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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (766)
  • 1970-1974  (862)
  • 1982  (766)
  • 1974  (862)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,454)
  • Electron microscopy  (174)
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (766)
  • 1970-1974  (862)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 564-569 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: lin. Polyethylene ; Single crystals ; Heat of Fusion ; DSC ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently published results for solution crystallized PE single crystals have shown, that the experimental heat of fusionΔH * is higher, if the solvent is exchanged to silicon oil (oil suspension samples) as compared with dried mats. This has been interpreted by the collapse of the original hollow pyramids during drying, inducing lateral defects within the lamellae. The present investigation does not confirm this unexpected result.ΔH * of dried mats (T c 66 to 91 °C) and of the corresponding oil suspension samples agree within the rather small limits of experimental error. The crystallinities as derived fromΔH *, density or WAXS are in excellent agreement. SEM micrographs of cold fractured dried mats show their spongy macromorphology, but TEM micrographs of stained ultra-thin sections reveal the lamellar morphology of the walls, consisting of curved lamellae and stacked hollow pyramides. If a dried mat is sintered at room temperature, a dense transparent film is obtained with a rather regular stacked morphology of large flat lamellae.ΔH * of these films agrees with that of the original mat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Prominentia spiralis cochleae ; Meerrettichperoxidase ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Inner ear spiral prominence ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Transport of macromolecules in the spiral prominence of the guinea pig was studied after perilymphatic and intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection. HRP was taken up by the spiral prominence epithelium from the perilymphatic space and in a much higher degree from the endolymphatic space. A highly endocytic ativity was shown by the stroma cells surrounding the spiral prominence vessel. HRP particles were stored in the cytoplasm within vesicles and vacuoles of different sizes and different contrasts. The mode of tracer storage in the spiral prominence epithelium and in the stroma cells from the morphological point of view suggests lysosomal digestion. HRP was transported from the perilymphatic space into the spiral prominence vessel lumen by means of vesicular transport through the vessel wall, while transport of the tracer from the vessel lumen into the perilymphatic space after intravenous injection was not observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach perilymphatischer und intravenöser Applikation von Meerrettichperoxidase wurde der Transport des Makromoleküls in der Prominentia spiralis des Meerschweinchens verfolgt. Die Tracer-Partikelchen wurden aus dem perilymphatischen Raum und vornehmlich jedoch aus dem Ductus cochlearis in das Oberflächenepithel der Prominentia spiralis aufgenommen. Die das Vas prominens umgebenden Stromazellen nahmen relativ viel Meerrettichperoxidase auf, die im Zytoplasma in unterschiedlich großen und unterschiedlich kontrastreichen Vesikeln und Vakuolen abgelagert wurde. Die Art der zytoplasmatischen Ablagerung des Tracers in den Epithelzellen und den Stromazellen spricht vom morphologischen Aspekt her für einen lysosomalen Abbau. Meerrettichperoxidase wurde von der Perilymphe in das Lumen des Vas prominens transportiert. Dieser Transport erfolgte vesikulär durch das Gefäßendothel. Ein Transport des Tracers in umgekehrter Richtung wurde nach intravenöser Applikation nicht beobachtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Menière's disease ; Vestibular nerve ; Vestibular ganglion ; Pathologic alterations ; Electron microscopy ; Morbus Menière ; Nervus vestibularis ; Ganglion vestibuli ; Pathologische Veränderungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vestibularisganglien von 17 Patienten mit einem Morbus Menière wurden nach transtemporaler oder translabyrinthärer Neurektomie elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Als Vergleichsmaterial dienten drei Ganglien, die bei anderer Indikation entnommen wurden und vier postmortale Entnahmen von Ohrgesunden. Bei allen Menière-Präparaten zeigten sich am Bindegewebe gleichartige pathologische Veränderungen von unterschiedlich starkem Ausmaß. Sie bestanden in einer Zunahme des Kollagens, wobei sowohl unterschiedliche Kaliber des Faserquerschnittes als auch Veränderungen der Periodizität der Querstreifung beobachtet wurden. Aktive Fibroblasten und reaktive Schwannsche Zellen, die isoliert lagen, keinem Axon zugeordnet waren und deren z. T. hirschgeweihförmig verzweigte, dünne Zellausläufer Kollagenbündel umhüllten, wurden als Zeichen einer noch ablaufenden Kollagenbildung gedeutet. Die Blutgefäße wiesen häufig eine Vervielfachung der Basalmembran auf, die von einem mehrfach breiteren Saum einer homogenen Matrix umgeben war. Die Perizyten waren oft entweder nekrotisch oder teilweise nicht mehr zu beobachten. Die Endothelzellen wiesen in der Regel kein aktives Zytoplasma auf. Sie erschienen teilweise autolytisch. Die pinozytotische Aktivität erwies sich als auffallend verringert. Diese qualitativen Veränderungen im interstitiellen Gewebe könnten auf ein primär lokales pathologisches Geschehen im Bereich des Nerven und des Ganglions hinweisen.
    Notes: Summary Vestibular ganglia of 17 patients with Menière's disease, obtained by transtemporal or translabyrinthine neurectomy, were studied by electron microscopy. Three ganglia removed because of other disease and four ganglia of normal ears taken post mortem served as controls. The neuronal fibrous tissue of Menière cases showed without exception pathologic changes of various extent. The amount of collagen was increased, whereby different fiber diameters were observed as well as changes in the periodicity of cross banding. Signs of continuing collagen formation were found: active fibroblasts and an increased number of isolated Schwann cells without axons, showing deerhorn-like ramifications which enveloped collagen bundles. The blood vessels were frequently surrounded by multiple basal membranes and broad bands of homogenous matrix. The pericytes were either necrotic or nonexistent. The endothelial cell cytoplasma was usually not in an active state. Sometimes it seemed to be autolytic. The pinocytotic activity was strikingly diminished. These qualitative changes of the interstitial tissue might point to a local pathologic event in the region of the vestibular nerve and ganglion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 399 (1982), S. 61-78 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chordoid sarcoma ; Chondrosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evaluation of a series of 12 chordoid sarcomas suggests that there is a wider range of histological features in this entity then previously appreciated. Six of the lesions had a typical tumor cell organization and a mixture of cellular and myxoid stromal components, while the remaining cases were atypical because of a more solid growth pattern. Four of the 12 cases, that included both typically myxoid and more cellular examples, had small foci with hyalinized stroma segragating individual or small groups of tumor cells with and without lacunar spaces. Two atypical cases revealed more extensive and obvious chondrocytic differentiation in recurrent or metastatic lesions and in one of these, the histological pattern was that of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Ultrastructural examination of three cases revealed fine structural features of both the tumor cell population and extracellular matrix compatible with chondrocytic differentiation. Results of light and electron microscopy of this series of chordoid sarcoma add further support for categorizing this tumor with other malignant chondrocytic neoplasms. It is probable that chordoid sarcoma and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma represent the same entity and that this lesion has a close histogenetic relationship to mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Electron microscopy ; Growth hormone ; Immunocytology ; Pituitary adenoma ; Thyroid-stimulating hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A pituitary adenoma removed by surgery from a 22-year-old man was studied by histology, immunocytology, transmission electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Clinically, the patient had acromegaly and euthyroidism with elevated blood GH concentrations. Blood TSH and T4 levels were within the normal range. Histologically, the adenoma was chromophobic and exhibited no PAS, lead hematoxylin, aldehyde thionin or Grimelius silver positivity. By the immunoperoxidase technique GH, β-TSH and α-subunit but no PRL, ACTH, α-endorphin, β-FSH or β-LH were demonstrated in the adenoma cells. Electron microscopy revealed adenoma cells which were similar to TSH cells and showed no resemblance to GH cells of nontumorous pituitaries or GH-secreting tumors. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated GH and β-TSH in the secretory granules. It is concluded that pituitary adenomas composed of TSH-like cells may secrete GH, resulting in acromegaly. Production of GH by adenomatous TSH cells cannot be explained on the basis of the one cell- one hormone theory. The question is raised whether bihormonal or multihormonal clones, capable of synthesizing more than one hormone, exist in the human pituitary. These cells are apparently dormant under normal conditions, but in the course of neoplastic transformation may undergo functional dedifferentiation and acquire the ability to produce two or more different hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy ; Electrolytes ; Silver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The significance of endothelial “silver lines” was studied by TEM in rat aortas after perfusion with glutaraldehyde followed by silver nitrate. Standard TEM technique proved unsatisfactory (coarse silver granules, imprecise localization, artefacts). Exposure of the silver-treated aortas to photographic fixer markedly improved the image of the deposits leaving fine, stable, uniform “residual granules” about 100 Å in diameter. Most of these granules were localized along the intercellular junctions; they also tended to pool in the basement membrane beneath each junction. This image suggests that the Ag+ ions pass through the junction, and react with its contents as well as with the basement membrane beyond it. A scheme is proposed to explain the reaction of Ag+ ions with anions and negatively charged radicals within the junction. It is concluded that the “silver lines” represent not only a histochemical effect, but also the visualization of a transendothelial electrolyte pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 181-199 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lung disease ; Electron microscopy ; Interstitial pneumonia ; Fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes the ultrastructural findings in 37 patients who underwent open lung biopsy which yielded diagnoses of fibrosing alveolitis. A spectrum of lesions are categorized for the capillary endothelium and its basement membrane, the interstitial space and its fibrocellular components, and the alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane. The findings typify the different pulmonary cellular reactions to injury. Evidence for cellular regeneration and death in both epithelial and endothelial cell populations include atypical epithelial cell proliferation, capillary basement membrane multilamination, decrease in capillary lumen size and prominent pericytic ensheathment of pulmonary capillaries. Within the interstitium of the lung, proliferation of collagen and elastic fibers are documented, but in addition, abundant myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are present. No ultrastructural evidence of immune complex deposition was found in this study. The morphologic findings of fibrosing alveolitis further support the widespread concept that the lung responds to various injuries in a similar manner and undergoes a common reparative response regardless of etiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Primary gallblader sarcoma ; Electron microscopy ; Histopathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six Swedish cases of primary sarcoma of the gallbladder from the period 1958–1973 and 1 case from 1975 were studied by light and electron microscopy. The literature was reviewed for the period after 1970. Ultrastructural features of sarcoma were investigated in order to exclude poorly differentiated carcinoma. One case was considered to be an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, three cases leiomyosarcoma and two were diagnosed as fibrosarcoma. One case, diagnosed as sarcoma of the gallbladder by light microscopy, was omitted because electron microscopical examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human malignant cells ; K-562 cell line ; Vascular arrest ; Endothelial attrition ; Extravasation ; Nude and lasat mice ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological aspects of the arrest and extravasation of malignant cells of human origin (K-562 cell line) in the lungs of athymic (nude) and asplenic-athymic (lasat) mice were studied by electron microscopy examination of serial sections. The specimens were obtained at sequential stages after the sc inoculation into newborn mice of 107 malignant cells. K-562 cells (105) were also injected iv into control groups of nude and lasat mice to assess the influence of the route of inoculation on the in vivo behavior of K-562 cells. Our results demonstrated that K-562 cells were arrested and proliferated within the pulmonary capillaries without the participation of platelets or fibrin. The neoplastic cells extravasated by attrition and penetration of the endothelium (rather than by diapedesis) and continued to proliferate in the interstitial tissue of the lung, developing into neoplastic nodules. Following iv injection, K-562 cells induced the formation of platelet-tumor cell aggregates within the pulmonary capillaries. However, under these conditions, the neoplastic cells did not adhere to the endothelium nor did they proliferate or extravasate. These aggregates were flushed out by the circulation, restoring the permeability of the capillaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Bladder neoplasms ; Measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bladder tissues from 3 groups of patients were examined, using the light and electron microscopes (LM and TEM). One group of patients had a history of well-differentiated papillary transitional cell carcinomas and specimens were taken from cystoscopically normal areas. In a second group frank papillary carcinoma was biopsied. Finally, patients with no history of urothelial tumours and a normal cystoscopic appearance were biopsied during investigations for various benign conditions and these served as controls. In tissues from the first two groups certain differences were seen when these were compared to the controls and the frequency of these was significant. Light microscopic examination of 0.5 μ toluidine blue stained sections revealed an increased number of immature, small dark cells in the superficial layer of the epithelium (P〈0.001). Electron microscopic examination showed that in place of the characteristic asymmetric unit membrane of mature superficial cells, the surface was frequently covered with microvilli and the junctional complexes were often atypical. There was an increased number of abnormalities in the basal lamina (P〈0.001). These features were seen in the absence of cystoscopic and light microscopic changes in three out of eight patients with a history of tumours. It is, therefore, suggested that these are the earliest detectable morphological abnormalities in the pre-neoplastic urothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ovarian tumor ; Hilus cell tumor ; Leydig cell tumor ; Virilism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of virilizing ovarian hilus cell tumor (Leydig-cell tumor) in a 37 year old female was studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of this rare and almost allways benign tumor are compared with those reported in the literature and with findings in normal and neoplastic interstitial cells of the testis. Tubulovesicular hyperplasia and formation of whorl structures of the endoplasmatic reticulum together with the presence of exocytosis vesicles on the cell surface may be the morphological manifestation of endocrine activity of the tumor. The identity of ultrastructural and optical diffraction characteristics of the crystal inclusions in both cells (hilar and testicular interstitial) favours the assumption of an homology of both cells and their neoplasms.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Biphasic synovial sarcoma ; Semitendinosus bursa ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In previous studies, the origin of synovial sarcoma directly from synovium has not been satisfactorily established. This case report describes the light and electron microscopic features of a biphasic synovial sarcoma occurring within the popliteal fossa. At surgery, a cystic mass was identified in relationship to the semitendinosus tendon at the anatomical site of the semitendinosus bursa. The tumour originated from the inner surface of the bursa as multiple papillary projections with no evidence of extension beyond the capsule of the bursa. Portions of the synovial surface were hyperplastic but otherwise normal. The findings indicate that biphasic synovial sarcoma can arise directly from synovium and support the hypothesis of a mesenchymal histogenesis for this tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 335-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bladder neoplasm ; Mesonephric origin ; Urethral diverticulum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of a rare tumor arising in a diverticulum of the urethra was studied. Light microscopy revealed the typical structures of mesonephric tumor with obvious infiltration of the muscularis. Electron microscopic appearance indicated that the tumor cells were immature and not totally characteristic of any tissue of origin. Apart from appearances suggesting rapid growth, cellular inclusions of various appearance were found.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Human ; Bladder urothelium ; Electron microscopy ; Hyperthermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly subjects treated by hyperthermic perfusions has shown that the tissue responds, sooner or later, in every instance by desquamation. There is no evidence of cell death prior to desquamation although various organelles undergo structural alterations. Mitochondria are especially prone to suffer varying degrees of damage. A short heat shock has revealed differences in the initial response of the thick and thin regions of bladder urothelium known to occur in elderly subjects. After a long, fractionated treatment, regeneration is evident within 3 daysof the end of treatment, and follow-up biopsies have revealed a hyperplastic urothelium within 10 to 12 weeks. The constituent cells show signs of cytodifferentiation at this time but it remains unknown when an ultrastructurally normal urothelium with characteristic cell layers will be restored. The various treatments in this study suggest that the stem cells in the epithelium are unaffected by the levels of hyperthermia employed and that their unimpaired proliferative capacity ensures regeneration of the urothelium.