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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monocular deprivation ; Cortico-geniculate projections ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 16 cats monocularly deprived from 2 to 3 weeks of age, we studied 53 striate cortical cells which were identified as projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) on the basis of antidromic activation from LGN and of histological localization within cortical layer VI. As in the normal cat, these cortico-geniculate cells could be classified as slow, intermediate or fast, according to their axonal conduction velocities. The sampling ratio of the slow cells (mostly unresponsive to visual stimuli) was much higher than normal. On the other hand, the ratio of the intermediate (one half were simple cells) and fast cells (all except one were complex cells) was significantly lower than the norm. Also, the average axonal conduction velocities of the complex and simple cells were significantly slower than normal. These results suggest that normal maturation of cortico-geniculate cells, particularly fast and intermediate ones, is retarded or arrested by monocular visual deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 41-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye movements ; Dark-rearing ; Cat ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats reared in total darkness to adulthood have abnormal eye movements. A spontaneous nystagmus is found in the dark before any visual experience. The eye movements evoked by vestibular or optokinetic stimulation are less effective at compensation than for a normal cat. The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) has a low gain (around 0.3) and a frequency dependent phase relation. The efficiency of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is poorer than for a normal cat, except for downwards stimulus movement which is followed better than normal. OKN is poorest in response to a stimulus viewed monocularly moving in the nasal to temporal direction. Neither VOR nor OKN of a dark-reared cat recover in efficiency within 5 months of the animal being brought into the light. A normal cat put into the dark for 135 days shows none of these abnormalities except an occasional spontaneous nystagmus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Vestibulo-ocular responses ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Unilateral lesions of the superior colliculus were made in normal cats. Following the operation, animals exhibited a typical neglect for contralateral visual space and forced circling toward the ipsilateral side. Optokinetic nystagmus was decreased for a stimulus moving toward the ipsilateral side, particularly in the temporal-to-nasal direction when the eye contralateral to the lesion was stimulated alone. — 2. When tested in the dark, animals exhibited a strong imbalance of their vestibulo-ocular responses (VOR) to velocity steps or to sinusoidal oscillations. Rotation of the animal toward the ipsilateral side produced a VOR with a higher gain, and a shorter phase-lead than in pre-operative controls. VOR was decreased in the opposite direction to a smaller extent, however. The overall asymmetry between the two sides at the post-operative stage was about 40%. — 3. In two animals, spontaneous nystagmus was present in the dark with the fast phase toward the ipsilateral side. — 4. Visual suppression of VOR was abolished during ipsiversive rotation and was still present during contraversive rotation. — 5. The effects of unilateral colliculectomy on VOR were transient. Spontaneous nystagmus disappeared in 3 days. VOR asymmetry in the dark was no longer present after 2–3 weeks. Loss of visual VOR suppression persisted for a few more days. — 6. Superior colliculus exerts a tonic control on static and dynamic components of VOR. This control may mediate part of VOR visual modulation and provide a substitutive input for compensation of pathological VOR asymmetry.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Ultrastructure ; Cat ; Quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the cat thalamus was investigated in order to compare the data with those obtained in other thalamic nuclei. New data are described regarding the identification of Golgi II type neurons and several forms of axo-somatic synapses. By means of a quantitative analysis the number of different profiles, distribution of interprofile contacts, synaptic densities and degree of synaptic input of the two main cell-types were defined. The quantitative data obtained in the VB complex were compared with values for the lateral geniculate body (CGL), nucleus anterior ventralis (AV-non-sensory relay thalamic nucleus) and nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex (LP-PU-associative thalamic nucleus). The quantitative data reveal that: 1. The occurrence of RL terminals is equal in the two relay nuclei (VB and AV) and three-fold higher than in the LP-PU. 2. The percentage ratio of specific terminals (RL) in the total surface area in the relay nuclei is three-fold higher than in the LP-PU. 3. The RL→D synapses are twice as numerous in the relay nuclei as in the associative nucleus. 4. The density of synaptic RS profiles in VB is half of that found in LP-Pu. 5. In the thalamic relay nuclei the number of synaptic contacts on Golgi II type neurons is one-third of the synaptic supply of relay neurons; in the LP-Pu the amount of synaptic contacts on Golgi II type neuron approaches the synaptic supply of projective neurons.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 233-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Ventral tegmental area ; Locus ceruleus ; Parabrachial nuclei ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three cat brains with injections of horseradish peroxidase in various regions of the cerebral cortex were screened for afferent projections from the ventral tegmental area, the locus ceruleus, and the parabrachial nuclei. All three structures were found to project to rather divergent parts of the cortex, including regions in the posterior half of the hemisphere. These results, especially for the ventral tegmental area and, to a lesser degree, for the parabrachial neurons, disagree with most of the target loci of established cortical afferents in the rat. Though our results might be attributed to species differences in the cortical innervation of brain stem structures, we prefer explanations which emphasize different densities in the distribution of brain stem afferents to the cortex, and/or which suggest different cortical targets of catecholaminergic and noncatecholaminergic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Vestibular habituation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1.Unilateral habituation of the vestibuloocular reflex was produced in adult cats stimulated by repeated unidirectional velocity steps (vestibular training) or by a continuously moving visual surround (optokinetic training). — 2. Unidirectional vestibular training produced a strong asymmetry of vestibuloocular responses (VOR). Responses to velocity steps applied to the “trained” labyrinth were decreased both in gain and in time-constant. This effect generalized to responses to sinusoidal oscillations (0.03 Hz to 0.1 Hz), i.e. to a stimulus not used during training. — No spontaneous nystagmus was ever observed in spite of the dynamic VOR asymmetry. — 3. Unilateral vestibular habituation produced by vestibular training appeared to be a long-lasting phenomenon. It was still present 10 days after the end of training. — 4. Optokinetic responses were not affected by vestibular training. — 5. Unidirectional optokinetic training produced an increase in the slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) by about 25% in both directions. This effect did not persist for more than a few minutes. A marked spontaneous nystagmus was recorded in the dark after each session of optokinetic training, with a slow phase in the direction opposite to the previous OKN. — 6. VOR in response to velocity steps and to sinusoidal oscillations were decreased unilaterally after optokinetic training. This effect was of short duration, however, and disappeared within the interval between training sessions. This lack of retention contrasted with the prolonged effect of vestibular training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 442-452 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Chemoreceptors ; C Fibers ; Vagal nerves ; Gastro-duodenal Region ; Microelectrode technique ; Cat ; Chémorécepteurs ; Fibres C ; Nerfs vagues ; Région Gastro-duodénale ; Technique des ; Microélectrodes ; Chat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sensibilité vagale aux hydrates de carbone (glucose en particulier) et aux acides (acide chlorhydrique et acide acétique) a été étudiée dans la région gastro-duodénale chez des chats anesthésiés. Les potentiels d'action ont été enregistrés dans le ganglion plexiforme droit au moyen de microélectrodes extracellulaires. Des récepteurs, sélectivement sensibles soit aux hydrates de carbone, soit aux acides, ont été ainsi mis en évidence. Ces récepteurs doivent donc être considérés comme de véritables glucorécepteurs et acidorécepteurs. Les deux types de chémorécepteurs, silencieux au départ, présentent une fréquence de décharge basse qui varie entre 2 et 14 imp/s pour les acido-récepteurs et entre 2 et 30 imp/s pour les glucorécepteurs. Les réponses peuvent être irrégulières ou régulières et durer plusieurs minutes; leur latence est faible (entre 1 et 20 s) pour les deux types de chémorécepteurs, ce qui suggère une localisation dans la muqueuse ou au voisinage de celleci. Les fibres connectées aux glucorécepteurs et aux acido-récepteurs ont une vitesse de conduction qui varie entre 0,8 et 1,2 m/s: elles sont donc amyéliniques. L'enregistrement de l'activité électromyographique de la région gastro-duodénale a permis de montrer que les acido-récepteurs et les glucorécepteurs interviennent dans la régulation de la motilité gastrique et duodénale, l'effet le plus marqué étant une diminution du rythme électrique de base de l'estomac.
    Notes: Summary Vagal sensitivity to carbohydrates (mainly glucose) and to acids (hydrochloric and acetic acids) was studied in the gastro-duodenal region of anesthetized cats. Action potentials were recorded extracellularly from the nodose ganglion by means of glass microelectrodes. Receptors responding to glucose perfusion were found at this level as well as receptors stimulated by acid perfusion. It is shown that each type of receptor was activated by only one kind of stimulus (carbohydrates and acids, respectively). These receptors must thus be considered as true glucoreceptors or acido-receptors. Being silent before activation, these two types of chemoreceptors discharged at a frequency that varied from 2 to 14 imp/s for the acido-receptors, and from 2 to 30 imp/s for the glucoreceptors. The response could be irregular or regular and might last several minutes. Its latency was short (between 1 and 20 s for both types of chemoreceptors. It was therefore supposed that they were located in the mucosa or neighboring structures. From the conduction velocities (0.8–1.2 m/s), it was concluded that fibers originating from the acidoand glucoreceptors belonged to the C type. Recording of the electromyographic activity from the gastro-duodenal region demonstrated that the gluco- and acido-receptors are involved in the regulation of motility of the gastric and duodenal regions.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LP-pulvinar complex ; MIN ; Visual texture ; Receptive field properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multiple visual field representations are contained within the feline LP-pulvinar complex; regions differentiated by their afferent and efferent connectivity patterns as the striate-, tecto- and retino-recipient zones. Cell responses from these visuotopic zones were investigated in immobilized cats under N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone or Althesin, using spot, bar and textured stimuli. Response fields recorded within the LP-pulvinar complex were classified as diffuse, concentric, movement-, direction- or orientation-sensitive. Concentric receptive fields were further classified as sustained (X), transient (Y) or tonic/phasic W-cells. Direction-and movement-sensitive cells predominated in the striate- and tecto-recipient zones, respectively. Motion of noise fields, or noise bars against an identical stationary noise background elicited vigorous responses from cells in the striate zone, many showing a preference for noise stimuli. In contrast, cells from the tectal zone and other divisions of the LP-pulvinar complex were insensitive to noise. The retino-recipient zone at the lateral margin of the pulvinar nucleus was characterized by cells with concentric receptive fields, the majority exhibiting properties similar to W-cells in the LGNd. The evidence supports the notion of functional subdivision within the LP-pulvinar complex corresponding to the visuotopically organized regions defined by their connectivity patterns. Consideration of the retino-recipient zone as an extension of the LGNd-MIN complex is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 101-103 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Corticospinal system ; Locomotion ; Stepping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the pattern of stepping in cats, before and after the placement of lesions in the corticospinal system. We found a deficit after the lesions, which was characterized by increased extension of the involved hindlimbs during the stance (E2–E3) phase of the step cycle. This deficit lasted two weeks or less. It may reflect loss of inhibitory influences upon extensor motoneuron pools.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Gracile nucleus ; Plasticity ; Somatotopy ; Agenetic defect ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somatotopic representation of the hindlimb in the gracile nucleus was studied in two cats who had a congenital defect of one hindfoot. The defect comprised all of the foot downward from and including the heel, and the distal third of tibia and fibula. The part of the sciatic nerve normally supplying the lower hindlimb and the hindfoot was reduced in diameter by one third. The motoneurones corresponding to the absent muscles were lacking and replaced by glial elements. The cross-sectional area of the dorsal columns at segment S2 was reduced by more than 20%. The gracile nuclei, in contrast, were not reduced in size. Only the diameter of its neurones was significantly smaller. Electrophysiological single and multi-neurone recordings revealed an altered somatotopic representation in the gracile nucleus on the defective side. The nuclear area normally representing the missing parts of the body surface now received input from the stump. There was no nuclear area devoid of afferent input, and there was no input in the gracile from the forelimb or from the contralateral side. It is concluded that the remaining parts of the leg project onto the gracile nucleus in an ordered fashion, sharing the entire nucleus according to their present afferent fibres.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 422-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal ganglion cells ; Cat ; Rod and cone mediated receptive fields ; Receptive field size/shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptive field centres of cat retinal ganglion cells, as mediated by rod and by cone inputs, were mapped as contours of iso-sensitivity at a mid-mesopic adapting luminance using, respec-tively, 452 nm-blue and 578 nm-yellow narrow-band lights at an intensity 1 log unit above threshold for the most sensitive locus. Based on the sizes and shapes of mapped rod and cone centres for 74 ganglion cells, four receptive field centre categories were distinguished. Cone and rod centres were usually elliptical, and in almost 60% of cells the major axis through the receptive field centre was oriented within ±20 ° of horizontal. In 69%, rod and cone centres were non-concentric, 66% had larger rod than cone centres — area ratios ranging from 0.6 ∶ 1 to 2.9 ∶ 1, and in only two cases was the rod centre actually smaller than the cone centre.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Auditory ; Localization ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses of single neurones in the inferior colliculus of anaesthetized adult cats and kittens were studied using best-frequency stimuli of varying interaural intensity difference (IID). Two broad classes of neurone, distinguished by the predominant type of input from each ear, were examined. One class of cells received predominantly excitatory input from each ear (EE cells). The other class were excited by monaural stimulation of the contralateral ear and showed no response to monaural stimulation of the ipsilateral ear, but inhibition of the excitatory response by simultaneous ipsilateral stimulation (EI cells). Fourteen of the 18 adult EI cells showed marked changes in discharge rate with variation in IID. Adult EI cells showed low response variability and were insensitive to changes in average binaural intensity. In all cases of IID sensitivity, the onset component of the response was less sensitive to IID than the sustained component. Eight out of ten EE cells were insensitive to IID over the range tested. Cells of high best-frequency in kittens younger than 28 days showed irregular changes in discharge rate with variation in IID and wide response variability. Some low-frequency EI cells in young kittens showed sensitivity to IID, but it is unlikely that these could be involved in sound localization as their frequency response was inappropriate. Many cells in kittens aged 31–40 days showed monotonic, adult-like IID functions, but the response variability of these cells remained higher than that of adult cat neurones. These data provide evidence for a developmental change of binaural interaction in the cat.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 329-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Caudate nucleus ; Golgi/EM ; Corticocaudate projection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combined Golgi/electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the fine structure and synaptology of Golgi-stained spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus of the cat. In order to study the termination sites of cortical afferents on Golgistained spiny neurons, cortical fibres were caused to degenerate by making extensive cortical lesions 3 days prior to fixation of the animals. When examined in the electron microscope, perikarya of labelled spiny neurons have a round nucleus, a few mitochondria and microtubules, and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Only rarely are axo-somatic contacts seen. Labelled dendrites exhibit a moderate number of microtubules and sometimes elongated mitochondria. Numerous labelled spines are seen in the vicinity of their parent dendrites. They are contacted by smaller type I and type III boutons and larger type IV boutons (Hassler et al. 1978). Large boutons filled with clear round vesicles establish symmetric contacts with labelled dendritic shafts. Degenerating boutons of cortical afferents are seen in contact with spines and, more rarely, with dendritic shafts of Golgi-stained spiny neurons. All degenerating boutons synapsing with labelled structures are found some distance from the cell body. No contacts of degenerating cortical boutons with the soma or with stem dendrites of Golgi-stained spiny neurons are found.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 196-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Sampling theorem ; Brisk, X and Y, ganglion cells ; Cat ; Visual acuity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship of brisk transient and brisk-sustained unit cut-off frequencies to their respective array cut-off frequencies has been calculated by means of sampling theory from the corresponding α and β-mode cell densities at various retinal eccentricities. Interpretation of the results depends on whether on and off cells of each class are functionally homogeneous or heterogeneous populations. In agreement with expectations from sampling theory for a system involved in resolution tasks, it is found that the brisk-sustained system has less potential for undersampling and spurious imagery than the brisk-transient system, which is thought to play a different role. The brisk-sustained array could avoid such aliasing altogether if it is functionally heterogeneous. The differences between the two systems are similar to those between insect eyes respectively optimised for high resolution vision or the detection of high velocity image motion.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Oculomotricity ; Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi motoneurones ; Infraorbital nerve ; Vibrissal pad ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses from lateral rectus, medial rectus and retractor bulbi nerves were obtained following electrical stimulation of the vibrissal pad of the cat. Discharges in afferent fibres dissected from the infraorbital nerve were recorded during movements of the vibrissae and following electrical stimulation of the vibrissal pad. Both stimuli activated the same population of Aα fibers. Intracellular records were obtained from lateral rectus motoneurones identified antidromically in the principal abducens nucleus and from retractor bulbi motoneurones similarly identified in the accessory abducens nucleus. EPSPs (3 mV) were recorded in lateral rectus motoneurones following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad at a latency of 3.5 ms. Large-amplitude disynaptic EPSPs (15 mV) were recorded in retractor bulbi motoneurones following the same vibrissal stimulation. The synaptic excitation evoked in both lateral rectus and retractor bulbi motoneurones through stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad induced an early retraction followed by an abduction of the eye ball. The hypothesis is that the vibrissal message might complement other sensory modalities in the generation of patterned eye movements.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Orientation columns ; Deoxyglucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three-dimensional reconstructions of the orientation column system were obtained from the visual cortex of four cats using the deoxyglucose technique. One cat had normal visual experience, one was monocularly deprived and two had selective experience with vertical and horizontal contours, respectively. In areas 17 and 18 orientation columns form a remarkably regular system of equally spaced parallel bands whose trajectory is orthogonal to the borderline between areas 17 and 18. This topographic organization is resistant to manipulations of early visual experience.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 437-440 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Response variability ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the variance and mean rate of discharges of simple cells in the cat striate cortex has been examined when mean rate was varied by changing either stimulus spatial frequency or contrast. In both cases, the variance was related to the mean discharge rate by an exponent of about 1.15; the relation was thus roughly linear. The discharge variance was on average 1.7 times the mean rate for data obtained from measurements of the neurones' spatial frequency tuning curves, and 1.48 times the mean for data from the response-contrast determination. However, this difference was not statistically significant.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 420-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nystagmus ; Cat ; Visual suppression ; Vertical asymmetries ; Nystagmus vestibulaire ; Chat ; Suppression visuelle ; Asymétries verticales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez le chat, l'asymétrie des réponses nystagmiques verticales à une rotation autour d'un axe interaural a été caractérisée en mesurant la fréquence de battement et le gain du réflexe vestibulooculaire dans chaque sens vers le haut et vers le bas. Des variations sinusoïdales de la vitesse de la tête, ou des échelons de vitesse ont été exercés dans trois conditions visuelles: à l'obscurité (stimulation vestibulaire pure); à la lumière (stimulation mixte vestibulaire et optocinétique); et enfin, alors qu'un miroir placé devant l'animal et solidaire du mouvement de sa tête lui fournissait une référence visuelle stable (vision stabilisée). Dans les trois conditions, la fréquence de battement et le gain du nystagmus vers le bas (désigné par le sens des phases rapides) sont plus grands que ceux du nystagmus vers le haut. A l'obscurité, les caractéristiques des nystagmus postrotatoires suggèrent une constante de temps plus longue pour le réflexe vestibulo-oculaire vers le bas que vers le haut. A la lumière, les deux stimulations agissent synergiquement. En vision stabilisée, la suppression du nystagmus s'exerce préférentiellement sur le nystagmus haut, ce qui appuie l'hypothèse d'une addition algébrique des effets des deux stimulations.
