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  • 1990-1994  (691)
  • 1991  (691)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (394)
  • Rat  (178)
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Nuclear reactions
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Years
  • 1990-1994  (691)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide in the conduction system and ventricular muscles of the human heart (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Conduction system ; Cardiac disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; Northern blotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a cardiac hormone, is known to be located in the atrial specific granules, but its presence and localization in the ventricular muscle of the human heart has not been examined fully. Using a specific antibody to human ANP, we studied the conduction system and ventricular muscle with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods in 30 hearts obtained at autopsy. These included 12 normal and 18 diseased hearts. In the normal hearts, ANP-positive granules, which were regularly observed in the atrial myocytes, were found in small quantities in the cells of the penetrating and branching bundles in 4 of 12, and in the cells of the ventricular free walls in 2 of the 12 hearts. In the diseased hearts, the positivity increased significantly (P〈0.05), being found in 13 of 18 (72.2%) conduction systems and 10 of 18 (55.6%) ventricular muscles. The granules were confirmed to be immunoreactive with ANP by ultrastructural examination. Furthermore, the presence of ANP mRNA in the conduction system as well as in the ventricular myocytes was demonstrated by Northern blot hybridization for which we used the complementary DNA of human ANP. Thus, a small quantity of ANP appears to be synthesized and stored in the conduction system and ventricles of some normal hearts. However, ANP was shown to be present in a larger percentage of the diseased hearts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600239
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin filaments in rete testis and epididymis (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Testis ; Epididymis ; Cytoskeleton ; Embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 11 testes of different developmental stages (from 10-week-old embryos to adult) the cytokeratin and vimentin expression patterns of rete testis and epididymis were investigated immunohistochemically in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded material. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy including double immunofluorescence was performed on frozen sections of 3 of these 11 cases. Rete testis and epididymis cells displayed a heterogeneous co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin. In double immunohistochemistry, differences in distribution of keratin and vimentin intermediate filaments with predominance of cytokeratins in the apical cytoplasmic regions and of vimentin filaments in the basal portions of the cells were found. Cytokeratin expression preceded the appearance of vimentin: cytokeratin was already detectable in 10-week-old embryos, while weak vimentin immunoreactivity was first seen in 12-week-old embryos and became conspicuous in testes around the perinatal period. In testes of children up to 2 years of age the cytoplasmic distribution of cytokeratin and vimentin was more homogeneous. Predominance of the basal cell portions for vimentin and the apical regions for cytokeratin staining were less pronounced than in adult testes. In the proximal and distal parts of the epididymis a different intermediate filament expression pattern was found with a clear predominance of cytokeratin near the rete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600287
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intravascular glomus tumour: a previously undescribed phenomenon (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Intravascular glomus tumour ; Blood vessel ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the first case of an intravascular glomus tumour, which was located in the right forearm of a 40-year-old male. Microscopically the lesion originated from the wall of a vein and protruded into the lumen of the affected blood vessel. The tumour cells were characterized immunohistochemically by the presence of vimentin, actin and myosin. Within the tumour, small nerves, immunopositive for S-100 protein and neurofilaments, could be identified. Histogenetically, the tumour is thought to derive from intramural epithelioid cells of the venous part of an arteriovenous anastomosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600294
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion of the stomach (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion ; Benign lymphocytic vasculitis with granulomatosis ; T-lymphocytes ; Stomach ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report here a rare case of angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion (AIL) of the stomach. The patient was a 61-year-old Japanese female whose medical history was unremarkable. Following a complaint of abdominal discomfort, a submucosal tumour of the stomach was found and gastrectomy was done. Histological examination of the tumour revealed multiple angiocentric or angiodestructive lesions with numerous lymphocytic infiltrates. These vascular lesions were histologically the same as those in benign lymphocytic vasculitis with granulomatosis (BLV) of the respiratory tract. AIL is a distinct entity, including BLV, lymphomatoid granulomatosis and angiocentric lymphoma with BLV representing a good prognosis group of AIL. A survey of the literature suggests that AIL is a spectrum of T-lymphocyte proliferative disorders. To our knowledge, this is the first case of AIL involving the stomach primarily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606066
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characterization of Ki-M6 monoclonal antibody in Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of normal and neoplastic human tissues (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: CD 68 ; Monoclonal antibody ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monocyte/macrophage-related cells ; Fibrous histiocytoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody (Ki-M6) against the CD 68 antigen, which labels cells of the monocyte/macrophage system, was tested on Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of normal, reactive and neoplastic tissues by an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, with the aim of establishing its value in diagnostic pathology. In normal human tissues, Ki-M6 reactivity was confined to the so-called resident macrophages populating normal organs under physiological conditions. Moreover, restricted reactivity against cells of macrophage lineage was observed in reactive and inflammatory lesions. Granulocytes, monocyte/macrophage-related immune accessory cells, and other analysed normal tissue structures did not reveal any reactivity. Ki-M6 was strongly reactive with the cases of benign (4/4) and malignant (15/15) fibrous histiocytomas, in addition to the true histiocytic lymphomas (3/3). Cases of granular cell tumour (2/3) showed strong reactivity with Ki-M6, whereas only few immunoreactive cells, with weak staining, were seen in the other Ki-M6-positive neoplasms [neurofibroma (3/3), benign schwannoma (1/2), ganglioneuroma (1/1), malignant schwannoma (5/9), melanoma (9/28), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (1/1), myelomonocytic leukaemia (3/3)]. Among the epithelial malignancies tested (47 cases), Ki-M6 was positive only in renal cell carcinoma (11/14). Malignant lymphomas of the Hodgkin (56 cases) and non-Hodgkin type (67 cases) were uniformly non-reactive. From these data, Ki-M6 appears to be an excellent marker of monocyte/macrophage-related cells and appears to be a reliable indicator for fibrous histiocytomas and true histiocytic malignancies. The availability of this additional antibody capable of staining routinely processed tissue is of practical interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600166
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Necrotizing lymphadenitis: A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of four familial cases and five recurrent cases (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Necrotizing lymphadenitis ; Recurrence ; Immunohistochemistry ; T subset
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the clinicopathological and immunohistological findings of nine cases of necrotizing lymphadenitis, consisting of four cases of familial infection and five cases of recurrence. Fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, leucopenia and swelling of the tonsils are characteristic clinical findings. Morphological features of the lymph nodes include the presence of immunoblasts, plasmacytoid T cells, histiocytes and macrophages, the latter with phagocytized nuclear debris derived from degenerated lymphocytes. However, granulocytes are generally absent. Ultrastructurally, tubuloreticular structures are observed not only in lymphoid cells, but in vascular endothelial cells. Immunological studies of peripheral blood using monoclonal antibodies disclose that CD 8+ (Leu 2a+: suppressor/cytotoxic) cells predominate at the onset, but they gradually decrease with the clinical course and the ratio of CD 4+∶CD 8+ (helper:suppressor) increases as the disease progresses. However, in the affected lymph nodes, CD 4+ (Leu 2a+:helper/inducer) cells often increase with the clinical progression, but the ratio of CD 4+∶CD 8+ in the lymph nodes does not correlate with clinical progression. In addition, Ki-67+CD 8+ cells are more often seen than Ki-67+CD 4+ cells. It is suggested that necrotizing lymphadenitis is an infectious disease in which CD 4+ cells are disrupted and CD 8+ cells undergo transformation to blastoid cells. This results in a change in the ratio of T subsets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606059
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromogranin A and B in parathyroid tissue of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism: an immunohistochemical study (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Parathyroid gland ; Primary hyperparathyroidism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chromogranin A ; Chromogranin B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Routinely processed parathyroid tissues from 26 cases with primary hyperparathyroidism (19 adenomas, 7 multiglandular hyperplasia) and 8 normal human parathyroid glands were investigated with antibodies against chromogranin A and B and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Normal parathyroids were immunohistochemically positive for PTH and chromogranin A but negative for chromogranin B. Hyperplastic glands showed a focal staining for PTH and chromogranin A without correlation of the staining pattern on serial sections. Adenomas were either uniformly positive for both PTH and chromogranin A or showed a staining pattern similar to that seen in hyperplastic glands. Focal chromogranin B positivity (less than 10% of cells) was found in 3 cases (1 hyperplastic gland and 2 cases of parathyroid adenoma with an immunohistochemical staining pattern similar to hyperplastic glands). Our immunohistochemical results may support previously published findings that most parathyroid adenomas are monoclonal neoplasms whereas hyperplastic glands are of polyclonal origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600157
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratins 8 and 14 in benign tumours of the skin appendage (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 503-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keratin ; Monoclonal antibody ; Immunohistochemistry ; Skin appendage tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of keratins 8 and 14 was investigated immunohistochemically by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) method using formalin-fixed paraffinembedded specimens from 42 tumours of human skin appendages. Results were compared with the staining of 34 specimens from normal skin and skin appendages adjacent to the tumours. Keratin 14 was detected by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 312C8-1, and was found in the basal cells of the epidermis, the outer root sheaths of hair follicles, and the peripheral cells of sebaceous glands. It was also detected in the inner and outer layers of cells in the ductal portion and the myoepithelial cells in the secretory portion of apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. Keratin 8 was detected by mAb 35BH11, and was present in the secretory cells of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands but not in myoepithelial or ductal cells. The pilosebaceous apparatus and the epidermis were uniformly negative. In benign skin appendage tumours, the staining patterns for both keratins generally resembled their distribution in the corresponding normal tissues. The demonstration of keratins 8 and 14 may be useful in the recognition, classification and diagnosis of skin appendage tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606500
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical study of sarcoma-like mural nodules in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ovary ; Mucinous tumour ; Sarcoma-like ; mural nodules ; Anaplastic carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe an ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with several sarcoma-like mural nodules (SLMN). The distinction between these lesions and foci of anaplastic carcinoma is important because of the poor prognosis of the latter. We have studied the potential value of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of these two lesions. In contrast to an anaplastic carcinoma, which was largely composed of keratin-positive cells, SLMN were negative or only focally positive. Therefore, in distinguishing SLMN from foci of anaplastic carcinoma, keratin stains may be added to other gross and microscopical differential features, such as size, demarcation, and presence or lack of obvious carcinomatous elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600221
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucagonomas of transgenic mice express a wide range of general neuroendocrine markers and bioactive peptides (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 115-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Transgenic mice ; Glucagonomas ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic tumours of transgenic mice carrying a glucagon-promoted simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen oncogene have been analysed by histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and radioimmunological means. Seven transgenic mice were examined revealing dysplastic and neoplastic lesions in the endocrine pancreas. Four tumours were identified, one of which metastasized to periadrenal spaces and paravertebral lymph nodes. Benign tumours were composed of argyrophilic, endocrine cells reactive to a range of antibodies against neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and protein 7B2) and different fragments of the proglucagon molecule (glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2). A few tumour cells expressed pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin or insulin. Conventional ultrastructural analysis and immunogold labelling revealed typical glucagon-immunoreactive alpha granules which co-stored glicentin and glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2. The malignant primary tumour and its metastases were composed mainly of cells which did not show immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers or peptides. Atypical, glucagon-immunogold labelled granules were detected at electron microscopy in differentiated tumour cells and C-type retroviral particles in the largest tumour population of degranulated cells. The transgene-encoded oncoprotein SV40 large T-antigen was detected in the nuclei of well-differentiated tumour cells and in alpha cells of some dysplastic islets. All tumour-bearing mice showed high levels of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Transgenic mice harbouring the glucagon-promoted SV40 T antigen oncogene may provide a model for human glucagonoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600225
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spindle cell squamous carcinoma of the oral region (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Spindle cell squamous carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratin ; Vimentin ; Differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six cases of spindle cell squamous carcinoma (SCSC) of the oral cavity were studied clinicopathologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally to summarize the clinicopathological features of this rare neoplasm and to discuss the debatable histogenesis of the sarcomatoid component and the differential diagnosis of SCSC. The mean age of the patients was 72 years and the female to male ratio was 1:2. Four of them had a history of irradiation for pre-existing squamous cell carcinoma. One patient died of SCSC. While clinical and histological prognostic factors of SCSC could not be determined, it was shown that radical surgery resulted in good prognosis. The epithelial nature of the sarcomatoid component of SCSC was clearly revealed by a combination of immunohistochemical staining for keratins and electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament-like filaments and/or desmosome-like structures. Together with electron microscopic evaluation of the tumour cells, immunohistochemical characterization of tumour cells using antibodies to keratin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein is very helpful in differentiating SCSC from true spindle cell sarcoma, melanoma and malignant myoepithelioma. In the immunohistochemical differential diagnosis of SCSC, it is important to remember that SCSC should not be ruled out of the differential diagnosis by a positive reaction for vimentin in sarcomatoid tumour cells. Absence of staining for keratin in the sarcomatoid tumour cells does not always exclude SCSC, because some SCSCs show immunoreactivity of keratin in their sarcomatoid components only with some anti-keratin antibodies. Different kinds of anti-keratin antibodies should be applied in the differential diagnosis of SCSC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01626345
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical distribution patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor in malignant mesothelioma and non-neoplastic mesothelium (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epidermal growth factor receptor ; Mesothelioma ; Pleura ; Nuclear immunoreactivity ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in non-neoplastic pleural mesothelium (35 cases) and in human malignant mesothelioma (36 cases) was made, using a murine monoclonal antibody OM-11-951. All malignant mesotheliomas and non-neoplastic pleural biopsies exhibited a strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in mesothelial cells. Nuclear immunoreactivity was detected in mesothelial cells of all specimens of both malignant and non-neoplastic pleura. No statistically significant differences were found between malignant mesothelioma and non-neoplastic pleural mesothelium. There were differences, between the three subtypes of mesothelioma, in the number of cells that exhibited nuclear staining. Statistically significant differences were noted between the epithelial subtype and the mesenchymal subtype (P〈 0.005), epithelial subtype versus the mixed cell type (P〈 0.005) and between the mesenchymal component of the mixed cell type and the mesenchymal type (P〈0.0005). We conclude that there is strong expression of EGF receptor in both malignant mesothelioma and in non-neoplastic pleural mesothelium. Different staining patterns are seen when comparing the different subtypes of mesotheliomas with each other. EGF receptor expression cannot be used to distinguish between malignant and benign mesothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01626344
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of lectin and B-lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies for the demonstration of human microglia in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Microglia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monoclonal antibody ; Lectin histochemistry ; Human autopsy brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the usefulness of microglial markers for routine neuropathological material, we studied formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human brain tissue with the immunoperoxidase method using the lectinRicinus communis agglutinin (RCA-1) and four monoclonal antibodies (LN-1, LN-2, LN-3, anti-HLA-DR/ alpha). RCA-1 stained resting microglia, but the staining intensity was mostly weak. LN-1 also stained resting microglia in paraffin sections first treated with protease. In contrast to LN-1, RCA-1 stained blood vessels heavily. LN-1 stained resting microglia more markedly than RCA-1 in brains fixed for a prolonged period of time. However, LN-1 recognized a small number of astrocytes in routine paraffin sections. LN-3 reactivity was detected on a few resting microglia, but was intensely expressed on large numbers of reactive microglia in many neurological diseases. Both LN-2 and anti-HLA-DR/alpha labelled microglia, but the reactions were inconsistent. This study suggests that the monoclonal antibodies LN-1 and LN-3 are useful for the demonstration of microglia in paraffin sections, and a combination of these antibodies and the antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein is recommended in attempting to identify microglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606520
