene-8-diazonium ions (11) have been generated from the corresponding nitrosourea (10) and base. In weakly alkaline solution the major products were derivatives of bicyclo[3.3.0]octadiene (12, 13) and 1(Z),3(Z),6(E)-cyclooctatriene (17). The reaction products and the distribution of a deuterium label in 12a, 13a suggest that 11 undergoes conrotatory transformation into the cyclooctatrienyl cation 24 as the first intermediate. In the presence of sodium methoxide, predominant formation of 8-syn-methoxybicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene (18a) was observed. 8-Diazo-bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene (39) was generated from the tosylhydrazone 38 and excluded as an intermediate on the reaction path from 11 to 18. Most probably the carbon 1,3-shift proceeds as an interconversion of the carbenes 37 and 40.
    Notizen: exo-Bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2.4-dien-8-diazonium-Ionen (11) wurden durch alkalische Spaltung des entsprechenden Nitrosoharnstoffs (10) erzeugt. In schwach alkalischer Lösung entstanden als Hauptprodukte Derivate des Bicyclo[3.3.0]octadiens (12, 13) und des 1(Z),3(Z),6(E)-Cyclooctatriens (17). Die Reaktionsprodukte und die Verteilung einer D-Markierung in 12a, 13a weisen auf eine conrotatorische Umwandlung von 11 in das Cyclooctatrienyl-Kation 24 als erste Zwischenstufe hin. In Gegenwart von Natriummethylat wurde überwiegend 8-syn-Methoxybicyclo[3.2.1]-octa-2,6-dien (18a) gebildet. 8-Diazobicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dien (39) wurde aus dem Tosylhydrazon 38 erzeugt und als Zwischenstufe auf dem Weg von 11 zu 18 ausgeschlossen. Sehr wahrscheinlich erfolgt die 1,3-Kohlenstoffverschiebung als Umlagerung des Carbens 37 in 40.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Addition of Aldehydes to Activated Double Bonds, XVI: Preparation of Esters of Dioxocarboxylic AcidsThiazolium salt catalysed addition of aldehydes to vinyl oxe-esters and of ester-aldehydes to vinyl ketones leads to esters of dioxocarboxylic acids.
    Notizen: Unter Thiazoliumsalz-Katalyse werden Aldehyde an Vinylketoester und Esteraldehyde an Vinylketone unter Bildung von Diketocarbonsäureestern addiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1938-1943 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Photochemically Induced Additions of Organic Disulfides to the Central Bond of a Bicyclo[1.1.0]butaneThe irradiation of an equimolar solution of an organic disulfide (5a-d) and of tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]-heptane (4) yielded as the main product a stereoisomeric mixture of the bis-thioethers 7 and 8, accompanied by some sulfide 6. The latter compound was formed nearly exclusively if bulky substituents were fixed to the disulfide (5e,f).
    Notizen: Die Bestrahlung einer äquimolaren Lösung eines organischen Disulfids (5a-d) und von Tricyclo-[4.1.0.02,7]heptan (4) lieferte als Hauptprodukt ein Stereoisomerengemisch der Bis-thioether 7 und 8, daneben in geringerer Ausbeute das Sulfid 6. Letzteres entstand nahezu ausschließlich, wenn am Disulfid sperrige Reste hafteten (5e,f).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1958-1961 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Photoelectron Spectra and MNDO-Calculations for [n]ParacyclophanesThe observed splittings of the first two photoelectron bands and the calculated strain energies of the [n]paracyclophanes are discussed; a simple model suggests that they are mainly due to the deformation of the benzene ring. Energetic considerations lead to the conclusion that the “aromatic character” of the benzene moiety in the [n]paracyclophanes has been lost to a large extent for n = 6, and completely for n = 5.
