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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keywords Monoclonal antibody ; Lymphoma ; Myeloma ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A new monoclonal antibody, Wue-1, which specifically recognizes normal and malignant plasma cells, is characterized. Biochemical studies showed that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognize a protein of 94 kDa. Using triple-staining flow cytometry and double-labeling immunohistochemical techniques, two populations of plasma cells, i.e. lymphoplasmocytoid plasma cells located in the germinal center of lymphoid organs and reticular plasma cells at the paracortex or medullary cords of secondary lymphoid tissues, were distinguished. Wue-1 is expressed when B-cell markers become lost and secretory activity with plasma cell morphology appears. Cell surface markers were identified on normal plasma cells and compared with their malignant counterpart in vivo. Terminal plasma–cellular differentiation of malignant low- and high-grade B-cell lymphoma and anaplastic plasmacytoma, otherwise difficult to identify with conventional B-cell markers on tissue sections or fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses, were detectable by Wue-1. In cell culture, Wue-1 enhanced the proliferation of myeloma cell lines but not normal plasma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Since Wue-1-induced proliferation was increased by interleukin (IL)-6, Wue-1 recognizes a so far unidentified antigen with functional properties. Therefore, Wue-1 represents a useful new tool for therapy and for the in vivo and in vitro studying of B-cell lymphomas and the mechanisms of B-cell differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 14 (2000), S. 340-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akut ; Behandlungsmodell ; Chronisch ; Langzeitbetreuung ; Muskuloskelettaler Schmerz ; Rheuma ; Schmerzverstärkung ; Therapie ; Keywords Acute ; Chronic ; Long-term therapy ; Musculosceletal pain ; Pain enhancement ; Rheumatic disease ; Therapy ; Treatment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background. In paediatrics, numerous diseases present with the leading symptome of muscular, articular, or bone-related pain. The pain as such is seldom diagnostic with regard to pain etiology. Regularly, the significance of inflammatory as well as non-inflammatory pain is underestimated. Classification of musculosceletal diseases. We present 4 case reports, illustrating the classification of musculosceletal diseases into 4 main groups, being the basis for the modelling of disease, and pain treatment. Therapy. Pain therapy is either symptomatic or based on specific pathophysiology. Pain therapy consists of the moduls analgesics, antiphlogistics, physiotherapy, psychosocial support, and complementary therapies. We give advice on differential therapy. A transparent team-oriented concept comprising physicians, physiotherapists, ergotherapists, psychologists, and social workers is the basis for any successful long-term therapy. Regular outpatient visits in consent with the family doctor are mandatory as are education and treatment periods on ward. We encourage our patients to join formal self-supportive patient groups.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. Eine Vielfalt an Grunderkrankungen präsentiert sich im Kindesalter mit Schmerzen des Bewegungsapparats als Leit- oder Begleitsymptom. Die Schmerzäußerung allein lässt nur selten eine sichere ätiologische Differenzierung zu. Entzündliche sowie nichtentzündliche muskuloskelettale Beschwerden werden regelmäßig in ihrer Bedeutung unterschätzt. Hauptgruppen muskuloskelettaler Erkrankungen. Anhand von Fallbeispielen unterschiedlicher Schmerzcharakteristik und Begleitsymptomatik stellen wir 4 Hauptgruppen muskuloskelettaler Erkrankungen vor. Diese Einteilung ist Grundlage der Entwicklung von Krankheits- und Behandlungsmodellen des Schmerzes. Therapie. Die Schmerztherapie ist teils symptomatisch, teils pathophysiologisch begründet, und besteht aus den Therapiemodulen Analgetika, antiinflammatorische Therapie, Krankengymnastik, psychosoziale Begleitung und komplementäre Therapien. Hinweise für die Differenzialtherapie werden angegeben. Ein für alle Beteiligten transparentes teamorientiertes Konzept mit der Einbindung von Ärzten, Krankengymnasten, Ergotherapeuten, Psychologen und Sozialarbeitern hat sich als Grundlage einer erfolgreichen Langzeitbetreuung erwiesen. Wichtig sind regelmäßige ambulante Kontakte in Absprache mit dem Hausarzt, ggf. Schulungen und stationäre Aufenthalte. Die Zusammenarbeit mit Selbsthilfegruppen hat sich innerhalb eines solchen Therapieplans erfolgreich etabliert.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ; von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease deficiency ; Autosomal recessive inheritance ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A child with chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP/HUS) had recurrent thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with fragmented erythrocytes, microthrombi in the lung vessels, and renal dysfunction. Assay of von Willebrand factor (vWF)-cleaving protease showed a complete protease deficiency in the patient and subnormal activities in the mother and in two asymptomatic siblings. No inhibitor of vWF-cleaving protease was detected in the patient’s plasma. Periodic transfusions of fresh-frozen plasma prevented further acute episodes of TTP/HUS. Specific diagnosis of the constitutional deficiency of vWF-cleaving protease helps to provide successful prophylactic therapy.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Okuläres vernarbendes Pemphigoid ; Therapie ; Komplikationen ; Glaukom ; Key words Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid ; Therapy ; Complications ; Glaucoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cicatricial pemphigoid (CP) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blistering and progressive cicatrization affecting the skin and mucosa. Ocular involvement occurs in approximately 70% of the patients. Methods: The course of the disease, complications and putative risk factors in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) treated at the Departments of Ophthalmology and Dermatology were analyzed retrospectively from 1986 to 1998. Results: Eighteen of 28 patients (64%) with CP demonstrated ocular involvement. The mean age of patients with OCP was 73 years; 61% were female. At the time of referral to our hospital, all patients had reached advanced stage III (83%) or IV (17%) of OCP. In 38% of patients vision was already reduced to 〈20/200 at first presentation. Twenty-eight percent of patients additionally suffered from glaucoma. Two patients exhibited life-threatening extraocular manifestations of CP (larynx stricture, esophagus stricture). Conjunctival or mucosal biopsies were performed in 15 patients with OCP and showed typical immunodeposits at the basement membrane zone in 12/15 patients. Therapy with dapsone (12 patients), oral steroids (11 patients), azathioprine (5 patients), cyclophosphamide (4 patients), colchicine (2 patients) and methotrexate (1 patient) was used concomitantly or consecutively. Complications of OCP including entropion, recurrent epithelial erosions, corneal ulcers, keratitis, and corneal perforations required multiple surgical interventions such as entropion surgery (8 patients), tarsorrhaphy (3 patients), mucous membrane grafting (1 patient), amniotic membrane transplantation (1 patient), tectonic keratoplasty (1 patient), keratoprosthesis (1 patient) and enucleation (1 patient). Despite control of the inflammatory process, further visual loss occurred in 53% of eyes. Reading visual acuity could only be maintained in 35% of eyes. Discussion: Early diagnosis and therapy can prevent ocular complications of OCP. This study indicates that advanced stages of the disease often result in irreversible visual loss despite institution of immunosuppressive therapy. Whether or not the high association of OCP with glaucoma and/or anti-glaucomatous treatment in our patients represents part of the underlying disease process or plays a role in the pathogenesis of OCP must still be clarified.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das vernarbende Pemphigoid (cicatricial pemphigoid, CP) ist eine seltene, mit subepidermaler Blasenbildung und Vernarbung einhergehende Autoimmunerkrankung, die sich an Haut und Schleimhaut manifestiert. Eine Augenbeteiligung liegt bei etwa 70% der Patienten vor. Methode: Retrospektiv wurden Krankheitsverlauf, klinische Komplikationen und mögliche Risikofaktoren von Patienten der Augen- und Hautklinik mit vernarbendem Pemphigoid von 1986–1998 untersucht. Ergebnisse: 18/28 Patienten (64%) mit CP hatten eine okuläre Beteiligung. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten mit okulärem vernarbendem Pemphigoid betrug 73 Jahre, 61% der Patienten waren weiblich. Bereits bei Erstvorstellung in unserer Klinik bestand bei allen Patienten ein Krankheitsstadium III (83%) oder IV (17%), mit einem Visus 〈0.1 in 38% der Augen. Bei 28% der Patienten wurde zusätzlich ein Glaukom diagnostiziert. Zwei Patienten zeigten eine lebensgefährliche extraokuläre Schleimhautbeteiligung (Larynx- bzw. Ösophagusstriktur). Bei 15 Patienten mit okulärem vernarbendem Pemphigoid wurde eine Bindehaut- bzw. Schleimhautbiopsie aus dem Mund oder Nasen-Rachen-Raum durchgeführt, welche die Verdachtsdiagnose bei 12/15 Patienten immunhistologisch sicherte. Eine Therapie mit Dapson (12 Patienten), oraler Kortikosteroidgabe (11 Patienten), Azathioprin (5 Patienten), Cyclophosphamid (4 Patienten), Colchizin (2 Patienten) und Methotrexat (1 Patient) wurde in Folge oder Kombination eingesetzt. Komplikationen wie Lidfehlstellungen, rezidivierende Epitheldefekte, Hornhautulzera, Keratitiden und Hornhaut-Perforationen erforderten multiple operative Eingriffe wie Entropium-Operation (8 Patienten), Tarsorrhaphie (3 Patienten), Kryoepilation (2 Patienten), Mundschleimhaut-Transplantat (1 Patient), Amniontransplantat (1 Patient), tektonische Keratoplastik (1 Patient), Keratoprothese (1 Patient) und Enukleation (1 Patient). Trotz befriedigender Kontrolle des okulären vernarbenden Pemphigoids kam es bei 53% der Augen zum weiteren Visusabfall. Ein Lesevisus konnte nur in 35% der Augen erhalten werden. Schlußfolgerung: Wahrscheinlich kann die Früherkennung und rechtzeitige Behandlung des okulären vernarbenden Pemphigoids okuläre Komplikationen verhindern. Diese Studie zeigt, daß trotz immunsuppressiver Therapie in Spätstadien häufig ein irreversibler Visusverlust resultiert. Es bleibt zu untersuchen, ob die auffällig hohe Assoziation von okulärem vernarbendem Pemphigoid zu Glaukom bzw. antiglaukomatöser Therapie in unserem Patientenkollektiv als Folge der Grunderkrankung oder als pathogenetischer Faktor zu werten ist.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Larynxkarzinom ; Sacculus laryngis ; Therapie ; Keywords Laryngeal carcinoma ; Sacculus laryngis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The case of a 60-year-old female patient with a supraglottic larynx carcinoma (T3N2CM0) and bilateral enlargement of the laryngeal sacculus is presented. On one side, the sacculus opened atypically into the left vestibular fold. The sacculus is a physiologic part of the roof of Morgagni's ventricle, the size of which can vary greatly. These canal-like structures can be the point of origin of cysts, laryngoceles, mucoceles, and pyoceles. Laryngoceles are present in about 5% of larynx carcinomas; their cause is not precisely known. Frequently, a computer tomogram suggests the coincidence of larynx carcinoma and laryngoceles or a large laryngeal sacculus. In oral panendoscopy, these ventricular distensions are difficult to detect even using 70° rigid endoscopes. A planned supraglottic partial resection must take into account early tumor growth along the preformed canals in the preepiglottic space. In this patient, a laryngectomy was performed due to the bilateral involvement of the vocal process and the anterior commissure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Fall einer 60-jährigen Patientin mit einem supraglottischen Larynxkarzinoms (T3 N2c M0) und beidseitiger Vergrößerung des Sacculus laryngis vorgestellt. Einseitig mündete der Sacculus untypisch auf der linken Taschenfalte. Der Sacculus laryngis ist eine physiologische Ausstülpung des Daches des Morgagni-Ventrikels, dessen Größe sehr variieren kann. Diese gangartigen Strukturen können Ausgangsort von Zysten, Laryngozelen, Mukozelen und von Pyozelen sein. In ca 5% von Larynxkarzinomen liegen Laryngozelen vor, wobei der disponierende Faktor nicht genau bekannt ist. Oftmals ist der Verdacht der Koinzidenz von Larynxkarzinom und Laryngozele oder großem Sacculus laryngis in der Computertomographie zu stellen. In der Panendoskopie sind diese Erweiterungen der Ventrikel auch mit starren Winkeloptiken schwer zu sehen. Bei geplanter supraglottischer Teilresektion muss man an ein frühes Tumorwachstum entlang der präformierten Gänge in den präepiglottischen Raum denken. Bei der Patientin wurde bei beidseitiger Beteiligung der Processus vocales und der vorderen Kommissur eine Laryngektomie durchgeführt.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Wachstumshormon ; Kleinwuchs ; Therapie ; Demographie ; Pharmakoepidemiologie ; KIGS [Kabi] Pharmacia & Upjohn International Growth Study) ; Key words Growth hormone ; Short stature ; Therapy ; Demography ; Pharmaco-epidemiology ; KIGS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recombinant growth hormone (rGH) therapy in the treatment of children with short stature was introduced 10 years ago, and experience has shown that progress in implementing this mode of therapy depends increasingly on analyses of large pharmaco-epidemiological studies. These studies prove that the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency, whatever the cause or pathogenetic form, is the most frequent indication for GH therapy. The remaining problems are timely and precise diagnosis, and the best possible and individual therapy aiming at the projected height and taking safety and costs into account. We are closer to solving these problems today than ever before. Apart from this, the use of GH in treating short stature in Turner syndrome and renal insufficiency has led to its acceptance as a suitable therapy for these patients. Height improvement in a number of other growth disorders is, in certain cases, also possible through GH therapy. In the light of current experience, GH therapy can thus be attempted on a rational basis in individual cases. This form of treatment clearly holds wider possibilities and its implementation is likely to go beyond short stature in the future.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 10 Jahre nach der Einführung von rekombinantem Wachstumshormon (WH) in die Therapie kleinwüchsiger Kinder werden unsere Erfahrungen zunehmend auch durch Analyse umfangreicher pharmako-epidemiologischer Beobachtungen geprägt. Wachstumshormonmangel: Diese zeigen, daß der Wachstumshormonmangel in seinen unterschiedlichen Ursachen und pathogenetischen Erscheinungsformen nach wie vor die häufigste Indikation für WH darstellt. Die Probleme bestehen weiterhin in der rechtzeitigen und rationellen Diagnostik und in der Optimierung und Individualisierung der Therapie zum Erreichen der Wachstumsziele unter ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten und bei gleichzeitiger therapeutischer Sicherheit. Diese Probleme sind für den WH-Mangel heute lösbar. Weitere Indikationen: Ferner zeigt sich, daß auch der Kleinwuchs beim Ullrich-Turner-Syndrom und bei der Niereninsuffizienz, für welche WH zugelassen ist, erfolgreich behandelt werden kann. Bei einer Vielzahl anderer Wachstumsstörungen ist die Möglichkeit zur Größenverbesserung im Einzelfall gegeben. Vor dem Hintergrund heutiger Erfahrungen kann ein individueller Heilversuch so auf eine rationale Basis gestellt werden. Zukunftsperspektiven: In Zukunft wird das breite Wirkpotential von Wachstumshormon über die Indikation des Kleinwuchses hinaus ausgeschöpft werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 148 (2000), S. 475-478 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tufted Angioma ; Büschelartiges Hämangiom ; Kutane Tumoren ; Therapie ; Key words Tufted angioma ; Hemangioma ; Cutaneous tumor ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Case report: A 16-month-old girl was admitted with a 6-month history of multiple redishblue plaques on the right abdomen. These proved to have increased in size and number daturing a 1.5-year follow-up. Histologically (including histochemistry and electron microscopy), these skin changes were classified as tufted angioma. Tufted angioma is a rare, often multiple benign tumor. Half of the tumors reported develop in children 5 years and younger. The exclusion of malignant tumors (leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma) is important. A punch biopsy is not very traumatic. A subsequent histological examination is highly sensitive and specific. Therapy: There are a few active therapeutic options with rather severel side effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fallbericht: Bei einem Mädchen im Alter von 16 Monaten traten seit einem halben Jahr am rechten Abdomen multiple, disseminierte rötliche bis bläulich-bräunliche infiltrierte Plaques auf, die innerhalb des 1,5-jährigen Beobachtungszeitraums weiter an Größe und Anzahl zunahmen. Mittels konventioneller Histologie, Immunhistologie und Elektronenmikroskopie sicherten wird die Diagnose eines Tufted Angioma. Das Tufted Angioma ist ein sehr seltener, häufig multipel vorkommender Tumor gutartigen Charakters. Die Hälfte der berichteten Tumoren entwickelte sich innerhalb der ersten 5 Lebensjahre. Deshalb ist der differenzialdiagnostische Ausschluss eines malignen Geschehens (Leukämie, Lymphome, Neuroblastom) von außerordentlicher Bedeutung. Hierzu ist eine Stanzbiopsie ideal geeignet, da sie einfach durchführbar und nur gering traumatisch ist. Die nachfolgende Histologie hat eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität. Therapie: Die aktiven therapeutischen Möglichkeiten müssen eher als eingeschränkt und nebenwirkungsreich gewertet werden. Eine spontane Rückbildung ist möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Urologe 39 (2000), S. 539-541 
