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  • 1975-1979  (29,718)
  • Chemistry  (29,412)
  • Rat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 155 (1979), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the maturation of non-pyramidal cells in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of albino rats from birth to maturity, using Golgi-Cox and rapid Golgi preparations. At birth, non-pyramidall cells are sparse, immature and concentrated in the deep part of the cortical plate: their number increases towards the end of the first week but they remain sparse and immature in the upper part of the cortical plate. During the second postnatal week, the number, size and extent of dendritic and axonal branching of these cells undergo considerable increases and the cells become conspicuous in layer IV and apparent in the supragranular layers: this “growth spurt’ occurs just after (and may be related to) the arrival and establishment in the cortex during the second half of the first postnatal week, of extrinsic afferents. During the third postnatal week, most of the cells complete their maturation. At the end of this week, the number of spinous cells is greater and the spine density of some cells is higher than in the adult, falling to adult values during the fourth postnatal week. It is noteworthy that the non-pyramidal cells appear to reach maturity at about the same time in all the layers studied, and at the same time as the pyramidal cells with which they are associated. These observations are not in accord with the prevalent view that non-pyramidal cells complete their differentiation much later than pyramidal cells.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 157 (1979), S. 311-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Development ; Pyramidal neurons ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of neuronal perikarya in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of perfusion-fixed albino rats, 12 h to 180 days old, has been studied by electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to cells in photographic montages of 75μm wide strips extending through the full depth of the occipital cortex, cut from 100 μm vibratome sections of the brain. At birth, and during the first few postnatal days, most of the neurons present in the cortex are small, tightly packed ‘indifferent’ cells with scanty cytoplasm containing mitochondria and chiefly free ribosomes; a few presumptive pyramidal cells with a developing apical dendrite and more voluminous cytoplasm can be recognized in deep cortex. Non-pyramidal cells can be identified on postnatal day 6, when although scarce and with immature cytoplasmic features, they already display a more electron opaque chromatin pattern than developing pyramidal cells and receive axo-somatic contacts of Gray's type I. During the second postnatal week there are conspicuous increases in the maturity of the cells, which acquire a rich complement of cytoplasmic organelles: in general cells situated in the deep cortical plate are larger and better differentiated than those in the superficial plate, and non-pyramidal cells are less well differentiated than the associated pyramidal cells. By the end of the second week, differences in cytoplasmic maturity between superficial and deep, and between pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells are less evident. Maturation proceeds during the third postnatal week; both types of cells acquire an adult complement of axo-somatic synapses and their mature nuclear and cytoplasmic features, and by day 24 are indistinguishable from their adult counterparts. In keeping with previous Golgi studies of this same cortex, the non-pyramidal cells did not acquire mature ultrastructural features significantly later than the pyramidal cells. A possible correlate of particularly active synaptogenesis and plasticity in the population of nonpyramidal, cells during the third postnatal week (immediately after eyeopening), was that at this time these cells contained very prominent accumulations of granular reticulum, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus, and appeared hypertrophic.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 156 (1979), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Prenatal catecholamines ; Extraneuronal catecholamine localization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Catecholamines were found histochemically in the visceral yolk sac of the rat from embryonic day (ED) 10, i.e. before the amines become detectable in peripheral or central neurons of the fetus. Formaldehydeinduced fluorescence was confined to the apical part of the yolk sac epithelial cells. The specificity of histofluorescence has been confirmed by borohydride reduction, microspectrofluorimetry revealing an emission peak at 480 nm and administration of reserpine. The catecholamines present were identified by mass fragmentography using N,O-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. At ED 13 both dopamine and norepinephrine were present, while only dopamine was detected at ED 181/2. Maternal circulation or the epithelial cells themselves appear as possible sources of these catecholamines. The occurrence of amines in the yolk sac epithelium may reflect an intracellular role of these compounds, a barrier function of the epithelium or a step in a transport to the fetus where the amines might assume regulatory functions.