    Notizen: Die beobachteten Aufspaltungen der beiden ersten Photoelektronenbanden und die berechneten Spannungsenergien der [n]Paracyclophane werden diskutiert und in einem einfachen Modell vorwiegend auf die Deformation des Benzolrings zurückgeführt. Energetische Überlegungen führen zu dem Schluß, daß der „aromatische Charakter“ der Benzoleinheit in den [n]Paracyclophanen bei n = 6 weitgehend und bei = 5 vollständig verlorengegangen ist.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 451-468 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Trinuclear Sandwich Compounds Containing Dialkylphosphonate as Bridging Ligands: Synthesis, NMR-, IR-, and Raman StudiesThe solvolysis of [C5H5Co{P(OR)2O}3BF]BF4 (3) leads to the half-sandwich complex [C5H5Co{P(O)(OR)2}2{P(OH)(OR)2}] (4). 4 is a novel O3-tripod ligand which reacts with the bivalent metalions M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg to give the trinuclear compounds [{(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OR)2]2}2M] (5a-m). In these sandwich like complexes the dialkylphosphonate ligands are forming bridges of the type Co—(P—O)3—M—(O—P)3—Co between the three metal centers. The 1H NMR spectra are discussed. Due to a non-regular octahedral coordination of the central ion M = Cu and Hg the vP = O and δP = O bands in the IR spectra of 5j and 5m are split. It is shown by means of the IR spectra that the Jahn-Teller distorted octahedral coordination of CuII in 5j is changed to a regular one under the influence of high pressure (35 kbar).
    Notizen: Es wird über die Synthese des Halbsandwichkomplexes [C5H5Co{P(O)(OR)2}2{P(OH)(OR)2}] (4) aus [C5H5Co{P(OR)2O}3BF]BF4 (3) berichtet. 4 ist ein neuartiger O3-Tripodligand, der mit den zweiwertigen Metall-Ionen M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg zu dreikernigen Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung [{(C5H5)Co[P(O)(OR)2]3}2M] (5a-m) reagiert. In den sandwich-artigen Komplexen 5 bilden die Dialkylphosphonatliganden Brücken der Art Co—(P—O)3—M—(O—P)3—Co zwischen den drei Metallzentren. Die 1H-NMR-Spektren werden diskutiert. Im IR-Spektrum beobachtet man als Folge der nicht regulären Oktaederkoordination beim CuII-Komplex 5j und bei der Quecksilberverbindung 5m eine Aufspaltung der VP = O und δP = O-Banden. An Hand der IR-Spektren wird gezeigt, daß die Jahn-Teller-Verzerrung des CuII-Komplexes 5j unter einem Druck von 35 kbar aufgehoben werden kann.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 1989-1997 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ring Contraction of 5,6-Dihydro-2H-1,2,3,6-thiatriazine 1-Oxides into Δ3-1,2,3-Thiadiazoline Derivatives; X-Ray Analysis of 2,4-Dimethyl-5-tosylimino-Δ3-1,2,3-thiadiazoline5,6-Dihydro-2H-1,2,3,6-thiatriazine 1-oxides 1a-d rearrange in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid to give 2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole 1-oxides 2a, b and Δ3-1,2,3-thiadiazoline 1-oxides 2c, d, respectively. On treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, at C-5 unsubstituted 5,6-dihydro-2H-1,2,3,6-thiatriazine 1-oxides 1e and f, however, yield Δ3-1,2,3-thiadiazolines 4e and f, respectively, by loss of H2O. Two reaction pathways are suggested for the formation of the ring contraction products. The structure of 4e was confirmed by X-ray analysis.
    Notizen: Die 5,6-Dihydro-2H-1,2,3,6-thiatriazin-1-oxide 1a-d lagern in Gegenwart von Trifluoressigsäure in die 2,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-1-oxide 2a, b bzw. in die Δ3-1,2,3-Thiadiazolin-1-oxide 2c, d um. Die an C-5 unsubstituierten 5,6-Dihydro-2H-1,2,3,6-thiatriazin-1-oxide 1 e und f führen mit Trifluoressigsäure dagegen unter Abspaltung von H2O zu den Δ3-1,2,3-Thiadiazolinen 4e bzw. f. Für die Bildung der Ringverengungsprodukte werden zwei Reaktionswege vorgeschlagen. Die Struktur von 4e wurde durch Röntgenanalyse bestätigt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2003-2009 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Reaction of β-Aminovinylcarbonyl Compounds with DiphenylcarbodiimideThe cyclization of 3-amino-2-alkylpropenals 1 with diphenylcarbodiimide (2) yields 5-alkyl-1-phenylpyrimidin-2(1H)-phenylimines 4. No corresponding reaction is observed with dicyclo-hexylcarbodiimide. 4-Amino-3-penten-2-one (5) reacts with diphenylcarbodiimide (2) as a CH acidic compound, i.e. involving addition to 4-amino-3-(N,N′-diphenylamidino)-3-penten-2-one (7). The corresponding addition to ethyl β-aminocrotonate (6) is observed to give 8. The constitution of the products 4, 7, and 8 is in accordance with the IR-, 1H- and 13C NMR spectra.