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Interstitielle Zystitis ; Blasendehnung ; Hydrodistension ; Blasentraining ; Keywords Interstitial cystitis ; Bladder distension ; Bladder training ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Although hydrodistension of the bladder is generally considered standard therapy for interstitial cystitis, scientific data are largely lacking. With the mechanism of action unknown, prospective studies non-existent and the therapeutic effect at best very short-lived, hydrodistension cannot be regarded as a therapeutic standard concept with scientifically validated efficacy. The value of behavioral therapy and bladder training is equally unclear; success can only be anticipated in the very rare subset of patients without pain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Obwohl die Hydrodistension der Harnblase ein häufig angewendetes Konzept in der Behandlung der intestitiellen Zystitis (IC) darstellt, ist die wissenschaftliche Datenlage zur therapeutischen Blasendehnung spärlich. Bei ungeklärtem Wirkungsmechanismus, fehlenden prospektiven und kontrollierten Studien und bestenfalls kurzfristiger Effektivität kann die Hydrodistension nicht als therapeutisches Standardkonzept mit wissenschaftlich nachgewiesenem Behandlungserfolg angesehen werden und besitzt eher den Stellenwert eines Heilversuchs. Die Wertigkeit von Blasentraining oder ähnlichen Miktonsverhaltensmodifikationen bei der IC bleibt ebenfalls unklar, ein gewisser Effekt kann allenfalls für die vergleichsweise kleine Untergruppe von IC-Patienten ohne Schmerzkomponente erwartet werden.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 34-42 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Erworbene Hemmkörperhämophilie ; spontane Faktor-VIII-Inhibitoren ; spontane Faktor-IX-Inhibitoren ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Key words ; Acquired haemophilia ; Spontaneous factor VIII inhibitors ; Spontaneous factor IX inhibitors ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Although autoantibodies against factor VIII or factor IX are a rare phenomenon, they are associated with a high risk of bleeding and high mortality. The condition, termed ac- quired haemophilia, occurs equally in both sexes and is most frequent in higher age groups. Patients typically present with severe bleedings in muscles and skin. In contrast to patients with congenital haemophilia and inhibitors, joint bleedings are very rare. In approximately half of all cases an associated disease state can be identified as the cause of autoantibody formation. An immediate and comprehensive diagnosis is essential for a rapid initiation of therapy. Equally important are a careful diagnostic differentiation between congenital and acquired factor deficiencies and the exclusion of non-specific inhibitors, which increase the occurrence of thrombolic events. The inhibitor titre, quantified using the Bethesda assay, is an important criterion for selecting the appropriate therapy. A wide range of treatment options is now available for the management of bleedings in patients with acquired haemophilia, namely porcine factor VIII, recombinant factor VIIa, prothrombin complex concentrates, and immunoadsorptions. In addition, immunosuppressive therapies are used to achieve permanent reduction or elimination of inhibitors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Autoantikörper gegen Faktor VIII oder Faktor IX sind ein zwar seltenes, aber mit hohem Blutungsrisiko und hoher Letalität verbundenes Phänomen. Diese als erworbene Hemmkörperhämophilie bezeichnete Erkrankung kommt bei beiden Geschlechtern gleich häufig vor und tritt gehäuft im hohen Lebensalter auf. Die Patienten fallen klinisch v. a. durch schwere Blutungen in Muskeln und Haut auf, wogegen Gelenkeinblutungen – im Gegensatz zur angeborenen Hämophilie mit Hemmkörpern – sehr selten auftreten. In etwa der Hälfte der Fälle kann eine assoziierte Grunderkrankung als Auslöser der Autoantikörperbildung identifiziert werden. Eine rasche und umfassende Diagnostik ist entscheidend für einen schnellen Therapiebeginn. Ebenso bedeutend ist eine sorgfältige differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung gegen einen angeborenen oder erworbenen Faktorenmangel sowie der Ausschluß unspezifischer Inhibitoren, die vermehrt zu Thrombosen führen können. Wichtig für die Auswahl der geeigneten Therapieform ist der Inhibitortiter, gemessen im Bethesda-Assay. Für die Blutstillungstherapie steht heute mit porcinem Faktor VIII, rekombinantem Faktor VIIa, Prothrombinkomplexpräparaten und Immunadsorptionen ein breites Spektrum an Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Für eine dauerhafte Reduktion bzw. Elimination der Autoantikörper finden immunsuppressive Therapien Anwendung.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 788-809 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Rechtsherzfunktion ; Störung ; Ätiologie ; Pathophysiologie Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Keywords Impaired right ventricular function ; RV failure ; Diagnosis ; Monitoring ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Impaired right ventricular (RV) function may be caused by pulmonary hypertension or myocardial ischemia. It is characterized by a dilation of the RV, which is followed by an increase of wall tension and O2-consumption and a decrease of RV ejection fraction (RV ‘dysfunction’). If a drop of arterial pressure occurs this my precipitate RV failure and shock (RV ‘insufficiency’). Diagnosis of RV failure and monitoring of RV function is difficult. Sometimes, even a severe impairment of RV function goes undetected or is misinterpreted. Patients in the operating room or on intensive care units seem to be especially prone to RV dysfunction and failure. Since a causative therapy often is not readily available, adequate symptomatic therapy is of utmost importance. Four basic principles have to be considered: 1) Optimizing preload: The failing RV requires adequate filling for preservation of stroke volume. On the other hand, overdistension of the RV may result in RV ischemia, thereby further deteriorating RV function Hence, volume loading is important, but requires continuous monitoring. 2) Maintenance of aortic pressure: Vasopressors are indicated if there is a critical drop of coronary perfusion pressure. Norepinephrine presently is the drug of choice for this purpose. 3) Reduction of RV afterload: Whereas intravenous vasodilators are limited in their efficacy in dilating pulmonary vessels due to systemic side effects, inhaled vasodilators result in selective pulmonary vasodilation and may improve RV function. 4) Increase of RV contractility: In RV failure and shock, norepinephrine and epinephrine are the drugs of choice. Inodilators are well suited for reducing pulmonary vascular resistance due to their positive inotropic and vasodilating effects. Since systemic vasodilation may occur, these drugs must only be used in hemodynamically stable patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Störung der Rechtsherzfunktion entsteht meist als Folge einer pulmonalen Hypertension, seltener bei primärer Myokardischämie. Sie ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Dilatation des rechten Ventrikels mit Anstieg von Wandspannung und Sauerstoffverbrauch bei reduzierter Ejektionsfraktion (“Dysfunktion”). Kommt es zum Abfall von arteriellem Druck und koronarem Perfusionsdruck, kann dies ein Rechtsherzversagen mit Schock auslösen (“Insuffizienz”). Diagnostik und Monitoring des rechten Ventrikels sind schwierig. Selbst eine schwere Beeinträchtigung der rechtsventrikulären Pumpfunktion bleibt daher häufig unbemerkt oder wird fehlgedeutet. Patienten in der perioperativen Phase und auf Intensivstationen scheinen besonders häufig von dem Krankheitsbild betroffen zu sein. Da eine kausale Therapie des akuten Rechtsherzversagens nur selten möglich ist, kommt der symptomatischen Therapie besondere Bedeutung zu. Sie stützt sich auf vier Prinzipien: 1) Optimierung der Vorlast: Der insuffiziente rechte Ventrikel benötigt zur Aufrechterhaltung seines Schlagvolumens ein gute Füllung. Andererseits kann eine Überdehnung des rechten Ventrikels eine Myokardischämie induzieren und seine Funktion weiter verschlechtern. Eine adäquate Volumentherapie ist daher essenziell, muss jedoch unter engmaschigem hämodynamischem Monitoring erfolgen. 2) Aufrechterhaltung des Aortendrucks: Bei kritischem Abfall des arteriellen Drucks ist die Gabe von Vasopressoren indiziert, um den rechtskoronaren Perfusionsdruck zu erhöhen. Noradrenalin gilt derzeit wegen seiner zusätzlich positiv inotropen Wirkung als Mittel der Wahl. 3) Verminderung der rechtsventrikulären Nachlast: Während sich intravenöse Vasodilatatoren wegen systemischer Nebenwirkungen nur bedingt zur Therapie der pulmonalen Hypertension eignen, dilatieren inhalierte Vasodilatatoren die pulmonale Strombahn selektiv und verbessern so die Pumpfunktion des rechten Ventrikels. 4) Steigerung der rechtsventrikulären Kontraktilität: Mittel der Wahl bei Dekompensation und Schock sind Noradrenalin und Adrenalin. Inodilatatoren weisen neben einer positiv inotropen auch eine pulmonal vasodilatierende Wirkung auf und eignen sich daher ebenfalls zur Therapie der rechtsventrikulären Dysfunktion. Sie sollten jedoch wegen der damit verbundenen systemischen Vasodilatation nur bei kreislaufstabilen Patienten eingesetzt werden.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schädelhirntrauma ; zerebrale Hypoxie ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Key words Brain damage ; Cerebral hypoxie ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The main reason for posttraumatic secondary brain damage is cerebral hypoxia. Both, severity and duration of hypoxia are crucial in determining wether irreversible cerebral infarction will occur or not. For the clinical routine, the diagnosis of hypoxia is indirectly made by low CPP, low jugularvenous oxygen saturation (SjO2) or low tissue PO2. To minimize misleading false negative SjO2, the CT-Approach for the side of monitorig and calculation of arterial-jugularvenous lactate content for detection of anaerobic metabolism is recommended. Targeted treatment of hypoxia according to the underlying cause is mandatory. Primary goal is to increase cellular oxygen delivery by correction of low arterial oxygen content and elevation of regional CBF. Within the autoregulatory range decreasing CPP causes vasodilation and increasing CPP vasoconstriction with increasing or decreasing cerebral blood volume respectively. Initially elevation of the lower autoregulatory threshold often requires CPP 70 mmHg. Targeted treatment of intracranial hypertension must avoid decreasing CPP. In the early postrautmatic phase prevention of cerebral hypoxia relies on management of CBF by means of CPP and cerebral vascular resistance. Thereafter targeted treatment of intracranial hypertension caused by cerebral edema and hypervolemia are increasingly important.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hauptursache der sekundären Hirnschädigung ist die zerebrale Hypoxie. Abhängig von Schweregrad und Dauer entsteht eine irreversible Hirngewebsschädigung. Zur Diagnose der Hypoxie dient unter klinischen Bedingungen die kontinuierliche Messung des zerebralen Perfusionsdrucks (CPP) in Verbindung mit der zerebrovenösen O2-Sättigung (SjO2) oder der O2-Partialdruckmessung im Hirngewebe. Zur Minimierung von SjO2-Fehlinterpretationen sollte nach CT-Approach punktiert und ein anaerober Hirnstoffwechsel durch Bestimmung der arterio-jugularvenösen Laktatkonzentrationsdifferenz (avDL) ausgeschlossen werden. Die Therapie der zerebralen Hypoxie sollte kausal erfolgen. Normalisierung des arteriellen O2-Gehalts und Steigerung der Hirndurchblutung (CBF) haben Prioritöt. Bei intakter Autoregulation der CBF wird ein CPP-Abfall durch Vasodilatation mit Zunahme des zerebralen Blutvolumens und ein CPP-Anstieg durch Vasokonstriktion mit Abnahme des CBV kompensiert. Die häufige posttraumatische Rechtsverschiebung der unteren Autoregulationsschwelle erfordert in der Initialphase mit dem höchsten Hypoxierisiko CPP-Werte 70 mmHg. Die Therapie des ICP 〉 20 mmHg erfolgt CPP-orientiert. Eine ICP-Senkung zu Lasten des CPP ist zu vermeiden. Initial nach SHT hat die individuelle Optimierung der CBF durch Sicherstellung eines adäquaten CPP und zerebrovaskulären Gefäßwiderstandes (CVR) Priorität. Nachfolgend gewinnen durch SjO2 und avDL- oder Gewebe-PO2-Messung kontrollierte Maßnahmen zur Modulation von CVR und CBV sowie die Hirnödemtherapie zunehmend an Bedeutung.
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  • 12
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 264 (2000), S. 164-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Keywords Factor V Leiden ; Recurrent abortion ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case with one intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) at 32 weeks of gestation, one premature delivery at the same week, and one abortion of unknown etiology at 12 weeks of gestation. We discuss that the presence of homozygosity for Factor V Leiden may be associated with placental insufficiency in this woman. Application of anticoagulant therapy may have been beneficial in her current pregnancy.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Renal venous thrombosis ; Neonate ; Incidence ; Therapy ; Outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Renal venous thrombosis (RVT) occurs mainly in the neonatal period and bears a dismal prognosis for individual kidney function. There is no generally accepted therapeutic regimen as controlled clinical trials are lacking. Over the last few years, thrombolytic therapy has been successfully employed by single centres. The present study set out to gather up-to-date information on the incidence, therapy and outcome of neonatal RVT as part of a prospective nation wide survey on neonatal thrombosis in Germany to serve as a basis for therapeutic trials in the future. Between 1992 and 1994 the minimum incidence of symptomatic neonatal RVT in Germany was 2.2 per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.4–3.3). Out of 35 cases, RVT occurred in 15 premature babies (incidence 13 per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval 5.9–24.8). Ten babies had associated caval occlusion. Therapy was supportive in 8, low dose heparin was used in 14, full heparinization in 9 and thrombolytic therapy in 4 children. On follow-up after a median time of 11.5 months, renal atrophy was present in 26 out of 39 affected kidneys. Conclusion Neonatal renal venous thrombosis still leads to irreversible kidney damage in the majority of cases. Because of the low incidence a multi-national multi-centre therapeutic trial over a long period has to be considered in order to determine the optimal therapeutic approach.
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  • 14
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    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. 981-987 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Superoxide ; Reactive oxygen species ; Propofol ; Herbicide ; Therapy ; Hypnotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate whether the antioxidative sedatives propofol and thiopental can improve recovery from acute paraquat toxicity in A549 cells and in mice.¶Design: Prospective, controlled, dose-response, in vitro study and prospective, controlled animal study. Setting: A university animal research laboratory.¶Subjects: Established human lung cultured cells and male SPF ICR mice. Interventions: Paraquat-treated (0.2 mM) A549 cells were incubated either with the antioxidative sedatives propofol (0–0.56 mM) or thiopental (0–2.0 mM), or the non-antioxidative sedatives diazepam (0–3.0 mM), midazolam (0–3.0 mM) and ketamine (0–9.0 mM), as well as the antioxidative drugs, trolox (0–2.0 mM), α-tocopherol (0–4.4 mM), antioxidative-processed food (AOB; 0–1.0 mg/ml), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0 and 3,000 U/ml) and ulinastatin (0 and 50,000 U/ml), for 48 h. Paraquat-treated mice received i. v. injections of 10 mg/kg propofol, 5 mg/kg thiopental, 4.0 mg/kg trolox, 100 mg/kg α-tocopherol, 10 mg/kg AOB or 5,000 U/kg SOD, b. i. d. for 4 days (n = 10 each). Measurements and results: Post-administered propofol and thiopental, as well as the antioxidative drugs, trolox, α-tocopherol and AOB, improved A549 cell survival in vitro. The non-antioxidative sedatives SOD and ulinastatin were not protective. An i. p. injection of 50 mg/kg of paraquat resulted in a survival rate of 40 % in mice at day 6. Propofol, trolox, α-tocopherol and AOB significantly lowered the mortality rate (80 % survival), while thiopental did not.¶Conclusion: Post i. v. injection of propofol is protective against paraquat-induced damage. Propofol can be given during mechanical ventilatory support after paraquat poisoning.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Erythropoietic protoporphyria ; Ferrochelatase ; Mutation ; Inheritance ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP, MIM 177000) is an inherited disorder caused by a partial deficiency of ferrochelatase (FECH) which catalyses the chelation of iron into protoporphyrin to form haem. The majority of EPP patients experience solely a painful photosensitivity whereas a small number of them develop liver complications due to the accumulation of excessive amount of protoporphyrin in the liver. EPP is considered to be an autosomal dominant disorder, however, with a low clinical penetrance. To date, a total of 65 different mutations have been identified in the FECH gene of EPP patients. Among the 89 EPP patients who carry a “null allele” mutation which results in the formation of a truncated protein, 18 of them developed EPP-related liver complications. None of the 16 missense mutations identified among 19 patients on the other hand, have been associated with liver disease (P = 0.038). The allelic constellation of an overt patient consists of a mutated FECH allele and a “low expressed” normal allele and that of an asymptomatic carrier, a combination of a mutated and a normally expressed FECH allele. The identification of the “low expressed” allele is facilitated by haplotype analysis using two single nucleotide polymorphisms, −251 A/G in the promoter region and IVS1−23C/T. At the current time when only partially effective therapies are available, the disclosures of both “null allele” and the “low expression” mechanisms will improve patient management. Conclusion While covering the important clinical aspect of erythropoietic protoporphyria, this article emphasises the latest achievements in the molecular genetics of the disorder.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Long-term late effects ; Childhood ; Cancer ; Therapy ; Follow-up examinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intensive multimodality treatment has led to a remarkable improvement of prognosis in paediatric cancer patients, however, a great number of long-term survivors suffer from considerable tumour- or treatment-related late effects. Between January 1990 and December 1998, 223 consecutive survivors of childhood malignancies entered a prospective follow-up study designed to evaluate the frequency and severity of tumour- and/or therapy-related long-term sequelae. After cessation of therapy and subsequently once a year, all patients underwent a detailed examination programme including physical examination, laboratory tests, abdominal sonography, echocardiography, electrocardiography, electroencephalography, spirometry, audiometry, ophthalmological examination and endocrine stimulation tests. Median follow-up was 5 years (range 0.4 to 9.6 years). A total of 167 patients (75%) had at least one chronic medical problem of whom 80 needed permanent medical support. The organ systems most frequently affected were the nervous system in 39%, the endocrine system in 32%, the ears/eyes in 22%, the kidneys in 17%, and the liver in 12% of the patients. Some late effects (endocrine deficits, hearing loss, tubulopathy) were primarily diagnosed only several years after the end of oncological therapy. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that a considerable number of former paediatric cancer patients suffer from remarkable long-term side-effects. Since life quality is an important parameter of cancer survival, careful follow-up of long-term survivors is mandatory with the aim to reduce or even abrogate possible side-effects at the earliest time.
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  • 17
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    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 604-611 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thrombangiitis obliterans ; Morbus Winiwarter-Buerger ; Vaskulitis ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Keywords Thromboangiitis obliterans ; Buerger's disease ; Vasculitis ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Thrombangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) is a rare vascular disease, characterized by a multilocular, segmental, non-arteriosclerotic, thrombotic inflammation of small and medium size arterial and venous vessels and nerves. The precise etiology is unknown, but there is a cause-effect relationship with tobacco smoking. Autoimmunological, immunogenetical, infectious and hemostatic processes have been discussed as pathogenetic factors. The clinical picture is typically characterized by acrally localized, non-healing ulcerations, which frequently prompt patients to see a dermatologist. We present two patients with thromboangiitis obliterans and discuss the clinical features, the resulting differential diagnostic spectrum and possible therapeutic approaches.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Thrombangiitis obliterans (Morbus Winiwarter-Buerger) ist eine seltene Gefäßerkrankung, die durch eine segmentale, multilokuläre, nichtarteriosklerotische, thrombosierende Entzündung der kleinen und mittleren Arterien und/oder Venen und Nerven charakterisiert ist. Die Ätiologie ist bis heute unklar. Es besteht ein kausaler Zusammenhang mit starkem Tabakkonsum. In der Literatur werden autoimmunologische, immungenetische, infektiöse oder hämostaseologische Ursachen diskutiert. Klinisch zeigt sich oftmals das Bild einer distalen arteriellen Ischämie mit einer akral gelegenen Ulzeration ohne Heilungstendenz. Viele Patienten suchen im Laufe einer progredienten, noch nicht diagnostizierten Thrombangiitis obliterans eine fachdermatologische Einrichtung auf. Anhand zweier Kasuistiken werden das Krankheitsbild, die differentialdiagnostische Bandbreite und die möglichen Therapieansätze dargestellt.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus ; Therapie ; CO2 Laser ; Keywords Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus ; Therapy ; Carbon dioxide laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A 50 year old woman with distinct lichen sclerosus et atrophicus was suffering from severe genital itching, dyspareunia and increasing urinary burning. Therapy attempts with topical glucosteroids and estrogens had been without effort. Treatment with CO2 laser in silk touch mode under insufflation anesthesia to an improvement of her skin lesions and a nearly complete remission of her symptoms.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über eine 50jährige Frau mit einem ausgeprägten Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus vulvae. Die Patientin litt unter stärkstem genitalen Pruritus, einer Dyspareunie und zunehmenden, brennenden Schmerzen beim Wasserlassen. Therapieversuche mit glukokortikosteroid- und östrogenhaltigen Externa erbrachten keine Besserung. Eine Behandlung in Intubationsnarkose mit dem CO2-Laser im Silk-touch-Modus führte zu einer Besserung der Hautveränderungen und zu einer beinahe kompletten Remission der subjektiven Beschwerden.