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle end-plates ; Porphyric neuropathy ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motor end-plates were studied in mice at various intervals after a single injection of a synthetic porphyrin, tetraphenylporphinesulfonate (TPPS). Ultrastructurally, excess accumulation of neurofilaments constituted the earliest abnormality. These were followed by atrophy of many nerve terminals and their separation from the postsynaptic area by interposed separation from the postsynaptic area by interposed Schwann cells. Five to 8 months after the injection some postsynaptic areas showed denervation and atrophy. These progressive changes in the nerve terminals were accompanied by secondary changes in the subneural apparatus. Morphometric analysis revealed marked atrophy of the end-plates and significant swelling of preterminal axons. The present findings are suggestive of partial denervation of muscle, occurring after the injection of a synthetic porphyrin.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Polyglucosan bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A cytochemical procedure for polysaccharides was carried out on a brain biopsy specimen, the thin-section study of which had shown excess glucogen granules and the corpora amylacea variety of polyglucosan bodies. Both granules and amyloid bodies were stained positively in contrast to the remaining structures of the brain tissue which remained unstained. This demonstrates that β-granules as well as filamentous and amorphous components of amyloid bodies are just different aspects of the polysaccharide molecule. Up to now the same kind of cytochemical evidence has been supplied for Lafora bodies of human material and Lafora-like bodies of rat material. The present study on corpora amylacea of human material shows that amyloid. Lafora, and Lafora-like bodies all behave the same way when stained for polysaccharides.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 146-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Spongiform changes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural study of the cortex of four patients with sporadic or familial AD, of two agematched controls without dementia, and of one normal pressure hydrocephalus, revealed in all the cases in the neuropil only occasional vacuoles which had a morphology similar to those observed in CJD. The degree of spongiform-like changes was, however, far less prominent than in CJD and considered mild in all the cases examined. Moreover, curled fragments of membranes within the vacuoles were not observed. It is suggested that the mild vacuolization of the neuropil occasionally observed in cortical biopsies of AD is a non-specific finding and cannot be considered a neuropathologic link between AD and CJD.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Central neuronal tumor ; Third ventricle tumor ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors report two cases of a rare tumor in adults which were inserted on the fornix and caused a frontal syndrome. By light microscopy, the tumors, highly calcified, were composed of small clear cells forming dense areas in a patchy fibrillary stroma. Electron microscopy revealed a striking neuronal differentiation with numerous synapses. These tumors, for which the term neurocytomas was proposed, were compared with the other CNS neuronal tumors described in the literature.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ; Electron microscopy ; Pectoral and psoas muscles ; Myofibrillar degeneration ; A band fragmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pectoral and psoas muscles from a 72-year-old man afflicted with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were processed at autopsy for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural analyses of the pectoral muscle showed myofibrils which exhibited Z line streaming and a general breakdown in the organization of the sarcomere. In addition, some of the myofibrils displayed sites of degeneration at the center of the A band. The changes in the psoas muscles which are distant from the primary myopathic loci of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy were more extensive than that seen in the pectoral muscle. Control tissues showed intact myofibrils and little postmortem alteration.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 23-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Electron microscopy ; Nerve endings ; Denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nerve endings in muscle spindles from lumbricalis muscles of the hindpaw of the rat were studied by electron microscopy from 10 h to 7 days after section of the sciatic nerve. No sensory endings were found after 5 days and no motor endings after 3 days. Early changes in sensory endings included accumulation of lamellar bodies, mitochondrial swelling or shrinkage, an edematous appearance of the cytoplasm and disruption of membranes. The predominant way of removal was phagocytosis by activated mesenchymal cells; other endings were incorporated into the sarcoplasm as electrondense bodies. Early changes in motor endings included aggregation or swelling of synaptic vesicles, swelling or shrinkage of mitochondria, edematous change of the cytoplasm and disruption of membranes. The predominant way of removal was incorporation into the cytoplasm of adjacent Schwann cells and degradation to phagolysosomes. Sites of removed sensory endings could be identified by basement membrane reduplication, while the intact subsynaptic apparatus of removed motor endings was either loosely covered by Schwann cell processes, or by fibrillar material, or appeared empty. The differences in the removal of motor and sensory endings are explained by the differences in their anatomic structure.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Radiation effects ; Nervous system ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were exposed to high-LET krypton (84Kr) ions at low (4.2 rad) and high (1,584 rad) doses and killed to assess acute (36 h post-exposure) and late (35 days post-exposure) effects in the brain by means of electron microscopy. The main findings were: (a) glycogen granules appeared in the neuroglial compartment 36 h after exposure to either dose and were no longer present in flies killed 35 days later, (b) neuronal alterations (swelling and membrane disruption) were observed 35 days after exposure to both doses, (c) changes in the neuroglia (electron-dense masses of concentrically arranged membranous structures) were seen 35 days after exposure. The data are discussed in relation to previous research in the fruit fly using argon (40Ar) charged particles and to other radiation studies performed in the mammalian brain with the view of using the insect brain as a model for detailed study of radiation effects on neurons, neuroglia, and the neuron-neuroglia unit.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano body ; Hepatic encephalopathy ; Oligodendroglia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inclusions, essentially identical to Hirano bodies, were observed in the substantia nigra, dentate nuclei, and frontal lobes in three autopsy cases of hepatic encephalopathy. Similar inclusions were not observed in these areas in nine controls. The inclusions were mainly seen in the inner loops of the myelinated fibers, between the myelin lamellae, and among degenerated myelin sheaths. The same inclusions were rarely observed in postsynaptic terminals.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Decompression sickness ; Hypertonic solutions ; Blood-brain barrier ; Blood-spinal cord barrier ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability of microvasculature in the cerebral cortex, neostriatum, and spinal cord to i. v. injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been investigated in rats following experimental compression to 6.1 bars (abs.) air for 90 min, and subsequent decompression to the ambient pressure in 1 min. For comparison, 1 ml of 2.0 M urea was injected into the right common carotid artery of rats during 15 s. After exposure to compression-decompression, under the light microscope focal leaky areas were found in all the regions examined. The leakage was most prominent in the grey matter of the spinal cord, and the cerebral cortex. In decompressed rats, arterioles were most often the site of peroxidase extravasation, whereas extravasation of HRP was less frequently displayed by capillaries and venules. In urea-treated rats, capillaries and venules frequently displayed extravasation of HRP as well. Parenchymal cells accumulated the trace adjacent to the leaky areas. Under the electron microscope, the extravasation of HRP was associated with peroxidase-containing pleomorphic vesicular structures in the endothelium, both in decompressed and urea-injected rats. Moreover, in contrast to decompressed rats, the junctions between endothelial cells were penetrated by the trace in urea-treated rats. Accordingly, the results indicate that during decompression sickness the pathway for the extravasation of proteins is through vesicular transfer, whereas the injection of hyperosmolar urea induces extravasation, both through vesicular transfer and junctions between the endothelial cells.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Paraplegia ; Complete spinal cord lesion ; Histopatology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsies of the rectus femoris muscle of 22 paraplegic patients with complete acute spinal cord transection due to trauma were taken for enzyme-histochemical and electron-microscopic studies in successive stages starting from the occurrence of the accident (1–17 months). Ingravescent muscular atrophy was demonstrated with a progressive decrease in the fiber diameter and changes in the fiber type distribution with predominant type II atrophy in the first stage and type I atrophy in the later stage of the cord transection. Muscular “neurogenic” changes, such as angular dark atrophic fibers, targetoid fibers, and type predominance are frequently observed. Myopathic alterations are observed in a low percentage in the later stages of the lesion. The ultrastructural findings are characterized by myofibrillar alterations and by dilatation and proliferative phenomena of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system. There are ingravescent accumulation of lipid, interstitial fibrosis and microcirculatory alterations. The possible mechanism of “central” muscle atrophy is reviewed and discussed with reference to the morphological findings.
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  • 25
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    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 19-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Human kidney ; Nephron development ; Distal segments ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural development of the human distal nephron was studied in fetuses 14–18 weeks of gestational age. The three-dimensional course of the nephrons was traced in serial semi-thin sections. Single semi-thin sections containing defined distal nephron segments were then reembedded, thin-sectioned and analyzed by electron microscopy. In stage I (renal vesicle) and stage II (S-shaped body) epithelial cells were essentially similar in ultrastructure. In stage III there were only minor variations in cell ultrastructure between distal nephron segments, but distinct differences were observed between proximal and distal tubule cells, the former being the most differentiated. The segments which are present in nephrons of adult kidneys could be identified in stage IV and some ultrastructural differences recognized between the cells. However, the amplification of the baso-lateral membrane, which is prominent in iontransporting mature distal segments, was almost absent and the baso-lateral membrane area per unit tubule length was similar in all distal segments. Intercalated cells were present towards the end of the distal convoluted and in the connecting tubule in stage IV but the ampulla of the collecting tubule was composed of cells with a uniform ultrastructure. Cell ultrastructure varied again to some extent in the collecting tubule. The present observations demonstrate that distal nephron segments in the human kidney are structurally undifferentiated in the early fetal development and suggest that they only to a limited extent are capable of modifying the composition of the tubular fluid.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Multiple myeloma ; Immunoglobulin ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent antibody technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using our electron microscopic method for polysome analysis and an immunofluorescent technique we studied Ig production and secretion by tumor cells in seven BJP myeloma patients and seven “nonsecretory” myeloma patients. In BJP myeloma Ig production and secretion is of three types: Type 1, only L-chains are synthesized and secreted; Type 2, the myeloma cells show fluorescence for H-chains, but upon polysome analysis there is no peak at polysomes corresponding to H-chain production; Type 3, the myeloma cells show fluorescence for H-chains, and polysome analysis shows two peaks corresponding to L- and H-chain production. Polysome analysis of “nonsecretory” myelomas show the presence of only very few membrane-bound polysomes and their distribution curves are entirely different from those of “ordinary” myeloma. Furthermore, the distribution patterns vary among seven cases. Results obtained by polysome analysis and immunofluorescent technique suggest that the “nonsecretory” myeloma could be divided into several subtypes.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 250-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Chronic alcoholism ; Tubular aggregates ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of tubular aggregates (TA) in type II muscle fibers in two of 20 alcoholic patients with chronic liver disease, and with no apparent neuromuscular disorder, is reported. The localization, histochemical reactions, and ultrastructural features of the TA are similar to those previously described in other conditions. In one of the two cases TA were demonstrated by E/M observations only and not by histochemistry. No correlations were found between the biochemical changes and the presence of tubular aggregates. We believe that TA are long-standing structures since the muscle biopsies were performed 12 and 13 days after the ingestion of alcohol had been discontinued. They may represent a non-specific response of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to compensate for the deficient calcium uptake reported in alcoholic patients.
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  • 28
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    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral vessels ; Telencephalon ; Looptail mutant mouse ; Pathogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral capillaries in the telencephalon of normal (+/+;Lp/+)_and abnormal (Lp/Lp) loop-tail mutant mice were studied chronologically by means of electron microscopy at stages ranging from 15 through 18 days of gestation. In the abnormal tissue, neural rosettes were common, and cellular material and red blood cells were often contained within the lumen of the rosettes. The endothelial cells of telencephalic blood vessels in the abnormal brains showed a persistence of cellular projections, subluminal vacuoles, and swollen mitochondria beyond the stage when these features ordinarily disappear in normal embryonic cerebral vessels. The endothelial cells in the abnormal brains also failed to become fully invested with pericytes, and red blood cells gradually infiltrated the neural tissue, particularly in subependymal regions, at 16–18 days of gestation.
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  • 29
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    Archives of dermatological research 274 (1982), S. 373-375 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Merkel cell ; PUVA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 30
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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  • 31
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1982), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ; Liver ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Female NMRI mice aged 9–12 weeks were each given a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of a suspension containing either the total extracts or the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction of airborne particles. Both the total extracts and PAH fractions contain 3 Vg benzopyrene. After about 15 months the livers were removed from the animals, which had by that time developed tumors at the injection site, and were subjected to ectronmicroscopical study. The essential alterations were observed in the nucleoli and the cell nuclei, which had greatly proliferated and exhibited irregular nuclear membranes. Advanced fibrosis was observed in central liver specimens of all groups. Marked alterations were also observed in the mitochondria and the mitochondria) cristae as well as in the bile canaliculi. Intracytoplasmic glycogen usually occurred densely clustered along the periphery of the cell. It may be concluded from the observations that both the total extract of atmospheric suspended particulate matter and the PAH fraction cause hematogenic damage to the liver following subcutaneous injection, a finding which cannot be interpreted as metastatic carcinoma.
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  • 32
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 104 (1982), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Ewing's sarcoma ; Type IV collagen ; Factor-VIII-associated protein ; Endothelial differentiation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six cases of Ewing's sarcoma were investigated by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. A layer of basement membrane-like deposits was found between typical principal and secondary tumor cells. To clarify the nature of these ultrastructural deposits, antibodies against collagen type IV were applied to frozen sections of corresponding tumor tissue. This reaction revealed type IV collagen as a regular component of basement membranes in nonneoplastic tumor capillaries, but it was equally able to localize collagen type IV between single tumor cells in capillary-free areas. With the same method, factor-VIII-associated protein, predominantly found in endothelial cells, could be demonstrated in some tumor cells. These results demonstrate that, in addition to anaplastic cells, some tumor cells are found in Ewing's sarcoma that share certain differentiating features with the endothelial cell.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Lymphocytes ; Metabolic disorders ; Inclusions ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural examination of peripheral lymphocytes was performed in 28 cases of various lysosomal diseases, including infantile, late infantile and juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL), mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), juvenile and adult metachromatic leukodystrophies (MLD), GM1-gangliosidosis, one patient with presumed mucolipidosis type IV, mucolipidosis type III, and glycogenosis type II. Based on our own observations on the ultrastructure of lymphocytes in lysosomal disorders, our results may be divided into the following 3 groups: 1. pathological findings with specific inclusions: each type of NCL, presumed mucolipidosis type IV, glycogenosis type II; 2. pathological findings with vacuoles: types I-H, II, III-A and III-B, IV, VI-A and VI-B of MPS, GM1-gangliosidosis; 3. apparently no pathological findings: juvenile and adult MLD, mucolipidosis type III, GM2-gangliosidosis, Gaucher disease. These results led us to conclude that morphological investigations utilizing lymphocytes do not always offer sufficient diagnostic information although easy accessibility favors diagnostic ultrastructural studies of lymphocytes. Such morphological studies should be supplemented by diagnostic biochemical methods.
