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  • 101
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Liquordynamik ; Aquädukt ; Quantifizierung ; MRT ; Phasenkontrast ; Normalwerte ; Key Words: CSF dynamics ; Aqueduct ; Quantification ; MRI ; Phase contrast ; Normal values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: With the 2D-phase-contrast technique the volume flow of the CSF via the cerebral aqueduct can be quantified by MRI-means. In this study the stroke volume of CSF via the aqueduct per cardiac cycle (SVcc) is used to measure the extent of the volume flow. Normative values for the SVcc are not yet defined, however, they are indispensable for the clinical utility of this non-invasive method. The aim of the presented investigation is to evaluate, if the interthalamic width of the third ventricle is useful as a reference system for the extent of the SVcc via the aqueduct and if a normal CSF-flow can be defined. Hundred and seven patients (56 female, 51 male; age distribution 8 to 89 years) without clinical or imaging findings of a CSF-flow disturbance were examined on a standard 0.5 T MRI-scanner (Gyroscan, Philips). The measurements of the SVcc via the aqueduct were performed in a single slice perpendicular to the aqueduct in the level of its median third with a retrospective cardial-gated quantitative 2D-phase-contrast sequence. The interthalamic width of the third ventricle was measured in a transversal slice (bicommissural orientation, standard T1-weighted spin-echo sequence) in the level of the upper margin of the tectorial membrane. In 83 patients with a normal heart rate and without any further abnormalities in their imaging studies the SVcc is essentially dependent (r = 0.822) on the interthalamic width of the third ventricle (between 1 and 16 mm). Eleven patients with either a subcortical atrophy without leucencephalopathy, megacisterna magna, Dandy-Walker variant or bradycardia showed a significant increase of the SVcc (p 〈 0.05). On the other hand a significant decrease of the SVcc (p 〈 0.05) is seen in 13 patients with either tachycardia, Arnold-Chiari Type-1 malformation, relative aqueductal stenosis and/or severe periventricular leucencephalopathy. These results are in good agreement with the current conceptions on the physiology of the CSF-flow. As the above mentioned criterias of influence have ho pathological significance concerning a CSF-flow disturbance requiring therapy, we used the linear regression with y = B1*× +b0 (b1 = 22.2 ± 2.9; b0 = 43,5 ± 21.1) in all 107 patients to evaluate the extent of the SVcc (y) versus the interthalamic width of the third ventricle (x). This correlation offers the possibility to differentiate a hyperdynamic (above +3 standard error SE), a hypodynamic (below −3 SE) and a normodynamic (between ± 3 SE) CSF-flow via the cerebral aqueduct for the first time. Additional imaging findings and the heart rate must find their influence in the evaluation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Mit Hilfe der 2D-Phasenkontrasttechik kann der Volumenfluss des Liquors über dem Aquädukt magnetresonanztomographisch quantifiziert werden. Als Maß für die Höhe des Volumenflusses dient in vorgestellter Untersuchung das Schlagvolumen pro Herzzyklus (SVcc). Normwerte für die Höhe des SVcc konnten bislang nicht definiert werden. Sie sind jedoch für eine klinische Nutzung dieses nichtinvasiven Verfahrens unerläßlich. Ziel vorliegender Untersuchung ist es zu prüfen, ob die interthalamische Weite des dritten Ventrikels als Bezugssystem für die Höhe des SVcc über dem Aquädukt geeignet ist und sich ein normaler Liquorfluss definieren läßt. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten bei 107 Patienten (56 Frauen, 51 Männer im Alter von acht bis 89 Jahren) ohne klinische und bildmorphologische Hinweise auf eine Liquorzirkulationsstörung an einem Standardsystem 0,5 T (Gyroscan, Fa. Philips). Die Messung des SVcc über dem Aquädukt wurde in einer Eizelschicht senkrecht zum Aquädukt in Höhe des mittleren Drittels mit einer retrospektiv kardial getriggerten 2D-quantitativen Phasenkontrastsequenz durchgeführt. Die Messung der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels erfolgte im Transversalschnitt (Bikommissuralebene, Standard-T1-gewichtete SE-Sequenz) in Höhe des Oberrandes der Lamina tecti. Für 83 kardial normofrequente Patienten ohne zusätzliche bildmorphologische Auffälligkeiten wird die Höhe des SVcc maßgeblich von der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels (1 bi 16 mm) bestimmt (r = 0,822). Bei elf Patienten mit einer subkortikal betonten Atrophie ohne Leukenzephalopathie, Megacisterna magna, Dandy-Walker-Variante oder Bradykardie ist das SVcc signifikant erhöht (p 〈 0,05). Dagegen ist das SVcc für 13 Patienten mit Tachykardie, Arnold-Chiari-Malformation Typ 1, relativer Aquäduktestenose und/oder fortgeschrittener periventrikulärer Leukenzephalopathie signifikant erniedrigt (p 〈 0,05). Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich gut mit den geltenden Vorstellungen über die Physiologie des Liquorflusses in Einklang bringen. Da den vorgenannten Einflusskriterien keine pathologische Bedeutung hinsichtlich einer therapiebedürftigen Liquorzirkulationsstörung beigemessen werden kann, nutzen wir zur Bewertung der Höhe des SVcc (y) gegenüber der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels (x) die lineare Regression mit y = b1*× + b0 (b1 = 22,2 ± 2,9; b0 = 43,5 ± 21,1) für alle 107 Patienten. Diese Beziehung gibt erstmals die Möglichkeit, einen hyperdynamen (〉 +3 SE), hypodynamen (〈 −3 SE) und normodynamen (in den Grenzen ± 3SE) Liquorfluss über dem Aquädukt zu differenzieren. In die Bewertung müssen das Vorliegen zusätzlicher bildmorphologischer Einflussfaktoren und die Höhe der Herzfrequenz einfließen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Medulloblastom ; Pubertas praecox ; MRT ; Kontrastmittel ; Key Words: Medulloblastoma ; Subarachnoid metastases ; Precocious puberty ; MRI ; Contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Medulloblastoma, the most frequent pediatric brain tumor, has known propensity for subarachnoid dissemination. Spinal metastases indicate a poor prognosis. Intraventricular spread is much less common. We report a case of primary intraventricular dissemination with precocious puberty as the first clinical symptom due to a metastasis at the infundibulary stalk. This has not been reported so far as initial symptom of a medulloblastoma. Furthermore, we encountered an unusually mild contrast enhancement of the spinal and intraventricular metastases. Delayed scanning after contrast administration and FLAIR sequences proved to be particularly valuable in this case.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Medulloblastome des Kleinhirns sind die häfigsten malignen Hirntumoren im Kindesalter. Ihre Neigung zur Ausbreitung im Subarachnoidalraum ist bekannt und Prognose bestimmend. Wir berichten über den ungewöhnlichen Fall eines Medulloblastoms mit ausgeprägter intraventrikulärer Aussaat. Eine Metastase im Reccessus infundibularis führte hierbei zum Auftreten einer Pubertas praecox als initiales Krankheitssymptom, eine Beobachtung, die bisher nicht beschrieben wurde. Bemerkenswert war zudem die ungewöhnlich schwache Kontrastmittelaufnahme der intraventrikulären und spinalen Metastasen. Für die Diagnostik erwiesen sich FLAIR-Sequenzen und Spätaufnahmen nach Kontrastmittelgabe als besonders wertvoll.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Vena ophthalmica superior ; Thrombose ; Sinus caverosus ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key Words: Superior ophthalmic vein ; Thrombosis ; Sinus cavernosus ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 65-year-old woman with persistant headache since a few weeks is presented. The day before hospitalization there was a sudden onset of protrusio bulbi and progredient swelling of the soft-tissue of the left eye. In the clinical examination left side protrusio bulbi, double-vision, chemosis and swelling of the eye-lid were found. Blood sample showed an elevation of inflammation indicators. MRI and CT revealed a thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein with partial thrombosis of the left cavernous sinus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Eine 65-jährige Patientin stellt sich mit seit Wochen bestehenden Kopfschmerzen vor. Am Tag vor der Aufnahme war morgens akut eine Protrusio bulbi mit einem periorbitalen Ödem aufgetreten. Klinisch fanden sich eine Protrusio bulbi mit Chemosis und Oberlidschwellung links, Doppelbildern sowie einer Erhöhung der Entzündungsparameter. Kernspintomographisch und computertomographisch ließ sich eine Thrombose der Vena ophthalmica superior links mit Teilthrombose des linken Sinus cavernosus nachweisen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 83 (2000), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Achilles tendon moment arm ; MRI ; Maximum voluntary contraction ; In vivo ; Tendon excursion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare in vivo measurement-based Achilles tendon moment arm lengths at rest and during isometric plantarflexion maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using the centre-of-rotation (COR) and the tendon-excursion (TE) methods. Both methods were based on morphometric analysis of sagittal-plane magnetic resonance images of the foot. Using the COR method, moment arms were obtained at ankle angles from 15° of dorsiflexion to 30° of plantarflexion in steps of 15°, digitizing the perpendicular distance from a moving centre of rotation in the tibio-talar joint to the Achilles tendon action line. The TE method was based on measurement of calcaneal displacement along the tibial axis during 15° rotations of the ankle joint, from 30° of dorsiflexion to 45° of plantarflexion. The two methods gave similar estimations at rest varying from 4.3 to 5.6 cm. Using the COR method, the Achilles tendon moment arm during MVC was larger by 1–1.5 cm (22–27%, P 〈 0.01) than the respective resting value. In contrast, no difference (P 〉 0.05) was found between the resting and MVC moment arm estimations of the TE method. The disagreement in moment arms during MVC may be attributed to differences in the assumptions made between the two methods. The TE method has more limitations than the COR method and its estimations during MVC should be treated with caution. Resting Achilles tendon moment arm estimations of the COR method should be multiplied by 1.22–1.27 when maximal isometric plantarflexion joint moments, musculotendon forces and stresses are predicted using modelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: SCLC ; brain matastases ; neurologic asympotomatic ; MRI ; prophylactic radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In this study we evaluated the usefulness of MR-imaging in the detection of asymptomatic brain metastases (BM) at the initial diagnosis in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and studied the follow-up of these patients. Patients and methods. One-hundred and twenty-five patients with SCLC were investigated with MR-imaging. Results. In 112 patients with normal neurological findings, MR-imaging of the brain demonstrated BM in 17 patients (15%). Six of these 17 patients were therefore upgraded to extensive disease (ED). Two of these 17 patients died during chemotherapy because of progressive disease and 3 patients became neurologic symptomatic with progressive disease on MR-imaging of the brain. After completion of chemotherapy a repeated MR-imaging of the brain in the remaining 12 patients showed 1 complete remission, 4 partial remission and 7 progressive disease of the BM. Conclusion. This study showed that at presentation an unexpectedly high percentage of SCLC patients had asymptomatic BM on MR-imaging. We propose that MR-imaging of the brain should be included in the staging of SCLC patients as well for staging, prognosis and therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: astrocytoma ; 201thallium SPECT ; MRI ; MR spectroscopy ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose To compare chemotherapy treatment monitoring in astrocytoma by 201thallium single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and photon magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to evaluate the influence of morphological tumor changes on cerebral 201thallium uptake and metabolic changes in 1H-MRS. Materials and methods Six patients with highly malignant astrocytomas were followed with quantitative 201thallium SPECT, MRI, and 1H-MRS during chemotherapy. Maximum follow-up included six examinations per patient by either method during 18 months. Criteria were set for: (1) regression (≥ 25% tumor reduction), (2) status quo (〈 25% reduction and 〈 25% increase), and (3) progression of disease (≥ 25% tumor increase). Results were compared with the clinical state of disease. Changes of tumor volume, contrast enhancement, necrosis, hemorrhage and edema on MRI were compared to changes in 201thallium uptake volumes and 1H-MRS metabolite ratios. Results Six patients were followed with a total of twenty-four examinations with 201thallium SPECT, MRI and 1H-MRS, respectively, between February 1997 and October 1998. Five patients developed clinical progression of disease, 4 out of 5 cases showed SPECT progression, 4 out of 5 cases MRI progression, and 1 out of 2 interpretable cases 1H-MRS progression at final assessment before clinical deterioration. During the phase of clinically stable disease; (A) the criterion for regression or status quo was met in 10 out of 13 assessments with SPECT, 11 out of 13 with MRI, and 8 out of 9 interpretable 1H-MRS; (B) the criterion for progression was met in 3 out of 13 with SPECT, 2 out of 13 with MRI, and 1 out of 9 interpretable 1H-MRS. The accuracy of SPECT, MRI, and 1H-MRS in identifying changes of tumor burden concordant with patients' clinical course was 78%, 83%, and 82%, respectively. SPECT regression was associated with MRI decrease of tumor size, contrast enhancement, edema and hemorrhage. SPECT progression was associated with MRI increase of the same parameters and the increase of necrosis. 1H-MRS regression was associated with decrease of edema. 1H-MRS progression was associated with increase of tumor size, hemorrhage, and increase or decrease of contrast enhancement. Conclusions Both 201thallium SPECT and 1H-MRS evaluation showed sensitivity for detection of astrocytoma progression. We did not find a higher accuracy of SPECT or MRS than of MRI in astrocytoma chemotherapy monitoring. Treatment induced MRI changes were associated with 201thallium uptake variations. 1H-MRS was difficult to apply for astrocytoma treatment monitoring. Improvements regarding size of measurement area such as multivoxel MRS and fat suppression pulses appeared desirable, and also the use of functional techniques with superior resolution such as dual isotope SPECT. However, our results suggest that 201thallium SPECT and 1H-MRS can provide additional information to MRI for chemotherapy efficacy evaluation in selected cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 47 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: MRI ; spinal cord ; tumor ; intramedullary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The advent of MRI has significantly changed the diagnosis of spinal cord tumors. Standard imaging provides excellent localization and characterization of the tumor in a noninvasive fashion. Exact histologic diagnosis of the two most common tumors, ependymoma and astrocytoma, remains elusive but there are some suggestive imaging characteristics. It is hoped that some of the newer MR imaging sequences will improve characterization of the tumor and thereby influence therapy. Several of these pulse sequences are already used routinely in brain imaging. Evaluation of new imaging sequences in the spine has lagged behind brain MR imaging, mainly due to technical factors. Work on animal spine models and extrapolation from brain imaging studies suggest that it is only a matter of time before some of these techniques become clinically relevant.