    Notes: Summary In the cat, the asymmetry of vertical nystagmus in response to a rotation around the Yaxis has been characterized by measuring the beat frequency and gain of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in each direction (upward and downward). Sinusoidal variations of head velocity or velocity steps have been applied under three visual conditions (a) in darkness (pure vestibular stimulation); (b) in the light (mixed vestibular and optokinetic stimulation); (c) with a mirror placed in front of the animal; since the mirror image moved with the head, the animal was provided with a stable visual cue (stabilized vision). In all three conditions, beat frequency and gain were greater for downward than for upward nystagmus (the direction refers to that of the quick phase). In darkness, the characteristics of postrotatory nystagmus suggested a greater time constant for downward than for upward vestibulo-ocular reflexes. In the light, both stimuli acted synergistically. In stabilized vision, upward vestibular nystagmus was preferentially suppressed, suggesting an algebraic summation of the effects arising from both kinds of stimuli.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Receptive field ; Single unit ; Striate cortex ; Simple cell ; Cat ; Model stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The receptive field organization of simple cells was studied by analyzing interaction effects between two stationary flashing light stimuli. One stimulus was positioned in the most responsive part of the receptive field to produce activity against which the effects of the other stimulus in various positions of the visual field could be determined. The receptive field was subdivided into an elongated center and elongated antagonistic flanks. The effects on the flanks were always considerably stronger on one side. Powerful flank suppression could be elicited within a region which usually was only slightly wider than the receptive field center. The suppression was just as stimulus specific as the activation of the center and occurred only by light ON or OFF. The cells were classified into ON-dominant and OFF-dominant depending on the kind of response found in the center. In ON-dominant cells the strong flank suppression occurred only by light ON, and light OFF produced enhancement. Correspondingly, the strong flank suppression occurred only by light OFF in OFF-dominant cells. This is consistent with the interpretation that simple cells have excitatory and inhibitory input from the same type of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), i.e., only from ON-center or OFF-center cells. The small size of the area where strong flank suppression occurred shows that inhibition comes from a few LGN cells rather than from a large pool of cells. A model for simple cell receptive fields presuming overlapping but acentric excitatory and inhibitory fields with input to both fields from either ON- or OFF-center LGN cells was tested by computer simulation and shown to fit the experimental data.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Receptive field ; Single unit ; Striate cortex ; Complex cells ; Cat ; Model simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The receptive field organization of complex cells was studied by analyzing interaction effects between two stationary flashing light stimuli. One was placed in the most responsive part of the receptive field to produce activity against which effects of the other in different visual field positions could be determined. The receptive field was spatially organized into antagonistic center and flanks just like the fields of simple cells. However, both center and flanks were found within the receptive field area where a single slit evoked discharge. Center and flanks were elongated along the optimal stimulus orientation. The flanks were displaced from the center normal to optimal stimulus orientation. In the center, ON- and OFF-responses were usually about equal in strength and the maximum ON- and OFF-responses occurred in about the same position. This shows that complex cells are activated by input from both ON- and OFF-center cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) where the receptive field centers of the LGN cells overlap closely. This explains most of the specific features of complex cells, e.g., the spatially overlapping ON- and OFF-zones, the large response field, the repetitive firing when a slit moves over the receptive field, and the marked non-linear spatial summation. Strong flank suppression occurred with both ON and OFF. The effects were usually stronger on one side of the center. Maximal suppression occurred on the same side with both ON and OFF. This is consistent with the interpretation that complex cells are inhibited by input from both LGN ON- and OFF-center cells with overlapping receptive field centers. A model presuming that complex cells have overlapping but acentric excitatory and inhibitory fields was tested by computer simulation and shown to fit the experimental data. This is the same model as presented for simple cells in the preceding paper (Heggelund 1980), except that the excitatory and inhibitory fields of simple cells have input from either ON- or OFF-center LGN cells, whereas in complex cells they have input from both types.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 146-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus tractus opticus ; Visual response ; Direction specificity ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary All cells in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of the cat, that Bcould be activated antidromically from the inferior olive, were shown to be direction-specific, as influenced by horizontal movements of an extensive visual stimulus. Cells in the left NOT were activated by leftward and inhibited by rightward movement, while those in the right NOT were activated by rightward and inhibited by leftward movement. Vertical movements did not modulate the spontaneous activity of the cells. The mean spontaneous discharge rate in 50 NOT cells was 30 spikes/s. This direction-specific response was maintained over a broad velocity range (〈0.1 ° – 〉100 °/s). Velocities over 200 °/s could inhibit NOT cells regardless of stimulus direction. All cells in the NOT were driven by the contralateral eye, about half of them by the ipsilateral eye also. In addition, activation through the contralateral eye was stronger in most binocular units. Binocular cells preferred the same direction in the visual space through both eyes. An area approximately corresponding to the visual streak in the cat's retina projected most densely onto NOT cells. This included an extensive ipsilateral projection. No clear retinotopic order was seen. The most sensitive zone in the very large receptive fields (most diameters being 〉20 °) was along the horizontal zero meridian of the visual field. The retinal input to NOT cells was mediated by W-fibers. The striking similarities between the input characteristics of NOT-cells and optokinetic nystagmus are discussed. The direction selectivity and ocular dominance of the NOT system as a whole can provide a possible explanation for the directional asymmetry in the cat's optokinetic nystagmus when only one eye is stimulated.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Posture ; Movement ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of postural support on posturo-kinetic co-ordination has been studied with a model of movement consisting of limb flexion induced by stimulation of the motor cortex in chronically implanted cats. To more easily quantify the responses by measuring the vertical forces exerted at the level of the four limbs, only weak stimuli were used, mainly triggering isometric motor activity. The aim of the study was to analyse the influence on the motor responses of various postural supports leading to a weight distribution between the limbs which differs from the normal situation. Three kinds of initial posture were tested. The first was obtained by directing the head of the cat to the left or to the right. The second type consisted in raising one or two of the platforms supporting the limbs. The third was obtained by adding a load to one of the limbs. The main results established in these conditions were the following: The latencies of the beginning of the movement and its associated postural adjustment, as revealed by the onset of force changes, were independent of the initial postural situation. Whatever the initial weight distribution, the amplitudes of force variations induced by given intensities of cortical stimulation were generally constant, though small variations of amplitude were noted in some cases. When there were changes in the response amplitudes, all four limbs were generally affected. The effect was observed whatever the limb concerned by modification of the support. This not only means that the postural responses depend on the amplitude of the movement but also that the amplitude of the movement itself may be modified according to perturbations affecting the postural limbs. Comparison of the present data with previous results leads to the hypothesis that a postural reference is taken into account in the determination of amplitudes of responses to cortical stimulation.
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  • 23
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    Pflügers Archiv 391 (1981), S. 226-230 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Central chemosensitivity ; Morphology ; HRP ; Labelling ; Mapping ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A modified horseradish peroxidase labelling technique was used to study the distribution pattern of neurons in the central chemosensitive fields of the medulla oblongata of cats. In several cryosectioned medullae a mapping of superficially located HRP-labelled neurons was achieved. The distribution and configuration of the labelled neurons indicate that most of them belong to the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. However, by varying the time of incubation it was possible to identify different types of neurons. On the basis of certain aspects of the HRP incorporation mode and neuronal topography a specific type of small-sized neurons has been identified. Some functional implications of these small neurons with respect to their possible chemosensitive activity are discussed.
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  • 24
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    Pflügers Archiv 389 (1981), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Retractor bulbi muscle ; Trigeminal afferents ; Oculomotricity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of vestibular and trigeminal stimulation on reflex responses of each slip of the retractor bulbi muscle were tested by recording the electromyogram. 1. In “encéphale isolé” cat, phasic electrical stimulation of the horizontal canal induced no response in the RB slips. Repetitive vestibular stimulation did not produce nystagmus in the RB muscle while strong muscular discharges were observed in the nystagmus lateral rectus muscle. 2. In anaesthetized cats, three trigeminal inputs elicited strong reflex responses in each slip of the RB muscle. Electrical stimulation of the vibrissae or the infra-orbital nerve evoked a two component reflex response (latencies: 5ms±0.5 and 14ms±2). Electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicited a single component reflex response (latency: 6ms±0.5). Electrical stimulation of the long ciliary nerves evoked a complex response with four components (latencies: 7.5ms±0.5, 10ms±2,15ms±2,20ms±2) 3. Pentobarbital and morphine produced lasting depression of the reflex responses of the RB muscle. The depressive effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone.
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  • 25
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 317 (1981), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Paraoxon ; Blood pressure ; Vertebral artery ; Central muscarinic receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Application of paraoxon into the left vertebral artery (8–80 μg) or both the left and right vertebral artery (4–8 μg) of the anaesthetized cat evoked dose-dependent depressor effects, whereas heart rate was not influenced significantly. Also after systemic administration of paraoxon (150–825 μg·kg−1), while peripheral muscarinic receptors were blocked, depressor effects were still observed. Dose-response curves for the depressor response to paraoxon were established. Infusion of low doses of dexetimide via the vertebral artery prevented the hypotensive action of paraoxon. The distribution of this antimuscarinic drug in the brain was investigated. The depressor effect of paraoxon can be attributed to both a decrease in peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Decerebration and midcollicular transection were carried out in order to elucidate the site and mechanism of action. The depressor effect of paraoxon seems to be mediated by a central mechanism of action located within the lower brain stem. It is concluded that stimulation of muscarinic receptors in the pontomedullary region gives rise to the observed changes in haemodynamic parameters. Muscarinic receptors in the hypothalamus seem to be of minor importance for the hypotensive action of paraoxon.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Silver impregnation ; Brain ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The silver-impregnation procedure of Tsujiyama is suitable for demonstration of all three classical types of neuroglial cells; in the present study it was used for electron microscopic identification of neuroglial cells in the brain of the cat. The aim of the present study was 1) to determine impregnated structural correlates of neuroglial cells at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, and 2) to determine whether the method of Tsujiyama is applicable for the electron microscopic identification of the single types of neuroglial cells. Silver deposits were observed over the cytoplasm and processes of astrocytes where numerous glial filaments were present. Oligodendrocytes and microglial cells may be precisely differentiated by use of Tsujiyama's silver impregnation method at the electron microscopic level due to the pattern of silver-deposition in these two basic types of cells. This silver-impregnation method combined with electron microscopy is thus suitable for a precise identification of neuroglial cells; the technique may prove to be very helpful in identification of such categories of neuroglial cells that encompass also the images of cells which cannot be classified by use of the standard methods.
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  • 27
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 233 (1981), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: CM ; SP ; Hirnstamm-Reaktion ; Katze ; Entwicklung ; CM ; SP ; Brainstem response ; Cat ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The development of the surface-recorded cochlear and early neural potentials has been studied in the cat from birth to the 8th post-natal week. CM, SP, and each of the neural waves has a characteristic temporal developmental pattern and mature threshold. Wave IV is the most resistant to reduction in stimulus intensity levels, while the thresholds of both cochlear potentials are high. Animals with hereditary unilateral deafness constitute a most convenient model for the study of functional maturation in the auditory pathways, particularly with regard to precise latency estimations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der an der Oberfläche registrierten cochlearen und frühen neuralen Potentiale wurde bei der Katze von der Geburt bis zur 8. Woche studiert. CM, SP und jeder der neuralen Wellen haben ein charakteristisches altersbedingtes Entwicklungsmuster und eine Responsschwelle. Welle IV wird am wenigsten von einer Reduktion in der Stimulusintensität beeinflußt. Die Schwelle der beiden cochlearen Potentiale sind dagegen erhöht. Tiere mit angeborener einseitiger Taubheit sind bestens geeignet für das Studium der funktionellen Reifung der Gehörbahnen, besonders in bezug auf die exakten Latenzzeitmessungen.
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  • 28
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 230 (1981), S. 251-255 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Ganglion Scarpae ; Katze ; Labyrinthektomie ; Scarpa's ganglion ; Cat ; Labyrinthectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary One year after membraneous labyrinthectomy in three cats a quantitative analysis of neurons in Scarpa's ganglion was performed under the light microscope. Total numbers of neurons were found 30% lower than in the respective contralateral ears. Although remaining perikarya showed signs of degeneration, such as shrinkage and vacuoles the proportions of large and small neurons remained unchanged after this procedure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Jahr nach Labyrinthektomie wurde eine quantitative Analyse der Neuronen im Ganglion Scarpae der Katze durchgeführt. Die Gesamtzahl der Perikarya war 30% niedriger als in den unoperiert belassenen kontralateralen Ohren. Obwohl die verbleibenden Neuronen degenerative Veränderungen wie Schrumpfung und Vakuolen aufwiesen, waren die Anteile an großen und kleinen Neuronen unverändert.
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  • 29
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3079-3101 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Building units for Oligosaccharides, XXIX. Synthesis of a Trisaccharide Chain of N-Acetylglucosamine, Galactose and Rhamnose of an O-Determinant from Escherichia coli. Dependence of Stereoselectivity of the α-Glycoside Synthesis on the Reactivity of the PyranosylhalideThe mercury salt catalysed reaction of substituted α-D-galactosyl halides with the reactive 4-OH groups of the rhamnosides 18 and 19 were studied. The order of reactivity of the halides increases with the following substituents: O-acetyl 〈 O-glucosyl 〈 O-benzyl. The order of selectivity, towards the α-glycoside, was the reverse. The selectivity can be improved by either decreasing the reactivity of the glycosyl halide, in the case of highly reactive hydroxyl groups, or by decreasing the nucleophilicity of the hydroxyl groups, in the case of highly reactive halides. Various trisaccharides, like 58 which represents the repeating-unit of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O 75, were synthesized from N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and rhamnose.
    Notes: Die Quecksilbersalz-katalysierte α-Glycosidsynthese von gemischt substituierten α-D-Galactosylhalogeniden mit den reaktiven 4-OH-Gruppen der Rhamnoside 18 und 19 wird untersucht. Die Reaktivität der Halogenide nimmt bei Anwesenheit der folgenden Substituenten zu: O-Acetyl 〈 O-Glycosyl 〈 O-Benzyl. Parallel dazu nehmen die Selektivität und der Anteil and α-Glycosid ab. Notwendige Selektivitätsverbesserungen können bei zu reaktiven OH-Gruppen durch Verminderung der Reaktivität des Glycosylhalogenids, bei zu reaktiven Glycosylhalogeniden durch Verminderung der Reaktivität der OH-Gruppe erzielt werden. Verschiedene Trisaccharideinheiten aus N-Acetylglucosamin, Galactose und Rhamnose werden synthetisiert, wobei 58 einer Teil-struktur der repeating-unit der O-Determinante des Lipopolysaccharids aus Escherichia coli O 75 entspricht.
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  • 30
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3115-3125 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Building Units for Oligosaccharides, XXXI. Synthesis of the Repeating-Unit of the O-Specific Chain of the Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O 75Reaction of the trisaccharidehalide-block 12 with the benzyl rhamnoside 13 gave a tetrasaccharide which, after complete removal of the protecting groups, yielded the branched tetrasaccharid 1 (see german summary). This represents the repeating-unit of the O-specific chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O 75. A simular reaction between the block 12 and the 8-ethoxycarbonyloctyl rhamnoside 19 leads to the tetrasaccharide 20 which contains a suitable spacer-unit for coupling with a protein to give a synthetic antigen.
    Notes: Durch eine Synthese, bei der der Trisaccharidhalogenid-Block 12 verwendet wird, läßt sich nach vollständiger Entblockierung das verzweigte Tetrasaccharid erhalten, das die repeating-unit der O-spezifischen Kette des Bakteriums Escherichia coli O 75 darstellt. Durch Verknüpfung des Blocks 12 mit dem Rhamnosid 19, einem Glycosid des 8-Ethoxycarbonyloctanols, wurde das spacer-haltige Tetrasaccharid 20 synthetisiert. Dieses ist ein Hapten, das zur Anknüpfung an ein Protein und somit zur Gewinnung eines synthetischen Antigens geeignet ist.