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of adult T-cell leukaemia-derived factor, a human thioredoxin homologue, in human fetal tissues (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adult T-cell leukaemia ; Derived factor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thioredoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of the expression of adult T-cell leukaemia-derived factor (ADF), a human thioredoxin homologue, was performed using a rabbit antibody against the C-terminal peptides of ADF. Tissues were obtained from human fetuses between 9 and 23 weeks of gestation. It was revealed that ADF was widely distributed in different organs and tissues during the fetal period. The ADF antibody reacted selectively with medullary cells of the thymus, lung epithelium, the epithelium of the digestive tract, hepatocytes, bladder epithelium, peripheral nerve cells, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, osteoblasts and the proximal tubules of the kidney. It also reacted with cells destined to differentiate into ciliated cells in the fallopian tube and efferent ductules of the testis, interstitial cells in the ovary, Leydig cells of the testis, and dendritic cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. This is the first report on the thioredoxin system in human cells during the early fetal period. The selectivity of ADF staining in fetal tissues suggests that, during early fetal life, ADF expression correlates well with the cellular function of certain tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606523
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized amyloidosis from β2-microglobulin, with caecal perforation after long-term haemodialysis (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Long-term haemodialysis ; β 2-Microglobulin ; Derived amyloidosis ; Caecal perforation ; Pathological hip fracture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 73-year-old man with chronic renal failure of undetermined aetiology had received haemodialysis for 12 years when he died of acute purulent peritonitis due to caecal perforation. Amyloid deposits detected in a cystic bone lesion in the left hip had caused a pathological fracture 17 days before death. At autopsy, extensive amyloid deposits were found in the osteoarticular system, in the cartilaginous surface and the capsular tissue of joints, ligaments, vertebral discs and bone. In addition, vascular amyloid deposits were diagnosed in the heart, kidneys, testes, lungs, skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. A special feature of this case were interstitial amyloid deposits forming a fine-meshed structure in the myocardium and plate-like deposits in the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemically, all these deposits reacted strongly with antibody to humanβ 2-microglobulin but showed no reaction with antibodies to AA, Alambda, A-kappa and AF. The present case demonstrates that extra-osteoarticular manifestations of AB-amyloidosis can cause serious complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606526
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of epidermal growth factor in human tissues (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epidermal growth factor ; Human tissues ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunohistochemistry ; Northern blotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined on various human tissues by radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis. Immunoreactive EGF was found in most of the human tissues by radioimmunoassay at various levels. Large quantities of EGF were detected in the kidney and thyroid gland. Immunohistochemically, EGF immunoreactivity was detected mainly in the epithelial cells of the lung, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, kidney, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, mammary gland, ovary, uterus and placenta. Weakly EGF-positive cells were also found in the adrenal gland. The results of EGF-immunostaining were not always consistent with the data from radioimmunoassay. We consider that the amount of EGF measured by radioimmunoassay reflects the density of EGF-positive cells in the tissues and the concentration of EGF in individual EGF-positive cells. Furthermore, EGF mRNA was expressed in the salivary gland, thyroid gland, mammary gland and kidney. It is thus evident that EGF is produced by a variety of human tissues. The kidney expressed exceptionally high levels of EGF mRNA which was about one-tenth of the expression in mouse submandibular gland, suggesting that most of EGF in the urine is produced and secreted by the epithelial cells of renal tubules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600241
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characterization of HLA-DR-antigen positive dendritic cells in phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas as a prognostic marker (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: HLA-DR ; Phaeochromocytomas ; Paragangliomas ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twelve cases of phaeochromocytoma (PCC) and four cases of paraganglioma (PGG) were studied by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy in order to demonstrate HLA-DR (Ia)-antigen-positive dendritic cells (IaDCs). Dense infiltration of IaDCs was detected in the majority of PCCs revealing high urinary or serum catecholamine levels, but in aggressively growing PCCs, a familial PCC and all PGGs, few IaDCs were demonstrated. Interestingly, these IaDCs were negative for S-100 protein. Although S-100-protein-positive sustentacular-like cells (SCs), morphologically similar to IaDCs, were also present, these were clearly distinguished from IaDCs by our double immunostaining method. Ultrastructurally, IaDCs had smooth or slightly indented nuclei and contained a moderate amount of endoplasmic reticulum, small mitochondria and vacuoles, extending elongated cytoplasmic processes. These results suggest that determination of the quantity of IaDCs is a highly effective method of assessing the character of PCCs, in particular, their prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600242
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunodetection of sialyl-Tn antigen in normal, hyperplastic and cancerous tissues of the uterine endometrium (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sialyl-Tn antigen ; Endometrial hyperplasia ; Mucin-type monosaccharide ; Tumour marker ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of sialyl-Tn antigen (STn) in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic tissues of the uterine endometrium was examined by immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples using the monoclonal antibody TKH-2, directed toward the STn structure (NeuAc 2–6GalNac 1-O-serine or threonine). STn was expressed in 13 of 18 normal postovulatory endometria with an increasing staining intensity and incidence in the late secretory phase. It was consistently absent in 10 proliferative endometria. None of 5 cystic, 4 adenomatous or 12 atypical hyperplasias expressed STn, but areas of severe cytological atypia in 3 atypical hyperplasias showed faint expression. STn expression was detected in 36 of 43 adenocarcinomas. Although the extent of staining varied from a few to most of the cancer cells, general staining was observed throughout the cytoplasm of cancer cells with increased staining of the luminal surface and frequent positive staining of intraluminal mucin. Thus, it is clear that STn is selectively expressed in cancer cells and shows restricted expression in normal and hyperplastic endometrial tissues. STn may be an early marker of malignant transformation and has potential for use as a diagnostic aid in the surgical pathology of the uterine endometrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600291
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epithelioid sarcoma mimicking angiosarcoma: The value of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epithelioid sarcoma ; Soft tissue sarcoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Marker co-expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant tumour of young adults, usually presenting as a skin ulcer or subcutaneous nodule in the distal portion of the upper limb. Multiple recurrences and late metastases are typical, leading to fatality in a third to one-half of all cases. The slow evolution of the tumour is one reason for its delayed recognition. The other is its frequent histological misinterpretation, in particular, as a peculiar granulomatous reaction. In our case, the primary tumour presented a variant morphological pattern so closely mimicking a cavernous angiosarcoma as to mislead several reputable opinions. Later recurrences and metastases were typical of ES, while a focal angiomatoid pattern was maintained. The morphology and immunoreactivity to a wide spectrum of tumour markers is compared with that of six file cases of classical ES. Retrospectively, all neoplastic lesions in our patient were ES. In young adults, lesions of the upper extremity, even when angiomatoid or haemorrhagic, should raise a suspicion of ES. Once epithelioid sarcoma is suspected, the differential diagnosis can be elucidated on immunohistochemical grounds. Early diagnosis provides the best opportunity for radical surgery at a stage when the tumour has not spread locally or disseminated systemically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606067
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical expression of amelogenins in odontogenic epithelial tumours and cysts (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 319-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Amelogenin ; Odontogenic tumour ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amelogenins, enamel proteins in odontogenic tumours, were detected immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody. They were strongly expressed in amyloid-like material, ghost cells, and the cells surrounding ghost cells of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours and cysts, whereas calcified bodies within the tumours and cysts showed negative staining. The expression of amelogenins was also positive in tumour cells of ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, squamous odontogenic tumour and ameloblastic fibroma. Peripheral tumour cells of the follicular ameloblastoma were positive with relatively intense staining. Undifferentiated or flattened tumour cells of adenomatoid odontogenic tumour and non-keratinized tumour cells of the squamous odontogenic tumour showed marked staining. Reduced ameloblasts in the odontoma displayed the strongest staining for amelogenins. The study suggests that biosynthesis of amelogenins may occur in the homogeneous materials of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours and cysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600161
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atypical large plasma cells in lymph node granulomas in cat-scratch disease (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 383-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cat-scratch disease lymphadenitis ; Warthin-Starry silver impregnation stain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Atypical multinucleated plasma cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histological variant of plasma cells found in the granulomas of cat-scratch disease (CSD) lymphadenitis is reported. Though the lesion shows the typical features of suppurative granulomatous lymphadenitis, many atypical giant cells which have abundant basophilic cytoplasm and bizarre nuclei with occasional multi-nucleated forms are noted among epithelioid histiocytes. The diagnosis of CSD lymphadenitis was confirmed by comparing clinical, histopathological, and histochemical (Warthin-Starry silver impregnation stain) studies on lymph node sections from five cases with features typical of the disease. Histochemical (methyl green-pyronine stain) and immunohistochemical examination provided several lines of evidence indicating that the atypical giant cells in our case were plasmacytic and confirmed that its proliferation was reactive, not neoplastic. Multinucleated giant cells were also occasionally present in the other five cases, but they had histological and immunohistochemical features of Langhans' type giant cells. We stress the importance of distinguishing such atypical large plasma cells from neoplastic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605923
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histiocytosis X arising in Hodgkin's disease: immunophenotypic characterization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 369-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Histiocytosis X ; Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ; Major histocompatibility complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes the antigenic profile of the proliferating cells of pulmonary histiocytosis X (HX) in a patient treated with chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma; the association of pulmonary HX and Hodgkin's disease has rarely been described in the literature. The histopathological diagnosis of HX was confirmed with the aid of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD4, CD1a, and polyclonal serum anti S-100 protein. The phenotype of HX cells has been analysed using a panel of mAbs against HLA class I A, B, C monomorphic determinants, locus A and B,β2-microglobulin, HLA class II distinct monomorphic determinants, DP, DQ, DR, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vitronectin receptors. Our results indicate that HX cells express HLA class I and II, including locus A, locus B and DP, DQ, DR, like their normal counterpart (represented by Langerhans cells) and detectable levels of ICAM-1 but not vitronectin receptors. We would like to stress the possibility of the association of HX and Hodgkin's lymphoma extending the immunophenotypic profile of HX cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600168
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HGH, PRL and βHCG/βLH gene expression in clinically inactive pituitary adenomas detected by in situ hybridization (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within our surgical collection clinically inactive pituitary adenomas represent 30.7% of all pituitary tumours. To characterize their endocrine activity we studied 40 clinically inactive pituitary adenomas with in situ hybridization (ISH) using cRNA probes labelled with35S encoding growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and chorionic gonadotrophin (βHCG). No tumour was associated with clinical evidence of elevated hormone secretion. A mild hyperprolactinaemia not correlated with hormone or the mRNA content of the cells was interpreted to be incidental in 11 patients. By histological analysis, immunohistochemistry (IH) and electron microscopy the adenomas were diagnosed as small cell chromophobic (n=16) and large cell chromophobic (n=8) adenomas, and oncocytomas (n=16). Gene expression of one or more hormones was identified by ISH in 18 of 40 adenomas in few cells. GH and PRL gene expression was rare (GH mRNA in 3 of 40 tumours and PRL mRNA in 8 of 40 tumours) whereas in 14 of 40 adenomasβHCG/βLH gene expression was identified in scattered cells. Five of 40 adenomas lacking hybridization signals revealed hormones by IH. The detection of mRNA was accompanied by positive immunostaining for the respective hormones in 72%. The combination of ISH and IH reveals good evidence that the hormones are synthesized in the tumours and not taken up from the serum and stored in the cells. The two methods used together permit a more precise analysis of tumour biology than each alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605926
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution patterns of apolipoproteins A1, A2, and B in the wall of atherosclerotic vessels (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Apolipoprotein A1, A2, B ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atherosclerotic vessels were analysed histochemically for distribution, quantity, and composition of apolipoprotein (Apo) types in the vascular wall. The specimens comprised all stages of atherosclerosis, from very discrete intimal changes to complicated lesions. The vessel specimens were marked with antibodies against human Apo A1, A2, and B. Apo A1 can be demonstrated in even the earliest stage of atherosclerosis, and increases with the progression of the disease. In the initial stage, Apo A1 is found first in lumen-adjacent layers of the intima, and is evident in deeper layers of the wall as the disease progresses. Arteries of muscular type show accumulation of Apo in an earlier stage (or in greater quantity at the same stage) than arteries of elastic type. At all stages, the amount of Apo A1 always exceeds that of A2 and B. In the intima, Apo B is higher than Apo A2, the media contains hardly any Apo B, and the adventitia has less B than A2. Within the intimal layer, Apo A1 and A2 are found in an intracellular (mainly in foam cells) or in an extracellular location, according to the stage of atherosclerosis. Apo B is almost exclusively extracellular; only cases of advanced atherosclerosis show some intracellular localization (mostly in foam cells), visualized as electron dense lamellar organelles, probably of lysosomal origin. In the media, Apo A1 and A2 are accumulated in intracellular deposits, whereas the extracellular storage of Apo A1 A2 and B is observed only in cases with the most severe damage. Our investigations suggest that the accumulation of apolipoproteins in the vascular wall is effected not only by insudation from the plasma, but also by neosynthesis and/or metabolism by locally derived cells or cells immigrating in the process of atherosclerosis. The presence of Apo A1 and A2 in the vessel wall is now documented, and their role at this site apparently differs from that in the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600220
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new monoclonal antibody to human subcapsular thymic epithelial cells (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibody ; Thymic epithelial cells ; Thymic cancer ; K-20 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody, termed K-20, was generated against an anaplastic thymic carcinoma cell line, Ty-82. Subcapsular thymic epithelial cells of the thymus and blood vessels in various organs were shown to react with the K-20 monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemical staining. Immunofluorescent study revealed that various haematopoietic fresh cells and cell lines did not show any significant reactivity with K-20, except for one Epstein-Barr-virus-carrying lymphoma cell line (SP-50B). Western immunoblotting and affinity purification procedure revealed that K-20 was directed to a protein with a molecular weight of 28 kDa. K-20 is unique in its restrictive reactivity with human subcapsular thymic epithelial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600229
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adenocarcinoma of the cervical oesophagus arising from ectopic gastric mucosa (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma ; Ectopic gastric mucosa ; Mucosubstance ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of adenocarcinoma of the cervical oesophagus was examined by employing a battery of histochemical techniques and was demonstrated to arise from ectopic gastric mucosa. The patient was a 66-year-old Japanese male. Endoscopy revealed an ulcerated tumour on the right anterior wall of the cervical oesophagus, approximately 16 cm from the incisor teeth. Pathological examination of surgically removed specimens showed well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Ectopic gastric mucosa was found in the oesophageal mucosa adjoining the carcinoma. Histochemical stains for characterizing mucosubstances and immunostains for various antigens were used. In addition to this carcinoma, ectopic gastric mucosa in the oesophagus and normal oesophageal, cardiac, tracheal and bronchial mucosa were also examined. The results showed that the carcinoma contained mucins, which showed reactivities characteristic of the gastric surface mucous cell (galactose oxidase-cold thionin Schiff reactive) and gland mucous cell (paradoxical concanavalin A staining reactive). Ectopic gastric mucosa consistently contained these mucins, but other tissue sites lacked them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600231