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain ; brain tumors ; MRI ; MR spectroscopy ; diffusion imaging ; glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study sought to correlate quantitative presurgical proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H- MRSI) and diffusion imaging (DI) results with quantitative histopathological features of resected glioma tissue. The primary hypotheses were (1) glioma choline signal correlates with cell density, (2) glioma apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) correlates inversely with cell density, (3) glioma choline signal correlates with cell proliferative index. Eighteen adult glioma patients were preoperatively imaged with 1H-MRSI and DI as part of clinically-indicated MRI evaluations. Cell density and proliferative index readings were made on surgical specimens obtained at surgery performed within 12 days of the radiologic scans. The resected tissue location was identified by comparing preoperative and postoperative MRI. The tumor to contralateral normalized choline signal ratio (nCho) and the ADC from resected tumor regions were measured from the preoperative imaging data. Counts of nuclei per high power field in 5–10 fields provided a quantitative measure of cell density. MIB-1 immunohistochemistry provided an index of the proportion of proliferating cells. There was a statistically significant inverse linear correlation between glioma ADC and cell density. There was also a statistically significant linear correlation between the glioma nCho and the cell density. The nCho measure did not significantly correlate with proliferative index. The results indicate that both ADC and spectroscopic choline measures are related to glioma cell density. Therefore they may prove useful for differentiating dense cellular neoplastic lesions from those that contain large proportions of acellular necrotic space.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Cardiac imaging ; MRI ; Heart ; Ventricular function ; Schlüsselwörter Kardiale Bildgebung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Herz ; Ventrikelfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die kardiale Dysfunktion ist eine der Hauptursachen kardiovaskulärer Morbidität und Mortalität. Eine genaue und reproduzierbare Bestimmung der Herzfunktion ist essentiell für die Diagnosestellung, Prognoseabschätzung und Beurteilung des Therapieeffekts beim einzelnen Patienten. Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie (CMR) bietet eine Messmethode für die globale und regionale Herzfunktion, die nicht nur genau und reproduzierbar, sondern auch nichtinvasiv, ohne ionisierende Strahlung und unabhängig von geometrischen Annahmen und einem akustischen Fenster ist, das den Einsatz der Echokardiographie limitiert. Mit der Verfügbarkeit schnellerer MR-Scanner und automatisierter Analysesysteme sowie mit zunehmender Verbreitung und reduzierten Kosten wird CMR bald den Referenzstandard für die Messung der Herzfunktion darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac dysfunction is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accurate and reproducible assessment of cardiac function is essential for the diagnosis, the assessment of prognosis and evaluation of a patient's response to therapy. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) provides a measure of global and regional function that is not only accurate and reproducible but is noninvasive, free of ionising radiation, and independent of the geometric assumptions and acoustic windows that limit echocardiography. With the advent of faster scanners, automated analysis, increasing availability and reducing costs, CMR is fast becoming a clinically tenable reference standard for the measurement of cardiac function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herz 25 (2000), S. 365-383 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Congenital heart disease ; MRI ; Blood flow ; MRA ; Postoperative ; Pulmonary arteries ; Schlüsselwörter Kongenitale Herzerkrankung ; MRT ; Blutfluss ; MR-Angiographie ; Postoperativ ; Pulmonalarterien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Weltweit werden jährlich etwa 1,5 Millionen Kinder mit kongenitalen Herzerkrankungen (CHD, congenital heart disease) geboren. Durch Verbesserung der verschiedenen chirurgischen und interventionellen Techniken ist die Überlebensrate von CHD-Patienten drastisch gestiegen. Immer mehr Patienten mit postoperativen Residuen, Folgezuständen und Komplikationen benötigen eine umfassende Nachsorge. Die Darstellung und Quantifizierung morphologischer und funktioneller kardiovaskulärer Anomalien erfordern zuverlässige und vorzugsweise nichtinvasive bildgebende Verfahren. Die Röntgenkontrastangiokardiographie, der bisherige Goldstandard, eignet sich nicht zur wiederholten Anwendung. Die transthorakale Echokardiographie (TTE) ist die meistverwendete nichtinvasive Methode, doch bei älteren Patienten, insbesondere mit komplexen oder operativ behandelten Malformationen, sind die damit gewonnenen Informationen unter Umständen unbefriedigend. Narben-, Knochen- und Lungengewebe sowie Thoraxdeformitäten können mit dem Schallfenster interferieren. Die transösophageale Echokardiographie (TEE) liefert bei Erwachsenen mit verschiedenen CHD-Formen eindeutig einen weitaus besseren Bildausschnitt, ist jedoch als semiinvasiv einzustufen. Bei Kleinkindern ist die TEE für die auf Intensivstationen und in Operationssälen erforderliche unmittelbare prä- und postoperative Überwachung inzwischen unentbehrlich. Die Kernspintomographie (Magnetresonanztomographie, MRT) hat sich zu einem klinischen nützlichen Verfahren zur Untersuchung des Herzens entwickelt, vor allem bei angeborenen Fehlbildungen. Sie gilt heute als etablierte nichtinvasive Methode, mit der sich die Anatomie des Herzens in jeder gewünschten Ebene mit hoher Auflösung und naturgetreuen Kontrast zwischen kardialen Strukturen und strömendem Blut darstellen läßt. Das konventionelle Spin-Echo eignet sich hervorragend zur morphologischen Beurteilung, liefert jedoch nicht unbedingt funktionelle Informationen. Die durch neuere Impulssequenzen mögliche funktionelle Analyse verleiht der MRT ihren besonderen Wert. Mehrere dieser neuen MRT-Verfahren werden gegenwärtig klinisch eingesetzt. Die Gradienten-Echo-MRT liefert ein Bild des Blutflusses. Mit ihr können Stenosen, Regurgitation oder Shunts aufgrund der durch diese hämodynamischen Läsionen verursachten Strömungsturbulenzen entdeckt werden. Außerdem ermöglicht die Gradienten-Echo-MRT eine fortlaufende Schleifendarstellung der Ventrikelwandbewegung und eine Quantifizierung der Kammerfunktion. Mit der quantitativen Phasenkontrast-MR-Angiographie lassen sich Blutströmungsgeschwindigkeit und Volumendurchfluss in den mittleren und großen Gefäßen messen. Diese Besonderheit der MRT läßt sich zur Quantifizierung von Stenosen, Regurgitation, intrakardialen Shunts und des differentiellen pulmonalen Blutstroms nutzen. Vor allem ihre Fähigheit zur Messung des Volumendurchflusses ist ein klarer Vorteil der MRT. Die kontrastverstärkte MR-Angiographie ist besonders nützlich zur Darstellung der Pulmonalarterienäste und des Aortenbogens. Pulmonaler Blutfluss, rechtsventrikuläre Funktion, pathologische Aortenbefunde und Fontan-Umgehungskreislauf sind u. a. hochinteressante Fragestellungen, die mit multifunktioneller MRT untersucht wurden. Bei Patienten mit Pulmonalstenose oder Fallot-Tetralogie lassen sich mittels MRT Morphologie und Schwere jeder pulmonalen (Rest-)Stenose beurteilen, die rechtsventrikuläre Hypertrophie bewerten sowie eine postoperative Insuffizienz der Pulmonalklappe oder ventrikuläre Dysfunktion quantifizieren. Bei Patienten, die wegen Koarktation operiert wurden, kann die Morphologie von Rest- oder Restenosen MR-tomographisch mit Hilfe von Spin-Echo-Bildern und der kontrastverstärkten MR-Angiographie des Aortenbogens beurteilt werden. Die quantitative Phasenkontrastangiographie erlaubt zusätzlich, den Druckgradienten über der Stenose und das Ausmaß des Kollateralflusses zu bestimmen. Patienten mit Transposition der großen Arterien werden in der Regel mit Umkehroperationen auf Vorhofebene behandelt. Eine Dysfunktion des rechten systemischen Ventrikels ist bei diesen Patienten eine wesentliche Frage, die mit funktionellen MRT-Verfahren untersucht wurde. Andere Komplikationen nach Vorhofumkehroperation wie Obstruktionen im pulmonalen oder systemisch-venösen Kreislauf lassen sich mit der Gradienten-Echo-MRT mühelos aufdecken. Der Fongan-Umgehungskreislauf bleibt nach wie vor ein faszinierendes, in vielerlei Hinsicht noch nicht völlig verstandenes Thema. Zahlreiche Modifikationen der ursprünglichen Fontan-Operation wurden eingeführt, mit jeweils eigenen hämodynamischen Charakteristika. Zweifellos kann die kombinierte morphologisch-funktionelle MRT zur Entwicklung weiterer Verbesserungen des Fontan-Verfahrens beitragen. Trotz aller technischen Verbesserungen, insbesondere der Einführung des Atemanhalteverfahrens, bleibt die MRT nach wie vor eine Ergänzung zu Echokardiographie und Angiokardiographie. Verfügbarkeit, Ortsgebundenheit und die bei Säuglingen und Kindern erforderliche Sedierung sind bekannte Hindernisse. Nicht zuletzt gilt es, gegen die relativ begrenzte Einbeziehung von Kardiologen in die MRT-Abteilung und die eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Radiologen mit Erfahrung in CHD anzugehen, um die MRT zu einem “vollwertigen Mitglied im Klub” der bildgebenden Verfahren bei CHD zu machen.
    Notes: Abstract With the increasing number of patients surviving after therapeutic intervention for congenital heart disease (CHD), accurate and frequent follow-up of their morphologic and functional cardiovascular status is required, preferably with a noninvasive imaging technique. Echocardiography, either transthoracic or transesophageal, has been the first choice for this purpose, and will probably keep that status, at least in a large segment of the CHD spectrum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established method for high-resolution visualization of cardiovascular morphology. In the past decade, newer MRI techniques have been developed that allow functional evaluation of CHD patients. Particularly the introduction of breath-hold imaging, contrast-enhanced MRA and user-friendly computer software for image analysis may move functional MRI of CHD from the science laboratory to clinical use. It is already evident that MRI is superior to echocardiography in certain areas of limited echocardiographic access, such as the pulmonary artery branches and the aortic arch in adult patients. But MRI has also a unique potential for accurate volumetric analysis of ventricular function and cardiovascular blood flow, without any geometric assumptions. If supported by increased cooperation between cardiologists and radiologists, MRI will grow into a useful noninvasive imaging tool that, together with echocardiography, will obviate the need for invasive catheter studies for diagnostic purposes.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arthroskopie ; Klinische Untersuchung ; Kniegelenk ; MRT ; Key words Arthroscopy ; Clinical examination ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used frequently in the diagnosis of knee injuries. The aim of this study was to compare the accruracy of MRI and clinical examination in diagnosing meniscal and cruciate ligament tears. Between January 1997 and June 1998, a total of 883 patients had undergone knee joint arthroscopy, operated on by one orthopedic surgeon. Of these, 144 patients had a preoperative MRI (group 1). This group was compared with 309 patients who had undergone arthroscopy without MRI between January 1997 and June 1997 (group 2). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for tears of the medial meniscus were 80.6%/58.8%/72.9% in group 1 and 83.3%/78.5%/80.3% in group 2, respectively, for tears of the lateral meniscus 44.4%/88.9%/83.3% in group 1 and 60.6%/98.8%/92.5% in group 2 and for tears of the anterior cruciate ligament 58.1%/92.0%/¶84.7% in group 1 and 80.1%/96.6%/¶89.6% in group 2. This study demonstrates that an experienced orthopedic surgeon can rely on the clinical diagnosis and decide whether arthroscopy is necessary in most cases without MRI. He will find intraarticular pathology in almost all cases if arthroscopy is performed. MRI should be reserved for special cases and should not be performed without first conducting a thorough clinical examination. The orthopedic surgeon should decide whether MRI is needed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Häufigkeit wird beim Verdacht auf einen Kniebinnenschaden die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Treffsicherheit von MRT und klinischer Untersuchung bei der Diagnose von Meniskusläsionen und Kreuzbandverletzungen zu vergleichen und daraus zu schlussfolgern, wann ein MRT am Kniegelenk indiziert ist. Vom 1.1.1997 bis zum 30.6.1998 wurden 883 Kniegelenkarthroskopien durchgeführt. Bei 144 Kniegelenken lag präoperativ ein MRT vor (Gruppe 1). Dieser Gruppe wurde eine Vergleichsgruppe, bestehend aus allen vom 1.1.1997 bis zum 30.6.1997 arthroskopierten Kniegelenken ohne präoperatives MRT (n = 309) gegenübergestellt (Gruppe 2). Sensitivität, Spezifität und Präzision betrugen für den medialen Meniskus 80,6%, 58,8% bzw. 72,9% in Gruppe 1 und 83,3%, 78,5% bzw. 80,3% in Gruppe 2, für den lateralen Meniskus 44,4%, 88,9% bzw. 83,3% in Gruppe 1 und 60,6%, 98,8% bzw. 92,5% in Gruppe 2 und für das vordere Kreuzband 58,1%, 92,0% bzw. 84,7% in Gruppe 1 und 80,1%, 96,6% bzw.89,6% in Gruppe 2. Mit einer sorgfältigen klinischen Untersuchung können in Verbindung mit Standardröntgenaufnahmen in den meisten Fällen die Diagnose und damit die Indikation zur Arthroskopie mit ausreichender Sicherheit gestellt werden. Die Magnetresonanztomographie sollte Spezialindikationen vorbehalten bleiben und durch den Operateur veranlasst werden.
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  • 112
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    Arthroskopie 13 (2000), S. 132-137 
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Qualitätssicherung ; Knorpeldefekte ; MRT ; Scores ; Keywords Quality control ; Cartilage repair ; MRI ; Clinical scores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Most procedures currently in use for the treatment of full thickness cartilage defects lack solid data as a proof of quality. Various techniques for quality control are advisable. Meticulous documentation of adverse events and treatment failures is crucial. Patient self-assessment and clinical scores are often biased but focussed on the basis of medical efforts: the well-being of the patient. Second-look arthroscopies produce fewer facts for quality control than expected but enable therapeutical intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging will be essential for cartilage assessment in the future. To date, the evaluation of tissue quality is experimental. Histology and immunohistochemistry are widely accepted as precise tools to characterize cartilaginous tissue. Ethical reasons prohibit daily use. Quality control following the repair of cartilage defects is complicated, expensive, and of variable outcome, but dangerous if neglected. Multiple insignificant results can lead to a sharp image of the postoperative condition and may enable quality control of treatment and surgery.
    Notes: Die meisten Verfahren zur Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten werden angewendet, ohne dass ihre Qualität zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen ist. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Qualitätssicherung können derzeit mit vertretbarem Aufwand routinemäßig eingesetzt werden. Die Beurteilung der Sicherheit einer Behandlung hinsichtlich Komplikationen und Therapieversagern ist von eminenter Bedeutung. Patientenfragebögen und klinische Scores sind subjektiv, orientieren sich aber am eigentlichen Ziel einer Therapie: der Wiederherstellung des Wohlbefindens des Patienten. Noch in den Anfängen, aber mit hervorragenden Perspektiven für die Zukunft steht die Magnetresonanztomographie. Knorpelqualität und -aktivität können heute noch nicht beurteilt werden. Die Kontrollarthroskopie nach der Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten liefert weniger harte Daten für die Qualitätssicherung als erwünscht, ermöglicht aber therapeutische Maßnahmen. Histologische Untersuchungen stehen im Ruf der unbestechlichen Präzision. Dem breiten Einsatz stehen jedoch fehlende Standards und berechtigte ethische Bedenken entgegen. Qualitätssicherung nach der operativen Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten ist schwierig, teuer und häufig ungenau – keine Qualitätssicherung ist oft gefährlich. Aus vielen, isoliert gesehen ungenauen Befunden werden die Bewertung eines Zustands immer sicherer und die Beurteilung der Qualität einer Behandlung möglich.