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  • 31
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3549-3557 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Substituted Mononucleus Carbonyliron HydridesSubstitution of H2Fe(CO)4 by ligands like L = As(C6H5)3, Sb(C6H5)3 and P(OC6H5)3 in 1:1 ratio leads to fac monosubstituted compounds H2Fe(CO)3L. A 1:2 ratio results in the isolation of disubstituted complexes H2Fe(CO)2L2, L = P(OCH2)3CC2H5, P(OC6H5)3. The structure of H2Fe(CO)3As(C6H5)3 Was elucidated by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Substitution von H2Fe(CO)4 mit Liganden L = As(C6H5)3, Sb(C6H5)3 und P(OC6H5)3 im Molverhältnis 1:1 Führt zu fac-Monosubstitutionsverbindungen H2Fe(CO)3L. Im Verhältnis 1:2 können trans-Disubstitutionskomplexe H2Fe(CO)2L2, L = P(OCH2)3CC2H5, P(OC6H5)3, erhalten werden. Von H2Fe(CO)3As(C6H5)3 wurde eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse ausgeführt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3518-3532 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of the Silaethene Me2Si=C(SiMe3)2: Thermolysis of (Me3Si)2(Me2XSi)CLi (X e. g. (PhO)2PO2) in the Presence of Silaethene Trapping ReagentsSilaethene Me2Si=C(SiMe32 (1), generated as a reaction intermediate by the thermal elimination of LiX from Me2XSi—CLi(SiMe3)2, combines with the reactants a-b (e. g. Me3Si—Cl, Me3Si—OMe) with insertion in the a-b bond, with a = b-c-H (e. g. CH2=CMe—CH2—H) under ene-reaction and with (e. g. CH2=CR—CR=CH2, O=N=N, Ph2C=NSiMe3, Me3SiN=NSiMe3, PhC=N) under [2 +4]-, [2 + 3]- [2 + 2]- as well as [2 + 2 + 2]-Cycloaddition. Some of the cycloadducts, so obtained, are thermolabile and decompose under cycloreversion, which may lead to the formation of 1 and also to Me2Si=NSiMe3. The following order of relative reactivity of 1-trapping reagents has been found (formation of 1 at -10°C): Me3Si—NMe2 Me3Si—Cl 〈 PhC≡N 〈 1,3-butadien 〈 2.3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadien ≍ isobuten 〈 Me3Si—OMe 〈 Ph2C=NSiMe3 〈 PhN=NPh 〈 Me3SiN=NSin=NSiMe3 ≪ Ph2C=O, Me3SiN=N=N.
    Notes: Das durch thermische LiX-Eliminierung aus Me2XSi—CLi(SiMe3)2 als Reaktionszwischenstufe erzeugbare Silaethen Me2Si=C(SiMe3)2 (1) reagiert mit Reaktanden a-b (z. B. Me3Si—Cl, Me3Si-OMe) unter Insertion in die a-b-Bindung, mit a = b-c-H (z. B. CH2 CMe—CH2—H) unter En-Reaktion und mit (z. B. CH2=CR—CR=CH2, O=N=N, Ph2C=NSiMe3, Me3SiN=NSiMe3, PhC≡N) unter [2 +4]-, [2+3]-[2 + 2]- sowie [2 + 2 + 2]-Cycloaddition ab. Die erhaltenen Cycloaddukte sind zum Teil thermolabil und zerfallen unter Cycloreversion u. a. unter Bildung von 1 sowie auch Me2Si=NSiMe3. Folgende Reihe relativer Reaktivitäten von 1-Fängern wurde gefunden (Erzeugung von 1 bei -10°C): Me3Si—NMe2 Me3Si—Cl 〈 PhC≡N 〈 1,3-Butadien 〈 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadien ≍ Isobuten 〈 Me3Si—OMe 〈 Ph2C=NSiMe3 〈 PhN=NPh 〈 Me3SiN=NSiMe3 ≪ Ph2C=O, Me3Sin=N=N.
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  • 33
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3533-3548 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aliphatic Azo Compounds, XIII: cis- and trans-1-AzonorbornaneThe rates of isomerisation of cis-1-azonorbornane to the trans-isomer at 96.6°C in a series of aprotic solvents follow a linear correalation with ET30. The small slope of the correlation -0.034 argues for isomerisation via semilinearisation in agreement with theory. In protic solvents the isomerisation proceeds faster possibly due to a faster isomerisation by bond rotation which could be favoured by H-bonding. The heat and the activation parameters of the isomerisation and the activation parameters of thermal decomposition of trans-1-azonorbornane allow the construction of a complete enthalpy diagram of this system. The structure of cis-1-azonorbornane was determined by X-ray analysis at -60°C. The observed angle deformations and the normal NN-bond lengths are reproduced by force field calculations.
    Notes: Die Isomerisierungsgeschwindigkeit von cis- in trans-1-Azonorbornan (1) folgt bei 96.6°C linear dem Polaritätsparameter ET30 in verschiedenen aprotischen Lösungsmitteln. Die geringe Steigung -0.034 dieser Korrelation deutet auf einen theoretisch vorgeschlagenen einfachen Inversionsmechanismus. In protischen Lösungsmitteln verläuft die Isomerisierung viel schneller, wofür ein durch H-Drücken begünstigter Rotationsmechanismus Möglich gehalten wird. Reaktionsenthalpie und Aktivierungsparameter der cis-trans-Isomerisierung und die Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse von trans-1-Azonorbornan gestatten die Aufstellung eines vollständigen Enthalpiediagramms. Die Struktur von cis-1 wurde durch Röntgenanalyse bei -60°C bestimmt. Die starke Winkeldeformation und der normale NN-Abstand im Kristall werden durch Kraftfeldrechnungen richtig wiedergegeben.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metalcarbonyl Syntheses, X: Synthesis of New Niobium and Tantalum Halfsandwich Complexes. Molecular Structure of the Parent Compound (η5-C5H5)Nb(CO)4The halfsandwich complexes (η5-C5H4CH3)Nb(CO)4 (3a), [η5-C5(CH3)5]Nb(CO)4 (3b), (η5-C5H4CH3)Ta(CO)4 (3c), and [η5-C5(CH3)5]Ta(CO)4 (3d) are accessible by reductive high-pressure carbonylation of the corresponding NbV- and TaV precursors (η5-C5R4R′)MCl4 (2a-d). Successive introduction of methyl groups in the cyclopentadienyl ring facilitates the reduction of the halogeno complexes 2a-d; moreover, the niobium complexes are more susceptible to reduction than their tantalum counterparts. Upon photolysis of the carbonyl complexes 3a-d in tetrahydrofuran, the solvens complexes of type (η5-C5R4R′)M(CO)3(THF) (4a-d) are generated. The parent compound (η5-C5H5)Nb(CO)4 (1) has a regular square-pyramidal structure as shown by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Die Halbsandwich-Komplexe (η-5C5H4CH3)Nb(CO)4 (3a), [η5-C5(CH3)5]Nb(CO)4 (3b), (η5-C5H4CH3)Ta(CO)4 (3c) und [η5-C5(CH3)5]Ta(CO)4 (3d) sind durch reduzierende Hochdruckcarbonylierung der entsprechenden NbV-bzw. TaV-vorstufen (η5-C5R4R′)MCl4 (2a-d) synthetisierbar. Die Reduzierbarkeit der Halogeno-Komplexe, 2a-d, wird durch sukzessive Einführung von Methyl-Substituenten in den Cyclopentadienyl-Ring erleichtert und ist bei den Niob-Verbindungen mit milderen Reduktionsmitteln als bei den analogen Tantal-Komplexen möglich. Bei der Photolyse von 3a-d in Tetrahydrofuran entstehen die Solvens-Komplexe (η5-C5R4R′)M(CO)3(THF) (4a-d). Die Stammsubstanz (η5-C5H5)Nb(CO)4 (1) wurde röntgenstrukturanalytisch untersucht und besitzt eine unverzerrt tetragonal-pyramidale Molekülstruktur.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3572-3580 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complexes of Germanium Dichloride with 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane: A Semi-Chelate and A Double-Ylide1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) reacts with the germanium dichloride dioxane complex depending on the stoichiometric ratio to give a 1:2 dppe-bridged bis(germylene) complex (1) or a 1:1 complex (2) that shows equilibration of both phosphorus atoms in 31P-NMR. The crystal structure of 2 has been determined from single crystal X-ray data. The compound crystallizes with 8 units dppe-GeCl2· 1/2 C6H6 in a unit cell of symmetry A 2/a-C2h6 in a monoclinic system. The dppe-GeCl2 molecules contain a novel semi-chelating type of coordination of the dppe ligand [distorted Ψ-trigonal bipyramidal coordination at Ge11 with an exceptionally long distance Ge-P(apical)]. 2 thus represents an intermediate structure between chelate complex and phosphorus ylid.
    Notes: 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethan (dppe) reagiert mit dem Germanium(II)-chlorid-Dioxankomplex je nach Mengenverhältnis zu einem dppe-verbrückten Bis(germylen)-Komplex (1) oder zu einem 1:1-Komplex (2), der sich durch die Äquivalenz der Phosphanfunktionen in Lösung (31PNMR) auszeichnet. 2 kristallisiert mit 1/2 C6H6 monoklin mit acht Einheiten der Formal dppe-GeCl2· 1/2 C6H6 in der Elementarzelle, Raumgruppe A 2/a-C2h6. Die verzerrt Ψ-trigonal-bipyramidale Koordination um Ge11 mit ungewöhnlich langem Abstand Ge-p(apikal) weist 2 als Komplex mit halb-chelierendem dppe-Liganden aus (Zwischenstellung zwischen Chelatkomplex und einfachem \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm P}\limits^{\rm + } - \mathop {{\rm Ge}}\limits^{\rm - } - {\rm Ylid} $\end{document}).
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3581-3588 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Autoxidation of Trialkylboranes, II: 1H NMR Spectroscopic Investigations on the Mechanism of the Redox Reaction between Trialkylboranes und Dialkyl(alkylperoxy)boranesThe intermolecular redox reaction between dimethyl(methylperoxy)borane and [D9]trimethylborane, triethylborane, tri-n-propylborane, triisopropylborane, and tri-n-butylborane, as well as between [D9]dimethyl(methylperoxy)borane and trimethylborane was investigated directly in an NMR spectrometer. From the CIDNP effects a mechanism of this redox reaction was deduced, which can be considered as generally valid for any reaction between (alkylperoxy)boranes and alkylboranes. According to this mechanism, the alkoxy group of the peroxide is transferred to the boron atom of the alkylborane after homolysis of the O—O bond. The four-coordinate boron compound eliminates instantly an alkyl radical, which forms a radical pair in the singlet state with the boroxyle radical left after the homolysis of the peroxide.
    Notes: Die intermolekularen Redoxreaktionen Zwischen Dimethyl(methylperoxy)boran und [D9]Trimethylboran, Triethylboran, Tri-n-propylboran, Triisopropylboran und Tri-n-butylboran sowie zwischen [D9]Dimethyl(methylperoxy)boran und Trimethylboran wurden in Lösung im 1H-NMR-Spektrometer untersucht. Aus den CIDNP-Effekten wird ein allgemeingültiger Mechanismus der Redoxreaktion zwischen (Alkylperoxy)boranen und Alkylboranen abgeleitet. Danach wird in einem Stoßkomplex zwischen (Alkylperoxy)boranen und Alkylboran durch Homolyse der O—O-Bindung gezielt die Alkoxygruppe des Peroxids auf das Boratom des Alkylborans übertragen. Das vierfach koordinierte Alkoxyalkylboran stößt sofort ein Alkyl-Radikal ab, welches mit dem Boroxylradikal aus der Spaltung des Peroxids zu einem Radikalpaar mit Singulett-Konfiguration der Radikalelektronen zusammenfindet.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3589-3598 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Highly Fluorinated Phosphorus Ylides and Phosphonium SaltsThe (perfluoroalkyl)iodophosphanes n-C6F13PI2 and (n-C6F13)2PI, obtained from n-C6F13I and white phosphorus at 235°C under pressure, are converted into the chlorides n-C6F13PCI2 and (n-C6F13)2PCl with HgCl2. The chlorides are methylated with LiCH3 to form the methylphosphanes n-C6F13P(CH3)2, (6) and CH3P(n-C6F13)2 (5), respectively. Only 6, but not 5, can be quaternized with CH3I to yield a phosphonium salt, [n-C6F13P(CH3)3]I (8). In reactions of 8 with strong bases no corresponding ylide is generated, but a phosphorane n-C6F13P(CH3)4 is obtained instead. More highly fluorinated phosphonium salts could not be prepared. - The Phosphanes (CH3)2PC6F5 (11) and CH3P(C6F5)2 (12) yield onium salts [(CH3)3PC6F5]X (13) and [(CH3)2P(C6F5)2]X (14), resp., when treated with methylating agents. P(C6F5)3 undergoes dearylation reactions under comparable conditions. 13 and 14 are transformed into dark red unstable ylides, which oligomerize with autocondensation and could not be identified. From 12 and C6F5CH2Br a red ylide 17 is obtained, via the onium salt 16, which can be isolated and characterized by spectroscopic data. Stable yellow ylides R3P=CHC6F5 (19a-c, R = CH3, i-C3H7, C6H5) are generated similarly from the phosphonium salts [R3PCH2C6F5]Br. Reduction of the carbanion nucleophilicity by the C6F5 groups appears to prevent autocondensation in these cases.
    Notes: Die aus weißem Phosphor und n-C6F13I bei 235°C unter Druck dargestellten (Perfluoralkyl)iodphosphane n-C6F13PI2 und (n-C6F13)2PI werden mit HgCl2 in die Chloride n-C6F13PCl2 and (n-C6F13)2PCl umgewandelt und diese mit LiCH3 in die Methylphosphane n-C6F13P(CH3)2 (6) und CH3P(n-C6F13)2 (5) übergeführt. Von diesen ist nur 6 mit CH3I quartärisierbar. Das entstehende Salz [n-C6F13P(CH)3)3]I (8) ergibt mit starken Basen nicht das korrespondierende Ylid, sondern das Phosphoran n-C6F13P(CH3)4 (10). Höher fluorierte Phosphoniumsalze sind nicht zugänglich. - Die Phosphane (CH3)2PC6F5 (11) und CH3P(C6F5)2 (12) ergeben mit Methylierungsmitteln noch die Oniumsalze [(CH3)3PC6F5]X (13)bzw. [(CH3)2P(C6F5)2]X (14). P(C6F5)3 erleidet dagegen unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen eine Entarylierung. 13 und 14 werden von starken Basen in tief rote instabile Ylide übergeführt, die durch Autokondensation oligomerisieren und nicht faßbar sind. Mit C6F5CH2Br entsteht aber aus 12 über das Oniumsalz 16 ein rotes Ylid 17, das isoliert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert werden kann. Analog ergeben sich aus Salzen [R3PCH2C6F5]Br stabile gelbe Ylide R3P=CHC6F5 (19a-c, R = CH3, i-C3H7 und C6H5). Die Verminderung der Carbanion-Nucleophilie dieser Ylide durch die C6F5-Gruppe verhindert die Autokondensation.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3609-3624 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidative Additions to 2-Amino-4,4,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholaneOxidative addition of HF, Cl2 and (CF3)2CO to the title compound 6 furnishes the phosphoranes 2, 9, and 3, respectively. In the case of NH4[OC(CF3)C(CF3)2OH] (4) the hydrospirophosphorane 1 is obtained via a substitution reaction followed by an oxidative addition. Compound 9 is a precursor for the aminotetraalkoxyphosphoranes 5, 8, and the very stable phosphazene 10 which is formed by loss of HCl by thermolysis. Due to a slow ligand exchange the 19F NMR spectrum of phosphorane 3 exhibits eight magnetically non equivalent CF3 groups. By means of 19F homodecoupling experiments extensive through space coupling is found in the molecule. The x-ray structure analysis of 3 shows a slight distortion from the trigonal bipyramidal geometry at phosphorus. For comparison, F2PNH2 and tBu2PNH2 react with (CF3)2 to form (CF3)2C=NH, the aminofluorophosphorane 11, F2P(=O)OCH(CF3)2 (13) bzw. von tBu2P(=o) (12) and tBu2P(=O)OCH(CF3)2 (14), respectively.
    Notes: Durch oxidative Addition von HF, Cl2 und (CF3)2CO and die Titelverbindung 6 entstehen die Phosphorane 2, 9 und 3; mit NH4[OC(CF3)2C(CF3)2OH] (4) wird unter Abspaltung von NH3 und oxidativer Addition das Hydrophosphoran 1 erhalten. Durch Substitution von Chlor lassen sich aus 9 die Aminoalkoxyphosphorane 5 und 8 synthetisieren, während die Thermolyse unter HCl-Abspaltung zu dem äußerst beständigen Phosphazen 10 führt. Verbindung 3 zeigt im 19F-NMR-Spektrum wegen eingeschränkter dynamischer Prozesse acht magnetisch nicht äquivalente CF3-Gruppen. Durch 19F-Homoentkopplungsexperimente werden weitreichende Raumkopplungen nachgewiesen. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 3 ergibt eine annähernd trigonal-bipyramidale Koordination des Phosphors, F2PNH2 und tBu2PNH2, zur vergleichenden Betrachtung herangezogen, reagieren mit Hexafluoraceton unter Bildung von (CF3)2C=NH sowie des Amino-fluorphosphorans 11 und des Phosphorsäureesters F2P(=O)OCH(CF3)2 (13) bzw. von tBu2P(=O)H (12) und tBu2P(=O)OCH(CF3)2 (14).