    Notizen: 3-Amino-2-alkylpropenale 1 cyclisieren mit Diphenylcarbodiimid (2) zu 5-Alkyl-1-phenyl-pyrimidin-2(1H)-phenyliminen 4. Mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid wird keine entsprechende Reaktion beobachtet. 4-Amino-3-penten-2-on (5) reagiert mit Diphenylcarbodiimid (2) wie eine CH-acide Verbindung, d. h. unter Addition zu 4-Amino-3-(N,N′-diphenylamidino)-3-penten-2-on (7). Die entsprechende Addition zu 8 wird auch für β-Aminocrotonsäure-ethylester (6) beobachtet. Die Konstitution der Verbindungen 4, 7 und 8 stimmt mit den IR-, 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren überein.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2010-2020 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Barriers to Hindered Rotation Around the N-Glycosidic Bond, II: 1-(α-D-Mannopyranosyl)isocyanuric AcidsSyntheses of the 1-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)isocyanuric acids 2a--c and 3 are reported. According to the 1H-NMR spectra these compounds form in solution dynamic equilibria of flexible conformations (oS2) with pseudoequatorial aglyca. For the tetra-O-acetyl compound 2b an X-ray analysis has been performed (orthorhombic P212121; R-value 0.057). In the crystalline state 2b has 4C1 conformation, flattened at the C1′-end, with axial aglycon. The isocyanuric acid ring is almost perpendicular to the C1′ - O5′ bond and is partly lying under the sugar ring. The barrier to hindered rotation around the N-glycosidic bond of 2b as determined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy in solution is ΔG198≠ = 41.8 ± 1.3 kJmol-1. This barrier is considerably lower than the corresponding barrier of 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)isocyanuric acids2).
    Notizen: Es werden Synthesen der 1-(α-D-Mannopyranosyl)isocyanursäuren 2a-c und 3 beschrieben. Nach den 1H-NMR-Spektren liegen die Verbindungen in Lösung in dynamischen Gleichgewichten flexibler Konformationen (oS2) mit pseudoäquatorialem Aglycon vor. Die Tetra-O-acetyl-Verbindung 2b wurde einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse unterworfen (orthorhombisch P212121; R-Wert 0.057). Im Kristall hat 2b eine am C1′-Ende abgeflachte 4C1-Sesselkonformation mit axialem Aglycon. Der Isocyanursäurering steht nahezu senkrecht auf der Bindung C1′ - O5′ und liegt damit teilweise unter dem Zuckerring. Die in Lösung mittels 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie gemessene Barriere der behinderten Rotation um die N-glycosidische Bindung von 2b beträgt ΔG198≠ = 41.8 ± 1.3 kJmol-1 und ist damit erheblich niedriger als die entsprechende Barriere der 1-(β-D-Glucopyranosido)isocyanursäuren2).
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2037-2046 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Crystal Structure Determination of (N′N′-Dimethylhydrazino)triphenylphosphonium Bromide by X-Ray TechniqueThe structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray cristal structure analysis and was refined to R = 0.049 (Rw = 0.041). The P—N bond distance and the geometry of the nitrogen in α-position were compared with structurally analogous phosphor nitrogen compounds. The bond distance, which is relatively short for a P—N single bond, gives an explanation for the known reactions of the hydrazinophosphonium salts with nitrosation reagents.
    Notizen: Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung wurde röntgenographisch bestimmt und bis zu einem R-Faktor von 0.049 (Rw = 0.041) verfeinert. Der P—N-Bindungsabstand und die Geometrie am α-ständigen Stickstoffatom werden mit struktur-ähnlichen Phosphorstickstoff-Verbindungen verglichen. Der für eine P—N-Einfachbindung relativ kurze Abstand ist eine Erklärung für die bekannten Umwandlungen der Hydrazinophosphonium-Salze mit Nitrosierungsreagenzien.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Reactions of Complex Ligands, XI: Stereoselectivity of the Insertion of Ynamines into the Chromium Carbene Bond: First Step of a Two-Step Synthesis of Indanone and Indenone DerivativesPentacarbonyl[methoxymethyl(or phenyl)carbene]chromium (1, 2) reacts with 1-(dialkylamino)-acetylenes (3, 4) in a stereoselective way to give E- and Z-pentacarbonyl(alkenylaminocarbene)-chromium complexes (5-7) via insertion of the alkyne into the metal-carbene bond. The thermolysis of pentacarbonyl[(diethylamino)-E-(β-methoxy-α-methylstyryl)carbene]chromium (7a) in n-decane results in the formation of the tricarbonylchromium complexes of 2-methyl-1-indenone (8) and trans-3-methoxy-2-methyl-1-indanone (9).