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  • 34
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Calcofluor White ; Cell wall structure ; Chlorella ; Electron microscopy ; Protoplast ; Ruthenium Red
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among 12 strains ofChlorella ellipsoidea, C. vulgaris, andC. saccharophila tested, 4 strains (1,C. ellpsoidea; 2,C. vulgaris; 1,C. saccharophila) formed osmotically labile protoplasts after treatment with mixtures of polysaccharide degrading enzymes. The relationship between enzymatical digestibility and structure or composition ofChlorella cell walls were studied by electron microscopy and staining techniques with some specific dyes. The cell wall structures of the 12Chlorella strains were grouped into three types: (1) with a trilaminar outer layer, (2) with a thin outer monolayer, and (3) without an outer layer. Protoplasts were formed only from the strains with a cell wall of Type 2. In the strains with a cell wall of Type 1, the outer layer protected the inner major microfibrillar layer against enzymatic digestion. The cell wall of Type 3 was totally resistant to the enzymes; the chemical composition of the cell wall would be somewhat different from that of other types.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Thylakoid centers ; Photosynthetic membranes/thylakoids ; Membranes ; Membrane biogenesis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of four cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Dermocarpa violaceae, Gleocapsa alpicola, Pleurocapsa minor) indicates the presence of previously undescribed thylakoid centers from which photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) radiate. These peripherally located thylakoid centers are cylinders 30 nm wide by 320 nm long, consisting of globular subunits oriented in nonparallel stacked arrays. Thylakoids are attached to the outer surface of the cylinder along its longitudinal axis. Thylakoid centers appear to be functionally significant due to their structure, location and thylakoid association.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Wall degradation ; Lysozyme ; Autolysines ; Electron microscopy ; Staphylococcus aureus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to former findings lysozyme was able to attack the cell walls ofStaphylococcus aureus under acid conditions. However, experiments with14C-labelled cell walls and ribonuclease indicated that, under these conditions, lysozyme acted less as an muralytic enzyme but more as an activator of pre-existing autolytic wall enzymes. Electron microscopic studies showed that under these acid conditions the cell walls were degraded by a new mechanism (i.e. “attack from the inside”). This attack on the cell wall started asymmetrically within the region of the cross wall and induced the formation of periodically arranged lytic sites between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper. Subsequently, a gap between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane resulted and large cell wall segments became detached and suspended in the medium. The sequence of lytic events corresponded to processes known to take place during wall regeneration and wall formation. In the final stage of lysozyme action at pH 5 no cell debris but “stabilized protoplasts” were to be seen without detectable alterations of the primary shape of the cells. At the same time long extended ribbon-like structures appeared outside the bacteria. The origin as well as the chemical nature of this material is discussed. Furthermore, immunological implications are considered.
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  • 37
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    International orthopaedics 6 (1982), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Keywords: Osteosarcoma ; Electron microscopy ; Acid phosphate ; Alkaline phosphate ; Bone tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La morphologie de 26 sarcomes ostéogéniques a été étudiée par microscopie électronique et la localisation des phosphatases acide et alcaline a pu être précisée au niveau ultrastructural. Quatre différents types de cellules ont été mis en évidence dans les tumeurs: cellules d'aspect ostéoblastique, fibroblastique et chondroblastique, ainsi que des cellules géantes multinuclées. Les cellules d'aspect ostéoblastique étaient présentes dans presque toutes les tumeurs étudiées. Une activité phosphatasique acide a été trouvée dans les lysosomes de toutes les cellules étudiées. Une activité phosphatasique alcaline a été observée dans — ou sur — la membrane plasmatique et dans les vésicules associées des cellules d'aspect ostéoblastique et fibroblastique ainsi que des cellules géantes. L'abondance des produits de réaction de la phosphatase alcaline contrastant avec une faible activité phosphatasique acide est en accord avec la nature de cette tumeur ostéogénique. Les résultats de l'étude histochimique ont aidé à comprendre la pathobiologie des différentes cellules qui constituent les sarcomes ostéogéniques.
    Notes: Summary The morphology of 26 cases of osteogenic sarcoma was studied using electron microscopic techniques, and the localization of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity at the ultrastructural level elucidated. Four different cells were present in the tumours: osteoblast-like, fibroblast-like, chondroblast-like, and multinucleated giant cells. The osteoblast-like cell was present in most of the tumours studied. Acid phosphatase activity was present in lysosome-like structures of almost all the cell-types studied. Alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in or on the plasma membranes and associated vesicles of osteoblast-like, fibroblast-like, and multinucleated giant cells. The abundant reaction product deposition of alkaline phosphatase as compared with the lower acid phosphatase activity is in agreement with the nature of this bone-forming tumour. The results of the histochemical studies have added to the understanding of the pathobiology of the different cells composing osteogenic sarcomas.
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  • 38
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    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 206-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Sensilla ; Chemoreceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antennal sensilla inI. typographus are almost exclusively confined to the flattened terminal flagellar segment. The sensillar types have distinct distribution patterns in the three areas where they are found. Judging from the ultrastructural characteristics the following functions can be assigned to the sensillar types: chemoreception, single-walled and double-walled sensilla; chemoreception/mechanoreception, terminal-pore sensillum. Moreover there are two types of mechanoreceptors, one of which is connected to a bristle, whereas the other terminates within the cuticle of the flagellar segment.
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  • 39
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 217-228 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Ethacrynic acid ; Spiral prominence ; Electron microscopy ; Ethacrynsäure ; Prominentia spiralis cochleae ; Elek tronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einmaliger intravenöser Ethacrynsäure-Applikation (40 mg/kg Körpergewicht) wurden die ultastrukturellen Veränderungen in der Prominentia spiralis der Meerschweinchenschnecke nach Einwirkungszeiten zwischen 5 und 90 min untersucht. Nach einer initialen Schwellung der den Endolymphraum begrenzenden Epithelzellen entwickelte sich ein interzelluläres Ödem und eine ausgeprägte Schrumpfung der das Vas prominens umgebenden Stromazellen mit nachfolgender Erweiterung des Perivascularraumes. Während die Veränderungen in der Stria vascularis und der Prominentia spiralis im zeitlichen Verlauf sich weitgehend identisch entwickelten, setzte die Rückbildung zur normalen Ultrastruktur in der Prominentia spiralis früher ein.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the guinea pig spiral prominence were studied at various times after a single intravenous injection of ethacrynic acid (40 mg/kg body-weight). Initial swelling of endolymph-facing epithelial cells was followed by dilatation of the intercellular spaces and marked shrinkage of the stroma cells surrounding the spiral prominence vessel. While the changes in the stria vascularis and the spiral prominence progressed at about the same pace, the regression to normal ultrastructure set in earlier in the spiral prominence.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 3-Oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-2-carbonitriles from γ-Bromo-β-oxonitriles and Furan via [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of 1-Cyanoallylium-2-olatesSome γ-bromo-β-oxonitriles 3 react with furan in the presence of silver oxide to form stereoselectively the title compounds 7. Satisfying yields are obtained only with those bromides 3, whose γ-carbon ist tertiary or which are monoalkylated both at the α- and γ-carbon atoms. The results are explained by a [4 + 3] cycloaddition of 1-cyanoallylium-2-olate intermediates (14) to the 1,3-diene system of the furan. With cyclic γ-bromo-β-oxonitriles (6) two types of cycloadducts were observed: 3-bromo-3-methyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (6b) and 3-bromo-2-oxocyclododecanecarbonitrile (6d) form the tricyclic [4 + 3] cycloadducts 10b and d, analogs of the bicyclic adducts 7. With 3-bromo-2-oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (6a) and 3-bromo-5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (6e), however, the carbonyl oxygen is connected with an α-carbon of the furan to give the tricyclic [3 + 2] cycloadducts 12Aa and Ae. The structure of endo-2,endo-4-dimethyl-3-oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-exo-2-carbonitrile (7eα) was determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Verschiedene γ-Brom-β-oxonitrile 3 reagieren in Gegenwart von Silberoxid mit Furan stereoselektiv zu den Titelverbindungen 7. Befriedigende Ausbeuten werden nur mit solchen Bromiden 3 erhalten, deren γ-Kohlenstoff tertiär ist oder die sowohl am α- als auch γ-Kohlenstoff monoalkyliert sind (3c, e-h). Die Befunde werden durch eine [4 + 3]-Cycloaddition von intermediären 1-Cyanallylium-2-olaten (14) an das 1,3-Dien-System des Furans erklärt. Mit cyclischen γ-Brom-β-oxonitrilen (6) wurden zwei Typen von Cycloaddukten beobachtet: 3-Brom-3-methyl-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6b) und 3-Brom-2-oxocyclododecancarbonitril (6d) reagieren zu den tricyclischen [4 + 3]-Cycloaddukten 10b und d, Analoga der Bicyclen 7. Bei 3-Brom-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6a) und 3-Brom-5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6e) wurde jedoch der Carbonyl-Sauerstoff mit einem α-Kohlenstoffatom des Furans verknüpft, wobei die tricyclischen [3 + 2]-Cycloaddukte 12Aa und Ae entstanden. Die Struktur von endo-2,endo-4-Dimetyl-3-oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-exo-2-carbonitril (7eα) wurde durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal-π-Complexes of Benzene Derivatives, XV. Bis(η6-naphthalene)chromium(0): X-Ray Structure Determination and Investigation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyBis(η6-naphthalene)chromium(0) (2) crystallizes in the space group P21/n with two molecules in the unit cell. The ligands in individual molecules of 2 are syn-oriented. The implied presence of a center of symmetry in 2 is caused by disorder that consists in the statistical occupation by chromium atoms of two equivalent sites between the six membered ring of pairs of parallel naphthalene ligands. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 2 are analysed and the spectroscopic parameters are discussed with reference to the respective data of free naphthalene as well as other (η-naphthalene)metal complexes.
    Notes: Bis(η6-naphthalin)chrom(0) (2) kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit zwei Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Die Liganden in individuellen Molekülen von 2 nehmen dabei eine syn-Anordnung ein. Das Vorliegen eines Symmetriezentrums in 2 wird durch eine Fehlordnung vorgetäuscht, die darin besteht, daß in Paaren parallel angeordneter Naphthalin-Liganden linke und rechte Lücken zwischen den Sechsringen statistisch mit Chromatomen besetzt sind. Die 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren von 2 werden analysiert, und die spektroskopischen Parameter werden im Vergleich mit entsprechenden Daten des freien Naphthalins sowie anderer (η-Naphthalin)metall-Komplexe diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 393-395 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Refinement of the Crystal Structure of (Ethylenediamine)zinc(II) Benzohydroxamate Hydrate, ZnC23H29N5O7The already known structure1) of the title compound has been refined and slightly corrected from new data.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 43
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 44
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3904-3907 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of Allylidenephosphoranes with Heterocumulenes, II. New Syntheses of 1,2,4-Pentatrienes and 2-Pentene-1,5-dionesCinnamylidenetriphenylphosphorane (2a) undergoes Wittig reaction with ketenes to afford monomeric and dimeric 1,2,4-pentatrienes 4 and 5, resp. 4b reacts further with an excess of ketene via a [2 + 2]-cycloaddition, whereby the 3-styryl-1-naphthyl diphenylacetate 12 is formed. In contrast, with the α-phenylsubstituted phosphorane 2b, instead of the Wittig reaction addition of ketene takes place at both the α- and the γ-positions. The 1,3-diacyl-3-triphenylphosphonio-1-propen-3-enolate 6 readily hydrolyzes to the 2-pentene-1,5-dione 9.
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  • 45
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2668-2673 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, 127. Hexamethylborazine-Gallium Trichloride: Structure in Solution and in the Solid StateHexamethylborazine forms a 1:1 adduct 1 with gallium trichloride. It is isostructural with hexamethylborazine-aluminium tribromide. The BN heterocycle is no longer planer, and the molecule adapts almost Cs symmetry and contains a tetracoordinated nitrogen atom. 1 shows fluctional behavior in toluene solution at room temperature. The coordinated GaCl3 will no longer change its coordination site at T 〈 220 K (two signals each for the CH3N-and CH3B-protons). However, at T 〈 195 K an additional splitting of the signals is observed - three signals for each type of CH3 groups: this would be consistent with a pentacoordinated gallium atom and a bidentate borazine ligand.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 47
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2679-2681 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of Cyclic Nitrones from Heterocyclic N-(Benzyloxy)aminesTreatment of heterocyclic N-(benzyloxy)amines 1 with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution in acetic acid enables the preparation of 7-membered cyclic nitrones in respectable yields. This one-pot procedure offers some advantages compared with conventional routes.
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  • 48
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2674-2678 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vinyl Carbanions, 13. Convenient Synthesis of Oxaloacetic Acid DerivativesThe vinyllithium derivatives 2a, b and 9a, b, obtained by direct lithiation of the functionally substituted acrylic acid derivatives 1a, b and 8a, b, respectively, react with heterocumulenes A-E such as phenyl isocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate, and carbon dioxide to give derivatives of oxaloacetic acid. In a single step reaction the oxaloacetic acid monoester 6a and monoamide 6b were synthesized.
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  • 49
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2683-2696 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a [3]-PrecatenaneStarting from the previously synthesised compound 9a, the cyclophane 13 is prepared. Acetalisation with 1,25-dichloro-13-pentacosanone followed by nitration and reduction afforded the diamine 16. By cyclization of this compound in isoamyl alcohol with sodium carbonate and sodium iodide under high dilution conditions the monomeric products 17, 18, and 19 are obtained in yields of 5.0, 2.4, and 0.1%, respectively. On the basis of mass, 13C and 1H NMR spectra the structures of these compounds are discussed. The attempted transformation of the [3]-precatenane 17 into the [3]-catenane 24 gives a mixture of products among which 24 could not be identified with certainty.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der bereits früher hergestellten Verbindung 9a wird das Cyclophan 13 synthetisiert. Durch dessen Acetalisierung mit 1,25-Dichlor-13-pentacosanon, nachfolgende Nitrierung und Reduktion wird das Diamin 16 erhalten. Dessen Cyclisierung in Isoamylalkohol in Gegenwart von Natriumcarbonat und Natriumiodid unter Verdünnungsbedingungen ergibt die monomeren Cyclisierungsprodukte 17, 18 und 19 in Ausbeuten von 5.0, 2.4 und 0.1%. Die Struktur dieser Verbindungen wird anhand der Massen-, 13C-und 1H-NMR-Spektren diskutiert. Die versuchte Umwandlung des [3]-Praecatenans 17 in das [3]-Catenan 24 führt zu einem Produktgemisch, in dem 24 nicht mit Sicherheit identifiziert werden konnte.
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  • 50
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2697-2706 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ozonolysis of Symmetrically 1,2-Disubstituted Ethylenes in HCl/Methanol Solutions: Acid Catalyzed Reactions of Primary Cleavage ProductsThe ozonolysis of olefins in 1 M anhydrous solutions of hydrogen chloride in methanol at ≤ 0°C was investigated. Upon warm-up of the ozonolysis products, the peroxidic primary fragmentation products were converted into non-peroxidic end-products by HCl-catalyzed reactions. Cyclopentene (1a) and cyclohexene (1b), e.g., afforded mixtures of the corresponding α,ω-dialdehyde-bis(dimethyl acetals) (8), dimethyl α,ω-dicarboxylates (9), and methyl ω-aldehyde dimethyl acetal carboxylates (10). Norbornene (1c) gave a mixture of the correspondingly substituted 1,3-cyclopentane compounds (8c-10c), phenanthrene (22) gave a mixture of methyl 2′-formyl-2-biphenyl-carboxylate (24a), 2,2′-biphenyldicarbaldehyde (24b), and dimethyl 2,2′-biphenyldicarboxylate (24c). A reaction scheme was advanced for the rationalization of the types and the distribution of the products. It was partly substantiated by model reactions.
    Notes: Die Ozonolyse von Olefinen in wasserfreien 1 M Lösungen von Chlorwasserstoff in Methanol bei ≤ 0°C wurde untersucht. Beim Erwärmen der Ozonolyseprodukte traten HCI-katalysierte Folgereaktionen ein, in deren Verlauf die peroxidischen Primärspaltprodukte in peroxidfreie Endprodukte umgewandelt wurden. Z. B. lieferten Cyclopenten (1a) und Cyclohexen (1b) Gemische der entsprechenden α,ω-Dialdehyd-bis(dimethylacetale) (8), α,ω-Dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (9) und ω-Aldehyd-dimethylacetal-carbonsäure-methylester (10). Norbornen (1c) ergab ein Gemisch der entsprechend substituierten 1,3-Cyclopentanverbindungen (8c-10c), Phenanthren (22) ein Gemisch von 2′-Formyl-2-biphenylcarbonsäure-methylester (24a), 2,2′-Biphenyldicarbaldehyd (24b) und 2,2′-Biphenyldicarbonsäure-dimethylester (24c). Für die Entstehungsweise und die Verteilung der Produkte wurde ein Reaktionsweg formuliert, welcher z. T. durch Modellreaktionen bestätigt wurde.