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localisation of complement components in association with glomerular extracellular particles in various renal diseases (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Complement ; Glomerular deposits ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraglomerular extracellular microparticles including so-called virus-like particles and striated membranous structures have been observed in various renal diseases. The presence and localisation of complement components in these extracellular bodies was studied using the protein A-gold electron microscopy method. Ultrastructurally these particles were differentiated into microspherical structures (MSS) and thread-like structures (TS). Both structures showed weak to moderate diffuse labelling with C1s, whilst the intense labelling found with C3d and C9 was confined to individual membrane-like structures of both MSS and TS. Labelling with IgA, IgG, fibrinogen and the complement components C1q, C1r, C3c C4 and C5 showed negative or trace results. There were no differences between the immunolabelling patterns of MSS and TS, nor among different renal diseases in which these structures were found. These findings raise the possibility that formation of so-called virus-like particles such as MSS and TS may be associated with complement activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606517
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paragangliomas: Neuroendocrine features and cytometric DNA distribution patterns (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Paragangliomas ; Immunohistochemistry ; Image cytometry ; DNA ploidy pattern ; Malignancy grading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paragangliomas from 22 patients with extraadrenal tumours of this type were studied. Neuroendocrine features were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. Twenty-two antisera raised against neuroendocrine “markers”, regulatory peptides, serotonin and intermediate filament proteins were studied in this group and cytometric DNA assessments were made by means of image cytometry. One normal and 5 hyperplastic carotid bodies were used as controls in the DNA cytometric investigations. Clinical and/or histopathological evidence of “malignancy” was present in 5 cases. The tumour cells showed heterogeneity with regard to their expression of different peptides, and the immunohistochemical analyses did not permit differentiation between benign and malignant paragangliomas. An euploid nuclear DNA distribution pattern was found in all controls and in 17 of the tumours; all except 1 were clinico-pathologically benign. An aneuploid DNA pattern was observed in 5 of the cases and some malignant features were present in 4 of these cases. DNA data may give further information apart from that obtained from the histopathological findings which may be of value in predicting the biological behaviour of this tumour type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650672
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of malignant lymphomas in Iran, based on the updated Kiel classification (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas ; Kiel classification ; Immunohistochemistry ; Iran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and sixty-two consecutive cases of malignant lymphoma were collected from two diagnostic centres in north and south Iran. Tissue samples were examined by immunohistological methods, and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were classified according to the updated Kiel classification. The distribution of the different types of malignant lymphoma in this study is compared with the situation in Western countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650671
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulmonary blastoma with a topographic transition from blastic to more differentiated areas (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pulmonary blastoma ; Stage-specific embryonic antigens ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the probable embryonic nature of pulmonary blastoma, immunohistochemical studies were performed using stage-specific embryonic antigens (Ley, Lex, sialyl Lex-i) in a case of pulmonary blastoma with a very wide spectrum of morphological features. The tumour presented a topographic transition from primitive blastic and embryonic areas to more differentiated areas showing diverse differentiation. Blastic areas composed of extremely immature cells were found in most peripheral parts of the tumour. Inside the blastic areas there were “embryonic” areas which morphologically resembled human embryo lungs in the pseudoglandular and canalicular stages. Most central parts of the tumour showed more differentiated features including chondrosarcomatous, leiomyosarcomatous and rhabdomyosarcomatous elements and the common type of adenocarcinomatous element. Electron microscopic observation suggested the blastic and embryonic nature of these immature cell elements. Ley was expressed in the blastic and pseudoglandular areas. Lex was expressed in the canalicular areas. These antigens were not expressed in the more differentiated areas. The topographic gradient in the tumour of morphology and antigen expression from the peripheral blastic areas to the central more differentiated areas suggests that the primitive cells gradually differentiated into more mature cells of various directions as the tumour grew in size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650681
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute rat cardiac allograft rejection: An immunological and ultrastructural study (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cell-mediated cardiocyte injury ; Acute cardiac allograft rejection ; Mononuclear cellular infiltration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To clarify the immune mechanism of cytotoxicity in acute cardiac allograft rejection, we observed interactions between cardiocytes and mononuclear cells using immunohistochemistry and light and electron microscopy. All allografted WKA rat hearts transplanted to F344 recipients stopped beating by the 7th day after the transplantation. The population of helper/inducer T cells (Th) and IL2R+ cells was large for the first 3 days, whereas that of cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (Tc-s) and macrophages increased from the 4th day. TheTh/Tc-s ratios were more than 2.0 until the 3rd day, then decreased to less than 1.0. In circulating T lymphocytes; theTh/Tc-s ratios were under 1.0 on the 1st, 6th and 7th days. Electron microscopically IL2R+ cells, Tc-s and macrophages were often seen in close contact with the plasma membrane of the cardiocytes. The majority of IL2R+ cells are NK cells, Tc-s andTh. Of these, the population of Tc-s was small until the 3rd day. Thus, NK cells play a pivotal role in the early stage of the rejection, and Tc-s and macrophages then aggravate cell-mediated cardiocyte injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600243
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sinonasal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Wegener's granulomatosis: A clinicopathological study (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Wegener's granulomatosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nasal cavity ; Paranasal sinuses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reports of sinonasal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, analysed with monoclonal antibodies, are scarce, and differentiation of these lymphomas from Wegener's granulomatosis can be difficult. In this study, we investigated histopathologically and immunohistologically 20 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary in the sinonasal region, and sinonasal biopsies from 11 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. All T-cell lymphomas (n=7) and plasmacytomas (n=4) were stage I at clinical presentation, while all B-cell lymphomas (n=9) presented at higher stages. T-cell lymphomas tended to be more frequent in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; B-cell lymphomas more often presented in the nasopharynx. Remarkably, 1 B-cell lymphoma expressed MT1, and 1 T-cell lymphoma expressed L26 (CD 20). The follow-up of 2 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was suggestive of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the original histological diagnosis of non-specific inflammation had to be changed to T-cell lymphoma, pleomorphic small cell type. We conclude that a biopsy from the sinonasal region with a dense inflammatory infiltrate, consisting predominantly of Tlymphocytes, renders a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis unlikely and is at least suspicious of T-cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical analysis is warranted for this type of biopsy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606061
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of keratin 13 in human epithelial neoplasms (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keratin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Squamous epithelium ; Transitional cell epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the 52 kDa keratin 13 was evaluated immunohistochemically, using the AE8 monoclonal antibody. Various squamous and transitional cell epithelial lesions and representative control tissues were studied. This antibody performed adequately in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue, but like keratin immunohistochemistry in general, required protease pretreatment. Keratin 13 was found consistently in the suprabasal layers of squamous epithelia of oral cavity, tonsils, larynx, esophagus, lower female genital tract, and transitional urothelium, but it was absent in the epidermis. Generally, various forms of squamous metaplasia were AE8-positive. In dysplasia, AE8 reactivity was considerably decreased or even absent despite the presence of apparent suprabasal maturation. In differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, AE8 immunoreactivity was usually limited to a few cells in the center of the keratinized foci. However, in 10% of squamous cell carcinomas, a significant number of tumor cells was positive. Only well-differentiated urothelial carcinomas showed AE8 immunoreactivity, while poorly differentiated tumors were negative. Interestingly, a Brenner's tumor showed a high number of AE8-positive epithelial cells. Our results show that the expression of keratin 13, as immunohistochemically determined by AE8 antibody, is significantly down-regulated in squamous cell malignancies. Its possible value as an adjunct to diagnosis of dysplasia should be investigated further.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606063
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Islet amyloid polypeptide in insulinoma and in the islets of the pancreas of non-diabetic and diabetic subjects (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 411-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Islet amyloid polypeptide ; Insulinoma ; Pancreatic islet ; Diabetes mellitus ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amyloid deposition is a common pathological feature in insulinoma and in the islets of the pancreas in type-2 diabetic patients. The present immunohisto-chemical study revealed that normal B-cells, insulinoma, and amyloid deposits in insulinoma and diabetic pancreatic islets were commonly immunoreactive with antiserum to C-terminal synthetic tetradecapeptide of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) (24–37). Amyloid fibrils in insulinoma were also positive to IAPP by immunoelectron microscopy. A high level of IAPP was detected in the plasma and tissue of a insulinoma patient by radioimmunoassay suggesting that amyloid deposition in insulinoma is due to overproduction of IAPP. Amyloid deposits immunoreactive to IAPP were also seen in all diabetic pancreatic islets, but in no non-diabetic islets. There was much amyloid deposition in the islets of severe diabetics, whose B-cells demonstrated decreased immunoreactivities for IAPP and insulin. The IAPP content of the pancreas was 649.0 and 847.7 pg/mg wet weight in each of two diabetic patients, and 1034.6 and 1447.7 pg/mg wet weight in two non-diabetic patients. The present study revealed that IAPP is a bioactive peptide secreted from islet B-cells and are amyloidogenic peptide concerned in diabetogenensis and/or the progression of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605927
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokeratin polypeptide expression in a cloacogenic carcinoma and in the normal anal canal epithelium (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cloacogenic carcinoma ; Anal ; Canal ; Cytokeratins ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to explore the origin of cloacogenic carcinoma in the anal canal by immunohistochemical methods. We compared cytokeratin polypeptide expression of a cloacogenic carcinoma to normal anal epithelia, to anal squamous cell carcinoma and to basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, using a battery of monoclonal anti-cytokeratin, polypeptide-specific antibodies. Our results indicate that cloacogenic carcinoma expresses cytokeratin polypeptides similar to those of the basal layer of anal squamous epithelium, of the anal transitional zone epithelium and of a layer of basal cells in the anal glands. Thus we concluded that each of the above cell types may be the cell of origin of cloacogenic carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605932
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Cardiac myxomas: Immunohistochemical study of benign and malignant variants (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cardiac myxoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical investigation of 11 cardiac myxomas (CMs) including one malignant metastasizing CM showed a co-expression of epithelial (lu-5 and CAM 5.2), mesenchymal (vimentin) and neuroendocrine antigens (neuron-specific enolase) in all tumour cells. Factor VIII was found in the endothelial cells of capillaries only. In the subendocardium of fetal heart tissue close to the foramen ovale myofibroblasts reacting with the panepithelial antibody lu-5 were detected. We conclude that CMs are neoplasms that may develop from embryonic cell remnants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606497
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma associated with long-term survival (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 551-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prolonged survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two cases of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with focal biliary differentiation are presented. The distinct histological features of these neoplasms and the unusually protracted clinical course of 8 and 10 years distinguish them from previously described pathological categories of primary hepatic tumors. Electron microscopic and immunohistochemical findings support a dual hepatic and bile duct differentiation of the tumor cells. If additional examples of this tumor are found to be associated with a similarly prolonged symptom-free survival, the distinction of this entity from traditional, rapidly fatal HCC becomes important. Less aggressive therapeutic options may be entertained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606507
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    Electronic Resource
    Histology and virus expression in the liver: A prognostic puzzle in chronic hepatitis B (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chronic hepatitis B virus ; Piecemeal necrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty chronic untreated paediatric carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with no other causes of liver disease, were biopsied on presentation, when the disease was in the active viral replication phase. After a period ranging from 1 to 13 years, all patients underwent a control biopsy. At the time of the last biopsy, 31 of the patients were anti-HBe positive, whereas 9 persisted in the active replication phase. In this latter phase, necrotic and inflammatory lesions and the presence of nuclear HBcAg were found significantly more frequently than when replication had terminated. The necrotic and inflammatory lesions detected in the first biopsy of patients who subsequently underwent antiHBe seroconversion were significantly more severe than in patients failing to reach seroconversion. All patients who maintained viral replication showed generalized nuclear reactivity for HBcAg on presentation; such reactivity was also found in 16 of 31 (52%) patients who reached anti-HBeAg seroconversion. All these cases had piecemeal necrosis (PMN) in the biopsy. PMN may therefore be considered as a positive prognostic factor in that it identifies those patients who may seroconvert with significant remission of liver disease
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600222
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical evaluation of bone marrow lymphoid nodules in chronic myeloproliferative disorders (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lymphoid nodules ; Chronic myeloproliferative disorders ; Bone marrow ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and seventy bone marrow biopsies from patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs) were evaluated for the presence of lymphoid nodules (LNs) and were immunostained using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (UCHL1, 4KB5 and L26) recognizing different lymphocyte antigens. LNs were found in 35% of cases of idiopathic thrombocythaemia, 24.6% of myelofibrosis/osteomyelosclerosis, 18.2% of polycythaemia vera, 12.1% of chronic myeloid leukaemia and 19.2% of borderline cases. Varying degrees of immunohistochemical positivity for the three antibodies tested were found. LNs were always made up of variable proportions of both T-and B-lymphocytes with a prevalence of T-cells. This latter observation suggests that bone marrow LNs in CMPDs could be an expression of reactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606516
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mucin-histochemical and immunohistochemical profiles of epithelial cells of several types of hepatic cysts (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatic cysts ; Mucin histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intrahepatic bile ducts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epithelial cells of several types of hepatic cysts were examined by mucin histochemistry and immunohistochemically. There were some differences in mucus and antigenic expression among the hepatic cysts examined. Epithelial cells of non-parasitic simple cysts and adult-type polycystic liver showed similar mucin-histochemical and immunohistochemical features, and were characterized by little mucin and weak immunoreactivities to several antibodies examined. Epithelial cells of hepatic hilar cysts were characterized by much mucin and moderate immunoreactivities to carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Epithelial cells of ciliated hepatic foregut cysts were characterized by much mucin and immunoreactivities to actin and tubulin which were positive in cilia. Epithelial cells of biliary cystadenoma were characterized by much mucin and moderate to strong immunoreactivities to cytokeratins CAM5.2 and AE1 and 3 as well as to CA 19-9, CEA, EMA and DU-PAN-2. Epithelial cells of biliary cystadenocarcinoma were characterized by much mucin and moderate to strong immunoreactivities to cytokeratins CAM5.2 and AE1 and 3 as well as to CA 19-9, CEA, EMA and DU-PAN-2. These differences in epithelial mucus and antigenic expression among several types of hepatic cysts may reflect differences in their origin and biological characteristics. These differences may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of hepatic cysts in small biopsy specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650679
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of denervation on the neurogenic inflammation of the rat mandibular mucosa (1991)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 343 (1991), S. 393-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Mandibular mucosa ; Local capsaicin irritation ; Neurogen inflammation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of local exposure to capsaicin on the vascular permeability and blood flow were studied in the rat oral mucosa at days 2 and 14 after the unilateral transcection of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). The distribution of nerve fibers displaying substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR) in the mandibular mucosa was also assessed. While the capsaicin-induced augmentation in vascular permeability was about 50% (P 〈 0.05) higher on the intact side (at both days 2 and 14) than on the denervated side, no difference in blood flow elevation was seen between the two sides. Transection of IAN caused only a slight reduction in the density of SP- and CGRP-IR fibers in the mucosa. It is concluded that in addition to the IAN fibers the mandibular mucosa examined also seems to be supplied by other sensory fibers. The presence of accessory trigeminal branches was also supported by immunohistochemical studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179044