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Oxidative Addition of Hexafluoroacetone and Hexafluorobiacetyl to Phosphorus(III) Fluorides RR′PF: Synthesis of Chiral 1,3,2-Dioxaphospholanes and 1,3,2-DioxaphospholenesHexafluoroacetone and hexafluorobiacetyl react with fluorophosphines and fluorophosphites in an oxidative addition to form stable cyclic oxyphosphoranes containing the 1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (2) or 1,3,2-dioxaphospholene ring system (3). 19F and 31P NMR spectra are reported. The temperature dependency of the 19F NMR spectra in the range between -90 and +110°C is discussed in the light of pseudorotation processes at phosphorus(V).
    Notizen: Hexafluoraceton und Hexafluorbiacetyl reagieren mit Fluorphosphinen und Fluorphosphiten unter Bildung stabiler cyclischer Oxyphosphorane mit dem 1,3,2-Dioxaphospholan- (2) bzw. Dioxaphospholen-Ringsystem (3). 19F- und 31P-NMR-Spektren werden mitgeteilt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der 19F-NMR-Spektren im Bereich von -90 bis +110°C wird auf der Basis von Pseudorotationsprozessen am Phosphor(V) diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2108-2112 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Addition of Diborontetrahalides to Unsaturated HydrocarbonsB2Cl4 and B2F4 add on the C = C-bond of methylenecyclopropane or vinylcyclopropane forming the diboryl compounds 3 and 5 respectively, C—C-bonds of the cyclopropane rings are not cleaved even using an excess of B2Cl4. The properties of the new compounds and their spectroscopic data are listed.
    Notizen: B2Cl4 und B2F4 addieren sich an die C = C-Bindung von Methylencyclopropan bzw. Vinylcyclopropan unter Bildung der Diborylverbindungen 3 bzw. 5. C—C-Bindungen der Cyclopropanringe werden auch bei einem Überschuß von B2Cl4 nicht gespalten. Die Eigenschaften der neuen Verbindungen und ihre spektroskopischen Daten sind aufgeführt.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2123-2129 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preparation and Some Properties of Silyl Derivatives of 2-Tetrazene and -Pentazene (Attempts for the Preparation of cis-2-Tetrazene and -Pentazene)Oxidation of [(Me3Si)2N2Li]2SiMe2 (2) with benzenesulfonyl azide or ethyl nitrite yields a cyclic silyltetrazene (4) and -pentazene (6), respectively. Thermolysis of 4 causes ring opening and formation of (Me3Si)2NSiMe2N3 (9), whereas thermolysis of 6 leads to ring reorganisation with formation of the heterocycle 10a. Protolysis of 4 with trifluoroacetic acid gives ammonium azide  -  possibly via cis-2-tetrazene  - , protolysis of 6 yields nitrogen, ammonia, hydrazine, and hydrazoic acid  -  possibly via pentazene.
    Notizen: Aus [(Me3Si)2N2Li]2SiMe2 (2) entsteht durch Oxidation mit Benzolsulfonylazid bzw. Ethylnitrit ein cyclisches Silyltetrazen (4) bzw. Silylpentazen (6. 4 thermolysiert unter Ringöffnung zu (Me3Si)2NSiMe2N3 (9), 6 unter Ringumlagerung zum Heterocyclus 10a. Die Protolyse mit Trifluoressigsäure führt im Falle von 4  -  möglicherweise über cis-2-Tetrazen  -  zum Ammoniumazid, im Falle von 6  -  möglicherweise über Pentazen  -  zu Stickstoff, Ammoniak. Hydrazin und Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2173-2178 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Mesoinoic Six-membered Heterocycles, X: Synthesis and Reactions of Mesoionic 1,2,3-TriazinesThe reaction of (chloroformyl)ketenes 2 with triazenes 3 in ether yields mesoionic 1,2,3-triazines 4. The structure of these compounds is substantiated by solvolysis and hydrogenation reactions. At 140°C compound 4a looses azobenzene (9) and nitrogen to give the 3,3′-biazetidinetetraone 8.