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  • 51
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1755-1764 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triarylmethyl Systems, III. Synthesis of α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophanesAs triarylmethyl systems with unusual sterical orientation of the aryl rings α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes with n = 5-8 (1a-d, 8a,b) were synthesized via the corresponding dithia[1.(n + 2)]-paracyclophanes (2a-d, 6a,b) and the disulfones (3a-d, 7a,b) derived therefrom. The sterical situation in these α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes is discussed, especially on the basis of 1H NMR data.
    Notes: Als Triarylmethyl-Systeme mit ungewöhnlicher räumlicher Orientierung der Aryl-Ringe wurden α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophane mit n = 5-8 (1a-d, 8a,b) über die entsprechenden Dithia-[1.(n + 2)]paracyclophane (2a-d, 6a,b) und die davon abgeleiteten Disulfone (3a-d, 7a,b) dargestellt. Die sterischen Verhältnisse dieser α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophane werden, besonders anhand von 1H-NMR-Spektren, diskutiert.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Desulfurization Reactions with Iron Carbonyl Compounds: Carbonyl(dioxolanylidene)iron Complexes from ThionocarbonatesDesulfurizations of thionocarbonates 3 with Fe(CO)5 and Fe2(CO)9 yield tetracarbonyl(dioxolanylidene)iron(0) complexes 4 and olefins 2 under thermal conditions. Photochemical conditions lead to 4 and cluster compounds with the formula Fe3(CO)9S(dioxolanylidene) (5). In all reactions Fe3(CO)9S2 (6) was also isolated. The carbene complexes are characterized spectroscopically. An X-ray structure analysis of the tetracarbonyliron carbene complex 4j shows the dioxolanylidene ligand in the axial position of a distorted trigonal bipyramid. (Dioxolanylidene)iron(0) complexes are „ylides with inverse bond polarizations“ (15).
    Notes: Die Desulfurierung von Thionocarbonaten 3 mit Fe(CO)5 und Fe2(CO)9 gibt je nach Energiequelle unterschiedliche Reaktionsprodukte. Bei der thermischen Reaktion (105°C, Toluol) entstehen Tetracarbonyl(dioxolanyliden)eisen(0)-Komplexe 4 und Olefine 2. Durch Bestrahlung entsteht ebenfalls 4, außerdem werden Clusterverbindungen der Zusammensetzung Fe3(CO)9S(dioxolanyliden) (5) isoliert. Bei allen Reaktionen wird außerdem Fe3(CO)9S2 (6) gebildet. Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 4j zeigte den Dioxolanyliden-Liganden in der axialen Position einer trigonalen Bipyramide. (Dioxolanyliden)eisen(0)-Verbindungen sind „Ylide mit inverser Bindungspolarisation“ (15).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1810-1817 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Reagents, XX. (Triphenylstannyl)methyllithium and Analogous Trialkylstannyl Compounds, Synthesis and Reactions(Triphenylstannyl)methyllithium (1a) and analogous trialkylstannyl compounds (1b, c) were synthesized by halogen-lithium exchange reactions from 3a-c. As shown by high yields, stannyl groups are capable of stabilizing a carbanionic centre. 1a reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give β-hydroxystannanes 5 which tend to form olefins.
    Notes: (Triphenylstannyl)methyllithium (1a) sowie analoge Trialkylstannyl-Verbindungen (1b, c) wurden durch Halogen-Lithium-Austausch aus 3a-c synthetisiert. Die erzielten hohen Ausbeuten zeigen, daß Stannylgruppen ein carbanionisches Zentrum stabilisieren. 1a reagiert mit Aldehyden und Ketonen zu β-Hydroxystannanen 5, die zur Olefinbildung neigen.
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  • 54
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1765-1774 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triarylmethyl Systems, IV. Synthesis and Reactions of α-Hydroxy- and α-Halo-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanesBy bromination of hydrocarbons 1a-d and 6 α-bromo-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes with n = 5-8 (2a-d, 7) were prepared. Via 2a-d α-hydroxy-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes 3a-d were obtained, starting from which the α-chloro and α-fluoro derivatives 4a-d and 5a,b, resp., were synthesized. - Compounds of the types 2-5 were of interest as representatives of a special triarylmethyl system for which, due to the [1.n]paracyclophane structure, unusual steric and electronic effects were to be expected. The formation of p,p′-bridged triarylmethyl radicals 8 from 2a-d and their dimerisation were investigated. Rate constants for the hydrolysis of α-bromo and α-chloro compounds 2a-d and 4a-d proceeding via the carbenium ions 9 were determined in water/acetone by conductivity measurements. Stabilities of 9 (n = 5-8), formed from the hydroxy compounds 3a-d in conc. sulfuric acid, were determined; their dependence on n is discussed in terms of specific steric and electronic effects of the α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophane system. Some spectroscopic data are reported for the carbanions 10.
    Notes: Durch Bromierung der Kohlenwasserstoffe 1a-d und 6 wurden α-Brom-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophane mit n = 5-8 (2a-d,7) dargestellt. Aus 2a-d erhielt man die α-Hydroxy-Verbindungen 3a-d, von denen aus die α-Chlor- und α-Fluor-Derivate 4a-d bzw. 5a,b zugänglich waren. - Verbindungen des Typs 2-5 interessierten als Vertreter eines besonderen Triarylmethyl-Systems, für das als Folge der [1.n]Paracyclophan-Struktur ungewöhnliche sterische und elektronische Effekte zu erwarten waren. Die Bildung der p,p′-überbrückten Triarylmethyl-Radikale 8 aus 2a-d und ihre Dimerisierung wurden untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeiten der über Carbenium-Ionen 9 verlaufenden Hydrolysen der α-Brom- und α-Chlor-Verbindungen 2a-d bzw. 4a-d in Wasser/Aceton wurden durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bestimmt und mit denen der entsprechenden Di- und Triphenylmethyl-Derivate verglichen. Die Stabilitäten der aus den α-Hydroxy-Verbindungen 3a-d in konz. Schwefelsäure erzeugten Carbenium-Ionen 9 mit n = 5-8 wurden ermittelt; ihre Abhängigkeit von n wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt der sterischen und elektronischen Effekte des α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophan-Systems diskutiert. Einige spektroskopische Daten der Carbanionen 10 werden mitgeteilt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1825-1834 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Protophanes and Polyaromatics, XXVI. Synthesis and Properties of Dehydrooligomers of 2-(3-Thienyl)- and 2-(Benzo[b]thien-3-yl)quinoxalineMonolithiated 2-(3-thienyl)- (1a′) and 2-(benzo[b]thien-3-yl)quinoxaline (2a′) react in each case by selfaddition to polyadducts from which polyaromatics can be prepared by hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation. From the reaction mixtures open-chain polyaromatics with 4 to 12 aromatic units (1b-f, 2b-d) were isolated. Starting from 2a′, in addition to open-chain polyaromatics the cyclotetraaromatic 7 has been obtained in low yield.
    Notes: Monolithiiertes 2-(3-Thienyl)- (1a′) und 2-(Benzo[b]thien-3-yl)chinoxalin (2a′) reagieren jeweils durch Selbstaddition zu Polyaddukten, aus denen durch Hydrolyse und anschließende Oxidation Polyaromaten entstehen. Aus den Reaktionsgemischen konnten offenkettige Polyaromaten mit 4-12 Aromateneinheiten (1b-f, 2b-d) isoliert werden. Aus 2a′ entstand zusätzlich zu den offenkettigen Polyaromaten in geringer Ausbeute der Cyclotetraaromat 7.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1835-1856 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chemistry of Biquadricyclanylidene Inter- and Intramolecular [π2+σ2+σ2]-Cycloaddition ReactionsThe value of biquadricyclanylidene 6 for the synthesis of polychromophoric frameworks of the type 1-5 through [π2+σ2+σ2]-cycloaddition of bishomodienophilic partners is elucidated. Thus, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, dicyanoacetylene, maleic anhydride, and dimethyl azodicarboxylate are added with very good to good yields (90-50%) exo-specifically and in the case of the bis-adducts with high anti-selectivity. N-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolinedione, however, attacks the central C=C-double bond of 6 forming a 1:1-adduct considered to be the 1,2,4-triazolium-3-olate 40. With the conversion of 41 into 42 an intramolecular [π2+σ2+σ2]-cycloaddition has been realized for the first time. X-ray structural analyses of tetramethyl anti-9,9′-bi[(1α,2β,5β,6α)-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nona-3,7-dienylidene]-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylate (14a) and its exo-epoxide 23 have been performed.
    Notes: Die Brauchbarkeit des Biquadricyclanylidens 6 zum Aufbau polychromophorer Gerüste vom Typ 1-5 durch [π2+σ2+σ2]-Cycloaddition von bishomodienophilen Partnern wird untersucht. Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethylester, Dicyanacetylen, Maleinsäureanhydrid und Azodicarbonsäure-dimethylester werden in diesem Sinn mit sehr guten bis guten Gesamtausbeuten (90-50%) exo-spezifisch, bei zweifacher Addition mit hoher Bevorzugung der anti-Isomeren, addiert. N-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolindion greift 6 an der zentralen C=C-Doppelbindung unter Ausbildung eines vorläufig als 1,2,4-Triazolium-3-olat 40 angesprochenen 1:1-Adduktes an. Mit der Umwandlung 41 → 42 wird erstmals eine intramolekulare [π2+σ2+σ2]-Thermocycloaddition verwirklicht. Von anti-9,9′-Bi[(1α,2β,5β,6α)-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nona-3,7-dienyliden]-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarbonsäuretetramethylester (14a) und seinem exo-Epoxid 23 wurden Röntgenstrukturanalysen durchgeführt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of Tetramethyl anti-9,9′-Bi[(1α,2β,5β,6α)-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nona-3,7-dienylidene]-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylate An Efficient Intramolecular 1,4-Cyclohexanediyl Interception - A Multistep Isomerisation SequenceThe thermolysis of the anti-pentaene-tetraester 1, which is of interest in connection with its photochemistry, is examined. At 120°C 1 undergoes a uniform isomerisation with participation of four bonds to the octacycle 4. From the behaviour of several model compounds (2, 10-14) it is concluded that the transformation 1 → 4 begins with the 1,6-bridging between one of the orthogonal 1,5-diene segments and proceeds via a cascade of stabilised diradicals (5-7). This implies a quantitative, intramolecular interception of the 1,4-diyl intermediate (5) of the Cope reaction. Starting from 4 four additional, consecutively formed hepta- and hexacyclic isomerisation products (21 and 24-26) are isolated between 160 and 210°C. An x-ray structural analysis confirms the structure of 24.
    Notes: Die im Zusammenhang mit der Photochemie interessierende Thermolyse des anti-Pentaen-tetraesters 1 wird untersucht. 1 geht bei 120°C unter Beteiligung von vier Bindungen einheitlich in den isomeren Octacyclus 4 über. Aus dem Verhalten mehrerer Modellverbindungen (2, 10-14) wird geschlossen, daß die Umwandlung 1 → 4 mit der 1,6-Überbrückung in einem der orthogonalen 1,5-Diensegmente eingesetzt und über eine Kaskade stabilisierter Diradikale (5-7) abläuft. Damit ist impliziert, daß die 1,4-Diyl-Vorstufe der Cope-Reaktion (5) quantitativ intramolekular abgefangen wird. Ausgehend von 4 werden zwischen 160 und 210°C mit 21 und 24-26 vier weitere konsekutiv gebildete hepta- bzw. hexacyclische Isomerisierungsprodukte isoliert. Davon ist die Struktur 24 durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2125-2134 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycyclic Compounds, XXI. Synthesis of Isomeric Benz[c]azepine Derivatives by 1,3-Transposition of the Nitrogen Function in the Seven-membered Ring SystemThe easily available oxanorbornadienes 1a and 1b are converted to various isomeric benz[c]azepine derivatives. The change of the position of the acetylated nitrogen in the seven-membered ring relative to the methoxycarbonyl groups in the six-membered ring by the reaction sequence 1 → 4 → 5 can be considered as a 1,3-transposition of the nitrogen function.
    Notes: Die leicht zugänglichen Oxanorbornadiene 1a und 1b können zu verschiedenen isomeren Benz[c]azepin-Derivaten abgewandelt werden. Die Änderung der Stellung des acetylierten Stickstoffs im Siebenring relative zu den Methoxycarbonylgruppen im Sechsring durch die Reaktionsfolge 1 → 4 → 5 kann als 1,3-Transposition der Stickstoff-Funktion aufgefaßt werden.
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  • 59
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2076-2124 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Element-Organic Amine/Imine Compounds, XXIII. Rotamers of Aminophosphanes and AminophosphoranesThe diazaphosphasiletidines 3a-h can be synthesized from R2Si(NCR3Li)2 and Cl2PNR1R2 (1) as well as from (2) and MNR1R2 (R = CH3). At ambient temperature they show hindered rotation about the P—NR1R2 bond. 3g is separated as a pair of E/Z-rotamers, whose structure has been elucidated by NMR and X-ray analyses. The kinetically measured P—N rotation barriers (ΔG± ≍ 30 kcal · mol-1) are until now the highest that have been measured. The isomerization of 3g(E) → 3g(Z) (P—N) rotation, P inversion, or both) is a P—N rotation which has been established by the synthesis and the NMR spectroscopically measured rearrangement of (3i) (R = CH3, four isomers). The interaction of 3a-h with sulfur, selenium, and methyl iodide gives 4-6a-h. Below 0°C they all show hindered rotation about the P - NR1R2 bond. 4 and 5 are suitable for the study of the structure dependence of 1H NMR ASIS effects. The oxidation of 3g(E/Z) to the isomers 4g-6g(E/Z) occurs with retention of configuration. These compounds show significant differences with respect to their thermal stability and their reaction with methanol. The comparison of the ΔG± values of the P—N rotation barriers of 3-6 shows that the steric influence of the exo-amino substituents R1 and R2 is most important. The E/Z equilibrium of the unsymmetrically substituted compounds gives evidence that the two ground states of P—;N rotation are mostly influenced sterically, possible also electronically.