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  • 113
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    Cancer and metastasis reviews 19 (2000), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1573-7233
    Keywords: angiogenesis ; MRI ; permeability ; in vivo imaging ; hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a range of non-invasive measures for visualization of tumor angiogenesis in the clinic as well as in experimental tumor models. MRI methods were developed for assessment of spatial and temporal changes in perfusion, blood volume fraction, vascular permeability, vascular function, vascular maturation, vessel diameter and tortuosity. Molecular targeted contrast agents were used for mapping specific markers of neovasculature. These approaches were applied for analysis of a number of regulatory mechanisms controlling tumor angiogenesis and for preclinical evaluation of tumor response to antiangiogenic agents.
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  • 114
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    Journal of neural transmission 107 (2000), S. 1427-1436 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Brain ; MRI ; PSP ; MSA ; parkinsonism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. To establish diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from multiple system atrophy (MSA), magnetic resonance images from eight patients with probable PSP, 30 with probable MSA {nine striatonigral degeneration (MSA-P) and 21 olivopontocerebellar atrophy (MSA-C)}, and ten age-matched controls were retrospectively studied. Anteroposterior diameters in the midline sagittal T1-weighted image of the rostral (RMT) and caudal midbrain tegmentum (CMT), caudal pons and medulla were measured. Divergence of the red nuclei (RN) in the axial T2-weighted image was judged. All PSP images had a smaller RMT diameter than the lower limit of the normal range, showed RN divergence, and had a pontine diameter within the normal range. All MSA images had a CMT diameter within the normal range; no MSA images showed divergence of RN. Forty-four percent (4/9) of MSA-P and 76% (16/21) of MSA-C images had a pontine diameter smaller than the lower limit of the normal range. On basis of the results, we propose MRI diagnostic criteria for differentiating PSP from MSA.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1436-2023
    Keywords: Key words Osteonecrosis ; Femoral head ; Bone marrow edema ; MRI ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 38-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who had received corticosteroid and had developed non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The initial MR finding was a band lesion on the T1-weighted image, which had been present before the onset of symptoms. At the onset of symptoms, a diffuse bone marrow edema pattern, with a low signal intensity on T1 and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, was noted around the band lesion, extending to the femoral neck. Histopathologically, this region was found to consist of serous exudate, focal interstitial hemorrhage, and mild fibrosis, without any evidence of extension of osteonecrosis. It should be noted that extension of a low signal intensity area on MRI after the onset of hip pain may not be the result of the extension of osteonecrosis, but may represent concomitant edema due to collapse.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: EEG ; MRI ; Co-registration ; Spline ; Source localization ; Head model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two classes of functional neuroimaging methods exist: hemodynamic techniques such as PET and fMRI, and electromagnetic techniques such as EEG/ERP and MEG. In order to fusion these images with anatomical information, co-registration with volumetric MRI is needed. While such co-registration techniques are well established for hemodynamic images, additional steps are needed for electromagnetic recordings, because the activity is only recorded on the scalp surface and inverse solutions based on specific head models have to be used to estimate the 3-dimensional current distribution. To date most of the experimental and clinical studies use multi-shell concentric sphere models of the head, solve the inverse problem on this simplistic model, and then co-register the solution with the MRI using homogeneous transform operations. Contrary to this standard method, we here propose to map the MRI to the spherical system by defining transformation operations that transform the MRI to a best-fitting sphere. Once done so, the solution points are defined in the cerebral tissue of this deformed MRI and the lead field for the distributed linear inverse solutions is calculated for this solution space. The method, that we call SMAC (Spherical Model with Anatomical Constrains) is tested with simulations, as well as with the following real data: 1) estimation of the sources of visual evoked potentials to unilateral stimulation from data averaged over subjects, and 2) localization of interictal discharges of two epileptic patients, one with a temporal, the other with an occipital focus, both confirmed by seizure freedom after resection of the epileptogenic region.
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  • 117
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Deafness ; MRI ; 14-3-3 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with deafness at the onset. We report clinical features, 14-3-3 protein positivity, electroencephalography and brain stem auditory evoked potential abnormalities, and high signal on magnetic resonance imaging in basal ganglia and temporal cortex. Similarities with CJD Heidenhain variant are discussed.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1590-9999
    Keywords: Key words Disc herniation ; Lumbar spine ; Migration ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The majority of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations are located in a posterolateral position with resultant nerve root compression. Although caudal, rostral and lateral migrations of disc fragments are common, posterior epidural migration of an extruded free fragment from a lumbar disc herniation is a rare occurrence and sometimes may cause a dural sac compression with cauda equina syndrome. This retrospective case report describes a 63-year-old man with intractable lower back pain and cauda equina syndrome. Emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a posterior epidural soft tissue compressing the dural sac. The lesion was hypointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images and showed rim enhancement after intravenous injection of gadolinium. A laminectomy at L3 was performed and the extruded disc fragment was removed with dural sac decompression. Postoperatively the patient's radicular symptoms completely resolved. At the 2-year follow-up visit, the patient had recovered full motor, sensory and urinary functions. MRI is the modality of choice in the evaluation of an extruded free disc fragment and a cauda equina compression. In such cases a wide decompressive laminectomy is recommended.
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  • 119
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Venous angioma ; MRI ; Vascular malformations ; Focal cortical dysplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of epilepsy associated with cerebral venous angiomas (VA). We examined epileptic patients in which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed VA. The characteristics of epilepsy and its relationships to VA were studied. Out of 1020 epileptic patients submitted to MRI in a 10-year period, 4 presented with VA. All had partial seizures, most frequently complex partial, with secondary generalizations in 3. Drug resistance was observed in 2. One patient had a small area of cortical dysplasia near the VA; another had a cutaneous angioma. In 2 patients, there was no topographic concordance between the VA and the focus on electroencephalography. Our study reveals that VA are rarely found in epileptic patients, differently from other vascular malformations, in particular cavernomas. Topographic and/or etiological relationships between VA and epilepsy are still undefined.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Extended twin study ; methodology ; structural equation modeling ; intermediate phenotype ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The hunt for genes influencing behavior may be aided by the study of intermediate phenotypes for several reasons. First, intermediate phenotypes may be influenced by only a few genes, which facilitates their detection. Second, many intermediate phenotypes can be measured on a continuous quantitative scale and thus can be assessed in affected and unaffected individuals. Continuous measures increase the statistical power to detect genetic effects (Neale et al., 1994), and allow studies to be designed to collect data from informative subjects such as extreme concordant or discordant pairs. Intermediate phenotypes for discrete traits, such as psychiatric disorders, can be neurotransmitter levels, brain function, or structure. In this paper we conduct a multivariate analysis of data from 111 twin pairs and 34 additional siblings on cerebellar volume, intracranial space, and body height. The analysis is carried out on the raw data and specifies a model for the mean and the covariance structure. Results suggest that cerebellar volume and intracranial space vary with age and sex. Brain volumes tend to decrease slightly with age, and males generally have a larger brain volume than females. The remaining phenotypic variance of cerebellar volume is largely genetic (88%). These genetic factors partly overlap with the genetic factors that explain variance in intracranial space and body height. The applied method is presented as a general approach for the analysis of intermediate phenotypes in which the effects of correlated variables on the observed scores are modeled through multivariate analysis.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: NMRD ; MRI ; Contrast agents ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Sulfonamides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel Gd-DTPA derivative with a built-in sulfonamide (SA) was synthesized as a contrast agent for MRI. The complex was designed to selectively target the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. It is shown that the longitudinal relaxation rates of aqueous solutions of Gd-DTPA-SA in the presence of carbonic anhydrase increase significantly. The binding constant is determined to be 15,000 ± 5,000 M-1. This value ensures substantial formation of the carbonic anhydrase adduct at imaging concentrations of Gd-DTPA-SA. The complex interacts with erythrocytes, presumably due to a high affinity for the carbonic anhydrase present on the outer surface of the latter. This takes place even though the enzyme has a low abundance and is easily saturated by small amounts of Gd-DTPA-SA. The interaction of Gd-DTPA-SA with serum proteins is negligibly small. Therefore, the complex could potentially be tested as a selective contrast agent for compartments outside the blood pool.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Neurosurgical review 21 (1998), S. 155-157 
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: cystic meningioma ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Differential diagnosis of intracranial cystic meningiomas may present difficulties in about 10–15% of cases where anatomo-pathological alterations such as intratumoral necrosis, cystic cavity, hemorrhage or lipomatous infiltration are present. These alterations are responsible for an unusual radiological appearance which may suggest a false diagnosis. We describe a case of meningioma with a cystic appearance in which MRI was more helpful than CT, because it suggested an extra-axial meningiomatous lession and thus allowed more precise surgical planning.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Osteochondrosis dissecans ; Operative Therapie ; Konservative Therapie ; MRT ; Key words Osteochondritis dissecans ; Surgical treatment ; Non-operative treatment ; Conservative treatment ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In this study the course of osteochondritis dissecans at two often affected areas, the femoral condyles of the knee joint and the talus at the upper ankle joint, is evaluated by studying and comparing the medium-term outcome in 40 patients treated conservatively and 72 patients treated surgically by arthroscopy. The criterion of assessment was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which shows a close correlation to the arthroscopic stages of osteochondritis. The stages on MRI follow the morphology of the interface, i.e., the zone between the osteochondral fragment and the parent bone, on T1- and T2-weighted images. After 18 and 24 months there were no substantial differences visible on MRI between the two different treatment groups. In fact, in the majority of cases (〉 60%) the MRI result was the same in spite of the treatment that had been carried out. Arthroscopic treatment compared to conservative treatment resulted in a small percentage in a reintegration in the sense of upgrading on the MRI (36% to 30%); nevertheless, a disintegration could not be avoided in all cases (4%). In both treatment groups the age of the patient seems to play an important role in the course of osteochondritis, juvenile forms following a milder course than adult forms.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Entwicklung der Osteochondrosis dissecans (OD) im Bereich 2er häufiger Lokalisationen, an den Femurkondylen des Kniegelenks und der Talusrolle des oberen Sprunggelenks, einerseits nach konservativer Therapie (40 Patienten) und andererseits nach operativer, arthroskopischer Therapie (72 Patienten) im mittelfristigen Verlauf geprüft und miteinander verglichen. Als Beurteilungskriterium wurde die MRT herangezogen, die eine enge Korrelation mit den arthroskopischen Stadien der OD aufweist. Die Stadieneinteilung in der MRT erfolgte anhand der Morphologie des sog. Grenzsaums, d. h. der Zone zwischen osteochondralem Herd und Mausbett, in der T 1 - und T 2 -gewichteten Spinechosequenz. Wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Behandlungsgruppen bezüglich der Darstellung in der MRT zeigten sich im mittelfristigen Verlauf (18 bzw. 24 Monate) nicht. In der Mehrzahl der Fälle, (〉 60%) blieb der kernspintomographische Befund trotz der durchgeführten Therapie unverändert. Die arthroskopische Behandlung führte, im Vergleich zur konservativen Therapie, in einem geringfügig höheren Prozentsatz (36% im Vergleich zu 30%) zu einer kernspintomographisch nachgewiesenen Reintegration im Sinn eines upgradings, sie konnte eine Desintegration der OD jedoch nicht in allen Fällen verhindern (4%). In beiden Behandlungsgruppen nahm das Lebensalter Einfluß auf den Verlauf der OD mit günstigeren Verläufen bei der juvenilen als bei der adulten Form.
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    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1998), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Semimembranosus m. ; Lateral meniscus ; Anatomy ; MRI ; Oblique popliteal ligament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty-two cadaver knees were used for morphologic and MRI observations of the tendinous distal expansions of the semimembranosus m. and the posterior capsular structures of the knee. A tendinous branch of the semimembranosus m. inserting into the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was found in 43.2% of the knees dissected, besides five already known insertional branches; capsular, direct, anterior and inferior, as well as the oblique popliteal ligament. The tendon had three morphologic types; thin, broad and round. All three types moved the lateral meniscus posteriorly when pulled on. Thus, the semimembranosus m. may also have a protective function for the lateral meniscus as well as the already well established function of protecting the medial meniscus in knee flexion. When a semimembranosus tendon attachment to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus is present, its normal insertion is difficult to differentiate from a lateral meniscus tear in MRI and this may cause misdiagnosis.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Lumbar vertebral venous plexuses ; MRI ; CT ; Anatomic technique ; Radiologic correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ce travail a été de mettre au point une technique d'injection des plexus veineux vertébraux permettant des études anatomiques, tomodensitométriques et en résonance magnétique de la même pièce anatomique. Seul un mélange correctement dosé de différents produits permettait de réaliser cet objectif. Le mélange était composé de gélatine, de gadolinium et de minium. La description de la technique d'injection des plexus veineux vertébraux lombaires, les difficultés que nous avons rencontrées, les résultats des différentes techniques d'imagerie seront analysés dans cette étude sans entrer dans les détails de la description anatomique. Le corpus de cette étude est constitué de 11 sujets non embaumés : trois sujets ont été injectés avec de la gélatine mélangée à du gadolinium ; un sujet au latex mélangé à du minium ; un sujet au latex mélangé à du gadolinium et du minium ; 6 sujets à la gélatine mélangée à du gadolinium et du minium. Seul le mélange gélatine-gadolinium-minium a permis l'étude de la même pièce anatomique en anatomie, TDM et IRM. Deux séquences IRM différentes ont été décrites, témoignage des propriétés différentes des produits du mélange d'injection (gélatine, gadolinium). Le mélange latex-minium a donné une bonne densité en TDM mais n'a pas été favorable aux études en IRM. De nombreux artefacts ont parasité les images radiologiques, nécessitant une technique d'injection parfaite. L'utilisation de plusieurs techniques radiologiques pour une seule injection cadavérique permet une meilleure corrélation des images, la comparaison et la vérification des résultats entre les techniques.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to develop a technique for injection of the vertebral venous plexuses allowing anatomic, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the same anatomic specimen. It proved in practice that only a correctly adjusted mixture of different agents allowed attainment of this objective. This mixture, composed of gelatin, gadolinium and minium, enabled us to attain this end. The description of the technique of injecting the vertebral venous plexuses, the difficulties encountered and the results of the different imaging techniques are analysed in this study without entering into details of the anatomic description. The core of the study consists of 11 unembalmed subjects. Three were injected with gelatin mixed with gadolinium, one with latex mixed with minium, one with latex mixed with gadolinium, and 6 with gelatin mixed with both gadolinium and minium. Only the mixture of gelatin — gadolinium — minium allowed study of the same anatomic specimen in terms of anatomy, CT and MRI. Two different MRI sequences are described, evidence of the different properties of the injection mixture (gelatin, gadolinium). The latex-minium mixture gave good CT density but was unsuitable for MRI studies. Numerous artifacts caused interference with the radiologic images, calling for perfect injection technique. The use of several radiologic techniques for a single cadaveric injection allows better correlation of the images, and comparison and verification of results between the techniques.
