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  • 1975-1979  (5,826)
  • 1977  (5,826)
  • Chemistry  (5,684)
  • Ultrastructure  (142)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 374 (1977), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Renin ; Kidney ; Congenital abnormalities ; Ultrastructure ; Hypertension ; Renal hypoplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A child with unilateral renal hypoplasia, high plasma renin levels and hypertension was found to have large numbers of juxtaglomerular granular cells in the affected kidney. They were seen adjacent to and sometimes in the interior of hyalinized glomeruli or, in loose nests scattered in the interstitium. Ultrastructurally they contained large numbers of crystalline protogranules in the Golgi region and also displayed other features suggestive of hyperactivity. Atrophic tubules, smooth muscle and mast cells were present in considerable numbers. Well-preserved renal cortex remained in the affected kidney with no demonstrable juxtaglomerular granularity. After unilateral nephrectomy the patient became normotensive and plasma renin levels became normal. Thus it appears that the juxtaglomerular cells are able to produce and release renin independent of the structural integrity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal glomerulus.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Liver ; Hepatocyte ; Mitochondria ; Gigantism ; Systemic scleroderma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver electron microscopic studies were performed in 14 patients with systemic scleroderma. In 13 of these patients, giant mitochondria were demonstrated in the hepatocytes. This ultrastructal abnormality was present whatever the type and duration of the disease and was also present even when the liver was histologically normal. The mechanism of formation of giant mitochondria in systemic scleroderma is unknown.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 374 (1977), S. 285-301 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Thyroid adenoma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunhistochemistry ; Thyroglobulin ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histologic, immunhistochemical and electron microscopic changes in 8 cases of scintigraphically proven autonomous thyroid adenomas are described and compared with non-functioning adenomas. Adenomas with a light microscopic appearance suggesting autonomy show follicles which are mainly small or normal sized and lined by columnar thyroid cells with a partly vacuolated and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunhistochemically a high content of thyroglobulin corresponds to the amount of rough endoplasmatic reticulum. Typical ultrastructural criteria are a well developed cytocavitary network, numerous mainly apically localized lysosomes, prominent Golgi fields with sprouting vesicles and autophagic vacuoles. The cell surface is, when compared to non-functioning adenomas, enlared apically by numerous long microvilli and basally by deep infoldings. On contrast to experimentally TSH-stimulated animal thyroids, colloid droplets and pseudopodia are rare. The morphological findings are compared with recent biochemical results and the diagnostic value of electron microscopy is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 376 (1977), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Acid phosphatase ; Lysosomes ; Bone tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in the different cells in a benign giant cell tumor of bone has been studied. Stromal cells type 1 and 2 (fibroblast-like and macrophage-like, respectively) showed the presence of lead phosphate precipitate following incubation in a Gomori-type lead salt medium only in conventional lysosomes. In the multinucleated giant cells, the final product was deposited over lysosome-like organelles, and also over Golgi cisternae, vesicles, and vacuoles. Furthermore, evidence for presence of acid phosphatase was obtained in smooth-surfaced tubular, sausage-, horse-shoe-, and ring-shaped structures and over digestive vacuoles of autophagic or heterophagic origin. Finally, in these cells, many of the tubular and vacuolar elements located subjacent to areas of the plasma membrane with microvillous specializations (abortive brush borders?) were shown to carry acid phosphatase.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Festuca ; Frost damage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tillers of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were subjected to-8°C in a bath of methylated spirits for three-quarters of an hour. They were thawed at room temperature and some material taken from the shoot apical meristem and leaf blade for electron microscopy. Similar material was taken from control plants for electron microscopy. Nine tillers subjected to-8°C and thawed subsequently failed to regrow. Nine control tillers regrew. All the treated meristem cells and about half the treated leaf mesophyll cells were extensively altered. Their nuclei were contracted, organelles were swollen or partly disrupted, plasmalemma and nuclear membranes were broken or absent and vacuoles were sometimes disrupted. Strongly osmiophilic material accumulated in the vicinity of membranes. About half the leaf mesophyll cells differed from the control mesophyll cells only in having more spherosomes and narrower thylakoids. Parallels with other ultrastructural studies of stress damage and the indications the results give of possible primary damaging events are discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Galactomannan ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Trigonella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of deposition (secretion) of galactomannan in the cells of the seed endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum has been studied by electron microscopy. In cells which are just beginning to secrete galactomannan there are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The intracisternal space (containing the enchylema) of the rough ER then swells, becomes vacuolated and forms a voluminous network, with “pockets” of cytoplasm entrapped within poculiform rough ER. The enchylema contains material which reacts with periodate-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate in a very similar manner to the galactomannan already deposited in the cell wall. It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma. This mode of deposition contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Experimental cretinism ; Small intestine ; Histomorphometry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, morphological changes which occur in the small intestine of hypothyroid rats are described. Hypothy roidism was induced during the first 24 h postnataly. — Samples from duodenojejunal and ileocecal junctions were taken, and histologic, histomorphometric, and ultrastructural studies were performed. The most prominent feature was the decrease of the villous height and total mucosal thickness. At electron microscopic level, microvillous height was also markedly decreased. These changes probably represent a direct effect of hormonal deprivation upon the intestinal mucosa, combined with the effect that hypothyroidism may have on the villi.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 376 (1977), S. 273-298 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Bone tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe here the ultrastructure of the multinucleated giant cells and the mononuclear stromal cells in one case of giant cell tumor of bone. The most frequently occurring stromal cell (“stromal cell type 1”) was of fibroblast-like appearance with an irregular outline of both cells and nuclei. Characteristic features of the cytoplasm were the abundance of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the well developed Golgi apparatus; particulate glycogen was present in the ground cytoplasm of some cells. A second stromal cell type (“stromal cell type 2”) was also recognized, albeit more infrequently. It was macrophage-like with many mitochondria and lysosomes, but with a poorly developed endoplasmic reticulum. The composition of the fixative was found to influence considerably the appearance of the multinucleated giant cells, especially of their endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-associated structures. Vacuolar elements with taillike expansions were frequently observed in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus; their functional significance and relationship to the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum is enigmatic. Bodies with the appearance of conventional lysosomes occurred in limited numbers — while mitochondria were abundant. The structural organization and distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum varied between different regions of the cells. Nuclei were of irregular shape with deep infoldings of their limiting membranes and peripheral condensation of the chromatin. The possible nature of mononuclear cells in the neoplastic process is discussed. The morphologic evidence favors the conclusion that the fibroblast like stromal cell is neoplastic; convincing neoplastic properties are lacking for the type 2 cells. Although similarities exist between multinucleated giant cells and osteoclasts, distinct differences between the two cell types were noted. The origin, function and possible neoplastic nature of the giant cells is discussed on the basis of the findings presented.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 376 (1977), S. 309-328 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Paget's disease ; Osteoclasts ; Ultrastructure ; Cytogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Frage der Cytopathogenese der Riesenosteoclasten beim Morbus Paget des Knochens wurden elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an menschlichen Knochenbiopsien durchgeführt. Anteile von 26 aus diagnostischen Gründen entnommenen Beckenkammbiopsien wurden nach einem besonderen PrÄparationsverfahren unentkalkt für die Elektronenmikroskopie aufgearbeitet. Die Paget-Osteoclasten zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Kernzahl aus. Einzelne Zellkerne besitzen parakristalline Einschlüsse, die Hinweis auf eine Virusinfektion der Zellen sein können. Die Riesenosteoclasten zeigen eine gesteigerte Zellbeweglichkeit und hohe Resorptionsleistung durch Dissektion von Knochenfragmenten aus den endostalen OberflÄchen. Zwischen einkernigen Zellen und Osteoclasten finden sich ultrastrukturell Zellmembraninterdigitationen, die dem Vorgang der Zellfusion entsprechen. Die hÄufige Beobachtung dieser Zellmembrankontakte spricht für eine erhöhte Zellfusionstendenz von einkernigen VorlÄuferzellen der Osteoclasten beim Morbus Paget. Die VorlÄuferzellen stammen aus dem pericapillÄren Bereich und entsprechen morphologisch den Pericyten. Die Annahme einer gesteigerten Zellfusionsrate von einkernigen OsteoclastenvorlÄuferzellen würde die Entwicklung der Riesenosteoclasten erklÄren, die für den Morbus Paget des Knochens typisch sind. Ob diesem Vorgang ein durch Viren ausgelöster cytopathogener Effekt zugrunde liegt, mu\ durch weitere Untersuchungen an den parakristallinen Einschlüssen der Osteoclastenkerne geprüft werden.
    Notes: Summary The cytogenesis of giant osteoclasts in Paget's disease of bone was studied by means of electron microscopy. 26 iliac crest biopsies were made and divided for light and electron microscopic investigation. A special procedure was used for electron microscopic preparation of bone without previous decalcification. Paget osteoclasts are characterized by their high content of nuclei. Several nuclei may show paracrystalline inclusions pointing to a possible virus infection of these cells. Giant osteoclasts have an increased mobility and a high resorptive activity, manifest by the dissection of bone fragments from endosteal bone surfaces. Cell membrane interdigitations between mononuclear cells and osteoclasts occur as a morphologic concomitant of cell fusion. Frequent occurence of such cell membrane contacts seem to indicate an increased tendency to cell fusion among the mononuclear precursors of Paget-osteoclasts. Precursor cells are located in the pericapillary region, and morphologically resemble pericytes. The assumption of an increased rate of cell fusion amoungst the precursor cells of osteoclasts might explain the development of giant osteoclasts in this disease. Further studies of the paracrystalline nuclear inclusions of Pagetosteoclasts are necessary to determine whether this process can be considered to be a cytopathogenic effect of virus infection.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 373 (1977), S. 327-352 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Insulinomas ; Gastrinomas ; WDHA tumours ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Up to seven endocrine cell types have been identified ultrastructurally in the pancreas, including glucagon A cells, insulin B cells, somatostatin D cells, pancreatic peptide F cells and 5-hydroxytryptamine EC cells. In addition, D1 cells, which have been proposed as the cell type producing VIP and possible P cells of unknown function are seen. Various patterns of endocrine cell differentiation have been found in 20 endocrine pancreatic tumours. Well and poorly differentiated B cells have been identified in 6 insulinomas, diagnostic G cells in 3 out of 7 gastrinomas, D1 and/or F cells in 7 diarrheogenic tumours. Moreover, cells apparently unrelated to the prevalent clinical syndrome have been noted in 8 of the 20 tumours. Granular non diagnostic cells (poorly diagnostic gastrin cells? D1 cells?) were particularly frequent in gastrinomas; agranular or poorly granular cells, either of “active” or “stem cell” type, were present in nearly all tumours, particularly in diarrheogenic tumours, gastrinomas and malignant insulinomas. A cytological classification of pancreatic endocrine tumours is proposed.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 374 (1977), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ewing's tumour ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tumour tissue surgically excised from 10 patients bearing Ewing's tumour of bones was examined electron microscopically and histoenzymologically. In all cases the tumour was composed of polygonal cells with cytoplasm poor in organelles but with conspicuous aggregates of glycogen particles. There were numerous intercellular connections of desmosomal type and a distinct cell membrane bound positivity for alkaline phosphatase activity. In two cases in which there was a negative reaction for alkaline phosphatase, the lack of enzyme activity might have been related to cytotoxic treatment carried out for several months immediately before excision of the tissue used for histoenzymological studies. The problem of histogenesis of Ewing's tumour remains unresolved although some of the present findings support a haemangiogenic origin of the tumour.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 375 (1977), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neuroma ; Neurofibroma ; Ultrastructure ; Cell-kinetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Typen von Nervenscheidentumoren wurden lichtmikroskopisch, elektronenmikroskopisch und autoradiographisch untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopische quantitative Bestimmung der verschiedenen Zelltypen in den Tumoren ergab bei den Neurinomen eine überwiegende Beteiligung von Schwannschen Zellen (87,1%). Bei den Neurofibromen konnte eine unterschiedlich gro\e Anzahl von Bindegewebszellen nachgewiesen werden. Die diffusen Neurofibrome wiesen im allgemeinen eine Zellpopulation auf, wie man sie auch in normalen peripheren Nerven finden kann. Bei den plexiformen Neurofibromen überwogen die Fibroblasten und bei den argyrophilen Neurofibromen wurde eine hohe Perineuralzellbeteiligung gefunden. Die Proliferationsrate der Tumore in der Autoradiographie war im allgemeinen relativ gering, nur das argyrophile Neurofibrom wies einen deutlich höheren Markierungsindex (9,5%) auf.