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of antidepressant drugs on long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat hippocampal slices (1991)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 344 (1991), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Antidepressant drugs ; Hippocampus ; Long-term potentiation ; NMDA-receptor ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The actions of three clinically effective antidepressant drugs with different pharmacological profiles were investigated in the CAI area of rat hippocampal slices. Imipramine and (+) or (−)-oxaprotiline had negligible effects on population spikes evoked by stratum radiatum stimulation, but reduced postsynaptic excitability in low Ca high Mg medium after an exposure of more than 15 min. Imipramine and (+)-oxaprotiline at 10 μmol/l enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) when a lower stimulation strength was applied while (+)-oxaprotiline reduced UP when a higher stimulus amplitude was used to evoke population spikes. (−)-oxaprotiline (levoprotiline) had a similar effect which was, however, not significant in either stimulation paradigm at the P〈0.05 level. Imipramine actions were also studied on epileptiform discharges in Mg2+-free medium: a facilitation-inhibition sequence with a slow time course was seen with 50 μmol/l but no effect with 10 μmol/l. An involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptors in acute actions of antidepressants is unlikely but long-term potentiation in the hippocampus is modulated by these drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167385
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Growth, free plasma and muscle amino-acids in uraemic rats fed various low-protein diets (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 5 (1991), S. 318-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Diet ; Protein ; Uraemia ; Rat ; Growth ; Amino-acids ; Keto-acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nutritional effects of low-protein diets are difficult to assess in humans. Normal and uraemic growing rats were therefore fed: a moderately low-protein (12%) reference diet (diet R), two 5% casein diets, one supplemented with essential amino acids (AA) (diet A) and the other with their keto acids (diet K), and a 7% casein diet isonitrogenous with diet K (diet L). Appetite and growth of both uraemic and control rats were identical on diets R and A and were reduced on diets K and L. Stunting was prominent in rats fed diet L and more severe than in those on diet K. Diet K induced marked anorexia in controls. This effect was smaller in uraemic rats, which were all anorectic, regardless of the diet. Plasma essential AA were similar in rats on diets R and A but low in control rats fed diets L and K. In particular, diet K did not improve the branchedchain AA levels although it produced better growth than diet L. Plasma and muscle threonine were surprisingly elevated in rats on the semi-synthetic diets A and K, despite identical or lower consumptions. Regardless of the diet, uraemia resulted in unchanged or increased plasma essential AA, despite reduced appetite and stunting. Uraemia caused a marked rise in some non-essential AA. Muscle essential AA, except for threonine, were essentially unaltered and did not correlate with growth or uraemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867491
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of sodium repletion on growth and protein turnover in sodium-depleted rats (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 5 (1991), S. 501-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Sodium-deficient ; Protein turnover ; Protein synthesis ; Salt-depletion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the consequences of sodium chloride supplementation to young rats previously made salt deficient by feeding them a sodium-deficient, chloride-replete diet. Salt-deficient rats received the test diet and distilled water for 10 days. As in our previous studies, rats cared for in this manner grew more slowly than rats fed the identical diet but allowed to drink 37 mM sodium chloride. On day 11, half of the salt-depleted animals received 37 mM sodium chloride in their drinking water. Sodium-deficient and supplemented rats were studied 1, 2, 5–6 and 11–12 days later. Urinary sodium rapidly rose from undetectable to 46 mEq/l urine within 1 day of supplementation and there was no further increase the next day, suggesting that extracellular fluid volumes were rapidly repleted. Food intake increased in the supplemented rats compared with the deficient animals but the difference in food intake equalled only 2.25 g/day for the first 2 days of supplementation. Over the last 12 days of the first 2 days of supplementation. Over the last 12 days of the study, the slopes of both weight and length gains were equal in both the supplemented and the control group and significantly higher than those in the deficient rats. Over the course of the study, full catchup was not obtained in either length or weight. In addition to total weight and length gains, liver and kidney weights increased proportionately and by 5–6 days of supplementation were equivalent to the weights seen in the control group. After 2 days of supplementation, the incorporation of14C-phenylalanine into epitrochlearis muscle preparations increased 21% (P=0.02) and by 5–12 days after supplementation, muscle protein synthesis rates increased 30%–40% (P=0.01). Net degradation, was not significantly altered by sodium repletion. Whether measured as total gastrocnemius (or liver) RNA or as the ratio of RNA/DNA, RNA levels rapidly increased after sodium chloride supplementation (P〈0.01). Thus, sodium supplementation rapidly restores weight gain and linear growth, muscle and liver RNA levels and muscle protein synthesis rates in young, salt-depleted rats. Since salt depletion may exist in a variety of clinical conditions often associated with poor growth, its presence must be considered in attempts to maximize growth in infants and children with chronic illness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01453690
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ipsilateral but not contralateral blockade of excitatory amino acid receptors in the caudal ventrolateral medulla inhibits aortic baroreceptor reflex in rats (1991)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 343 (1991), S. 46-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Aortic baroreceptor reflex ; Excitatory amino acid receptors ; Caudal ventrolateral medulla ; Kynurenate ; Muscimol ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) contains vasodepressor neurons which, when activated, decrease vasomotor tone. To investigate whether excitatory amino acid receptors in the CVLM of the rat are involved in mediation of the aortic baroreceptor reflex, we microinjected amino acid antagonists unilaterally into the CVLM and examined their effects on the depressor response to electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve which contains mainly baroreceptor afferent fibers in rats. Male Wistar rats were anaesthetized with urethane, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. To block reflex vagal effects, methylatropine (1 mg/kg) was given intravenously. Kynurenate (227 ng), an excitatory amino acid antagonist, injected ipsilaterally but not contralaterally into the CVLM markedly inhibited the depressor response to aortic nerve stimulation, while both injections produced a similar small increase in basal blood pressure. Muscimol (1 ng), a GABA receptor agonist, injected ipsilaterally into the CVLM partly inhibited the baroreflex response, while it produced a moderate increase in basal blood pressure. 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) (10 ng), a N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and MK-801 (30 ng), a NMDA receptor channel blocker, partly inhibited the baroreflex response. MK-801 (30 ng) injected into the CVLM reduced the depressor response to the NMDA receptor agonist NMDA (0.3 ng) but not to the quisqualate receptor agonist quisqualate (0.1 ng) and the kainate receptor agonist kainate (0.1 ng), while kynurenate (227 ng) inhibited the depressor response to all three excitatory amino acid receptor agonists. These findings provide further evidence for the presence of excitatory amino acid receptors involved in mediating the aortic baroreceptor reflex in the rat CVLM. It appears that neurons other than the vasodepressor neurons in the CVLM, at least in part, play a role in transmitting the aortic baroreceptor reflex. In addition, both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors may be responsible for the mediation of the reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180675
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    5-Hydroxytryptamine4 receptors mediate relaxation of the rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae (1991)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 343 (1991), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 5-HT4 ; Oesophagus ; Rat ; ICS 205–930 ; Benzamides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was designed to characterize an “atypical” 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor mediating relaxation of the rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae. All experiments were performed under equilibrium conditions, using pargyline to inhibit the oxidative deamination of indoleamines, and cocaine and corticosterone to inhibit neuronal and extraneuronal uptake. Under these conditions 5-HT (0.3–1000 nmol/l) produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of carbachol-induced tension. The concentration-effect curve to 5-HT was unaffected by potent antagonists for 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and so called 5-HT1P receptors (metergoline, methysergide, ketanserin, ondansetron, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl-5-hydroxytryptophan amide), but was antagonized competitively by ICS 205–930 (pA2 = 6.7). Responses to 5-HT were mimicked by other indoleamines and substituted benzamides with the following order of potency: 5-HT ≥ 5-methoxytryptamine 〉 cisapride = α-methyl-5-HT = (S)-zacopride = renzapride 〉 (RS)-zacopride 〉 5-carboxamido-tryptamine = metoclopramide = (R)-zacopride 〉 tryptamine 〉 2-methyl-5-HT. ICS 205–930 afforded similar pA2 values (6.0–6.7) against each agonist, indicating a common site of action. Concentration-effect curves to 5-HT were not affected by tetrodotoxin or indomethacin, sugesting that 5-HT-induced relaxation of the tunica muscularis mucosae was mediated via a postjunctional receptor, independent of endogenous prostanoids. The pharmacological profile of the 5-HT receptor in the rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae correlates well with the 5-HT4 receptor characterized recently in both the CNS and gastro-intestinal tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169544
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    Electronic Resource
    Stimulus-evoked release of tritiated monoamines from rat periaqueductal gray slices in vitro and its receptor-mediated modulation (1991)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 343 (1991), S. 595-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Periaqueductal gray slices ; [3H]Noradrenaline release ; [3H]Dopamine release ; [3H]5-Hydroxytryptamine release ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The periaqueductal gray is a brain region of considerable interest. It is innervated by monoamine-containing neurons as well as by a variety of peptidergic fiber systems, and it participates in the regulation of various functions. Virtually nothing is known about monoamine release in the periaqueductal gray and its receptor-mediated modulation. We therefore studied the release of radioactivity from periaqueductal gray slices preloaded with tritriated monoamines, using an in vitro superfusion method. The release of radioactivity from superfused periaqueductal gray slices after preloading of the tissue with [3H]noradrenaline increased upon electrical stimulation in a frequency-dependent manner. The stimulus-evoked release of radioactivity was Ca2+-dependent. Clonidine reduced and yohimbine enhanced the release. The inhibition curve for the effect of clonidine was shifted to the right in the presence of 10−6 M yohimbine. While phenylephrine, isoprenaline, SK&F 38393, quinpirole, carbachol, [Arg8]vasopressin, α-MSH and ACTH-(1-24), at a concentration of 10−6 M, did not influence the electrically evoked release of radioactivity, [Leu5]enkephalin reduced it. The selective μ-opioid receptor agonists [d-Ala2,NMePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin and [d-Arg2,Lys4]-dermorphin-(1–4)-amide reduced the release of radioactivity, whereas the selective δ opioid receptor agonist [d-Pen2,d-Pen5]enkephalin and the selective K opioid receptor agonist U-69593 had no effect. In the presence of naloxone, which by itself had no effect on the release of radioactivity, the effect of [d-Arg2,Lys4]dermorphin-(1–4)-amide was abolished. These results show that the release of noradrenaline from periaqueductal gray slices is via a Ca2+-dependent. exocytotic process, and that it is modulated through α2-adrenoceptors as well as via μ-opioid receptors. Though the overflow of radioactivity from slices preloaded with [3H]dopamine in the presence of desipramine was measurable, there are reasons to assume that we are dealing here with the release of tritiated catecholamines from a population of nerve endings consisting of noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals. The release of radioactivity from periaqueductal gray slices preloaded with [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine upon elevation of the K+ concentration in the superfusion medium was much more pronounced than that induced by electrical stimulation. The K+-evoked release of radioactivity was almost completely abolished in the absence of Cat2+; showing that the release is via a Ca2+-dependent process. 5-Hydrotryptamine reduced the K+-evoked release of radioactivity in a concentration-dependent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184290
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of codon usage in mammals: Selection or mutation bias? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103136
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical differentiation between ovarian granulosa cell tumors and ovarian carcinomas (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 249 (1991), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Granulosa cell tumors ; Ovarian carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differential diagnosis is a major problem in histopathology of ovarian tumors. Difficulties may arise if the tumor is a poorly differentiated carcinoma or a granulosa cell tumor of the sarcomatoid type. It was the aim of the present study to evaluate the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in differentiating between granulosa cell tumors of the ovary and ovarian carcinomas. We investigated 56 ovarian malignancies (13 granulosa cell tumors, 17 serous, 14 mucinous and 12 poorly differentiated carcinomas) and performed immunohistochemical detection of Vimentin, Keratin, CA125, CA19-9, CEA, S100 and Ber-EP4. Expression of Vimentin was highest and expression of Keratin was lowest in granulosa cell tumors in contrast to carcinomas. CA125 and CA19-9 were not expressed in granulosa cell tumors, whereas the detection rate in carcinomas (except for CA125 in mucinous carcinomas) was high. CEA, S100 and Ber-EP4 do not seem to be useful markers in differential diagnosis. A marker profile of Vimentin, Keratin, CA125 and CA19-9 allows a quite strict differentiation between poorly differentiated ovarian carcinomas and granulosa cell tumors of the ovary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390384
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme specific kinetics of 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in microsomes and cytosol from livers of mouse, rat, and man (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 1,2-Epoxybutene-3 ; Butadiene monoxide ; Microsomes ; Cytosol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Mouse ; Rat ; Man ; Epoxide hydrolase ; Glutathione S-transferase ; Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase ; In vivo extrapolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Kinetics of the metabolism of 1,2-epoxybutene-3 (butadiene monoxide) were investigated in liver fractions of mouse, rat, and man. In these species similar enzyme characteristics were found. In microsomes, no NADPH-dependent metabolism of butadiene monoxide was detectable. Epoxide hydrolase activity was found only in microsomes. The Vmax [nmol butadiene monoxide/(mg protein x min)] was 19 in mouse, 17 in rat, and 14 in man and the apparent Km (mmol butadiene monoxide/l incubate) was 1.5 in mouse, 0.7 in rat, and 0.5 in man. Glutathione S-transferase activity was found in cytosol only, revealing first order kinetics in the measured range. The ratio Vmax/Km [(nmol butadiene monoxide x l)/(mg protein × min × mmol of butadiene monoxide)] was 15 in mouse, 11 in rat, and 8 in man. The data obtained were used to extrapolate on the total rate of butadiene monoxide metabolism for each species in vivo: it was calculated to be 1.3 times higher in mice and 2.3 times lower in man compared to rats, when corrected for body weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973504
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    Comparative induction of cytochrome P450IVA1 and peroxisome proliferation by ciprofibrate in the rat and marmoset (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 106-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ciprofibrate ; Cytochrome P450IVA1 ; Peroxisomes ; Rat ; Marmoset
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic ciprofibrate administration resulted in distinct differences in hepatic responses between the two species examined. In the rat, hepatomegaly was observed with the coordinate induction of carnitine acetyltransferase, peroxisomal β-oxidation and cytochrome P450IVA1 activities. The latter induction of cytochrome P450IVA1-dependent fatty acid hydroxylase activity was specific to this cytochrome P450 sub family, as ciprofibrate pretreatment resulted in an inhibition of the enzyme activities associated with the cytochrome P450 IIB and IA sub-families. Induction of mitochondrial enzymes were also noted in the rat, but at a substantially lower level than the microsomal and peroxisomal enzyme changes noted above. The majority of these enzyme changes were reversible in the rat after a 4-week, inducer-free period. In contrast, the marmoset displayed a different pattern of enzyme changes in response to ciprofibrate and at the high dose level, inhibition of microsomal fatty acid hydroxylase activity was observed in addition to no change in carnitine acetyltransferase activitiy. Although peroxisomal β-oxidation activity was induced in the marmoset, the specific activity was 10-fold lower than in the rat, concomitant with only minimum changes in the liver: body weight ratio. Taken collectively, our data have demonstrated that the marmoset is relatively refractory to ciprofibrate-induced liver enzyme changes with the implication that the extrapolation of the associated hepatotoxicity clearly documented in rodents must be viewed with extreme caution in non-human primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034935
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    Effect of deltamethrin on antipyrine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in rat (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 156-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Deltamethrin ; In vivo oxidative drug metabolizing activity ; Urinary antipyrine metabolites ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of deltamethrin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of antipyrine was studied in male rats. The total plasma clearance of antipyrine was significantly decreased by deltamethrin pretreatment (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg daily for 6 days prior to antipyrine administration), while the elimination half-life at β phase, the area under the concentration-time curve and the mean residence time of antipyrine were significantly increased. The magnitude of the observed changes was dose dependent. The urinary excretion of norantipyrine, 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine was decreased by 39%, 32% and 26%, respectively (p〈0.001) in the presence of deltamethrin. In addition, the rate constants for formation of each of these metabolites were significantly decreased by an average of approximately 71%. These results suggest that deltamethrin is capable of inhibiting oxidative metabolism, a finding which could be of clinical and toxicological significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034944
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  • 53