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  • 126
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    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 20 (1998), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Penis ; Ligaments ; MRI ; Erection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'appareil suspenseur du pénis présente un intérÍt clinique en chirurgie réparatrice, en traumatologie, et par son rôle dans l'érection. Le but de cette étude était d'identifier les différentes structures anatomiques constituant le ligament suspenseur par la dissection et par la résonance magnétique nucléaire (IRM). Dix sujets m,les non embaumés ont été utilisés pour la dissection de la région de la base du pénis. Dix patients volontaires ont eu une IRM de la verge avant et après injection de prostaglandine (PGE1). L'appareil suspenseur était composé de structures ligamentaires séparées: le ligament fundiforme, latéral, superficiel et non adhérent à l'albuginée des corps caverneux; le ligament suspenseur proprement dit, plus en arrière, tendu entre le pubis et l'albuginée des corps caverneux et composé de deux faisceaux latéraux, circonférentiels, et d'un faisceau médian, qui circonscrivai la veine dorsale du pénis. Ces structures étaient identifiables en IRM et leur rôle de soutien a été mis en évidence dans les épreuves d'érection. Le ligament suspenseur semble maintenir la base de la verge en avant du pubis et se comporter comme un point de soutien important pour la partie mobile du pénis en érection.
    Notes: Summary The suspensory system of the penis acquires clinical importance in reparative surgery, traumatology and through its role in erection. The aim of this study was to identify the different anatomic structures constituting the suspensory ligament by dissection and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten unembalmed male subjects were used for dissection of the region of the base of the penis. Ten volunteer patients underwent MRI of the penis before and after the injection of prostaglandin (PGE1). The suspensory apparatus consisted of separate ligamentous structures: the fundiform ligament, which is lateral, superficial and not adherent to the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa; the suspensory ligament properly so-called, further back, stretching between the pubis and the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa and consisting of two lateral, circumferential, and one median bundles, which circumscribed the dorsal vein of the penis. These structures were identifiable in MRI and their supporting role was evidenced during tests of erection. The suspensory ligament seemed to maintain the base of the penis in front of the pubis and to behave as a major point of support for the mobile portion of the penis during erection.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Lumbar vertebral venous plexuses ; MRI ; CT ; Anatomic technique ; Radiologic correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a technique for injection of the vertebral venous plexuses allowing anatomic, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the same anatomic specimen. It proved in practice that only a correctly adjusted mixture of different agents allowed attainment of this objective. This mixture, composed of gelatin, gadolinium and minium, enabled us to attain this end. The description of the technique of injecting the vertebral venous plexuses, the difficulties encountered and the results of the different imaging techniques are analysed in this study without entering into details of the anatomic description. The core of the study consists of 11 unembalmed subjects. Three were injected with gelatin mixed with gadolinium, one with latex mixed with minium, one with latex mixed with gadolinium, and 6 with gelatin mixed with both gadolinium and minium. Only the mixture of gelatin - gadolinium - minium allowed study of the same anatomic specimen in terms of anatomy, CT and MRI. Two different MRI sequences are described, evidence of the different properties of the injection mixture (gelatin, gadolinium). The latex-minium mixture gave good CT density but was unsuitable for MRI studies. Numerous artifacts caused interference with the radiologic images, calling for perfect injection technique. The use of several radiologic techniques for a single cadaveric injection allows better correlation of the images, and comparison and verification of results between the techniques.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: MRI ; solitary plasmacytoma ; thoracic spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasmacytoma of the spine is rather common, but solitary occurence is not. We report two cases of solitary plasmacytomas in the thoracic spine. A 72 year old male and a 77 year old male presented with progressive paraparesis. In both cases, magnetic resonance images revealed tumors in the thoracic spine which predominantly occupied the posterior elements of the spine with compression of the spinal cord. Abnormal proteinuria and proteinemia were not detected. The tumors were removed and patients' symptoms improved, the tumors were diagnosed by histopathology to be plasmacytomas. Further neuroradiological studies suggested them to be single lesions, so that the final diagnosis was solitary plasmacytomas. Solitary plasmacytoma should be considered for diagnosis of single spinal lesion even without abnormal proteinemia or proteinuria.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Spätdepression ; Strukturelle Veränderungen ; MRT ; Volumetrie ; Key words Late-onset depression ; Structural changes ; MRI ; Volumetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A number of observations including clinical manifestation, course, outcome, and family history, support the view that patients presenting with a major depression occurring first in late life should be treated as a nosological subgroup. In this study quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate volumes of different brain structures in 19 patients with late onset major depression (age of onset 〉50) and 13 age matched controls. 3-D MRI sequences were acquired using a Siemens 1.5T scanner. Whole brain volume, CSF volume, volume of the frontal and temporal lobes and the volume of the amygdala-hippocampus complex were assessed using the software NMRWin. Compared to the controls, depressed patients showed a significantly lower whole brain volume and a significantly higher CSF volume, whereas volumes of the frontal and temporal lobes as well as the amygdala-hippocampus complex volumes were not significantly decreased. In addition, depressed patients exhibited a higher ventricle-brain ratio suggesting a higher degree of central atrophy compared to healthy individuals. Our results indicate that cerebral changes involving subcortical structures are of relevance in the pathogenesis of late-onset depression. Defining the aetiology of these lesions may be important for the development of preventive treatment of depression in the elderly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Klinische, neuroradiologische und pathoanatomische Befunde legen nahe, Spätdepressionen als nosologische Subgruppe innerhalb der affektiven Störungen zu betrachten. Mit dem Ziel, zerebrale Veränderungen bei dieser Erkrankung volumetrisch zu erfassen, wurden 19 Patienten mit einer Spätdepression (Ersterkrankungsalter 〉50 Jahre) und 13 altersangeglichene gesunde Kontrollpersonen untersucht. Die Bildgebung erfolgte MR-tomographisch mittels eines 1,5-T-Siemens-Scanners. Mit der Software „NMR-Win” wurden das Ganzhirnvolumen, das Liquorraumvolumen und die Volumina der Amygdala-Hippocampus-Komplexe sowie der Frontal- und Temporallappen bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurde die „ventricle brain ratio” (VBR) ermittelt. Depressive Patienten zeigten im Vergleich zu Kontrollpersonen ein signifikant kleineres Ganzhirnvolumen bei größerem Liquorraumvolumen und größerer VBR. Im Gegensatz dazu unterschieden die Volumina der Temporal- und Frontallappen sowie der Amygdala-Hippocampuskomplexe nicht zwischen den Gruppen. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß strukturelle zerebrale Veränderungen bei der Spätdepression pathogenetische Relevanz haben und vorwiegend subkortikale Strukturen betreffen. Die Frage nach der Ätiologie der beschriebenen Veränderungen könnte in Hinsicht auf präventive Therapieansätze der Spätdepression von Bedeutung sein.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hirninfarkt ; Neuroradiologie ; Computertomographie ; MRT ; Key words Brain infarct ; Neuroradiology ; Computertomography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary At least three questions has to be answered by imaging methods, when new therapies in acute ischemic stroke should be used: 1. Is there a cerebral ischemia? 2. What is the size of the irreversibel damaged tissue and what is the size of the safeable tissue? Is there still a vessel occlusion? New MRI-techniques including MR-angiography, diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion-MRI, have the potential to de-scribe the status of the brain in detail and to answer these questions. However, the value of these techniques for therapeutical deci-sions (thrombolysis) is unclear and has to be evaluated in clinical studies. Therefore in clinical routine these decisions should still be based on informations from CT and perhaps CT-angiography.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um neue Therapien beim arteriellen Schlaganfall optimal einsetzen zu können, müssen in der Akutphase mit den bildgebenden Verfahren drei Fragen beantwortet werden: 1. Liegt eine zerebrale Ischämie vor? 2. Wie groß ist das irreversibel geschädigte und das noch rettbaren Hirngewebe? 3. Liegt noch eine Gefäßokklusion vor? Die neuen magnetresonanztomographischen Techniken (MR-Angiographie, diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung und Perfusions-MRT) liefern in relativ kurzer Untersuchungszeit eine umfassende Beschreibung des aktuellen Infarktstatus und können prinzipiell diese Fragen beantworten. Die therapeutische Wertigkeit dieser Techniken insbesondere als Entscheidungsgrundlage für eine Thrombolysetherapie muß jedoch noch in klinischen Studien untersucht werden. Bis dahin kann für den klinischen Alltag die Computertomographie evtl. mit der ergänzenden CT-Angiographie als die Methode der Wahl angesehen werden, mit der die therapieentscheidende Infarktdiagnostik durchgeführt werden sollte.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Pigmented villonodular synovitis ; Knee ; MRI ; Synovectomy. ; Schlüsselwörter: Pigmentierte villonoduläre Synovitis ; Knie ; MRT ; Synovektomie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die Therapie der pigmentierten villonodulären Synovitis (PVNS), insbesondere der diffusen Form, wird weiterhin unterschiedlich beurteilt aufgrund der geringen Incidenz dieser Erkrankung. Die wichtigsten operativen Verfahren stellen die arthroskopische oder offene Synovektomie dar. Zur Vermeidung von Gelenkdestruktionen und funktionellen Einschränkungen ist die frühe Erkennung der PVNS entscheidend. In den Jahren 1994 und 1995 haben wir 4 Fälle operativ behandelt und in einem Zeitraum von mehr als 12 Monaten nachuntersucht. In 2 Fällen wurde die komplette Synovektomie, in einem Fall die partielle Resektion der Synovia und in einem weiteren Fall die Gelenkresektion und Arthrodese als offene Verfahren durchgeführt. Anhand unserer Ergebnisse ließ sich zeigen, daß das MRT unverzichtbar in der Diagnostik und der operativen Therapieplanung ist. Liegt ein lokaler Befall der Synovia vor, so scheint die partielle Synovektomie ausreichend. Bestehen aber Zweifel in der Einschätzung oder zeigt sich klar das Bild eines diffusen Befalls, sollte die komplette Synovektomie, aufgrund der hohen Rezidivrate der diffusen PVNS, bevorzugt werden. Es zeigte sich weiterhin, daß bei allen unseren Patienten sekundäre ossäre Läsionen auftraten bis hin zur Gelenkdestruktion bei einem Patienten. Daher ist die frühzeitige operative Therapie als z. Z. einzig kausale Behandlung zu empfehlen. Inwieweit arthroskopisch oder als offenes Verfahren vorgegangen werden kann, ist abhängig von der Form der PVNS, dem Ausmaß des Tumorbefalls und sekundären Gelenkveränderungen.
    Notes: Summary. Because this disease is so rare the optimum treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), in particular the diffuse form differs in the literature. The most important surgical procedures are arthroscopic and open synovectomy. The prevention of disease progression, as well as joint destruction and dysfunction, depends upon the early diagnosis of PVNS. During 1994 and 1995, we treated four cases of PVNS surgically and followed the patients for a time period of more than 12 months. Two patients were treated with complete synovectomy, one patient underwent partial synovial resection, and in the final case an arthrodesis was performed. Our results indicate that an MRI is essential for diagnosis and treatment planning. For the localized form of PVNS, it appears that a partial synovectomy is appropriate. However, in the event of diagnostic uncertainty or obvious diffuse involvement of the synovium, a total synovectomy is indicated because of the high recurrence rate. In our study, all four patients had disease involving secondary bony lesions and, in one case, joint destruction. Based on our findings, it is clear that early surgical therapy is the only recommended curative intervention. The decision regarding the surgical approach, arthroscopic versus open, depends on the form of PVNS, the extent of the disease and secondary changes of the joint.
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  • 132
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    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 892-895 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hirnstammenzephalitis ; Bickerstaff-Enzephalitis ; MRI ; Key words Brainstem encephalitis ; Bickerstaff encephalitis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We present a patient with Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis in whom MR imaging correlated with the clinical findings during the course of the disease. T2-weighted MR imaging showed increased signal intensity in the medulla oblongata, upper pons, pendunculi cerebelli and the cerebellum. In the course of the disease the lesions on MRI tended to descend more caudally. No anti-GQ1b antibody titers could be detected in the acute phase of the illness. Our findings suggest that MRI is the most valuable diagnostic tool in supporting the clinical diagnosis of Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis and may be helpful in the distinction between Miller Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über den kernspintomographisch dokumentierten Verlauf einer Bickerstaff-Enzephalitis bei einem 58jährigen Patienten. Die T2-gewichteten MR-Bilder zeigten hyperintense Läsionen in der Medulla oblongata, Brückenhaube, Pendunculi cerebelli bis ins Kleinhirn, die parallel zum klinischen Verlauf von rostral nach kaudal zunahmen und sich schließlich zurückbildeten. Anti-GQ1b-Antikörper waren im Serum nicht nachweisbar. Unseres Erachtens stellt die Kernspintomographie, auch in Abgrenzung zum Miller-Fisher-Syndrom, die wesentliche Zusatzuntersuchung bei der Diagnose der Bickerstaff-Enzephalitis dar.
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  • 133
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    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 707-711 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Wernicke-Enzephalopathie ; MRT ; Thiamin ; Key words Wernicke’s encephalopathy ; MRI ; Thiamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) is a consequence of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency and in the majority of cases due to alcoholism. We report here the case of a 26-year-old male alcoholic who had stayed helplessly at home for 4 days until hospital admission. Clinical diagnosis was difficult due to major disturbance of consciousness. MRI showed an increase in signal intensity (T2-, FLAIR-weighted) around the third ventricle, the quadrigeminal bodies, the fornices, the mamillary bodies, the floor of the fourth ventricle and around the aqueduct. These findings were indicative of WE although of unusual extent. In this case MRI correlated well with clinical symptomatology. Therapy with thiamine was started immediately and symptoms as well as MRI findings resolved partially. The presented case illustrates the diagnostic usefulness of MRI in WE especially if the patient is of reduced consciousness and clinical investigation is limited.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wernicke-Enzephalopathie (WE) tritt als Folge eines Vitamin-B1-(Thiamin-)Mangels am häufigsten im Rahmen einer Alkoholabhängigkeit auf. Wir berichten über den Fall eines 26 Jahre alten alkoholabhängigen Mannes, der 4 Tage hilflos in seiner Wohnung zugebracht hatte, bevor er in die Klinik eingewiesen wurde. Die klinische Diagnose war aufgrund einer ausgeprägten Bewußtseinstrübung (Sopor) erschwert. Das MRT zeigte Signalintensitätserhöhungen (T2-, FLAIR-Wichtung) um den dritten Ventrikel, im Thalamus, der Vierhügelplatte, den Fornices, den Corpora mamillaria, am Boden des 4. Ventrikels und periaquaeduktal. Diese Befunde treten typischerweise bei der WE auf, sind jedoch in dieser Ausdehnung selten. In dem hier beschriebenen Fall korrelierte der MRT-Befund gut mit der klinischen Symptomatik. Unter einer Therapie mit Vitamin B1 besserten sich Symptomatik und MRT-Befunde inkomplett. Der vorgestellte Fall verdeutlicht den diagnostischen Nutzen der MRT bei der WE insbesondere bei bewußtseinsgetrübten Patienten, bei denen die Möglichkeiten der differenzierten klinischen Untersuchung eingeschränkt sind.