    Notes: Summary In a light-, electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic study different types of nerve sheath tumors were classified. Their cellular population was quantitatively evaluated in the electron microscope. In the neurinoma the predominant cell was found to be the Schwann cell, but in the different types of neurofibromata a variable content of connective tissue cells was noted. The diffuse neurofibromata showed a quantitative cellular composition similar to normal peripheral nerves. In the plexiform neurofibroma a large number of fibroblasts were present and in the argyrophilic neurofibroma high content of perineurial cells was found. In autoradiographic sections the tumors showed in general a low proliferation rate (L.i. 1–3.6%). In the argyrophilic neurofibrom a higher labelling index (9.5%) was found.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 373 (1977), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the ducts and subareolar ducts of the resting female breast have been described. In transverse section ducts have longitudinal folds, some of which are solid ridges of cells. Four distinctive cell types were distinguished; epithelial cells, lymphocyte type cells, basal clear cells and myoepithelial cells. The epithelium is single layered, multiple at folds, and similar in general morphology to the terminal ductal-lobular unit. Well developed terminal bars may prevent cellular disruption during contraction, and apical cytoplasmic vesicles represent possible secretory material. Basal cytoplasmic bodies may represent transport of secretory products into or from the periductal stroma. Intranuclear vesicles may also be linked to secretory activity. The myoepithelium is well differentiated with numerous cytoplasmic filaments and 9+0 cilia, forming a discontinuous layer around the epithelium. The basal lamina is generally multilaminate. Capillaries are 1–5 Μm in diameter and exterior to the delimiting fibroblasts of the epithelial-stromal junction.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human liver ; Vinyl chloride intoxication ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Leberbiopsien von 15 Arbeitern eines PVC-herstellenden Betriebes wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den Hepatocyten fanden sich eine herdförmige hydropische Schwellung, eine disseminierte toxische Verfettung, eigentümliche parakristalline Einschlüsse in vergrö\erten Mitochondrien, umschriebene CytoplasmauntergÄnge sowie gelegentlich Einzelzellnekrosen. Diese regressiven VerÄnderungen waren umso stÄrker ausgeprÄgt, je kürzer die expositionsfreie Zeit vor der Biopsie war. Weiterhin zeigte sich eine adaptive herdförmige Hyperplasie des glatten endoplasmatischen Reticulums. Mit der VerlÄngerung der expositionsfreien Zeit und der damit einhergehenden Rückbildung der Verfettung traten vom Lebensalter unabhÄngige umfangreiche Lipofuszinablagerungen in den Hepatocyten auf. Sie sind offenbar Folgen einer gesteigerten Autophagie von Fettstoffen und einer verstÄrkten Lipidperoxidation durch Vinylchlorid. Im Bereich der Sinusoide war eine Aktivierung, Vergrö\erung und Proliferation der Kupfferschen Sternzellen nachweisbar. Die Proliferationstendenz der Kupfferschen Sternzellen wird offenbar durch die cancerogene Stimulation des Vinylchlorids verursacht. Die deutliche Vermehrung der Lipocyten dürfte mit der Neubildung von Kollagen und der eigentümlichen perisinusoidalen Fibrose im Zusammenhang stehen.
    Notes: Summary Liver biopsies taken from 15 workers at a PVC-producing factory were examined by electron microscopy. The hepatocytes showed focal hydropic swelling, disseminated toxic steatosis, peculiar para-crystalline inclusions in enlarged mitochondria, focal cytoplasmic degradations, and occasional single cell necroses. These regressive changes were more prominent in cases with a shorter interval of non-exposure prior to the biopsy. Further, a focal compensatory hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum was found. With increase of the non-exposure time interval, a regression of the degree of steatosis as well as an age-independent excessive lipofuscin deposition was seen in the hepatocytes. Apparently, these are sequelae of increased autophagia of lipids and increased lipid oxidation by the vinylchloride. In the sinusoids, activation, enlargement and proliferation of Kupffer cells was noted. The tendency of these cells to proliferate is apparently caused by the cancerogenic stimulation by vinylchloride. The prominent hyperplasia of lipocytes is probably connected with the deposition of collagen and the peculiar perisinusoidal fibrosis.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental cementum ; Collagen ; Protein ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([α1(I)]2α2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([α1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from α1(I) and α2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Osteoporosis ; Lactation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The calcium homeostatic mechanism was challenged in adult female rats by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate, and by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation. The regimen caused a substantial weight loss, especially in those animals which reared their young well. Severe hypocalcaemia was observed in the lactating rats. Serum-P was slightly elevated. The content of hydroxyproline in serum was considerably elevated, reflecting the degree of calcium deprivation. Serum proteins were least influenced. The calcium depriving regimen reduced the growth of long bones, but did not stop it. The ash content of the bones was considerably reduced, the degree of reduction depended on the degree of calcium deprivation. Ash as percentage of total bone organ was reduced, but not to the same extent as total ash. Analyses of different parts of femur showed that the proximal and distal parts had lost more bone mineral than the diaphyseal shaft. The ash content of cortical bone tissue from the femur was estimated by a volumetric method. No differences were observed between test groups and controls, indicating that no measurable amounts of bone mineral had been removed from the walls of the vascular canals or by osteocytic osteolysis. Planimetric determinations on cross sections from femora disclosed that a great amount of bone had been removed from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis, while the periosteal surface demonstrated reduced bone apposition.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestine ; Intestinal absorption ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Erythrophagocytosis ; Ultrastructure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Localisé de part et d'autre du labyrinthe, le paraplacenta ou “bordure brune”, est constitué de la membrane allanto-chorionique faisant face à l'épithélium utérin. Les cellules chorioniques phagocytent et dégradent des hématies d'origine maternelle; cette activité est probablement cyclique. Durant la phase d'“ingestion”, l'hématie est phagocytée à l'apex de la cellule, puis après fusion de lysosomes avec la vacuole phagocytique, la phase “digestive” commence et se déroule principalement dans la zone médiane de la cellule, au niveau de vacuoles de tailles plus réduites. Certaines vacuoles contiennent des figures myéliniques associèes ou non à des granules de taille variable, d'autres un matériel finement granulaire. La brève phase d'élimination se caractérise par la présence au voisinage de la lamelle basale et des capillaires foetaux, de corpuscules de 1,000 Å probablement constitués d'agrégats de particules de ferritine. Ces corpuscules exhibent une activité pseudoperoxydasique. Cette érythrophagocytose placentaire représente la source principale de fer pour le foetus. Les microvilli, les vésicules de micropinocytose, le système tubulaire et les corps multivésiculaires de la zone apicale de la cellule, suggèrent une fonction d'absorption de protéines de la cellule. Il en est de même de la richesse du “cell coat” de la surface membranaire apicale.
    Notes: Summary Located on all sides of the placental labyrinth, the paraplacenta or “brown border” is constituted by the chorioallantoic membrane and the uterine mucosa facing it. The chorionic cells are actively engaged in the uptake and subsequent breakdown of extravased maternal erythrocytes. This phagocytic activity is probably cyclic in nature. In the “ingestion” phase an erythrocyte is phagocytosed in the apex of a chorionic cell, and the “digestive” phase occurs after fusion of lysosomes with the phagocytic vacuole. Subsequent breakdown of the red cell membrane leads to release of the content of the erythrocyte into the vacuole. Then the breakdown proceeds in smaller vacuoles of the median zone of the cell. Some vacuoles contain concentric whorls of membrane, associated with granules of variable size; others contain a finely granular material. The short-lived final, or “elimination,” phase is characterized by the presence of 1,000 Å finely granular bodies along the basement membrane and in close approximation to fetal capillaries. These non-membrane-bound bodies seem to be constituted of ferritinlike particles and exhibit pseudoperoxydasic activities with D.A.B. procedures. This paraplacental erythrophagocytosis is the major source of iron for the fetus. At their apical surface, the chorionic cells exhibit microvilli, micropinocytotic vesicles and a well-defined “cell coat.” The underlying cytoplasm contains numerous absorption vesicles or tubules and multivesicular bodies suggestive of protein absorption.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 150 (1977), S. 301-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuron ; Ultrastructure ; Anatomy ; Submandibular ganglion ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of the mouse submandibular ganglion, and population and fine structure of nerve cells were studied by light and electron microscopy. The submandibular ganglion is a plexus containing up to forty ganglia along the main and the smaller excretory ducts of the submandibular gland. Measurements of the volume of nerve cell bodies display a pattern of distribution with two main peaks, suggesting the presence of large and small types of the intraganglionic neuron. The large neurons mainly have axo-dendritic synapses in which the postsynaptic element is a small spine-like process, while axo-somatic synapses are more common in the small neurons. In some small neurons nuclear chromatin is unusually conspicuous, and accumulations of vesicles of fairly uniform size occur within the cell body. Decentralized ganglia contain almost no synapses, showing the absence of definite interneurons.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 152 (1977), S. 89-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Capillaries ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developing capillaries of the mouse neurohypophysis were studied in the electron microscope to elucidate the fine structural differentiation of the vascular component of the neuro-hemal contact zones in the external median eminence and the neural lobe. In the embryo the growth of the superficial net of the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system is largely manifested by the presence of proliferation areas located within the capillary plexus covering the surface of the median eminence. Presumptive shallow capillary loops diverge from these areas in the first postnatal week. Differentiation of the capillary wall follows the pattern outlined for continuous capillaries. A few fenestrae appear in the endothelium of immature, superficial vessels at the 17th gestational day, increase in frequency during the following embryonic days, and occur regularly in the postnatal animal. In the neural lobe the internal capillaries proliferate by vascular sprouts emanating from the vessels on the surface of the gland. At the end of embryonic time an extensive net has developed, composed of capillaries with immature characteristics. Proliferation is largely finished by the end of the third postnatal week, when mature capillaries dominate the picture. Formation of attenuated, porous areas is a postnatal process, apart from single fenestrae appearing in the walls of a few immature capillaries in late fetal life. The structural possibilities for an onset of neurohypophysial function in the mouse is discussed.