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3634-3642 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Au55[P(C6H5)3]12Cl6- a Gold Cluster of an Exceptional sizeThe reduction of (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene yields Au9,2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl which is characterized by means of molecular weight determinations as Au55[P(C6H5)3]12Cl6. A simple model, based on an arrangement of close-packed gold atoms, leads to a gold cluster the structure of which is in good agreement with the unusual chemical composition. The Mößbauer spectrum of the compound shows four different kinds of gold atoms: a metallic part (Au13-nucleus), Au atoms coordinated by P(C6H5)3 and Cl ligands, resp., as well as uncoordinated surface gold. The complex can be decomposed by bromine and iodine to (C6H5)3PAuCl, (C6H5)3PAuBr(I), and metallic gold. The thermolysis at 50°C leads to [(C6H5)3P]2AuCl and gold quantitatively.
    Notes: Die Reduktion von C6H5)3PAuCl mit B2H6 in Benzol ergibt Au9,2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl, das mittels Molmassebestimmungen als Au55[P(C6H5)3]12Cl6 charakterisiert wurde. Ein einfaches Modell, beruhend auf einer Anordnung dichtest gepackter Goldatome, führt zu einem Goldcluster, dessen Aufbau mit der ungewöhnlichen chemischen Zusammensetzung in guter Übereinstimmung ist. Das Mößbauer-Spektrum der Verbindung zeigt vier Sorten von Goldatomen: einen metallischen Anteil (Au13-Kern), durch P(C6H5)3-bzw. Cl-Liganden Koordinierte Au-Atome, sowie unkoordi-niertes Oberflächengold. Mit Brom und lod läß sich der Komplex zu (C6H5)3PAuCl, (C6H5)3 PAuBr(I) und metallischem Gold abbauen. Die Thermolyse bei 50°C führt quantitativ zu [(C6H5)3P]2AuCl und Gold.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3655-3666 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyanamidium Salts: Their Formation and Molecular StructureThe hexachloroantimonate 6a, is prepared by methylation of di-tert-butylcarbodiimide. According to an X-ray analysis, 6a is not a carbodiimidium salt 1) but a cyanamidium salt with C2ν symmetry of the molecular frame. the cyanamidium salts 6a - j, are prepared either by alkylation of carbodiimides1) or by alkylation of disubstituted cyanamides. Trisubstituted ureas or their thio analogues are not suitable starting materials for the preparation of compounds 6. Reactions of the cyanamidium salts 6 with HCl, water, and diethylamine are described.
    Notes: Das durch Methylierung von Di-tert-butylcarbodiimid erhältliche Hexachloroantimonate 6a liegt nach einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse nicht als Carbodiimidium-1), sondern als Cyanamidiumsalz mit C2ν-Symmetrie des Molekülgerüstes vor. Die Cyanamidiumsalze 6a - j werden außer durch Alkylierung von Carbodiimiden 1) auch durch Alkylierung von disubstituierten Cyanamiden erhalten. Trisubstituierte Harnstoffe oder Thioharnstoffe sind keine geeigneten Ausgangsverbindungen zur Darstellung der salze 6. Es werden Umsetzungen der cyanamidiumsalze 6 mit HCl, Wasser und Diethylamin beschrieben.
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  • 41
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3674-3683 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition metal Activated Organic compounds, X: Synthesis and Properties of all-α-Poly(N-methylpyrroles)all-α-Poly(N-methylpyrroles) with 2 - 6, 8 and 16 pyrrole units (2 - 8) were synthesized by lithiation of N-methylpyrrole, subsequent reaction with transition metal halides (best yields with NiCl2 as a rule) and repetitions of these processes. These compounds are surprisingly sensitive to heat and light.
    Notes: all-α-Poly(N-methylpyrrole) mit 2 - 6, 8 und 16 Pyrroleinheiten (2 - 8) wurden durch Lithiierung von N-Methylpyrrol, Umsetzung mit Übergangsmetallhalogeniden (beste Ausbeute meist mit NiCl2) und Wiederholungen dieser Prozesse synthetisiert. Diese Verbindungen sind überraschend empfindlich gegen Hitze und Licht.
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  • 42
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3667-3673 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Activated Organic Compounds, IX: Synthesis of Polyfurans by Organometallic Oxidative Coupling2,2′- (2a) and 3,3′-bifuran (3), hitherto only accessible by ring-forming syntheses in small yields, and the unknown compounds all-α-terfuran (2b) and all-α-quaterfuran (2c) have been prepared by convenient ring-Connecting syntheses in 85, 46, 16, or 53% yield, respectively. Lithiation of 2a and subsequent reacting with iodine afforded 5-iodo-2,2′-bifuran (6b, 46%). According to competition experiments acidity against n-butyllithium is increasing in the sequence furan 〈 2a, 〈 2b.
    Notes: 2,2′ - (2a) und 3,3′-Bifuran (3), bisher nur durch ringbildende mehrstufige Synthesen in geringer Ausbeute zugänglich, sowie die noch nicht beschriebenen Verbindungen all-α-Terfuran (2b) und all-α-Quaterfuran (2c wurden durch leicht durchführbare ringverknüpfende Synthesen in 85, 46, 16 bzw. 53proz. Ausbeute erhalten. Lithiierung von 2a und Umsetzung mit Iod führte zu 5-Iod-2,2′-bifuran (6b. 46%). Durch Konkurrenzversuche wurde ansteigende Acidität gegen n-Butyllithium in der Reihe Furan 〈 2a 〈 2b festgestellt.
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  • 43
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3684-3690 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Hydrazides, XIX: Addition of Bis(diethylaluminio)-substituted Amidrazones and Carbohydrazides to NitrilesAmidrazones and carbohydrazides react with two equivalents of triethylaluminium to give bis (diethylaluminio) derivatives 1 and 7, respectively. In contrast to the corresponding mono(diethylaluminio)derivatives or disodium salts, these are capable of addition to nitriles with formation of N1-(aminomethylene)amidrazones(4; 81 - 95%) or N1-acylamidrazones (8 and 9; 56 - 85%), respectively.
    Notes: Amidrazone und Carbohydrazide reagieren mit zwei Äquivalenten Triethylaluminium zu Bis(diethylaluminio)-Derivaten 1 bzw. 7, die sich anders als die entsprechenden Mono(diethylaluminio)-Derivate oder Dinatriumsalze glatt an Nitrile addieren. Man erhält N1-(Aminomethylen)amidrazone (4; 81 - 95%) bzw. N1-Acylamidrazone (8 und 9; 56 - 85%).
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  • 44
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3737-3739 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Formation of Trichlorosulfonium (IV) Hexafluoroarsenate(V)Sulfur reacts with chlorine and arsenic Trifluoride under pressure to give [SCl3]+[AsF6]-. As an intermediate oxidizing substance [AsCI4]+ is identified by spectroscopy. Depolarization-Raman-spectra confirm the assignment made in literature.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Additions of Carboxylic Acid Dianions to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds - Control of the 1,2-/1,4-Regioselectivity by Steric substituent EffectsDilithium carboxylic acid dianions 1 attack α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (2) 1,2-regiospecifically with formation of the unsaturated β-hydroxy carboxylic acids 3/4. Additionally, the addition of the phenylacetate dianion 1a can be conducted to the threo-isomer with high selectivity by reversible reaction. - α,β-Enones (8) add 1 irreversibly in 1,2- and 1,4-position. Depending on the substitution pattern, the whole range from pure 1,2- to pure 1,4-adduct is covered. The influence of the 1-counterion M and of the solvent is significant; the 1,4-portion increases with the complexing effect of M and with the Lewis-basicity of the solvent.
    Notes: Dilithiumcarbonsäure-Dianionen 1 addieren sich an α,β-ungesättigte Aldehyde (2) 1,2-regiospezifisch unter Bildung der γ,δ-ungesättigten β-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 3/4, wobei im falle des Phenylessigsäure-Dianions (1a)die Addition durch reversible Reaktionsführung zu hoher threo -Selektivität gesteuert werden kann. - α,β-Enone (8) nehmen 1 irreversibel in 1,2- und 1,4-Position auf, wobei nach Maßgabe der Substituenten das gesamte Spektrum von reinem 1,2- zu reinem 1,4-Addukt überstrichen wird. Bei gleichbleibendem Substitutionsmuster steigt der 1,4-Anteil mit der komplexierenden Wirkung der Gegenionen von 1 und mit der Lewis-Basizität des Solvens.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3725-3736 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Medium and Large Rings, II: Cyclodecenes and Cyclodecadienes with Functional Groups by Ring Expansion of CyclooctyneThe Diels-Alder adduct 1 from cyclooctyne and diethyl 3,4-furandicarboxylate gives by photolysis and subseqent thermolysis of the resulting oxaquadricyclane 2 the β,β′-bridged hexano-oxepin 3. Oxidative cleavage of one C=C double bond of 3 leads to the monocyclic cyclodecenone derivative 5 which can be converted to cyclodecadienes of the type 6 with an anellated butenolide ring. 6a - c, are chiral butadiene derivatives. 6a can be cleaved with acid or base to give the cyclodecenone 7 or the dicarboxylic acid 8.
    Notes: Das Diels-Alder-Addukt 1 aus cyclooctin und 3,4-Furandicarbonsäure-diethylester liefert durch Photolyse und anschließende Thermolyse des Oxaquadricyclans 2 das β,β′-überbrückte hexanooxepin 3. Die oxidative Spaltung einer C=C-Doppelbindung von3 führt zum monocyclischen cyclodecenon 5, das sich zu Cyclodecadienen des Typs 6 mit anelliertem Butenolidring abwandeln läßt. 6a - c enthalten eine chirale Butadien-Struktur. Durch Keton- bzw. Säurespaltung von 6a erhält man das Cyclodecenon 7 bzw. die Dicarbonsäure 8. Mögliche Anwendungen des Verfahrens, das die Einführung von funktionellen Gruppen an vier benachbarten C-Atomen des Zehnringes erlaubt, werden besprochen.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Linear Oligophosphaalkanes, III: Syntheses and stereochemistry of Palladium (II) Complexes of chiral Tetraphosphaalkanes H2-nRnP—[CH2]3 — PR′ — [CH2]m — PR′ — [CH2]3 — PRnH2-n(R, R′, = Me, tBu; m = 2, 3; n = 1, 2)The reaction of the chiral tetradentate ligands L of the title with K2PdCl4 affords the complexes Pd(L)Cl2 (2a - e), which for n = 1 may exist as ten (square pyramidal) or six (square planar coordination geometry) isomers. By suitable choice of the substituents R and size of the chelate rings (m + 3) the number of isomers may be reduced to two or three. The detailed investigation of the complexes 2a - e by means of 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy offers the possibility to identify their stereochemistry. - Monodeprotonation of 2a (R = Me; m = 3; n = 1) and 2d (R = Me; m = 2; n = 1) by KOH or the OH- Form of anion exchange resin yields the phosphido complexes 3a and d (not isolated). Both compounds are oxidized by air with formation of the phosphanoxidophosphane complexes 4a and d, which exist as two or three configurational isomers with units Pd—P(O)Me—.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung der im Titel genannten vierzähnigen Liganden L mit k2PdCl4 liefert die Komplexe Pd(L)Cl2(2a-e)w, die für n = 1 in Form von zehn (quadratisch pyramidale Ligandenanordnung) bzw. sechs (planare Koordinationsgeometrie) Konfigurationsisomeren vorliegen können. Durch geeignete Wahl der substituenten R und der Chelatringgröße (m + 3) läßt sich die Zahl der Isomeren auf zwei bzw. drei reduzieren. Die detaillierte 31P{1H}-NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchung der Komplexe 2a - e erlaubt die Identifizierung der Stereochemie der Isomeren. - Die durch Monodeprotonierung von 2a (R = Me; m = 3; n = 1) und 2d(R = Me; m = 2; n = 1) mit KOH oder der OH- -Form eines Anionentauschers gebildeten Phosphidokomplexe 3a and d werden durch Luftsauerstoff zu den phosphanoxidophosphan-komplexen 4a und d oxidiert, bei denen zwei bzw. drei Konfigurationsisomere mit P-gebundenen Phosphanoxido-Einheiten Pd—P(O)Me— vorliegen.
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  • 48
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 49
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3599-3608 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Aziridines (Aziranes), XXVI: Amine Catalyzed Amidoethylation of β-Dicarbonyl Compounds Simple Synthesis of 2-Methylpyrrole-1,3-dicarboxylateEsters of nonsubstituted and monosubstituted malonic, cyanoacetic, and β-keto acids are easily C-amidoethylated by N-acylaziridines in the presence of triethylamine. In this amine catalyzed reaction the acylaziridines show different degrees of reactivity. Often the products cannot be obtained by the known amidoethylation procedure or but in smaller yields. The new product 3g may smoothly be converted to the pyrroline 9 and further to the 2-methylpyrrole-1,3-dicarboxylate 10. - Divergent from earlier results, the primary amidoethylation product can be isolated from the known sodium salt reaction of tert-butyl acetoacetate with nonbulky acylaziridines. This product is cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid with remarkable easiness to yield the corresponding amidoethyl derivative of acetone.
    Notes: Unsubstituierte und monosubstituierte Malonester, Cyanessigester und β-Ketoester werden in Gegenwart von Triethylamin durch N-Acylaziridine leicht am C amidoethyliert, dabei zeigt sich eine Reaktivitätsabstufung der N-Acylaziridine. Die Produkte sind oft durch die bisher bekannte Amidoethylierung nicht oder nicht in so guten Ausbeuten zugänglich. Das neue Produkt 3g läßt sich glatt zum Pyrrolin 9 und weiter zum 2-Methylpyrrol-1,3-dicarbonester 10 umwandeln. - Abweichend von bisherigen Ergebnissen kann man aus Acetessigsäure-tert-butylester nach der bekannten Natriumsalzmethode auch mit nichtsperrigen Acylaziridinen das Primärprodukt fassen, das mit Trifluoressigsäure bemerkenswert leicht zum entsprechenden Amidoethylderivat des Acetons gespalten wird.
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3643-3654 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical Syntheses, XVIII: Reactions of the Radical Cation of Naphthalene with NucleophilesSolid naphthalene radical cation hexafluorophosphate at -77°C reacts with tetrabutylammonium cyanide, acetate, thiocyanate, and chloride in dichloromethane in up to 38% current efficiency referred to the corresponding naphthalene derivatives.
    Notes: Festes Naphthalinradikalkation-hexafluorophosphat reagiert bei -77°C in Dichlormethan mit Tetrabutylammonium-cyanid,- acetat, -thiocyanat und -chlorid mit bis zu 38% Stromausbeute zu den entsprechenden Naphthalinderivaten.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangements of Vinylogous Acyl Chlorides, XXX: Thermal Rearrangements of Chloro- and Organylthio-substituted (2Z, 4Z)-2,4-Pentadienals and -ones to (2Z, 4Z)-2,4-PentadienethioatesThe pentadienals 2 are prepared by reduction of the corresponding acyl Chlorides 1. The ketone 2d is synthesized from 1b with lithium tert-butyl(phenylthio)cuprate. Elimination of methyl chloride and cyclization occurs on treatment of 1a with AlCl3 giving the 2H-thiopyran-2-one 8. In boiling carbontetrachloride the aldehydes 2 rearrange by 1,5-chlorine shift completely and stereospecifically into the thioates 3. The analogous reaction 2d → 3d is no stereospecific. As expected, compounds 2 and 3 may be converted into the same 4H-pyran-4-ones 6. The rearrangement 2 → 3 is accelerated by RS-groups instead of chlorine in the 5-position and decelerated in the 3-position. The substituent influences and the reaction mechanism are discussed.
    Notes: Die Pentadienale 2 werden durch Reduktion der entsprechenden Säurechloride 1, dargestellt. Das Keton 2d wird aus 1b mit Lithium-tert-butyl(phenylthio)cuprat synthetisiert. 1a spaltet unter der Wirkung von AlCl3 Methylchlorid ab und cyclisiert zum 2H-Thiopyran-2-on 8. Die Aldehyde 2 lagern sich in siedendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff unter 1,5-Chlorwanderung vollständig und stereospezifisch in die Thioester 3 um. Die analoge Reaktion 2d → 3d ist nicht stereospezifisch. Erwartungsgemäß liefern die Verbindungen 2 und 3 die gleichen 4H-Pyran-4-one 6. Die Umlagerung 2 → 3 wird durch RS-Gruppen an Stelle von Chloratomen in 5-Stellung beschleunigt und in 3-Stellung verlangsamt. Die Substituenteneinflüsse und der Reaktionsmechanismus werden diskutiert.