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  • 19
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 263 (2000), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Key words Ectopic ; Tubal ; Pregnancy ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Ectopic pregnancy is a implantation occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus, whereas nintynine percent of extrauterine pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube. The incidence of extrauterine pregnancy has increased from 0.5% thirty years ago, to a present day 1–2%. The most frequent cause of tubal pregnancy is previous salpingitis. Mortality rates for tubal pregnancies used to be approximately 1.7% in the 1970 s but dropped to 0.3% in 1980 s. Diagnosis: Using transvaginal ultrasound it is possible to obtain positive evidence of an ectopic pregnancy at a very early stage. In cases of hCG titers〉2000 IU/l, intrauterine pregnancy can be diagnosed with certainty. The most important differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is early intrauterine pregnancy. Clinical management and therapy: Regardless of the therapeutic strategy selected by the physician, informing the patient is a major aspect of the management of ectopic pregnancy. If surgery is considered appropriate, the patient must be informed about the nature, side effects and complications of the procedure. However, it should be remembered that in some cases, the actual chances of cure first become apparent at surgery. In asymptomatic patients with a serum hCG titer 〈1000 IU/l that is falling, it is appropriate to wait and watch. In clinically stable patients with an unruptured tubal pregnancy and steady hCG levels, systemic treatment with methotrexate might also be considered. In unruptured tubal pregnancy with a hCG titer between 1000 and 2500, a further therapeutic alternative is intratubal injection of prostaglandins, hyperosmolar glucose of NaCl. Generally speaking, the currently widespread laparoscopic surgical treatment of the fallopian tube hardly influences the risk of recurrence. If the gestational mass is larger, the serum hCG titer higher than the approximate limit of 2500 mU/ml and/or the tube already ruptured, surgery is usually required. Prevention: The most effective prevention is to avoid tubal inflammation or, in cases of preexisting inflammation, to administer effective therapy.
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  • 20
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    Annals of hematology 79 (2000), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibody ; Radioimmunotherapy ; Lymphoma ; Therapy ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 21
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 989-997 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Bakterielle Meningitis ; Enzephalitis ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Keywords Bacterial meningitis ; Encephalitis ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Despite the progress, which has been made in diagnosis and therapy of encephalitis and bacterial meningitis, these acute inflammatory diseases of the brain still display a certain amount of morbidity and mortality. History, physical examination, analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid and radiological examination are the mainstay for the diagnosis of these diseases. With respect to the acute inflammatory diseases of the brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging fulfill three purposes: 1. They can be used to clarify the diagnosis and to rule out other diseases. 2. They can identify the focus from which a bacterial meningitis can evolve. 3. Complications like edema, cerebral vasculitis, septic sinus thrombosis, hydrocephalus or abscess can be visualized. If the diagnosis is made early, the possible complications are recognized in good time and the appropriate therapy is started immediately, then morbidity and mortality can be kept at a minimum.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bakterielle Meningitis und die Enzephalitis sind akut-entzündliche Hirnerkrankungen, die trotz aller Fortschritte in der Diagnostik und Therapie mit einer nicht unerheblichen Morbidität und Mortalität behaftet sind. Die Anamnese, die körperliche Untersuchung, die laborchemische Diagnostik von Blut und Liquor und die Bildgebung sind die wesentlichen Säulen in der Diagnostik akut-entzündlicher Hirnerkrankungen. Die Bildgebung, die mittels Computertomographie bzw. Kernspintomographie erfolgt, hat in diesem Zusammenhang 3 Aufgaben: 1. Sie kann dazu beitragen, die Diagnose zu sichern bzw. differentialdiagnostisch in Erwägung zu ziehende Erkrankungen auszuschließen oder nachzuweisen. 2. Sie kann bei der bakteriellen Meningitis entzündliche Foci im Bereich der Nasennebenhöhlen, des Mastoids oder des Mittelohrs erkennen, die sofort operativ saniert werden müssen. 3. Komplikationen akut-entzündlicher Hirnerkrankungen können bei entsprechendem klinischem Verdacht mittels Bildgebung nachgewiesen werden. Hirnödem, vaskulitische Infarkte, septische Sinusthrombose, Hydrozephalus oder Abszess stellen die wesentlichen Komplikationen dar, die zur Morbidität und Mortalität akut-entzündlicher Hirnerkrankungen beitragen und die umgehend mit einer spezifischen Therapie angegangen werden müssen.
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  • 22
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    Der Schmerz 14 (2000), S. 429-434 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Interdisziplinäre Schmerzkonferenz ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Keywords Interdisciplinary pain conference ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background. In the interdisciplinary Pain Conference, pain specialists of various disciplines discussed – partly in the presence of the concerned patient – explanations as to the cause of a specific pain. The following example portrays the events of the conference. Case report. In this case, despite extensive diagnostics, no explanation due to an organ failure could be found for a 74-year-pld man with worsening neurological pain above the knee. The patient's desire the change was so strong that after ineffective outpatient care and different operations, such as hernitomy, fibroma removal and the implantation of an epidural stimulating electrode (SCS), other inpatient pain therapies followed using anasthesiological, balneophysical and psychological techniques, as well as medications. Diagnosis and therapy. The interdisciplinary discussion, including all the various diagnostical findings and the results of the therapeutical efforts, lead to the decision by conference participants to use the new electrophysical and imaging diagnostics. This lead to the discovery of a leiomyosarcoma, which had surrounded the N. obtoratius. After the removal surgery, the pain was gone and the pain medications being used could gradually be dropped.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. In interdisziplinären Schmerzkonferenzen diskutieren Fachvertreter unterschiedlicher, am Schmerz beteiligter Disziplinen – teilweise in Anwesenheit des betroffenen Patienten – um zur Klärung einer schwierigen Schmerzerkrankung beizutragen. Exemplarisch wird ein entsprechender Ablauf dargestellt. Fallbericht. Bei dem vorgestellten Fall handelt es sich um einen 74-jährigen Mann mit einem über Jahre stärker werdenden neuralgischen Oberschenkelschmerz, der trotz umfangreicher Diagnostik keinem organischen Korrelat zugeordnet werden konnte. Der Leidensdruck des Patienten war so erheblich, dass nach ineffektiven ambulanten Behandlungsversuchen verschiedene Operationen wie Herniotomie, Fibromentfernungen und die Implantation einer epiduralen Stimulationselektrode (SCS) sowie wiederholte stationäre schmerztherapeutische Interventionen mit anästhesiologischen, balneophysikalischen und psychologischen Techniken und medikamentösen Konzepten erfolgten. Diagnose und Therapie. Der interdisziplinäre Austausch, die differenzialdiagnostische Sichtung sämtlicher Befunde unter Einschluss der Ergebnisse bisheriger therapeutischer Bemühungen führte zum Beschluss der Konferenzteilnehmer, eine erneute differenzierte elektrophysiologische und bildgebende Diagnostik durchzuführen. Diese führte zur Aufdeckung eines Leiomyosarkoms, welches den N. obturatorius ummauerte. Nach operativer Entfernung stellte sich Schmerzfreiheit ein, sodass die bisherige Schmerzmedikation allmählich abgesetzt werden konnte.
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  • 23
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 141-149 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecology ; reproductive success ; fecundity ; intraspecific competition ; evolution ; pest outbreaks ; pest control ; chemical control ; economic threshold ; oilseed rape ; turnip rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the rapeseed pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus F. (Col., Nitidulidae) from areas with 0–16 years of history of intensive rapeseed growing were compared for key ecological characters. During the first 16 years of rapeseed cultivation the reproductive success of M. aeneus increased 200–300% over that of the beetles living on the natural host plants, cruciferous weeds. The increase was linear over time and statistically highly significant, and it did not appear to be related to food quality or to the size of the beetles. During the same period the tolerance to intraspecific competition decreased, possibly due to the relative absence of such competition on the new crop. Furthermore, the optimum population density for M. aeneus to maximize the size of its next generation on summer turnip rape was determined to be 0.5–1.0 beetles/plant, which is slightly below the economic threshold for chemical control (1 beetle/plant). Therefore the practical protection of the rapeseed yield also ensures the highest possible pest population size for the next year. These mechanisms may in part explain the particular noxiousness of the species as a pest all over Europe. In general these data show that after the introduction of a new crop plant into a region, significant changes during the recruitment process in a pestiferous insect may take place, contributing to the future pest status of the insect. It is suggested that such genetic and ecological changes in insects may be a more common mechanism than previously thought in initiating and sustaining pest outbreaks, and that conventional pest management methods may enhance that effect.
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  • 24
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: herbivores ; predators ; parasitoids ; mutualism ; induced defence ; behaviour ; ecology ; evolution ; sensory physiology ; plant fitness ; pathogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use plant volatiles when foraging for food. In response to herbivory, plants emit a blend that may be quantitatively and qualitatively different from the blend emitted when intact. This induced volatile blend alters the interactions of the plant with its environment. We review recent developments regarding the induction mechanism as well as the ecological consequences in a multitrophic and evolutionary context. It has been well established that carnivores (predators and parasitoids) are attracted by the volatiles induced by their herbivorous victims. This concerns an active plant response. In the case of attraction of predators, this is likely to result in a fitness benefit to the plant, because through consumption a predator removes the herbivores from the plant. However, the benefit to the plant is less clear when parasitoids are attracted, because parasitisation does usually not result in an instantaneous or in a complete termination of consumption by the herbivore. Recently, empirical evidence has been obtained that shows that the plant's response can increase plant fitness, in terms of seed production, due to a reduced consumption rate of parasitized herbivores. However, apart from a benefit from attracting carnivores, the induced volatiles can have a serious cost because there is an increasing number of studies that show that herbivores can be attracted. However, this does not necessarily result in settlement of the herbivores on the emitting plant. The presence of cues from herbivores and/or carnivores that indicate that the plant is a competitor- and/or enemy-dense space, may lead to an avoidance response. Thus, the benefit of emission of induced volatiles is likely to depend on the prevailing faunal composition. Whether plants can adjust their response and influence the emission of the induced volatiles, taking the prevalent environmental conditions into account, is an interesting question that needs to be addressed. The induced volatiles may also affect interactions of the emitting plant with its neighbours, e.g., through altered competitive ability or by the neighbour exploiting the emitted information. Major questions to be addressed in this research field comprise mechanistic aspects, such as the identification of the minimally effective blend of volatiles that explains the attraction of carnivores to herbivore-infested plants, and evolutionary aspects such as the fitness consequences of induced volatiles. The elucidation of mechanistic aspects is important for addressing ecological and evolutionary questions. For instance, an important tool to address ecological and evolutionary aspects would be to have plant pairs that differ in only a single trait. Such plants are likely to become available in the near future as a result of mechanistic studies on signal-transduction pathways and an increased interest in molecular genetics.
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    Acta biotheoretica 48 (2000), S. 137-147 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sex ; sexual selection ; mate selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; assortative mating ; recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using computer simulations I studied the simultaneous effect of variable environments, mutation rates, ploidy, number of loci subject to evolution and random and assortative mating on various reproductive systems. The simulations showed that mutants for sex and recombination are evolutionarily stable, displacing alleles for monosexuality in diploid populations mating assortatively under variable selection pressure. Assortative mating reduced excessive allelic variance induced by recombination and sex, especially among diploids. Results suggest a novel adaptive value for sex and recombination. They show that the adaptive value of diploidy and that of the segregation of sexes is different to that of sex and recombination. The results suggest that the emergence of sex had to be preceded by the emergence of diploid monosexual organisms and provide an explanation for the emergence and maintenance of sex among diploids and for the scarcity of sex among haploid organisms.
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  • 26
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    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 263-274 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Systematics ; evolution ; anagenesis ; genealogy ; reference system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verglichen mit anderen Tiergruppen, scheint die artliche Bestandsaufnahme der rezenten Vögel nahezu abgeschlossen zu sein. Doch ist das System der Vögel weiterhin umstritten und mit vielen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Die Gründe dafür liegen hauptsächlich in neuen, vor allem molekularbiologischen Methoden und in den unerwartet reichen Fossilfunden der jüngsten Zeit. Als Beispiele werden Altgaumenvögel, Kranichvögel, Ibisse, Flamingos, Mausvögel, Hopfe und Sperlingsvögel kurz behandelt. Die hier erzielten Fortschritte lassen die Befürchtung Stresemanns, die Großsystematik der Vögel sei mit den vorhandenen Methoden phylogenetisch nicht interpretierbar, zunächst als unbergründet erscheinen. Doch erwachsen einer solchen Interpretation andere Hindernisse, deren Bedeutung bisher zu wenig beachtet wurde, nämlich Parallelentwicklungen, die viel verbreiteter sind als gemeinhin angenommen. Ihre Häufigkeit lässt sich sogar mit evolutionsbiologischen Argumenten begründen. Es ist deshalb nicht zu erwarten, dass die Diskussionen um das „richtige“ System bald verstummen. Um dennoch die Eindeutigkeit der Information in nicht-systematischen Veröffentlichungen zu wahren, wird empfohlen ein etabliertes Referenzsystem auf Zeit zu wählen.
    Notes: Summary Unlike in most animal classes the inventory of extant species of the class Aves seems to be almost complete. Nevertheless avian systematics is challenged by many novelties and seems far from being settled. This is caused mainly by the application of novel methods of molecular analysis to phylogenetic problems and by the unexpectedly rich fossil record collected within the last 10–20 years. Examples from the Palaeognathae, Gruiformes, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Coliiformes, Upupiformes and Passeriformes are briefly treated. The progress in the field seems to disprove Stresemann's pessimistic view that the phylogeny of higher categories (orders) cannot be reconstructed by the available methods. However, phylogenetic interpretations are impeded by obstacles not considered by Stresemann and highly underestimated in most cases, namely by multiple independent developments leading to identical features. Frequent parallel developments are to be expected for theoretical evolutionary reasons. The diagnosis of such homoplasies can be extremely difficult or even impossible. Therefore we cannot expect the discussion about the “best” system of birds to end in the near future. Considering this dynamic situation in systematics, it is recommended to maintain unambiguousness of information in not strictly systematic publications by refering to a well established system as a temporally limited reference.
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    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 71-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: copulatory courtship ; behavioral interactions ; songs ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract D. birchii and D. serrata, two endemic Australian Drosophila species, have a copulatory courtship. The males of these species begin to court the female after mounting her and often go on with the courtship after the copulation is over. In the present paper we have described behavioral interactions between the male and the female and analyzed acoustic signals produced by the flies during courtship. Species differences were more pronounced in female than in male behavior. Variation within the species was obvious in the relative proportions of time the flies spent in different behaviors. Even though courtship took place nearly solely during copulation, some remains of precopulatory courtship were observed in both species. It is suggested that copulatory courtship exhibited by D. birchii and D. serrata flies is a derived rather than a primitive character.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: conservation genetics ; Equus ; evolution ; mitochondrial DNA control region ; mitochondrial 12S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution, taxonomy and conservation of the genus Equuswere investigated by examining the mitochondrial DNA sequences of thecontrol region and 12S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of thesesequences provides further evidence that the deepest node in thephylogeny of the extant species is a divergence between twolineages; one leading to the ancestor of modern horses (E.ferus, domestic and przewalskii) and the other to thezebra and ass ancestor, with the later speciation events of the zebrasand asses occurring either as one or more rapid radiations, or withextensive secondary contact after speciation. Examination of the geneticdiversity within species suggested that two of the E. hemionussubspecies (E. h. onager and E. h. kulan) onlyrecently diverged, and perhaps, are insufficiently different to beclassified as separate subspecies. The genetic divergence betweendomestic and wild forms of E. ferus (horse) and E.africanus (African ass) was no greater than expected within anequid species. In E. burchelli (plains zebra) there was anindication of mtDNA divergence between populations increasing withdistance. The implications of these results for equid conservation arediscussed and recommendations are made for conservation action.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus section Fumigati ; β-tubulin gene ; evolution ; phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isolates representing newly described Neosartorya species, and isolates with abnormal morphologies from Aspergillus section Fumigati were examined by phylogenetic analysis of sequences of part of their β-tubulin gene. Phylogenetic analyses supported the earlier suggestions that heterothallism is a derived character, and that sexuality was lost several times during the evolution of Aspergillus section Fumigati. The heterothallic N. fennelliae and N. udagawae strains were found to be closely related to the homothallic Neosartorya sp. NRRL 4179 and N. aureola, respectively. Aspergillus sp. FRR 1266, which was earlier described as a variant of A. fumigatus, was found to be closely related to A. viridinutans. Another abnormal asexual isolate was found to be closely related to A. fumigatus and N. fischeri. Phylogenetic relationships among newly described Neosartorya species and other taxa were successfully established based on phylogenetic analysis of β-tubulin sequences.
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    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 457-491 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: J. B. S. Haldane ; biology ; politics ; genetics ; evolution ; population genetics ; physiology ; Darwinism ; experimental biology ; eugenics ; Britain ; Russia ; India ; Soviet ; Communism ; socialism ; philosophy ; vision ; literature ; popularization ; religion ; human experimentation ; bioethics ; Venus ; Mars ; science fiction ; technocracy ; futurology ; H. G. Wells ; Julian Huxley ; Olaf Stapledon ; C. S. Lewis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract This paper seeks to reinterpret the life and work of J. B. S. Haldane by focusing on an illuminating but largely ignored essay he published in1927, “The Last Judgment” – the sequel to his better known work, Daedalus (1924). This astonishing essay expresses a vision of the human future over the next 40,000,000 years, one that revises and updates Wellsian futurism with the long range implications of the “new biology” for human destiny. That vision served as a kind of lifelong credo, one that infused and informed his diverse scientific work, political activities, and popular writing, and that gave unity and coherence to his remarkable career.
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    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 221-246 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: August Weismann ; ciliates ; Clifford Dobell ; cytology ; death ; Emile Maupas ; evolution ; Herbert Spencer Jennings ; Otto Bütschli ; Paramecium ; rejuvenescence ; sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1875–1920, a debate about the generality and applicability of evolutionary theory to all organisms was motivated by work on unicellular ciliates like Paramecium because of their peculiar nuclear dualism and life cycles. The French cytologist Emile Maupas and the German zoologist August Weismann argued in the 1880s about the evolutionary origins and functions of sex (which in the ciliates is not linked to reproduction), and death (which appeared to be the inevitable fate of lineages denied sexual conjugation), an argument rooted in the question of whether the ciliates and their processes where homologous to other cellular organisms. In the beginning of the twentieth century, this question of homology came to be less important as the ciliates were used by the British protozoologist Clifford Dobell and the American zoologist Herbert Spencer Jennings to study evolutionary processes in general rather than problems of development and cytology. For them, homology mattered less than analogy. This story illustrates two partially distinct problems in evolutionary biology: first, the question of whether all living things have common features and origins; and second, whether their history and current nature can be described by identical mechanisms. Where Maupas (contra Weismann) made the ciliates qualitatively the same as all other organisms in order to create a cohesive evolutionary theory for biology, Jennings and Dobell made them qualitatively different in order to achieve the same end.