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis ; Ultrastructure ; Cerebrum ; Lymphocyte ; Plasma cell ; Immunoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and EM study of a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis revealed a pleomorphic lymphoreticular cell infiltrate, angiitis and necrosis with involvement of the brain, lungs, skin and right ear of a 30 year old woman. Cells comprising the infiltrate were classified as lymphocytoid, plasmacytoid, immunoblastic (histocytic) and phagocytic. A number of elements partook of the ultrastructural features of two cell types and were considered to be intermediate froms (plasmacytoid lymphocytes, lymphocytoid immunoblasts, and plasmacytoid immunoblasts). It is believed that the various cell elements from part of a wide spectrum in which transformation of cell types takes place by maturation. This suggests an immunologic process as the main pathogenetic factor in the development of LG.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Temporary ischemia ; Rat striated muscle, motor end-plates ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration, regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-six anterior tibial muscle specimens were analyzed with the electron microscope 2h, 1, 4, 18, 45, 90 and 226 days after temporary ischaemia of the rat hind leg produced by pneumatic tourniquet for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. No ultrastructural alterations were seen after 1 h ischaemia, but reversible disappearance of muscle glycogen and swelling of muscle and nerve mitochondria occurred after 2 h ischaemia. Irreversible alterations such as disappearance of the Z-line, disruption of cell membrane and vacuolation of muscle mitochondria were observed after ischaemia of 3 h and longer in a part of the muscle fibres. Ischaemia for 6 h was followed by autolysis of all the muscle fibres within the specimens. Autolysis and phagocytosis of the remnants of the affected fibres was present on the 4th day. On that day regenerative phenomena were also observed, such as satellite cells and yound myotubes. The fine structure of the muscle fibres was normal on the 18th day after the temporary ischaemia, although some size variation of the muscle fibres was still observed. Degeneration of a part of the presynaptic nerve endings of motor end-plates with or without simultaneous degeneration of the postsynaptic muscle fibre was seen after ischaemia lasting 3 h or longer. Motor end-plates were first seen on the 45th day in the muscle subjected to 6 h ischaemia and were most likely regenerated ones.
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  • 23
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    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 333-355 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Barnacle eggs ; Constriction rings ; Microfilaments ; Ultrastructure ; Peristalsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The egg ofPollicipes polymerus, the common intertidal gooseneck barnacle, has been studied by electron microscopy. Constriction rings, similar to the contractile rings of cleaving cells and polar lobes, move unidirectionally from the animal to the vegetal pole of newly fertilized eggs. This is referred to as peristaltic constriction. The present paper describes the fine structure of the egg during first polar body formation and peristalsis. 2. During formation of the polar body, dense bodies are produced by the Golgi and extracellular plaques are observed. Thin microfilaments (40–60 Å) are in the egg adjacent to the polar body. 3. In eggs undergoing peristalsis, the appearance of extracellular spheres, flocculent material and filaments is observed. Intracellularly large numbers of multivesiculate bodies, glycogen granules, mitochondria and protein-carbohydrate and lipid yolk bodies are seen at the level of constriction. 4. Thin microfilaments are found in the cortical area of newly-fertilized eggs exclusively in peristaltic constriction rings. Filaments are oriented primarily in a meshwork, although circumferentially-oriented filaments are also found in rings near the vegetal pole. Microvilli extend into the space created between a constriction and the elevated egg membrane. 5. A model is proposed to explain the peristalsis in this species. It is suggested that information from a pacemaker region activates peristalsis by affecting filament polymerization and orientation. One function of peristalsis may be elongation of the egg from a sphere to an ovoid, although other possibilities such as elevation of the egg membrane, segregation of the lipid yolk to the vegetal pole and predetermination of the first cleavage plane are also discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic architecture ; Ultrastructure ; Insect egg ; Pattern formation ; Yolk ; Cytoplasma-Architektur ; Ultrastruktur ; Insekten-Ei ; Musterbildung ; Dotter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Ei der ZuckmückeSmittia spec. wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt den Bau des Periplasmas und des Dotter-Endoplasma-Systems vor Bildung der Polzellen. 2. Das Periplasma, nach außen vom Oolemm und einer mehrschichtigen Eihülle begrenzt, besteht aus einer ribosomenreichen cytoplasmatischen Matrix, in die vor allem Mitochondrien und ER-Zisternen, wenig annulate lamellae und gelegentlich Golgi-Apparate eingelagert sind. Mikrotubuli wurden nur selten nachgewiesen. Öfters sind Anhäufungen einer dichten granulierten Substanz zu beobachten, die in ihrer Struktur dem Oosom-Material ähnelt. 3. Das Dotter-Endoplasma-System stellt ein Netzwerk aus Cytoplasma dar, in das Proteid-Dotterkugeln, Lipidtröpfchen sowie Glycogen-Anhäufungen eingelagert sind. Das Endoplasma, das sich zu 3–7 Plasma-Inseln erweitern kann und unmittelbar in das Periplasma übergeht, besteht wie dieses aus einer cytoplasmatischen Matrix und enthält die gleichen Zellelemente wie das Periplasma. Rosettenförmige Membran-Strukturen werden als “nuclear envelope organizing center” gedeutet. 4. Drei der sorgfältig analysierten Eier enthielten je 2 Kerne; sie lagen in Plasma-Inseln in der hinteren Eihälfte. 5. Sowohl im Periplasma wie im Dotter-Endoplasma-System sind alle Zellelemente unregelmäßig verteilt. Eine besondere Anordnung oder Zonierung ist nicht zu erkennen. 6. Die räumliche Verteilung der erfaßten Eikomponenten liefert keine Hinweise auf eine Funktion dieser Komponenten als Determinanten für die embryonale Musterbildung.
    Notes: Summary 1. Eggs of the midgeSmittia were investigated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This paper describes elements and architecture of periplasm and yolk endoplasm before the formation of pole cells. 2. The periplasm is coated externally by the oolemma and a multilayered egg shell. The periplasm consists of a cytoplasmic matrix rich in ribosomes; it contains mitochondria and ER cisternae, some annulate lamellae and an occasional Golgi complex. Microtubuli were demonstrated only rarely. Accumulations of a dense granulated substance resembling in its structure the oosome material were frequently observed. 3. The yolk endoplasm is a cytoplasmic network embodying proteid yolk particles, lipid droplets and accumulations of glycogen. The endoplasm is continuous with the periplasm and shows the same cell constituents. It may form between 3 and 7 cytoplasmic islands free of yolk particles. Rosette-shaped membranous structures in the yolk endoplasm are interpreted as nuclear envelope organizing centres. 4. Three carefully analysed eggs contained 2 nuclei each. both nuclei were situated in the posterior egg half. 5. Periplasm and yolk endoplasm are characterized by random distribution of cell elements. No zonation or special accumulations could be recognized. 6. The spatial distribution of the egg components studied did not indicate that any of these components could function as a determinant in embryonic pattern formation.
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental calculus ; Glycopeptide ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Osteodentin ; Intracellular ; Ultrastructure ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Newly formed osteodentin obtained from the anterior extremities of fetal or young rat incisors was observed by means of electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Cells related to osteodentin formation frequently showed membrane bound intracellular bodies containing varying amounts of fine, needle-shaped crystals, which were identified as apatite. The intracellular clusters of apatite crystals were extruded from the cells through membrane fusion or cellular degeneration. These extracellular clusters seemed to be gradually incorporated into the mineralizing collagenous matrix, which developed around them. Frequent occurrence of dense, dotshaped or filamentous profiles suggested that the dense bodies seen in the perinuclear regions or in the Golgi area were the sites of crystal formation. Energy dispersive X-ray point analysis showed that the intracellular or extracellular apatite clusters contained sulfur in a concentration higher than was present in the mineralizing collagenous matrix. Furthermore, wave dispersive X-ray line analysis showed that the concentration of sulfur was higher in the osteodentin matrix than in the dentin matrix. The sulfur detected is presumed to be contained in acid mucopolysaccharides, which were distributed more heavily in the osteodentin matrix than in the dentin matrix. On the basis of these data, it was concluded that the unique chemical and structural characteristics of the osteodentin result primarily from the incorporation of apatite clusters of intracellular origin and associated acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 27
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Micromorphology ; Gram-negative hydrogen bacteria ; Flagellation ; Flagellar fine structure ; Pili
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell morphology, the arrangement and fine structure of flagella and the piliation of the following Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria have been studied: Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes paradoxus, Alcaligenes ruhlandii, Pseudomonas flava, Pseudomonas pseudoflava, Pseudomonas palleronii, Pseudomonas facilis, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Paracoccus denitrificans, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, and strains MA 2 and SA 35. The identity of the bacteria was examined by their substrate spectra and type of flagellation. Three types of flagellar fine structure were differentiated. The presence of pili was noted in strains of Alcaligenes paradoxus, Pseudomonas flava, P. pseudoflava, P. palleronii, and P. facilis.
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Micromorphology ; Gram-negative ; Hydrogen bacteria ; Cell envelope ; Cytoplasmic inclusions ; Membranes ; Mesosomes ; Glycogen ; Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate ; Cell wall types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure of the cell envelope, of membrane systems and of cytoplasmic inclusions of Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria has been studied. The results have been tabulated, and three main groups could be recognized: Group 1: Alcaligenes eutrophus, A. paradoxus, A. ruhlandii, Pseudomonas facilis, P. flava, P. pseudoflava, P. palleronii, and Aquaspirillum autotrophicum; Group 2: “Corynebacterium” autotrophicum and strains MA 2 and SA 35; Group 3: Paracoccus denitrificans. Special structures related to the chemoautotrophic way of life of the hydrogen bacteria were not observed.
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  • 29
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    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chamaesiphon spp. ; Cyanobacteria ; Reproduction by budding ; Ultrastructure ; Nutritional properties ; DNA base composition ; Fatty acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of unicellular cyanobacteria which reproduce exclusively by budding are described and assigned to genus Chamaesiphon.
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    Experimental brain research 28 (1977), S. 345-361 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Putamen ; Cat ; Center median parvocellular neurons ; Ultrastructure ; Degenerated boutons (type VII and IV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cat putamen contains the identical nine types of synapses and the same proportion of axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) synapses as described for the fundus striati. However, type III (cortico-striatal) (31∶16%) and type V (axon-collateral) (13∶1%) occur much more frequently and type I (nigro-striatal) much less frequently (14∶34%) in the putamen than in the fundus striati. Of the axo-spinous synapses only type IV, with densely arranged small round vesicles and interrupted, asymmetric contact, shows a dark degeneration after center median lesions, mainly in the parvocellular part. Of the six axo-dendritic (or axo-somatic) synapses, only type VII, with densely packed small round vesicles and asymmetric contact, is degenerated after the same lesion in the center median nucleus. However, after such lesions type VII synapses are much more frequently degenerated in the putamen than those of type IV.
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    Archives of microbiology 111 (1977), S. 207-224 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Host-parasite relationships ; Ultrastructure ; Papillae ; Infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of attack and the infection structures of the necrotrophic mycoparasite, Pythium acanthicum, as well as the responses of various fungal hosts to parasitism were studied using both electron and light microscopy. Many taxonomically distinct fungal hosts were used, though Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani and a basidiomycete identified as Corticium sensu lato were studied in greatest detail. Parasitism was by direct penetration of the fungal host without appressorium formation by the parasite. The host's cells responded to contact by P. acanthicum by forming papillae. The morphological features of the papillae varied with the particular host. In P. blakesleeanus they were comprised of vesicles and segments of cytoplasm entrapped in a fibrillo-granular matrix, while in R. solani and the Corticium basidiomycete they contained considerable amounts of electron-opaque and electron-translucent material. Evidence for both mechanical and enzymatic penetration of the host fungi by the parasite are presented. Details of host wall and septum penetration by the parasite are presented using time-lapse light microscopy with in vivo systems. Many of these stages of parasitism were examined ultrastructurally. Some comparisons of these mycoparasitic relationships are discussed in relation to what is known from the literature about phytoparasitic interactions.