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  • 134
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    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 1107-1110 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Multiple Sklerose ; Atriales Myxom ; MRT ; Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Atrial myxoma ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Lesions detected in the white matter by T2-weighted MRI are often inadvertently attributed to multiple sclerosis (MS). This can, as in the following case of a 34-year-old woman, lead to an incorrect diagnosis. The patient had a left-sided atrial myxoma that served as a source of emboli, leading to multiple lacunar lesions. These were incorrectly interpreted as consistent with MS. We discuss the MRT criteria that can had to specificity of lesions in white matter in patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of MS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kernspintomographisch gefundene Läsionen in der weißen Substanz werden häufig zu schnell in Verbindung mit einer multiplen Sklerose gebracht. Dies kann, wie die folgende Kasuistik einer 34jährigen Patientin zeigt, zu einer falschen Verdachtsdiagnose führen. Bei der Patientin lag ein links atriales Myxom vor, welches als Emboliequelle zu multiplen lakunären Hirninfarkten führte, die fälschlicherweise als Läsionen einer multiplen Sklerose interpretiert wurden. Disktuiert werden MRT-Kriterien, die zu einer spezifischeren Zuordnung von Läsionen in der weißen Substanz führen können, bei Patienten mit dem klinisch begründeten Verdacht auf eine multiple Sklerose.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Chemotherapie ; ALL ; AML ; Anfälle ; Kernspintomographie ; Infratentoriell ; Key words Chemotherapy ; ALL ; AML ; Seizures ; MRI ; Infratentorial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two children on chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) had initially focal, then generalized seizures of short duration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed in one case minor parietal, cortical and subcortical increased signal on T2-weighted images. In a second case extended supratentorial lesions and additional signal changes in the cerebellum were found. Although chemotherapy was continued, a few days later signal changes were considerably reduced or had disappeared. We consider these lesions to be seizure induced in a brain previously sensitized by chemotherapy. Discussion: If post-ictal MRI-imaging shows signal changes, differential diagnosis has to consider other reasons like leukemic infiltrations, encephalitis or hypertensive encephalopathy. However, before extensive diagnostic procedures (e.g. repetitive lumbar punctures) are undertaken, a short-term MRI follow-up should be performed: reversibility within a few days can render the differential diagnosis of transient epileptogenic changes very likely. A temporary anti-epileptic treatment seems to be indicated. Chemotherapy has not to be suspended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 2 Kindern kam es während des ersten Zyklus einer Chemotherapie bei akuter myeloischer Leukämie und akuter lymphatischer Leukämie zu kurzdauernden fokalen, sekundär generalisierten Krampfanfällen. Die kernspintomographische Untersuchung am Anfallstag bzw. 2 Tage postiktal zeigte in 1 Fall nur geringere supratentorielle subkortikale Signalanhebungen im T2-gewichteten Bild. Im 2. Fall fanden sich sowohl ausgedehnte supra- als auch infratentorielle Veränderungen. Trotz Fortsetzung der Chemoterapie waren diese nach wenigen Tagen bereits deutlich rückläufig bzw. rückgebildet. Sie werden daher als anfallsbedingte Veränderungen im Zusammenwirken mit der Chemotherapie angesehen. Diskussion: Bei unmittelbar postiktal gefundenen kernspintomographischen Veränderungen sind differentialdiagnostisch andere Ursachen (zerebrale Beteiligung im Rahmen der Grundkrankheit, entzündlich, hypertensiv) zu erwägen. Ähneln jedoch die gefundenen Läsionen morphologisch den hier beschriebenen, so empfiehlt sich eine kurzfristige Verlaufskontrolle bevor weitergehende diagnostische (z.B. wiederholte Lumbalpunktionen) oder therapeutische Maßnahmen ergriffen werden: Anfallsinduzierte Veränderungen sind nach unserer Erfahrung innerhalb weniger Tage rückläufig. Eine vorübergehende antikonvulsive Behandlung scheint sinnvoll. Die Chemotherapie braucht nicht unterbrochen zu werden.
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  • 136
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    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 637-640 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Castleman’s disease ; Soft tissues ; MRI ; Ultrasound ; Embolisation ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Castleman’s disease, angio-follicular lymph node hyperplasia, is a relatively rare benign tumour. It typically arises in the mediastinum. We report a unique case arising in the erector spinae muscle. The case demonstrates the importance of radiological investigation and embolisation prior to obtaining a tissue diagnosis and subsequent surgical excision.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis ; Spine ; MRI ; Biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The MRI features of two cases of spinal Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis with multilevel involvement are presented in which MRI was of help in differentiating active from inactive healing lesions by the demonstration of signal changes in the vertebral body marrow of the active lesion, manifest as low signal intensity on T1-weighted sequences and high signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences. This distinction could not be made by plain radiography or bone scintigraphy. In cases where biopsy is required for diagnosis, MRI is recommended to guide the biopsy towards levels suggestive of active involvement.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cartilage ; MR ; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ; technology ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; diagnostic ; Joints ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose. To assess the accuracy of different MR sequences for the detection of articular cartilage abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis. Design and patients. Ten metacarpophalangeal joints and 10 metatarsophalangeal joints (specimens from arthritis patients undergoing ablative joint surgery) were examined with a fat-suppressed (FS) 3D FLASH, a FS 3D FISP, a FS 2D fast spin-echo T2-weighted, and a 2D FS spin-echo T1-weighted sequence. Each cartilage lesion and each cortical lesion was graded from 0 to 4 (modified Outerbridge staging system). Subsequently, the results of each sequence were compared with the macroscopic findings and statistically tested against each other. Results. The study shows that 3D gradient-echo sequences with fat suppression were best for imaging and grading of cartilage lesions in arthritis of the small joints of the hands and feet. Using 3D techniques, all grade 2, grade 3, and grade 4 lesions of cartilage or cortical bone were detected. Conclusion. FS 3D gradient-echo techniques were best for the detection and grading of hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. MRI has a great potential as an objective method of evaluating cartilage damage and bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Scaphoid ; MRI ; Bone scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To determine the accuracy of MRI in the assessment of the radiographically occult scaphoid fracture. Design. This prospective study compared the sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detection of radiographically occult scaphoid fractures with bone scintigraphy (BS), the currently accepted imaging modality of choice. Consecutive patients with clinical signs of a scaphoid injury but no evidence of fracture on plain radiographs at presentation and after 7–10 days were evaluated by MRI and BS. All images were reported in masked fashion and the sensitivities and specificities of the imaging modalities determined. All patients with a scaphoid fracture demonstrated by MRI or BS were followed for at least a year after injury. Patients. Forty-three subjects (aged 12–74 years) had both MRI and BS carried out on average 19 days from the injury date. Results and conclusions. Six patients (14%) had scaphoid waist fractures. There were other bony injuries in a further six. In 40 patients there was agreement between the BS and MRI findings. In three cases there was discrepancy between the imaging modalities; in all three MRI was found to be the more sensitive and specific. MRI could become the investigation of choice for this injury.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone marrow ; MRI ; Plasma cell neoplasms ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two cases of treated plasma cell lesions of bone are reported for which contrast-enhanced MRI had suggested necrosis, based on lack of enhancement after gadolinium injection, and in which pathologic examinations revealed the presence of extensive viable neoplastic tissue. These cases highlight the need for cautious interpretation of contrast-enhanced MRI signs of response to treatment and inactivity of lesions in the setting of plasma cell neoplasms.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Ollier’s disease ; Low-grade glioma ; Non-mesodermal tumor ; Brain ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A case is presented in which two neuro-ectodermal tumors, an infra- and a supratentorial glioma, developed in a young man with multiple enchondromatosis of Ollier’s disease. This is the third such case of multifocal low-grade glioma in Ollier’s disease, suggesting a predisposition for non-mesodermal tumors in Ollier’s disease. The related condition of multiple enchondromatosis and hemangiomas (Maffucci’s syndrome) is well known for its malignant potential, developing both mesodermal and non-mesodermal tumors. Along with other authors, we support the concept of two variants of the same disease with a predisposition to development of tumors from various germ layers.
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  • 142
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    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 696-701 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Neurofibromatosis type 1 ; Plexiform neurofibroma ; Elephantiasis neuromatosa ; MRI ; MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present the case of a 43-year-old man with neurofibromatosis type 1 who developed elephantiasis neuromatosa of his left leg. The gross limb enlargement was extremely disfiguring, and resulted in such severe disability that he was only able to walk a very short distance using crutches. Previous debulking procedures had resulted in massive blood loss, and prior to attempting further surgical intervention MRI studies were requested. Taking advantage of the excellent tissue characterisation and multiplanar imaging capabilities of MRI, we were able to assess the extent of soft tissue and osseous involvement. The use of recently developed MR angiographic sequences enabled us to non-invasively provide detailed images to assess the relationship of the lesions to the major vessels, as well as the vascular supply and angiographic features of the lesions themselves. This article describes our MRI-based findings, which precluded debulking surgery in this unusual manifestation of neurofibromatosis.
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  • 143
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    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 708-710 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Wrist ; Intraosseous ganglia ; Lunate ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  An intraosseous ganglion is a relatively uncommon, benign, cyst-like lesion that occurs in young and middle-aged adults. Most commonly seen adjacent to the hip, ankle, knee, or wrist, they are histologically identical to their soft tissue counterparts. A review of the literature revealed only two previously reported examples of bilateral symmetrical ganglia of the lunate bones.
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  • 144
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    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue hemangioma ; Plain films ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate changes in bone adjacent to deep soft tissue hemangiomas of the extremities. Design and patients. We retrospectively reviewed the plain films of 115 patients with histologically proven deep soft tissue hemangiomas of the extremities. The length and pattern of the bone changes were analyzed and correlated with the MRI examination (n=55) and surgical findings. Results. Plain film studies demonstrated reactive bone changes adjacent to the deep soft tissue hemangiomas in 24 (21%) patients and phleboliths in 23 (20%) patients. The results of plain film analysis revealed a wide spectrum of regional bone changes adjacent to the hemangiomas, including periosteal reactions (16%), regional osteopenia (1%), cortical erosion (3%), bony overgrowth (3%), coarsening of the trabeculae (5%), and a combination of the above changes (4%). The length of the reactive changes corresponded approximately to the size of the hemangioma in 70% and was longer than the largest dimension of the hemangioma in 30%. Of the 55 patients studied with MRI, 39 (71%) patients had normal bones and 16 (29%) had bone changes. Conclusion. Deep soft tissue hemangiomas may cause changes in adjacent bones. Familiarity with the pattern of reactive bone changes may help to avoid misdiagnosis.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hip ; MRI ; Radionuclide studies ; Fractures ; Cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with radionuclide bone scan in the evaluation of patients with clinically suspected hip fractures. Design. The medical records of all patients who had been seen in the emergency room over a 4 -year period with a clinically suspected hip fracture, negative or equivocal plain films, and either a subsequent bone scan or MRI examination were retrospectively reviewed. The time to diagnosis, admission rate, and time to surgery were determined. A two-sample t-test was used to assess the statistical significance of the results. A theoretical cost analysis was performed using current charges to estimate all expenses. Patients. Forty patients (11 male, 29 female; age 28–99 years) satisfied our inclusion criteria. Results and conclusions. Twenty-one patients had bone scans (six with fractures), and 19 had MRI (four with fractures). The time to diagnosis was 2.24±1.30 days for bone scanning and 0.368±0.597 days for MRI (P〈0.0001). Twenty patients in the bone scan group were admitted compared with 13 in the MRI group. The time to surgery was at least 1 day longer in patients undergoing bone scanning. Bone scanning resulted in higher patient costs compared with MRI because of the delay in diagnosis. In the evaluation of patients with suspected hip fractures, early MRI is more cost-effective than delayed bone scanning. Further prospective studies comparing the cost-effectiveness of early MRI with early bone scanning are needed.
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    Journal of paleolimnology 19 (1998), S. 255-264 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake Winnipeg ; magnetic resonance ; MRI ; SPRITE ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As part of the Geologic Survey of Canada (GSC) Lake Winnipeg Study, we have successfully imaged the Lake Agassiz to Lake Winnipeg transition in Section 4 of Core Namao 94-900-122a (i.e., from 313 cm to 465 cm), using a newly-developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique called SPRITE (Single-Point, Ramped Imaging with T1 Enhancement). Whole core, gamma-ray attenuation measurements have been used to calculate the bulk porosity of the sediment at 1 cm intervals for comparison with the SPRITE images. Image contrast and image intensities observed in the SPRITE images of Section 4 are related to local porosity and magnetic susceptibility variations. In general, regions of the core with low signal intensity contain high porosity and low magnetic susceptibility. The best contrast between sediment layers is observed from regions of the core with high magnetic susceptibility. High signal intensity is observed from regions with low porosity and/or high magnetic susceptibility.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: anthropogenic contamination ; magnetic susceptibility artefacts ; marine sediment ; MRI ; oil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Organisations such as the Marine Control Pollution Unit of the Department of Transport are at present testing the suitability of burial and landfarming of oily residues in sandy coastal environments as an alternative to landfill sites. The tendency for oil related compounds to sorb to sediments has been extensively investigated, but this has not permitted the 'observation' or measurement of advection/diffusion processes or the breakdown of these compounds within sediments. MRI, which is a multidimensional technique allowing the position of nuclei (most commonly protons) to be charted within a volume, provides a means of monitoring advection and diffusion of oil within sediments, thus offering a method of assessing the harming potential of oils in near-shore environments. A three dimensional MRI analysis of the movement of oil in an organic substrate and in three related estuarine sediments show that, using appropriate parameters, movement of the oil can be both observed and quantified. The results presented in terms of the % change of oil distribution within each sediment sample, show the great potential of MRI in studying protonated contaminants in these materials.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Pancreatic cancer ; MRI ; Contrast media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of our work was to investigate the use of a dynamic contrast-enhanced MR (DCEMR) technique for staging apparently localised pancreatic cancer, and to determine the patterns of tumour and vascular enhancement with this technique. Thirty-five consecutive patients were examined. The MR findings were correlated with surgical findings in 13 patients and with clinical outcome in 22 patients. Breath-hold gradient-echo fast low angle shot (TR = 100, TE = 4, flip angle 80 °) acquisitions were obtained at 10 and 40 s (right anterior coronal oblique plane) and at 90 s (axial plane) following intravenous gadolinium. Mean contrast-to-noise ratio was higher on the first than the second acquisition (p 〈 0.001) and higher on the second acquisition than the third (p 〈 0.005). Tumour conspicuity was greatest and arterial anatomy was best demonstrated on the first acquisition and the portal venous anatomy on the second. Small tumours were isointense by the third acquisition. Maximal intensity projections were helpful. The MR findings correctly predicted the surgical findings in 11 of 13 cases (85 %) and the clinical course in the other 22 patients. The DCEMR imaging technique is valuable in the staging of patients with pancreatic cancer. Capillary and portal venous phase images are both required for complete local staging.