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S068 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kraniofaziale Fehlbildungen ; Deformationen des Hirn- und Gesichtsschädels ; Therapie ; Frontoorbitales Advancement ; Key words ; Craniofacial malformations ; Craniofacial skull deformations ; Therapy ; Frontoorbital advancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Most craniofacial malformations result from a premature fusion of skull sutures. Depending on the scope of the sutures affected, the results are more or less distinct deformations of the facial and cranial skull with substantial negative effects on functional as well as esthetic aspects. The etiopathology is still unclear. Various therapies have been developed over the past 100 years. However, Tessier’s technique of fronto-orbital advancement has been an important milestone in the treatment of these malformations. Numerous adjustments have since perfected this operational technique. It is now possible to treat practically all skull malformations with the surgical techniques available today. At the same time, these techniques have also aided the advancements in tumor surgery and traumatology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kraniofaziale Fehlbildungen entstehen überwiegend durch die vorzeitige Verknöcherung von Schädelnähten. Je nach Nahtbefall resultieren daraus mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte Deformationen des Hirn- und Gesichtsschädels, die sowohl zu einer funktionellen als auch zu einer ästhetischen Beeinträchtigung führen. Die Ätiopathogenese ist noch weitgehend ungeklärt. In den vergangenen 100 Jahren wurden verschiedene Therapieansätze entwickelt, wobei Tessier mit der Technik des frontoorbitalen Advancements der entscheidende Fortschritt gelang. Aufbauend auf dieser Operationstechnik wurden bis heute zahlreiche Verbesserungen eingebracht. Mit den heutigen Operationstechniken ist es möglich, praktisch alle Schädelfehlbildungen zu therapieren. Gleichzeitig konnten durch diese Techniken auch Fortschritte in der Tumorchirurgie und der Traumatologie erzielt werden.
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S076 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Gefäßmalformation ; Nervenmalformation ; Neurofibromatose ; Hämangiom ; Therapie ; Key words ; Vascular malformation ; Neural malformation ; Neurofibromatosis ; Hemangioma ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The presentation of vascular and neural malformations in an understandable terminology permits accurate diagnosis, proper treatment, individualized prognosis, and also stimulates studies of pathogenesis. The descriptive classification includes: NF 1 and NF 2; hemangiomas, low- and high-flow vascular malformations, combined malformations, and hypertrophy; and syndromes such as, Parkes Weber, Klippel-Trénaunay, Maffuci’s, and multiple dysplasia syndromes. Lymphatic malformations are abnormalities of lymphatic development. The list of treatment includes surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Not all vascular malformations can be successfully treated. Coping with NF is a challenge for both, affected individuals and health care professionals. NF is often associated with a myriad of anomalies that present a lot of problems for plastic surgery. In certain cases watchful waiting seems justified but not in cases of severe problems, giant growth, and local complications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Terminologie ist im Zusammenhang mit vaskulären und nervalen Malformationen besonders wichtig. Dies gilt nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Wahl des richtigen Therapieverfahrens, sondern auch im Hinblick auf die individuell ausgerichtete Prognose und natürlich auch zur Beantwortung der die Pathogenese betreffenden Fragen. Es ist klar, dass bei Besprechung der Neurofibromatose zunächst an die NF 1 und NF 2 gedacht wird, die Hämangiome werden entsprechend ihrer Durchblutung und auch im Hinblick auf die Kombination mit den so ¶genannten Hypertrophiesyndromen, die später im Text genannt werden, eingeteilt. Dass die Bezeichnung Lymphangiom impliziert, es handle sich um einen Tumor, mag nicht ganz richtig sein, da anscheinend die für Tumoren üblichen Mitosen vermisst werden. Interessant ist das therapeutische Spektrum und dies gilt für alle Malformationen der Gefäße und Nerven, aber ganz besonders natürlich für die Neurofibromatose und die Hämangiome. Mit der NF konfrontiert zu sein, bedeutet für den Patienten und das ärztliche Personal eine lebenslange Herausforderung, darüber hinaus ist die NF häufig mit einer Unzahl von Einzelproblemen vergesellschaftet, die für die plastische Chirurgie z. T. schwere oder nicht zu lösende Probleme darstellen. Die große Zahl an Therapievorschlägen zeigt, dass die Gefäßmalformationen zum einen sehr unterschiedliche Probleme zeigen, und zum anderen, dass es kaum ein Therapieverfahren gibt, welches keinen Wunsch offen lässt. Wichtig ist der Hinweis, dass schnell wachsende Hämangiome durchaus im Anfangsstadium entfernt werden sollten, zuwartende Haltung ist in bestimmten Fällen gerechtfertigt, aber nicht, wenn sich schwere Probleme, Riesenwachstum und lokale Komplikationen einstellen.
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S110 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Unterkiefer ; Gelenkfortsatzfrakturen ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Key words ; Mandible ; Condylar neck fracture ; Diagnostic ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Among mandibular fractures, those of the condylar neck hold a special position due to the exceptional anatomical situation. Computer assisted tomography and magnetic resonance tomography have improved diagnostic evaluation. Indication for surgical treatment is given in cases of severely displaced or dislocated fractures. In surgical management, the preauricular, submandibular, retromandibular, and oral approach have been established. For sufficient fixation of fragments, procedures rendering a functional stability, like osteosynthesis with lag screw or by miniplating, are required.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gelenkfortsatzfrakturen nehmen aufgrund der besonderen anatomischen Situation eine Sonderstellung innerhalb der Unterkieferfrakturen ein. Die Computertomographie und das MRT haben die Diagnostik wesentlich verbessert. Die Indikation zur operativen Behandlung besteht bei stark dislozierten oder luxierten Frakturen. Als operativer Zugang sind der präaurikuläre-, sub- bzw. perimandibuläre, retromandibuläre und orale Zugang etabliert. Zur Fixation der Fragmente sollten ausschließlich funktionsstabile Verfahren, wie die Miniplatte oder Zugschraube verwendet werden.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S450 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychisches Trauma ; Psychische Störungen ; Versicherungsschutz ; Kausalität ; Heilverfahrenssteuerung ; Therapie ; Begutachtung ; Keywords Psychological trauma ; Psychological disorders ; Insurance cover ; Legal causality ; Case management ; Therapy ; Expert reviewing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Accident insurance agencies are confronted with an increasing number of cases in which psychological damage occurs immediately at the time of the traumatic events, or in their aftermath. This article reviews the stipulations governing insurance cover and benefits and the legal principles of causality issues in the case of psychological traumas and disorders resulting from such incidents. Insurance agencies face special challenges for case mangagement, since there are no well-established procedures for physicians and hospitals to follow in such cases. Irrespective of the often difficult causality and liability issues, immediate therapy should be given absolute priority. More attention should be paid to psychological damage, with the aims of improving methods of medical rehabilitation and establishing guidelines for expert review in such cases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Unfallversicherungsträger sind mit einer zunehmenden Zahl von Fällen konfrontiert, bei denen psychische Gesundheitsschäden unmittelbar bei dem Unfallereignis auftreten oder sich nachfolgend entwickeln. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Grundsätze des Versicherungsschutzes und Kausalitätsfragen bei psychischen Traumen und psychischen Störungen als Folge eines Versicherungsfalls. Für die Unfallversicherungsträger ergeben sich besondere Anforderungen an die Steuerung des Heilverfahrens, da nicht auf das für organische Verletzungen etablierte System besonderer Heilverfahrensarten, wie z. B. das Durchgangsarztverfahren, zurückgegriffen werden kann. Unter allen Umständen hat die Therapie unbedingten Vorrang, unabhängig von der kausalrechtlichen Fragestellung nach dem zuständigen Leistungsträger. Psychischen Gesundheitsschäden ist vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken mit dem Ziel, geeignete Maßnahmen der medizinischen Rehabilitation weiterzuentwickeln und Konventionen für die Begutachtung zu schaffen.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Beckenverletzung ; Begleitverletzung ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Algorithmus ; Keywords ; Pelvic trauma ; Concomitant lesions ; Diagnosis ; Therapy ; Algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The injuries that typically accompany pelvic fractures are lesions of the urogenital tract, the lumbosacral plexus, and the retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal organs. The prognosis depends heavily on early recognition of the abdominal- and retroperitoneal injuries, which are frequently a primary threat to vital functions. Missing these injuries would be very serious, as the mortality with early diagnosis and adequate treatment is normally low; according to the results reported in the literature, delayed therapy leads to increasing mortality rates of up to 80%. Experience in trauma centres has shown that for complete ascertainment of accompanying injuries it is necessary to perform a systematic diagnosis according to a fixed algorithm. The treatment of the concomitant injuries accompanying a complex pelvic trauma is fundamentally different from the treatment of patients with isolated injuries. A high survival rate with a low postoperative complication rate cannot be achieved except with specialist surgical management tailored to the primary life-threatening lesions. After determination and recording of the injury pattern a therapy concept must be made at once. A trauma algorithm can be helpful when treatment is selected. Step-by-step treatment with several operative phases alternating with recovery and stabilization periods under intensive care conditions has proved worthwhile.
    Notes: Typische Begleitverletzungen von Beckenfrakturen sind Verletzungen des Urogenitaltrakts, des Plexus lumbosacralis und intraabdominaler Organe. Entscheidend für die Prognose ist das rechtzeitige Erkennen v. a. der häufig primär vital gefährdenden Abdominal- und Retroperitonealverletzungen. Das Übersehen dieser Verletzungen ist besonders tragisch, da bei rechtzeitiger Diagnostik und adäquater Versorgung die Letalitätsrate in der Regel gering ist; bei verzögerter Therapie resultieren nach den Angaben in der Literatur Letalitätsraten bis zu 80%. Die Erfahrung in Traumazentren hat gezeigt, dass zur vollständigen Erfassung der Begleitverletzungen die systematische Diagnostik nach einem festgelegten Algorithmus erfolgen sollte. Die Behandlung der Begleitverletzungen im Rahmen eines komplexen Beckentraumas unterscheidet sich prinzipiell von der bei Monoverletzten. Voraussetzung für eine hohe Überlebensrate mit geringer postoperativer Komplikationsrate ist ein prioritätenorientiertes chirurgisches Vorgehen. Nach Erfassung des Verletzungsmusters muss bereits initial ein Therapiekonzept erstellt werden. Zur Entscheidungsfindung kann ein Traumaalgorithmus herangezogen werden. Es hat sich eine abgestufte Versorgung mit mehreren operativen Phasen und zwischengeschalteten Erholungs- und Stabilisierungsphasen unter Intensivbedingungen bewährt.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 240-248 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Komplexe Schultergürtelverletzung ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Interdisziplinäres ¶Management ; Keywords ; Complex shoulder girdle trauma ; Diagnosis ; Therapy ; Interdisciplinary management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The particular injury pattern of complex joint trauma means that a standardized operative procedure would be difficult to devise and an individual therapy plant is therefore essential for each patient. One of the main problems consists in the recognition and adequate treatment of associated vascular and neural lesions. The treatment of a complex joint trauma makes extremely high demands on the trauma-team in terms of both diagnostis and therapy and is an interdisciplinary challenge. On the basis of a detailed literature search and evaluation of the procedures we have adopted in sample cases, we suggest an algorithm for interdisciplinary management of severe combination injuries of the shoulder region.
    Notes: Die Problematik des komplexen Gelenktraumas besteht darin, dass aufgrund des besonderen Verletzungsmusters ein standardisiertes operatives Vorgehen erschwert und deshalb ein individuelles Therapiekonzept essenziell ist. Ein Hauptproblem besteht in ¶der Erkennung und der adäquaten Behandlung assoziierter Gefäß- und Nervenläsionen. Die Behandlung eines komplexen Gelenktraumas stellt höchste diagnostische und therapeutische Ansprüche an das Traumateam und bedeutet eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung. Aufgrund einer eingehenden Literaturrecherche und der Auswertung des eigenen Vorgehens anhand exemplarisch ausgewählter Fälle wird versucht, einen Algorithmus der interdisziplinären Komplexversorgung schwerer Kombinationsverletzungen der Schulterregion zu erstellen.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 341-343 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Tarsaltunnelsyndrom ; Ätiologie ; Trauma ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Keywords ; Tarsal tunnel syndrome ; Aetiology ; Trauma ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In this paper we describe the tarsal tunnel syndrome with reference to our own experience in 10 cases and the literature. Compared with the numerous injuries involving the ankle and foot, the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome is rare. In the case of a painful foot of unknown aetiology, the differential diagnosis should therefore include tarsal tunnel syndrome. Our presentation discusses the aetiology and pathology of the tarsal tunnel syndrome, and particularly that caused by trauma. We also describe an effective therapeutic approach based on surgical decompression.
    Notes: Anhand der Literatur und eigenen Erfahrungen von 10 Operationen wird das Tarsaltunnelsyndrom dargestellt. Gemessen an der Vielzahl der Traumen im Sprunggelenk- und Fersenbeinbereich wird die Diagnose selten gestellt. Bei unklaren Fußschmerzen sollte daher differenzialdiagnostisch ein Tarsaltunnelsyndrom in Erwägung gezogen werden. Es wird auf die Ätiologie, die Pathologie sowie auf den Zusammenhang zu Traumen eingegangen und die effektive Therapie durch operative Dekompression beschrieben.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S51 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Ellbogenverletzungen ; Wachstumsalter ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Key words ; Ellbow joint injuries ; Adolescence ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Fractures and dislocations of the elbow are some of the most common injuries in childhood and adolescence. The majority occur in the course of sport and play, for example as the result of falling from apparatus used in gymnastics or a bike, or falling while engaging in such popular sports as in-line-skating or skateboarding. Elbow injuries can be divided into dislocations of the joint alone and fractures, of the distal humerus or the proximal radius and ulna, or combinations of both dislocation and fracture. In addition, a differentiation is made between extra- and intraarticular fracture types, the latter being seen as either partial or complete joint lesions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Luxationen und/oder Frakturen am Ellbogen gehören zu den häufigsten Verletzungen im Wachstumsalter überhaupt. Sie entstehen überwiegend bei Sport und Spiel, z. B. durch Sturz von einem Turngerät, von Zweirädern oder während der Ausübung moderner Sportarten wie In-line-Skating, Rollschuhlauf und Skateboardfahren. Bei den Verletzungen werden reine Luxationen von Frakturen entweder am körperfernen Oberarmende oder an den gelenkbildenden Anteilen von Radius und Ulna unterschieden. Ein weiteres Unterscheidungsmerkmal ist die Abgrenzung extraartikulärer von intraartikulären Frakturformen, wobei letztere entweder als partielle oder komplette Bruchform imponieren.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S180 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Humeruskopffraktur ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Keywords Fracture of the head of the humerus ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Fractures of the head of the humerus present a challenge both at the stages of diagnosis and treatment. Fortunately, 70–80% ¶of all fractures of the humeral head can be treated conservatively because they are not dislocated. When dislocation is present detailed understanding of the morphology of such fractures and purposeful application of internal fixation techniques are essential for the achievement of good shoulder function. Every step of the treatment is aimed at stability of the joint with its components as close as possible to their original anatomical positions. This can generally be managed with minimally invasive approaches and/or with the bone fragments preserved. We regard depression fractures of the humeral head (〉 45%) in active, older patients –¶who are frequently affected – as a primary indication for a shoulder replacement. Four-fragment fractures with displacement of the head fragment in an older, physically active patient can also occasionally be an indication for primary joint replacement. Both for conservatively treated and for operatively treated fractures of the humeral head a customized schedule of follow-up treatment should be applied, to avoid the precipitation of secondary frozen shoulder by too-passive behaviour. On the other hand, neither should the follow-up treatment programme lead to a secondary dislocation. For restoration of the function it is therefore absolutely essential that the trauma surgeon monitor the treatments applied.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Humeruskopffrakturen stellen eine Herausforderung an die Diagnostik und die Therapie dar. Glücklicherweise können 70–80% davon konservativ behandelt werden, da sie nicht disloziert sind. Im Fall der Dislokation sind ein differenziertes Verständnis der Frakturmorphologie und der zielgerichtete Einsatz osteosynthetischer Techniken unabdingbare Voraussetzung einer guten Schulterfunktion. Ziel jedweder Behandlungsmaßnahme ist das Erreichen einer stabilen Situation in möglichst anatomiegerechter Position. Dies kann überwiegend mit minimalinvasiven Zugängen bzw. unter Schonung der Knochenfragmente erreicht werden. Besonders im Fall der Humeruskopfimpressionsfrakturen (〉 45%) beim häufig betroffenen älteren, aktiven Patienten sehen wir eine primäre Indikation zur Schulterendoprothese. Ebenso stellen die 4-Fragment-Frakturen mit Verschiebung des Kopffragments bei älteren, biologisch aktiven Patienten eine gelegentliche Indikation zum primären Gelenkersatz dar. Sowohl für die konservativ als auch für die operativ behandelten Humeruskopffrakturen sollte ein differenziertes Nachbehandlungsschema Anwendung finden, um nicht durch zu passives Verhalten eine sekundäre Schultersteife zu initiieren. Auf der anderen Seite sollte ein Nachbehandlungsprogramm auch nicht zur sekundären Dislokation führen. Die unfallchirurgische Kontrolle der Behandlungsmaßnahmen ist daher zwingende Voraussetzung einer bestmöglichen Wiederherstellung der Funktion.