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Phycomycete ; Ultrastructure ; Gametangial differentiation ; Autophagy ; Gamma bodies ; Multivesicular bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of gametangial development in Allomyces macrogynus was determined from longitudinal sections of gametophytic hyphae at stages of differentiation from vegetative apices at time zero to fully cleaved gametangia at about 150 min. Whereas vegetative hyphae show an apical clustering of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles and microtubules, this arrangement was sharply altered in early development. Mitochondria were evenly redistributed, apical vesicles and microtubules disappeared, and autophagic vacuoles became prominent. Subsequently, electron-dense granules and microbody/lipid droplet complexes became evident and later, during gamete cleavage, developed into gamma bodies and side-body complexes respectively. Meanwhile cytoplasmic vesicles were involved in exit papilla formation. The significance of autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies is discussed.
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Achlya ; Synaptonemal complexes ; Oömycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Gametangial meiosis ; Mycology ; Antheridium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This is the first report of longitudinal sections of synaptonemal complexes in oömycetous fungi. These indicators of meiosis were observed in antheridial nuclei of Achlya ambisexualis E87. They were attached to a platelike structure at the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. The lateral elements were separated from each other by an average distance of 160 nm. These results provide new ultrastructural evidence for gametangial meiosis in Oömycetes.
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacterium ; Simonsiella ; Oral cavity ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology ; Dorsal-ventral differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus Simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsalventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates.
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrosomonas spec ; Ammonia oxidizing bacterium ; Polyhedral inclusion bodies ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyhedral inclusion bodies were observed in cells of a Nitrosomonas species. They were present in growing cells as well as in resting cells. In thin sections their size was about 130 nm in growing cells and about 185 nm in diameter in resting cells. The bodies were commonly located in the nucleoplasm. They appeared to be bounded by a nonunit membrane and had a granular substructure. In thin sections about 70% of the exponentially grown cells and about 20% of the resting cells of the investigated strain showed 1–7 respectively 1–3 inclusion bodies.
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aminopterin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Polyploid ; Oxidative-fermentative yeast ; Ultrastructure ; Bioassay ; Synchrony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a related brewing study detailed characteristics of fermentations displaying effective yeastaminopterin interaction were presented. Fermentative yeast types (certain Saccharomyces species and Selenotila intestinalis) proved effective aminopterin reactors whereas oxidative yeasts (certain Candida, Cryptococcus, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Trigonopsis species) proved ineffective reactors. In general effective reactors were polyploids characterized by the lack of film or pellicle formation and ineffective reactors the opposite. In stationary fermentations the Fleischmann 139 strain of S. cerevisiae proved a fair reactor. When aerated it proved an ineffective reactor and aminopterin or products there-of stimulated growth. Conversely aeration enhanced aminopterin activity of effective reactor yeasts. The positive effect of biotin on aminopterin activity and the negative effect of yeast extract, L-asparagine, adenine and thymine is shown and compared and contrasted with earlier reported studies. These findings supported by outside data suggest that oxidative yeasts (and bacteria) can readily elicit enzymes capable of inactivating aminopterin whereas fermentative types are lacking in this capability. Finally that past yeast-aminopterin studies were conducted with oxidative yeast types. Advantages of effective aminopterin reactor yeasts to be published elsewhere include improved ultrastructure using KMnO4−OsO4 fixation, a yeast bioassay procedure for detecting aminopterin in plasma and urine, and cell synchronization.
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 223 (1977), S. 19-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Stromal reticulum cell ; Decidua ; Ultrastructure ; Stroma-Retikulumzelle ; Deziduale Umwandlung ; Feinstruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die feinstrukturellen Veränderungen der endometrialen Stroma-Retikulumzelle über die prädeziduale Reaktion der späten Sekretionsphase bis hin zur ausdifferenzierten Deziduazelle beschrieben. Bei der dezidualen Umwandlung der Retikulumzellen ändern sich Zellvolumen, Organellensortiment und zwischenzellige Beziehungen. Die Veränderungen sind Ausdruck eines adaptativen Funktionswandels der Zellen. Im Gegensatz zur kontinuierlichen Transformation der Feinstruktur zeigt das zytochemische Verhalten eine in Schüben ablaufende Entwicklung, da die neugewonnenen Enzymmuster jeweils erst nach der funktionellen Reifung ihrer Arbeitsstrukturen erfaßt werden können. Zu den wichtigsten zellspezifischen Leistungen der Deziduazelle und ihrer Vorstadien gehören sekretorische und intermediäre endokrine Aufgaben. Als spezifisches Sekretionsprodukt der Stroma-Retikulum- und Deziduazelle lassen sich präkollagene Fibrillen nachweisen. Für eine Beteiligung der Deziduazelle am Steroidmetabolismus sprechen charakteristische Organellenveränderungen, die im zeitlichen Zusammenhang mit Steroiddehydrogenaseaktivitäten auftreten. Ein auffallender Befund der postovulatorischen Retikulumzelle und der voll entwickelten Dezidua sind spezielle Differenzierungen des Karyoplasma (Karyosome). Äahnliche nukleäre Differenzierungen sind auch von anderen Zellen hormonsensitiver Gewebe bekannt. Sie könnten als sichtbare Manifestation der am genetischen Apparat des Kernes angreifenden Steroidhormonwirkung gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Summary The fine structural changes of the endometrial stromal cell from late secretory phase up to full developed decidua cell have been investigated by means of electron microscope. During decidual transformation the cell volume, the assortment of cytoplasmic organelles and the mode of intercellular attachments undergo characteristic alterations. These alterations reflect an adaptation on new cellular functions. In contrast to the structural organization, which is transformed continuously, the encymatic cell pattern exerts a step wise gradual transformation, since new encymatic capacities can only arise after their functional structures have been established. To the most important functions of decidua cells and their prestages belong secretory and endocrine activities. Precollagen fibrills represent a specific secretory product of the stroma reticulum cells. The active involvement of the full differentiated decidua cells in steroid metabolism is indicated by characteristic transformations of the cytoplasmic organization concomittantly to the appearance of intracellular steroid dehydrogenase activities. So-called karyosoma could be demonstrated within the nuclei of postovulatory stromal reticulum cells as in decidua cells. Similar nuclear differentiations have been observed in various target cells of steroid hormones. They possibly are structural manifestations of the hormonal interaction with the nuclear DNA.
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subependymoma ; Subependymal glomerate astrocytoma ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case history illustrating the potential clinical significance of subependymoma is presented. Fine structural studies indicate that the tumor is composed of cells having the cytoplasmic features of ependyma, astrocytes, and transitional cells. Its composition and structure are alike those in the adult mammalian subependymal layer.
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  • 39
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    Acta neuropathologica 37 (1977), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Abetalipoproteinemia ; Muscle ; Ceroid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 26-year old male suffered from Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig disease). In addition to C.N.S. lesions, he had myopathy. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of ceroid pigment in the striated muscle. A few muscle fibers showed severe degeneration of the myofibrils. Fibroblasts and macrophages in the interstitial tissue contained abundant ceroid. The relation between ceroid accumulation, abetalipoproteinemia and vitamin E-deficiency is discussed.
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  • 40
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    Acta neuropathologica 39 (1977), S. 69-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hemangiopericytoma (intracranial) ; Meningioma ; Ultrastructure ; Leiomyoblastic differentiation ; Intercellular junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic study of 2 intracranial hemangiopericytomas and 7 meningiomas revealed fundamental morphologic differences between the 2 neoplasms. The most significant finding in hemangiopericytoma was the presence of ultrastructure features suggesting leiomyoblastic differentiation. These included characteristic fusiform intracytoplasmic and submembranous dense bodies, abundant cytoplasmic filaments, elongated cells with blunt-ended nuclei and juxtanuclear polarization of organelles. This observation is considered highly significant as an indicator of the pericytic nature of this tumor. In addition, hemangiopericytoma cells sometimes were arranged in spirals around pools of basement membrane-like material, perhaps a manifestation of the biologic capability of the cells to synthetize such material. Meningioma cells displayed as their main feature an ability to produce surface membrane specializations including interdigitations, desmosomes, zonulae adhaerentes and gap junctions. Sometimes the last 3 elements were linearly juxtaposed forming junctional complexes similar to those seen in certain epithelia. It is suggested that the characteristic whorls of meningioma are the result of cell interconnections arising from the specialized junctional attachments. Thus the distinctive morphology of the 2 neoplasms appears to derive from basic biologic properties of their elements.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leprosy neuropathy ; Ultrastructure ; Angiopathy ; Endothelium ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Immunology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of blood vessels in endo-, peri- and epineurium was studied in peripheral cutaneous nerve biopsies of 16 borderline (BB), borderline-lepromatous (BL) or lepromatous (LL) leprosy patients some of whom were in reversal reaction. Comparable vessels in nerve biopsies of control cases and vessels in skin lesion biopsises of the leprosy patients were also studied. Vascular changes were found in nerves of all the leprosy patients. The changes were pronounced in endoneurial vessels and affected 1. endothelial continuity and surface structure, 2. basement membranes of endothelium and pericytes, and 3. the vessel lumen. In addition, intra-endothelial (IE)Mycobacterium leprae were a feature in some of the patients. Gaps occurring between endothelial cells and plasma insudation both noticed in vessels of fascicles with early to very early neuropathy suggested extensive leakage which, in all probability, causes early nerve fibre damage. Luminal and abluminal endothelial protrusions, which were frequently observed, may enhance transendothelial transport. Fenestrations and endothelial attenuation, possibly, lead to an increase in vascular permeability. Endothelial phagocytotic activity, particularly in small (epineurial) arteries, appeared to be stimulated, possibly, by circulatingM. leprae. Basement membrane multilayering (a “hyaline zone”) was found peripherally to pericytes, as is the case in tuberculoid leprosy (Boddingius, 1976). In a number of patients, multilayering occurred also peri-endothelially. Perivascular zones, which are thought to initiate or aggravate neuropathological changes by impairment of diffusion of oxygen and nutrients or metabolites, were very wide in endoneurial vessels of patients in reversal reaction and this suggested an immunological aetiology. Partial or total vessel lumen occlusion, seen in advanced lepromatous neuropathy, most likely contributes to final nerve fibre degeneration and endoneurial fibrosis. M. leprae were found intra-endothelially in endoneurial vessels, though only in fascicles with advanced neuropathy whereas bacilli were not seen in vessel lumina. By contrast, in fascicles with relatively early neuropathy, solid (viable) bacilli were frequently encounteredintra-axomally in myelinated fibres. This suggests that, in many instances, primary infiltration ofM. leprae into nerve fascicles may arise from intra-axonal (IA) bacilli which ascend from dermal nerves and are released within main nerve trunks after demyelination of the host fibre.
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  • 42
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 214 (1977), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Spiral ganglion ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is the first morphometric analysis of the cochlear spiral ganglion. Therefore the ganglion was subdivided in precisely defined compartments. We found that the normal, untreated spiral ganglion in guinea pigs contains 58% ganglion cells of the granular type, 26% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 8.6% extracellular space, 6.4% myelinated nerve fibers and 1% ganglion cells of the filamentous type. The granular ganglion cell consists in 83% out of cytoplasm and in 17% out of nuclei. The cytoplasm is containing 13% ribosomes, 12% mitochondria, 10% RER, 2.1% Golgi apparatus, 1.3% lysosomes. Based on these quantitative datas we expect to detect alterations of the normal structure earlier and more precisely under pathophysiological conditions as before.