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  • 149
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 749-755 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Leucoencephalopathy ; Heroin ; Cerebellum ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This is a report of clinical, CT and MRI findings in a patient with toxic spongiform leucoencephalopathy after heroin ingestion. The disease is observed in drug addicts who inhale pre-heated heroin. The clinical onset, which usually occurs some days or even longer after the last heroin consumption, is characterized by a cerebellar syndrome. The cerebellar hemispheres, the cerebellar and cerebral peduncles and the pyramidal tract may be affected. Spongiform demyelination is the morphological substrate of the lesions, which are not contrast enhancing, hypodense on CT and hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI. The frequently perfect symmetry of the affection of functional systems points to a toxic and/or metabolic pathophysiological mechanism.
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  • 150
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1040-1046 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Pediatric ; Chest mass ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the spectrum of pediatric chest masses, to present the results of cross-sectional imaging with CT and/or MRI, and to define diagnostic criteria to limit differential diagnosis. Seventy-eight children with thoracic mass lesions were retrospectively evaluated using CT (72 patients) and/or MR imaging (12 patients). All masses were evaluated for tissue characteristics (attenuation values or signal intensity, enhancement, and calcification) and were differentiated according to age, gender, location, and etiology. Twenty-eight of 38 (74 %) mediastinal masses were malignant (neuroblastoma, malignant lymphoma). Thirty of 38 (79 %) pulmonary masses were metastatic in origin, all with an already known primary tumor (osteosarcoma, Wilms tumor). With one exception, all remaining pulmonary lesions were benign. Seventeen of 21 (81 %) chest wall lesions were malignant (Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor). The majority of mediastinal and chest wall tumors in children is malignant. Lung lesions are usually benign, unless a known extrapulmonary tumor suggests pulmonary metastases. Cross-sectional imaging with CT and/or MRI allows narrowing of the differential diagnosis of pediatric chest masses substantially by defining the origin and tissue characteristics. Magnetic resonance imaging is preferred for posterior mediastinal lesions, whereas CT should be used for pulmonary lesions. For the residual locations both modalities are complementary.
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  • 151
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1677-1679 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Chordoma ; MRI ; CT ; Posterior mediastinal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A case of a chordoma in the thoracic spine is presented. This is a very rare tumour in this location and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any posterior mediastinal mass. The appearances on CT and MRI were similar to chordomas described in other locations. On T2-weighted images septae of low signal intensity radiated throughout the large high-signal mass. This feature may be of use in differentiating chordomas from other posterior mediastinal masses.
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  • 152
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    Experimental brain research 123 (1998), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Information processing ; Fagan test ; Focal lesions ; Vision ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Visual information processing for faces were tested by means of the Fagan test of infant intelligence (FTII) in six infants of approximately 12 months of age affected by congenital unilateral brain lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to determine the side and size of the lesions. In addition to the FTII, all infants were submitted to a psychometric evaluation using the Griffiths scales. Visual acuity, visual field, and ocular motility were also assessed. Three infants showed damage in the left hemisphere and three in the right. The severity of the lesions, as revealed by MRI scan, was similar in the two groups. All infants except one had normal or borderline cognitive scores on the Griffiths scales. Conversely, four infants showed abnormal results on the FTII, which were not associated with the severity of the lesions, psychometric scores, or the presence of visual deficits. A preference for stimuli presented on the left side of the screen was found, independent of the side of the lesions. This effect was stronger for novel stimuli. The results of this study confirm the importance of early assessment of neuropsychological functions in infants with focal brain lesions.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Koloskopie ; Spiral-CT ; Elektronenstrahltomographie ; MRT ; virtuelle Realität ; Key words Spiral computed tomography ; Electron beam tomography ; EBT ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; MRI ; Colonoscopy ; Virtual reality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To evaluate experimentally and in patients the sensitivity and effective dose of virtual electron-beam tomography (EBT) colonoscopy for detecting small colon tumors and to compare the methods and results with virtual colonoscopy using spiral CT and MR imaging in a review of the literature. Materials and methods: Six polyps with diameters between 3 and 12 mm were created and randomly placed in resected pig colon. After distension with air, the pig colon was scanned with continous volume scanning (CVS, 3 mm collimation) and a pitch of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5. Twenty patients positive for the fecal blood test were examined after rectal CO2 insufflation and i. v. administration of 1 mg glucagon. A 13 s CVS scan was used to cover the entire colon within one breathhold. 3D volume-rendered fly-throughs were evaluated by two independent radiologists. Effective dose equivalent was estimated using an Alderson phantom equipped with thermoluminescence dosimeters. Results: In the tumor model, all polyps were detectable at a pitch of 1.5. A further reduction of the pitch ratio did not improve the conspicuity of the polyps. In patient studies, all tumors (n = 4) and polyps (n = 3) were correctly identified on 3D fly-throughs. Two false positive results were obtained. Effective dose equivalent was calculated at 3.2 mSv per scan. Conclusions: Our preliminary results indicate that virtual EBT colonoscopy holds promise for fast screening for colon polyps. The best technique for virtual colonoscopy (Spiral CT, EBT, MRI) has not yet been determined and the future role of virtual colonoscopy must still be defined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel: Als virtuelle Koloskopie bezeichnet man eine neue Methode, die aus Bilddaten der radiologischen Schnittbildverfahren, CT, Elektronenstrahl-CT (EBT) und MRT mittels computerunterstützter Bildnachverarbeitung simulierte dreidimensionale (3D-), endoskopieähnliche Bilder des Kolons erzeugt. Ziel unserer Untersuchung war die Bestimmung der Wertigkeit der virtuellen EBT-Koloskopie zum Nachweis von kolorektalen Polypen und Tumoren in vitro am Tumormodell und in Patientenstudien. Anhand publizierter Studien der virtuellen Koloskopie mit Spiral-CT und MRT sollen die verschiedenen Untersuchungstechniken dargestellt und verglichen werden. Material und Methode: 6 Polypen mit einem Durchmesser von 3–12 mm wurden nach Abheben und Umstechen der Mukosa in Schweinekolon gebildet. Nach Distension mit Raumluft wurde dieses Tumormodell mit EBT im „continuous volume scanning (CVS)-Mode” mit 3-mm-Kollimation und 3 verschiedenen Pitchverhältnissen (0,4; 0,8; 1,5) gescannt; 20 Patienten mit positivem Hämocculttest wurden nach rektaler CO2-Insufflation und i. v.-Gabe von 1 mg Glucagon in Atemanhaltetechnik mit einem den ganzen Kolonrahmen abdeckenden CVS-Scan (13 s Untersuchungsdauer) untersucht. Endoskopische 3D-Durchflugsrekonstruktionen wurden von 2 unabhängigen Radiologen hinsichtlich des Vorliegens von Polypen oder Tumoren beurteilt. Die zu erwartende effektive Dosis für die EBT-Koloskopie wurde über Messungen mit einem Alderson-Phantom, welches mit Thermolumineszenzdosimetern bestückt war, berechnet. Ergebnisse: Schon bei einem Pitch von 1,5 wurden alle Polypen im Tumormodell erkannt. Die Reduzierung des Pitch auf 0,8 oder 0,4 verbesserte nicht die Erkennbarkeit der Polypen auf den endoskopischen 3D-Rekonstruktionen. Alle Tumoren (n = 4) und Polypen (n = 3) der Patientenuntersuchungen wurden korrekt identifiziert. 2 falsch-positive Befunde wurden erhoben. Die effektive Dosis pro Scan errechnete sich zu maximal 3,2 mSv. Schlußfolgerungen: Unsere vorläufigen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die virtuelle EBT-Koloskopie eine vielversprechende Methode zum Nachweis von kolorektalen Tumoren ist. Der Stellenwert der verschiedenen Techniken der virtuellen Koloskopie (Spiral-CT, EBT, MRT) muß erst noch bestimmt werden.
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  • 154
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    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 904-912 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hirnstammgliom ; CT ; MRT ; Klassifikation ; Prognose ; Key words Brain-stem glioma ; CT ; MRI ; Classification ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Brain-stem gliomas occur mainly in childhood and are localized in the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata. Diagnosis is a domain of MRI, requiring T2, T1 and KM. CT shows hemorrhage and calcification well. The criteria are the primary site, size, tumor growth, brain-stem enlargement, delineation, intralesional structure, exophytic components and enhancement. Secondary criteria are herniation, hydrocephalus and liquorgenic seeding. In CT glioma are hypodense, in MRI hyperintense in T2 and hypointense in T1. Enhancement is seen in 25–60% and does not allow differentiation of tumor vs nontumor or gradings. Factors influencing poor outcome are high grade, a short history, cranial nerve involvement, severe brain-stem enlargement, pontine site, diffuse growth and recurrency. The 5-year-survival rate is 30% (after radiation: focal tumors 85%, diffuse 20%). Most frequent are symptoms of brain pressure, cerebellum, cranial nerves and pyramidal tract. There is no agreement on whether biopsy is necessary or not. A diagnosis of tumor is highly suggestive if classical MRI findings fit the clinical history.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hirnstammgliome treten überwiegend im Kindesalter auf und sind im Mesenzephalon, Pons und der Medulla oblongata lokalisiert. Die Diagnostik ist eine Domäne der MRT und erfordert T2-, T1-Sequenzen und Kontrastmittel (KM). Die CT ist zum Nachweis von Blutungen und Verkalkungen prädestiniert. Beurteilungskriterien sind Primärsitz, Tumorgröße, Ausdehnung, Hirnstammverbreiterung, Tumorränder, Binnenstruktur, exophytische Anteile und KM-Aufnahme. Sekundäre Kriterien sind Einklemmung, Liquoraufstau und liquorgene Aussaat. Hirnstammgliome sind im CT hypodens, im MRT in T2 hyperintens, in T1 meistens hypointens. Schrankenstörungen lassen sich in 25–60% der Fälle nachweisen und erlauben keine Differenzierung von Tumor/Nichttumor oder verschiedenen Gradierungen. Diskussion: Prognostisch ungünstig sind hohe Gradierung, kurzer klinischer Verlauf, Hirnnervenbefall, ausgeprägte Hirnstammverbreiterung, pontine Lokalisation, diffuse Ausbreitung und Rezidiv. Die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate beträgt 30%, nach Strahlentherapie bei fokalen Tumoren 85%, bei diffusen 20%. Die häufigsten Symptome sind Hirndruckzeichen, zerebelläre Ataxie, Hirnnervenbefall und Pyramidenbahnzeichen – in ca. 40% Tortikollis. Die Biopsie wird kontrovers diskutiert. Zumindest ist bei klassischem MRT-Befund und passender Klinik die Diagnose Tumor hochwahrscheinlich.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Strahlentherapie ; Periarthritis humeroscapularis ; MRT ; Key words Radiotherapy ; Humeroscapular periarthritis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Evalution of MRI in radiotherapy of humeroscapular periarthritis. Patients and methods: Seventy-seven patients with humeroscapular periarthritis prospectively underwent MRI before radiotherapy. Results: Six months after radiotherapy, 34% of the patients had achieved complete pain relief, 35% major pain relief. Twenty percent had only slight improvement and 12% no improvement. Positive correlation of radiotherapy outcome and MRI findings could be shown for acute tendinitis, erosions, and complete and incomplete ruptures of the supraspinatus tendon. Conclusions: Radiotherapy is highly effective in the treatment of humeroscapular periarthritis. The indication can be improved using MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Aussagefähigkeit der MRT vor Strahlentherapie der Periarthritis humeroscapularis. Methodik: 77 Patienten mit Periarthritis humeroscapularis wurden prospektiv vor der Strahlentherapie mit einem Linearbeschleuniger MR-tomographisch untersucht. Ergebnisse: 6 Monate nach Beendigung der Radiatio waren 34% der Patienten beschwerdefrei. 35% zeigten eine wesentliche Besserung. 20% waren nur geringfügig gebessert, während bei 12% der Patienten die Symptomatik unverändert fortbestand. Eine positive Korrelation der MR-Befunde mit dem Therapieerfolg bestand bei akuten Tendinitiden, Usuren sowie kompletten und inkompletten Rupturen der Supraspinatussehne. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Strahlentherapie ist neben operativen Verfahren eine weitere wertvolle Methode zur Behandlung der Periarthritis humeroscapularis. Die MRT ist zur Indikationsstellung sinnvoll.
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  • 156
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 528-539 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: MRA ; time-of-flight ; MRA ; contrast-enhanced ; Vascular disease ; diagnosis ; Blood flow ; velocity ; MRI ; function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Initially, time-of-flight angiography found its way into clinical routine for imaging vascular morphology. In conjunction with phase-contrast imaging, functional and morphological assessment of vascular pathology became possible. The flow dependence and associated artifacts inherent to these techniques have restricted the clinical use of these magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) techniques to the extra- and intracranial arterial, as well as the systemic and portal, venous systems. With the advent of high-performance gradient systems a new, promising MRA strategy has been developed: contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography. It is based on the combination of rapid 3D imaging and the T1-shortening effect of intravenously infused paramagnetic contrast. This review provides a technical overview and critically discusses the clinical application for the different MRA techniques regarding morphological as well as functional assessment of the vascular system.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Tibia ; Fractures ; Fractures ; stress ; CT ; MRI ; Comparative studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of CT and MRI in the diagnosis of longitudinal stress fracture of the tibia (LSFT). A retrospective study of imaging findings was performed in 15 patients with LSFT. The CT and MR images were compared for detection of fracture line, callus, bone marrow edema, and soft tissues changes. The CT and MRI techniques allowed the detection of the fracture line in 82 and 73 % of cases, respectively. The callus was always visualized with CT or MRI. The MRI technique had a markedly higher sensitivity than CT in the detection of bone marrow edema (73 vs 18 %) and soft tissue lesions (87 vs 9 %). This may cause a misleading aggressive appearance on MRI. Computed tomography remains the best imaging modality for diagnosis of LSFT. However, MRI findings should be known to obviate the performance of CT or bone biopsy.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Deep neck abscess ; Cervical fascial anatomy ; Anterior cervical space ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the pathway of infrahyoid extension of the oropharyngeal abscess considering the anatomy of the fascial spaces by cross-sectional imaging. CT scans and MR images were retrospectively reviewed in ten patients with known infrahyoid extension of oropharyngeal abscesses (eight with acute tonsillitis, two with acute phlegmonous oropharyngitis). In seven of eight patients tonsillar abscesses descended along the deep cervical fascia converging on the hyoid bone and further accumulated in the anterior cervical space through which extension to the mediastinum took place in four patients. In seven patients the abscesses involved the retropharyngeal space at the infrahyoid neck. In two of these seven patients the abscesses directly extended down into the upper mediastinum through the retropharyngeal space. In one patients of the seven mediastinal spread of an abscess occurred through the posterior cervical space, not through the retropharyngeal space. Cross-sectional imaging is valuable in the evaluation of deep neck abscesses and the pathway of spread. The anterior cervical space in the infrahyoid neck is important for mediastinal extension of pharyngeal abscesses.