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  • 41
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    International journal of colorectal disease 15 (2000), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Keywords Acute pancreatitis ; Animal models ; Therapy ; Study design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Since randomized controlled studies of severe acute human pancreatitis can be performed only with restrictions, at least some aspects of innovative therapy concepts should first be clarified in animal experiments. In vitro trials are inadequate for this purpose since they cannot simulate the complex course of severe acute pancreatitis. Animal test results can be transferred to clinical practice if the results are based on trials with established models, standardized methods, and a study design imitating the clinical situation. This contribution discusses the demands on such an animal model of acute pancreatitis and a corresponding study protocol and presents models and protocols which meet these requirements. Concrete examples are presented to show that animal experiments are of great value under these conditions, especially in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Further standardization of models, protocols, and monitoring should further improve future animal therapy studies at least to the extent that it is possible to select particularly promising substances, which should then be tested in randomized controlled trials.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Motor neuron disease ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Cancer ; Paraneoplastic disease ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined whether patients with both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and cancer differ from classical ALS patients, and whether motor neuron disease responds to oncological therapy. We analyzed clinical and immunological features of 14 patients (9 men, 5 women; mean age 65.3 years) with pure/definite ALS and cancer. Patients with solid tumor cancer and definite ALS were selected according to the El Escorial criteria; cases with ALS plus were excluded. Four patients had breast cancer, three lung adenocarcinoma, and three bowel tumor; hepatocarcinoma, kidney cancer, and mesothelioma were observed in one case each, and in one patient the primary tumor was unidentified. Patients' sera were examined for antinervous system antibodies by means of immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Of five patients who underwent surgical therapy, two worsened during the procedure, while the other three had no benefit. The remaining two patients did not improve after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In none of our cases did the oncological disease progress. Death was a consequence of ALS in all eight patients who died. Median survival was 18 months and did not differ from that of 28 ALS patients matched for age, sex, and onset features (bulbar or spinal). Anti-nervous system antibodies were never detected. We conclude that our group of pure ALS patients with cancer do not significantly differ from patients with classical ALS. They usually die as a consequence of the motor neuron syndrome in the absence of cancer progression. To date we have not observed any response of ALS to antitumor therapy.
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  • 43
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 102-105 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Polymyositis ; Dermatomyositis ; Therapy ; Pulsed ¶dexamethasone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the short-term effect of oral pulsed high-dose dexamethasone for myositis we treated eight newly diagnosed patients with three 28-day cycles of oral dexamethasone. Primary outcome measures were muscle strength, pain, and serum creatine kinase activity. Six patients responded. Side effects were mild. At follow-up five responders were still in remission, without ¶medication. Pulsed high-dose ¶dexamethasone seems beneficial in myositis. A larger, prednisone-controlled trial is justified to analyze long-term efficacy.
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  • 44
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    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 429-456 
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: awareness ; reflexive awareness and consciousness ; evolution ; experience and pattern matching ; symbolic language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract An evolutionary point of view is proposed to make more appropriate distinctions between experience, awareness and consciousness. Experience can be defined as a characteristic linked closely to specific pattern matching, a characteristic already apparent at the molecular level at least. Awareness can be regarded as the special experience of one or more central, final modules in the animal neuronal brain. Awareness is what experience is to animals. Finally, consciousness could be defined as reflexive awareness. The ability for reflexive awareness is distinctly different from animal and human awareness and depends upon the availability of a separate frame of reference, as provided by symbolic language. As such, words have made reflexive awareness – a specific and infrequent form of awareness – possible. Conciousness might be defined as the experience evoked by considering, i.e. thinking about experiences themselves. If there is a hard problem of explaining consciousness, than this actually must be considered as the hard problem already met when trying to explain basic experience, since its nature remains elusive.
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  • 45
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    International journal of value-based management 13 (2000), S. 297-308 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: morality ; moral systems ; behavior ; evolution ; adaptation ; natural selection ; altruism ; reciprocal altruism ; fitness ; reciprocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The ethical and moral behavior of Homo sapiens is no longer the exclusive domain of religion and philosophy because we recognize that such behavior affects the reproductive success of individuals within the species. We are a social species and therefore our survival is influenced by our capacity for cooperation and our willingness to take risks for kin. Emotions, some of which are found in other species, help to mediate our altruistic behavior. The reproductive benefits of helping kin, especially offspring, are readily seen. Helping non-kin can be beneficial if individuals can differentiate between ‘reciprocators’ and ‘non-reciprocators’ and direct altruistic behavior toward reciprocators. Also, if third parties are favorably impressed by observing altruistic behavior, the rewards need not come from the recipient of the altruistic behavior.
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  • 46
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: complex systems ; evolution ; nonlinearity ; pre-determination ; self-organization ; soft management ; structure-attractors ; synergetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The philosophical consequences of synergetics, the interdisciplinary theory of evolution and self-organization of complex systems, are being drawn in the paper. The idea of discreteness of evolutionary paths is in the focus of attention. Although the future is open, and there are many alternative evolutionary paths for complex systems, not any arbitrary (either conceivable or desirable) evolutionary path is feasible in a given system. There are discrete spectra of possible evolutionary paths which are determined exclusively by inner properties of the corresponding systems. Synergetics allows us to reveal general laws of self-organization and, therefore, certain limits of arbitrariness of nature in choosing possible paths of evolution as well as in constructing of a complex evolutionary whole. A comparative analysis between the modern synergetic notions and a few ideas of the Western philosophy (F. Nietzsche, N. Hartmann, M. Heidegger) and of the Eastern teachings (Taoism, Buddhism) is made.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: vocalization ; sexual advertisement ; predator advertisement ; taxonomy ; evolution ; mouse lemur ; primate ; Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Advertisement calls are often important noninvasive tools for discriminating cryptic species and for assessing specific diversity and speciation patterns in nature. We investigated the contribution of these calls to uncover specific diversity in nocturnal Malagasy lemurs. We compared sexual advertisement and predator advertisement calls of two mouse lemur species, western gray and eastern rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and M. rufus, respectively) living in two contrasting habitats (dry deciduous vs. rain forest), and analyzed them statistically. Both species emitted several highly variable whistle calls in the context of predator-avoidance. Intrapopulation variation was high and overlapped interspecific variation. Sexual advertisement calls, given in the mating context, displayed a totally distinct, species-specific acoustic structure. Whereas gray mouse lemurs produced rapidly multifrequency modulated, long trill calls, rufous mouse lemurs gave slowly frequency-modulated short chirp calls. Our results suggest specific status for gray and rufous mouse lemurs and indicate the importance of predation and social needs in shaping vocal communication.
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  • 48
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    Anatomy and embryology 202 (2000), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Extracellular matrix ; cartilage ; bone ; evolution ; lamprey ; agnathan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous evidence from our laboratories showed that collagen is not the major matrix protein of the cartilaginous endoskeleton of the lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Here we have characterized the cartilage matrix proteins of the only other extant agnathan, the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa). Using morphological, immunochemical and biochemical methods, we show that the structural proteins of the cartilaginous endoskeleton of the hagfish are also non-collagenous in nature. Although these hagfish cartilage proteins share properties both with each other and with lamprey cartilage proteins, including resistance to solubilization with cyanogen bromide and an usual amino acid composition rich in glycine and non-polar amino acids, it is clear that at least two and probably more hagfish cartilage proteins can be distinguished, with distinct distributions in different cartilage structures. Furthermore, in spite of their similarities, matrix proteins from hagfish cartilage are not identical to the proteins we have previously characterized in lamprey cartilage. These results suggest the existence of a larger family of similar but not identical proteins that form the major structural elements of cartilage tissues of agnathans. These data also support our previous conclusion that type II collagen became the predominant structural protein of cartilage only after the divergence of the agnathans from the ancestral line of the vertebrates.
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  • 49
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    Der Hautarzt 51 (2000), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kutane B-Zell-Lymphome ; Therapie ; Key words ; Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and objective: Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PCBCL) represent a unique type of extranodal B-cell lymphomas. Recently, the „European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)–Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group” classified PCBCL into two major groups: one with low-grade malignancy and excellent prognosis (follicle center cell lymphoma, immunocytoma/marginal zone B-cell lymphoma) and the other with intermediate malignancy and worse prognosis (large B-cell lymphoma of the leg). The clinical course and the prognosis of both groups clearly distinguish them from nodal lymphomas with similar morphological aspects, thus underlying the need for different treatment modalities. Patients/Methods: We investigated retrospectively the therapeutic data from 51 patients with PCBCL (40 lowgrade lymphomas, 11 large B-cell lymphomas). Several treatment modalities were used: total excision, radiotherapy, polychemotherapy, systemic corticosteroids, systemic antibiotics, as well as a variety of combination treatments. Results: Recurrence, dissemination and/or death of the patients were not significantly related to any single treatment modality. Conclusions: In our opinion, the choice of treatment for PCBCL depends on the histologic classification, the number, spread and localization of the infiltrates, and on the general condition of the patient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Primäre kutane B-Zell-Lymphome (PKBZL) stellen eine eigenständige Krankheitsgruppe lymphoproliferativer Tumoren dar. In der vor kurzem von der „European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group” publizierten Klassifikation kutaner Lymphome wurden 2 Hauptgruppen der PKBZL beschrieben: Eine mit niedriger Malignität und exzellenter Prognose (Keimzentrumslymphome, Immunozytom/„Marginalzonelymphom”) und eine 2. mit intermediärer Malignität und schlechterer Prognose (großzelliges B-Zell-Lymphom der unteren Extremitäten). Der Verlauf und die unterschiedlichen Prognosen weisen darauf hin, dass es notwendig ist, eine dem klinischen Verhalten entsprechende Therapieform zu wählen. Patienten/Methodik: Wir untersuchten die Verlaufsdaten von 51 Patienten mit PKBZL (40 niedrig maligne PKBZL und 11 großzellige PKBZL) retrospektiv. Als Behandlungsformen kamen Totalexzision, Strahlentherapie, systemische Kortison- und Antibiotikatherapie, Polychemotherapie sowie verschiedene Kombinationstherapien zur Anwendung. Ergebnisse: Das Auftreten von Rezidiven sowie von Lymphknoten- oder Organbeteiligungen stand in keinem signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der gewählten Therapiemodalität. Schlussfolgerungen: Aus der Vielzahl der verwendeten Behandlungsformen ist die Komplexität der Erkrankung an sich und die der Wahl der Therapie ersichtlich. Unserer Meinung nach sollte die Behandlung der PKBZL in Abhängigkeit von der histologischen Klassifikation, der Anzahl, Ausdehnung und Lokalisation der Hautinfiltrate sowie vom Allgemeinzustand des Patienten gewählt werden.
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  • 50
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S456 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Trauma ; Akute Belastungsstörung ; Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung ; Therapie ; Medizinische Begutachtung ; Keywords Trauma ; Acute stress disorder ; Posttraumatic stress disorder ; Therapy ; Medico-legal expertise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract ‘Psychopathology after trauma’ mostly refers to cognitive or affective impairment after direct or indirect damage to brain tissue. Patients who have suffered a whiplash injury of the cervical spine, even without direct trauma to brain tissue, also often complain of cognitive or affective dysfunction for prolonged periods after the injury. Even more difficult to evaluate is psychopathology arising in the aftermath of severely distressing events, such as major disastrous accidents, natural catastrophes or assault. The medical expert must be aware of a variety of posttraumatic psychiatric disorders with different courses and symptoms and must be able to distinguish these from endogenous or merely coincident psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we outline the relevant diagnoses and diagnostic criteria, with special refrence to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It should be emphasized that while acute stress disorder is common after stressful experiences, PTSD is most likely to develop in the presence of personality traits or a concurrent psychiatric illness predisposing to the disorder. The nature of the trauma sustained is significant: for example, trauma inflicted by human aggression causes PTSD significantly more often than similar injuries suffered as the result of a motor vehicle accident. Finally, therapeutic strategies for posttraumatic disorders are briefly reviewed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit posttraumatischen psychischen Störungen sind in der Regel kognitive oder affektive Beeinträchtigungen in der Folge direkter oder indirekter Hirngewebeschäden gemeint. Aber auch Patienten mit Halswirbelsäulenschleudertrauma beklagen häufig und über lange Zeit kognitive oder affektive Störungen ohne Nachweis einer Hirnschädigung. Noch problematischer sind psychische Störungen in der Folge erheblich belastender Ereignisse, wie Unfälle katastrophalen Ausmaßes, Naturkatastrophen oder Überfällen, zu beurteilen. Dem ärztlichen Gutachter obliegt die Aufgabe, eine Reihe posttraumatischer Störungen, die sich hinsichtlich des Verlaufs und der Symptome unterscheiden, zu kennen und von anlagebedingten oder koinzidierenden psychischen Störungen zu differenzieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die relevanten Diagnosen ¶und diagnostischen Kriterien mit besonderer Behandlung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTSD) besprochen. Hervorzuheben ist, dass es nach erheblich belastenden Erlebnissen recht häufig zu akuten Belastungsreaktionen kommt, während die PTSD in der Regel dann auftritt, wenn eine besondere persönliche Disposition oder psychiatrische Komorbidität vorliegen. Ferner kommt der Art des belastenden Erlebnisses Bedeutung zu. So wird eine PTSD häufiger nach Ausbrüchen menschlicher Aggression als nach z. B. Verkehrsunfällen gefunden. Abschließend wird ein kurzer Überblick über therapeutische Möglichkeiten bei posttraumatischen Störungen gegeben.
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  • 51
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    Infection 28 (2000), S. 282-286 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Keywords: Key Words Chronic ; Osteomyelitis ; Therapy ; Children ; Ewing's sarcoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Presently, most children with chronic osteomyelitis undergo surgery with the inherent risk of damage to their growth plate. We demonstrate a treatment regimen based on imaging procedures focussing on antibiotics in order to reduce the rate of surgical interventions. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated all 11 patients with clinically suspected chronic osteomyelitis who were treated at our institution from 1989 to 1995. Patients underwent open biopsy and surgical treatment only if imaging procedures showed signs indistinguishable from malignancy, or if they were highly suggestive for the presence of pus, joint infection or osteonecrosis. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 3 years. Results: All five patients treated solely with antibiotics recovered completely. Three patients were subjected to open biopsy and surgical treatment since they showed radiological signs indistinguishable from malignancy, and two patients due to pus or osteonecrosis. In follow-up, there was one relapse of chronic osteomyelitis 11 months after the first treatment course with surgery and antibiotics. One patient suffering from Ewing's sarcoma as detected by open biopsy was excluded. Conclusion: Our diagnostic procedure was useful to reduce the rate of surgery. Surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is not always neccessary especially in cases of missing necrosis, joint infection and abscess as demonstrated by the complete recovery of our patients treated solely with antibiotics.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; Oryza ; retrotransposon ; rice ; wild species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Oryza officinalis complex is a genetically diverse, tertiary genepool of rice. We analyzed part of the primary structure of the integrase coding domain (ICD) of a gypsy-like retrotransposon from species of the O. officinalis species complex. PCR was performed with degenerate primers that hybridized to conserved sequences in the integrase genes of gypsy-type retrotransposons, using total DNA from different species of the O. officinalis complex as templates. Cloning and sequencing of the PCR products showed that the amplified fragments are highly homologous to each other (75–90%) and belong to one family of retrotransposons that is related to the previously studied RIRE-2 element from rice. Two main subfamilies of 292 and 351 bp were distinguished. Analysis of primary sequence data supports previous reports that sequence divergence during vertical transmission has been the major influence on the evolution of gypsy-type retrotransposons in Oryza species. Based on sequence data phylogenetic relationships among species of the O. officinalis complex were estimated. The data suggests that O. eichingeri is more closely related to the ancestral species of the complex.
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  • 53
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 7 (2000), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Dasyurus ; marsupials ; control region ; mtDNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There has been a great deal of interest in determining phylogenetic relationships within the family Dasyuridae due to the widespread distribution, ecological diversity, and relative plesiomorphy of this taxon within the Australasian marsupial radiation. In the past, it has been extremely problematic to determine the phylogenetic relationships among species within Dasyurus, with numerous studies using both morphological and molecular characters providing different topologies. Here, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is used as a novel set of characters in an attempt to identify relationships among the six closely related extant species. Sequences were obtained from multiple individuals representing all extant species of quolls including, when possible, individuals from different geographical regions. Sequences were analyzed using both parsimony criteria and neighbor-joining methods. Results presented here concur with those of Krajewski et al. (1997) in (1) placing D. geoffroii in a highly supported clade with D. spartacus, (2) resolving a monophyletic group of D. albopunctatus + D. geoffroii + D. spartacus, and (3) placing D. hallucatus as the sister taxon to all other species of quolls. Results also show two highly supported and geographically distinct clades of D. maculatus (Tasmanian and mainland) that do not correspond to the currently used subspecific nomenclature. Preliminary results also indicate that there are different clades among geographic groups of D. hallucatus that warrant further investigation. The mtDNA control region is a highly variable locus and may be used in forensic tests for species identification in this genus.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: cat ; chromosome painting ; comparative mapping ; dog ; evolution ; human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Domestic cats and dogs are important companion animals and model animals in biomedical research. The cat has a highly conserved karyotype, closely resembling the ancestral karyotype of mammals, while the dog has one of the most extensively rearranged mammalian karyotypes investigated so far. We have constructed the first detailed comparative chromosome map of the domestic dog and cat by reciprocal chromosome painting. Dog paints specific for the 38 autosomes and the X chromosomes delineated 68 conserved chromosomal segments in the cat, while reverse painting of cat probes onto red fox and dog chromosomes revealed 65 conserved segments. Most conserved segments on cat chromosomes also show a high degree of conservation in G-banding patterns compared with their canine counterparts. At least 47 chromosomal fissions (breaks), 25 fusions and one inversion are needed to convert the cat karyotype to that of the dog, confirming that extensive chromosome rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of the cat and dog. Comparative analysis of the distribution patterns of conserved segments defined by dog paints on cat and human chromosomes has refined the human/cat comparative genome map and, most importantly, has revealed 15 cryptic inversions in seven large chromosomal regions of conserved synteny between humans and cats.
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  • 55
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    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; evolution ; heterochromatin ; Y chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Y chromosome evolution is characterized by the expansion of genetic inertness along the Y chromosome and changes in the chromosome structure, especially the tendency of becoming heterochromatic. It is generally assumed that the sex chromosome pair has developed from a pair of homologues. In an evolutionary process the proto-Y-chromosome, with a very short differential segment, develops in its final stage into a completely heterochromatic and to a great extends genetically eroded Y chromosome. The constraints evolving the Y chromosome have been the objects of speculation since the discovery of sex chromosomes. Several models have been suggested. We use the exceptional situation of the in Drosophila mirandato analyze the molecular process in progress involved in Y chromosome evolution. We suggest that the first steps in the switch from a euchromatic proto-Y-chromosome into a completely heterochromatic Y chromosome are driven by the accumulation of transposable elements, especially retrotransposons inserted along the evolving nonrecombining part of the Y chromosome. In this evolutionary process trapping and accumulation of retrotransposons on the proto-Y-chromosome should lead to conformational changes that are responsible for successive silencing of euchromatic genes, both intact or already mutated ones and eventually transform functionally euchromatic domains into genetically inert heterochromatin. Accumulation of further mutations, deletions, and duplications followed by the evolution and expansion of tandem repetitive sequence motifs of high copy number (satellite sequences) together with a few vital genes for male fertility will then represent the final state of the degenerated Y chromosome.