    Notes: Die Diazaphosphasiletidine 3a-h lassen sich aus R2Si(NCR3Li)2 und Cl2PNR1R2 (1) sowie aus (2) und MNR1R2 (R = CH3) darstellen. Sie weisen bei Raumtemperatur eine Rotationsbehinderung um die P—NR1R2-Bindung auf; 3g wird als E/Z-Rotamerenpaar getrennt und durch NMR- und Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Seine kinetisch ermittelten P—N-Rotationsbarrieren (ΔG± = ca. 30 kcal · mol-1) sind die bislang höchsten bestimmten Werte. Die Umlagerung von 3g(E) → 3g(Z) (P—N-Rotation, P-Inversion oder beides) ist eine P—N-Rotation, was durch Synthese und NMR-spektroskopische Verfolgung der Umlagerung des Isomerengemisches (3i) (R = CH3, vier Isomere) bewiesen wurde. Die Umsetzung von 3a-h mit Schwefel, Selen und Methyliodid ergibt 4-6a-h, die alle unterhalb 0°C eine Rotationsbehinderung um die P—NR1R2-Bindung aufweisen. 4 und 5 sind für das Studium der Strukturabhängigkeit von 1H-NMR-ASIS-Effekten geeignet. Die unter Konfigurationserhalt ablaufende Oxidation von 3g(E/Z) ergibt die Isomerenpaare 4g-6g(E/Z), die bemerkenswerte Unterschiede in bezug auf ihre Methanolyse- bzw. thermische Stabilität aufweisen. Der Vergleich der ΔG±-Werte für die P—N-Rotationsbarriere bei 3-6 zeigt, daß hier vorrangig der sterische Einfluß der exoständigen Aminosubstituenten R1, R2 verantwortlich ist. Aus den E/Z-Gleichgewichtslagen der unsymmetrisch substituierten Verbindungen erkennt man, daß auch die beiden Grundzustände der P—N-Rotation stark sterisch, möglicherweise aber auch elektronisch beeinflußt sind.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2135-2140 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluorination Reactions at 3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazoleFrom the title compound 1 and KF in sulfolane 3-chloro-4-fluoro- (2) and 3,4-difluoro-1,2,5-thiadiazole (3) are obtained. In the reaction with oxidizing fluorinating agents, e. g. XeF2, BrF3, or AgF2, 2 is the primary product. Cleavage of the ring system at one of the S=N bonds gives the bifunctional ethane derivatives ClNCClCF2NSF2 (5), ClNCFCF2NSF2 (6), Cl2NCF2CF2NSF2 (7), and (=NCF2CF2NSF2)2 (8).
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung der Titelverbindung 1 mit KF in Sulfolan werden 3-Chlor-4-fluor-(2) und 3,4-Difluor-1,2,5-thiadiazol (3) erhalten. Die Reaktionen mit oxidierenden Fluorierungsmitteln wie XeF2, BrF3 oder AgF2 führen über 2 als Zwischenprodukt zur Spaltung des Ringsystems an einer der S=N-Bindungen. Dabei entstehen die bifunktionellen Ethanderivate CINCCICF2NSF2 (5), ClNCFCF2NSF2 (6), Cl2NCF2CF2NSF2 (7) und (=NCF2CF2NSF2)2 (8).
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  • 61
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2141-2152 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic Diazastannylenes, XIII. [SnN2(CH3)2]4 and [SnNCH(CH3)2]4, Molecules with Cubane-like Structures1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3,2,4λ2-diazasilastannetidine (1) reacts in benzene with N,N-dimethylhydrazine spontanously and with isopropylamine after warming shortly to yield N,N′-di-tert-butyl-Si,Si-dimethylsilazane (2) and the tetrameric molecules (SnN2Me2)4 (5) and (SnNCHMe2)4 (6). An X-ray structure determination (R = 0.026) proves 5 to be built of a very distorted Sn4N4-cube, the nitrogen atoms being attached to dimethylamino groups. In the crystal the molecules are linked together by Sn—Sn contacts (351 pm) forming a zick-zack band, which runs in the direction of the hexagonal axis. Typical Sn—N bond lengths are found to be 220.9 and 225.1 pm, while the mean N—N distance is 146.2 pm. When heated or by contact with oxygen the crystals of 5 decompose vehemently: the products are found to be β-tin, molecular nitrogen, and varying amounts of methane, ethane, and dimethylamine (by contact with oxygen small amounts of tin(II)-oxide are formed as well).
    Notes: 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3,2,4λ2-diazasilastannetidin (1) reagiert in Benzol mit N,N-Dimethylhydrazin spontan und mit Isopropylamin nach kurzem Erwärmen zu N,N′-Di-tert-butyl-Si,Si-dimethylsilazan (2) und den Tetrameren (SnN2Me2)4 (5) und (SnNCHMe2)4 (6). Eine Röntgenstrukturbestimmung (R = 0.026) zeigt, daß 5 einen stark verzerrten Sn4N4-Kubus besitzt, an dessen Stickstoffatome Dimethylaminogruppen gebunden sind. Im Kristall sind die Moleküle über Sn—Sn-Kontakte (351 pm) zu einem Zickzack-Band verknüpft, das in Richtung der hexagonalen Achse verläuft. Typische Sn—N-Bindungslängen liegen bei 220.9 und 225.1 pm, während für N—N 146.2 pm ermittelt werden. Beim Erhitzen sowie bei Sauerstoffzufuhr zersetzen sich die Kristalle von 5 heftig: als Produkte erhält man β-Zinn, molekularen Stickstoff und in wechselnden Mengen Methan, Ethan und Dimethylamin (bei Sauerstoffeinwirkung auch geringe Mengen an Zinn(II)-oxid).
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  • 62
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2153-2174 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphinomethyl-Komplexe des Zirconiums: Eine MO-Studie über Struktur-, Bindungs- und ReaktivitätsproblemeDie Elektronenstruktur und Geometrie gewinkelter Phosphinomethyl-Sandwichkomplexe von ZrIV und ZrIII wird mit Hilfe von Molekülorbital-Berechnungen untersucht. Fragmentorbital-Betrachtungen und störungstheoretische Argumente werden verwandt, um die ungewöhnliche experimentelle Struktur von Cp2ZrCl(CH2PPh2) (1) zu erklären. Der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf einzähnige (η1) gegenüber zweizähniger (η2) Koordination eines Phosphinomethyl-Liganden in Zirconocenderivaten wird analysiert, eine verallgemeinernde Extrapolation auf andere Cp2M(X)()-Systeme (: potentiell ein- oder zweizähniger Ligand) ist möglich. Strukturelle und chemische Konsequenzen der Ein-Elektronen-Reduktion von 1 werden auf der Basis von MO-Berechnungen interpretiert. besitzt demnach einen η1-Phosphinomethylliganden und erweist sich als instabil gegenüber heterolytischer Abspaltung von Cl- oder CH2PPh2-. Die Berechnungen ergeben für die Grundzustandsstruktur von Cp2Zr(CH2PPh2) η2-Koordination der Phosphinomethylgruppe, diese Struktur ist konsistent mit dem beobachtbaren ESR-Spektrum des Reduktionsproduktes von 1.
    Notes: The electronic structure and geometry of bent sandwich phosphinomethyl complexes of ZrIV and ZrIII have been investigated by means of molecular orbital calculations. A fragment MO approach and perturbation arguments are utilized to explain the unusual experimental structure of Cp2ZrCl(CH2PPh2) (1). Various factors influencing monodentate (η1) vs. bidentate (η2) ligand coordination of a phosphinomethyl ligand in zirconocene derivatives are analyzed, allowing to extrapolate to other Cp2M(X)() systems (: potentially mono- or bidentate ligand) in general. Structural and chemical consequences of one electron reduction of 1 are interpreted on the basis of the MO calculations. is shown to possess an η1-phosphinomethyl ligand and to be unstable towards heterolytic loss of Cl- or CH2—PPh2-. The ground state structure of d1-Cp2Zr(CH2PPh2) is calculated to contain an η2-phosphinomethyl group, consistent with the observed ESR spectrum of the reduction product of 1.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropenes as Complex Ligands: Metal Induced Ring Opening and Carbonylation of a Bicyclopropenyl with Formation of a Tropone Derivative. The Crystal Structure of Tricarbonyl(4-7-η4-2,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one)-iron, (C6H2Ph4CO)Fe(CO)32,2′,3,3′-Tetraphenylbi-2-cyclopropen-1-yl (1) reacts with Fe2(CO)9 at room temperature to form (4-7-η4-2,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one)Fe(CO)3 (3). This unexpected transformation of a bicyclopropenyl derivative into a tropone complex involves the opening of both cyclopropene rings, insertion of CO, and ring closure. Oxidation with Cer(IV) yields the uncomplexed tropone derivative. The crystal structure of the title compound 3 has been determined.
    Notes: 2,2′,3,3′-Tetraphenylbi-2-cyclopropen-1-yl (1) und Fe2(CO)9 reagieren bei Raumtemperatur unter Bildung von (4-7-η4-2,3,5,7-Tetraphenyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-on)Fe(CO)3 (3). Diese unerwartete Umlagerung eines Bicyclopropenyl-Derivats in einen Tropon-Komplex verläuft unter Öffnung beider Cyclopropen-Ringe, CO-Einschub und Ringschluß. Oxidation mit Cer(IV) liefert daraus das freie Tropon-Derivat. Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung 3 wurde bestimmt.
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2192-2201 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Small Rings, 41. Oxirene: Intermediate or Transition State? Matrix Irradiation of DiazoketonesOn irradiation of diazoketones - even of those which do not undergo a Wolff rearrangement under standard conditions - in an argon matrix at 10 K oxirenes (or acylcarbenes) cannot be detected directly.
    Notes: Bei der Belichtung von Diazoketonen - auch von solchen, die unter Normalbedingungen keine Wolff-Umlagerung zeigen - in einer Argonmatrix bei 10 K können Oxirene (oder Acylcarbene) nicht direkt beobachtet werden.
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  • 65
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2202-2213 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Small Rings, 42. Attempts to Prepare Oxirenes via Photochemical CycloreversionsPhotochemically induced cycloreversions, which are ideally suited for the matrix isolation of cyclobutadienes, cannot be used for an analogous preparation and identification of oxirenes. In some cases ketenes are formed instead.
    Notes: Photochemisch induzierte Cycloreversionen, die sich bei der Matrixisolation von Cyclobutadienen bestens bewährt haben, lassen sich nicht auf eine analoge Erzeugung und den Nachweis von Oxirenen übertragen; stattdessen werden in einigen Fällen Ketene erhalten.
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3618-3630 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbonyl Monoolefin Derivatives of the Group VI Transition Metals, III. Preparation and Reaction and Reactivity of Tricarbonyl Chelate Phosphane Olefin DerivativesMonoolefin complexes M(CO)3(R2PC2H4PR2)(ol) (M = Cr, Mo, W; R = CH3, C6H5; ol = maleic anhydride, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl maleate, methyl acrylate, ethylene, styrene, norbornene) are obtained photochemically from the tetracarbonyl chelate phosphane derivatives. Facial complexes are formed primarily, some of which rearrange intramolecularly to the meridional isomers. The substitution of the olefin proceeds via a dissociative mechanism, the meridional isomers rearrange back to the facial ones prior to the rupture of the metal-olefin bond.
    Notes: Monoolefin-Komplexe M(CO)3(R2PC2H4PR2)(ol) (M = Cr, Mo, W; R = CH3, C6H5; ol = Maleinsäureanhydrid, Dimethylfumarat, Dimethylmaleat, Methylacrylat, Ethylen, Styrol, Norbornen) sind photochemisch aus den Tetracarbonyl-Chelatphosphan-Derivaten zugänglich. Es entstehen zunächst faciale Komplexe, die sich zum Teil rasch intramolekular in die meridionalen Isomeren umlagern. Die Substitution des Olefins verläuft nach einem dissoziativen Mechanismus, der Spaltung der Metall-Olefin-Bindung geht bei den meridionalen Derivaten die intramolekulare meridional-facial-Isomerisierung voraus.
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  • 67
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2181-2191 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation, Structure, and Thermal Behaviour of (2-Chloroacyl)diphenylphosphanes - a New Pathway to ChloroketenesThe chlorinated acylphosphanes RC(O)—PPh2 (2a-f) are obtained by the reaction of the acyl chlorides RC(O)Cl (1a-f) with (CH3)3SiPPh2 in ether at -80°C. HCCl2C(O)—PPh2 (2c) crystallizes monoclinicly in the space group P21/c with Z = 8. As a result of steric caused electronic effects with increasing degree of chlorination in the series 2b → 2c → 2d a stepwise high field shift of the signals in the 31P{1H}-NMR spectra is observed. 2b-d,f are thermally labile and decompose with formation of ClPPh2 (3) and ketene at 80°C. The chloroketenes HCClCO (4) and CH3CClCO (5) are detected for the first time directly by means of their 13C NMR spectra. Between 0 and 40°C 2d also yields Cl3PPh2 (6). With cyclohexene or aniline 4 reacts to give the trapping products 8 and 9, respectively.
    Notes: Die chlorierten Acylphosphane RC(O)—PPh2 (2a-f) erhält man bei -80°C durch Umsetzung der Säurechloride RC(O)Cl (1a-f) mit (CH3)3SiPPh2 in Ether. HCCl2C(O)—PPh2 (2c) kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 8. Infolge sterisch bedingter elektronischer Effekte beobachtet man mit zunehmendem Chlorierungsgrad in der Reihe 2b ° 2c → 2d eine schrittweise Hochfeldverschiebung der Signale in den 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektren. 2b-d,f sind thermisch labil und zerfallen bei 80°C unter Bildung von ClPPh2 (3) und Keten. Die Chlorketene HCClCO (4) und CH3CClCO (5) konnten erstmals direkt durch ihre 13C-NMR-Spektren nachgewiesen werden. Zwischen 0 und 40°C liefert 2d auch Cl3PPh2 (6). Mit Cyclohexen oder Anilin reagiert 4 zu den Abfangprodukten 8 bzw. 9.
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2242-2255 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions, 86. Aromatic Azoxy Compounds and Strained Cycloalkenes4,4′-Dicyano- and 4,4′-dinitroazoxybenzene as well as benzo[c]cinnoline N-oxide combine with (E)-cyclooctene or (1E, 5Z)-1,5-cyclooctadiene to give bicyclic 1,2,3-oxadiaxolidines which undergo in situ 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion with opening of both rings. Azomethine imines are formed which are connected by a hexamethylene chain with an aldehyde function. These new 1,3-dipoles add to a second molecule of the strained cycloalkene and furnish derivatives of cyclooctapyrazole as 1:2 adducts in high yields. A 1,4 H-shift of the intermediate azomethine imine competes at low concentration of the (E)-cyclooctene and produces an 8-hydrazino-7-octenal as a 1:1 product.
    Notes: 4,4′-Dicyan- und 4,4′-Dinitroazoxybenzol sowie Benzo[c]cinnolin-N-oxid vereinigen sich mit (E)-Cycloocten und (1E, 5Z)-1,5-Cyclooctadien zu bicyclischen 1,2,3-Oxadiazolidinen, die in situ unter Öffnung beider Ringe 1,3-dipolare Cycloreversion erleiden. Die entstehenden Azomethinimine, die über eine Hexamethylen-Kette mit einer Aldehydgruppe verbunden sind, addieren sich an ein zweites Molekül des gespannten Cycloalkens unter Bildung von Derivaten des Cyclooctapyrazols in hoher Ausbeute. Mit der Bildung dieser 1:2-Addukte konkurriert bei niedriger Konzentration des (E)-Cyclooctens eine 1,4-H-Verschiebung des intermediären Azomethin-imins, die zum Enhydrazin als 1:1-Produkt führt.
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  • 69
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2229-2241 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Steric Course of the Substitution at the Cyclopropane Skeleton by Cobal(I)oxime. Synthesis and Characterisation of Cyclopropylcobaloximes7,7-Dibromodibenzo[b,d]norcaradiene (1) as well as exo- and endo-7-bromodibenzo[b,d]norcaradiene (2a and b) were synthesized and reacted with cobal(I)oxime. (7-Bromodibenzo[b,d]norcaradien-7-yl)(pyridine)cobaloxime (5) was formed from 1 beside some (dibenzo[b,d]norcaradien-7-yl)(pyridine)cobaloxime (6) and (dibenzo[a,c]cycloheptatrien-6-yl)(pyridine)cobaloxime (4), whereas the reaction of 2a yielded 6 as the sole alkylcobaloxime. Under the same conditions 2b was inert. 4-6 were characterized by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. The substitution in 2a took place with retention, whereas the analogous substitution in the two enantiomeric 1-bromo-1-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropanes (8a and b) occured with racemisation. This shows that the observed retention was caused merely by steric effects and that cyclopropyl radical intermediates occurred in both cases.