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  • 159
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 966-970 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal cord ; Spinal canal ; MRI ; Myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. There is a large individual variation in human spinal cord and canal size, even in patients of different series studied by the same modality, and no authorized standard method has been established. A comparative study of sagittal diameters of the cervical spinal cord and canal using myelography and MRI is presented. The purposes of this paper are (a) to establish the correction factor (CF) needed for quantitative comparison of the two imaging modalities, and (b) to determine the different factors that may modify the measurement of these diameters. We studied 45 patients with clinical findings compatible with cervical spondilotic myelopathy. In our experience, the CF for accurate correlation of MRI and myelography measurements is 1.32 and depends almost entirely on the radiographic geometry of the myelographic procedure. In addition, there is a variability in the group of MRI results due to imprecision of the pressure-pad measuring/input device of the instrument itself and the sequence performed.
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  • 160
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1452-1454 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Epidurography ; MRI ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate and describe MRI epidurography as a new imaging tool. Five volunteers and one patient were investigated with MR epidurography after injection of 20 ml Gd-DPTA solution (1 : 250/1 ml Gd-DPTA/250 ml normal saline). Magnetic resonance epidurography is possible. With fat-suppression techniques, the contrast between Gd-DPTA solution in the epidural space and surrounding soft tissue proved adequate. Using the multiplanar capability of MRI with MR epidurography coronal and sagittal projections similar to conventional epidurography, axial slices comparable to CT epidurography can be obtained. Magnetic resonance epidurography is superior to conventional and CT epidurography. Presently, due to high costs as compared with conventional and CT epidurography, MRI is not suitable for the routine monitoring of peridural catheters, but it may have a place in the future with decreasing costs for MRI and for the evaluation of patients with spine pathology, especially in describing epidural processes.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Kidney transplantation ; Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease ; US ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are a complication of immunosuppressed transplant recipients, and their incidence is reported to be 20–120 times greater than the rate in the general population. After kidney transplantation, PTLD more likely arise within the renal transplant fossa. Radiological patterns of these forms are presented and discussed, according to a review of the literature, and illustrated by cases from our institution. Ultrasound plays an essential role in the early diagnosis of PTLD by detecting a urinary obstruction associated with adenopathy or an ill-defined mass not previously seen. However, in the case of an inconclusive US examination, CT or MRI should be performed to confirm the presence of a mass. Both techniques are useful in evaluating the extension of the process within the transplantation fossa; MRI seems more accurate and can be used for the follow-up, especially after reduction in immunosuppressive therapy without transplant removal.
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  • 162
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1623-1626 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Liver ; Biliary hamartoma ; von Meyenburg complex ; MRI ; ERCP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A case of multiple bile duct hamartomas (von Meyenburg complex) of the liver accompanied by exudative and in part necrotizing pancreatitis is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging (fat suppressed, T2-weighted images with prolonged echo time) could exclude diffuse tumor infiltration of the liver, which had not been possible with CT, sonography, or ERCP. To our knowledge, no comparable case has been reported.
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  • 163
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1651-1653 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Muscular sarcoidosis ; Steroid therapy ; MRI ; Contrast study ; Gallium scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The nodular type of muscular sarcoidosis has been known to show characteristic MR findings; however, MR imaging features after steroid therapy have not been reported. A 48-year-old man with nodular type of muscular sarcoidosis is reported. Prior to steroid therapy, axial MR images showed peripheral increased signal intensity and central star-shaped decreased signal intensity. Coronal images showed an inner stripe of decreased signal intensity and outer stripes of increased signal intensity. After steroid therapy, axial images showed only the central star-shaped area of decreased signal intensity. Coronal images showed only the inner stripe of decreased signal intensity. It is important to know that the central area will continue to exist after steroid therapy.
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  • 164
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Orbit ; CT ; MRI ; Angiography ; Orbital tumors ; Orbital inflammation ; Orbital foreign bodies ; Endovascular procedures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Computerized techniques (CT and MRI) allow precise delineation of orbital anatomy and abnormalities. Orbital tumors are nicely depicted by these methods; various examples are illustrated in this article, with discussion of the respective impact of CT and MRI. Orbital inflammation and foreign bodies usually represent radiologic emergencies, prompting use of CT (frequently) or MRI (occasionally). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is indicated for diagnosis of vascular changes (mainly carotid-cavernous fistula, aneurysms, angiomas, Rendu-Osler disease). Angiography is usually done to ascertain the possibility of an interventional procedure. Orbital vascular interventions include re-canalization of occluded vessels, and embolization of pathologic (tumorous or post-traumatic) vessels.
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  • 165
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Kidneys ; Function ; MRI ; Contrast agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The kidneys are the most important organs to maintain homeostasis. In the assessment of renal functional disorders laboratory tests offer only indirect hints on location of the disease; radionuclide nephrography is hampered by low spatial resolution and radiologic methods provide only limited quantitative information. The MRI technique with fast pulse sequences and renally eliminated contrast agent has the capability of combining both anatomic and functional information. This article gives an overview on functional MRI of the kidneys with its possibilities and limitations. The clinical application of functional MRI allows a better understanding of some pathologic conditions such as urinary tract obstruction, renal insufficiency, effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, different states of hydration, effects of drugs, vascular disorders, and effects of transplantation.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lung ; abnormalities ; Spleen ; abnormalities ; Spleen ; infarction ; Spleen ; MRI ; Wegener's granulomatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The MRI appearance of pulmonary lesions in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis is presented. Pulmonary involvement was characterized by multiple solid and cavitated nodules connected to vessels. Transbronchial biopsy demonstrated typical findings of granuloma. The spleen presented diffuse low signal intensity and an enhancing capsule on T1-weighted images, and inhomogeneously high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. This appearance of diffuse infarction could result from the vasculitis caused by Wegener's disease.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Uterus ; anatomy ; Uterus ; MRI ; Uterus ; myometrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Transient myometrial contraction as a physiological phenomenon may simulate pathological conditions, such as a focal or diffuse adenomyosis. Clinicians should be aware of the potential presence of this phenomenon and imaging should be repeated after a suitable interval when the nature of a bulge or a region of low intensity in the myometrium is in doubt. In this paper, we report a transient myometrial contraction that mimics an adenomyosis, but disappears in repeated series.
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  • 168
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Osteochondritis dissecans ; MRI ; Arthroscopy ; Radiography ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Osteochondritis (osteochondrosis) dissecans (OCD) is a common condition in children, adolescents, and young adults. Describing OCD together with osteochondral fractures and epiphyseal ossification disturbances and considering these three conditions as one entity has caused much confusion. Age distribution and localization combined with the radiologic and surgical presentation distinguishes these conditions. Osteochondritis dissecans represents an osseous lesion with secondary involvement of the overlying cartilage. Beginning as avascular osteonecrosis, OCD forms a transitional zone that harbors the potential of restoration with complete healing or progression to an osseous defect. Mechanical and traumatic factors are etiologically dominant in OCD, but a predisposition seems to be a contributing factor in some patients. Osteochondritis dissecans is generally diagnosed by conventional radiology. Its therapy is determined by the stage of the lesion and MRI will become the method of choice for staging. Intact cartilage, contrast enhancement of the lesion, and absent “cystic” defects are findings of MRI stage I and justify conservative therapy, obviating arthroscopy. Cartilage defect with or without incomplete separation of the fragment, fluid around an undetached fragment, and a dislodged fragment are MRI findings observed in stage II and require arthroscopy with possible intervention. Thus, MRI can noninvasively separate non-surgical from possibly surgical lesions and should replace diagnostic arthroscopy.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Indirect MR arthrography ; MR arthrography ; Joints ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Indirect MR arthrography is a relatively new MR technique improving articular and periarticular contrast. It is achieved by injection of paramagnetic MR contrast media intravenously instead of intra-articular injection as in direct MR arthrography. After the injection exercising the joint results in considerable signal intensity increase within the joint cavity. Fat saturated MR sequences then yield arthrographic images. The method is less invasive than direct MR arthrography and first results showed comparable sensitivities and specificities for rotator cuff and glenoid labrum pathology. In this article the technique, established and potential future indications, drawbacks and limitations of the method are reviewed.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lung cancer ; Progressive massive fibrosis ; Pneumoconiosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report the MRI features and correlative pathologic findings of a lung cancer in a patient with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). In this case, MRI was able to distinguish the lung cancer as a high signal intensity area, and the fibrotic mass as a low signal intensity area, on both T1-weighted and T2-weighted images when compared with muscle. MRI is potentially useful in distinguishing cancer tissue from PMF in patients with pneumoconiosis.
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  • 171
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 849-857 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Ultrasound ; Physics ; Vascular studies ; Vascular pathologies ; Ultrasonic contrast agents ; Clinical applications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The choice of the optimal ultrasonic frequency for vascular studies is determined by the required resolution and penetration. Anatomical real-time two-dimensional imaging and blood flow studies provide complementary information. Intravascular scanning allows high-frequency ultrasound to be used, with correspondingly good spatial resolution. Contrast resolution is degraded by beam side lobes and the limited dynamic range of the ultrasonic pulse. The physics of ultrasonic scattering by blood, pulsed Doppler and duplex scanning and colour flow imaging performances determines the limits of clinical applications. Contrast agents enhance the echogenicity of blood, improving sensitivity and, through second harmonic detection, suppressing solid tissue echoes. Three-dimensional display, with segmentation by the presence of the flow signal, facilitates spatial perception. Clinical applications in vascular pathologies are summarised.
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  • 172
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1345-1351 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Bone metastases ; MRI ; MRI sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Some knowledge of MR theory is required to be able to achieve high contrast between bone metastases and normal marrow. Three factors are used in MR to diagnose bone metastases: fat–water distribution, artifacts induced by bone trabeculae, and uptake of contrast medium. Using MR-histological correlations based on specimens of the lumbar spine, and studies of patients, we explain the advantages and limitations of sequences studying fat and water (spin-echo T1, STIR, in- and out-of-phase gradient echo, fat presaturation), bone trabeculae (gradient echo with long TE), and the injection of contrast medium.
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  • 173
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1594-1597 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: CT ; MRI ; Dermoid tumor ; Hemorrhage ; Intracranial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report a case of parasellar dermoid tumor with intra-tumoral hemorrhage. It is rare for a dermoid tumor that hemorrhage was detected as high attenuation on the initial CT. In the present case, the tumor content included a little fat component and mostly cholesterin-rich fluid which resulted in extremely low signal intensity on T2-weighted and high signal on T1-weighted MR images. In addition to this, hemosiderin accumulation in the tumor could be the reason for low signal intensity on T2-weighted images.
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  • 174
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 421-423 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Creutzfeld-Jakob disease ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman suffering from Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD). As brain biopsy was refused, diagnosis had to be based on clinical examination, EEC and findings on cranial MRI. Over a 4-month period MRI examinations demonstrated progressive cortical atrophy and bilateral enhanced signal intensity on T2-weighted images of caudate nuclei and putamina indicating development of spongioform degeneration. As clinical course and the characteristic pattern of brain lesions corresponded to cases of neuropathologically confirmed CJD, we suggest that MRI should be considered a valuable diagnostic tool in clinical diagnosis of the disease.
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  • 175
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Doppler ; US ; MRI ; Angiography ; Contrast agents ; Tumour vascularity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Non-invasive assessment of vascularity is a new diagnostic approach to characterise tumours. Vascular assessment is based on the pathophysiology of tumour angiogenesis and its diagnostic implications for tumour biology, prognosis and therapy response. Two current techniques investigating vascular features in addition to morphology are Doppler ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRI. Diagnostic differentiation has been shown to be possible with Doppler, and a high degree of observed vascularity could be linked to an aggressive course of the disease. Dynamic MRI using gadolinium chelates is already used clinically to detect and differentiate tumours. The histological correlation shows that capillary permeability is increased in malignant tumours and is the best criterion for differentiation from benign processes. Permeability and perfusion factors seem to be more diagnostic than overall vessel density. New clinical applications are currently being established for therapy monitoring. Further instrumental developments will bring harmonic imaging in Doppler, and faster imaging techniques, higher spatial resolution and novel pharmacokinetic concepts in MRI. Upcoming contrast agents for both Doppler and MRI will further improve estimation of intratumoural blood volume and vascular permeability.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Meningeal sign ; Dural infiltration ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In intracranial meningiomas a flat, contrast-enhancing, dural structure adjacent to the tumor can occasionally be observed on gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MR images. We wished to evaluate whether there is a correlation between MR images and meningeal invasion of intracranial meningiomas. The study included 54 patients with intracranial meningioma and the meningeal sign. MR studies included T2-weighted and gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced T1-weighted images in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Histopathologic examinations were done on the meningiomas adjacent to the dura mater. The meningeal sign on MRI was observed from 2 up to 35 mm from the main tumor mass in 31 (57 %) of the 54 patients. In 20 of these 31 the histopathologic examination showed tumor invasion, while 11 patients had no tumor invasion but tissue proliferation, hypervascularity, and vascular dilatation. Seven of the 23 meningiomas without the meningeal sign had histologically proven infiltration of the adjacent dura. MR imaging is not able to determine definitive whether or not there is dural infiltration of the meningiomas. In conclusion, resection of the tumor with a wide margin is necessary to achieve complete excision of meningioma and to avoid recurrence.
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  • 177
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 791-799 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Recurrent sarcoma ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The prognosis for a patient with a musculoskeletal sarcoma has improved considerably over the past two decades largely due to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Surgical techniques have become more sophisticated with limb salvage, the preferred management in the majority of cases. Imaging plays an important role in the assessment of suspected local recurrence of tumor. This pictorial essay reviews the different imaging options and highlights various pitfalls in the detection and diagnosis of recurrence. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in this respect is stressed.
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  • 178
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 817-819 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Shoulder ; Pitfall ; Arthrography ; MRI ; Rotator cuff tear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We present a case where MRI and arthrography of the shoulder reports provided seemingly conflicting data. The subsequent findings at arthroscopy revealed a potential pitfall in arthrographic interpretation.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Stroke ; Venous occlusions ; Computed tomography ; MRI ; Diffusion ; Echoplanar imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper, the authors present the contribution of CT and MRI to the diagnosis of acute stroke caused by arterial or venous occlusion. The term “early” used in this context means within 6 h of the onset of symptoms. Signs of early ischemic edema are subtle and sometimes difficult to detect by CT or MRI. The purpose of this presentation is to familiarize the clinician and the radiologist with the subtle brain parenchymal changes seen within the first 6 h after onset of symptoms, in order to improve detection of early ischemic infarction and to improve patient care.