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  • 56
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 32 (2000), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: NDP kinase ; subunit interaction ; quaternary structure ; evolution ; mixed oligomers ; Dictyostelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nucleoside (NDP) diphosphate kinases are oligomeric enzymes. Most are hexameric, but somebacterial enzymes are tetrameric. Hexamers and tetramers are constructed by assemblingidentical dimers. The hexameric structure is important for protein stability, as demonstratedby studies with natural mutants (the Killer-of-prune mutant ofDrosophila NDP kinase andthe S120G mutant of the human NDP kinase A in neuroblastomas) and with mutants obtainedby site-directed mutagenesis. It is also essential for enzymic activity. The function of the tetrameric structure is unclear.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; genome ; Gossypium ; polyploidization ; repetitive element ; retrotransposon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Retrotransposons constitute a ubiquitous and dynamic component of plant genomes. Intragenomic and intergenomic comparisons of related genomes offer potential insights into retrotransposon behavior and genomic effects. Here, we have used fluorescent in-situ hybridization to determine the chromosomal distributions of a Ty1-copia-like retrotransposon in the cotton AD-genome tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum and closely related putative A- and D-genome diploid ancestors. Retrotransposon clone A108 hybridized to all G. hirsutum chromosomes, approximately equal in intensity in the A- and D-subgenomes. Similar results were obtained by hybridization of A108 to the A-genome diploid G. arboreum, whereas no signal was detected on chromosomes of the D-genome diploid G. raimondii. The significance and potential causes of these observations are discussed.
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    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 665-692 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: disease ; evolution ; frequency-dependent selection ; genetic diversity ; life history ; lifespan ; polymorphism ; reproduction rate ; resistance ; specificity ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pathogens and parasites can be strong agents of selection, and often exhibit some degree of genetic specificity for individual host strains. Here we show that this host–pathogen specificity can affect the evolution of host life history traits. All else equal, evolution should select for genes that increase individuals' reproduction rates or lifespans (and thus total reproduction per individual). Using a simple host–pathogen model, we show that when the genetic specificity of pathogen infection is low, host strains with higher reproduction rates or longer lifespans drive slower-reproducing or shorter-lived host strains to extinction, as one would expect. However, when pathogens exhibit specificity for host strains with different life history traits, the evolutionary advantages of these traits can be greatly diminished by pathogen-mediated selection. Given sufficient host–pathogen specificity, pathogen-mediated selection can maintain polymorphism in host traits that are correlated with pathogen resistance traits, despite large intrinsic fitness differences among host strains. These results have two important implications. First, selection on host life history traits will be weaker than expected, whenever host fitness is significantly affected by genotype-specific pathogen attack. Second, where polymorphism in host traits is maintained by pathogen-mediated selection, preserving the genetic diversity of host species may require preserving their pathogens as well.
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  • 59
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    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: animal coloration ; body temperature ; ectotherm ; evolution ; Orthoptera ; poly-morphism ; Tetrix subulata ; thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ectothermic animals rely on external heat sources and behavioral thermoregulation to control body temperature, and are characterized by possessing physiological and behavioural traits which are temperature dependent. It has therefore been suggested that constraints on the range of body temperatures available to individuals imposed by phenotypic properties, such as coloration, may translate into differential fitness and selection against thermally inferior phenotypes. In this paper, I report an association between thermal preferences and thermal capacity (the ability to warm up when insolated) across different genetically coded color morphs of the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata. Data on behavioral thermoregulation of individuals in a laboratory thermal gradient revealed a preference for higher body temperatures in females than in males, and significant variation among colour morphs in preferred body temperatures in females, but not in males. The variation in females was in perfect accordance with estimates of morph-specific differences in thermal capacity. Thus, dark morphs not only attain higher temperatures when exposed to augmented illumination, but also prefer higher body temperatures, compared to paler morphs. This intra-population divergence probably reflects an underlying variation among colour morphs in temperature optima, and is consistent with the notion that coloration, behaviour and physiology evolve in concert.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: rutile supported V2O5–WO3 catalyst ; evolution ; NO reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the relation between surface structure of crystalline vanadia-like active species on vanadia–tungsta catalyst and their activity in the selective reduction of NO by ammonia to nitrogen. The investigations were performed for Ti–Sn-rutile-supported isopropoxy-derived catalyst. The SCR activity and surface species structure were determined for the freshly prepared catalyst, for the catalyst previously used in NO reduction by ammonia (320 ppm NO, 335 ppm NH3 and 2.35 vol% O2) at 573 K as well as for the catalyst previously annealed at 573 K in helium stream containing 2.35 vol% O2. The crystalline islands, exposing main V2O5 surface, with some tungsten atoms substituted for V-ones, were found, with XPS and FT Raman spectroscopy, to be present at the surface of the freshly prepared catalyst. A profound evolution of the active species during the catalyst use at 573 K was observed. Dissociative water adsorption on V5+OW6+ sites is discussed as mainly responsible for the catalyst activity at 473 K and that on both V5+OW6+ and V4+OW6+ sites as determining the activity at 523 K.
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  • 61
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    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1773-1794 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grasshoppers ; polyphagy ; graminivory ; evolution ; secondary compound ; peritrophic envelope ; midgut ceca ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Modern grasshoppers probably evolved from polyphagous ancestors endowed with the ability to tolerate many plant secondary compounds. This tolerance involves various behavioral and anatomical adaptations. Polyphagous grasshoppers have a relatively low level of sensitivity to the taste of many secondary compounds, and, if they do respond to the taste, have the capacity to habituate. This gives time for the induction of detoxifying enzymes so that unpalatable but potentially nutritious plants may be eaten safely. Associative learning involving secondary compounds may be important in food aversion learning, enabling the insects to avoid foods that have inappropriate nutrients, for example. Learning is also involved when grasshoppers develop associations between the taste of chemicals in the surface waxes of plants and internal leaf chemistry, enabling them to make faster decisions about the acceptability of a plant. Anatomically, the midgut ceca of polyphagous grasshoppers have well-developed posterior arms, and it is possible that these are especially important in detoxification, while some species, in addition, have a specialized pocket region in which macromolecules accumulate to be eliminated from the body when the lining of peritrophic envelope is drawn out. Polyphagous species also have thick peritrophic envelopes to which various phenolics become adsorbed. Finally, the midgut environment contains surfactants that reduce tannin–protein complexing except at very high tannin concentrations. Some polyphagous species can utilize secondary compounds as defensive substances or, in one case, in cuticular sclerotization. Grass feeding has evolved on numerous occasions from these polyphagous ancestors, and it has been associated with a loss of many of the characters providing protection from secondary compounds.
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  • 62
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    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 30 (2000), S. 459-466 
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Keywords: biogenesis ; biological ; coevolution ; evolution ; models ; origin of life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract What was the first living molecule – RNA or protein?This question embodies the major disagreement instudies on the origin of life. The fact that incontemporary cells RNA polymerase is a protein andpeptidyl transferase consists of RNA suggests theexistence of a mutual catalytic dependence betweenthese two kinds of biopolymers. I suggest that thisdependence is a `frozen accident', a remnant from thefirst living system. This system is proposed to be acombination of an RNA molecule capable of catalyzingamino acid polymerization and the resulting proteinfunctioning as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Thespecificity of the protein synthesis is thought to beachieved by the composition of the surrounding mediumand the specificity of the RNA synthesis – by Watson– Crick base pairing. Despite its apparent simplicity,the system possesses a great potential to evolve intoa primitive ribosome and further to life, as it isseen today. This model provides a possible explanationfor the origin of the interaction between nucleicacids and protein. Based on the suggested system, Ipropose a new definition of life as a system ofnucleic acid and protein polymerases with a constantsupply of monomers, energy and protection.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; C4 plant ; maize ; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), encoded by rbcS, is essential for photosynthesis in both C3 and C4 plants, even though the cell specificity of rbcS expression is different between C3 and C4 plants. The C3 rbcS is specifically expressed in mesophyll cells, while the C4 rbcS is expressed in bundle sheath cells, and not mesophyll cells. Two chimeric genes were constructed consisting of the structural gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) controlled by the two promoters from maize (C4) and rice (C3) rbcS genes. These constructs were introduced into a C4 plant, maize. Both chimeric genes were specifically expressed in photosynthetic organs, such as leaf blade, but not in non-photosynthetic organs. The expressions of the genes were also regulated by light. However, the rice promoter drove the GUS activity mainly in mesophyll cells and relatively low in bundle sheath cells, while the maize rbcS promoter induced the activity specifically in bundle sheath cells. These results suggest that the rice promoter contains some cis-acting elements responding in an organ-pecific and light-inducible regulation manner in maize but does not contain element(s) for bundle sheath cell-specific expression, while the maize promoter does contain such element(s). Based on this result, we discuss the similarities and differences between the rice (C3) and maize (C4) rbcS promoter in terms of the evolution of the C4 photosynthetic gene.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: population genetics ; evolution ; allozymes ; DNA ; marine genetics ; Acanthaster planci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The basic assumptions that widespread marine species should show little spatial variation in genetic structure, given their high potential for dispersal on ocean currents, is being questioned. This has taken some time because there are few studies of widespread marine species over oceanic scales, few data sets that have the high density of sampling required for the detection of fine population structure, and there is little incentive to look further if initial analyses suggest the expected result. The interpretation of the population genetic structure of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) has been found to vary considerably depending on the sample set included in the analyses and on the method of analysis used. Scatter plots of genetic distance or θ, and spatial autocorrelation approaches gave markedly different results ranging from no structure to isolation by distance. Only visual examination of maps of patterns of variation in allele variation first detected that crown-of-thorns starfish occupy large regions with little between population differentiation, but between which there are markedly higher levels of differentiation. These findings highlight the care required in interpreting population structure, particularly where there are few sample points. Many marine species may have population structures where sharp genetic disjunctions, not associated with any obvious environmental boundaries, separate regions of relative genetic homogeneity. Such population structures are very different from those traditionally assumed and are not yet understood. Further advances in understanding the genetic structure of marine species will demand an iterative approach where a greater number of samples are collected over particular regions identified by earlier interpretations.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cladocerans ; life history ; demography ; size structure ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Daphnia models for individual growth and population dynamics have been developed in the manner of models developed by Gurney, McCauley, Andersen and others. All or most of the earlier models were parameterized for Daphnia pulex; we have used the D. pulex model as a baseline model for other species of Daphnia such as magna, galeata and also Bosmina longirostris. Because of the lack of ample data for D. magna, D. galeata and B. longirostris, some of the physiological data had to be relied on the other species whose data were available and in some case calibrated. We were able to produce reasonable results for individual growth as well as population dynamics under the controlled laboratory conditions. Most of the results were compared with the available laboratory data for population as well as growth. All the simulations have been done under high and low food concentrations. The animals are assumed to be feeding on green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtti) under the laboratory conditions of 18–20°C. The continuous growth until the end of the life was observed in smaller B. longirostris, whereas rapid growth in the beginning and slower after the start of the reproduction was observed in Daphnia species. The smaller species matured earlier than larger species. B. longirostris population sustained better than Daphnia species in medium food concentrations.
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  • 66
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    Hydrobiologia 417 (2000), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; phylogeny ; larval characters ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The plesiomorphic mode of crustacean development is widely accepted to be via a larva called the nauplius. Extant taxa like the Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Mystacocarida, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Ascothoracida, Facetotecta, Euphausiacea and Penaeidea hatch from an egg as a free-living nauplius. Other crustaceans show an embryonic phase of development suggestive of a naupliar organization. Several features of the nauplius larva have been proposed as diagnostic characters for the Crustacea: a median (nauplius) eye; at least three pairs of head appendages (antennules, antennae, mandibles); a posteriorly directed fold (the labrum) extending over the mouth and a cephalic (nauplius) shield. The relationship between trilobite protaspis with at least four appendages and the crustacean nauplius remains unclear, but reports of a copepod orthonauplius with four appendages are rejected. Swimming is suggested to represent the underived mode of locomotion for the crustacean nauplius, and that naupliar swimming directly results in naupliar feeding which also is underived.
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  • 67
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    Hydrobiologia 420 (2000), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: chromosomes ; evolution ; nucleolar organizer region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The number of cytogenetic studies of marine fish has increased in recent years. Fish groups, such as Perciformes, which comprises many of the extant marine teleosts of economic importance, show little divergence in chromosome number and most species display a diploid number of 48 acrocentric chromosomes. In the Serranidae, Sparidae, Sciaenidae (Perciformes) and Mugilidae (Mugiliformes) small chromosome variations are restricted to subtle heterochromatin or nucleolar organizer region (NOR) modifications. There appears to exist a strict relationship between both absence of geographic barriers throughout the marine environment and high mobility of these animals (eggs, larvae, or adults), with a rarity of chromosome rearrangement at the macrostructural level. Moreover, a cellular homeostasis might also be important to karyotype maintenance among these fishes, limiting changes in the chromosome complement to cryptic chromosome rearrangements. Other groups, such as Blenniidae, Gobiidae and Scorpaenidae, for instance, show more extensive chromosome diversity, which is probably related to limited mobility. Numerical and structural chromosome polymorphisms and several sexual chromosome systems are recurrent among these fishes. A wide karyotypic diversification also characterizes the Tetraodontiformes, an interesting fish group with peculiar morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics.
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  • 68
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    Hydrobiologia 420 (2000), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phylogeny ; evolution ; allozymes ; rDNA ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first application of molecular systematics to sponges was in the 1980s, using allozyme divergence to dis-criminate between conspecific and congeneric sponge populations. Since this time, a fairly large database has been accumulated and, although the first findings seemed to indicate that sponge species were genetically more divergent than those of other marine invertebrates, a recent review of the available dataset indicates that levels of interspecific gene identities in most sponges fall within the normal range found between species of other invertebrates. Nevertheless, some sponge genera have species that are extremely divergent from each other, suggesting a possible polyphyly of these genera. In the 1990s, molecular studies comparing sequences of ribosomal RNA have been used to reappraise the phylogenetic relationships among sponge genera, families, orders and classes. Both the 18S small subunit and the 28S large subunit rRNA genes have been sequenced (41 complete or partial and 75 partial sequences, respectively). Sequences of 18S rRNA show good support for Porifera being true Metazoa, but they are not informative for resolving relationships among genera, families or orders. 28S rRNA domains D1 and D2 appear to be more informative for the terminal nodes and provide resolution for internal topologies in sufficiently closely related species, but the deep nodes between orders or classes cannot be resolved using this molecule. Recently, a more conserved gene, Hsp70, has been used to try to resolve the relationships in the deep nodes. Metazoan monophyly is very well supported. Nevertheless, the divergence between the three classes of Porifera, as well as the divergence between Porifera, Cnidaria and Ctenophora, is not resolved. Research is in progress using other genes such as those of the homeodomain, the tyrosine kinase domain, and those coding for the aggregation factor. For the moment the dataset for these genes is too restricted to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of these phyla. However, whichever the genes, the phylogenies obtained suggest that Porifera could be paraphyletic and that the phylogenetic relationships of most of the families and orders of the Demospongiae have to be reassessed. The Calcarea and Hexactinellida are still to be studied at the molecular level.
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  • 69
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    Environmental biology of fishes 57 (2000), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: parental care ; feeding behaviour ; evolution ; trade-off ; individual differences ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The function of the fin digging behaviour in increasing food availability for the offspring was analysed in the convict cichlid, Cichlasoma (Archocentrus) nigrofasciatum. Consistent individual differences in the frequency of fin digging were found in the parental fish. Examination of the gastrointestinal tract of young revealed that higher frequency of parental fin digging was associated with higher consumption of large and more profitable prey (Diptera larvae), which inhabited deep horizons of the bottom substrate and possibly were difficult to access without parental assistance. Thus, parental fin digging was initially associated with a significant increase of the offspring growth rate. However, at later brood intervals, when parental care ceased, the young of the high-digging parents were characterised by a poorer consumption of small larvae that were most accessible for them without parental aid and represented an increasingly more important component of their ration than large larvae. Offspring of the low-digging parents, on the other hand, presumably as a result of their individual experience, showed a considerably better consumption of small larvae, increasing their growth rate. As a consequence, prior parental fin digging did not affect the offspring body size after independence. Thus, there exist pronounced individual differences and alternative parental styles in the convict cichlid.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cyprinidae ; piscivores ; prey fish ; small barbs ; species flock ; evolution ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endemic cyprinid species flock in Lake Tana consists of 15 species of large hexaploid barbs, eight of which are piscivorous. Previously, it was assumed that all piscivores preyed on the same small barb species, Barbus trispilopleura. In this paper we present a description of morphology and ecology of a new abundant small barb species, Barbus tanapelagius sp. nova (holotype RMNH 33731) from Lake Tana, Ethiopia, which appears to be the major prey species for the large pelagic piscivorous barbs. B. tanapelagius differs clearly in morphology from the other 3 small, diploid Barbus species known from Lake Tana, B. trispilopleura Boulenger, 1902, B. humilis Boulenger, 1902 and B. pleurogramma Boulenger, 1902. Conspicuous differences are its elongated body, large eye diameter, prominent and hooked lower jaw contour and colouration. Preliminary data suggest that B. tanapelagius also differs ecologically from the other small Barbus spp. by its pelagic, strictly zooplanktivorous feeding and its occurrence mainly in the deeper, offshore waters. The other small Barbus species are most probably largely benthic feeders and dominant in the shallow inshore waters. Previous views about the evolution of the present 8 endemic piscivorous large barb species therefore require reconsideration, as the present paper shows a more complex scenario including several prey species.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: evolution ; genetic resources ; RAPDs ; seed protein electrophoresis ; taxonomy ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic diversity of 58 wild and weedy populations representing taxa within the V. sativa aggregate from the former USSR, 4 cultivars of V. sativa, 2 accessions of V. cordata and 3 accessions of V. macrocarpa from Mediterranean countries were analysed using randomly amplified DNA fragments (RAPDs) and seed protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Interspecific variation between taxa in the V. sativa aggregate could readily be detected using both techniques. RAPDs and seed protein patterns were found to be an effective means of identifying accessions that cannot be identified clearly by morphological criteria alone. RAPD and seed protein analysis revealed a clear relationship between observed genetic variation of populations and their geographical distribution. Populations from each region had their own gene pools. Geographical variation was detected in V. segetalis. The degree of genetic divergence between local populations was usually related to proximity. In several locations where wild and weedy populations of different V. sativa agg. taxa grow sympatrically, intermediate forms could be detected at the DNA and protein levels. Both RAPD and seed protein analysis support the view that the V. sativa aggregate consists of 8 taxa warranting recognition at the species level. Several species in this aggregate are evolving intra-specific groups which can readily be detected at the molecular level.
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  • 72
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 385-393 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Citrullus lanatus ; cluster analysis ; evolution ; morphology ; watermelon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological data recorded from field trials using Citrullus lanatus germplasm collected in Namibia were used to analyse and compare the various morphotypes of this species. The experiment comprised wild types and local landraces as well as commercial cultivars. Cluster analysis supported the indigenous classification system used in Namibia, in which Citrullus types are distinguished based on gross morphology, ecology and usage and grouped into seed, cooking and fresh-eating (watermelon) types. Commercial watermelon cultivars formed a distinct cluster. Wide variation was found within the local types whereas the genetic basis of the commercial type appears to be narrow. The commercial cultivars were most closely related to local watermelon types and more distantly related to the wild types, whereas the cooking melons form an intermediate group.