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    Urinary excretion of acetylcyanamide in rat and human after oral and dermal application of hydrogen cyanamide (H2NCN) (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Hydrogen cyanamide ; Rat ; Human ; Metabolism ; Urinary excretion ; Acetylcyanamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The main urinary metabolite of hydrogen cyanamide (syn.: cyanamide) in rat and man is acetylcyanamide (syn.: N-acetylcyanamide). An analytical method was developed to determine acetylcyanamide in the urine with a limit of quantification of 〈10 μg/l (mean recovery 96.1 % using spikes of 20 μg/l; relative standard deviation 〈4%). This methodology is based upon ion chromatography using column-switch techniques and UV detection. It could be demonstrated that in rats an average of 45.6% of oral applied cyanamide (10 mg/kg) was excreted in the urine as acetylcyanamide. In male human volunteers a mean of 40% of oral administered cyanamide (mean dose 0.25 mg/kg body weight) was excreted via the urine as acetylcyanamide. The same group of volunteers participated in a skin absorption study with dermal application of the above cyanamide dose onto a skin surface area of 32 cm2. Within an application period of 6 h an average cyanamide quantity of 2.3 mg was available for skin absorption. A mean portion of 7.7% of this quantity was found as acetylcyanamide in the urine of the participants. Findings from literature state that cyanamide is metabolized in vitro to cyanide. According to examinations performed in vivo, however, such a metabolic pathway seems to be irrelevant for man. In comparison with the control values there was no significant increase of both the cyanide concentrations in the blood and the thiocyanate concentrations in the urine of the above volunteers after the described oral cyanamide administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01968960
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    A brief review of modern toxicologic pathology in regulatory and explanatory toxicity studies of chemicals (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 445-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Toxicopathology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cell cycle analysis ; In situ hybridization ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Macroscopic and histologic evaluation of animal studies for general toxicity and carcinogenicity are cornerstones of the risk assessment of new chemical entities. Standard toxicopathologic evaluation is mainly based on the study of paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. There are, however, a number of new approaches and techniques which have improved the objectivity of evaluation and the accuracy of cell identification, and provided deeper insight into the molecular biological mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity. Such approaches include the standardization of the nomenclature, the creation of data banks for morphological alterations, the use of computers to register pathological findings in toxicity studies and to statistically evaluate incidences, and the use of morphometry. Other modern techniques are immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and the assessment of cell kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01977356
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    Single cell analysis in toxicity testing: the mitogenic activity of thioacetamide in cultured rat hepatocytes analyzed by DNA/protein flow cytometry (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 454-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Thioacetamide ; Rat ; Hepatocyte ; Flow-cytometry ; Polyploidization ; Binuclearization ; Non-genotoxic carcinogens ; Oxygen tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat hepatocytes were cultured at 4% O2 and 13% O2 and exposed to the nongenotoxic rodent carcinogen thioacetamide (TA) from 24 to 72 h after isolation at exposure levels between 0.01 and 0.33 mM. Hepatocytes and isolated nuclei were analyzed by DNA-protein flow cytometry. An aggregate correction procedure was applied and the proportion of S-phase, diploid, tetraploid or octoploid hepatocytes as well as binucleated cells, were measured or calculated. The proportion of S-phase cells within the diploid hepatocytes increased with increasing concentration of TA up to 3.9-fold, whereas the corresponding increase in S-phase mononucleated tetraploid cells was only 1.8-fold. S-phase binucleate tetraploid cells showed no increase. In the tetraploid hepatocytes, the mitogenic stimuli was detectable only in cultures maintained at 4% O2. The relative contribution of binuclear cells was increased 1.5-fold in the octoploid cells. It is concluded that the mitogenic activity of TA initiates DNA synthesis in diploid hepatocytes in the G1 and in the following G2 cell-cycle phase, omitting karyogenesis. The cellular protein content is not affected which indicates that the mitogenic activity of the chemical is not necessarily associated with an increase in cellular protein content. The results obtained correspond well with data of in vivo studies. The method applied therefore allows the mitogenic activity of nongenotoxic carcinogens to be detected in vitro within 48 h and their mode of action to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01977357
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    Electronic Resource
    The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited (1991)
    Springer
    The astronomy and astrophysics review 3 (1991), S. 1-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0754
    Keywords: Nucleosynthesis ; Nuclear reactions ; Stars: abundances ; Interstellar Medium: abundances ; Cosmology ; Galaxies: evolution of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The basic scheme of nucleosynthesis (building of heavy elements from light ones) has held up very well since it was first proposed more than 30 years ago by E.M. Burbidge, G.R. Burbidge, A.G.W. Cameron, W.A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle. Significant advances in the intervening years include (a) observations of elemental and a few isotopic ratios in many more extrasolar-system sites, including metal-poor dwarf irregular galaxies, where very little has happened, and supernovae and their remnants, where a great deal has happened, (b) recognition of the early universe as good for making all the elements up to helium, (c) resolution of heavy element burning in stars into separate carbon, neon, oxygen, and silicon burning, with fine tuning of the resulting abundances by explosive nucleosynthesis in outgoing supernova shock waves, (d) clarification of the role of Type I supernovae, (e) concordance between elements produced in short-lived and long-lived stars with those that increased quickly and slowly over the history of the galaxy, and (f) calibration of calculations of the evolution and explosion of massive stars against the detailed observations of SN 1987A. The discussion presupposes a reader (a) with some prior knowledge of astronomy at the level of recognizing what is meant by an A star and an AGB star and (b) with at least a mild interest in how we got to where we currently are.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00873456
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  • 57
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    Immunochemistry of ethylnitrosourea-induced rat neurinomas, the RN6 neurinoma cell line and their transplantation tumors (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 78-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ethylnitrosourea-induced neurinomas ; RN6 neurinoma cell line ; Transplantation tumors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intermediate filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, S-100 protein (S-100), HNK-1, myelin basic protein (MBP) and fibronectin was investigated immunohistochemically in 51 ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced neurinomas of the rat. Additionally, 90 transplantation tumors derived from ENU-induced neurinomas and the RN6 rat neurinoma cell clone were studied. Vimentin immunoreactivity was shown in 50/51 primary neurinomas and 60/90 transplantation tumors. In contrast, GFAP was expressed in only 23/51 primary tumors and in 5/90 transplantation tumors. In the RN6 neurinoma clone, vimentin and GFAP could be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro GFAP expression varied depending on the tumor localization, i.e., tumors of distal portions of peripheral nerves were more frequently GFAP positive than tumors of the spinal roots or of cranial nerves. The same tendency was observed for S-100. In the series of transplantation tumors S-100 and GFAP immunoreactivity decreased with increasing numbers of transplantation passages. Only individual cells in 5 primary tumors were HNK-1 positive and no MBP-immunorcactive cells were observed. Our results demonstrate that the expression of differentiation antigens in ENU-induced experimental neurinomas parallels the results reported for human neurinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310927
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    The relationship between Ki-67 labeling and mitotic index in gliomas and meningiomas: demonstration of the variability of the intermitotic cycle time (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Brain tumors ; Proliferation kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The monoclonal antibody (mAb) Ki-67 is a marker for the growth fraction (GF) of tumor cells. The exact relationship between the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and the conventional diagnostic criterion of the proliferative activity of brain tumors, the mitotic index (MI), is unknown except for some general references. On serial frozen sections Ki-67 LI and MI were determined in nearly identical areas of 32 glioblastomas, 20 grade III astrocytomas, 21 grade II astrocytomas and 20 selected cases of meningioma. The data not only clearly showed different median values of LI and MI for the various malignancy grades, but also similar regression coefficients for each glioma type. A non-linear relationship between the two indices was found for all glioma cases with high significance and high correlation coefficient; (LI)=5.6 (MI)0.59. This results from differing intermitotic cycle times, the variability of which can be estimated from the data given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296550
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    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous mineralization of the sciatic nerve of senescent rats (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 546-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Sciatic nerve ; Mineralization ; Aging ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A spontaneous mineralization of the sciatic nerve of senescent specific pathogen-free-bred rats (aged 42 months) is reported. Deposits were found in the endoneurium of different branches of the nerve at mid-thigh level. They appeared as small discrete deposits or as large tubular-shaped concretions, probably formed by the growth and merger of the smaller deposits. Some of the concretions were found in close proximity to blood vessels. Deposits consisted of dense aggregations of randomly entangled spicules spreading within bundles of collagen fibrils. Calcium was detected by histochemistry and X-ray dispersion microanalysis. Phosphorus was also found, possibly associated with calcium to form hydroxyapatite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310136
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    Electronic Resource
    Ornithine decarboxylase in reversible cerebral ischemia: an immunohistochemical study (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 83 (1991), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain ; Cerebral ischemia ; Gerbil ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anesthetized Mongolian gerbils were subjected to 5-min ischemia and 8 h of recirculation. Vibratiom sections were taken for studying changes in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) immunoreactivity using an antiserum to ODC, and tissue samples were taken for measuring ODC activity. After 5-min ischemia and 8-h recirculation ODC activity increased 11.5-, 5.9-, and 7.9-fold in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus, respectively (P≤0.05 to 0.01). In the cortex, striatum and hippocampus of control animals immunoreactivity was low but clearly above the detection limit. The reaction was confined to neurons. After 5-min ischemia and 8-h recirculation a sharp increase in immunoreactivity was observed confined to neurons, indicating that the postischemic activation of polyamine metabolism is a neuronal response to ischemia. The immunoreactivity was markedly increased in the perinuclear cytoplasm and the dendrites. In the striatum the density of neurons exhibiting a sharp increase in immunoreactivity was more pronounced in the lateral than in the ventral part. In the hippocampus a strong reaction was present in all subfields but the CA1 subfield was particularly affected. The present study demonstrates for the first time that biosynthesis of a protein is markedly activated during the first 24 h of recirculation after 5-min cerebral ischemia of gerbils even in the vulnerable CA1 subfield, in which the overall protein synthesis is sharply reduced at the same time. Studying polyamine metabolism after ischemia may, thus, provide new information about the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for the altered gene expression after metabolic stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294428
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    Distribution and regulation of progesterone receptor in the urogenital tract of the chick embryo (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 415-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Progesterone receptor ; Chick embryo ; Ur ; ogenital system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early appearance, cellular distribution, and hormonal regulation of the progesterone receptor was studied in the urogenital tract of the chick embryo using antibodies to the receptor molecule. In embryos at day 5 of incubation the receptor is revealed in cell nuclei of the mesenchyme and the coelomic epithelium near the primordium of the urogenital sinus. In embryos at days 6 to 10 immunostained cells are found in the mesenchyme surrounding the urodeal and proctodeal epithelia. The first difference between male and female embryos appears at day 8, with a higher density of progesterone receptor-containing cells along the urogenital sinus epithelium in females. The female type of receptorpositive cell distribution can be induced in males by oestradiol treatment. Anti-oestrogens applied from day 0 of incubation do not prevent or delay the appearance of PR, but induce a male-type distribution in female embryos. In the gonads, immunostained cells appear unambiguously at day 6 in the medulla. At later stages, the receptor is revealed mostly in the medulla, although there are also positive cells in the cortex of the left ovary. The immunoreactivity is not significantly modified by oestradiol or anti-oestrogens. The mesonephros is devoid of immunoreactivity, whereas most cells of the metanephric mesenchyme are receptor-positive. In the Mullerian ducts progesterone receptor is not detected in control embryos of either sex until after day 10. Between days 6 and 7 Mullerian ducts become responsive to oestradiol, which induces progesterone receptor in luminal epithelial cells. In the spinal cord, receptor is detected in neurones of the ventral horn and the meninges, starting at day 6. The progesterone receptor is up-regulated by oestradiol in the mesenchymal cells, Mullerian ducts, and mesothelium, but not in the gonads or the spinal cord. In none of the tissues or organs where the receptor appears naturally during development could an anti-oestrogen treatment with Tamoxifen or RU39411 block or delay its constitutive appearance. The widespread and specific distribution of the progesterone receptor, its programmed appearance in various organs, and its precise hormonal regulation, are in favour of a morphogenetic role of progesterone in tissue differentiation, related or not to sexual differentiation of the urogenital tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196842
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    Myocardial capillaries: Increase in number by splitting of existing vessels (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Stereology ; Development ; Coronaries ; Corrosion casts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study myocardial vascular development, stereological parameters were estimated in 24 Wistar rat hearts of six different age groups, from newborn to adult. The vascular surface density showed a sharp increase in the first 2 weeks, a peak around the age of 2 weeks, and then a steady decrease until it flattened in adulthood. In contrast, the vascular volume percentage, when plotted against age, decreased continuously with the greatest change in the first week, after which the curve flattened. These findings are compatible with an increase in the number of capillaries with a concomitant decrease of their diameters. Qualitative scrutiny of the histology did indeed support the idea that vessels become thinner. Reconstructions of the histological sections showed the same change three dimensionally. The reconstructions also demonstrated very small holes that seemed to go through the capillaries in the younger stages. Corrosion casts of the blood vessels were made using a casting resin. This was injected into the umbilical artery of rat embryos from 15 days gestation to birth. In postnatal rats of six age groups methacrylate was injected directly into the left ventricle. These casts supported the stereological data by showing an increase in number and decrease in diameter of capillaries, while during pre- and postnatal development, the intervascular spaces lengthened from small, irregular spaces to long, rectangular ones. Small holes, the probable precursors of such spaces, were clearly visible in the wider vessels of the youngest stages. All data point to an interesting mode of capillary growth, i.e. growth by division of existing vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01744262
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    How unequivocal is the muscle fibre type concept? (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Skeletal muscle ; Muscle fibre types ; Histochemistry ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different histochemical identification methods for muscle fibre types have been introduced over the years. Most of them have been based on myosin ATPase activity after different kinds of preincubations, alone or in combination with oxidative enzymes. Comparative studies have shown, however, that the different methods result in nonidentical subgroups of type II fibres. Optical density values of individual fibres after incubation of serial sections for alkali- or copper-preincubated ATPase, NADH-TR, and fibre diameter, combined in two-dimensional plots, have for a long time been used in our laboratory to separate three subgroups of type II fibres. A cluster analysis, based on the data mentioned above, results in three subgroups of type II fibres in rat plantaris muscle. In comparison, earlier studies comparing different histochemical methods and reporting lack of correspondence between them have been based on two subgroups of type II fibres only. It is suggested that part of the lack of correspondence is due to unequal and incomplete separation by the methods used in the comparative studies, and that the three subgroups of type II fibres identified in the cluster analysis are type IIA, IIX and IIB, respectively. The need for a consensus on a common basis for histochemical identification of muscle fibre types is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673261
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    Altered cutaneous innervation in psoriatic skin as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 283 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Psoriasis ; Epidermis ; Dermis ; Nerve fibres ; PGP 9.5 ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is conflicting evidence in the literature as to whether cutaneous nerves are altered in psoriasis or not. In this study, antibodies to protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 were used to visualize cutaneous nerves in biopsies from involved and uninvolved skin of nine patients with psoriasis and from normal skin of eight healthy controls. A profound reduction in the epidermal nerve fibre density was observed in the involved psoriatic skin. These intraepidermal nerve fibres were also mostly short and found in the basal layer. Only a few nerve fibres were found in the suprabasal layer and they were non-varicose, long fibres going straight up without branching. In the uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients, the distribution and number of the intraepidermal nerve fibres was similar to that observed in normal skin. In the dermis, the distribution and the number of the nerve fibres showed no differences between involved psoriatic skin, uninvolved psoriatic skin, and normal skin. The results support previous studies in which alterations of cutaneous nerves in psoriasis have been described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371926