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Permeability ; Peripheral nerve ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Autoradiography ; Albumin ; Peroxidase ; Protein deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability properties of the perineurium in sciatic nerves of 12-week-old rats were studied. The penetration of125I-labeled albumin and horseradish peroxidase into the perineurium was investigated electronmicroscopically 10, 30, and 120 min after the local extraneural application of the tracers. The autoradiographic study included age-matched protein-deprived rats. It was concluded that the perineurium acted as a diffusion barrier but also permitted a slow passage of the macromolecules into the endoneurium. The result indicates that this penetration to some extent is due to vesicular transport across the perineurial cells. The significance of these barrier and transport properties of the perineurium is discussed. No obvious differences in perineurial permeability between normal and protein-deprived rats were obtained.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pexid (perhexiline maleate) ; Abnormal inclusions ; Retina ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three morphologically distinct kinds of cytoplasmic inclusion (lamellar, reticular and crystalloid) developed in the retinal cells of suckling rats treated with Pexid (300 mg/kg/day). Lamellar inclusions were most abundant and they were seen in all types of retinal cells. This variety of inclusion was especially numerous in the ganglion cells. Reticular inclusions were encountered less commonly than the lamellar type and their distribution did not show any particular cellular predilection. Crystalloid inclusions were observed only in the pigment epithelial cells. The mechanism of formation of the three types of inclusion is not known, nor is the reason why certain types of inclusion occur most commonly in a particular kind of cell. One can speculate, however, that the dissimilarity of form may reflect differences in the metabolism and physicochemical properties of the various retinal cells.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Protein deprivation ; Neocortex ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the neocortical area 18 of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. For control rats the specific length, the specific surface and the volume fraction of vessels increased rapidly between 7 and 20 days of age. Thereafter, only a minor increase was seen. In protein-deprived rats there was no increase in the specific length of vessels between 7 and 10 days of age and this variable was still reduced at 30 days of age compared to controls. This reduction was due to a decrease in the specific length of thin vessels (Ø〈8.25 μ) whereas the specific length of wider vessels was not affected by the protein deprivation. There were no significant differences in the specific surface or volume fraction of vessels between control and protein-deprived rats. These findings indicate an adaptive increase in luminal diameter of vessels in the protein deprived rats during postnatal development. At 90 days of age no significant differences between vascular variables of control and protein-deprived rats were seen.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Protein deprivation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Diphtheria toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphtheria toxin was locally administered around the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats aged 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks in order to investigate the permeability of the barriers enveloping the nerves. At all ages the rats developed a reversible hind limb paralysis linked to a severe segmental demyelination, indicating passage of the toxin into the endoneurium. From 6 weeks of age the pattern of reaction differed between the protein deprived and control rats. The differences are discussed and interpreted as being partly dependent on less efficient protective barriers of the sciatic nerves of the protein deprived rats.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Cerebellar cortex ; Protein deprivation ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the cortex of vermis cerebelli folium IX of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. The rate of increase in specific length of vessels seem to parallel the functional maturation of neurons in all cortical layers. From the first postnatal week there is a higher specific length of vessels in the Purkinje cell layer than in the adjoining parts of the molecular and granular layers. The results indicate that such differences are present also after the period of rapid vascular growth. Protein deprivation appears to affect the postnatal increase in specific length of vessels less in the Purkinje cell layer than in the granular and molecular layer where a significant reduction compared to controls was seen for the interval 7–20 days of age. At 90 days of age no significant differences were seen between control and protein-deprived rats.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 46 (1979), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Rat ; Chloroquine ; Chlorphentermine ; Lipidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several cationic amphiphilic drugs, each of which is known to induce generalized lipidosis in rats, were compared with respect to their cytological effects on rat choroid plexus epithelium. Chloroquine induced large cytoplasmic vacuoles, whereas the other drugs (quinacrine, 4,4′-diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, chlorphentermine, iprindole, 1-chloro-amitriptyline, clomipramine) caused formation of lamellated or crystalloid inclusions as usually seen in drug-induced lipidosis. The ultrastructure of the chloroquine-induced vacuoles suggested storage of water-soluble materials (polar lipids and/or non-lipid materials) in addition to non-water-soluble polar lipids.