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  • 43
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 214 (1977), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas ; Ultrastructure ; Modulations of fibroblasts ; Intranuclear granules ; Emigration of vascular wall cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After the electron microscopic examination of tissue samples of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas obtained from 9 male patients ranging in their age from 7–24 years the problems of cytogenesis and classification are discussed. Besides it is tried to correlate particular morphological findings to certain clinical phenomenons. The vascular component of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas shows a clear proliferation of the vascular wall cells. Particularly, proliferating pericytes, cells withous peculiar characteristics (“undifferentiated” cells) and cells in various stages of differentiation are to be emphasized. Obviously, vascular wall cells emigrate into the surrounding tissue and transform themselves into small fibroblasts. The second component of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas is represented by stromal fibroblasts with several cytological variations. Only activated “classical” fibroblasts and fibroblasts with histiocyte-like features reveal the nuclear pattern unique for these growths which is characterized by the combination of protrusions of nuclear membrane with formation of nuclear “blebs” and of dense intranuclear granules. Cells with these nuclear characteristics were considered as preexisting fibroblasts. Thus juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas are formed by the proliferation of two tissue components, namely by the proliferation of vascular wall cells and stromal fibroblasts, and can be conceived as reactive hyperplasias. The swelling body-like and organoid appearance, cytological pecularities, characteristic topographic relations (localization and supplying vessels) and the sex-dependent occurrence speak for a tumor-like hyperplasia of a rudimentary organ unknown till now.
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  • 44
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 223 (1977), S. 269-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Oviduct ; Gestagen ; Contraception ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological alterations in the epithelium of the human oviduct related to continuous administration of low dosage lynestrenol were studied in 10 women by electron microscopy. The effect of lynestrenol on the morphology of the tubal epithelium was shown to be time dependent. First the discharge of secretory products from the non-ciliated cells was inhibited. Secondary to this the synthetic activities of the cells were drastically decreased. This inactivation of the tubal epithelium reached its maximum after 6 months. At this time the epithelial cells, particularly the non-ciliated cells were almost devoid of organelles and had an electron transparent cytoplasm. In addition to the action of lynestrenol on the secretory and synthetic activities of the cells a strong ciliogenetic effect could be observed after about 3 months of lynestrenol administration. The ratio of ciliated to non-ciliated cells changed from 1∶1 at the beginning of the treatment to 2.9∶1 after 6 months. This ratio was then maintained and could still be found in patients who had used lynestrenol for 25 and 39 months. In contrast to the persistent effect of lynestrenol on the ciliary apparatus of the cells the synthetic activities and the secretory mechanism were partially restored with long standing use. The importance of the observed changes and their possible participation in the contraceptive action of lynestrenol are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Botulinum toxin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural effects of local injection of botulinum toxin into the left half of the tongue of the rat, were studied quantitatively 35 days postoperatively in the left hypoglossal nucleus. The results showed (1) a decrease in somatic and neuropil bouton numbers because of loss of boutons with symmetrical synapses and clear spherical synaptic vesicles, (2) a decrease in the numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil, (3) an increase in the proportion of dendrites and boutons with unusual inclusions, suggestive of profile retraction, (4) an increase in the proportion of profiles which were unusually electron-dense, (5) an increase in the amount of astrocyte, and a growth of astrocyte sheaths around bouton-free neurone surfaces, (6) the presence of occasional microglia, and (7) subastrocytic subsurface cisterns. Control rats injected with boiled toxin had no responses except (3) and (4) above, and then only to a modest extent, possibly due to mechanical damage of a few axons or terminals at the time of injection, or to insufficient inactivation of the toxin by boiling. The results were compared with those at 35 days after axotomy, and it was concluded that botulinum toxin, which interrupts neuromuscular transmission, elicits the same responses in the hypoglossal neurones, as does transection of the hypoglossal nerve, even though earlier studies had discovered no glial replication after botulinum toxin, in contrast to axotomy.
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  • 46
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    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Delayed regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9–70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along boutonfree perikaryal surfaces.
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  • 47
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    Urological research 5 (1977), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Monkey ; Prostate ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of immature and mature rhesus monkey prostate is described and a comparison is made with human tissue. The immature gland consists of largely undifferentiated epithelium showing little or no secretory activity. The mature gland exhibits the general characteristics of prostates of the other species studied. Columnar epithelial cells and undifferentiated basal cells are observed. The two lobes of the gland show several differences, the caudal lobe being rich in secretory granules, with the cranial lobe consisting of taller vacuolated cells. The description provides a basis for comparison with ultrastructural changes produced during in vivo and in vitro experimentation and with characteristics of normal and diseased human prostate.
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  • 48
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    Research in experimental medicine 169 (1977), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; arterial prostheses ; lyophilized human dura ; neointima ; Ultrastruktur ; arterielle Gefäßprothesen ; lyophilisierte menschliche Dura ; Neointima
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 5 aus lyophilisierter menschlicher Dura (LMD) hergestellte und Hunden implantierte Arterienprothesen wurden nach 4, 5 1/2, 13, 43 und 46 Monaten entnommen und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Neointima aller Implantate bestand aus Pseudo-Endothelzellen, Fibrozyten und Kollagenfibrillen. 43 und 46 Monate nach Implantation waren außerdem glatte Muskelzellen und elastische Mikrofibrillen in der Neointima vorhanden. Diese entsprach somit in ihrer Zusammensetzung im wesentlichen der Neointima von Kunststoff- und Kollagen-Kunststoff-Arterienprothesen. Die klinische Erprobung von LMD-Implantaten als arterieller Gefäßersatz ist jedoch wegen degenerativer Wandveränderungen in den Prothesen mit fast vierjähriger Verweildauer vorerst noch zu früh.
    Notes: Summary Five arterial prostheses made of lyophilized human dura (LHD) were inserted into dogs and removed after 4, 5 1/2, 13, 43, and 46 months to be studied with the electron microscope. The neointima of all grafts consisted of pseudo-endothelial cells, fibrocytes, and collagen fibrils. Additionally, 43 and 46 months after implantation smooth muscle cells and elastic microfibrils were present. Thus, the composition of the neointima was substantially identical with that of the neointima of synthetic arterial grafts and collagenfabric ones. The clinical application of arterial prostheses of LHD, however, seems at present too early because of degenerative changes in the walls of those grafts which remained nearly 4 years in the dogs.
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  • 49
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    Urological research 5 (1977), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Kidney ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cadmium injection in rats affects the genito-urinary system. The renal effects are generally considered to be mainly tubular. Light microscopy of 29 specimens confirms cellular damage in the glomeruli with changes in glomerular capillaries. Electron microscopic changes in the glomeruli confirm changes in the podocytes, thickening of the basement lamina, the occurrence of electron dense deposits in association with the capillary endothelium with platelet and polymorphonuclear cell accumulations which suggests opening of the endothelial junction of the glomerular vessels.
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  • 50
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 215 (1977), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cochlear spiral ganglion ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Influence of different fixation buffers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of two fixation buffers on the quantitative cytoarchitecture of the cochlear spiral ganglion in guinea pigs was evaluated morphometrically. After fixation with phosphate buffered 1.3% OsO4 granular spiral ganglion cells lost 45% of their average individual volume as compared to the volume after fixation with s-collidine buffered 1.3% OsO4. Using the two fixatives there was no significant difference of the volume proportion of cell nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum per unit volume cytoplasm of the granular spiral ganglion cells. The volume proportion of their ribosomes and their Golgi apparatus per unit volume cytoplasm doubled, the surface of the Golgi apparatus per unit volume cytoplasm increased 3.5fold after fixation with phosphate buffered OsO4. The volume density of the granular ganglion cells decreased by 30%, the volume density of the interganglionar space (= space between granular ganglion cells) showed an increase of 50% using phosphate buffer. Mostly the extracellular space was participating in this relative increase of the interganglionar space. As a result fixation of the spiral ganglion for morphometric studies should be performed using s-collidine buffered OsO4. The morphometric findings underline the presumption of semicompact myelin being a fixation artefact.
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  • 51
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 217 (1977), S. 441-449 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Spiral ganglion ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cochlear spiral ganglion of rats consists of 61.8% granular ganglion cells, 22.4% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 9.3% extracellular space, 4.8% myelinated nerve fibers and 1.4% filamentous ganglion cells. The granular ganglion cells consist of 76% cytoplasmic components and 24% nuclei. Their cytoplasm contains 66.3% hyaloplasm, 11.4% mitochondria, 11% free ribosomes, 7.8% rough endoplasmic reticulum, 2.7% Golgi apparatus and 0.8% lysosomes. Comparing with morphometric data in guinea pigs, granular spiral ganglion cells in rats show some species dependent differences in their quantitative cytoarchitecture. They don't differ in their principal architectural pattern, especially in regard to the metabolism for energy and cell performance. The spiral ganglion cells of rats in contrast to those of guinea pigs do not show viral particles. Since it is impossible to evaluate with certainty the influence of viruses on the metabolism of infected cells, in our opinion rats are more suitable experimental animals for morphometric investigations of spiral ganglions.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Bile duct ligation (rat) ; Cell membrane ; Intercellular junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of bile duct ligation on the intercellular junctions of hepatocytes was investigated. The features and the arrangement of the bile canaliculi and the zonulae occludentes alter concomitant to the increase of the intracanalicular pressure. The lumen of the bile canaliculi enlarges and the microvilli disappear. The array of the zonulae occludentes becomes irregularly shaped, the number of strands diminishes and interruptions of the strands occur. With peroxidase a leakage in the bile-blood barrier is detected. Furthermore a disappearance of gap junctions between the hepatocytes after bile duct ligation is observed. The present investigation shows that the zonulae occludentes are mobile structures which are changed by increased unilateral pressure. Due to their ultrastructural alterations, a leakage of the permeability barrier between physiological compartments is found. We acknowledge the helpful criticism and discussion of Prof. H.D. Fahimi. We are indebted to Mrs. B. Brühl, M. Bürkle and Ch. Walenta for technical assistance, and to stud. med. Jon Greenberg for preparing the manuscript
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Mandibular glands ; Kalotermes ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glandes mandibulaires de Calotermes sont étudiées dans les différentes castes. Elles présentent un dimorphisme sexuel chez les soldats et les sexués. Après la mue imaginale, les cellules glandulaires ont toujours une activité sécrétrice. De plus, chez les soldats femelles et les reines, elles contiennent de nombreuses formations cristallines d'origine mitochondriale. Le rôle de ces glandes (sécrétion de salive ou de phéromone) est discuté.