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3741-3750 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Energy Profile of the o-Quinodimethane ⇄ Benzocyclobutene Equilibrium, IIThe kinetics of the decomposition of keton 3 yielding o-quinodimethane (2) (Ea = 25.6 kcal/mol; A = 3.1 × 1013s-1) and its cyclisation to benzocyclobutene (1) (Ea = 26.9 kcal/mol; A = 2.1 × 1012 S-1) is measured by shock tube technic. From the temperature dependence of the equilibrium 1 ⇄ 2 which is studied by the same method, the enthalpy of formation of o-quinodimethane 2 is established to be ΔHfo (g) = 60.8 kcal/mol.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der Stoßrohr-Technik werden ausgehend vom Keton 3 Aktivierungsparameter für die Bildung des o-Chinodimethans (2) (Ea = 25.6kcal/mol; A = 3.1 × 10 13 S-1) und dessen Weiterreaktion zum Benzocyclobuten (1) (Ea = 26.9 kcal/mol; A = 2.1 × 1012 S-1) bestimmt. Mit der gleichen Technik wird aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit des Gleichgewichtes 1 ⇄ 2 die Bildungsenthalpie des o-Chinodimethans (2) zu ΔHfo (g) = 60.8 kcal/mol abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3751-3771 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoisomerization of Ketene IminesBarriers to racemization in solution of the ketene imines 1a-y and X-ray structures of the ketene imines 1s and z are described. Similar to allenes all ketene imines have dihedral angles of 90° between the C-and N-substituents. The barriers to racemization range from 30 to 63 kJmol-1 and are lowered by electron attracting substituents on C and N. The barriers of m-and p-substituted N-arylketene imines give a linear Hammett correlation with σ- constants. N-Arylketene imines racemize through inversion at nitrogen and simultaneous rotation of the aryl group around the N- aryl bond.
    Notes: Es werden Racemisierungsbarrieren der Ketenimine 1a-y in Lösung und Röntgenstrukturanalysen der Ketenimine 1s und z beschrieben. Alle Ketenimine haben ein allenartig gewinkeltes Molekülgerüst mit Torsionswinkeln von 90° zwischen den C- und N-Substituenten. Die Racemisierungsbarrieren (ΔG≠) liegen zwischen 30 und 63 KJmol -1 und werden durch elektronenziehende Substituenten am C- und N-Ende erniedrigt. Die Racemisierungsbarrieren m-und p-substituierter N-Arylketenimine korrelieren nach Hammett linear mit σ- - Werten. N-Arylketenimine racemisieren durch inversion am Stickstoff und synchrone Rotation des Arylrestes um die N-Arylbindung.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3772-3788 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkynes and Cumulenes, XV: On the Photodimerization of Conjugated EnynesOn irradiation in the presence of triplet sensitizers having a triplet energy 〉 250 KJ/mol, vinylacetylene (1a) dimerizes to cis-and trans-1,2-diethynylcyclobutane (cis and trans-2) as well as minor amounts of 4-ethynyl-1-vinylcyclobutene (3). The effect of substituents on the course of the reaction is investigated: whereas alkyl, vinyl, and phenyl substituents, respectively, in the 4-position of 1a do not influence the photoaddition, 2-substituted enynes yield the corresponding cyclobutanes in poor yields only. Finally, 1-substituted vinylacetylenes (besides the substituents mentioned above the influence of ethynyl, chloro, and methoxy groups has been investigated) do not provide photodimers; they are cis-trans-isomerized instead. The mechanism of the photoaddition is discussed.
    Notes: Vinylacetylen (1a) dimerisiert bie Bestrahlung in Gegenwart von Triplettsensibilisatoren mit einer Triplettenergie 〉 250 KJ/mol zu cis- und trans-1,2-Diethinylcyclobutan (cis- und trans-2) sowie kleineren Mengen an 4-Ethinyl-1-vinylcyclobuten (3). Die Auswirkung von Substituenten auf diese Reaktion wird untersucht: während Alkyl-, Vinyl- und Phenylsubstituenten in 4-Stellung von 1a keinen Einfluß auf die Photoaddition haben, dimerisieren 2-substituierte Enine nur noch in schlechten Ausbeuten zu den entsprechenden Cyclobutanen. Schließlich bilden. 1-Substituierte Vinylacetylene (außer den obigen Substituenten wurde der Einfluß von Ethinyl-, Chlor - und Methoxyresten untersucht) keine Photodimeren, sondern werden lediglich cis-trans-isomerisiert. Der Mechanismus der Photoaddition wird diskutiert.
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  • 55
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3831-3854 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Migration Aptitudes of Cyclic, Polycyclic, and Branched Alkyl Groups in the Beckmann RearrangementsThe migration aptitudes of polycyclic bridgehead groups, cycloalkyl groups as well as of β-γ-and δ-branched alkyl groups in the Chapman variant of the Beckmann rearrangement were determined. From these data it is concluded that at transition state 2 the migrating group is not resembling a planarised carbenium ion R+, but rather a pentacoordinated carbonium ion structure. Because only small geometrical changes occur in the migrating group vertical stabilisation4) of charge at transition state is believed to have significant influence on the migration aptitudes.
    Notes: Die Wanderungstendenzen von polycyclischen Brückenkopfresten, Cycloalkylresten sowie β, γ-und -δ-verzweigten Alkylresten bei der Chapman-Variante der Beckmann-Umlagerung wurden bestimmt. Sie zeigen, daß die wandernde Gruppe im Übergangszustand 2 nicht Carbenium-Ionen-Charakter hat, sondern nach weitgehender Beibehaltung ihrer Geometrie eher einer Fünffach koordinierten Carboniumstruktur entspricht, die im Zuge der Umlagerungsreaktion vertikal stabilisiert4 werden kann.
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  • 56
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3789-3800 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: From Ion Pairs to Radical Complexes: Coordination Compounds of Reduced 2,2′-Bipyridine with Organometallic CationsReduced 2,2′-bipyridine, bipy-·, forms paramagnetic complexes with organometallic cations RnM+ containing metals of the first three groups of the periodic system (n = 0, 1,2). The persistent radicals [RnM)bipy]· have been identified and studied by high resolution electron spin resonance. Their ESR coupling constants can be correlated excellently with results from HMO calculations and exhibit a typical sequence of cations RnM+: K+, Na+, Li+, PhMg+, PhZn+, Me2Ga+, PhBe+, Ph2B+, R2Al+. This series exemplifies the continuous variation from genuine paramagnetic „ion pairs“ mostly covalently bonded radical complexes.
    Notes: Reduziertes 2,2′-Bipyridin, bipy-·, bildet paramagnetische Komplexe mit metallorganischen Kationen RnM+ aus den ersten drei Gruppen des Periodensystems (n = 0, 1, 2). Die beständigen Radikale [(RnM) bipy]· lassen sich durch hochauflösende Elektronenspinresonanz nachweisen und untersuchen. Ihre ESR-Kopplungskonstanten können vorzüglich mit den Ergebnissen von HMO-Berechnungen korreliert werden, man erhält so eine charakteristische Reihenfolge der Kationen RnM+: K+, Na+, Li+, PhMg+, PhZn+, Me2Ga+, PhBe+, Ph2B+, R2Al+. Diese Serie überdeckt lückenlos den Bereich von echten, paramagnetischen „Ionenpaaren“ bis hin zu überwiegend kovalent aufgebauten Radikalkomplexen.
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3801-3812 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Boron Imides and Borylnitrenes by Decomposition of DiaminoazidoboranesGas phase thermolysis of azidoboranes (R2N)2BN3 (1a, b) at 450-485°C gives the products 2a (by retro ene-reaction) and 4b (by intramolecular 1,2-alkylohydrogenation), respectively, both from boron imides R2N—B=N—NR2 (9a, b) as intermediates; furthermore, 3a is isolated from the thermolysis of 1a via a borylnitrene (R2N)2B—N by intramolecular 1,1-alkylohydrogenation. The photolysis of 1a, b generates the borylnitrenes 10a, b as intermediates, which are stabilized by an intermolecular reaction to 7a and 8b, respectively; the nitrene 10a can be trapped by ethyloboration with BEt3.
    Notes: Bei der Gasphasenthermolyse der Azidoborane (R2N)2BN3 (1a, b) bei 450-485°C erhält man Produkte 2a bzw. 4b, die aus den Borimiden R2N — B = N — NR2 (9a, b) durch eine Retro-En-Reaktion bzw. durch eine intramolekulare 1,2-Alkylohydrierung der B=N-Bindung hervorgehen; die Thermolyse von 1a führt daneben zu 3a, einem Folgeprodukt der intramolekularen 1,1-Alkylohydrierung des entsprechenden Borylnitrens (R2N)2B—N. Die Photolyse von 1a, b ergibt die Borylnitrene 10a, b als Zwischenstufen, die intermolekular zu 7a bzw. 8b weiterreagieren; das Nitren 10a läßt sich mit BEt3 durch Ethyloborierung abfangen.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3813-3830 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Migration of Alkyl Group in Sextett RearrangementsThe migration aptitude of alkyl groups in the Beckmann-, the Criegee-, and the isonitrile-nitrile rearrangements were investigated. The relative rearrangement rates of substituted benzyl groups are an expression of the charge on the migrating carbon at transition state. From the relative rates of migration of exo- and endo- 2- norbornyl group the geometrical changes at the migrating carbon are estimated. Finally, The different influence of α-branching in the migrating group is discussed for these and some other rearrangements.
    Notes: Die Wanderungstendenzen von Alkylgruppen bei der Beckmann- Criegee- und Isonitril-Nitril-Umlagerung werden untersucht. Aus den relativen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten der substituierten Benzylreste werden Rückschlüsse auf die Ladungsverteilung im Übergangszustand dieser Reaktionen gezogen und aus dem Verhältnis der Wanderungstendenzen des exo und endo- 2- Norbornylrestes auf die Geometrie der wandernden Gruppe im Übergangszustand. Der in verschiedenen Sextettumlagerungen unterschiedliche Einfluß der α-Methylverzweigung in der wandernden Gruppe wird interpretiert.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of, and Reaction with, Metal-Containing Heterocycles, XXI: Ring Contraction, Crystal Structures, Properties, and Stability of ManganacycloalkanesWhen the manganacyclohexane derivative (1) is warmed in a sealed tube to 100°C in n-hexane it is changed, probably via a hydridic alkenyl step, to the ring-contracted cyclopentane (2). Crystals of 1 and 2 are orthorhombic and monoclinic, space groups P212121 and P21/c, respectively, with Z = 4. In the Mn — C σ bond of 2 CO and SO2 can be inserted with formation of the cyclic compounds (3) and (4).
    Notes: Das Manganacyclohexan-Derivat (1) lagert sich beim Erwärmen im Einschlußrohr auf 100°C in n-Hexan, wahrscheinlich über eine hydridische Alkenylstufe, zum ringverengten Cyclopentan (2) um. 1 und 2 kristallisieren orthorhombisch bzw. monoklin in den Raumgruppen P212121 bzw. P21/c mit Z = 4. In die Mn — C-σ-Bindung von 2 läßt sich CO und SO2 einschieben unter Bildung der cyclischen Verbindungen (3) und (4).
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3863-3877 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Monohydrazones of Dicarbonyl Compounds, X: 2-(Dimethylhydrazono)propanal as a Reagent for the Synthesis of 1,4-DiketonesMonohydrazones 7 of unsaturated 1,4-diketones can be prepared by the reaction of methyleneactive ketones 1a-x with 2-(dimethylhydrazono)propanal (5a). From these products unsaturated 8 and saturated 1,4-diketones (9) are obtained in high yield. Reduction of the diketone monodimethylhydrazones 7g, h, i, p, q with sodium borohydride and subsequent hydrolysis leads to the formation of furans 23and/or N-aminopyrroles 24. The synthesis of a Δ1-pyrrolin 30, which was isolated from the poison gland of the South African thief ant Solenopsis punctaticeps is described7.
    Notes: 2-(Dimethylhydrazono)propanal (5a) läßt sich mit CH-aciden Verbindungen 1a-x, die eine α-ständige Methylengruppe enthalten, zu Hydrazonopropyliden-Derivaten 7a-x umsetzen. Durch Hydrolyse erhält man ungesättigte, 1,4-Diketone 8 und durch deren Reduktion gesättigte 1,4-Diketone 9. Die Monohydrazone 7g, h, i, p, q ergeben nach Borhydrid-Reduktion und Hydrolyse Furane 23 und / oder N-Aminopyrrole 24. Katalytische Hydrierung des Diketon-monodimethyl hydrazons 29 liefert das Δ1-pyrrolin 30, ein Abwehrstoff der aus der Giftdrüse der südafrikanischen Feuerameise Solenopsis punctaticeps isoliert wurde7.
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  • 61
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 3070-3078 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular and Crystal Structures of Two Carbodiphosphoranes with P—C—P Bond Angles Near 120°sym-Dimethyltetraphenylcarbodiphosphorane (1) and the cyclic carbodiphosphorane 2 show in the crystalline state the smallest P=C=P bond angles (121.8(3) and 116.7 (7)°, respectively) observed so far among compounds of this type. The lengths of the ylidic P=C bonds (164.8 (4) pm in 1, 164.5 (12) and 165.3 (14) pm in 2) are within the double bond range. In 1 two phenyl rings are parallel with a mutual distance of 328 pm; in the crystal phenyl ring layers are formed. This favourable packing of the phenyl groups should be the reason for the small P—C—P bond angle, whose easy bending is thus demonstrated again.
    Notes: sym-Dimethyltetraphenylcarbodiphosphoran (1) und das cyclische Carbodiphosphoran 2 haben im Kristall mit 121.8 (3) bzw. 116.7 (7)° die kleinsten P=C=P-Bindungswinkel, die bisher bei Vertretern dieser Verbindungsklasse gefunden wurden. Die ylidischen P=C-Bindungslängen (164.8 (4) pm bei 1, 164.5 (12) bzw. 165.3 (14) pm bei 2) liegen im Doppelbindungsbereich. Bei 1 sind zwei Phenylringe mit einem Abstand von 328 pm parallel zueinander; im Kristall bilden sich Phenylring-Schichten aus. Diese günstige Packung der Phenylgruppen dürfte die Ursache für den kleinen P—C—P-Bindungswinkel sein, dessen leichte Deformierbarkeit damit erneut unter Beweis gestellt wird.
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  • 62
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 227-231 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occuring Terpene Derivatives, 3061) Synthesis of a Furan Sesquiterpene from Eumorphia prostataStarting with 5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (1) through the intermediate 4 the cyclopentene carbaldyhydes 5 und 6 were synthesized. Wittig reaction led to the epimeric nitriles 7 und 8, which after conversion to the aldehydes 9 and 10 on reaction with β-furyllithium afforded the carbinols 11 and 12. Manganese dioxide oxidation yielded the ketones 13 and 14, their spectral data being in agreement with those of the natural compounds.
    Notes: Ausgehend von 5-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-on (1) werden über das Zwischenprodukt 4 die Cyclopentancarbaldehyde 5 und 6 synthetisiert. Wittig-Reaktion führt zu den epimeren Nitrilen 7 und 8, die nach Überführung in die Aldehyde 9 und 10 durch Reaktion mit β-Furyllithium die Carbinole 11 und 12 liefern. Mangandioxid-Oxidation gibt die Ketone 13 und 14, deren spektroskopischen Daten mit denen der Naturstoffe übereinstimmen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 246-253 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Benzofuroxan with KetonesReaction of branched-chain ketones 4 with benzofuroxan (1) in the presence of ammonia yields o-quinoid 2-amino-2,3-dihydro-2,3,3-trialkylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxides 6. The same procedure with KOH catalysis gives the corresponding 2-hydroxy compounds. A synthesis of spiro compounds 16 by using acetylcycloalkanes 15 in this reaction is described. Under different reaction conditions. the reduction products of these compounds were 1,2-dihydro-2,2,3-trialkyl-1-quinoxalinol 4-oxides 19, 22, 23, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,2,3-trialkylquinoxalines 21, 24, 25 and 1,2-dihydro-2,2,3-trialkylquinoxalines 20, 26.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von verzweigten Ketonen 4 mit Benzofuroxan (1) in Gegenwart von Ammoniak werden o-chinoide 2-Amino-2,3-dihydro-2,3,3,-trialkylchinoxalin-1,4-dioxide (6), in Gegenwart von KOH die analogen 2-Hydroxyverbindungen erhalten. Der Einsatz von Acetylcycloalkanen (15) führt zur Synthese von Spiroverbindungen 16. Als Reduktionsprodukte der genannten Verbindungen werden 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,3-trialkyl-1-chinoxalinol-4-oxide 19, 22, 23, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2,2,3-trialkylchinoxaline 21, 24, 25 und 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,3-trialkylchinoxaline 20, 26 bei unterschiedlichen Reaktionsbedingungen erhalten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 254-266 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses ESR, and ENDOR Studies of Highly Twisted Phenyl Substituted Radical AnionsThe synthesis of a variety of phenyl substituted and partially deuterated derivatives of anthracene. naphthalene benzo[b]triphenylene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene is given. By performing ESR, ENDOR, and TRIPLE experiments the hyperfine coupling constants, including their signs, of the respective radical anions are determined. Regarding the spin distributions within the phenyl substituents it is shown that the conventional sequence of the hyperfine couplings |HparaH|≥ |HaorthoH| 〉 |HmetaH| is not always valid. These results are interpreted in terms of a significant π-σ-mixing, i. e. a phenyl hyperconjugation effect.