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  • 73
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    Hydrobiologia 419 (2000), S. 7-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; palaeontology ; ecology ; genetics ; Ostracoda ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphology, palaeontology, genetics and ecology are the main scientific domains contributing theories, concepts and new data to evolutionary biology. Ostracods are potentially very good model organisms for evolutionary studies because they combine an excellent fossil record with a wide extant distribution and, therefore, allow studies on both patterns and processes leading to extant diversity. This preface provides an overview of the 15 contributions to the present volume and concludes that this set of papers supports the claim that ostracod studies are situated in all main evolutionary domains.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reflecting organ ; upper lip ; Myodocopa ; chemical cues ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multifunctions of the upper lip in a bioluminescent myodocopid Vargula hilgendorfii were studied by video observation and histological method. The localization of luciferin and luciferase gland cells within the upper lip was partly successful. Two long protrusions of the upper lip, both of V. hilgendorfii and a non-luminescent species of the same family, immediately anterior to the mouth, were found to show very flexible movement especially while eating, as if smearing on the food surface a secretion from the protrusions (glands), which may support the hypothesized secretion of digestive enzymes from the upper lip. This hypothesis is further supported by the new finding of a pair of ducts which connect the basal part of the upper lip with the posterior digestive duct (stomach). Comparative studies of V. hilgendorfii with several sympatric non-luminescent species of the same family have also revealed that it has a characteristic reflecting organ immediately posterior to the anus. It is a conical small protrusion, as if dangling from the ventral edge of the abdomen at the apex of the cone. It is observable only in live specimens, when the furca, which is located outwardly to the organ, is sufficiently transparent. When illuminated, the reflecting organ reflects the distinct light. The diameter of the mirror (chemical composition provisionally analyzed) is about 6–8% of the carapace length. The organ develops from the very first stage of its ontogeny without reference to sex, which suggests that the function may be related to intraspecific signaling or predatory deterrence.
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  • 75
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    Hydrobiologia 419 (2000), S. 31-63 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; ontogeny ; Ostracoda ; evolution ; fifth limb ; crustacean phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chaetotaxy (shape, structure and distribution of setae) of appendages and valve allometry during the post embryonic ontogeny of the cyprididine ostracod Eucypris virens are described. It is shown that the basic ontogenetic development of E. virens is very similar to that of other species of the family Cyprididae. During ontogeny, the chaetotaxy shows continual development on all podomeres of the limbs with the exception of the last podomere on the antennulae. The long setae on the exopodite and protopodite of the antennae have a natatory function until the actual natatory setae develop in later instars. Aesthetascs (presumed chemoreceptors) ya and y3 are the first to develop and may have an important function in the first instars. Cyprididae require a pediform limb in the posterior of the body presumably to help them to attach to substrates and this is reflected by the pediform nature of one limb at all times throughout all instars. This study has also shown that the fifth limb is most probably of thoracic origin and hence ostracods have only one pair of maxillae.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll a ; Chl a-binding protein ; evolution ; light-harvesting complex ; LHC I ; Porphyridium cruentum ; reconstitution ; red alga ; zeaxanthin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Porphyridium cruentum light harvesting complex (LHC) binds Chl a, zeaxanthin and β-carotene and comprises at least 6 polypeptides of a multigene family. We describe the first in vitro reconstitution of a red algal light-harvesting protein (LHCaR1) with Chl a/carotenoid extracts from P. cruentum. The reconstituted pigment complex (rLHCaR1) is spectrally similar to the native LHC I, with an absorption maximum at 670 nm, a 77 K fluorescence emission peak at 677 nm (ex. 440 nm), and similar circular dichroism spectra. Molar ratios of 4.0 zeaxanthin, 0.3 β-carotene and 8.2 Chl a per polypeptide for rLHCaR1 are similar to those of the native LHC I complex (3.1 zeaxanthin, 0.5 β-carotene, 8.5 Chl a). The binding of 8 Chl a molecules per apoprotein is consistent with 8 putative Chl-binding sites in the predicted transmembrane helices of LHCaR1. Two of the putative Chl a binding sites (helix 2) in LHCaR1 were assigned to Chl b in Chl a/b-binding (CAB) LHC II [Kühlbrandt et al. (1994) Nature 367: 614–21]. This suggests either that discrimination for binding of Chl a or Chl b is not very specific at these sites or that specificity of binding sites evolved separately in CAB proteins. LHCaR1 can be reconstituted with varying ratios of carotenoids, consistent with our previous observation that the carotenoid to Chl ratio is substantially higher in P. cruentum grown under high irradiance. Also notable is that zeaxanthin does not act as an accessory light-harvesting pigment, even though it is highly likely that it occupies the position assigned to lutein in the CAB LHCs.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: anatomy ; C3 and C4 photosynthesis ; Chenopodiaceae ; cotyledon ; deserts ; evolution ; leaf ; Salsola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: evolution ; glutamine synthetase ; sequences ; subunit composition ; Trientalis europaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ion-exchange chromatography of extracts from Trientalis europaea L. leaf tissue have been shown to contain two distinct isoforms of glutamine synthetase (GS). However, analysis by Western blotting has shown that the first peak to elute contains a mixture of large and small GS subunits, whilst the second peak is comprised entirely of a smaller subunit. This is contrary to the widespread assumptions concerning plant GS biochemistry. Isolation of intact chloroplasts and subsequent extraction of GS, followed by ion-exchange chromatography, has shown that the first peak to elute contains a large subunit, and the second chloroplastic peak is composed entirely of the small subunit. This smaller subunit may be present due to it being encoded by a separate chloroplastic GS gene, or it may be present as a product of post-translational modification. DNA sequencing has been used to try and determine which of these may be occurring. The three partial DNA sequences (505 nucleotides) we have obtained from T. europaea have been compared with 64 other sequences available on the NCBI database, which have mainly been obtained from crop species. Neighbour joining and parsimony analysis (1000 bootstrap) has shown support (∼30%) for the separation of plant GS from all other phyla. Within the plant phylum, there is total support for the separation of chloroplastic and cytosolic GS (100%), whilst the cytosolic sequences divide further into monocot and dicot species (77% support by NJ). Further subgroups of plants from the same families is also suggested. This is consistent with previous work containing fewer, but longer (∼1000 nucleotides) GS sequences. The addition of GS sequences obtained from wild plant species, such as T. europaea, to the large amount of information already available on the database, will permit a better understanding of the evolution of this important enzyme.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: ancient endogenous provirus ; evolution ; retrotransposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new family of murine endogenous proviruses (VL6.0) is described here. The intact provirus is near 6 kb in length and shows a genomic organization of 5" LTR, gag, pol, env, and 3" LTR. The primer binding site (PBS) is that of a tRNAgly. The lack of functional open reading frames and occurrence of significant gaps in most, if not all, members of this group show it to be ancient. Our estimate of copy number per haploid genome is 30+. Members of this group have been isolated from Mus musculus domesticus, M. m. casteneus, M. m. hortulanus, M. caroli, and M. spretus. The occurrence of these sequences throughout such diverse members of the genus Mus may indicate that the date of the original infection predated the divergence of the extant Mus lineages at around 2.5 million years ago. Analysis of gap (deletion/insertion) patterns indicates that these sequences may have proliferated within the Mus genome by a mechanism of reverse transcriptase-mediated transposition. As yet, there are no closely related murine retroviruses described. The closest mammalian retrovirus based on sequence similarity is from the miniature swine (Sus scrofa).
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 385 (2000), S. 207-212 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Hemangiopericytoma ; Bone neoplasms ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular tumor of pericyte origin with variable malignant potential. Very rarely, this tumor occurs as a primary bone lesion. We present a case of a highly malignant hemangiopericytoma of the proximal tibia. Current therapy consists of radical resection of the tumor with postoperative radiation therapy being recommended. Chemotherapy seems to be useful in disseminated disease. The prognosis correlates to the histological grading of the tumor. Early or late recurrence and distant metastases with fatal outcome, as shown in our case study, are not uncommon.
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 385 (2000), S. 246-251 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Sentinel lymph node ; Melanoma ; Therapy ; Diagnosis ; S100 ; Surgery ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The concept of Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection (SLND) has strongly influenced the surgical approach towards primary melanoma in the last decade. Initiated by the disappointing results of elective lymph node dissection (ELND) in this malignancy, the concept of analyzing the first draining lymph node (Sentinel) of a regional basin was developed as a diagnostic means to avoid unnecessary ELND in case of negative SLNs. According to recent standards detection of the SLN should be performed by a triple approach: injection of 90 nm Technetium and patent blue in the periphery of the primary melanoma, and intraoperative tracing of radioactivity with the aid of a hand-held gamma probe. Histopathological examination of alternating series sections of the whole lymph node appears to be the best analytic approach. Molecular biologic procedures such as tyrosinase RT-PCR are time-consuming to perform and produce contradictory results. SLND for cutaneous melanoma is an interdisciplinary diagnostic approach involving surgery, dermatology, pathology, and nuclear medicine. In spite of a variety of published promising results derived from clinical trials ranging from a few dozens to several hundred included patients the diagnostic and prognostic value of SLND remains to be confirmed by ongoing controlled prospective clinical trials. At this stage, SLND can by no means be considered a therapeutic procedure. These aspects have to be kept in mind when informed consent is obtained from patients as well as in the individual determination of the risk-benefit ratio.
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    Gefässchirurgie 5 (2000), S. 188-191 
    ISSN: 1434-3932
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Venöses Poplitealaneurysma ; Differentialdiagnose ; Knieschmerz ; Therapie ; Keywords Popliteal venous aneurysm ; Differential diagnosis ; Knee pain ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract  A rare cause of painful swelling of the knee cavity can be an aneurysm of the popliteal vein. Only 28 cases are reported in the literature. We treated a 20-year-old male patient who underwent three arthroscopies, one operation and one MRI; finally, phlebography detected a popliteal vein aneurysm and a malformation of the deep venous system of the popliteal and proximal calf veins. To avoid the threat of pulmonary embolism a resection of the aneurysm with interposition of a venous autograft was performed. Twelve months after the operation the patient is free of symptoms with a patent autograft.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung  Eine seltene Ursache schmerzhafter Schwellungen in der Kniekehle kann ein Aneurysma der V. poplitea sein. Bisher wurden 28 Fälle dieser Fehlbildung in der Weltliteratur beschrieben. Wir sahen einen 20-jährigen männlichen Patienten, bei dem nach 3 Arthroskopien, einer Arthrotomie und einer MRT durch eine Phlebographie ein venöses Aneurysma der V. poplitea mit venös-aneurysmatischer Malformation der proximalen Unterschenkelvenen festgestellt wurde. Um eine potentiell tödliche Lungenembolie zu vermeiden, erfolgte die Resektion mit Interposition der kontralateralen gedoppelten V. saphena magna. 12 Monate nach der Operation hat der Patient bei duplexsonographisch gutem Flow im Interponat keine Beschwerden.
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S142 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Tumoren im Kopf-Hals-Bereich ; Therapie ; DÖSAK-Richtlinien ; Key words ; Tumors in the head and neck area ; Therapy ; DÖSAK guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Surgery is still the primary therapeutic approach in treatment of tumors in the head and neck area, dating back to the early nineteenth century. More than 150 years ago, hemimaxillectomies and mandibular resections as well as hemiglossectomies were already performed by leading surgeons. The block principle we are now following dates back to Crile, who also established the principle of cervical lymph node dissection. Ablative oncologic surgery has always been closely linked with plastic and reconstructive surgery, rendering radical surgical interventions possible without disfiguring patients. The development of facial reconstructive surgery proceeded in stages, in the first instance as secondary reconstruction using tube pedicled flaps. The change to the concept of primary reconstruction occurred via arterialized skin flaps and myocutaneous flaps to the widely accepted and performed free tissue transfer. Free bone grafting, inaugurated earlier and still representing the majority of bone grafting, has been supplemented for certain reconstructive purposes by free vascularized bone transfer from various donor sites. Although the five-year-survival rate of carcinoma of the oral cavity has remained unchanged in the past 30 years, distinctive improvements in tumor surgery can be recorded. This is primarily based on improved diagnostics such as modern imaging techniques and the refinement of surgical techniques. The DÖSAK has worked out distinctive guidelines for effective ablative oncologic surgery. Surgical approaches offering wide exposure and carrying low morbidity play a decisive role in radical resections. For this reason, midfacial degloving offers an essential improvement for the resection of midface tumors, especially from an aesthetic point of view. Tumors situated deep behind the viscerocranium at the skull base can be clearly exposed either through a lateral approach following a temporary osteotomy of the mandibular ramus or a transmandibular, transmaxillar, or transfacial approach with minimal morbidity. Concerning the concept of neck dissection, radical techniques are more and more abandoned in favor of a more conservative procedure. Actual inquiries concerning present surgical procedures as to the surgical strategy in “No-neck” or marginal and segmental resection in mandibular adherent carcinomas demand scientific clarification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zentrum der Behandlung von Tumoren im Kopf-Hals-Bereich steht immer noch die Chirurgie, deren Ansätze weit in das 19. Jahrhundert zurückreichen. Schon vor weit über 150 Jahren wurden durch wegweisende Chirurgen Halbseitenresektionen des Ober- und Unterkiefers sowie der Zunge durchgeführt. Das heute von uns verfolgte Blockprinzip geht auf Crile zurück, der auch die Prinzipien der Halslymphknotenausräumung festschrieb. Eng verknüpft mit der Tumorchirurgie war stets die plastische und rekonstruktive Chirurgie, die radikalchirurgische Eingriffe ohne Entstellung der Patienten erst ermöglichte. Die Entwicklung der wiederherstellenden Gesichtschirurgie verlief in Phasen, zunächst als sekundäre Rekonstruktion mittels Rundstiellappen. Der Wandel zur primären Wiederherstellung vollzog sich über arterialisierte Hautfettlappen und die Myokutanlappen bis zum heute aktuellen mikrovaskulär anastomosierten Gewebetransfer. Die schon früh inaugurierte und heute noch praktizierte freie Knochentransplantation wurde für spezielle Indikationen durch den mikrochirurgischen Knochentransfer aus verschiedenen Spenderregionen ergänzt. Obwohl die 5-Jahres-Überlebensraten für das Mundhöhlenkarzinom in den letzten ¶30 Jahren stagnieren, sind heute doch deutliche Fortschritte in der Tumorchirurgie zu verzeichnen. Diese beruhen zunächst auf einer verbesserten Diagnostik durch die modernen bildgebenden Verfahren und die Weiterentwicklung der Operationsverfahren. Für eine erfolgreiche Tumorchirurgie hat der DÖSAK klare Richtlinien erarbeitet. Für eine radikale Tumorresektion spielen übersichtliche und wenig destruierende Zugangswege eine entscheidende Rolle. So brachte für die Tumoren des Oberkiefers das Midfacial degloving eine wesentliche Verbesserung, insbesondere auch aus ästhetischer Sicht. Versteckt hinter dem Gesichtsschädel liegende Tumoren an der Schädelbasis lassen sich entweder über einen lateralen Zugang nach temporärer Osteotomie des Unterkieferasts oder transmandibulär, transmaxillär oder transfazial übersichtlich ohne Destruktionen darstellen. Bezüglich der Halslymphknotenausräumung ist eine Abkehr vom radikalen zum konservativen Vorgehen zu verzeichnen. Derzeit aktuelle chirurgische Fragen, wie das operative Vorgehen beim „N 0 -Hals“ oder Kastenresektion bzw. Kontinuitätsresektion des Unterkiefers bei der Mandibula adhärenten Karzinomen, bedürfen einer wissenschaftlichen Klärung.
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S177 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Malignes Melanom ; Inzidenz ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Key words ; Malignant melanoma ; Incidence ; Diagnostic procedure ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Malignant melanoma is one of the most frequent malignancies of the skin. This is particularly true of malignant melanoma in juveniles. Its incidence has more than doubled from the 1970s to the mid-1990s. Presently, 15 new cases are recorded per 100,000 inhabitants a year in Germany. At Fachklinik Hornheide, a tumor center specializing in skin neoplasm with patients being referred from all over Germany, the number of melanoma patients treated per year has been approximately 500–¶550 for the past 10 years. In the present study, the state-of-the-art therapy for primary melanoma and treatment of the regional lymph node system is discussed. The radical treatment formerly advocated with wide tumor resection plus radical neck dissection is no longer justified for this immunogenic malignant tumor caused by endogenic as well as exogenic factors. “Sentinel lymph node” imaging by means of radioactive substances for diagnosing possible melanoma metastases in adjacent lymph nodes has changed the therapeutical concept. Tumor staging by means of ultrasound, CT, MRT, or PET allows the differentiation of tumors without distant metastases and a favorable prognosis, from melanomas which have to be considered as generalized disease. In addition to surgical resection of the tumor and neck dissection for removal of lymph nodes, adjuvant immunotherapy with interferon-α is capable of prolonging survival without a recurrence. Palliative chemotherapy or immunotherapy are valuable options for cases with generalized melanoma. Vaccination with a melanoma-associated antigen or dendritic cells is at an experimental stage and may become part of future treatment strategies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das maligne Melanom gehört, insbesondere in jugendlichen Altersgruppen, zu den häufigsten malignen Tumoren der Haut. Seine Inzidenz hat sich von den 70er Jahren bis zur Mitte der 90er mit etwa 15 Fällen/¶100.000 Einwohnern und Jahr mehr als verdoppelt. In der Fachklinik Hornheide, einer Tumorklinik der Haut mit bundesweiten Zuweisungen, hat sich dagegen im letzten Jahrzehnt die Zahl der behandelten Patienten auf etwa 500–550 Fälle pro Jahr stabilisiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll den aktuellen Standard der Therapie der Primärtumoren und der regionären Lymphabflussregion darstellen. Dabei soll vermittelt werden, dass das frühere radikale Behandlungskonzept mit großflächigen lokalen Tumorresektionen und einer radikalen Ausräumung aller Lymphknotenstationen des Halses diesem immunogenen bösartigen Tumor, dessen Entwicklung teils endogenen und teils exogenen Faktoren unterliegt, nicht mehr gerechtfertigt ist. Schon im Bereich der Diagnostik der fraglichen lymphogenen Metastasierung des Melanoms hat die Darstellung des „sentinel-lymph-node“ mit radioaktivem Material eine Änderung des Therapiekonzepts erzwungen. Das Tumorstaging mit Hilfe der Sonographie, der CT-, der MRT- und PET-Untersuchungen vermag prognostisch günstige Tumoren ohne Nachweis von Fernmetastasen von solchen Melanomen zu unterscheiden, die als generalisierte Erkrankung zu bewerten sind. Neben der operativen Entfernung des Tumors und der Ausräumung der Lymphknotenstationen des Halses ist in bestimmten Stadien die adjuvante Immuntherapie mit Interferon α geeignet, das rezidivfreie Überleben zu verlängern. Bei einer Generalisierung besteht die Option einer palliativen Chemo- oder Immunochemotherapie. Experimentelle Behandlungsansätze überprüfen den Einsatz von Vakzinierungsstrategien mit melanomassoziierten Antigenen und dendritischen Zellen.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 570-577 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Keywords Obstructive sleep apnea ; Therapy ; Surgery ; Long-term results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract No recent update is available on long-term results of the various types of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) which can help the physician in evaluating the individually tailored treatment for patients with OSA in the long term. We arbitrarily defined “long-term” results as those after at least 3 years and reviewed the literature from the past 25 years for reports on conservative, apparative, and surgical therapy of OSA in children and adults. Another inclusion criterion was that the diagnosis was also confirmed by polysomnography before treatment and at follow-up. Only relatively few long-term studies meeting the criteria of ‘evidence based medicine’ were found, comparing the findings of these was difficult or impossible due to varying criteria for success. Long-term data were available about the effect of weight reduction, nasal ventilation therapy, oral devices, tonsillectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, maxillomandibular advancement osteotomies, and tracheotomy. After approx. 25 years many treatment modalities in sleep medicine are still experimental concerning the long-term use for the individual. In particular, randomized controlled trials in surgery are lacking. Late results show that at least 50% of patients with OSA can be treated effectively by one or a combination of treatments. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure, tracheotomy, maxillomandibular advancement osteotomy, and tonsillectomy are the most effective treatments of OSA.