    Notes: Summary The mandibular glands of Kalotermes were examined in different castes. They showed sexual dimorphism in the soldiers and primary reproductives. Moreover, in female soldiers and queens, mandibular gland cells contained numerous crystalline structures of mitochondrial origin. The role of these glands (secretion of saliva or pheromone) is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 523-539 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sponge ; Gray cell ; Glycogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gray cells of four orders of demosponges contain basophilic inclusions and glycogen. They are capable of synthesis and accumulation of glycogen and responsible for its transfer to sites of more intense metabolism (growth, bud, blastema). They do not occur in larvae; but all the phases of their differentiation from the flagellar cells of the larva have been demonstrated.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Alcian blue ; Alcian yellow staining ; Ultrastructure ; Bulinus truncatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus was investigated. With the Alcian blue-Alcian yellow (AB/AY) staining method at least 10 different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) were distinguished in the ganglia of the central nervous system. The differences in staining properties of the NSC — with AB/AY the cells take on different shades of green and yellow — are borne out at the ultrastructural level: the NSC types contain different types of neurosecretory elementary granules. The neurosecretory system of B. truncatus is compared to that of Lymnaea stagnalis, the species which has received the most attention among the pulmonates. It appears from the comparison that the systems of both species show many similarities, although some differences are also apparent.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Spermatogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of normal human testicular tissue revealed annulate lamellae (AL) in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes and spermatids. AL of primary spermatocytes are encountered in the perinuclear region, parallel to the nuclear envelope and form single or multiple membranous profiles containing numerous annuli (500–600 Å in diameter) frequently associated with a fibrillar electron dense material. Spermatids contain numerous layers of AL either continuous with the nuclear envelope and caudal to the acrosome or peripherally positioned in the cytoplasm. Individual lamellae possess terminal dilations and display continuities with the endoplasmic reticulum. The interlamellar space in spermatid AL is entirely filled with a fine granular electron dense material. Additionally, the break-down of AL in spermatozoan residual bodies is indicated by a dilation of AL cisternae to form vacuoles following the dissolution of pore complexes.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CSF-contacting subependymal cells ; Frog hypothalamus ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blue-green fluorescent subependymal cells with intraventricular processes were shown by the fluorescent histochemical method to be distributed from the preoptic recess to the infundibular recess of the frog hypothalamus. Electron microscopy revealed at least two types of CSF-contacting subependymal cells, type 1 containing large dense granules (about 100–200 nm in diameter) and type 2 containing small dense core vesicles (about 60–100 nm in diameter). Subsequent to fixation in permanganate solution, the small dense core vesicles in type 2 cells reacted with the fixative and consistently showed a dense content. However, the large granules in type 1 cells were mostly pale or less dense after this fixation. Two hours after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine, a large number of silver grains appeared only in the cytoplasm of intraventricular processes possessing dense core vesicles (type 2 cells). A few grains were also found in the perikarya. It is concluded that type 2 cells are catecholamine-storing cells. It is suggested that type 1 cells in the infundibular recess are peptidergic neurons which may secrete some hypothalamic regulating hormones of the anterior pituitary. Most of these cells in the preoptic recess belong to the neurosecretory cells of the preoptic nucleus, while some cells probably function similarly to those in the infundibular recess.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Flatworm ; Nerve-net ; Epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to a submuscular and subepithelial nerve plexus an infra-epithelial nerve-net also occurs in Notoplana acticola. It contains naked nerve cells which lie between the bases of epithelial cells. Individual neurites occur separately or in small tracts. Synapses contain clear spherical vesicles and are polarized. Post-synaptic neurites tend to be flat and ribbon-like. Rhabdite and mucus secreting cells in the epithelium have synapses associated with them. Neurites ending on the rhabdites appear to originate in the subepithelial plexus. The “sensory-free nerve endings” of earlier workers are reinterpreted as being motor terminals on epithelial secretory cells.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Rat ; Anabolic steroid hormone ; Lesion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Early changes in the composition of heart muscle cells of the rat caused by an anabolic hormone were investigated by electron microscopy. Mitochondria and myofibrils showed changes similar to those observed in early heart failure: The mitochondria were swollen and elongated. Their matrix was sparse and the cristae were few in number. The myofibrils showed either disintegration and widened and twisted Z-bands or a complete dissolution of the sarcomeric units.
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    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human fetal small intestine ; Endocrine cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this report we describe the time of appearance and ultrastructural features of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the human fetal small intestine (SB) between 9 and 22 weeks gestation. Thirteen distinctive EECs were identified in fetal SB. Two of these, not found in normal adult SB, appeared within the stratified epithelium of the proximal SB at 9–10 weeks. They were arbitrarily termed “primitive” and “precursor” cells. As in all fetal EECs, the pale cytoplasm of the “primitive” cell contains a distinctive population of secretory granules (SGs). Primitive cell SGs average 200–330 nm; some have dense cores with lucent halos while others are filled with a homogeneous dense or flocculent material. The SGs of the “precursor” cells are larger, averaging up to 1 μm in diameter and their contents vary in electron density. A third group of cells not described in normal adult SB was arbitrarily termed “transitional” cells. These have two populations of SGs; one resembles the SGs of the “precursor” cells, and the other resembles the SGs of some of the specific adult type EECs. Transitional EC, S, I and G cells are seen. In addition, mature appearing EC, S, G, I, L, D, and D1 cells were identified by 12 weeks of gestation. The “primitive”, “precursor”, and “transitional” cells may represent sequential developmental precursors of adult type EECs.
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    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Foot of Agriolimax reticulatus ; Paracellular uptake ; Peroxidase, lanthanum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the enzyme peroxidase and ionic lanthanum as tracers, paracellular uptake has been demonstrated in the foot of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (Mü). Both tracers appeared to pass between adjacent foot epithelial cells and were demonstrated in the zonula adhaerens, the septate desmosomes, and the intercellular spaces which occur beneath the septate junctions. Ferritin, a somewhat larger tracer, was excluded from all these sites. Ionic lanthanum was not normally pinocytosed in short incubation times. The epithelial cells could be induced to endocytose this marker, however, when combined with a variety of proteins. The implications these findings have on the uptake of molluscicides is discussed.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 115-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Reticulum ; Connective tissue ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A casting technique has been employed to display in three dimensions, the lymphatic microcirculation within the human lymph node. The casting compound filled the marginal sinus, and diffusely permeated the cortical lymphoid parenchyma. However, deep within the lymph node in the medullary region, the medium remained within the limits of the sinus walls. The casts showed well-defined channels appearing similar to vessels. These converged into larger vessels, which drained into efferent lymphatics leaving the node at the hilus. Electron microscopic examination showed that the outer wall of the marginal sinus and the trabecular side of trabecular sinuses had an intact, continuous endothelium with a basement membrane. However, gaps were present in the inner wall of the marginal sinus, as well as in the parenchymal wall of the trabecular sinus. In the medulla, the sinuses were lined by endothelial cells which appeared similar to macrophages. The sinus lining was incomplete and possessed numerous perforations. These observations indicated that sinus walls adjacent to connective tissue served as a barrier to cell movement, but those adjacent to a large lymphoid cell population had gaps, with cells in apparent transit between sinus lumen and parenchyma.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal glands ; Birds ; Corticosterone ; Secretions ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duck interrenal cell possesses ultrastructural characteristics common to other steroid-secreting cells. Lipid droplets and mitochondria are abundant and lie principally at the apical end of the cell. Lipid droplets are not membrane-limited. Cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that are occasionally continuous with the less abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum are a prominent feature of the interrenal cell. Tubular profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum often lie tangentially to mitochondria and ribosomes are either free, grouped in polyribosomal clusters, or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria possess tubular cristae in the inner regions of the gland and frequently contain a paracrystalline array of small 10nm (o.d.) tubules and less frequently a hexagonal array of 40nm trilaminar rings. Other cytoplasmic components include dense bodies, residual bodies, microtubules, microfilaments and specialized single membrane-bound vesicles. Gap junctions, intermediate junctions and interdigitating processes constitute the main intercellular associations. No tight junctions were identified. The single membrane-bound vesicles which are occasionally filled with a low electron-dense, lipid-like material form septate-like “junctions” with the plasma membrane. The septa bridge an intracellular gap of 15–17 nm. The vesicles are usually located near the subendothelial space at the basal and basilateral regions of the cell. Occasionally, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. It is suggested that these vesicles represent morphological evidence for the exocytotic release of steroid hormones.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testes (Syrian hamster) ; Involution and optic enucleation ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The testes of adult male Syrian hamsters underwent involution within six weeks after optic enucleation. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules was 39% less than controls. Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and primary spermatocytes were still present, but all steps of spermatids were completely absent from the involuted testes. Lipid droplets filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and often encroached upon the nucleus. Sertoli cells had sparse mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but Golgi cisternae were abundant. Typical SertoliSertoli junctions attached contiguous Sertoli cells. With lanthanum tracers it was demonstrated that these junctions were impenetrable; therefore, the bloodtestis barrier was deemed intact. Irregularly shaped protrusions often arose from the peritubular tissue and extended inward toward the seminiferous epithelium, often displacing the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The core of these protrusions consisted of irregular extensions of myoid cell cytoplasm surrounded by the myoid cells' basal lamina. External to the myoid cell basal lamina were bundles of collagen filaments with the basal lamina of the seminiferous epithelium forming the outermost layer of these protrusions. The apices of the Sertoli cells gave rise to numerous leaf-like processes that extended into and obliterated the lumen of the tubules. The Sertoli cell basal cytoplasm often contained phagocytized degenerating germ cells that appeared to give rise to the lipid droplets that filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Acid phosphatase rich lysosome-like organelles were seen fusing with the degenerating germ cells and lipid droplets. The degenerating germ cells also were shown to contain acid phosphatase activity.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the nerve supply of the pituitary pars intermedia (PI) of C3H mice was studied by electron microscopy. Nerve fibres and terminal structures, most probably adrenergic, first appear in the newborn. The adult innervation pattern is achieved by the end of the first postnatal week. In the adult animal two types of nerve terminals were distinguished; type A (peptidergic or neurosecretory) and type B (adrenergic). The peptidergic fibres were scarce and exhibited no synapse-like contacts. It is suggested that they are of secondary importance in a direct nervous hypothalamic control of PI function. Type B terminals were found throughout the PI. They formed synapse-like contacts with the glandular cells, indicating that the primary innervation is exerted by adrenergic neurons. An autonomous differentiation of the glandular cells and in the adult a combined direct nervous and neurohumoral control of PI function is suggested.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal ; Rat ; Unusual organelle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic survey of pinealocytes from normal rats revealed a highly organized arrangement of cytoplasmic tubules. Such tubules had been previously observed in normal rats (Lin, 1967) and in rats after melatonin administration or two weeks exposure to darkness (Freire and Cardinali, 1975). In a later publication the presence of the tubules was attributed to experimental manipulation resulting in infertility (Gusek, 1976). The present study resolves the discrepancy in the literature by establishing that the tubular organelle does indeed occur in untreated male rats, but rather rarely.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 143-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary (Rat) ; Pregnancy ; Interstitial gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the interstitial gland of the rat ovary was studied at estrus and on Days 4, 6, 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy. At estrus, ovarian interstitial cells have small nuclei with dense irregular clumps of heterochromatin. Mitochondria are small and rod-shaped and have predominantely lamellar cristae. Numerous osmiophilic lipid droplets are present. At Days 4 and 6, nuclear heterochromatin is reduced, and nucleoli are larger and complex. Mitochondria are enlarged and often bizarre-shaped and have tubular cristae. Golgi and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are more conspicuous. At Day 10, prominent ultrastructural features include nuclei with conspicuous heterochromatin, smaller mitochondria with both lamellar and tubular cristae, numerous ribosomes and lipid droplets with decreased osmiophilia. At Days 14 and 18, nuclei have increased heterochromatin, mitochondria are small and have lamellated cristae and an increase in the size and number of lipid droplets occurs. These observations suggest that steroidogenic activity of interstitial cells is highest during the first half of pregnancy and regresses during the last half. It is suggested that the interstitial gland is an important ovarian source of pregnancy hormone(s) during the first half of gestation and that LH may modulate steroidogenic activity in this ovarian component.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 287-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axial musculature ; Sharks ; Fibre types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Red, intermediate and white axial muscle fibres of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus were studied by electron microscopy and morphometry. The mitochondrial content is more than thirty percent in red, less than one percent in white, and up to fifteen percent in intermediate fibres. About one third of the mitochondria in red fibres are accumulated close to the sarcolemma. Red fibres contain much glycogen, present as rosettes (alpha particles). Intermediate fibres contain less glycogen (as beta particles). White fibres have scarcely any visible energy reserves. Red fibres contain slightly less (4–5%) of the sarcotubular system than the other fibre types (6–8 %). In all fibre types, the terminal cisternae of the SR are regularly divided by clefts. Triads or dyads are generally positioned at the Z discs, but in Galeus white fibres two dyads may be present, one on each side of the Z disc. The morphology is discussed in relation to current views on the functions of different muscle fibre types.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland, rabbit ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure ; Indoleamine synthesis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to localize pineal indoleamine synthesis at the ultrastructural level, an electron microscopic analysis was carried out on rabbit pineal tissue, cultured for several days in a medium containing the inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine. Furthermore, electron microscopic autoradiography was applied to rabbit pineal tissue cultured in a medium containing the tritium labeled precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. p-Chlorophenylalanine altered the ultrastructure of the mitochondria in the light pinealocytes only. Incubation with 3H-5-hydroxytryptophan caused a moderate and uniform labeling of the pinealocytes. These data suggest that the synthesis and storage of indoleamines in the rabbit pineal gland do not take place within the conventional membrane-limited cell organelles but more diffusely in the cytosol of the light pinealocytes. The spherical enlargement of the mitochondria in the light pinealocytes after culturing with p-chlorophenylalanine supports the biochemical findings of Hori et al. (1976) that the mitochondria are the carriers of the enzyme tryptophan 5-hydroxylase. The subsequent decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin probably occurs free in the cytosol. The strong labeling of the noradrenergic nerve endings (in contrast to the cholinergic ones) after incubation with 3H-5-hydroxytryptophan demonstrates that the noradrenergic nerve endings in the rabbit pineal gland can, at least in vitro, selectively take up 5-hydroxytryptophan.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Vitelline membrane ; Locusta migratoria ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies on developing follicles of Locusta migratoria show the vitelline membrane to be composed of two ultrastructurally distinguishable components: The vitelline membrane bodies (VMBs) and, in addition, fine granular material, cementing the VMBs together. VMBs form first in the oocyte-near zone within the oocyte-follicle cell space. Subsequently, the second vitelline membrane substance is secreted between the VMBs through apical protrusions of the follicle cells. The possible origin of the VMBs is discussed. Yolk uptake in Locusta seems to occur predominantly by pinocytosis. During oocyte development the oocyte membrane is enlarged by numerous microvilli and folds. In addition pinocytotic vesicles are pinched off. It is supposed that the latter loose their coat and eventually transform into large proteid yolk spheres.