    Notes: Die Synthese phenylsubstituierter, zum Teil deuterierter Abkömmlinge des Anthracens, des Naphthalins, des Benzo[b]triphenylens und des Benzo[k]fluoranthens wird beschrieben. Mit Hilfe von ESR-, ENDOR- und TRIPLE-Experimenten werden die Hyperfeinkopplungskonstanten der korrespondierenden Radikalanionen einschließlich ihrer relativen Vorzeichen bestimmt und den jeweiligen Molekülpositionen zugeordnet. Für einige der untersuchten Systeme wird gezeigt, daß in der Spindichteverteilung der Phenylsubstituenten verdrillungsbedingte Abweichungen von der konventionellen Sequenz |HparaH|≥ |HaorthoH| 〉 |HmetaH| auftreten, die mit einer Phenylhyperkonjugation gedeutet werden können.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 298-305 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Boron Imides from the Thermal Decomposition of Dialkyl[sily(silyloxy)amino]boranesDialkyl[trimethylsilyl)(trimethylsilyloxy)amino]boranes R2B—N(OSiMe3SiMe3 (1a-c), prepared from (Me3Si)2N—OSiMe3 and R2BCl, can be thermolyzed in the liquid phase at 70°C to form (Me3SI)2O and a mixture of R2B—NR—Br—N(OSiMe3)SiMe3 (2a-c) and (RBNR)3 (3a-c). In the presence of an excess of BR′3, 1b, c can be transformed into (Me3Si)2O and diborylamines RR′B—NR—BR′2 (4b), c, (Me3Si)2O and a mixture of (RBNR)3 and polymer material are formed from the gas-phase thermolysis of 1b, c at 270°C The polymer (EtBNEt)n depolymerizes to the borazine 3b above 150°C. An intermediate from the gas-phase thermolysis of 1b can be trapped by liquid 1c, yielding 2c, A. conclusive explanation of all these observation is possible by the assumption that boron imides RB—NR(5a-c) occur as intermediates.
    Notes: Die aus (Me3Si)2N-OSiMe3 und R2BCl zugänglichen Dialkyl[trimethylsilyl)(trimethylsilyloxy)amino]borane R2B—N(OSiMe3)SiMe3 (1a-c zerfallen in flüssiger Phase bei 70°C unter Abspaltung von (Me3Si)2O in ein Gemisch aus R2B—NR—BR—N(OSiMe3)SiMe3 (2a-c) und (RBNR)3 (3a-c). Im Überschuß von BR′3 erhält man aus 1b, c neben (Me3Si)2O die Diborylamine RR′B—NR—BR′2 (4b-c). In der Gasphase entstehen bei 270°C aus 1b, c (Me3Si)2O und ein Gemisch aus (RBNR)3 und Polymeren. Das Polymere (EtBNEt)n depolymerisiert oberhalb 150°C zu 3b. Flüssiges 1c regiert mit einer aus 1b durch Gasphasenthermolyse gebildeten Zwischenstufe zum Abfangprodukt 2c′. Einer geschlossenen Deutung aller Befunde liegt die Annahme von Borimiden RB—NR (5a-c) als Zwischenstufen zugrunde.
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 322-332 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Building Units for Oligosaccharides, XXI1) Syntheses of Gentamicin X2 and Gentamicins Modified At C-4′ and C-3′The garamine derivative 18 can be coupled with the β-chloride 15 of 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose to 20 from which, by deblocking procedure, gentamicin X2 (23) is available. In the same manner the 4′-amino- and 4′-chloro compound 24 and 25, resp., can be obtained. Coupling of 26 with 19 gives the product 27 from which the derivative 28 of gentamicin, modified at C-3′, is prepared.
    Notes: Das Garamin-Derivat 18 läßt sich mit dem β-Chlorid 15 der 2-Azido-2-desoxy-D-glucose zu 20 kuppeln, aus dem durch Entblockierung Gentamicin X2 (23) erhältlich ist. Auf gleichem Wege ist die 4′-Amino- und 4′-Chlorverbindung 24 bzw. 25 zu gewinnen. Ein am C-3′ modifiziertes Derivat 28 des Gentamicins ist nach Kupplung von 26 mit 19 aus dem Produkt 27 zugänglich.
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  • 67
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 306-321 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Building Units for Oligosaccharides, XX1) Synthesis of the Oligosaccharide Determinants of Blood Group Substances of Type 2 of the ABH System. Discussion of α-Glycoside SynthesisThe antigenic determinants of type 2 of blood-group substances A and B (23 and 24) (see German Summary) as well as blood-group substance H (17) were synthesized by selective glycosidation reactions combined with a series of blocking and deblocking steps. The possibilities and optimization of the α-glycoside synthesis are discussed. In hemagglutination inhibition tests the synthetic haptens A and B of type 2 and type 1 show a similar selective inhibitory effect. In case of hapten H, however, great differences can be observed. Here the type 2 exhibited a strong inhibition activity, whereas type 1 only showed an extremely low activity. The leads to the conclusion that in the determinants of the ABH-system on the surface of erythrocytes the chemical structure of type 2 is predominating.
    Notes: Durch eine Folge von selektiven Glycosid-Synthesen, kombiniert mit einer Serie von Blockierungs-und Entblockierungsschritten wurden die Determinanten der Type 2 der Blutgruppensubstanzen A und B und H α-L-Fuc-(1-2)-β-D-Gal-(1-4)-D-GlcNac (17) synthetisiert. Die Möglichkeiten und die Optimierung der α-Glycosid-Synthese werden diskutiert. Im Hämagglutinations-Inhibitionstest zeigen die synthetischen Haptene A und B der Type 2 und Type 1 eine ähnliche selektive Hemmwirkung. Starke Unterschiede sind aber beim Hapten H zu beobachten. Hier hemmt die Type 2 sehr stark, die Type 1 dagegen äußerst schwach. Hieraus ist zu schließen, daß in den Oberflächendeterminanten des ABH-Systems der Erythrozyten die chemische Struktur der Type 2 dominiert.
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 292-297 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Optically Active Trogoderma pheromones by Kolbe-Electrolysis1)The (R)-(-)-enantiomers of (Z)- (1) and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol (2) have been synthesized by coelectrolysis of (R)-(-)-4-methylhexanoic acid (7) with 12-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)-4-dodecynoic acid (8) and its subsequent hydrogenation. The acid 7 was prepared in high optical purity from (S)-(-)-citronellol (3) by conversion of the hydroxyl group to a methyl substituent and subsequent clevage of (R)-(-)2,6-dimethyl-2-octene (4) with ozone. By alkylation of 4-pentynoic acid (5) with 1-bromo-7-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)heptane (6) the alkynoic acid 8 was synthesized.
    Notes: Die (R)-(-) Enantiomeren des (Z)- (1) und (E)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ols (2) wurden durch Coelektrolyse von (R)-(-)-4-Methylhexansäure (7) mit 12-(Tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)-4-dodecinsäure (8) und nachfolgende Hydrierung synthetisiert. Die Säure 7 wird in hoher optischer Reinheit ausgehend von (S)-(-)-Citronellol (3) durch Reduktion der Alkoholfunktion zur Methylgruppe und anschließende ozonolytische Spaltung des (R)-(-)-2,6-Dimethyl-2-octens (4) gewonnen. Durch Alkylierung von 4-Pentinsäure (5) mit 1-Brom 7-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy) heptan (6) läßt sich die Alkinsäure 8 darstellen.
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  • 69
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 333-345 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Building Units for Oligosaccharides, XXII1) Synthesis of the Trisaccharide Sequence α-D-GlcNAc(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-D-GlcNac of Blood Group Active SubstancesA directly stereoselective α-glycoside synthesis to oligosaccharides succeeds in the presence of AgClO4/Ag2CO3 in methylene chloride with the α-bromide 1 of 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. By reaction with 1 the disaccharides 3, 7a, 7b, 18 and the trisaccharide 24 are obtainable. Deblocking of 7 yields free α-D-GlcNAc(1→4)-D-Gal (11) and that of 24 free α-G-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-D-GlcNAc (27).
    Notes: Eine direkte stereoselektive α-Glycosid-synthese zu Oligosacchariden gelingt mit dem α-Bromid 1 der 2-Azido-2-desoxy-D-glucose bei Gegenwart von AgCIO4/Ag2CO3 in Methylenchlorid. Durch Umsetzung mit 1 lassen sich die Disaccharide 3, 7a, 7b, 18 und das Trisaccharid 24 gewinnen. Die Entblockierung von 7 liefert freies α-D-GlcNac-(1→4)D-Gal (11), die von 24 freies α-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)β-Gal-(1→4)-D-GlcNAc (27).
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  • 70
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 495-504 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of 1,3,2-Diazaboroline Complexes1,3-Ditert-butyl-2-methyl-Δ4-1,3,2-diazaboroline (1a) and 2-methyl-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)-Δ4-1,3,2-diazaboroline (1b) react with (CH3CN)3Cr(CO)3 to form the diazaboroline complexes(ring)-Cr(CO)3 (2a,b). The Synthesis of 2a also succeeds with Cr(CO)6 and 1a by UV irradiation or thermically. The diazaborolines 1a and 1b serve as 6π-electron donors. In contrast, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-Δ4-1,3,2-diazaboroline (1c) is coordinated to the Cr(CO)3 group via one of the phenyl rings (2c). P(C6H5)3 substitutes the diazaboroline in 2a to form (CO)4CrP(C6H5)3]2, whereas NO+ displaces one CO group to give dicarbonyl[η5-(1,3-di-tert-butyl-2-methyl-1, 3,2-diazaboroline)]nitrosylchromium-hexafluorophosphate (3). Mesitylene substitutes the diazaboroline ring, while hexamethylborazine starts no reaction. As a result of IR, 1H-, 11B-, 13C-NMR as well as mass spectroscopic investigations, proposals for the molecular are made.
    Notes: 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2-methyl-Δ4-1,3,2-diazaborolin (1a) und 2-Methyl-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)-Δ4-1,3,2-diazaborolin (1b) reagieren mit (CH3CN)6Cr(CO)3 zu den Diazaborolinkomplexen (Ring)-Cr(CO)3 (2a,b). Die Synthese von 2a gelingt auch aus Cr(CO)3 und 1a durch UV-Bestrahlung oder thermisch. Die Diazaboroline 1a und 1b dienen als 6π-Elektronendonatoren. Im Gegensatz dazu wird 2,4, 5-Trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-Δ4-1,3,2-diazaborolin (1c) über einen der Phenylringe an die Cr(CO)3-Gruppe koordiniert (2c). P(C6H5)3 substituiert in 2a das Diazaborolin und bildet (CO)4Cr[P(C6H5)3]2, während NO+ eine CO-Gruppe verdrängt und Dicarbonyl[η5-(1,3-di-tert-butyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-diazaborolin)nitrosylchrom-hexafluorophosphat (3) ergibt. Mesitylen substituiert den Diazaborolinring, wogegen Hexamethylborazin keine Reaktion auslöst. Aufgrund von IR-, 1H-, 11B-, 13C-NMR-sowie massenspektroskopischen Untersuchungen werden Vorschläge für die Molekülstrukturen gemacht.
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  • 71
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 505-512 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Redox Chemistry of Ligand Bridged Trinuclear ClustersThe redox properties of seven trinuclear clusters with two triply bridging ligands of the general formula (LnM)3 E2(1a-g) were determined electrochemically. Oxidation states differing by up to six units were accessible, and up to four oxidations states were stable. The possibility and reversibility of the redox steps depend on he types of ligands and on the number of valence electrons present.
    Notes: Die Redoxeigenschaften sieben dreikerniger Cluster mit zwei dreifach verbrückenden Liganden der allgemeinen Formel (LnM)3 E2 (1a-g) wurden elektrochemisch bestimmt. Oxidationsstufen, die sich um bis zu sechs Ladungen unterscheiden, waren erreichbar, und bis zu vier Oxidationsstufen waren stabil. Die Zugänglichkeit und Reversibilität der Redox-Schritte hängt von der Art der Liganden und der Zahl vorhandener Valenzelektronen ab.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 527-535 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Lithio-aminofluorosilanes with Covalent Element HalidesHalides of boron, germanium, phosphorus, and arsenic react with lithio-aminofluorosilanes (1a-e) with elimination of lithium halide and substitution (2a, b, 3c, 4b, 5b, 5d, 6b). Depending on the bulkiness of the substituents and the reaction conditions, halosilanes are also cleaved off and four-membered rings (8d, 10b, 11b, 13b, 14b) are formed. The reaction of 1e with (Me3Si)2NPF2 leads to the formation of the aminoiminophosphane 9e. A 1,3-migration of a silyl group from the alkyl- to the arylamino-nitrogen is observed in this reaction. 5d reacts with lithiated (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)(trimethylsilyl)amine to give 15d and LiF. The aminoiminophosphane 16d is obtained by thermal difluorosilane elimination from 15d. An aminoiminodifluorophosphane (12b) is formed in the reaction of 1b with PF5, isobutene, tert-butyldifluorophenylsilane, and LiF being cleaved off.
    Notes: Halogenverbindungen der Elemente Bor, Germanium, Phosphor und arsen reagieren mit Lithioaminofluorsilanen (1a-c) unter Lithiumhalogenid-Abspaltung und Substitution (→2a, b, 3c, 4b, 5b, 5d, 6b). In Abhängigkeit von der Substituentengröße und den Reaktionsbedingungen wird außer Lithiumhalogenid Halogensilan abgespalten, wobei viergliedrige Ringe (8d, 10b, 11b, 13b, 14b) entstehen. Bei der Reaktion von 1e mit (Me3Si)2NPF2 wird das Aminoiminophosphan 9e unter zusätzlicher 1,3-Silylgruppenwanderung vom Alkyl- zum Arylaminstickstoff gebildet. 5d reagiert mit lithiiertem (2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)(trimethylsilyl)amin zu 15d und LiF. Das Aminoiminophosphan 16d wird durch thermische Difluorsilan-Abspaltung aus 15d erhalten. Ein Aminoiminodifluorphosphan (12b) entsteht bei der Reaktion von 1b mit PF5 unter Abspaltung von Isobuten, tert-Butyldifluorphenylsilan und LiF.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 513-526 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Redox and substitution Chemistry of Complexes [(CO)4M—EMe2]2 with M = V, Cr, Mn and E = P, AsAmong the complexes [(CO)4V—EMe2]2, (1), [(CO)4Cr—EMe2] (2), and [(CO)4Mn—EMe2]2 (3) with E = P (a) or As (b) isoelectronic relations can be established by electrochemical redox reactions. The redox potentials and the accessible oxidation states depend systematically upon the metal and bridge atoms. 1a disproportionates in donor solvents with formation of the anionic complex (CO)4V—PMe22- which is also obtainable by reduction and can be isolated as the sodium salt. substitutions at 1 with phosphane and arsane ligands proceed smoothly and stepwise to give the compounds V2(PMe2)2(CO)7L(6) and V2(PMe2)2(CO)6L2 (7). These allow reversible one-electron transfers, the redox potentials of which can be correlated with the donor/acceptor properties and the steric requirements of the ligands.
    Notes: Zwischen den Komplexen [(CO)4V—EMe2]2 (1), [(CO)4Cr—EMe2](2) (2) und [(CO)4Mn—EMe2]2 (3) mit E = P(a) oder As (b) lassen sich durch elektrochemische Redoxreaktionen isoelektronische Beziehungen herstellen. Die einzelnen Redoxpotentiale und die erreichbaren Oxidationsstufen sind in systematischer Weise von den Metall- und Brückenatomen abhängig. 1a disproportioniert in Donor-Lösungsmitteln unter Bildung des anionischen Komplexes [(CO)4] V— PMe[2]2-, der auch durch Reduktion zugänglich und als Natriumsalz isolierbar ist. Substitutionen an 1 mit Phosphan- und Arsan-Liganden verlaufen leicht und stufenweise zu den Verbindungen V2(PMe2)2(CO)7L (6) und V2(PMe2)2(CO)6L2 (7). Diese erlauben reversible Einelektronen-Übertragungen, deren Redoxpotentiale mit dem Donor/Akzeptor-Vermögen und dem Raumbedarf der Liganden korrelierbar sind.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 536-548 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidoylketene Imines, V1) Preparation through Extrusion of Sulfur, Rearrangement to 1,2-DihydropyrimidinesVia imidoylthioamides 1 and iminoisothiazolines 2 a series of imidoylketene imines 3 was prepared; their ability to rearrange was examined. Most of them form 1,2-dihydropyrimidines 4 at ambient temperature through a 1,5-H shift. of the exceptions the formation of the pyridine 6 is interesting. 1H-and13C-NMR spectra demonstrate the constitution of the dihydropyrimidines.
    Notes: Eine größere Zahl Imidoylketenimine der speziellen Konstitution 3 wurde über entsprechende Imidoylthioamide 1 und Iminoisothiazoline 2 hergestellt und auf ihre Umlagerungsfähigkeit geprüft. Die meisten bilden schon bei Raumtemperatur unter 1,5-H-Verschiebung die Dihydropyrimidine 4. Bei den Ausnahmen ist die in einem Fall auftretende Bildung eines Pyridin-Derivates 6 interessant. Die Konstitution der Dihydropyrimidine wird besonders aus ihren 1H- and 13C-NMR-Spektren gefolgert.