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  • 180
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1148-1159 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Mediastinum ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In most clinical situations the modern radiological approach to a mediastinal mass consists of performing a CT scan following the chest radiograph. Magnetic resonance imaging is indicated when CT findings are equivocal and as the first-line method in particular situations such as suspected involvement of the posterior mediastinum. In both techniques, tissular components of the mass assessed by density or signal intensity analysis, together with the precise location, are the leading edge of the radiological diagnosis. This review deals mainly with the differential diagnosis of primary neoplasms according to CT and MRI findings.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words. Amyloidosis ; Arthritis ; Hip joints ; Hemodialysis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the spectrum of MR findings of presumed amyloid arthropathy of the hip joints in patients on long-term hemodialysis. We prospectively performed T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo imaging on 152 consecutive patients on hemodialysis. The duration of hemodialysis ranged from 5 months to 24 years, 2 months (mean: 8 years, 8 months). The frequency, location, and signal intensity of bone lesions were assessed. In 12 cases with contrast-enhanced MR examination, enhancement pattern of bone lesions, synovial lesions, and intra-articular lesions were characterized. Bone lesions presumed to be amyloid deposits were identified in 60 patients (39 %). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that amyloid lesions were more extensive than anticipated by plain radiographs. All bone lesions showed decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images, bone lesions showed increased signal intensity in 32 patients (54 %), decreased signal intensity in 11 patients (18 %), and both increased and decreased signal intensity in 17 patients (28 %). Following intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast, all bone lesions showed moderate enhancement. Synovial thickening could not be identified on T1- and T2-weighted images. However, contrast-enhanced images showed thickened synovial membrane, which could be differentiated from joint fluid. Intra-articular nodules showed decreased or intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and decreased signal intensity on T2-weighted images; the intra-articular nodules were contiguous with subchondral bone lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful for evaluating the distribution and extent of amyloidosis of the hip joints in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.
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  • 182
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1590-1593 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Cerebral fat embolism ; Imaging ; MRI ; CCT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this retrospective study was to demonstrate the MRI features of cerebral manifestations in patients with fat embolism syndromes in comparison with cerebral CT (CCT). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed according to standard protocols revealing multiple small non-confluent hyperintense intracerebral lesions larger than 2 mm on proton-density and T2-weighted images to various extents in three of four patients with clinically suspected cerebral fat embolism. Cerebral CT was negative in all patients. Our findings confirm that MRI can detect cerebral fat embolism with a higher sensitivity than CCT. Thus, MRI should be the first choice for imaging of cerebral fat embolism.
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  • 183
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    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1627-1629 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Simple cyst ; Pancreas ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report a case of a woman diagnosed with a solitary true cyst of the pancreas. CT and especially MRI guided us in the diagnosis of this benign lesion. The cyst has been surgically removed because of secondary bile-duct obstruction causing painless jaundice. Clinical history, laboratory, imaging, and histological findings are reported.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Intramedullary spinal ; tuberculoma ; MRI ; Spinal cord ; Tuberculoma ; Tuberculosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intramedullary spinal tuberculoma is a rare form of central nervous system tuberculosis. Although tuberculosis is unusual in the west, it is still prevalent in Asia and Africa. We report a case in which the diagnosis was made histologically without evidence of symptoms of systemic tuberculosis. The lesion, located in the conus medullaris, mimicked a conus tumor. The patient was a 20-year-old man who presented with a history of progressive leg weakness, urinary urgency, and impotence. There was no history of, or recent contact with, tuberculosis. A diagnosis of an intramedullary tumor in the conus medullaris was made by MRI. The patient underwent a T11-L1 laminectomy and total resection of the lesion with microsurgical technique. Histologic examination revealed a granulomatous lesion containing Langhans’ giant cells, inflammatory cells, and caseating necrosis. Antituberculous medication was instituted as soon as the diagnosis was made. Neurologic symptoms and signs slowly improved postoperatively. A combination of microsurgical resection and antituberculous chemotherapy should be the choice of treatment for intramedullary tuberculomas.
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  • 185
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    European spine journal 7 (1998), S. 36-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Discography ; Lumbar ; intervertebral disc ; Back pain ; Discitis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study aimed to identify and characterise changes occurring in the vertebral end-plate on MRI following uncomplicated lumbar discography. MRI was performed immediately before and within 2 h after uncomplicated lumbar discography in 20 consecutive patients undergoing the study as a precursor to possible spinal fusion. Of these, seven patients underwent a further MRI study at a mean of 72 days after discography (range 19–183 days). The MRI scans were assessed for the presence of any changes in the end-plates prior to and following discography. End-plate changes were identified in eight patients (40%) prior to discography. No new changes in end-plate signal intensity (SI) were identified in either the immediate or delayed MRI studies. The study suggests that any changes occurring in the vertebral end-plate following discography should be considered due to infectious discitis. There is no support for the concept of chemical discitis, chemical irritation of bone or microfracture of subchondral trabeculae as a cause of pain at discography.
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  • 186
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    European spine journal 7 (1998), S. 172-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Posterior longitudinal ; ligament ; Ossification ; Down’s ; syndrome ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cervical myelopathy in patients with Down’s syndrome is not uncommonly the result of atlanto-axial instability, a condition that is caused by ligamentous laxity and which may be associated with congenital osseous anomalies at the occipito-atlanto-axial axis. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is well described, particularly in the Japanese population, and may be associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. This is the first case, to our knowledge, of OPLL occurring in a person with Down’s syndrome presenting with myelopathy.
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  • 187
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    European spine journal 7 (1998), S. 438-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Vertebral metastases ; Complications ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors report their experience concerning complications of spinal metastasis surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of such complications and analyse the factors influencing their occurrence. The records of 145 patients treated between 1982 and 1991 for metastatic disease of the spine were retrospectively reviewed for intra- and postoperative complications. Other factors such as radiation therapy, emergent nature of surgery, and neurologic deficits were analysed for potential correlations with the frequency of complications. Twenty-seven (18.6%) patients developed postoperative complications. Wound dehiscence and infection (11%) were the most frequent complications. Statistical analysis showed a significant influence of three factors: preoperative radiation therapy, paraplegia before surgery, and surgery under emergency conditions. The rate of complications in this surgery is lower than might be expected and can be significantly reduced. Surgery should be performed before radiation therapy and before appearance of substantial neurologic deficits.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Blood transfusion ; Extramedullary hematopoiesis ; MRI ; Spinal cord ; Thalassemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extramedullary hematopoiesis associated with thalassemia causing spinal cord compression is an extremely rare event in the course of the disease. Documentation with an imaging technique, such as MRI, is mandatory. A patient with thalassemia intermedia, who developed paraparesis in spite of transfusion, underwent surgical decompression. Rapid neurological improvement was observed postoperatively and this neurological condition was protected with adequate hemoglobin level. Management of these patients remains controversial. Various modes of therapy such as surgical decompression, radiotherapy, and transfusion are discussed and the related literature is reviewed.
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  • 189
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Low back pain ; MRI ; Discography ; Vertebral end-plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The vertebral end-plate has been identified as a possible source of discogenic low back pain. MRI demonstrates end-plate (Modic) changes in 20–50% of patients with low back pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Modic changes on MRI and discogenic back pain on lumbar discography. The MRI studies and discograms of 58 patients with a clinical diagnosis of discogenic back pain were reviewed and the presence of a Modic change was correlated with pain reproduction at 152 disc levels. Twenty-three discs with adjacent Modic changes were injected, 21 of which were associated with pain reproduction. However, pain was also reproduced at 69 levels where no Modic change was seen. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for a Modic change as a marker of a painful disc were 23.3%, 96.8%, 91.3% and 46.5% respectively. Modic changes, therefore, appear to be a relatively specific but insensitive sign of a painful lumbar disc in patients with discogenic low back pain.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Periventricular lesions ; Callosal ; atrophy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In multiple sclerosis (MS), periventricular lesions produce atrophy of the corpus callosum (CC), as evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated whether CC atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS patients is related to functional deficits. We compared 14 mildly disabled (mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score 2.7) relapsing-remitting MS patients with 14 age- und sex-matched controls. CC size was determined using sagittal T1-weighted MRI. The function of the CC was studied using a neuropsychological battery and neurophysiological evaluation based on visual stimulation using a divided visual field paradigm. The total area of the CC in patients (mean 5.3cm2) was significantly (P=0.002) smaller than in controls (mean 6.6cm2). Patients showed left ear extinction using the dichotic listening test and impaired name learning, which was correlated with atrophy of the splenium. There were no differences in interhemispheric transfer time between patients and controls. Marked atrophy of the CC can be encountered in relapsing-remitting MS patients. The associated cerebral disconnection correlated with atrophy of expected regions of the CC, thus supporting topographical organization.
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  • 191
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    Child's nervous system 14 (1998), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Giant cell tumour ; Immunohistochemistry ; MRI ; Osteoclastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteoclastoma is a rare skeletal lesion, characterized by large multinucleated giant osteoclastic cells; this lesion usually affects young adults with a prevalence of 1 case/1 million population. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with a right temporal tumescence: X-ray, CT and MRI revealed the presence of a right temporal hyperostotic ring-like area over the lambdoid suture, with irregular margins and calcareous deposits. The tumour was expanding mainly toward the endocranium involving both cranial tables and diploë, without infiltrating the brain parenchyma. The child underwent complete microsurgical removal of the lesion. Histopathological findings revealed the giant cell tumour osteoclastoma. Correct modern preoperative neuroimaging workup, coupled with microneurosurgical technique, allowed successful lesion removal with good outcome. A review of the more recent literature and of mechanisms of pathology together with neuroradiological protocol and results of treatment are discussed.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Rice bodies ; Bursitis ; Bicipito-radial bursa ; MRI ; Ultrasound ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The bicipito-radial bursa, which lies at the biceps tendon insertion on the radial tuberosity, is a rare site of chronic bursitis. We describe the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings in a case complicated by multiple rice body formation. In so doing, we describe MR appearances that allow discrimination of this entity from both synovial chondromatosis and pigmented villonodular synovitis.
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  • 193
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    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 36-39 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Abscess ; Tuberculosis ; gluteal ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A cold abscess secondary to tuberculous spondylitis or osteomyelitis is a well-recognized entity. However, a soft tissue tuberculous abscess without bone involvement is rare. We present such a case.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Pisiform bone transposition ; MRI ; Lunatomalacia ; Asceptic bone necrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Transposition of the pisiform bone is an operative treatment for lunatomalacia. The postoperative viability of the transposed pisiform bone is difficult to assess. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of MRI for postoperative assessment of viability of the pisiform and lunate bones. Design and patients. Six patients who underwent transposition of the pisiform for treatment of lunatomalacia, were assessed pre- and postoperatively with conventional radiographs (including tomography), CT and MRI. Results. Conventional radiographs, conventional tomograms and CT were all useful in demonstrating the location of the transposed pisiform. CT showed the transposed pisiform without superposition. However, neither CT nor conventional techniques provided information regarding viability of the pisiform. In all patients investigated in the first year following surgery, T1-weighted MR images showed high signal intensity in the transposed bones. In all patients investigated after 1 year, the signal intensity decreased to an intermediate level on T1-weighted images. Enhancement following contrast medium administration in the transposed pisiform and the lunate was noted in all patients, indicative of viability. Conclusion. Contrast-enhanced MRI is able to provide important information regarding the viability of the transposed pisiform and the remaining parts of the lunate. Thus, contrast-enhanced MRI provides an improved means of postoperative assessment regarding short-term follow-up following pisiform transposition. In the long-term follow-up conventional radiography and CT may be equal to MRI in showing increasing sclerosis and/or fragmentation.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Arthritis ; septic ; Shoulder ; arthritis ; Shoulder ; ultrasound ; MRI ; Mycobacteria ; atypical ; Mycobacterium xenopi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 56-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed septic arthritis and bursitis of the left shoulder due to an atypical mycobacterium, M. xenopi. Plain radiography, ultrasound (US), and MRI were performed. Articular disease by tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacteria have similar presentations, clinically as well as radiologically, and have to be differentiated from other chronic bacterial or fungal infections, pigmented villonodular synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, hemophilia, and synovial chondromatosis. Although atypical mycobacterial involvement of the skeleton and soft tissues is relatively uncommon, its incidence is increasing, as is the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in western countries. The triad of Phemister is reemphasized, and the US and MRI findings are demonstrated. The definitive diagnosis has to be made by culturing biopsied synovium or synovial fluid.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Bone tumors ; MRI ; Conventional radiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To evaluate the conventional X-ray and MR imaging features of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone. Design. MRI examinations and conventional radiographs were reviewed in 39 patients with biopsy-proven MFH. Imaging characteristics were analyzed and the differential diagnoses assessed in a masked fashion by two experienced radiologists. Results. Typical X-ray features included aggressive, destructive tumor growth centrally located in the metaphysis of long bones. Periosteal reactions and expansive growth were rarely seen. On MR images extraosseous tumor spread was frequently noted. On T2-weighted images and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images most of the tumors displayed an inhomogeneous, nodular signal pattern with peripheral Gd-DTPA enhancement. Conclusions. Although several MR imaging criteria were typical for MFH none of them was specific. X-ray diagnosis of MFH may also prove difficult, with the main differential diagnosis being metastasis in the older and osteosarcoma in the younger population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 569-573 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma ; Juxtacortical ; malignant bone tumours ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present the clinical, radiographic and pathological features of a juxtacortical chondrosarcoma which underwent dedifferentiation to an osteosarcoma in a 47-year-old woman. The tumour, abutting the femoral diaphysis, had initially presented 20 years earlier. Local excision was performed at presentation and again 10 years later, but the tumour recurred on each occasion. Serial radiographs showed cortical saucerisation evolving to cortical buttressing and mounding. After 20 years a dramatic radiographic change heralded tumour dedifferentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 578-580 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor ; Surface osteosarcoma ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm which varies in the amount of bone tissue laid down. We report on a case of OFMT in a 59-year-old male which mimicked a large parosteal osteosarcoma on radiography, MRI, and CT. T1-weighted MR images showed high-intensity areas which reflected fatty marrow. The metaplastic bone was connected to the cortex of the femur, but the tumor did not involve the medullary cavity. The tumor was irradiated and the patient was administered chemotherapy. Wide excision of the tumor and hip rotation plasty was performed. The patient has been disease free for 18 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Shoulder ; Trauma ; Dislocation ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This case presents the imaging features of a posterior shoulder dislocation complicated by a rare but surgically relevant lesion of the posterior labrum. Due to the attachment of the posterior capsule to the posterior portion of the labrum, which in itself is attached to the posterior scapular periosteum, stripping of the labrum by the posterior capsule resulted in a posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Finger ; Hand ; injuries ; Hand ; MRI ; Magnetic resonance (MR) ; treatment planning ; Tendon rupture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To assess the MRI findings in cases of closed rupture of the flexor digitorum tendons (FDT). Patients and design. Ten patients with a clinical suspicion of rupture of FDT underwent MRI before surgery. None of the patients presented a skin injury. Fingers were imaged using axial T1-weighted SE sequences, three-dimensional GE images, and curved reconstructions. Results. Twelve FDT had surgical confirmation of rupture. Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendons were more frequently ruptured (n=8) than flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendons (n=4). MR images accurately depicted the level of the rupture. The gap between the tendon ends (mean 45 mm, range 21–70 mm) was assessed best with curved reconstructions and was well correlated with the surgical findings. The proximal end mainly retracted into the palm or the carpal tunnel (n=8), and less frequently into the digital canal (n=4). In two cases, the proximal end curled up in the palm, clinically simulating a rupture of a lumbrical muscle in one case. MRI also showed the appearance of the adjacent tendons. Conclusion. MRI accurately depicted the level of rupture and the gap between the tendon ends, which assisted the surgical choice between suture, graft or tendon transfer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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