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  • 71
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 6-16 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Long Term Behaviour of Lead and Lead-AlloysIn a team work of several laboratories on long term behaviour of non-iron metals sponsored by the Dechema Specialist Committee “Materials and design in chemical engineering”, lead and some lead alloys have been tested to obtain creep values for 50 000 hrs. Results are given in creep diagrams and in tables for 1% and 5% creep limit and for creep strength as well, showing their dependence on temperature (between 20 and 140 °C) at 1000 hrs., 10 000 hrs. and 50 000 hrs.
    Notes: In einem Gemeinschaftsprogramm über das Zeitstandverhalten von Nichteisen-Metallen, das im Dechema-Fachausschuß „Werkstoffe und Konstruktion im Chemie-Apparatebau“ bearbeitet wird, wurden auch 22 Bleiwerkstoffe untersucht, um Zeitstandwerte über 50000 h für den Temperaturbereich zwischen 20 und 140 °C zu ermitteln. Die hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse zeigen den Verlauf der Zeitstandfestigkeit und der 1%-Zeitdehngrenze und geben für die konstruktive Anwendung Zahlenwerte für die 1%- und 5%-Zeitdehngrenze und die Zeitstandfestigkeit bei 1000 h, 10 000 h und 50 000 h Belastungsdauer. Sie ermöglichen einen Vergleich der untersuchten Werkstoffe und können damit eine Einschränkung der Legierungspalette anregen.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 36-36 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 73
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A18 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Precipitation and embrittlement behaviour of nickel containing SuperferritesDuring the last years high chromium ferritic stainless steels socalled Superferrites have become of general interest since the mean disadvantages of these steel grades, namely cold brittleness and susceptibility to intergranular corrosion, can be avoided by means of new melting techniques. This group of steels show remarkable strength properties and excellent corrosion behaviour especially in chloride containing solutions. Because of the high content of alloying elements the ferritic solid solution is supersaturated, so that precipitation and embrittlement can occur. From 950° to 550 °C the brittle Chi- and/or Sigmaphase can be precipitated, at temperatures below 550 °C the material can fail by the socalled 475°-embrittlement. Additions of nickel and stabilising by titanium enhance the precipitation process well as the 475°-embrittlement, while a columbium stabilisation of the present carbon and nitrogen contents up to 150 ppm shows no influence. Within the investigated alloying range with 20 to 28% Cr, up to 5% Mo and up to 4% Ni the columbium stabilised steel with 28% Cr, 2% Mo and 4% Ni results as the optimal combination referring to its technological properties as well as to its precipitation and embrittlement behaviour.
    Notes: Die hochchromhaltigen, ferritischen nichtrostenden Stähle, sog. Superferrite, sind in letzter Zeit stark in den Vordergrund getreten, nachdem die Kardinalfehler dieser Werkstoffgruppe, nämlich die Kaltsprödigkeit und Anfälligkeit gegen interkristalline Korrosion mit Hilfe neuer Schmelztechnologien vermieden werden können. Diese Stähle zeichnen sich durch hohe Festigkeit und hervorragende Korrosionseigenschaften besonders in chloridhaltigen Medien aus. Der hohe Legierungsanteil dieser Stähle führt jedoch zu einer Übersättigung des ferritischen Mischkristalls, die nach einem Wärmeeinbringen Ausscheidungs- und Vesprödungserscheinungen verursachen kann. Zwischen 950 ° und 550 °C können dabei die spröde Chiund/oder Sigmaphase auftreten, unterhalb 550 °C setzt die sog. 475°-Versprödung ein. Nickelzusätze sowie eine Stabilisierung mit Titan beschleunigen sowohl die Ausscheidung der intermetallischen Phasen als auch die 475°-Versprödung, während eine Niobstabilisierung bei Gehalten an Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff bis 150 ppm keinen Einfluß ausübt. Im untersuchten Legierungsbereich von 20 bis 28% Cr, bis zu 5% Mo und bis zu 4% Ni ergibt sich der niobstabilisierte Stahl mit 28% Cr, 2% Mo und 4% Ni sowohl hinsichtlich seiner technologischen Eigenschaften als auch seines Ausscheidungs- und Versprödungsverhaltens als optimale Kombination.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fundamental aspects of the fatigue processes in metallic materialsThe present situation in fatigue research is characterized by a great number of scientific as well as of applied work. However, despite of extensive activities no unified theoretical approach of fatigue is to be seen. This paper gives a survey of the well-established fundamentals of fatigue of metallic materials. The research work of the last two decades led to the development of criteria to classify the multi-layered experiences and the detailed assessments of many facts in this field. Considering the fatigue stages, initial-deformation, crack-initiation, crack-propagation and fracture some characteristic experimental and theoretical results are presented and discussed. Cyclic plastic deformation is a prerequisit for fatigue of metals. It changes the mechanical behavior of the whole samples in the crack-free fatigue stage. It also develops surface structures, which act as sites of micro cracks. Crack growth also is a consequence of plastic deformation and needs a tensile component of the applied stress system. Structure-sensitive factors influence the fatigue behavior of metals mainly in the initial stage of fatigue.
    Notes: Der gegenwärtige Stand der Ermüdungsforschung ist durch eine Fülle sowohl grundlagen- als auch anwendungsorientierter Einzelarbeiten gekennzeichnet. Trotzdem erscheint es zur Zeit nicht möglich, eine geschlossene Theorie des Ermüdungsverhaltens metallischer Werkstoffe in nächster Zukunft zu entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Überblick geben über die hinreichend gesicherten Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Metallermüdung. Die Forschungstätigkeit der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte führte zur Entwicklung einiger Ordnungskriterien für die vielfältigen experimentellen Ergebnisse sowie zu einigen quantitativen Abschätzungsverfahren. Für die einzelnen Ermüdungsstadien, den Anfangsbereich, den Rißbildungsbereich, die Rißausbreitung und den Restbruch werden einige wichtige Ergebnisse vorgestellt und diskutiert. Plastische Verformung ist die Voraussetzung für das Auftreten eines Ermüdungsbruchs bei metallischen Werkstoffen. Sie führt in der anrißfreien Phase der Ermüdung zu einer Veränderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs sowie zur Bildung besonderer Oberflächenverformungsstrukturen, die bevorzugt Ausgangspunkte für Ermüdungsrisse sind. Auch die Rißausbreitungsphase ist durch das Auftreten von plastischen Deformationen charakterisiert und erfordert eine hinreichend große Zugspannungskomponente. Strukturabhängige Werkstoffkenngrößen wirken sich insbesondere in der anrißfreien Phase des Ermüdungsvorgangs aus.
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  • 76
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 77
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 2-5 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The creep properties of hard leadThe exact dimensioning of structural elements which are susceptible to creep deformation is acquiring increasing technical importance. A search through the literature (1, 2, 3, 4) for the mechanical properties of hard lead alloys reveals hardly any data on the creep behaviour of these materials. Genuine creep tests extending over prolonged periods are required in order to obtain definitive data on the strength properties of lead and its common engineering alloys. The following discussion reports on the results of creep tests lasting up to 80 000 hours on five types of hard lead.
    Notes: Die genaue Dimensionierung von Bauteilen, die einer Verformung durch Kriechen unterliegen, gewinnt in der Technik immer größere Bedeutung. Bei der Durchsicht des Schrifttums (1, 2, 3, 4) nach den mechanischen Eigenschaften von Hartbleilegierungen findet man kaum Angaben über das Zeitstandverhalten dieser Werkstoffe. Um eindeutige Aussagen über das Festigkeitsverfahren von Blei und seinen technisch gebräuchlichen Legierungen machen zu können, sind echte Zeitstandversuche über lange Zeiträume notwendig. Im folgenden wird über Ergebnisse aus Zeitstandversuchen bis zu 80 000 h an fünf Hartbleisorten berichtet.
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  • 78
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 16-21 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Strength of Galvanic DepositsPure nickel, nickel alloys, austenitic steel, copper and aluminium alloys were coated with adhesive and heat resisting layers of nickel or copper by electroplating. Production and examination of these metal connections was performed by specially developed methods. The investigations demonstrated, that high quality metal connections can be produced by electroplating. These connections will be of great interest for construction and fabrication.
    Notes: Reinnickel, Nickellegierungen, austenitischer Stahl sowie Kupfer- und Aluminiumlegierungen wurden auf galvanischem Wege mit haftfesten und temperaturbeständigen Nickel- bzw. Kupferüberzügen beschichtet. Zur Herstellung und Untersuchung dieser Metallverbindungen wurden geeignete Verfahren und Prüfmethoden ausgearbeitet. Die Arbeiten konnten zeigen, daß auf galvanischem Wege hochwertige Metallverbindungen hergestellt werden können, die zum Einsatz in Konstruktion und Fertigung geeignet sind.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 81
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 37-55 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pitting corrosion on alloy systems of the elements iron, chromium and nickelPitting corrosion on stainless steels and nickel alloys is a serious problem in commercial operation, especially in the chemical industry, because its widespread occurrence and the usually fast rate of growth of such pits may substantially restrict the life of components and production facilities and possibly also give rise to environmental hazards. In this respect the nearly unlimited occurrence of chlorides which cause pitting, often even in very low concentrations, is a special disadvantage. As a result of this there have been many studies to determine the mechanisms, time regularities and parameters of pitting and to utilize them in commercial practice, i.e. to derive from them efficient protection against pitting. Since the research and study results described in literature do not give a uniform illustration of pitting and hardly permit a useful survey of the effect of the various parameters the series of publications starting with this contribution attempts to give a clear synopsis of the state of knowledge on pitting, to describe the customary test methods for determining potential pitting and to discuss their significance, and finally from our own extensive studies to show the regularities of pitting and to quantify as far as possible the parameters.Accordingly the subject has been divided into three main parts:Part 1. Pitting parameters - an analysis of literature. Fundamentals - attacking reagents - material influences.Part 2. Test methods to determine resistance to pitting - chemical tests - electrochemical investigations.Part 3. Electrochemical measurements to determine the parameters of pitting on homogenized materials. Based on the results of studies this part deals with systematic dependences of pitting on the nature of the attacking reagent (chloride concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, temperature) and the composition of the materials under study (effect of alloy components).