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 400-404 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deamination Reactions, 341) Diels-Alder Reactions of Methoxycyclopentadiene, a Route to 1-Methoxynorbornane-2-diazonium IonsA Mixture of 1- and 2 -methoxycyclopentadiene (7, 8) was prepared in four steps from cyclopentadiene. Diels-Alder reaction of 7 + 8 with methyl acrylate produces a mixture of adducts from which the 1-methoxy isomers (9, 11) were obtained by distillation. Separation by way of the iodo lactone 20, hydrogenation, and Curtius degradation afforded endo- and exo-1-methoxy-2-norbornylamin (14, 17) Nitrous acid deaminations of 14 yielded norpinan-2-one (21) and norbornan-2-one (22) in a 3:7 ratio whereas 17 gave 22 only. The results of the deamination reactions confirm the position of the methoxy groups and illustrate the superiority of diazonium precursors in the norborane → norpinane rearrangement.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of, and Reactions with, Metal-Containing Heterocycles, IX1) Preparation, Properties, Crystal Structure, and Stability of Manganacycloalkanes with Different Ring SizeThe four- to eight-membered manganacycloalkanes (OC)4MnPR2O[CH2]n (1-5a, b) are obtained by the reaction of the bifunctional anions [(CO)4)MnPR2O]2- with dichloromethane (n = 1) and the alkanediylbis(trifluoromethanesulfonates) X[CH2]n X (n = 2-5), respectively. While the manganacyclobutanes 1a, b are stable in spite of their ring strain, the limit of stability is passed over for 5b under α-C—C bond cleavage. For the decreasing stability with increasing ring size, among other things, the increasing Mn — C — El angle and Mn — C distance responsible 1b, 4b give monoclinic crystals which belong to the space group P21/c with Z = 4. 1b reacts with CO under cleavage of the Mn — P bond and intramolecular change to give the ring opening product (OC)5Mn — CH2 — P(O)Ph2 (6b).
    Notes: Die vier- bis achtgliedrigen Manganacycloalkane (OC)4MnPR2O[CH2]n (1-5a, b) erhält man durch Umsetzung der bifunktionellen Anionen [(CO)4MnPR2O]2- mit Dichlormethan (n = 1) bzw. den Alkandiylbis(trifluormethansulfonaten) X[CH2]nX(n = 2 - 5). Während die Manganacyclobutane 1a, b trotz Ringspannung beständig sind, wird die Grenze der Stabilität bei 5b unter α-C — C-Bindungsbruch überschritten. Für die mit zunehmender Ringgröße abnehmende Stabilität sind unter anderem der zunehmende Mn — C — El-Winkel und Mn — C-Abstand verantwortlich. 1b, 4d kristallisieren monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 4. 1b reagiert mit CO unter Lösung der Mn—P-Bindung und intramolekularer Umlagerung zu dem Ringöffnungsprodukt (OC)5Mn—CH2 — P(O)Ph2 (6b).
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 746-756 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanism of the Substitution at the Cyclopropane RingStarting from 2a the bicyclic chlorolactone 14a is obtained via 3a and 11a. Reaction of 14a with KOtBu gives the lactone 17b which also is formed from 14b. These results can be explained by a mechanism via the intermediate E. Additional evidence is given by the failure of 15a and b to react with KOtBu and by the product distribution of the reaction of deuterated compound 16a.
    Notes: Ausgehend von 2a wird über 3a und 11a das bicyclische Chlorlacton 14a erhalten. Dessen Reaktion mit KOtBu ergibt das Lacton 17b, das auch aus 14b gebildet wird. Diese Ergebnisse werden mit einem Mechanismus über die Zwischenstufe E erklärt. Zusätzliche Beweise sind das Ausbleiben einer Reaktion von 15a und b mit KOtBu sowie die Produktverteilung bei der Reaktion der deuterierten Verbindung 16a.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: trans-2,3-D-tert-butylthiirane 1,1-Dioxide and 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,1-Dioxides from tert-Butyldiazomethane and Sulfur Dioxide Solvent Effects and Mechanisms of the Staudinger-Pfenninger-Reaction1)When allowed to react with sulfur dioxide tert-butyldiazomethane formed not only trans-di-tert-butylthiirane 1,1-dioxide (3) but also the diastereomeric 2,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxides 7e which under base-catalysis rearranged to the 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide 11. The structures were deduced from IR, UV, and 1H-NMR spectra, and from the products obtained after loss of sulfur dioxide. Whereas increase of the solvent polarity favoured 3 over 7e, the diastereomer ration cis-7e/trans-7e remained virtually unaffected. The ration of thiirane 1,1-dioxide 3 to dihydrothiadiazole 1,1-dioxides did not depend on whether the intermediate tert-butylsulfene 6e had been generated from 5e and sulfur dioxide or from 2,2-dimethylpropane sulfonylchloride (14) and triethylamine. In contrast to reports in the literature, the reaction of the phenyldiazoalkanes 5f and 5h with sulfur dioxide afforded cis/trans ratios of the thiirane 1.1-dioxides 9f and 9h, respectively, which were only slightly influenced by the solvent. Apparently, the dihydrothiadiazole 1.1-dioxides 7 and hence their decomposition products, the azines 8 (as far as these do not arise from the direct decomposition of the diazo compounds), are the result of a [3 + 2]cycloaddition between the diazoalkane 5 and the sulfene 6. In contrast, the thiirane 1.1-dioxides 9 seem to originate via the zwitterions 20 the formation of which is favoured over the [3 + 2]cycloaddition by solvents of high polarity, by the presence of aryl substituents at the sulfene. as well as by the lack of alkyl groups. The dichotomy in the behaviour of sulfenes towards diazoalkanes can be traced back to the existence of two low-lying sulfene MO′s, only one of which exhibits π-symmetry.
    Notes: tert-Butyldiazomethan (5e) bildete mit Schwefeldioxid sowohl trans-Di-tert-butylthiiran-1,1-di-oxid (3) als auch die diastereomeren 2,5-Dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-1,1-dioxide 7e, die sich basen-katalysiert in das 2,3-Dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-1,1-dioxid 11 umlagerten. Die Konstitutionen wurden durch IR-, UV- und 1H-NMR-Spektren und die Produkte der Schwefeldioxid-Abspaltung gesichert. Während höhere Solvenspolarität 3 gegenüber 7e begünstigte, wurde das Diastereomerenverhältnis cis-7e/trans-7e davon praktisch nicht beeinflußt. Das Verhältnis des Thiiran-1,1-dioxids 3 zu den Dihydrothiadiazoldioxiden hing nicht davon ab, ob das intermediäre tert-Butylsulfen (6e) aus 5e und Schwefeldioxid oder aus 2,2-Dimethylpropansulfonylchlorid (14) und Triethylamin erzeugt wurde. Im Gegensatz zu Literaturangaben ergab die Umsetzung der Phenyldiazoalkane 5f und 5h mit Schwefeldioxid cis/trans-Verhältnisse der Thiiran-1,1-dioxide 9f bzw. 9h, die nur wenig vom Lösungsmittel beeinflußt wurden. Die Dihydrothiadiazoldioxide 7 und damit auch ihre Zerfallsprodukte, die Azine 8 (soweit diese nicht durch direkte Zersetzung der Diazoalkane entstehen), sind offenbar das Ergebnis einer [3 + 2]Cycloaddition zwischen Diazoalkan 5 und Sulfen 6, Thiiran-1,1-dioxide 9 scheinen dagegen aus Zwitterionen 20 zu entstehen, die gegenüber der [3 + 2]Cycloaddition durch höhere Polarität des Lösungsmittels, durch Arylsubstituenten des Sulfens und die Abwesenheit von Alkylgruppen begünstigt werden. Die Dichotomie im Verhalten von Sulfenen gegenüber Diazoalkanen läßt sich auf die Existenz zweier tiefliegender Sulfen-MO′s zurückführen, von denen nur eines π-Symmetrie aufweist.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 814-817 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Correlation of Melochinine with CassineMelochinine (1) was transferred into the pyridine derivative 3, a degradation product of Cassine (2). Thus it is proven that the substitutents in melochinine have the same arrangement as in cassine.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 818-821 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis, Characterization, and X-Ray Structure of Bis{4-(2-thienyl)selenolo[3,4-b]thiophene-6-yl} DiselenideThe title compound 2 is formed by the reaction of 2-[(triphenylphosphonio)methyl]thiophene chloride (1) with sodium hydrogen selenite in dimethylformamide without any base. The structure is determined by spectral data and X-Ray analysis.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 825-828 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four- and Five-membered Phosphorus Heterocycles, 521) Pentacyclic Diphosphoranes from the Reaction 2H-1, 2, 4, 3λ3-Triazaphosphole/Azodicarboxylic EstersAzodicarboxylic ester react with 2-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1, 2, 4, 3λ3-triazaphosphole (1) as heterodienes in an oxidative [4 + 1] cycloaddition at the σ2-phosphorus and a concomitant [2 + 2] dimerization of the supposed intermediate spirocyclic phosphazene 3. The resulting diphosphoranes 4 may also be synthesized from the dichlorotriazaphosphole dimer 5 and hydrazinedicarboxylic esters 6.
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  • 82
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 843-857 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Building Units for Oligosaccharides, XXVI. Syntheses of Sisomicin D, Sisomicin B, and 5″-C-Methyl-Sisomicin BModified sisomicins can be synthesized by selective glycoside syntheses with the sisamine derivative 17. Coupling of 18 with 17 yields via 19 sisomicin D (21). Sisomicin B (26) can be obtained from 23 with 17 via 25 and from 34 with 17 via 35 5″-C-methylsisomicin B (36) is obtainable.
    Notes: Durch selektive Glycosidsynthesen mit dem Sisamin-Derivat 17 lassen sich modifizierte Sisomicine darstellen. Kupplung von 18 mit 17 liefert über 19 Sisomicin D (21). Aus 23 ist mit 17 über 25 Sisomicin B (26) und aus 34 mit 17 über 35 5″-C-Methyl-Sisomicin B (36) erhältlich.
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  • 83
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 660-672 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycarbonyl Compounds, XXXI1) Sulfur and Selenium Analogues of Phenyl Substituted Deltic Acid Anions and Their DerivativesTreatment of the vinamidinium chloride 6 with the hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide anion leads to the thio- and selenoamides 7 or 9, respectively, which are starting materials for the synthesis of novel C-3-pseudooxocarbons. They can be hydrolyzed in alkaline medium to the mixed oxo-thioxo-and oxo-selenoxocarbons 11 and 13, respectively, whereas sulfhydrolysis of 7 yields the thioxocarbon 15. All the new anions can be characterized by alkylation with methyl-iodide. Besides their spectral data, especially those from 13C-NMR measurements are discussed.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung des Vinamidinium-chlorids 6 mit Hydrogensulfid- oder -selenid-Anion als Nucleophil führt zu den Thio- bzw. Selenoamiden 7 bzw. 9, die als Edukte zur Synthese neuer, phenylsubstituierter C-3-Pseudooxokohlenstoffe dienen. Bei der alkalischen Hydrolyse entstehen gemischte Oxo-thioxo- bzw. Oxo-selenoxokohlenstoffe 11 bzw. 13, bei der Sulfhydrolyse Thioxokohlenstoffe 15, die durch Alkylierung mit Methyliodid charakterisiert werden. Daneben werden ihre spektroskopischen Daten, insbesondere aus 13C-NMR-Messungen, diskutiert.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 707-715 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleosides, XXXV1) Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity of Lumazine 5-Oxide RibosidesVarious lumazine-1-mono- and -1,3-diribosides (1-6) have been converted by H2O2-oxidation in trifluoroacetic acid nto the corresponding 5-oxides 7-12. Deacylation led to free 1-(β-D-ribo-furanosyl)lumazine 5-oxide (13) and its 6, 7-dimethyl- (14) and 6, 7-diphenyl derivative (15), respectively. Treatment of the acylated lumazine riboside 5-oxides 7, 11, and 12 with acetyl chloride in TFA yielded the corresponding 6-chloro derivatives 16-18. 17 was deblocked to 6-chloro-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)lumazine (19) and 11 showed an interesting reaction on treatment with methanolic HCL, forming 6-methoxy-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)lumazine (20).
    Notes: Verschiedene Lumazin-1-mono-und-1,3-diriboside (1-6) werden durch H2O2-Oxidation in Trifluoressigsäure in die entsprechenden 5-Oxide 7-12 übergeführt. Durch Deacylierung werden das freie 1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)lumazin-5-oxid (13) sowie sein 6,7-Di-phenyl-Derivat (15) gewonnen. Durch Behandlung der geschützten Lumazin-ribosid-5-oxide 7, 11 und 12 mit Acetylchlorid in Trifluoressigsäure entstehen die entsprechenden 6-Chlor-Derivate 16-18. 17 wird zu 6-Chlor-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)lumazin (19) entacetyliert, und 11 liefert mit methanolischer HCL 6-Methoxy-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)lumazin (20).
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 946-958 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Blocking of Primary or Secondary Hydroxyl Groups with Electroactive Protecting GroupsIn a diol such as 17, at first the primary OH-group is blocked with an electroactive protecting group (→ 18). Then the secondary OH-group is protected with a second group (→ 19), that is reduced at more negative potentials. Controlled potential electrolysis selectively deblocks the primary OH-group. As protecting groups the tritylone ( = 9,10-dihydro-10-oxo-9-phenyl-9-anthracenyl-) and 4-cyanobenzyl residue were suitable. With the help of a combination of these groups 1-dodecyloxy-3-octadecyloxy-2-propanol (27) was prepared starting with 1,2-O-isopropylideneglycerol (21).
    Notes: In Diolen wie 17 wird zunächst die primäre OH-Gruppe mit einer kathodisch abspaltbaren Schutzgruppen (→18), danach die sekundäre mit einer zweiten Gruppe geschützt (→ 19), die bei negativerem Potential abspaltbar ist. Potentiostatische Elektrolyse setzt nur die primäre Hydroxylgruppe frei. Als Schutzgruppen waren der Tritylon- (= 9,10-Dihydro-10-oxo-9-phenyl-9-anthracenyl-) und 4-Cyanbenzylrest geeignet. Mit Hilfe dieser Schutzgruppenkombination wurde 1-Dodecyloxy-3-octadecyloxy-2-propanol (27) ausgehend von 1,2-O-Isopropylidenglycerin (21) dargestellt.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 982-989 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemistry of cis-1,3-DivinylcyclobutaneThe title compound 7 is obtained by ozonolysis of bicyclo [2.1.1]hex-2-ene (5) and Wittig reaction of the dialdehyde 6. There was no intramolecular photo-cycloaddition observed by irradiation of 7 but rearrangement to cis-and trans-allylvinylcyclopropanes 10 and 11. With the esters 12-14 the light energy is wasted in cis-trans-isomerisations. In comparison, the cis-1,3-cyclopentane derivatives 16 and 17 give some [2+2] cycloaddition.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung 7 wird aus Bicyclo [2.1.1]hex-2-en (5) durch Ozonolyse und Wittig-Reaktion des Dialdehyds 6 hergestellt. Beim Belichten geht 7 keine intramolekulare Cycloaddition ein, vielmehr erfolgt Umlagerung zu cis-und trans-Allylvinylcyclopropan 10 und 11. Auch bei den entsprechenden Dicarbonsäureestern 12-14 wird die Anregungsenergie hauptsächlich zu cis-trans-Isomerisierungen verbraucht. Bei den ringhomologen cis-1,3-Cyclopentanderivaten 16 und 17 wird zum Vergleich sehr wohl photochemische [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition beobachtet.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 994-1003 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectroscopic Investigations on DivinylcyclobutanesThe He(I) photoelectron (PE) spectra of cis/trans-1,3-divinylcyclobutane (1,2), cis/trans-1,2-divinylcyclobutanes (3,4), as well as the alkyl-substituted 1,2-divinylcyclobutanes 5-7 have been recorded. The interpretation is based on semiempirical calculations (MINDO/3, MNDO) and calculations using a ZDO-model. In case of 1-4 we determined the conformation of lowest energy by optimization of all geometrical parameters. The orbital energies calculated for this conformation agree very well with the measured vertical ionization potentials.
    Notes: Die He(I)-Photoelektronen (PE)-Spektren von cis/trans-1,3-Divinylcyclobutan (1,2), cis/trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutan (3,4) sowie der alkylsubstituierten 1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 5-7 werden mit Hilfe semiempirischer Rechnungen (MINDO/3, MNDO) und eines ZDO-Modells interpretiert. Bei 1-4 wurde durch Geometrieoptimierung die anti-bisektierte Konformation in jedem Falle als die mit niedrigster Energie bestimmt. Die Orbitalenergien, die für diese Konformation berechnet werden, ergeben eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den gemessenen vertikalen Ionisationspotentialen.
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 774-786 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thiaziridine 1,1-Dioxides1)Experiments towards a 1,3-elimination of hydrogen halides from α-chlorosulfonamides, α-bromosulfonamides, andN-chlorosulfonamides did not yield isolable thiaziridine 1,1-dioxides 4. Therefore, at -78°C, the diazoalkanes 10 were allowed to react with N-sulfonylamines 14 generated in situ by hydrogen chloride elimination from sulfamoylchlorides with triethylamine. If the work-up temperature was kept below -30°C, from tert-alkyldiazomethanes and tert-alkylsulfamoyl-chlorides the 2,3-di-tert-alkylthiaziridine 1,1-dioxides 4f-i were obtained in 32-47% yield. They form colorless, thermally labile crystals. Their structure was based on IR, UV and 1H-NMR spectra as well as on the quantitative thermal decomposition into sulfur dioxide and aldimines. The disubstituted diasomethanes 23 reacted with tert-butylsulfonylamine affording, besides N-tert butylketimines (the decomposition products of intermediate trisubstituted thiaziridine 1,1-dioxides 21), tert-butylsulfinylamine 25 and ketones 26. The latter products presumably resulted from the cheletropic decomposition of the oxathiiranes 24.