    Notes: 7,7-Dibromdibenzo[b,d]norcaradien (1) sowie exo- und endo-7-Bromdibenzo[b,d]norcaradien (2a und b) wurden synthetisiert und mit Cobal(I)oxim umgesetzt. Aus 1 erhielt man (7-Bromdibenzo[b,d]norcaradien-7-yl)(pyridin)cobaloxim (5) neben (Dibenzo[b,d]norcaradien-7-yl)(pyridin)cobaloxim (6) und (Dibenzo[a,c]cycloheptatrien-6-yl)(pyridin)cobaloxim (4), während aus 2a als einziges Alkylcobaloxim 6 gebildet wurde. 2b war unter denselben Reaktionsbedingungen inert. 4-6 wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse und Spektren charakterisiert. Die Substitution an 2a erfolgte unter Retention, die analoge Substitution an den beiden enantiomeren 1-Brom-1-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropanen (8a und b) dagegen unter Racemisierung. Dies zeigt, daß die im ersten Fall beobachtete Retention lediglich sterischen Effekten zuzuschreiben ist und in beiden Fällen eine freie Cyclopropyl-Radikal-Zwischenstufe auftritt.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Antitumor Active cis-Platinum(II) Complexes with α-Amino Acid Esters and Peptide Esters. X-Ray Structure of cis-Dichlorobis(glycylglycine ethyl ester)platinum(II)A series of cis-platinum(II) complexes X2PtL2 (1-4) (X = halide, 2X = oxalate, malonate; L = α-amino acid ester, peptide ester) has been obtained from Pt42- and L. The dipeptide ester complexes are also accessible via peptide synthesis at the complex from Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2H)2 and α-amino acid esters using carbodiimide as coupling agent and the platinum atom as amino protecting group. The complexes Cl2PtL2 with α-amino acid ester ligands have also been prepared from the bis(chelate) compounds cis-Pt(NH2CHRCO2)2 and alcohol in the presence of HCl. The complexes have been characterized by their spectroscopic data, cis-Cl2Pt(GlyGlyOEt)2 (2a) by an X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Eine Reihe von cis-Platin(II)-Komplexen X2PtL2(1-4) (X = Halogenid, 2X = Oxalat, Malonat; L = α-Aminosäureester, Peptidester) wird aus PtX42- und L erhalten. Entsprechende Komplexe mit Dipeptidester-Liganden sind auch durch Peptidsynthese am Komplex aus Cl2Pt-(NH2CHRCO2H)2 und α-Aminosäureestern mit Carbodiimid als Kupplungskomponente und Platin als Aminoschutzgruppe zugänglich. Die Verbindungen Cl2PtL2 mit α-Aminosäureester-Liganden lassen sich auch aus den Bis(chelat)-Komplexen cis-Pt(NH2CHRCO2)2 und Alkohol in Gegenwart von HCl gewinnen. Die cis-Struktur der Verbindungen wurde spektroskopisch, die von Cl2Pt(GlyGlyOEt)2 (2a) durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse nachgewiesen.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Konformation von Tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanen und Tetra- und Pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanen in Lösung. Eine NMR-StudieDie 1H-NMR-Spektren einer Reihe von Tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanen 5-12 wurden mit Hilfe der Kern-Overhauser-Differenz-Spektroskopie zugeordnet. Aufgrund der NOE-Effekte und Spin-Gitter-Relaxationszeiten ließ sich zeigen, daß diese Moleküle die Sessel-Boot-Konformation einnehmen, wobei alle Arylgruppen äquatorial stehen. Diese Konformation und die Torsionswinkel der Arylgruppen ähneln denen, die im festen Zustand gefunden wurden. Analoge Untersuchungen wurden mit den Tetra- und Pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanen 3, 4, 13 und 14 durchgeführt. Die beiden 1,3-diaxial orientierten Arylgruppen zeigen in diesen Systemen eine überraschend niedrige Rotationsbarriere (4b: δG298≠ = 42 kJ. mol-1). Die chemischen Verschiebungen in den 13C-NMR-Spektren aller Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt. Die der 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 5-12 stehen im Einklang mit der vorgeschlagenen Sessel-Boot-Konformation. Das gleiche gilt für die chemischen Verschiebungen in den 15N-NMR-Spektren und die 13C-15N-Kopplungskonstanten. Die Reduktion des 4,8,9,10-Tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-6-adamantanons (4b) führt stereoselektiv zum Alkohol 15, der sich säurekatalysiert leicht in 16 umlagert, den ersten Vertreter des 9-Oxa-1,5-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undecan-Ringsystems.
    Notes: The proton NMR spectra of a series of tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, 5-12, have been assigned with the aid of nuclear Overhauser difference spectroscopy. The NOE's together with spin lattice relaxation times have been used to show that these molecules adopt the chair-boat conformation with all aryl groups being equatorial. This conformation and the torsional angles of the aryl groups are similar to those found in the solid state. Analogous studies have been carried out with tetra- and pentaaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanes, 3, 4, 13, and 14. A surprisingly low barrier of rotation (4b: δG298≠ = 42 kJ. mol-1) has been found for the two 1,3-diaxially oriented aryl groups in these systems. Carbon-13 chemical shift data are reported for the above compounds. Those of the 3,7-diazabicyclononanes 5-12 are found to be consistent with the proposed chair-boat conformation. Nitrogen-15 chemical shift data and 13C-15N coupling constants are also in accord with this conformation. A stereoselective reduction of 4,8,9,10-tetrakis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-diaza-6-adamantanone (4b) to the corresponding alcohol 15 and the ready acidcatalyzed rearrangement of this alcohol to 16, the first example of the 9-oxa-1,5-diazatricyclo-[5.3.1.03,8]undecane ring system, is described.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2865-2871 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Internal Mobility in the Ion Pairs during Aromatic Rearrangement of O-Sulfonyl-N-phenylhydroxylaminesIn the rearrangement of O-alkyl- or O-arylsulfonyl-N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamines 3 to aminophenols 4, the internal mobility in the ion pair intermediates depends both on the size of the alkyl groups and on the interaction with the protic solvent, as was shown by 18O labeled educts.
    Notes: Bei der Umlagerung von O-Alkyl- bzw. O-Arylsulfonyl-N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylaminen 3 in Aminophenole 4 wird durch 18O-Indizierung gezeigt, daß die Beweglichkeit in den intermediär gebildeten Ionenpaaren durch große Alkylreste sowie durch Wechselwirkung mit einem protischen Lösungsmittel in typischer Weise verändert wird.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2927-2934 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Soluble Perylene Fluorescent Dyes with High PhotostabilityThe preparation of several 3,4,9,10-perylenebis(dicarboximides) 1 is described and their photostability quantitatively determined and discussed. It is shown, that substitution of the insoluble perylene dye pigments with tert-butyl groups causes solubility in organic solvents leading to high quantum yields of these dyes.
    Notes: Die Darstellung einer Reihe von 3,4,9,10-Perylentetracarbonsäurediimiden 1 wird beschrieben und deren Lichtechtheit quantitativ untersucht und diskutiert. Es läß sich zeigen, daß durch Einführung von tert-Butyl-Substituenten die als sehr schwerlöslich bekannten Perylen-Pigmentfarbstoffe in organischen Solventien leicht löslich werden und mit hohen Quantenausbeuten fluoreszieren.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Reactivity of Metal π-Complexes, XXXVI. Dinuclear Sandwich Complexes Containing a Metal-Metal Bond: Synthesis and Structure of (μ-C5H5)2Pd2(PR3)2The complexes (C5H5)2Pd2(PR3)2 (1-6) are prepared by reduction of C5H5Pd(PR3)OCOCH3 with NaK2.8 or in a one-pot synthesis by reaction of [(PR3)PdCl]2(μ-OCOCH3)2 with 4 equivalents TlC5H5. The triphenyl phosphite complex (C5H5)2Pd2[P(OPh)3]2 (7) is obtained from [P(OPh)3PdCl2]2 and TlC5H5. The X-ray structure analysis of (C5H5)2Pd2(PEt3)2 (5) shows that the two planar cyclopentadienyl ligands are coordinated sandwich-like to the Pd2(PR3)2 unit; according to the bond angle P—Pd—Pd = 175.45° the P—Pd—Pd—P arrangement is nearly linear. The different C—C distances in the five-membered rings point to the presence of an „allyl-ene“ system and thus to a trihapto- (h3) coordination of the C5H5 ligands.
    Notes: Die Komplexe (C5H5)2Pd2(PR3)2 (1-6) sind durch Reduktion von C5H5Pd(PR3)OCOCH3 mit NaK2.8 oder in einer Eintopfsynthese durch Umsetzung von [(PR3)PdCl]2(μ-OCOCH3)2 mit 4 äquivalenten TlC5H5 erhältlich. Der Triphenylphosphit-Komplex (C5H5)2Pd2[P(OPh)3]2 (7) entsteht aus [P(OPh)3Pdl2]2 und TlC5H5. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von (C5H5)2Pd2(PEt3)2 (5) zeigt, daß die beiden planaren Cyclopentadienylliganden sandwich-artig an die Pd2(PR3)2-Einheit koordiniert sind; die Anordnung P—Pd—Pd—P ist mit einem Bindungswinkel P—Pd—Pd von 175.45° nahezu linear. Die unterschiedlichen C—C-Abstände in den Fünfringen weisen auf das Vorliegen eines „allyl-ene“-Systems und damit auf eine trihapto- (h3)-Koordination der C5H5-Liganden hin.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Reactivity of Metal π-Complexes, XXXVII. Bridge-Exchange Reactions with Dinuclear μ-(Cyclopentadienyl)-dipalladium Complexes: Synthesis of Sandwich-like Heterometallic Pd2Cr and Pd2Mo ClustersThe dimetal sandwich complexes (C5H5)2Pd2(PR3)2 (I) react with carboxylic acids R'CO2H and thiols R'SH by exchanging one cyclopentadienyl bridge to yield the compounds (C5H5)(OCOR')-Pd2(PR3)2 (1-6) and (C5H5)(SR')Pd2(PR3)2 (7-12). Displacement of the cyclopentadienyl and not of the allyl ligand also occurs in the reactions of (C5H5)(2-RC3H4)Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (II) with R'CO2H and R'SH with formation of the dinuclear μ-(allyl)-dipalladium compounds (2-RC3H4)-(OCOR')Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (13-23) and (2-RC3H4)(SR')Pd2[P(iPr)3)2 (24-27). The reaction of (C5H5)-(2-MeC3H4)Pd2(P(iPr)3]2 (IIa) with terephthalic acid leads to the tetranuclear complex 28. The trinuclear heterometallic clusters 29, 30 are obtained by bridge-exchange starting from (C5H5)(OCO-tBu)Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (4) and Na[C5H5Cr(CO)3] or Na[C5H5Mo(CO)3], respectively.
    Notes: Die Dimetall-Sandwichkomplexe (C5H5)2Pd2(PR3)2 (I) reagieren mit Carbonsäuren R'CO2H und Thiolen R'SH unter Austausch einer Cyclopentadienyl-Brücke zu den Verbindungen (C5H5)-(OCOR')Pd2(PR3)2 (1-6) und (C5H5)(SR')Pd2(PR3)2 (7-12). Bei den Umsetzungen der Komplexe (C5H5)(2-RC3H4)Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (II) mit R'CO2H und R'SH wird ebenfalls der Cyclopentadienyl- und nicht der Allyl-Ligand verdrängt, so daß die zweikernigen μ-(Allyl)-dipalladium-Verbindungen (2-RC3H4)(OCOR')Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (13-23) und (2-RC3H4)(SR')Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (24-27) entstehen. Die Reaktion von (C5H5)(2-MeC3H4)Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (IIa) mit Terephthalsäure führt zu dem Vierkernkomplex 28. Durch Brückenaustausch sind aus (C5H5)(OCO-tBu)Pd2[P(iPr)3]2 (4) und Na[C5H5Cr(CO)3] bzw. Na[C5H5Mo(CO)3] die dreikernigen heterometallischen Cluster 29, 30 zugänglich.
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  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2965-2980 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Diazo Compounds and Azides, XLII. (Diazomethyl)cyclopropenes by Electrophilic Diazoalkane SubstitutionThe (diazomethyl)cyclopropenes 9 and 10 are formed via electrophilic diazoalkane substitution preferably of diazomethylphosphoryl compounds with cyclopropenylium salts. Either the diazomethyl compounds (7a-c) react with the cyclopropenylium salts 6a-e in the presence of triethylamine (method A) or the metallated diazo compounds 8a-d are combined with the cyclopropenylium bromides 6c-e (method B) (details see table 1). The (diazomethyl)cyclopropenes undergo a novel type of isomerization to pyridazines, partly without heating (9d-f → 11b-d), partly by refluxing in toluene (9a,g → 11a,e as well as 10e,f → 12a,b). The bicyclic betaines 15 and 17 are supposed to be intermediates. The diazomethyl compounds 9a and b yield the α,β- unsaturated ketones 20a and b by acid-catalyzed decomposition.
    Notes: Die (Diazomethyl)cyclopropene 9 und 10 entstehen durch elektrophile Substitution vorzugsweise von Diazomethylphosphorylverbindungen mit Cyclopropenyliumsalzen. Man setzt entweder die Diazomethylverbindungen selbst (7a-c) in Gegenwart von Triethylamin mit den Cyclopropenyliumsalzen 6a-e um (Methode A) oder läßt die metallierten Diazoverbindungen 8a-d mit den Cyclopropenyliumbromiden 6c-e reagieren (Methode B) (Details s. Tab. 1). Die (Diazomethyl)-cyclopropene gehen teils ohne Erwärmen (9d-f → 11b-d), teils beim Erhitzen in Toluol (9a,g → 11a,e sowie 10e,f → 12a,b) eine neuartige Isomerisierung zu Pyridazinen ein; Zwischenstufen sind vermutlich die bicyclischen Betaine 15 und 17. Die Diazomethylverbindungen 9a und b liefern bei der säurekatalysierten Zersetzung die α,β-ungesättigten Ketone 20a und b.
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2981-2996 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structural Chemical Investigations on Compounds with Formal , and Heteroallene UnitsX-ray structures and syntheses of an (alkylidenamino)sulfonium salt (8), of an (alkylidenamino)-phosphonium salt (9c), and of a sulfimidophosphonium salt (10) are reported. These compounds which can formally be regarded as heteroallenes , , and , resp., are bent pseudoallenes in the crystal. The C—N—S bond angle of 8 is 118°. The positive charge is located on sulfur. According to 13C DNMR measurements 8 is bent also in solution. The bond angle of the C—N—P unit in solid 9c is 128°. The positive charge is delocalized between P and N. The activation energy of the geometrical isomerization around the C=N double bond in 9a, e in solution has been measured by dynamic 13C NMR spectroscopy to be ΔGTc≠ = 32.5 and 30.6 ± 1 kJmol-1, respectively. The S—N—P bond angle in 10 is 124°. The positive charge is delocalized between S and P.