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    Electronic Resource
    Blood-brain barrier permeability to micromolecules and edema formation in the early phase of incomplete continuous ischemia (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Ischemic edema ; Lanthanum ; Cerebral endothelium ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution patterns of ionic Lanthanum (La3+; mol.wt. 139) were evaluated after 15, 30 and 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion in perfused-fixed rats. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to Evans blue (EB) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP; mol. wt. 40,000) in vivo was also evaluated. Brain tissue specific gravity was measured. An increase in brain water content was found as early as 30 min following occlusion. HRP and EB extravasation was not observed. La3+ crossed the interendothelial clefts of venoles and capillaries at 30 and 60 min and was seen in both extracellular and intracellular brain compartments at 60 min. La3+ extravasation was seen in nonedematous areas bordering the regions of water accumulation. Our findings suggest that the early phase of incomplete continuous ischemia is accompanied by changes in BBB permeability and the interendothelial clefts of venoles and capillaries seem to represent one of the early sites of ischemic damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293952
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    Granular cell brain tumors of the laboratory rat: an immunohistochemical approach (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat brain tumors ; Granular cell tumors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Astrocytoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied paraffin-embedded specimens of 17 rat granular cell brain tumors (GCBT) from four long-term drug safety carcinogenicity studies by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemistry with either polyvalent or monoclonal antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100 protein (S-100), Leu-7 epitopes, vimentin (VIM), keratin, desmin, and myelin basic protein. We have found that 9 of the 17 GCBT contained GFAP-positive, S-100-positive, and VIM-positive astrocytes, while GFAP-positive and VIM-positive granular cells were observed in 5 of these 9 tumors. Our findings indicate that astroglial cells are involved in rat GCBT and suggest that an astrocytic origin should be considered for these neoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293953
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    Temporal profile of serum albumin extravasation following cerebral ischemia in a newly established reproducible gerbil model for vasogenic brain edema: a combined immunohistochemical and dye tracer analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gerbil ; Cerebral ischemia ; Vasogenic brain edema ; Immunohistochemistry ; Albumin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the temporal profile of the extravasation of serum albumin in a reproducible gerbil model of unilateral cerebral ischemia, using immunohistochemical and dye-tracer techniques to evaluate albumin accumulation and the occurrence of active extravasation, respectively. After 30 min of cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, immunostaining for albumin became visible in the lateral part of the thalamus during the first 3 h, and then expanded to other brain regions up to 24 h. At both 24 h and 3 days after reperfusion, massive extravasation of albumin was noted in the whole ischemic hemisphere, and this had decreased again by 7 days after reperfusion. The extent and the degree of albumin immunopositivity were almost the same in all animals examined at each period after reperfusion. The extravasation of Evans blue, which was allowed to circulate for 30 min before death, was limited to the lateral part of the thalamus during the first 6 h of reperfusion. In the circumscribed area of massive albumin extravasation, many neurons were immunopositive for albumin; most of these neurons appeared to be intact and also showed immunostaining for microtubule-associated protein 2. The current investigation clearly demonstrated that (1) albumin extravasation was produced with reliable reproducibility in this model, (2) the lateral part of the thalamus was the region most vulnerable to ischemic blood-brain barrier damage, and (3) many apparently intact neurons in the ischemic region were positive for albumin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294441
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    Immunoreactivity of cerebral amyloidosis is enhanced by protein denaturation treatments (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome ; Alzheimer's disease ; Kuru plaque ; Senile plaque
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated paraffin-embedded brain sections from three patients with Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome and three patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia of Alzheimer type using anti-human prion protein antisera and anti-β/A4 protein antisera after protein denaturation treatments. After incubation with guanidine-thiocyanate, trichloroacetate, and phenol, the immunoreactivity of kuru plaques and senile plaques was enhanced to the same level as the formic acid treatment. These treatments revealed small compact amyloid deposits, amyloid deposits surrounding the plaque cores, and diffuse plaques. Most of these chemicals changed the congophilia of both amyloids. It is possible that these treatments denature amyloid fibril proteins and break down the structure of amyloid fibrils, thus revealing buried epitopes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308810
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    Membranous lipodystrophy (Nasu-Hakola disease) with thalamic degeneration: report of an autopsied case (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 414-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Membranous lipodystrophy ; Thalamic degeneration ; Neuropathology ; Autopsy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An autopsied case of membranous lipodystrophy (Nasu-Hakola disease, NHD) with thalamic degeneration was reported. A 34-year-old Japanese man was diagnosed as having NHD by bone biopsy prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. His maternal grandfather and paternal grandmother are cousins, but this family history is negative for NHD. He developed frontal lobe syndrome at the age of 35 with progressive dementia, and died of acute renal failure at the age of 46. Gross inspection of the brain detected atrophy and softening of the cerebral white matter, predominantly in the frontal lobe. Microscopically, numerous spheroids, predominant fibrillary gliosis with less prominent demyelination “dissociation glio-myélinique” and scanty sudanophilic lipid droplets were observed, indicating the sclerosing type of NHD. An unusual pathological finding in this case was selective involvement of the thalamic nuclei with preservation of the other gray matter except for focal cortical necrosis. The topography of the affected thalamic nuclei is similar to that of systemic thalamus degeneration. An association with thalamic degeneration in NHD has not been previously reported. The present case suggests that NHD also affects the thalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296554
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  • 70
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    Immunohistochemical characterization of primitive neuroectodermal tumors and their possible relationship to the stepwise ontogenetic development of the central nervous system (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 508-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) ; Cellular differentiation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Synaptophysin ; Chromogranin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-five selected intracranial tumors qualifying as primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) were investigated; these included medulloblastomas, cerebral neuroblastomas, pinealoblastomas, retinoblastomas, polar spongioblastomas, ependymoblastomas. For control purposes 11 tumors, including glioblastomas (small cell, spongioblastic variant), one anaplastic astrocytoma (astroblastic component), anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, gangliogliomas, one primary melanoblastoma, and one pineal germinoma, were also studied. Six neuronal markers, i.e., synaptophysin, chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament protein (NFP) (160 kDa, 200 kDa, 70 and 200 kDa), and six other markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, vimentin, myoglobin, desmin, cytokeratin) were investigated immunohistochemically. A certain recapitulation of the ontogenetic development of neuronal differentiation in PNETs is given by the fact that chromogranin A immunoreactivity can regularly be seen already in poorly differentiated neurons and synaptophysin in well-differentiated ones. Immunostaining for NFPs showed different results depending on the subunit investigated. NSE reactions gave different results even within the single tumor groups. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to evaluate and compare, by combined morphological and immunohistochemical methods, PNETs without and with different stages of cellular differentiation with the stepwise differentiation of the human embryonic neuroectoderm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293386
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    The multidrug-resistance gene MDR1 is expressed in human glial tumors (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 516-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Multidrug resistance ; P-glycoprotein ; Glial tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; RNA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The most consistantly reported alteration of multidrug-resistant carcinoma cells is the overexpression of a membrane glycoprotein, termed P-glycoprotein. In this study we examined whether the strong intrinsic chemotherapy resistance of glial tumors might be related to the expression of the MDR1 gene which codes for P-glycoprotein. Fourteen glial tumors were examined immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody C219. In addition, RNA samples of 11 of these tumors were analysed using a sensitive Northern blot assay. P-glycoprotein is expressed in all 14 glial tumors; the number of stained tumor cells, however, varied considerably ranging from 0.3% to 15%. There was no correlation between the number of MDR1-positive cells and the histological malignancy. Varying amounts of MDR1 mRNA were detectable in 7 from 11 examined tumors. The results of our study show that the MDR1 gene is expressed in human glial tumors and suggest that the multidrug transporter may contribute to the clinical non-responsiveness of these tumors to chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293387
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  • 72
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    Immunohistochemical characterization of primitive neuroectodermal tumors and their possible relationship to the stepwise ontogenetic development of the central nervous system (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 502-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Early human CNS development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Synaptophysin ; Chromogranin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aim of the present study was to establish different immunohistochemical staining patterns for a subsequent comparison with those of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) subsets, i.e. PNET-NOS (not otherwise specified) or PNET with focal neuronal, astrocytic or ependymal differentiation, to relate neoplastic to embryonal development. Tissue of the developing central nervous system, with special emphasis on the stepwise development of the rhombencephalon, the cerebellar and the retinal anlage, from 20 different human embryos and fetuses ranging from 3 to 30 weeks of gestational age (GA) was examined. Six neuronal markers, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament protein (NFP; 160 kDa, 200 kDa, 70 and 200 kDa) and six other markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100 protein, vimentin, myoglobin, desmin, cytokeratin, were assessed immunohistochemically. GFAP and S-100 protein appeared at the 6th week of GA in primitive glial cells of the cerebellar anlage, brain stem, rhombencephalon, and developing spinal cord, together with-as first neuronal marker-chromogranin A, then NFP (70 and 200 kDa, and 160 kDa) from the 8th week onward. NSE started in the 11th week and synaptophysin not earlier than the 16th week of GA. Interestingly, the differentiation of the retinal anlage started rather late with NSE positivity beginning from the 16th week and positive reactions to synaptophysin and NFPs only from the 25th and chromogranin A from the 28th week of GA onward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293385
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  • 73
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    Neuronal injury and expression of 72-kDa heat-shock protein after forebrain ischemia in the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 83 (1991), S. 66-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: 72-kDa heat-shock protein ; Neuronal necrosis ; Forebrain ischemia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We evaluated the relationship between the induction of the 72-kDa heat-shock protein (hsp 72) and the presence of necrotic neurons in the rat hippocampus, 48 h after an 8-min episode of forebrain ischemia in eight rates. Hsp 72 was detected using the monoclonal antibody C92 on vibratome brain tissue sections. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining on adjacent paraffinembedded sections was used to determine histopathological features. All morphologically intact CA1/2 neurons, 70% of which are destined to become necrotic 7 days after ischemia, exhibited intense hsp 72 staining, while necrotic or damaged neurons were devoid or low in hsp 72. Hsp 72 was also detected in CA3 neurons destined to survive 7 days after ischemia. Blood vessels positive for hsp 72 were detected in focal brain regions, in which severely damaged neurons were either devoid or low in hsp 72 staining. Occasional glial cells expressed hsp 72 in both normal and damaged brain regions. Hsp 72 response to a transient forebrain ischemia seemingly reflects differences in the selective ischemic vulnerability of CA1/2 and CA3 neurons. Further, the presence of hsp 72 within a neuron is likely only a marker of stress and is not necessarily indicative of eventual neuronal survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294432
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  • 74
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    Electronic Resource
    Increased senile plaques without microglia in Alzheimer's disease (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 242-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Senile plaque ; Microglia ; β Protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Alzheimer's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To clarify the association of microglia with senile plaques, the brains from 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 23 nondemented aged controls were investigated immunohistochemically by a double-labeling method using anti-β-protein antiserum and anti-ferritin antibody, which is a recently reported microglia marker. In addition, a quantitative analysis was performed. The senile plaques which appeared initially in the nondemented aged controls consisted of a diffuse type without any amyloid cores and these were found in the group aged 50–59 years. The great majority of them were found to contain no ferritin-positive microglia. The number and proportion (percentage) of microglia-containing diffuse plaques increased with age. Classical and compact plaques began to appear in the brains of the group aged 70 years and over, and practically all of them contained microglia. These results suggest that microglia are not associated with initial plaque formation, but correlate with amyloid core formation. In AD, the most prominent feature was that the diffuse plaques, which contained either no or only a few ferritin-positive microglia, increased markedly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305864
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  • 75
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    Quantitative analysis of the feline dorsal column nuclei and their GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal column nuclei ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interneurons ; Light microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gracile and internal and external cuneate nuclei of four adult cats were studied, using recently developed stereological techniques. The length, volume and position of the nuclei in relation to the level of obex were calculated, as well as the number of neurones, the neuronal density and volume of the three nuclei and different regions in the gracile and internal cuneate nucleus. Material processed for GABA immunocytochemistry was used in order to compare GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurones. The results demonstrate variations in the same nucleus in different animals, and in the nucleus of the left and right sides of the same animal. The same nucleus can vary up to 4 mm in its rostrocaudal position in relation to the obex. The mean sizes of the gracile, internal and external cuneate nuclei are 4.2, 8.4 and 5.6 mm', respectively and their mean neuronal numbers are about 52000, 76 000 and 33000, respectively. The neuronal density was highest (12907 cells/mm3) in the gracile, and lowest in the external cuneate nucleus (5987 cells/mm3). The external cuneate nucleus had a larger relative volume (7.9%) occupied by nerve cell bodies compared with the two medial nuclei (5.1% and 5.8%). In the gracile and internal cuneate nuclei, the GABAergic neurones constituted 28% and 25% of the whole population, respectively, while the external cuneate nucleus was devoid of such cells. All the nuclei contained GABA-positive boutons, however. The mean volume of the GABA-stained neurones in the gracile nucleus was 2319, and internal cuneate 3065 μm3, while the corresponding volume of unlabelled neurones in the gracile, internal and external cuneate nuclei was 3745, 8147 and 13 318 μm3, respectively. When cyto-fibro-architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the gracile and cuneate nuclei into rostral, middle and caudal regions, and the data of the three compartments compared, it was found that in both nuclei the middle region had the highest neuronal packing density, and the caudal region the largest mean nerve cell volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673255
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  • 76
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    The cerebral cortex in congenital hydrocephalus in the H-Tx rat: a quantitative light microscopy study (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Cortical cell density ; Capillary density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrocephalus in the H-Tx rat first develops in late gestation and causes death at 4–7 weeks. The effect of hydrocephalus on overall cortical dimensions and on five specific regions (frontal, sensory-motor, parietal, auditory and visual) has been studied by quantitative light microscopy at 10 and 30 days after birth. The lateral ventricle volumes in hydrocephalic rats were about 40x larger than controls and increased fourfold between 10 and 30 days. Cortical volume was reduced by a small amount at 10 days but was larger in hydrocephalics at 30 days. Thinning of the cortical mantle was severe with disruption of the laminar structure, particularly in the auditory and visual regions, where it was already present at 10 days. The density of cortical cells (neurones and glia) was not altered in hydrocephalics at 10 days but was reduced in all regions at 30 days. Estimates of total cell number suggest that the lower density was not associated with an overall loss of cells. Capillary numerical density was not affected by the hydrocephalus at 10 days after birth but by 30 days it was significantly lower, particularly in the worst-affected posterior regions. The results show that the cerebral cortex is severely distorted and that in advanced hydrocephalus, although overall cell number is not affected, both cell density and capillary density are lower by up to 30%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294448
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  • 77