    Notizen: Die Reaktion der (Chlorformyl)ketene 2 mit Triazenen (3) in Ether liefert mesoionische 1,2,3-Triazine (4). Die Struktur dieser Verbindungen wird durch Solvolysereaktionen sowie katalytische Hydrierungen gestützt. Die Verbindung 4a reagiert bei 140°C unter Verlust von Azobenzol (9) und Stickstoff zum 3,3′-Biazetidintetraon 8.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2199-2205 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Stereochemistry of Metal-Metal Bonds: Crystal Structure of Cr2(CO)7(C5H5)As(CH3)2The crystal structure of the title complex 1 has been determined. Crowding of ligands in the molecule results in the very long Cr—Cr bond distance of 319 pm. A comparison with the structures of related complexes of manganese and iron shows the systematic influence of the number of ligands on the metal-metal bond lengths.
    Notizen: Die Kristallstruktur des Titel-Komplexes 1 wurde bestimmt. Häufung von Liganden im Molekül bewirkt den mit 319 pm sehr großen Cr—Cr-Bindungsabstand. Ein Vergleich mit den Strukturen verwandter Komplexe des Mangans und Eisens belegt den systematischen Einfluß der Ligandenzahl auf die Metall-Metall-Bindungslängen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2258-2266 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 3-Diazoindazoles: Photochemistry, Thermochemistry, CycloadditionsOn photolysis or thermolysis the 3-diazoindazole 1 a eliminates nitrogen with formation of the carbene 2. This rearranges via a nitrene intermediate 3 to the azo-compound 6. In the presence of electron-rich olefines and alkynes the 3-diazoindazoles 1 react also as dipoles with inverse electron demand affording triazino-indazoles 9.
    Notizen: Die Photolyse oder Thermolyse des 3-Diazoindazols 1 a liefert unter Stickstoffabspaltung das Carben 2, das sich über eine Nitrenzwischenstufe 3 unter Bildung der Azoverbindung 6 stabilisiert. Weiterhin stellen die 3-Diazoindazole 1 Dipole mit inversem Elektronenbedarf dar, die mit elektronenreichen Alkinen bzw. Olefinen in einer neuen Reaktion die Triazino-indazole 9 liefern.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2267-2272 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Reactions of Complex-bound Carbene Analogues, II: Synthesis and Vibrational Spectra of Pentacarbonyl[chloro(di-tert-butylphosphino)stannio]-metal(VI A) ComplexesThe tindichloride complexes pentacarbonyl(dichlorotetrahydrofurane-stannio)chromium(0) (1), -molybdenum(0) (2) and -tungsten(0) (3) react with di-tert-butyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphine with elimination of tetrahydrofurane and formation of chlorotrimethylsilane to give the new, base free stannio complexes (CO)5M—Sn(Cl)[P(tBu)2] (4-6: M = Cr, Mo, W) with 75 to 85% yield. The ligand properties of chloro(di-tert-butylphosphino)-stannandiyl (-stannylene) are discussed on the basis of infrared and Raman data, and other physical properties.
    Notizen: Die SnCl2-Metallkomplexe Pentacarbonyl(dichlortetrahydrofuran-stannio)chrom(0) (1), -molybdän(0) (2) und -wolfram(0) (3) reagieren mit Di-tert-butyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphin unter Verdrängung von Tetrahydrofuran und Eliminierung von Chlortrimethylsilan, wobei die neuen basenfreien Stannylenkomplexe (CO)5M—Sn(Cl)[P(tBu)2] (4-6: M = Cr, Mo, W) in 75-85 proz. Ausbeute erhalten werden. Die Ligandeneigenschaften von Chlor(di-tert-butylphosphio)stanandiyl (-stannylen) werden anhand von IR- und Raman-Daten sowie der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Ligand und Komplexen diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 111 (1978), S. 2290-2296 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Investigations on Diazo Compounds and Azides, XXX: C-Alkylation of (Diazomethyl)phosphoryl Compounds with EnaminesThe phosphoryl diazomethanes 1a and b react with the enamines 2a-d to form the β-amino-α-diazophosphoryl compounds 3a-f. Addition of perchloric acid and hydrogen chloride, respectively, yields the ammonium salts 4a-f. It seems to be plausible, that the alkylation reaction proceeds via the intermediates 5 and 7.
    Notizen: Die Phosphoryldiazoalkane 1a und b reagieren mit den Enaminen 2a-d zu den β-Amino-α-diazophosphorylverbindungen 3a-f. Addition von Perchlorsäure bzw. Chlorwasserstoff liefert die Ammoniumsalze 4a-f. Es erscheint plausibel, daß die Alkylierungsreaktion über die Zwischenstufen 5 und 7 verläuft.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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