    Notes: Es werden Synthesen und Röntgenstrukturanalysen eines (Alkylidenamino)sulfoniumsalzes (8), eines (Alkylidenamino)phosphoniumsalzes (9c) und eines Sulfimidophosphoniumsalzes (10) beschrieben. Diese als Heteroallene , bzw. formulierbaren Verbindungen sind im Kristall alle gewinkelte Pseudoallene. Verbindung 8 zeigt einen C-N-S-Bindungswinkel von 118°. Die positive Ladung ist am Schwefel lokalisiert. Nach 13C-DNMR-Messungen liegt 8 auch in Lösung gewinkelt vor. Der Bindungswinkel der C—N—P-Einheit in 9c beträgt im Kristall 128°. Die positive Ladung ist zwischen P und N delokalisiert. Für die Aktivierungsenergie der geometrischen Isomerisierung um die C=N-Doppelbindung in 9a, e werden in Lösung aus temperaturabhängigen 13C-NMR-Spektren δGTc≠ = 32.5 bzw. 30.6 ± 1 kJmol-1 gemessen. Der S—N—P-Bindungswinkel in 10 beträgt 124°. Die positive Ladung ist zwischen S und P delokalisiert.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbene Complexes, CXXIV. Mono- and Binuclear Biscarbene Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten and their Reaction with Boron TrihalidesThe reaction of p-phenylenedilithium with hexacarbonylchromium and -tungsten and subsequent alkylation by triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate yields μ-[p-phenylenebis[(ethoxy)carbene]]-bis-(pentacarbonylmetal) complexes (CO)5MC(OEt)-p-C6H4-(OEt)CM(CO)5 (M = Cr (3a), W (3b)) as well as the mononuclear carbene complexes 4a and 4b. The analogous reaction of o-phenylenedilithium with metalhexacarbonyls of the VI. subgroup affords the expected mononuclear 1,4-chelated biscarbene complexes (M = Cr (5a), Mo (5b), W (5c)), while 1,2-dilithio-1,2-diphenylethane gives a mixture of mononuclear (M = Cr (6a), W (6b)) and binuclear (CO)5MC(OEt)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)-(OEt)CM(CO)5 (M = Cr (7a), W (7b)) biscarbene complexes. The aminolysis of 5a - c with dimethylamine leads to cis-tetracarbonyl[o-phenylenebis[(dimethylamino)carbene]] compounds of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten (8a - c). 3a, b and 4a, b react with boron trihalides BX3 to form the corresponding trans-halogenocarbyne complexes 9a, b and 10a - c. Properties, spectra, and the results of an X-ray structure analysis of 9b are reported.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von p-Phenylendilithium mit Hexacarbonylchrom und -wolfram und anschließende Alkylierung mit Triethyloxonium-tetrafluoroborat ergibt μ-[p-Phenylenbis[(ethoxy)carben]]-bis(pentacarbonylmetall)-Komplexe (CO)5MC(OEt)-p-C6H4-(OEt)CM(CO)5 (M = Cr (3a), W (3b)), sowie die einkernigen Carbenkomplexe 4a und 4b. Die analoge Reaktion von o-Phenylendilithium mit Metallhexacarbonylen der VI. Nebengruppe ergibt die erwarteten einkernigen, 1,4-chelatisierten Biscarbenkomplexe (M = Cr (5a), Mo (5b), W (5c)), während 1,2-Dilithio-1,2-diphenylethan ein Gemisch von einkernigen (M = Cr (6a), W (6b)) und zweikernigen (CO)5MC(OEt)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)(OEt)CM(CO)5 (M = Cr (7a), W (7b)) Biscarben-Komplexen liefert. Die Aminolyse von 5a-c mit Dimethylamin führt zu cis-Tetracarbonyl[o-phenylenbis[(dimethylamino)carben]]-Verbindungen von Chrom, Molybdän und Wolfram (8a-c-). 3a, b und 4a, b reagieren mit Bortrihalogeniden BX3 unter Bildung der entsprechenden trans-Halogenocarbin-Komplexe 9a, b und 10a-c. Eigenschaften, Spektren und die Ergebnisse einer Röntgenstrukturuntersuchung an 9b werden beschrieben.
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  • 79
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3032-3041 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction of Oxygen Functions into the α-Position of β-Diketones, 8 Ozonolysis of Sulfonium Ylides(Dimethylsulfonio)diacylmethanides 1, prepared by known methods, are cleaved by equimolar amounts of ozone in aprotic medium yielding vicinal triketones 2 and DMSO. Peroxydic reaction products are not detectable.
    Notes: Auf bekannte Weise leicht zugängliche (Dimethylsulfonio)diacylmethanide 1 lassen sich in aprotischem Medium durch äquimolare Mengen Ozon zu vicinalen Triketonen 2 und DMSO spalten. Peroxidische Reaktionsprodukte sind nicht nachweisbar.
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3025-3031 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Adducts of Lewis Acids with 1,2,4λ4,3,5-Trithiadiazole 1-OxideThe tittle compound 1 reacts with the Lewis acids SnCl4 and TiCl4 to yield the 2:1 adducts 1a and b and with AsF5 and SbF5 to form the 1:1 adducts 1c and d. According to the vibrational spectra and an X-ray analysis of 1a the coordination occurs via the oxygen atom. The ligands of 1a and b have cis-configuration. 1a crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung 1 reagiert mit den Lewis-Säuren SnCL4 und TiCl4 zu den 2:1-Addukten 1a und b und mit AsF5 und SbF5 zu den 1:1-Addukten 1c und d. Nach den Schwingungsspektren und einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 1a erfolgt die Koordination über das Sauerstoffatom, und die Liganden in 1a und b haben cis-Konfiguration. 1a kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, 128. Investigations on Substituent Exchange Reactions using 10B Labelling: Reactions of 1,3,2-Dithiaborolanes and Related Heterocycles with Boron TribromideThe formation of the bromo derivatives from methylated dithiaza- (3) and thiadiazadiborolidines (6) and BBr3 follows the endocyclic reaction mechanism. This holds also for the substituent exchange between some 2-bromo- (9) and 2-(dialkylamino)-1,3,2-dithiaborolanes (15, 18) as demonstrated by the use of 10BBr3. An addition of BBr3 to one of the ring sulfur atoms preceeds the substitution process. Some of these adducts were isolated and the equilibrium constants of the adduct formation were determined. 3,5-Bis(diisopropylamino)-1,2,4,3,5-trithiadiborolane (22) forms also an S-adduct with 10BBr3 (23). The substituent exchange proceeds endocyclically while the same reaction involving the 3,5-bis(dimethylamino) derivative follows the exocyclic route.
    Notes: Die Überführung der methylierten Dithiaza- (3) und Thiadiazadiborolidine (6) in die Brom-Derivate mit BBr3 folgt dem endocyclischen Substitutionsmechanismus. Gleiches gilt für den Substituentenaustausch zwischen einigen 2-Brom- (9) und 2-(Dialkylamino)-1,3,2-dithiaborolanen (15, 18), wie Umsetzungen mit 10BBr3 zeigen. Dem Substitutionsprozeß geht eine Addition des BBr3 an ein Ring-Schwefelatom voraus. Einige dieser Addukte wurden isoliert und die Gleichgewichtskonstanten der Adduktbildung bestimmt. Auch 3,5-Bis(diisopropylamino)-1,2,4,3,5-trithiadiborolan (22) bildet mit 10BBr3 ein S-Addukt (23). Dies führt zur endocyclischen Substitution, während der analoge Substitutionsprozeß bei dem 3,5-Bis(dimethylamino)-Derivat exocyclisch abläuft.
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  • 82
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3049-3062 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Fulvene Complexes, XX. Carbonyl Metal Complexes with Dimeric Fulvene LigandsThe synthesis and structure of four complexes (3a, 7, 9, 10) with dimeric fulvene ligands are reported. The compounds are formed in low yields by reaction of unsubstituted fulvene with Fe2(CO)9 (3a), of 6,6-diethylfulvene with Fe2(CO)9 (7), and of 6,6-bis(methylthio)fulvene with (CH3CN)3Mo(CO)3 (9 and 10), respectively. Moreover the structure of dimeric dimethylfulvene (11) has been determined by X-ray diffraction.
    Notes: Es wird über die Synthese und Struktur von vier Komplexen (3a, 7, 9, 10) mit dimeren Fulvenliganden berichtet. Die Verbindungen entstehen in geringer Ausbeute bei der Reaktion von unsubstituiertem Fulven mit Fe2(CO)9 (3a), von 6,6-Diethylfulven mit Fe2(CO)9 (7) bzw. von 6,6-Bis(methylthio)fulven mit (CH3CN)3Mo(CO)3 (9 und 10). Zusätzlich wurde die Struktur des dimeren Dimethylfulvens (11) röntgenographisch bestimmt.
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  • 83
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3042-3048 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparative Optical Resolution of Axial- and Planar-chiral Benzene Derivatives, Metallocenes, and Methanoaza[10]annulenes by Medium Pressure Chromatography on TriacetylcelluloseMedium pressure chromatography (at 4-6 bar and 6-40°C) on specially prepared triacetylcellulose in ethanol (or ether) renders possible an efficient preparative optical resolution of chiral benzene derivatives, (benzene)tricarbonylchromium complexes (benchrotrenes), ferrocenes, and azaannulenes. The method is presented for 15 selected examples such as 1,3-diferrocenyl-1,3-diphenylallene (1), 2,2′-spirobiindanes (2, 3), biphenyl derivatives (4-8) and their tricarbonylchromium complexes (9-11), [2.2]metacyclophanes (12-14) and 2,7-methanoaza[10]annulenes (15, 16) as well as for Troeger's base. In ten cases a quantitative separation of the enantiomers and in two an appr. 80 percent enantiomeric enrichment was achieved whereas for three compounds only a partial resolution took place.
    Notes: Mitteldruckchromatographie (bei 4-6 bar und 6-40°C) an speziell präparierter Triacetylcellulose in Ethanol (oder Ether) ermöglicht eine effiziente präparative Enantiomerentrennung chiraler Benzolderivate, (Benzol)tricarbonylchrom-Komplexe (Benchrotrene), Ferrocenderivate und Azaannulene. Die Methode wird an 15 ausgewählten Beispielen wie 1,3-Diferrocenyl-1,3-diphenylallen (1), 2,2′-Spirobiindanen (2, 3), Biphenylderivaten (4-8) und ihren Tricarbonylchrom-Komplexen (9-11), [2.2]Metacyclophanen (12-14) und 2,7-Methanoaza[10]annulenen (15, 16) sowie an der Trögerschen Base präsentiert. In zehn Fällen gelang eine quantitative Enantiomerentrennung, in zwei erfolgte eine etwa 80prozentige enantiomere Anreicherung und bei drei Verbindungen konnte partielle Trennung erzielt werden.
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  • 84
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3063-3068 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thioacyl Isocyanates, XVIII. Reaction of Ethoxy(thiocarbonyl) Isocyanate with Aldehydes and Ketones to 1,3,5-Oxathiazinones[4 + 2]-Cycloaddition of ethoxy(thiocarbonyl) isocyanate with aldehydes and some ketones affords the oxathiazinones 3. α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes react in the same way, that means with maintenance of their multiple CC-bond. These facts differentiate the thioacyl isocyanates from acyl isocyanates as well as from unpolar dienes.
    Notes: Ethoxy(thiocarbonyl)-isocyanat addiert nach dem [4 + 2]-Prinzip Aldehyde und manche Ketone zu den Oxathiazinonen 3. Auch α,β-ungesättigte Aldehyde reagieren entsprechend, d. h. unter Erhaltung ihrer CC-Mehrfachbindung. Diese Verhaltensweisen unterscheiden die Thioacyl-isocyanate charakteristisch sowohl von Acyl-isocyanaten als auch von unpolaren Dienen.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions of Organometal Complexes, I. The Synthesis of Four-membered Metalla-Heterocycles by [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of (Isonitrile)-cobalt Complexes and Isocyanates or IsothiocyanatesThe reaction of C5H5(PMe3)CoCNR (R = Me, Ph) with isocyanates OCNR' (R' = Me, Ph) leads to the metalla-heterocycles in nearly quantitative yields. The analogous four-membered ring compounds (4-6) are obtained from C5H5(PMe3)CoCNR (R = Me, Ph, c-C6H11) and SCNMe. In the reactions of C5H5(PMe3)CoCNtBu with SCNMe and of C5H5(PMe3)CoCNMe with SCNtBu the complex (4) is also formed. The X-ray structure analyses of 4 and 5 show the presence of planar four-membered CoCNC rings together with a trigonal-planar coordination of the corresponding C, N and C ring atoms. The protonation and methylation reactions of the metalla-heterocycles 1-5 yield diaminocarbene complexes, in most cases by preserving the four-membered CoCNC-ring. The structure of these complexes is discussed on the basis of their IR and NMR data.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von C5H5(PMe3)CoCNR (R = Me, Ph) mit Isocyanaten OCNR' (R' = Me, Ph) führt nahezu quantitativ zu den Metalla-Heterocyclen (1-3). Die analogen Vierring-Verbindungen (4-6) sind ausgehend von C5H5(PMe3)CoCNR (R = Me, Ph, c-C6H11) und SCNMe zugänglich. Bei den Umsetzungen von C5H5(PMe3)CoCNtBu mit SCNMe und von C5H5(PMe3)CoCNMe mit SCNtBu bildet sich ebenfalls der Komplex (4). Die Röntgenstrukturanalysen von 4 und 5 beweisen das Vorliegen planarer CoCNC-Vierringe mit ebenfalls trigonal-planar koordinierten C-, N- und C-Atomen. Die Protonierungs- und Methylierungsreaktionen der Metalla-Heterocyclen 1-5 ergeben -- in den meisten Fällen unter Erhalt der CoCNC-Vierringstruktur - Diaminocarben-Komplexe. Ihre Struktur wird anhand der IR- und NMR-Daten diskutiert.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3107-3114 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thiono and Dithio Esters, XXX. Reactions of Isocyanides with ThiooxalatesDimethyl tetrathiooxalate (1) reacts with all isocyanides 2 investigated to form 2-imino-1,3-dithioles 4 in high yield. Complex mixtures of products, however, are obtained from O,O-dimethyl dithiooxalate (5) and isocyanides. The main product is always the 1,3-thiazetidine 7, by-products are the azetidinethiones 8 and the 3,3′-biazetidine-2,2′-dithiones 6.
    Notes: Tetrathiooxalsäure-dimethylester (1) bildet mit allen untersuchten Isocyaniden 2 in einheitlicher Reaktion die 2-Imino-1,3-dithiole 4. Komplexe Produktgemische entstehen hingegen bei der Umsetzung von Dithiooxalsäure-O, O-dimethylester (5) mit Isocyaniden. Hauptprodukt ist stets das 1,3-Thiazetidin 7, Nebenprodukte sind die Azetidinthione 8 und 3,3′-Biazetidin-2,2′-dithione 6.
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  • 87
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3085-3095 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 2-Pyridylphosphanes, II. Ligands for Extreme Short Metal-Metal Contacts in Gold Complexes2-C5H4N—P(CH3)2 (1a) and (2-C5H4N)2PCH3 (2a) and the corresponding phosphonium salts, phosphonium methylides, and phosphane-boranes are prepared. These 2-pyridylphosphanes (1a, 2a) and their phenyl homologues (4a, 5a) as well as (2-C5H4N)3P (3a) form stable 1:1 complexes 1e-5e with AuCl in the reaction with (CO)AuCl. CO is liberated in the process and the gold atoms retain coordination number 2 with phosphorus as the exclusive coordination site of the ligand. - Substitution of the chloride ion in 1e and 4e by BF4- or PF6- anions results in a head-to-tail dimerisation of the cations due to the poor donor capacity of the complex fluorides. A salt-like structure with metallacyclic dications is thus formed (1f, 4f, g). X-ray diffraction analysis of 1f shows an almost planar, centrosymmetrical eight-membered ring system, coplanar with the two attached pyridine rings. The two gold atoms are part of almost linear P—Au—N axes and are as close to each other as 277.6(1) pm. This distance is at the lowest limit hitherto found for formally nonbonded gold atoms.