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    Infratentorial ependymomas of childhood (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991), S. 208-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infratentorial ependymomas ; Childhood ; Immunohistochemistry ; AgNORs ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined pathological criteria in 16 cases of infratentorial ependymomas of childhood using a conventional histological approach, with immunohistochemistry and silver nucleolar organizer region staining (AgNORs). We have found that some of these criteria are of prognostic value. The following histological features were evaluated in each case: cellular density, cellular or nuclear pleiomorphism, mitosis, focal necrosis, endothelial proliferation and complete loss of differentiation. The expression of the following antigens was also studied: epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), human natural killer (HNK1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. Only three histological criteria have been retained as indicative of bad prognosis, i.e., high mitotic index, a large amount of necrosis and complete loss of differentiation. These criteria distinguish ependymomas from anaplastic ependymomas. GFAP was expressed in all tumors while other antigens were more variable. In addition tumors expressing large amounts of GFAP were statistically associated with a better prognosis. Increased vimentin expression associated with a decrease of GFAP immunoreactivity correlated with anaplasia and short survival. EMA was not directly correlated with postoperative survival but may be considered as a further prognostic factor. Finally AgNORs values were not statistically correlated with postoperative survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294447
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  • 78
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    Immunohistochemistry of leukotriene C4 in experimental cerebral vasospasm (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 401-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leukotriene C4 ; Basilar artery ; Neutrophils ; Macrophages ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental cerebral vasospasm was produced in a “two-hemorrhage” canine model and examined by immunohistochemistry for leukotriene C4 (LTC4). The immunostain for LTC4 showed a strong positivity in intima and adventitia and a scattered reaction in media of normal basilar artery. The immunoreactivity after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was little changed in intima and media. Inflammatory cells which were characterized histochemically as neutrophils and macrophages, were shown to infiltrate from the adventitia of basilar artery to the periphery of blood clot after SAH and were markedly immunoreactive for LTC4. Also the neutrophils increased in number with the lapse of time after SAH. Thus, it would be reasonable to conclude that the LTC4 responsible for the development of vasospasm would most likely be produced from the infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, neurons in hypothalamus, median eminence, and pons, as well as ependymal and arachnoid cells were immunoreactive for LTC4 both in the control and after SAH, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were not immunoreactive for LTC4 in either case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293461
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    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopy of Rosenthal fibers (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 503-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rosenthal fibers ; Ubiquitin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Vimentin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen intracerebral gliomas containing Rosenthal fibers (RF) were studied by an immunoperoxidase method for localization of ubiquitin (UB), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), desmin and vimentin (VIM). The majority of RF showed an immunohistochemically negative core surrounded by a ring of overlapping reactions for UB, GFAP and VIM. Many RF were entirely negative for UB and intermediate filaments (IF). Immunoelectron microscopic lozalization of UB and GFAP was performed on seven selected tumors. UB was found in all RF and on IF in the proximity of RF. GFAP reaction was localized on astrocytic IF, including those trapped within RF, and within the granular component of some RF. In contrast to the light microscopic studies, neither GFAP-nor UB-negative RF were found on immunoelectron microscopy. VIM reaction on IF and a few RF was demonstrated in one tumor processed at low temperature into Lowicryl; it was much weaker than that for GFAP. Many cells with RF contained lysosome-like inclusions with material displaying electron density similar to adjacent RF; few of these inclusions were reactive for UB. It is concluded that RF formation is associated with ubiquitination of astrocytic IF. GFAP-and VIM-immunoreactive IF and products of their disintegration contribute to RF material. It is also suggested that the lysosomal system of astrocytes partially degrades RF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310130
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  • 80
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    ChAT-like immunoreactivity of olivocochlear fibres on rat outer hair cells during the postnatal development (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 483-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: ChAT ; Cochlea ; Olivocochlear system ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several studies present a great deal of information about putative efferent neurotransmitters and their distribution in the adult and developing cochlea. Anatomical mapping of outer hair cell efferent fibres during ontogeny is still not available. Using quantitative electron microscopy in combination with immunocytochemistry, the distribution of ChAT-like immunoreactivity in the developing rat was investigated. Adult-like immunoreactivity in the whole cochlea is first observed in 30-day-old rats. We localized the adult-like immunoreactivity in all efferent fibres and synapses of the outer hair cells along the entire cochlear duct. An adult-like reaction in the whole cochlea could be observed on the 25th day after birth in two out of three cases. On the 20th postnatal day, no adult-like ChAT immunoreactivity was found, with the exception of one case where labelling was seen in the basal region only. The adult-like ChAT immunoreactivity on the 30th day, 2–3 weeks after the onset of hearing, is the latest maturation of all features of the organ of Corti so far investigated. Synaptogenesis of the outer hair cell efferents reaches an adult-like appearance already on the 16th day after birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186437
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  • 81
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    Immunohistochemical localization of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human tooth germ and mature dental pulp (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Endothelin ; Human ; Tooth pulp ; Tooth germ ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution in oral tissues of endothelin, a multifunctional peptide originally identified within endothelial cells, and subsequently in some epithelial cells, neurons and neuroendocrine cells, has not been investigated yet. We have studied the localization of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human tooth germ and mature dental pulp by immunohistochemical techniques. Such immunoreactivity was detected only within endothelial cells in both mature dental pulp and developing tooth. Arteries and veins of various sizes as well as small thin vessels displayed endothelin-like immunoreactivity. In the tooth germ, the cells of the enamel organ or the precursors of the odontoblasts were found unreactive. In the mature pulp, no cells of the stroma or nerves displayed endothelin-like immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that vascular endothelium may be the only source of endothelin in human dental tissues. It is tentatively proposed that endothelin released in mature tooth pulp may participate in the regulation of the pulpal blood flow. Although the possible role of endothelin in developing tissues is far from being clear, the mitogenic effects and the proto-oncogenes expression induced by endothelin in some cells raise the possibility that this peptide might also play a role during tooth development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186440
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  • 82
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    Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of α and β subunits of S-100 protein in brain tumors (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 657-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain tumor ; S-100 protein ; Subunit ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunohistochemical distribution of α and β subunits of S-100 protein (S-100α, S-100β, respectively) in 138 cases of human brain tumors was investigated by the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. Brain tumors can be divided into four groups: group 1 [S-100α (+) and/or S-100β (+)]; astrocytoma, glioblastoma, ependymoma, subependymoma, oligodendroglioma, choroid plexus papilloma, gangliocytoma, meningioma, chordoma, malignant melanoma. Group 2 [S-100α (+) and S-100β (-)]; pineoblastoma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, rhabdomyosarcoma. Group 3 [S-100α (-) and S-100β (+)]; acoustic Schwannoma. Group 4 [S-100α (-) and S-100β (-)]; medulloblastoma, malignant lymphoma, germinoma. The S-100β immunoreactivity pattern in brain tumors was similar to those obtained using conventional anti-S-100 protein sera. In the first group of brain tumors both the number of positively stained tumor cells and the staining intensity were generally greater for S-100β than for S-100α with a few exceptions including one gemistocytic astrocytoma, one subependymoma, one malignant melanoma, and some cases of glioblastomas. As to the relationship between malignancy and S-100 protein in glioma, S-100β immunoreactivity decreased according to degree of malignancy, while that of S-100α varied, suggesting a heterogeneity of tumor cells in glioblastomas. Immunostaining for S-100α and S-100β might become a useful diagnostic procedure in brain tumors and may give us more detailed and precise data of S-100 protein in brain tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296376
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    Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry in brain tumors: A comparative study (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 675-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) ; Ki-67 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nervous system tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a 36-kDa DNA polymerase-σ auxiliary protein which accumulates in the nucleus during S phase of the cell cycle. Immunohistochemical labeling indices (LI) of PCNA and Ki-67 were compared using an avidin-biotin complex method on frozen sections of 27 nervous system tumors, 3 normal cerebral cortices, and 3 peripheral nerves. In glial tumors, PCNA and Ki-67 LI increased with increasing tumor grade (Daumas-Duport system). In 5 low-grade glial tumors, PCNA and Ki-67 LI were ≤1%, except for one optic nerve glioma (Ki-67 LI=6%). In 7 grade 3 astrocytomas, and 1 mixed glioma, PCNA LI were ≤1–1.5%, while Ki-67 LI were 2%–10%. In 7 grade 4 astrocytomas and 1 metastatic carcinoma, PCNA LI ranged from 6%–15% while Ki-67 LI ranged from 17%–30%. In 5 of 6 schwannomas, focally high PCNA LI (4%–65%) were noted, despite low LI with Ki-67 (≤1.6%). Scattered normal schwann cell nuclei also stained with PCNA, but normal cerebral cortex did not. These data suggest that: (1) in higher-grade gliomas, PCNA may be a more specific S-phase marker, although a less sensitive proliferation marker, than Ki-67; (2) PCNA LI do not distinguish low-grade gliomas from grade 3 astrocytomas; (3) in schwannomas, PCNA may not reflect proliferative activity since it seems to react with an epitope present in normal schwann cells; and (4) the variable PCNA staining pattern introduces greater difficulties in cell counting than with Ki-67. These factors may limit the use of this anti-PCNA antibody in evaluating nervous system tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296379
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    Regional differences in the distribution of nerve fibers showing substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat larynx (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat larynx ; Substance P ; Calcitonin generelated peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Vagotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of substance P (SP) — and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) — containing nerve fibers in the rat larynx was studied using immunohistochemistry. Double-labeling studies revealed a high degree of co-existence of SP- and CGRP-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the nerve fibers in the larynx. There was a considerable regional difference in the number of immunoreactive nerve fibers in the epithelium and lamina propria. Richly supplied sites were the laryngeal side of the epiglottis and the ventral recess, whilst there was no evidence of nerve fibers in the squamous epithelium of the vocal cords. However, where the squamous epithelium of the vocal cords changed into a cuboidal epithelium, a moderate number of nerve fibers was present, and a large number of fibers was seen where the squamous epithelium of the cords was in close contact with cartilage. Nerve fibers showing SP- and CGRP-LI were also observed close to the acini and ducts of the glands, in the blood vessel walls, close to the perichondrium of all the cartilages, and outside the cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints. CGRP-LI was detected in epithelial cells facing the lumen of the airway and in cells in the acini and ducts of glands in the subglottic region and trachea. Unilateral sympathectomy did not affect the pattern of SP- and CGRP-innervation in the larynx, whereas after vagotomy, the SP- and CGRP-innervation almost disappeared ipsilaterally in the upper parts of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185834
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    Afferent nerve endings in the tracheal muscle of guinea-pigs and rats (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Trachea ; Airways ; Smooth muscle ; Sensory receptors ; Vagus nerve ; Guinea-pig ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The trachea of guinea-pigs was stained as a whole-mount preparation with the zinc iodide-osmium technique. A distinct class of nerve endings was observed associated with the tracheal muscle. The endings, issued from myelinated fibres of the vagus nerve via the recurrent laryngeal nerve, are distributed on either side of the midline and ventral to the tips of cartilages. They are interpreted as afferent nerve endings that may correspond to slow adapting stretch receptors identified by physiological studies. Each nerve contributes predominantly, but not exclusively, to the receptors of the ipsilateral side. There are 120–180 receptors along the full length of the guinea-pig trachea, their density being higher at the cranial end. The receptors are variable in size and structural complexity, and, to some extent, also in spatial orientation, but distinct subtypes are not recognizable. Receptors of similar morphology and distribution are found also in the rat trachea. The receptors can also be visualized with a cytochrome oxidase method for nerve endings, but they do not stain with immunohistochemistry for the neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasointestinal polypeptide and neurotensin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185838
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    Localization of arginine-vasopressin in endothelial cells of rat pulmonary artery (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Endothelium ; Pulmonary artery ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of arginine-vasopressin in the endothelial cells of rat pulmonary artery was investigated by immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels. The immunogold silver staining method was used for light microscopy of sheets of endothelium, removed from the artery, and the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique was used for electron microscopy of cross sections of the artery. With both of the methods used, numerous vasopressin-positive endothelial cells were observed. None of the subendothelial elements showed labelling for vasopressin. The results are discussed in terms of the involvement of the endothelium in local control of the pulmonary circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174393
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    Abnormalities in premigratory granule cells in the weaver cerebellum defined by monoclonal antibody OZ42 (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse ; Neurological mutant ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunoreactivity in OZ42, a neural cell specific antibody that recognizes premigratory cerebellar granule cells, was examined in early postnatal wild-type and weaver mouse cerebella. We find that the OZ42-positive staining in the external granular layer (EGL) is first seen at postnatal day 1 in the most posterior and ventral aspect of midline cerebellum in the wild-type and heterozygous weaver mouse. By postnatal day 4 strong immunoreactivity is observed in the EGL of all cerebellar lobules. This staining is localized to a band of immunoreactive cells present at the interface of the EGL and the molecular layer (ML). In the homozygous weaver cerebellum, OZ42-positive staining is not seen until post-natal day 3. In the postnatal day 4 weaver cerebellum, immunoreactivity is considerably ligther than in littermate control cerebella, and found throughout the width of the EGL (i.e., not localized to the EGL-ML interface). This study demonstrates that the expression of a specific marker of granule cell development is abnormal in the granule cell population of the homozygous weaver mouse, a population of cells known to be intrinsically affected by the action of this mutant gene. In the light of previous studies, which have shown that the weaver phenotype is identifiable as early as the day of birth, and that the OZ42-antigen may be involved with the development process of axonal growth, it is reasonable to suggest that the weaver mutation results in an abnormality in the ability of granule cells to produce and/or stabilize axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192209
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  • 88
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    Development of AChE-positive, NA-containing and VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive nerves in the major cerebral arteries of the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ontogeny ; Cerebrovascular innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of cerebrovascular nerves containing noradrenalin (NA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was studied in rats from before birth to adulthood. All these nerves entered the cranial cavity along the cerebral carotid, internal ethmoidal, and vertebral arteries during the early stages of development, but the subsequent growth and distribution of NA-containing and NPY-immunoreactive (IR) nerves differed greatly from that of AChE-positive and VIP-IR nerves. NA-containing and NPY-IR nerves extended rapidly from the cerebral carotid artery and spread over all the major arteries of the internal carotid system by postnatal day 3, as well as descending the posterior ramus of the cerebral carotid to mingle with nerves from the vertebral artery around the mid-basilar artery by day 5. AChE-positive and VIP-IR nerves from the internal ethomoidal artery covered the whole internal carotid system during the first postnatal week, and projected to the upper basilar artery after the second week, while those from the cerebral carotid artery remained limited to the middle cerebral artery throughout development. By day 21, all major arteries of the internal carotid system had dense plexuses of the four nerve types that were similar to those observed in adult rats. The vertebrobasilar system also had a well-organized network of NA-containing and NPY-IR nerves, but only a poor supply of AChE-positive and VIP-IR nerves. Even on day 30, the latter two nerve types were sometimes absent from the middle to caudal basilar artery, owing to a lack of interdigitation by nerves from the internal ethomoidal and vertebral arteries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01744258
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  • 89