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    Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association 4 (2000), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-3637
    Keywords: sexual orientation ; homosexuality ; instinct ; intelligence ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There exists an unfounded and unproven ‘common sense’ belief that human beings possess the innate mechanistic urge to reproduce clearly evident in the behavior of all other sexually reproducing animals. As such, the heterosexual component of human behavior is by and large viewed as being genetic, whereas it is homosexuality that is primarily the focus of scientific investigations into human sexual orientation. A historical review of homosexuality in diverse cultures reveals that significantly many cultures have existed where (male) bisexuality has been rather universal and that all cultures have condemned exclusive homosexuality, either legally or with the threat of social rejection. Neither of these facts can be rationalized using the ballpark ‘10%’ statistic for homosexuality believed to be representative of human beings. This paper will attempt to provide a general underlying explanation for human sexuality as a whole. It will be argued that the varied forms of human sexual expression may be explained to some extent with the view that by virtue of their supreme intelligence, human beings do not possess an instinct to engage in heterosexual intercourse, human sexual orientation is fully determined by environment alone, and that due to rather universal childhood behavioral tendencies, human beings have a bias for acquiring a homosexual orientation over a heterosexual one or a bisexual one. Controlling this dominant homosexual tendency has always been a basic requirement for the propagation of societies.
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    Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association 4 (2000), S. 57-83 
    ISSN: 1573-3637
    Keywords: intelligence ; instinct ; evolution ; sexual orientation ; homosexuality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intelligence is of greater species survival value than instincts over long evolutionary periods. Sufficient increases in the intelligence of a species cause natural selection to favor a corresponding decrease in the species' instinctive makeup. The human line uniquely crossed a threshold of intelligence during evolution that allowed humans to lose their sexual instinct. Devoid of a sexual instinct, human sexual orientation is fully a function of individual experience. Exploratory behaviors that infants innately display involving their own body have the greatest potential to bias the formation of a homosexual orientation. To survive, societies have always had to counter this natural developmental pathway with a social environment that has encouraged heterosexuality and to varying extents restricted the expression of homosexuality.
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    Archives of sexual behavior 29 (2000), S. 1-34 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; birth order ; evolution ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The survival of a human predisposition for homosexuality can be explained by sexual orientation being a polygenetic trait that is influenced by a number of genes. During development these shift male brain development in the female direction. Inheritance of several such alleles produces homosexuality. Single alleles make for greater sensitivity, empathy, tendermindedness, and kindness. These traits make heterosexual carriers of the genes better fathers and more attractive mates. There is a balanced polymorphism in which the feminizing effect of these alleles in heterosexuals offsets the adverse effects. (on reproductive success) of these alleles' contribution to homosexuality. A similar effect probably occurs for genes that can produce lesbianism in females. The whole system survives because it serves to provide a high degree of variability among the personalities of offspring, providing the genotype with diversification and reducing competition among offspring for the same niches. An allele with a large effect can survive in these circumstances in males, but it is less likely to survive in females. The birth order effect on homosexuality is probably a by-product of a biological mechanism that shifts personalities more in the feminine direction in the later born sons, reducing the probability of these sons engaging in unproductive competition with each other.
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    Archives of sexual behavior 29 (2000), S. 35-66 
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: evolution ; sex differences ; language ; visual spatial skills ; Homo erectus ; Cro-Magnon ; inferior parietal lobe ; Broca's area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary neurological and physical foundations for human sex differences in language, sexuality, and visual spatial skills are detailed and primate and human studies are reviewed. Trends in the division of labor were established early in evolution and became amplified with the emergence of the “big brained” Homo erectus. A bigger brain necessitated a size increase in the birth canal and female pelvis. These and other physical changes, e.g., the swelling of the breasts and buttocks, may have paralleled the evolution of full-time sexual receptivity, the establishment of the home base, and exaggerated sex differences in the division of labor (hunting vs. gathering), which in turn promoted innate sex differences in visual spatial vs. language skills. For example, female primates produce more social and emotional vocalizations and engage in more tool use and gathering activities, whereas males tend to hunt and kill. Similar labor divisions are evident over the course of human evolution. “Woman's work” such as child rearing, gathering, and domestic tool construction and manipulation contributed to the functional evolution of Broca's speech area and the angular gyrus—which injects temporal sequences and complex concepts into the stream of language and thought. These activities gave rise, therefore, to a female superiority in grammatical (temporal sequential) vocabulary-rich language. Hunting as a way of life does not require speech but requires excellent visual–spatial skills and, thus, contributed to a male visual–spatial superiority and sex difference in the brain. Over the course of evolution males acquired modern human speech through genetic inheritance and because they had mothers who taught them language.
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    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: evolution ; tides ; sea level ; time series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The increasing use of computers since the 1960s, has implied the digitization of observations in meteorology, oceanography and other observational sciences. Enough data has been accumulated to suggest that some patterns of evolution in the world may be discernable. The present article deals with what appears as changing tides around Canada.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 107 (2000), S. 559-571 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: nonlocal conditions ; mild solutions ; evolution ; controllability ; fixed points
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we establish sufficient conditions for the controllability ofsecond-order differential inclusions in Banach spaces with nonlocalconditions. We rely on a fixed-point theorem for condensing maps due toMartelli.
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    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 286-292 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Hypertensive Krise ; Hypertensiver Notfall ; Hypertensive Dringlichkeit ; Komplikationen ; Therapie ; Ursachen ; Key Words: Hypertensive emergency and urgency ; Etiology ; Complications ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Hypertensive crisis is defined as an extreme elevation of arterial blood pressure, with diastolic pressure 〉 120 mm Hg, and represents an imminent risk to the patient. In such cases, a rapid orientating diagnosis and adequate antihypertensive treatment to avoid sequelae are needed, sometimes even before diagnostic test are completed. Hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive urgencies can be distinguished. If the critical increase in blood pressure is associated with end-organ damage such as encephalopathy, acute left heart failure and pulmonary edema, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction or dissecting aortic aneurysm, a hypertensive emergency is presnet, that is an acute threat to the patient's life. A hypertensive emergency requires effective lowering of blood pressure within minutes, but not necessarily to normal range. The choice of suitable antihypertensive agents depends on clinical symptoms, contraindications, duration of pressure elevation and underlying conditions, prior cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal disorders. The risk of imminent end-organ damage must be weighed against the risk of rapid blood pressure lowering. In hypertensive urgencies without end-organ complications, blood pressure can be lowered more slowly over several hours, often with oral agents to avoid detrimental fall in blood pressure. The drugs of choice are mainly urapidil IV and nitroglycerine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die hypertensive Krise stellt mit ihren kardialen, zerebralen und renalen Folgeerscheinungen eine potentiell lebensbedrohliche Komplikation der arteriellen Hypertonie dar. Bei einem hypertensiven Notfall (emergency), der den Patienten vital gefährdet, geht der kritische Blutdruckanstieg mit Organschä,den wie der Enzephalopathie, einer akuten Linksherzinsuffizienz, Angina pectoris, Herzinfarkt oder einem dissezierenden Aortenaneurysma einher. Der hypertensive Notfall erfordert eine umgehende effektive Blutdrucksenkung innerhalb von Minuten. Liegt eine Dringlichkeit (urgency) vor, bei der die oben genannten Folgeerscheinungen und Symptome bei stark erhöhten Blutdruckwerten fehlen, reicht eine langsame Absenkung des arteriellen Blutdrucks über mehrerer Stunden aus. Die Auswirkung der Hypertonie auf die Zielorganfunktion muß gegen das Risiko einer exzessiven Blutdrucksenkung abgewogen werden. Das Ausmaß der notwendigen Drucksenkung sowie die Wahl des geeigneten Antihypertensivums werden durch die klinische Symptomatik, Kontraindikationen, Dauer und Ausmaß der Blutdrucksteigerung und die zugrundeliegenden Vorerkrankungen des Patienten bestimmt. Eine zu langsame, aber auch eine zu rasche Blutdrucksenkung können zu schwerwiegenden Folgeschäden führen. Bei einer hypertensiven Dringlichkeit ohne Endorgankomplikationen ist meist eine allmähliche Blutdrucksenkung mir oral verabreichten Antihypertensiva ausreichend. Mittel der Wahl sind Urapidil intravenös und Nitroglycerin.
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    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 527-532 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Morbus Castleman ; Angiofollikuläre Lymphknotenhyperplasie ; Pathologie ; Präsentation/Klinik ; Therapie ; Pathogenese ; Key Words Castleman's disease ; Angiofollucular lymph node hyperplasia ; Pathology ; Presentation ; Therapy ; Pathogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: The term “Castleman's diseas” (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) comprises a heterogeneous clinicopathologic entity among lymphoproliferative disorders. Case Report: We present a rare case with retroperitoneal manifestations, and discuss several aspects of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, the clinical course and therapy of the disease. Finally, we summarize the actual knowledge about the pathogenesis of Castleman's disease.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Als Morbus Castleman (angiofollikuläre Lymphknotenhyperplasie) wird ein heterogenes, histologisch definiertes Krankheitsbild aus der Gruppe der lymphoproliferativen Krankheiten bezeichnet. Fallbeschreibung: Anhand eines seltenen Falles mit retroperitonealer Präsentation werden die verschiedenen klinischen Manifestationen und Verlaufsformen dargelegt sowie Hinweise für Diagnose, Differentialdiagnose und Therapie gegeben. Die heutigen, unvollständigen Kenntnisse der Pathophysiologie werden zusammengefaßt.
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    Medizinische Klinik 95 (2000), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 1615-6722
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Renovaskuläre Hypertonie ; Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Key Words: Renovascular hypertension ; Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Renovascular hypertension as a secondary form of hypertension can be improved or cured in many cases by interventional radiology or vascular surgery. Basis: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the development of hypertension are linked in renovascular hypertension. Clinical Appearance: Early clinical symptoms are of special interest in diagnosing renovascular hypertension. Diagnosis and Therapy: Nowadays, angioplasty or stenting have mostly replaced surgery in view of treatment of renovascular hypertension. Conclusion: Renovascular hypertension, if diagnosed early, can be improved or cured in many cases regarding hypertension and/or renal insufficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Der renovaskulären Hypertonie kommt besondere Bedeutung zu, da sie als sekundäre Hypertonieform durch interventionell-radiologische oder gefäßchirurgische Maßnahmen in vielen Fällen erfolgreich therapierbar und zum Teil auch heilbar ist. Grundlagen: Die Entstehung einer renovaskulären Hypertonie ist ursä,chlich mit dem Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System verknüpft. Klinik: Klinische Hinweise bzw. Krankheitszustände sind von großer Bedeutung für die frühzeitige klinische Verdachtsdiagnose einer renovaskulären Hypertonie. Diagnostik und Therapie: Eine renovaskuläre Hypertonie kann interventionell-radiologisch (Angioplastie oder Stentversorgung), chirurgisch oder medikamentös therapiert werden. Schlußfolgerung: Eine renovaskuläre Hypertonie kann bei frühzeitiger Diagnosestellung unter den Gesichtspunkten Hypertonie und Niereninsuffizienz in vielen Fällen geheilt oder gebessert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
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    Springer
    Neural processing letters 11 (2000), S. 29-38 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Keywords: evolution ; online ; game ; neural ; network ; genetic ; real-time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In standard neuro-evolution, a population of networks is evolved in a task, and the network that best solves the task is found. This network is then fixed and used to solve future instances of the problem. Networks evolved in this way do not handle real-time interaction very well. It is hard to evolve a solution ahead of time that can cope effectively with all the possible environments that might arise in the future and with all the possible ways someone may interact with it. This paper proposes evolving feedforward neural networks online to create agents that improve their performance through real-time interaction. This approach is demonstrated in a game world where neural-network-controlled individuals play against humans. Through evolution, these individuals learn to react to varying opponents while appropriately taking into account conflicting goals. After initial evaluation offline, the population is allowed to evolve online, and its performance improves considerably. The population not only adapts to novel situations brought about by changing strategies in the opponent and the game layout, but it also improves its performance in situations that it has already seen in offline training. This paper will describe an implementation of online evolution and shows that it is a practical method that exceeds the performance of offline evolution alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Springer
    International journal of historical archaeology 4 (2000), S. 71-112 
    ISSN: 1573-7748
    Keywords: evolution ; archaeology ; natural selection ; classification ; style ; function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology
    Notes: Abstract Over the past decade or so, an increasing number of archaeologists have begun to show interest in employing Darwinian evolutionary theory to explain variations in the material record. Epistemological and methodological issues surrounding the implementation of Darwinian evolutionism in archaeology are numerous, the most basic of which is that Darwinism embodies a materialist perspective, whereas archaeology traditionally has maintained an essentialist outlook. Stemming from this dichotomy are fundamental differences in such things as how units are created and how they are used to measure change. As archaeologists grapple with these issues, specific examples of how Darwinian evolutionism can be used to build historical narratives and create historical explanations are appearing with more frequency, but with few exceptions, proponents have focused specifically on the prehistoric record. This gives the impression that Darwinian evolutionism is not applicable to the more-recent material record, which is decidedly not the case. The kind of evolutionism proposed here transcends the age of the record under investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Journal of happiness studies 1 (2000), S. 323-349 
    ISSN: 1573-7780
    Keywords: progress ; quality of life ; happiness ; optimism ; pessimism ; social indicators ; forecasting ; world view ; evolution ; development.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that both the relativist and the pessimist critiques of the idea of progress are inadequate. Progress is defined as increase in global quality of life (QOL). Such QOL is intrinsically subjective, but not relative. It can be reliably measured through “life satisfaction”-type questions. The “World Database of Happiness” provides extensive data on social, economic and psychological factors that correlate with overall QOL. They include wealth, health, security, knowledge, freedom and equality. Various statistical data suggest that all these QOL indicators have undergone significant improvements during the last half century, in most of the world. This gives strong support to the thesis that progress objectively occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Journal of happiness studies 1 (2000), S. 351-374 
    ISSN: 1573-7780
    Keywords: progress ; quality of life ; optimism ; pessimism ; social indicators ; world view ; evolution ; development ; global change ; information overload.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to update the 18th century concept of progress by an evolutionary theoretical framework, while replying to some of the contemporary critiques. Progress, understood as increase in fitness (or its proxy, quality of life) necessarily accompanies evolution by natural selection. In socio-cultural evolution, this mechanism is reinforced by growth of knowledge and virtuous cycles, but can be accompanied by negative side-effects such as overshooting and parasitism. The most pressing of the contemporary side-effects, such as pollution and the increased pace of life, are discussed, but it is concluded that they can be tackled without really endangering global progress. The anxiety that they engender is unfortunately amplified by a “bad news” bias in the media, leading to an inappropriately pessimistic view of the situation by the public.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: biogeography ; calmodulin ; DNA sequence ; elongation factor EF-1α ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within theGibberella fujikuroi species complex were extended to newly discovered strains using nucleotide characters obtained by sequencing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA from 4 loci used in a previous study [nuclear large subunit 28S rDNA, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, mitochondriaal small subunit (mtSSU) ribosomal DNA, and β-tubulin] together with two newly sampled protein-encoding nuclear genes, translation elongation factor EF-1α and calmodulin. Sequences from the ribosomal ITS region were analyzed separately and found to contain of two highly divergent, nonorthologous ITS2 types. Phylogenetic analysis of the individual and combined datasets identified 10 new phylogenetically distinct species distributed among the following three areas: 2 within Asia and 4 within both Africa and South America. Hypotheses of the monophyly ofFusarium subglutinans and its two formae speciales, f. sp.pini and f. sp.ananas, were strongly rejected by a likelihood analysis. Maximum parsimony results further indicate that the protein-encoding nuclear genes provide considerably more phylogenetic signal that the ribosomal genes sequenced. Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis was used to detect long-branch attraction taxa and to obtain a statistical measure of phylogenetic signal in the individual and combined datasets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ascomycota ; evolution ; pyrenomycetes ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the systematic position of the unitunicate pyremomycetePapulosa amerospora, we performed phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences from 37 ascomycetes. Among these sequences were some new ones from taxa that might be related toPapulosa: Hyponectriaceae (Hyponectria buxi, Monographella nivalis), Phyllachorales (Phyllachora graminis), and Xylariales (Barrmaelia melanotes, Poronia punctata). Our results showed 100% bootstrap support for a clade of all unitunicate pyrenomycetes, the class Sordariomycetes. We also found strong support for recognizing the subclasses Hypocreomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae. The remaining taxa, belonging to subclass Sordariomycetidae, appeared as a polyphyletic group in one analysis, but was monophyletic when shorter SSU sequences were used.Barrmaelia melanotes, Poronia punctata, Hyponectria buxi, andMonographella nivalis are members of Xylariomycetidae, but we could not determine whetherMonographella should be included in Hyponectriaceae. The new family Papulosaceae is erected forPapulosa on molecular and morphological bases, but the exact systematic position ofPapulosa within subclass Sordariomycetidae is still uncertain, since the genus did not cluster consistently with any of the included taxa. Phyllachorales are not closely related to Diaporthales, as previously suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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