    Notes: 2-C5H4N—P(CH3)2 und (2-C5H4N)2PCH3 sowie die korrespondierenden Phosphoniumsalze, Phosphonium-methylide und Phosphan-Borane werden dargestellt. Diese 2-Pyridylphosphane (1a, 2a) und ihre Phenyl-Homologen (4a, 5a) bilden ebenso wie (2-C5H4N)3P (3a) bei der Umsetzung mit (CO)AuCl stabile 1:1-Komplexe des Gold(I)-chlorids, in denen das Goldatom ausschließlich an das Phosphoratom koordiniert ist (1e-5e). Bei dieser Reaktion wird CO entbunden, und das Metall behält die Koordinationszahl 2 bei. Beim Ersatz der Chlorid-Ionen in 1e und 4e durch BF4- oder PF6-Anionen tritt wegen der geringen Donorstärke der neuen Liganden eine Kopf-Schwanz-Dimerisierung des Kations ein, die zu einer salzartigen Struktur mit metallacyclischen Dikationen führt (1f, 4f, g). Die Röntgenbeugungsanalyse zeigt für 1f ein fast planares, zentrosymmetrisches achtgliedriges Ringsystem, dem coplanar die Pyridinringe angegliedert sind. Die beiden Goldatome sind als Bestandteil zweier fast linearer P—Au—N-Achsen einander auf 277.6(1) pm angenähert. Dieser Abstand liegt an der untersten Grenze für bisher gefundene Distanzen zwischen formal nicht aneinander gebundenen Goldatomen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1902-1910 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of the Proximal (S,S)-1,1′-Dimethyl-2,2′-spirobiindaneThe proximal (S,S)-1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-spirobiindane (1a) is synthesized as the racemic mixture and with more then 98.5% optical purity. Its absolute configuration is determined by the path of synthesis. Key-steps are the trans-alkylation of 3 yielding 4a and the hydrogenolysis of the mixture of 10a and 10b yielding practically exclusively 1a. This is one of three possible diastereoisomers 1a-c which are needed to test the theory of hyperchirality.
    Notes: Das proximale (S,S)-1,1′-Dimethyl-2,2′-spirobiindan (1a) wird racemisch und zu mehr als 98.5% enantiomerenrein dargestellt. Seine absolute Konfiguration ist durch den Syntheseweg eindeutig bestimmt. Schlüsselschritte der Synthese sind die trans-Alkylierung von 3 zu 4a und die praktisch einheitlich verlaufende Hydrogenolyse des Gemisches von 10a und 10b zu 1a. Dieses ist eines von drei möglichen Diastereomeren 1a-c, die zum Test der Theorie der Hyperchiralität dienen sollen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 89
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1934-1946 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of 1,2,6,7-OctatetraeneThe energy profile for the rearrangement of 1 to 3 and 4 and their interconversion by way of 5 is established making use of kinetic methods and by the determination of the heat of hydrogenation of the individual products. For the Cope rearrangement 1 → 4 the competition of concerted and non concerted reaction paths is demonstrated by trapping experiments.
    Notes: Das Energieprofil für die Umlagerung von 1 in 3 und 4 und deren über 5 erfolgende wechselseitige Äquilibrierung wird mit Hilfe kinetischer Methoden und durch Bestimmung der Hydrierwärme der einzelnen Produkte etabliert. Es wird durch Abfangversuche gezeigt, daß die Cope-Umlagerung 1 → 4 über konkurrierende konzertierte und nichtkonzertierte Reaktionswege erfolgt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Selectivity of Photochemical Processes in Polychromophoric Molecules A [π2s + π2a + π2a + σ2s]-Reaction? - An Unusual [π2+π2]-CycloadditionUpon direct excitation of the „polychromophoric“ anti-pentaene-tetraester 1 with light of wavelength λ〉280 nm with „diagonal“ participation of four bonds (formally [π2s + π2a + π2a + σ2s]) the nonacycle 4 is formed selectively (75-80% together with 5-7% of the octacycle 5 and a little 14). 4 arises via a light- (and heat)- sensitive intermediate (12), which is rapidly withdrawn in a photo-[π2 + π2]-addition. With the formation of 14 and 18 the acetone (benzophenone) sensitised reaction manifests an efficient spin correlation. The epoxide oxygen in 2 exerts an unusual directing effect: The intramolecular [π2 + π2]-cycloaddition between widely separated C=C-double bonds (approx. 4.4 Å) effectively competes with conversion into 23 (analogous to 1→4) (direct excitation) or is the sole pathway (sensitised excitation). The structure of the decacyclic photoproduct 23 is established by x-ray analysis.
    Notes: Durch direkte Anregung des polychromophoren anti-Pentaen-tetraesters 1 mit Licht der Wellenlänge λ〉280 nm wird selektiv (75-80%) unter „diagonaler“ Beteiligung von vier Bindungen (formal [π2s + π2a + π2a + σ2s] der Nonacyclus 4 gebildet (neben 5-7% Octacyclus 5 und wenig 14). 4 entsteht über ein licht- (und wärme)-empfindliches Zwischenprodukt (12), welches sehr rasch unter Photo-[π2 + π2]-Addition weiterreagiert. Sensibilisierung durch Aceton bzw. Benzophenon manifestiert mit der Bildung von 14 und 18 eine effiziente Spinkorrelation. In 2 übt der Epoxidsauerstoff eine ungewöhnliche dirigierende Wirkung aus: Die intramolekulare [π2 + π2]-Cycloaddition zwischen extrem entfernten C=C-Doppelbindungen (ca. 4.4 Å) zum thermisch labilen 24 konkurriert wirksam mit der zu 1→4 analogen Umwandlung zu 23 (direkte Anregung) bzw. ist ausschließlicher Reaktionsweg (sensibilisierte Anregung). Die Struktur des decacyclischen Photoproduktes 23 wird durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2012-2014 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical Addition to Cyclic Derivatives of Maleic AcidReactions of cyclohexylmercury acetate (1) with NaBH4 in the presence of cyclic alkenes 4 yield the products 5 in high yields (Tab. 1). The main step of the reaction sequence is the addition of a cyclohexyl radical to the alkene 4. The rate of the addition increases with increasing electron withdrawing ability of X (Tab. 1).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transition Metal Substituted Phosphanes, Arsanes, and Stibanes, XXVI. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Dicarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)bis(trimethylphosphane)-molybdenum-tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)molybdate{[Cp(CO)2(Me3P)M]2AsMe2}M(CO)3Cp (M = Cr, Mo, W) (1a-c) reacts in acetonitrile with Me3P to give [Cp(CO)2(Me3P)2M] M(CO)3Cp (2a-c) and Cp(CO)2(Me3P)M—AsMe2 (3a-c). 2b, c are in addition obtained by treatment of [Cp(CO)3)3M]2 (M = Mo, W) with Me3P in benzene. The structure of 2a-c is established by NMR and IR spectroscopy and in the case of 2b by X-ray analysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2015-2021 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on 15N NMR Spectroscopy. Substituent Effects in Mono-substituted PyrazinesChemical shifts δ(15N) and coupling constants 2J(15N,1H) have been determined for 14 mono-substituted pyrazines. Substituent effects and relations to the chemical shift of 13C resonances are discussed.
    Notes: Für 14 monosubstituierte Pyrazine wurden die chemischen Verschiebungen δ(15N) und die Kopplungskonstanten 2J(15N,1H) bestimmt. Substituenteneinflüsse und Beziehungen zur chemischen Verschiebung der 13C-Resonanzen werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2022-2034 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Boron Compounds, LIV. 17O NMR Studies of Cyclic Organo-Boron-Oxygen Compounds17O-Chemical shifts (δ17O) of various cyclic organo-boron-oxygen compounds (borolanes, borinanes, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, boroxins) are reported (Table 1). The δ17O values show that the magnetic screening of oxygen depends upon BO(pp)π-bonds. The contribution of the paramagnetic term σp to the screening (σ) of oxygen is evident from the comparison of δ17O of linear and bent systems, as is true for δ14N values of comparable compounds. Differences between 2-ethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanes and 2-ethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinanes are shown by comparison of the δ17O data of the methyl substituted derivatives.
    Notes: 17O-Chemische Verschiebungen (δ17O) für verschiedene cyclische Organo-Bor-Sauerstoffverbindungen (Borolane, Borinane, 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, Boroxine) werden mitgeteilt (Tab. 1). Die δ17O-Werte belegen die Abhängigkeit der magnetischen Abschirmung des Sauerstoffs von BO(pp)π-Bindungen. Der Beitrag des paramagnetischen Terms σp zur Gesamtabschirmung (σ) wird durch Vergleich der δ17O-Werte linearer und gewinkelter Systeme deutlich, ebenso wie Parallelen zwischen δ17O und δ14N. Unterschiede zwischen 2-Ethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanen und 2-Ethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinanen zeigen sich besonders bei den δ17O-Werten verschiedener methyl-substituierter Derivate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2035-2043 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Arsinidene Complexes: Arsenic Atoms as Trigonally Planar Coordinated Bridging Elements within Trinuclear Metal ComplexesThe synthesis of compounds in which all five valence electrons of a μ3-bridging arsenic atom are involved in bonding to three metal ligand fragments is achieved for the first time by the reaction of arsinidene complexes ClAs[MLn]2 (MLn = Cr(CO)5, Mn(CO)2(η5-CH3C5H4)) with η5-C5H5(CO)3Ml′- (M′ = Mo, W); chlorine substitution and MM′ bond formation with accompanying loss of one carbonyl group leads to the complexes 3, (3a, M′ = Mo, MLn = Mn(CO)2(η5-CH3C5H4); 3b, M′ = Mo, MLn = Cr(CO)5; 3c, M′ = W, MLn = Cr(CO)5). In compounds 3 there is no lone pair left at the μ3-arsenic atom which therefore shows trigonal planar coordination. The electron deficiency at the arsenic atom is compensated for by metal-arsenic η-bonding in a manner similar to the bonding situation in arsinidene complexes. X-ray analyses for 3a-c confirm this statement.
    Notes: Die erstmalige Synthese von Verbindungen, in denen alle fünf Valenzelektronen eines μ3-verbrückenden Arsenatoms in die Bindung zu drei Metall-Ligand-Fragmenten einbezogen sind, gelingt durch Umsetzung von Arsiniden-Komplexen ClAs[MLn]2 (MLn = Cr(CO)5, Mn(CO)2(η5-CH3C5H4)) mit η5-C5H5(CO)3M′- (M′ = Mo, W). In den unter Substitution der Chlorfunktion und Ausbildung einer M′M-Bindung unter CO-Abspaltung entstandenen Komplexen 3, (3a, M′ = Mo, MLn = Mn(CO)2(η5-CH3C5H4); 3b, M′ = Mo, MLn = Cr(CO)5; 3c, M′ = W, MLn = Cr(CO)5) besitzt das Arsen kein freies Elektronenpaar mehr. Es ist daher trigonal planar koordiniert; sein Elektronendefizit wird, wie in Arsiniden-Komplexen, durch π-Bindungsanteile in den Metall-Arsen-Bindungen ausgeglichen. Röntgenstrukturanalysen für 3a-c belegen dies.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2050-2056 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of N-Formyl Substituted Aminals with Trichloroacetyl ChlorideN-Formyl substituted aminals of type 1 react with trichloroacetyl chloride to the glycinamide derived hydrochlorides 12 in addition to glycyl(trichloroacetyl)amines 13. This complicated reaction in which dialkylmethaniminium salts 7 and isonitrile 5 are involved, is synthetically useful e. g. for preparation of N′,N′-disubstituted glycin N-methylamides 10.
    Notes: N-Formylierte Aminale des Typs 1 reagieren mit Trichloracetylchlorid unter Bildung der Hydrochloride von Glycinamidderivaten 12 neben Glycyl(trichloracetyl)amin-Abkömmlingen 13. Präparativ kann die auf verwickeltem Weg über Dialkylmethaniminium-Salze 7 und Isonitril 5 ablaufende Umsetzung beispielsweise zur Gewinnung von N′,N′-disubstituierten Glyin-N-methylamiden 10 dienen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2044-2049 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphorus and Arsenic Atoms as Spiro Centers within Iron ClustersReaction of Fe2(CO)9 with PCl3 or AsCl3 leads to complexes which contain an Fe2(CO)8 group and an Fe2(CO)6(η2-Cl) moiety joined by phosphorus or arsenic, respectively, with these atoms acting as spiro centers. The spectroscopic properties of the resulting clusters Fe2(CO)8XFe2(CO)6Cl (X = P, As) as well as their structures as determined by X-ray methods are described.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Fe2(CO)9 mit PCl3 bzw. AsCl3 führt zu Komplexen 1, 2, in denen eine Fe2(CO)8-Gruppe und ein Fe2(CO)6(η2-Cl)-Fragment über Phosphor bzw. Arsen als Spirozentren zu vierkernigen Clustern Fe2(CO)8XFe2(CO)6Cl mit X = P, As verknüpft sind. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften und der röntgenographisch ermittelte Bau dieser Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2057-2075 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dehydrative Decarboxylation of 2,3-Disubstituted 3-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids with Dimethylformamide Acetals - Mechanistic Studies and Preparative ApplicabilityDimethylformamide dimethylacetal (2a) converts the threo-3-hydroxycarboxylic acids 4 smoothly into the (E)/(Z)-olefins 7/6 only if R2 is an aryl or vinyl substituent. Although the reaction exhibits a distinct (E)-selectivity it cannot be considered as a stereo-controlled olefin synthesis. If R2 is alkyl, 2a generates the methyl esters 10 from 4. The erythro-acids 5 react with 2a to give 43-95% of 〉98% sterically pure 7. As the key tranformation on the multistep way from 4/5 to 6/7 the fragmentation of the zwitterionic intermediate 11/20 is postulated.
    Notes: Dimethylformamid-dimethylacetal (2a) überführt die threo-3-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 4 glatt in die (E)/(Z)-Olefine 7/6, wenn R2 ein Aryl- oder Vinylsubstituent ist, Obgleich dabei die (E)-Isomeren 7 meist deutlich überwiegen, ist die Selektivität für eine stereokontrollierte Olefinsynthese nicht hoch genug. 4, in denen R2 einen Alkylrest darstellt, reagieren mit 2a lediglich zu den Methylestern 10. Die erythro-3-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 5 werden von 2a zu 43-95% in 7 umgewandelt, das zu 〉98% sterisch rein anfällt. Als Schlüsselschritt auf dem mehrstufigen Weg von 4/5 zu 6/7 wird die Fragmentierung einer zwitterionischen Zwischenstufe 11/20 postuliert.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2374-2376 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermally Unstable Allenes, XII. (1,3,3-Trichloro-1,2-propadienyl)benzeneThe thermally unstable allene 4 is prepared from the ketone 1 via the intermediates 2 and 3. It dimerizes at room temperature to 5, whose structure is proven by permanganate degradation.
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