    Notes: Da Versuche zur 1,3-Eliminierung von Halogenwasserstoff aus α-Chlorsulfonamiden, α-Brom-sulfonamiden oder N-Chlorsulfonamiden nicht zu isolierbaren Thiaziridin-1,1-dioxiden 4 führten, wurden bei -78°C Diazoalkane 10 mit N-Sulfonylaminen 14 umgesetzt, die durch Chlorwasserstoff-Eliminierung mit Triethylamin aus Sulfamoylchloriden 13 in situ erzeugt wurden. Unterhalb von -30°C erhielt man aus tert-Alkyldiazomethanen und tert-Alkylsulfamoylchloriden die 2,3-Di-tert-alkylthiaziridin-1,1-dioxide 4f-i in 32-47 proz. Ausbeute als farblose, thermisch labile Kristalle. Ihre Konstitution wurde durch IR,- UV- und 1H-NMR-Spektren sowie durch ihren quantitativen thermischen Zerfall in Schwelfeldioxid und Aldimin 9 gesichert. Disubstituierte Diazomethane 23 gaben mit tert-Butylsulfonylamin neben N-tert-Butylketiminen, den Zerfallsprodukten intermediärer, trisubstituierter Thiaziridin-1,1-dioxide 21, tert-Butylsulfinylamin 25 und Keton 26, die vermutlich durch cheletropen Zerfall von Oxathiiranen 24 entstanden.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Salts of S4N4O2 - Examples for the Dependence of the Structure of Cyclic Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds on the Electron DensityThe reaction of S4N4O2 with nucleophiles (alcoholates, alcohols, azides, and isocyanates) in alcoholic solution leads to the salts 1a-h. The Structure of 1h was determined by means of an X-ray analysis. 1h crystallizes in the space group P21/n and contains a transannular S—S-bond with 248.2 (2) pm. The structure of 1h is considered in connection with the increase of electron density and compared with the results of the X-ray analysis of CH3Si(NSN)3SiCH3 (2). 2 is cubic (space group P4132). The bicyclic molecule (S—N 150.4(2), Si—N 173.7 (2) pm) has approximate D3h symmetry and shows no S—S bonds across the rings.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von S4N4O2 mit Nucleophilen (Alkoholate, Alkohole, Azide und Isocyanate) in alkoholischem Medium führt zu den Salzen 1a-h. Für 1h wurde eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse durchgeführt. 1h kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/n und enthält eine transannulare S—S Bindung mit 248.2 (2) pm. Die Struktur von 1h wird im Zusammenhang mit der Zunahme der Elektronendichte betrachtet und mit den Ergebnissen der Röntgenstrukturanalyse von CH3Si(NSN)3SiCH3 (2) verglichen. 2 kristallisiert kubisch (Raumgruppe P4132). Das bicyclische Molekül (S—N 150.4 (2), Si—N 173.7 (2)pm) hat praktisch D3h Symmetrie und zeigt keine S—S-Bindungen im Ring.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal Alkyl and Aryl Compounds, XXVI1) On the Existence of Lithium Magnesium Methyl Compounds. The Crystal Structure of Bis[N, N, N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine)lithium] Tetra-μ-methylmagnesate, an Organometallic Compound with Lithium Methyl magnesium BridgesUsing the bidentate ligand N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda), the solvate-free compounds [Li(tmeda)Me3Mg]2 (2) and [Li(tmeda)]2Me4Mg (1) are prepared. The crystal structure of 1 has been determined (monoclinic space group P21/c). In the center of the molecule the Mg atom is coordinated tetrahedraly by four methyl groups. These form bridges to both Li atoms which in turn are linked to the chelating tmeda ligands.
    Notes: Mit dem zweizähnigen Liganden N, N, N′,N′-Tetramethylethylendiamin (tmeda) werden solvatfreies [Li(tmeda)Me3Mg]2 (2) und [Li(tmeda)]2Me4Mg (1) dargestellt. Die Struktur von 1 wurde röntgenographisch bestimmt (monokline Raumgruppe P21/c). Im Zentrum des Moleküls ist das Mg-Atom tetraedrisch von vier Methylgruppen umgeben. Diese bilden paarweise Brücken zu den beiden Li-Atomen, welche ihrerseits an die tmeda-Chelat-Liganden gebunden sind.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphonium Benzylides and Alkali [Phosphoniumbis(benzylides)]: Salt-free Ylides and Their Corresponding alkali ComplexesPhosphonium salts R2P(CH2C6H5)2 + Br- (with R = CH3, CH2C6H5, or C6H5) were prepared from phosphane precursors with benzyl bromide and converted into the corresponding ylides R2P(CH2C6H5) = CHC6H5 (3a-c). These ylides react with lithiumalkyls to form metalation products R2P(CHC6H5)2Li (4a-c), and with NaNH2 to form the analogous sodium complexes R2P(CHC6H5)2Na (5a-c). In spectroscopic investigations a coordinative interaction of the metal with two equivalent benzylide functions is detected. Delocalization of the carbanionic charge onto the ortho und para positions of the phenyl rings favours the complexation of the larger sodium cation. The corresponding ylide complexes of potassium are also available. - The crystal structure of the solvent-free potassium derivative of (CH3)2P(CH2C6H5) = CHC6H5 (6a) could be determined by X-ray diffraction. The lattice does not contain discrete complex molecules, but is rather to be described as a coordination polymer with the metals interacting preferentially with ylidic carbanions and the negativated ortho and para carbon atoms of the benzylide rings. Conductivity measurements are showing, however, that the metal remains attached to the ylide ligand in solution, and that no significant electrolytical dissociation occurs.
    Notes: Aus Phosphanvorstufen wurden mit Benzylbromid die Phosphoniumsalze R2P(CH2C6H5)2+Br- (mit R = CH3, CH2C6H5 oder C6H5) hergestellt und in die korrespondierenden Benzyl(benzyliden)phosphorane R2P(CH2C6H5) = CHC6H5 (3a-c) übergeführt. Diese Ylide ergeben mit Lithiumalkylen Metallierungsprodukte des typs R2P(CHC6H5)2Li (4a-c), mit NaNH2 die analogen Natriumkomplexe R2P(CHC6H5)2Na (5a-c). Spektroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen eine koordinative Wechselwirkung der Metallionen mit je zwei äquivalenten Benzylidfunktionen an. Die Delokalisierung der Carbanionladung auf die o- und p-Positionen des Phenylrings begünstigt dei Komplexierung des größeren Natriumions. Auch entsprechende Ylidkomplexe des Kaliums sind zugänglich. - Das Kaliumderivat von (CH3)2P(CH2C6H5) = CHC6H5 (6a) kristallisiert solvatfrei, seine Struktur wurde durch eine Röntgenbeugungsanalyse bestimmt. Das Gitter enthält keine diskreten Komplexmoleküle, sondern ist als Koordinationspolymeres zu beschreiben, in dem die Metallatome vorzugsweise Nahordnungswechselwirkungen mit den ylidischen Carbanionen sowie mit den negativierten o- und p-C-Atomen der Benzylidringe eingehen. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen zeigen jedoch, daß das Metall in Lösung an den Ylidliganden gebunden bleibt und keine nennenswerte elektrolytische Dissoziation eintritt.
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  • 92
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 699-706 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleosides, XXXIV1) Ribosylations of 5,6-Dihydro-6-oxolumazine and its 1,3-Dimethyl Derivative5,6-Dihydro-6-oxolumazine (1) and its 1,3-dimethyl derivative (2) have been ribosylated as their trimethylsilyl derivatives 9 and 3 with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose (8) under BF3-etherate catalysis. 2 leads to an anomeric mixture of 1,3-dimethyl-6-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-and -β-D-ribofuranosyloxy)lumazine (4,5) which have been separated chromatographically. Starting from 1 5,6-dihydro-6-oxo-1,3-bis(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)lumazine (10) was the main reaction product besides small amounts of the corresponding anomeric 6-O-α- and-β-triribosides 12 and 13.
    Notes: 5,6-Dihydro-6-oxolumazin (1) und sein 1,3-Dimethyl-Derivat (2) werden als Trimethylsilyl-Derivate 9 bzw. 3 mit 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose (8) unter BF3-Etherat-Katalyse ribosidiert. 2 ergibt ein Anomerengemisch aus 1,3-Dimethyl-6(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-und-β-D-ribofuranosyloxy)lumazin (4, 5), das chromatographisch getrennt wird. Aus 1 wird als Hauptprodukt 5,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-1,3-bis(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)lumazin (10) erhalten neben kleinen Mengen der entsprechenden anomeren 6-O-α- und -β-Tririboside 12 und 13.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 684-698 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Polychloro-1,3-butadienes and Polychlorobutenes with ThiolatesOn treatment of perchlorobutadiene (1), of the pentachlorobutadienes 10 and 18, or of the hexachlorobutenes 21, 25 and 32 with thiolates in DMSO a very fast and extensive replacement of chlorine is observed even at room temperatur. The reactions 1→7, 8, 10→11, 18→19, and 25, 32→30 lead to butadienes with five or four organylthio groups. Especially noticeable is the exclusive formation of the butatriene 4d from 1 and 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate. Products with less than four organylthio groups arise with thiolates in ethanol (1→2, 3, 10→14) and 21→22 exceptionally in DMSO. The sequence of reactions in the Cl→SR exchange cannot be verified. Dechlorination in the beginning is assumed. Further possible steps are pointed out.
    Notes: Bei der Behandlung des Perchlorbutadiens (1), der Pentachlorbutadiene 10 und 18 sowie der Hexachlorbutene 21,25 und 32 mit Thiolaten in DMSO beobachtet man einen sehr schnellen und weitgehenden Chloraustausch schon bei Raumtemperatur. Die Reaktionen 1 → 7, 8, 10 → 11, 18 → 19 und 25, 32 → 30 führen zu Butadienen mit fünf oder vier Organylthiogruppen. Besonders hervorhebenswert ist die ausschließliche Bildung des Butatriens 4d aus 1 mit 2-Methyl-2-propanthiolat. Produkte mit weniger als vier Organylthiogruppen entstehen mit Thiolaten in Ethanol (1→2, 3, 10→14) und 21→22 ausnahmsweise in DMSO. Die Aufeinanderfolge der den Cl→SR-Austausch bewirkenden Reaktionen ist nicht festlegbar. Es wird für wahrscheinlich gehalten, daß der Austausch mit einer Dechlorierung beginnt. Weitere mögliche Reaktionsschritte werden angedeutet.
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 757-773 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Chromones from CneoraceaeFrom Neochamaelea pulverulenta und Cneorum tricoccon the new and old chromones 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 20, and 24 have been isolated. Syntheses of the natural (18, 20) and synthetic chromones (29, 30, and 34-39) are described.
    Notes: Aus Neochamaelea Pulverulenta und Cneorum Tricoccon wurden bekannte und neue Chromone 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 20 und 24 isoliert. Synthesen der natürlichen Chromone 18, 20 und der künstlichen 29, 30 und 34-39 werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 2001-2018 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-formyl-4-aza-2,4-pentadienenitrile, Synthesis and Reactions with Nucleophiles3-Chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-formyl-4-aza-2,4-pentadienenitrile (7) is prepared by partial hydrolysis of the iminium perchlorate 1. In 7 the electrophilic centres (1, 3, 5) regioselectively react with secondary alkylamines, arylamines, and hydrazine derivatives to yield 3-amino-substituted formylazapentadienenitriles and (hydrazonomethyl)azapentadienenitriles. Intramolecular cyclisation leads to triazole betaines, pyrazoles, and 1,4-dihydropyrimidines.
    Notes: 3-Chlor-5-dimethylamino-2-formyl-4-aza-2,4-pentadiennitril (7) wird aus dem Iminiumperchlorat 1 durch partielle Hydrolyse hergestellt. In 7 können an den elektrophilen Zentren (1, 3, 5) mit sekundären Alkylaminen, Arylaminen und Hydrazinderivaten regioselektive Umsetzungen durchgeführt werden. Dabei entstehen 3-amino-substituierte Formylazapentadiennitrile und (Hydrazonomethyl)azapentadiennitrile sowie durch intramolekulare Cyclisierung Triazol-betaine, Pyrazole und 1,4-Dihydropyrimidine.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 2056-2063 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Isomeric 4-Amino-N-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinesMethylation of 4-amino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (2a) (neutral conditions) leads to a 1:1 mixture of N-1 (6a) and N-3 isomers (5a). The structural assignment was accomplished by Dimroth rearrangement of 5a yielding 2e. The isomer 6a is also obtained by desulfurisation of the thio derivative 4a; the latter predominates (3:1) in cyclisation of the pyrimidine derivative 3. Selective N-7 methylation of 2a or 2b was achieved by phase transfer methylation under alkaline conditions.
    Notes: Die Methylierung von 4-Amino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3,-d]pyrimidin (2a) führt im Neutralen zu einer 1: 1-Mischung der N-1-(6a) und N-3-Isomeren 5a). Die Konstitutionszuordnung erfolgte durch Dimroth-Umlagerung von 5a zu 2e. Das Isomer 6a kann auch durch Entschwefelung des Thioderivates 4a erhalten werden; letzteres überwiegt (3:1) bei der Cyclisierung des Pyrimidin-Derivates 3. Die selektive N-7-Methylierung von 2a bzw. 2b erfolgte durch Phasentransfermethylierung im alkalischen Medium.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 2064-2074 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbonyl Isocyanate IsothiocyanateA synthesis of carbonyl isocyanate isothiocyanate (1) is described. 1 reacts with H2O, H2S, or HCl to give the thiadiazines 3,6, and 14, resp. With one mol equivalent of alcohol the isothiocyanates 7 are obtained which form with further alcohol or amines compounds 8-10. With one mol equivalent of amine 1 gives the carbamoyl isothiocyanates 11 which form compounds 12 and 13 with further amine. Compound 1 can be chlorinated to carbonyl isocyanate isocyanide dichloride 18. Partial hydrolysis of 18 leads to carbamoyl isocyanide dichloride (19) yielding with aliphatic amines the stable carbamoyl carbodiimides 16. With alcohols 18 reacts to give the (dichloromethylene)allophanic esters 20.
    Notes: Es wird eine Synthese von Carbonyl-isocyanat-isothiocyanat (1) beschrieben. 1 reagiert mit H2O, H2S oder HCl zu den Thiadiazinen 3,6 und 14. Mit einem Moläquivalent Alkohol erhält man die Isothiocyanate 7, die mit weiterem Alkohol bzw. mit Aminen zu den Verbindungen 8-10 reagieren. Mit einem Moläquivalent Amin reagiert 1 zu den Carbamoyl-isothiocyanaten 11, aus denen mit weiterem Amin die Verbindungen 12 und 13 gebildet werden. 1 läßt sich zum Carbonyl-isocyanat-isocyaniddichlorid (18) chlorieren. Die partielle Hydrolyse von 18 führt zu Carbamoylisocyaniddichlorid (19), welches mit aliphatischen Aminen zu den stabilen Carbamoyl-carbodi-imiden 16 reagiert. Mit Alkoholen reagiert 18 zu den (Dichlormethylen)allophansäureestern 20.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 1206-1209 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure of a Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, a Product of the Reaction of 4-Benzoyl-5-phenyl-2,3-furandione with Aryl Isocyanates; A CorrectionThe structure of the title compound 3b was determined by means of X-ray structure analysis. The original version of the structure of the compound obtained from the reaction of 4-benzoyl-5-phenyl-2,3-furandione (1) with p-tolyl isocyanate was corrected in this way.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 1210-1215 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Applications of Phase Transfer Catalysis, 15. Phase Transfer Catalytic Preparation of Carbonic Esters Without the Use of PhosgeneCarbonic esters can be prepared in a phase-transfer catalytic reaction from primary alkyl halides and a mixture of dry potassium hydrogen carbonate and dry potassium carbonate in non-polar solvents. The conversion is ineffective inthe absence of hydrogen carbonate and catalyst.
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 1592-1599 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinyl-Benzyl-Isomerisierung und Elektrocyclisierungen bei Lithiumderivaten des o-Tolylstilbens(Z)-2-(2-Methylphenyl)-1,2-diphenylvinyllithium (1) lagert sich in THF-Lösung zu 1-[2-(Lithiomethyl)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethen (2) um. Die Benzyllithiumverbindung 2 kann hierbei zwar nicht direkt beobachtet werden, ist aber wegen ihrer unabhängigen Bildung bei der Metallierung von 1-[2-Ethoxymethyl)phenyl]- (5) und 1-(2-Methylphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethen (7) mit den gleichen Folgeprodukten zwangsläufige Zwischenstufe. 2 cyclisiert unter reversiblem Angriff auf den syn-ständigen Phenylkern zum Cyclohexadienid-Anion 3 mit siebengliedrigem Ring. 3 zeigt Koaleszenzphänomene im Protonenresonanzspektrum und isomerisiert bei thermodynamischem Reaktionsabschluß zum 1,2-Diphenyl-1-indanid-Anion 10.
    Notes: (Z)-2-(2-Methylphenyl)-1,2-diphenylvinyllithium (1) isomerizes in THF solution to give 1-[2-(lithiomethyl)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethene (2). Although 2 cannot be observed directly in this case, its intermediacy becomes evident from the independent preparation by metallation of 1-[2-(ethoxymethyl)phenyl]- (5) and 1-(2-methylphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (7), with formation of the same sequential products from all three sources. 2 cyclizes by reversible attack on the syn-phenyl group to give a cyclohexadienide anion 3 containing a seven-membered ring. 3 exhibits 1H NMR coalescence phenomena and rearranges under thermodynamic control to the 1,2-diphenyl-1-indanide anion 10.
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