    Notes: Die Lochkorrosion an nichtrostenden Stählen und Nickellegierungen stellt ein ernsthaftes Problem für die Praxis dar, insbesondere für die chemische Industrie, weil durch die Häufigkeit des Auftretens und die meist hohe Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der entstehenden Löcher eine erhebliche Beschränkung der Lebensdauer von Bauteilen und Produktionsanlagen und u. U. auch eine Gefährdung der Umwelt eintreten kann. Von besonderem Nachteil ist hierbei die beinahe uneingeschränkte Verbreitung der lochfraßauslösenden Chloride, die oft schon bei Vorliegen nur sehr geringer Konzentrationen wirksam werden. Es hat daher nicht an Untersuchungen gefehlt. Mechanismen, Zeitgesetze und Einflußgrößen der Lochkorrosion zu ermitteln und sie für die Praxis auszuwerten, d. h. einen gezielten Schutz vor Lochkorrosion nutzbar zu machen. Da die in der Literatur beschriebenen Forschungs- und Untersuchungsergebnisse kein einheitliches Bild der Lochkorrosion ergeben und kaum einen brauchbaren Überblick über die Abhängigkeit von den verschiedenen Einflußgrößen gestatten, wird mit dieser hir beginnenden Veröffentlichungsreihe der Versuch unternommen, den Stand des Wissens über die Lochkorrosion übersichtlich darzustellen, die gebräuchlichen Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der Lochfraßanfälligkeit zu beschreiben und ihre Aussagefähigkeit zu diskutieren sowie anhand eigener umfangreicher Untersuchungen die Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Lochkorrosion aufzuzeigen und die Einflußgrößen so weit wie möglich zu quantifizieren. Der Stoff ist aus diesem Grunde in drei Hauptteile gegliedert worden:Teil 1. Einflußgrößen der Lochkorrosion - eine Literaturauswertung. Grundlagen - Angriffsmittel - Werkstoffeinflüsse.Teil 2. Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der Lochkorrosionsbeständigkeit Chemische Prüfungen - Elektrochemische Untersuchungen.Teil 3. Elektrochemische Messungen zur Ermittlung von Einflußgrößen der Lochkorrosion an diffusionsgeglühten Werkstoffen. Dieser Teil behandelt - anhand von Untersuchungsergebnissen - systematische Abhängigkeiten der Lochkorrosionspotentiale von der Art des angreifenden Mediums (Chloridkonzentration, Wasserstoffionenkonzentration, Temperatur) und der Zusammensetzung der untersuchten Werkstoffe (Einfluß der Legierungselemente).
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 68-68 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 68-68 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A20 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 82-88 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue behaviour of High Temperature Brazed Joints tested at elevated temperaturesFatigue testing, on a systematic and statistical basis, was carried our on high temperature brazed joints produced in the base metal NiCr20TiAl joined with BNi-5 and BAu-4 filler metals. The single-stage tests were conducted with various temperatures of 500 and 700 °C. Microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces (SEM) yielded information about crack initiation and propagation and the fracture behaviour of the joints.
    Notes: Es wurden systematische und statistisch abgesicherte Schwingfestigkeitsuntersuchungen an Hochtemperaturlöt-Verbindungen, NiCr20TiAl gelötet mit BNi-5 und BAu-4, im Einstufenversuch vorgenommen. Als Versuchsparameter kamen unterschiedliche Grenzspannungsverhältnisse sowie erhöhte Prüftemperaturen von 500 bzw. 700 °C zur Anwendung. Mikrofraktografische Untersuchungen gaben Hinweise über den Rißbeginn und den Rißfortschritt sowie über das Bruchverhalten der Proben.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Concept to Calculate Notch- and Size-Effect for Fatigue Life PredictionThe fatigue behaviour of a specimen depends on its size and shape. To describe this, the following assumptions are made: There are flaws statistically distributed in the specimen. The largest of these flaws propagates during fatigue loading and forms the final crack. These two assumptions formulate a method for the calculation of the influence of specimen size and shape on fatigue life.This method is applied to own fatigue test results and to those presented in literature.
    Notes: Das Schwingverhalten eines Bauteiles ist abhängig von seiner Form und Größe. Zur Beschreibung dieses Einflusses wird der Ermüdungsvorgang im Zeitfestigkeitsgebiet wie folgt erklärt: In einem Bauteil befinden sich  -  statistisch verteilt  -  Fehlstellen bestimmter Größe. Die größte dieser Fehlstellen breitet sich durch die Schwingbelastung aus und führt zum Dauerbruch.Die mathematische Formulierung dieser beiden Annahmen führt auf ein Berechnungsverfahren, das es gestattet, die Lebensdauer eines Bauteiles im Zeitfestigkeitsgebiet in Abhängigkeit von seiner Form und Größe vorherzusagen.Die Gültigkeit dieses Verfahrens wird an Hand eigener und in der Literatur angegebener Versuchsergebnisse nachgewiesen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microanalytical Investigations of the Precipitation Behaviour of Commercial Aluminized and Chromium-Aluminized Coatings on Ni-Base Alloys and Austenitic SteelsThe precipitation and diffusion behaviour of commercial aluminized and chromiumaluminized coatings on nickel-base alloys and austenitic steels was studied by aid of an electron probe microanalyzer. It is shown, that the protected nickel-base alloys all have a similar layer structure: an external NiAl-layer, which is delimited by an intermediate CrNi-(Mo)-layer to a small Al- containing mixed crystal zone. In the case of aluminized austenitic steels only a very small NiAl-layer can be detected, followed by an extended Al-containing mixed crystal. These layers on Fe-base alloys are predamaged by a perforated zone, due to the Kirkendall-effect. A previous chromium diffusion prevents this effect, but the diffusion behavior was not influenced during an extended heat treatment. The protected nickel-base alloys showed the best durability during long time oxidation tests.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe eines Elektronenstrahlmikroanalysators wurde das Ausscheidungs- und Diffusionsverhalten von kommerziell hergestellten Alitier- und Chromalitierschichten auf Nickelbasislegierungen und austenitischen Stählen untersucht. Dabei zeigte es sich, daß die geschützten Nickelbasislegierungen alle einen ähnlichen Schichtaufbau aufweisen: eine NiAl-Außenschicht, die durch eine chromhaltige Zwischenschicht gegen den schmalen Al-haltigen Mischkristall abgegrenzt ist. Bei den austenitischen Stählen tritt nur eine sehr schmale NiAl-Zone auf, auf die ein ausgedehnter Al-haltiger Mischkristallbereich folgt. Diese Schichten auf Eisenbasislegierungen sind durch eine Kirkendall-Lochbildung vorgeschädigt. Eine der Alitierung vorangegangene Chromierung verhindert die Lochbildung, allerdings beeinflußt sie das Diffusionsverhalten der Schicht bei längerem Wärmebehandeln kaum. Bei den orientierenden Langzeitoxidationstests zeigt sich die überlegene Beständigkeit der alitierten- und chromalitierten Nickelbasislegierungen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 139-139 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A29 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Distortion of Steels Due to Heat TreatmentDistortion comprises size and shape distortion. Size distortion is brought about by thermal stresses and structural changes, mainly by hardening and tempering. Thermal stresses cause size-dependant, structural changes size-in dependent distortion. Size-distortion is a system property. Tempering at room temperature over a long period of time influences the size stability. Material anisotropy leads to directional distortion. Shape distortion or warpage originates in residual stresses and differences within the material. Further a nonsymmetrical temperature distribution or geometry of the part have to be considered.
    Notes: Verzug umfaßt Maß- und Formänderungen. Maßänderungen entstehen durch Wärmespannungen und Gefügeumwandlungen, insbesondere beim Härten und Anlassen. Wärmespannungen bewirken abmessungsabhängige, Gefügeumwandlungen abmessungsunabhängige Maßänderungen. Das Maßänderungsverhalten ist eine Systemeigenschaft. Anlaßvorgänge durch langzeitige Auslagerung bei Raumtemperatur beeinträchtigen die Maßstabilität. Werkstoffanisotropie führt zu richtungsabhängiger Maßänderung. Formänderungen haben ihre Ursache in Reststpannungen und Unterschieden im Werkstoff. Weiter Kommen unsymmetrische Temperaturführung oderunsymmetrische Werkstückgeometrie in Betracht.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A37 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Lösung von Werkstoffproblemen in der Kerntechnik durch konstruktive MaßnahmenWerkstoffprobleme in Kernenergie-Anlagen können nur im Zusammenhang mit der Konstruktion, der Fertigung, Betriebsführung, der Wartung und Überwachung gesehen und gelöst werden. Eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Konstrukteur und erkstofffachmann ist daher dringend erforderlich. Dies wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit am Beispiel einiger Entwicklungen im Zusammenhang mit Leichtwasser-Reaktoren diskutiert. Von besondere Bedeutung bei der Entwicklung neuer Werkstoffe und neuer Fertigungstechnologien sind die Begriffe Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit der Anlagen durch Qualitätssicherung.
    Notes: Materials problems in nuclear power stations can rarely be dealt with independently of design, maintenance, including operation, inspection and control as well as environmental factors. Therefore they require combined efforts of designers and materials, specialists. The paper illustrates this by examples of some current developments of light-water reactors: tubing in condensers and steam generators in PWR, primary piping in BWR, pressure vessels and fuel elements. Keywords in the development of materials engineering and technology in this field are reliability and safety through quality assurance, rather than increased efficiency and performance data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 204-208 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Designing with new high-strength low-expansion steelsThe potential of high-strength low-expansion steels has been illustrated by a series of specific design examples through comparing performance against that of alternative materials. The new products have advantages where large temperature excursions are encountered in piping and pressure vessel applications. The benefits to be gained through using the alloys in the design of labyrinth seals are also demonstrated. Finally the position with respect to diesel engine combustion chamber components is examined, and the alloys are shown to be better than alternatives. Apart from the different design requirements in the above applications, other possible applications are suggested, based on this work which has shown one of their main design merits to be low expansivity coupled with low moduls resulting in very low thermal stresses.
    Notes: Die Eignung neuer hochfester Stähle mit niedrigem Ausdehnungskoeffizienten wird an verschiedenen Konstruktionsbeispielen durch Vergleich mit anderen Werkstoffen dargestellt. Die neuen Stähle eignen sich vor allem für Rohrleitungen und Druckbehälter, bei denen große Temperaturbereiche auftreten. Die Vorteile der Legierungen bei der Konstruktion von Labyrinthdichtungen werden ebenfalls aufgezeigt. Untersucht wird das Verhalten der Stähle im Brennkammerbereich von Dieselmotoren. Außer den unterschiedlichen konstruktionsmäßigen Anforderungen werden aufgrund der vorliegenden Arbeit weitere mögliche Einsatzgebiete erörtert. Der für die Konstruktion wesentliche Vorteil der neuen Legierungen besteht in ihrem niedrigen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten in Verbindung mit geringem E-Modul und den daraus resultierenden sehr geringen Wärmespannungen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 211-211 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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