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    Morphology and retinal distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of developingXenopus laevis (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Amacrine cells ; Development ; Retinal growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of neurons immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-IR) in the retina ofXenopus laevis was investigated from stage 53 tadpoles to adult, by using an antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase. At all developmental stages, most of the immunoreactive somata were located in the inner nuclear layer, and a few in the ganglion cell layer. Immunoreactive processes arborised in the scleral and vitreal sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, indicating that these cells were bistratified amacrine cells. However, occasionally a few immunoreactive processes were observed projecting to the outer plexiform layer, suggesting the presence of THIR interplexiform cells. The number of immunoreactive amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer per retina increased from 204 at stage 53 tadpole to 735 in adult, while the number of immunoreactive amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer did not change significantly over the same period. Retinal area increased from 1.95 mm2 at stage 53 to 23.40 mm2 in the adult, and correspondingly cell density in the inner nuclear layer decreased from 104/mm2 to 31/mm2. At all stages there was an increasing density towards the ciliary margin, but this gradient decreased with age. The soma size of immunoreactive amacrine cells increased with age, and was consistently larger in the central than in the peripheral retina. Dendritic field size was estimated to increase 13-fold, from stage 53 to adult. This study shows that tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive amacrine cells are generated continuously throughout life, that after metamorphosis the retina grows more by stretching than by cell generation at the ciliary margin, and that the increase of dendritic field size is proportional to the increase in retinal surface area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01744259
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of glutamine-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of rat and baboon (Papio anubis) with reference to the issue of metabolic compartmentation (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Glutamine ; Glutamate ; Cerebellum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Glia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular and subcellular localization of glutamine, a major glutamate precursor, was studied by means of an antiserum raised against glutaraldehydefixed glutamine. Ultrathin sections from the cerebellar cortex of rat and baboon (Papio anubis) were incubated sequentially in the primary antiserum and in a secondary antibody coupled to colloidal gold particles. The labelling intensity was quantified by computer-aided calculation of gold particle densities. High levels of immunoreactivity occurred in glial cells (Bergmann fibres, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes), intermediate levels in cell bodies and processes of granule cells, and low levels in terminals of presumed GABAergic or glutamatergic fibres (terminals of basket and Golgi cells, and of parallel, mossy, and climbing fibres). The labelling intensity of Purkinje cells showed some variation, but never exceeded that in glial cells. Within the nerve fibre terminals, the glutamine-like immunoreactivity showed some preference for mitochondria, but was otherwise evenly distributed. The predominant glial localization of glutamine was also obvious in light microscopic preparations processed according to the postembedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. Gold particle densities over different types of profile in glutamine immunolabelled sections were compared with particle densities over the corresponding types of profiles in neighbouring sections labelled with an antiserum to glutaraldehyde-fixed glutamate. The glutamate/glutamine ratio, expressed arbitrarily by the ratio between the respective gold particle densities, varied by a factor of about 6, with the highest ratio in the putative glutamatergic mossy and parallel fibre terminals, and the lowest ratio in glial elements. The remaining tissue components displayed intermediate ratios. The present study provides direct morphological evidence for the existence in the brain of distinct compartments with differing glutamate/glutamine ratios.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673257
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of lymphokine-activated killer activities between thymocytes and splenocytes in rats with brain tumors (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 33 (1991), S. 50-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Brain neoplasm ; Immunotherapy ; Interleukin-2 ; Lymphokine-activated killer cells ; Rat ; Splenocyte ; Thymocyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in splenocytes and thymocytes of rats with brain tumors chronologically from the early stage to the late stage, in order to clarify how much LAK activity would be developed at each stage. Simultaneously the natural killer (NK) activity in splenocytes, as one aspect of the host immunocompetence, was also determined. The splenic NK activity was significantly depressed in rats with brain tumors during the 2nd and 3rd weeks after tumor transplantation, as compared with normal controls. On the other hand, the splenocytes incubated with interleukin-2 showed the same killer activity in rats with brain tumors as in normal rats at all times. The LAK activity in thymocytes from rats with brain tumors was significantly higher than that of controls in the 1st and 2nd weeks and became equal to that of the controls during the 3rd week. The killer activity after incubation with interleukin-2 in thymocytes was superior to that in splenocytes throughout the experiment in both tumor-bearing rats and controls, which suggested that the precursor of LAK cells was not NK cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01742528
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of inhalation exposure regimen on DNA binding potency of 1,2-dichloroethane in the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: 1,2-Dichloroethane ; Carcinogens ; DNA binding ; Rat ; Inhalation ; Dose response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) was reported to be carcinogenic in rats in a long-term bioassay using gavage in corn oil (24 and 48 mg/kg/day), but not by inhalation (up to 150–250 ppm, 7 h/day, 5 days/week). The daily dose metabolized was similar in the two experiments. In order to address this discrepancy, the genotoxicity of DCE was investigated in vivo under different exposure conditions. Female F-344 rats (183–188 g) were exposed to [1,2-14C]- DCE in a closed inhalation chamber to either a low, constant concentration (0.3 mg/l=80 ppm for 4 h) or to a peak concentration (up to 18 mg/l=4400 ppm) for a few minutes. After 12 h in the chamber, the dose metabolized under the two conditions was 34 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg. DNA was isolated from liver and lung and was purified to constant specific radioactivity. DNA was enzymatically hydrolyzed to the 3′-nucleotides which were separated by reverse phase HPLC. Most radioactivity eluted without detectable or with little optical density, indicating that the major part of the DNA radioactivity was due to covalent binding of the test compound. The level of DNA adducts was expressed in the dose-normalized units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (μmol adduct per mol DNA nucleotide/mmol DCE per kg body wt. In liver DNA, the different exposure regimens resulted in markedly different CBI values of 1.8 and 69, for “constant-low” and “peak” DCE exposure levels. In the lung, the respective values were 0.9 and 31. It is concluded that the DNA damage by DCE depends upon the concentration-time profile and that the carcinogenic potency determined in the gavage study should not be used for low-level inhalation exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02307305
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of alpha-tocopherol and di-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) on UV-A-induced photobinding of 8-methoxypsoralen to Wistar rat epidermal biomacromolecules in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 490-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Butylated hydroxytoluene ; Chlorpromazine ; 8-Methoxypsoralen ; Photobinding ; PUVA ; Rat ; Alpha-tocopherol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible formation of singlet oxygen via photoexcited psoralens has been associated with the occurrence of, amongst others, erythema. Therefore it has been suggested to combine PUVA with the topical or systemic administration of antioxidants. However, the effect of these antioxidants on the photobinding of psoralens to DNA, which is held responsible for the anti-proliferative effect, should be taken into account. In the present study the effect of two phenolic antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol (AT) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), on the in vivo photobinding of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) to not only epidermal DNA, but also proteins and lipids was determined. After topical application of an ethanolic antioxidant solution onto the shaven skin of Wistar rats, labeled 8-MOP was applied using the same solvent. After this the rats were exposed to UV-A. By separating epidermal lipids, DNA/RNA and proteins by a selective extraction method, irreversible binding of 8-MOP to each of these biomacromolecules was determined. Both AT and BHT caused a decrease in the photobinding of 8-MOP to epidermal DNA and proteins. To investigate the underlying mechanism of this protection, the effect of AT was compared with that of AT-acetate. It also proved helpful to study the effects of the antiooxidants on the photobinding of another photosensitizer, namely chlorpromazine. From these experiments it was concluded that AT and BHT affect 8-MOP photobinding by quenching reactive 8-MOP intermediates, involving the phenolic hydroxyl group of the antioxidants. BHT offered protection against lipid binding of 8-MOP but AT, especially at high concentrations, enhanced the UV-A-induced binding of 8-MOP to lipids. This is noteworthy with respect to the current interest in the role of 8-MOP-lipid adducts in PUVA therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01977362
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Pathobiochemical response of tracheobronchial lymph nodes following intratracheal instillation of Polyvinylchloride dust in rats (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 510-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Polyvinylchloride (PVC) dust ; Intratracheal instillation ; Tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) ; Pathobiochemical response ; Long-term toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PVC dust, following a single intratracheal instillation (25 mg/rat), was substantially cleared through the lymphatic circulation and progressively accumulated in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) in a time-dependent manner for up to 1 year. The tissue response in TBLN during 60–270 days post-instillation of PVC dust was characterized by progressive increase in total organ fresh weight, dry weight, DNA, RNA and protein contents, concurrent with the proliferation of macrophages and hyperplasia of reticular cells. Active phagocytosis and enhanced hydrolytic activity in TBLN was evident around 270 days post-instillation by the appearance of PVC-laden macrophages near and within the dust foci, and increased activity of acid phosphatase, DNAse, RNAse and β-glucuronidase. PVC dust caused degeneration of macrophages, and consequent release of hydrolytic enzymes resulted in limited cytotoxicity without inducing reticulination and fibrosis in the TBLN. The histology and clinical biochemistry of liver, kidney, spleen and serum were not altered and there were no detectable PVC particles in these tissues at up to 365 days. It is therefore concluded that lymphatic clearance of intratracheally instilled PVC dust results in its accumulation and mild foreign body reaction in TBLN which is non-fibrogenic at up to 365 days post-instillation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01977366
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Taurine, a possible urinary marker of liver damage: a study of taurine excretion in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 548-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbon tetrachloride ; Taurine ; Liver damage ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) caused a dose-dependent increase in urinary taurine which correlated with both the histological and biochemical assessment of liver damage. The peak elevation in urinary taurine occurred within the first 48 h after dosing but there was still significant taurinuria 72 and 96 h after the intermediate dose (1 ml.kg−1) and highest dose (2 ml.kg−1), respectively. Levels of taurine in serum were also elevated over the 24 h period following a hepatotoxic dose (2 ml.kg−1) of CCl4. In contrast, although initially elevated, levels of taurine in the liver declined over the 24 h period following dosing and were significantly lower 96 h after a hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 (2 ml.kg−1). Male rats showed a different urinary profile for taurine than female rats after dosing with CCl4. A reduction in food intake seemed to lower urinary taurine levels although these changes were not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation between the level of urinary taurine and the level of serum AST for individual animals given a hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 (2 ml.kg−1). The data presented suggest that: i) taurine is produced by the liver in response to a toxic insult and subsequent leakage from damaged cells leads to increased levels in the urine; ii) the urinary taurine level may be a useful non-invasive marker of liver damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973715
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Identification of urinary metabolites in rats treated withp-chloronitrobenzene (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: p-Chloronitrobenzene ; Urinary metabolites ; Rat ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Urinary metabolites in rats treated withp-chloronitrobenzene were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A single dose of 100 mg/kg body wtp-chloronitrobenzene was administered intraperitoneally to male Sprague-Dawley rats and urine samples were collected from the 8th to 24th hour after the administration. Urinary metabolites were extracted with diethylether at pH 1.0 and pH 10.0 from urine samples hydrolyzed with acid and base and from intact urine samples. Aliquots of the ethereal extracts were injected into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Nine substances were identified:p-chloroaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline,p-nitrothiophenol, 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol,p-chloroformanilide, 4-chloro-2-hydroxyacetanilide, a small amount ofp-chloroacetanilide and traces of unchangedp-chloronitrobenzene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973503
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Is a serotonergic mechanism involved in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced appetite suppression in the Sprague-Dawley rat? (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 124-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: TCDD ; Serotonin ; Appetite suppression ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The major cause of TCDD-induced death in rats is a progressive voluntary feed refusal which has been correlated with reduced gluconeogenesis. Since centrally administered TCDD does not cause death or decreased feed intake in rats, the ability of TCDD to suppress appetite via peripheral mechanisms acting on the central nervous system was examined in two experimental models. First, it was found that the feed intake of rats on scheduled feeding cycles was not decreased by blood transfused from rats with TCDD-induced appetite suppression (8 days after a lethal dose of TCDD, i.p.). In contrast, a similar transfusion from normal, satiated rats did reduce feed intake of recipient rats by approximately 40%, suggesting that TCDD-treated rats are not satiated but rather that they are not hungry. In the second study tryptophan (the amino acid precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin) was measured in the plasma and tryptophan, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the hypothalamus as well as dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum 4, 8, and 16 days after TCDD dosage (125 μg/kg, i.p.). Progressive time-dependent increases in tryptophan levels in plasma and brain were paralleled by increases in brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (the primary metabolite of serotonin) in TCDD-treated rats. No changes were observed regarding the other biogenic amines. It is suggested based on these data and on substantial evidence from the published literature that a serotonergic mechanism may be involved in TCDD-induced feed intake reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02034938
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in sensitivity of in vitro rat brain protein synthesis to the acute action of ethanol and isopropanol as a consequence of the long-term ingestion of isopropanol (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 500-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Isopropanol ; Protein synthesis ; Adaptation ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Long-term treatment of rats with isopropanol in the drinking water results in a change or process of adaptation occurring in in vitro brain protein synthesis which increases the resistance of the ribosomal machinery to the acute effect of either ethanol or isopropanol. Such an increase was observed both in the system coded by endogenous messenger and in the system coded by polyuridylic acid. In both translation systems, the adaptation seems to affect the ribosomal step of polypeptide chain elongation. The increase in resistance to the alkanols apparently did not affect the inhibitory action of puromycin, fusidic acid and cycloheximide on the ribosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01977364
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and effects on cytochrome P450 system of two hexachlorobiphenyl isomers in the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Polychlorinated biphenyls ; 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl ; 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl ; Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes ; Enzyme induction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tissue distribution and effects induced by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (245-HCB) on cytochrome P450 isozymes were compared with those of 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl (236-HCB). Male Wistar rats were given a single intragastric dose (23 mg/kg body wt) of either isomer, and killed after 72 h. At termination the tissue concentrations of 245-HCB were considerably higher than those of 236-HCB, suggesting a more effective metabolism of the latter. The binding affinity of 236-HCB to cytochrome P450 was higher and the magnitude of binding greater than of 245-HCB. 245-HCB-treatment elevated the hepatic concentration of cytochrome P450 and also the activities of 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (50-fold), aniline p-hydroxylase (2-fold) and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (2-fold), a response typical of phenobarbital-type inducers. In the Western immunoblot of liver microsomes from 245-HCB treated rats, an increased amount of P450IIB1/2 was detected by a monoclonal antibody 2-66-3, which specifically detects phenobarbital inducible isoenzymes. The minimum molecular mass of the P450 isozyme induced was 52 kDa. After 236-HCB administration, a weak inducing effect was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098033
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic intoxication with acetaldehyde stimulates collagen biosynthesis in rat liver (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 678-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acetaldehyde ; Collagen ; Intoxication ; Ethanol ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It was found that chronic intoxication of rats with acetaldehyde results in a distinct, progressive increase of 53H-proline incorporation into collagen synthesized by liver. At the same time, biosynthesis of other proline-containing (noncollagenous) proteins does not change significantly. The effects are similar to those induced by chronic intoxication of rats with ethanol. Since acetaldehyde is an intermediary metabolite formed during ethanol oxidation in liver, it may be concluded that acetaldehyde is a factor responsible for alcohol-induced liver fibrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098036
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