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus ; Spinal projection neuron ; Hypophyseal projection neuron ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of labeled neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was studied following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal cord (C8 to T1) or the hypophysis in the rat. Injections were also made in the spinal cord in another group of animals, which were subjected to water deprivation for a period of 3 days, and the PVN of these animals was examined with the electron microscope. Spinal projection neurons (paraventriculospinal tract, PVST, neurons) formed two groups; the dorsal and the ventral groups. They were located within the parvocellular part of the PVN and fused into one at the caudal level. The neurons of the dorsal group were well assembled whereas those of the ventral group were intermingled with paraventriculohypophyseal tract (PVHT) neurons, which were concentrated in the magnocellular part. Electron microscopic observations revealed that HRP-labeled neurons after spinal injections did not contain neurosecretory granules and that they were not affected by water deprivation. On the other hand, neurons containing a number of neurosecretory granules displayed a significant degree of dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum as the result of water deprivation. These neurons contained no HRP granules. The present findings suggest that the PVST neurons are distinct from the PVHT neurons and that the neuronal groups of both systems form different cell columns within the nucleus.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Receptive fields ; Conduction velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The receptive field properties and responses to electrical stimulation of 126 P-cells recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were studied in the hooded rat. 2. Eighty-five cells had a concentric (Kuffler, 1953) receptive field organisation (46 off-centre on-surround; 39 on-centre off-surround). Of the remaining cells 29 had co-extensive on/off excitatory discharge regions, nine had on-centres with suppressive surrounds and two cells gave on-responses but had no suppressive surround. One cell was identified as suppressed-by-contrast. 3. On the basis of the battery of tests developed for the identification of cell types in the cat's retina and LGNd, 35 of the cells with a Kuffler-type receptive field organisation were identified as Y-like. The majority of the remaining cells, both concentric and others, reminded us of the different subclasses of W-cells of the cat. Nine concentric cells in most of the tests exhibited X-like properties. 4. All of the Y-like cells were driven by relatively fast conducting retinal ganglion cell axons, comprising the t1 conduction velocity group. The majority of the remaining cells were driven by slower axons comprising t2 or t3 conduction velocity groups. 5. Thus, in the rat, as in other mammalian species studied so far, there is a correlation between the conduction velocity groups in the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway and the functional groups based on the cells’ receptive field properties. There seem to be functional equivalents of the cat's Y- and W-cell classes but evidence for a distinct X-like class of cells is lacking.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Micro application ; Drugs ; Nervous tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for localized microapplication of drugs into nervous tissue of freely moving rats. Fairly constant release of material was observed over a period of more than three weeks. The amount of substance released was small because the rate of release was determined largely by diffusion rather than by mass movement of solution.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Boutons ; Glia ; Bungarotoxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatic bouton frequencies, and percent coverage of perikaryal circumference by boutons, microglia, astrocytes, or other structures, were measured on electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats after injections, into the left side of the tongue, of either α-bungarotoxin or β-bungarotoxin in a buffered saline solution (PBS). Control rats were injected with PBS alone. Values from bungarotoxin-treated rats were compared statistically with those from controls and normal rats. Somatic bouton frequencies and percent coverage of perikarya by boutons, were reduced in all the β-bungarotoxin-treated rats when compared with control or normal values. The control values were normal. In α-bungarotoxin-treated rats somatic bouton frequencies were reduced in four of the six rats, and percent coverage of perikarya by boutons in three of the six rats. A few microglia (up to 3.1% coverage) were present in β-bungarotoxin-treated rats, but none were found in α-bungarotoxin-treated rats, controls, or normals. Percent coverage of perikarya by astrocyte was significantly much higher than normal in bungarotoxin-treated rats, and higher than normal in the controls. Conversely, percent coverage by other structures was reduced in bungarotoxin-treated rats and controls. It is suggested that boutons and glia respond to different stimuli, and that the behaviour of the microglia is dependent on the condition of the hypoglossal nerve and not on bouton behaviour.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intrahypothalamic connections ; Deafferentation ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal degeneration within the hypothalamus was studied by electron microscopy 1 or 2 days (1) after carefully placed microlesions in the arcuate, anterior periventricular, ventromedial, premammillary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and (2) after microlesions placed in the hypothalamus deafferented 3 weeks earlier. In the median eminence terminal degeneration was found after each of these lesions. Projections from the ventromedial nucleus reach the arcuate, suprachiasmatic, and anterior periventricular nuclei. Projections from the arcuate nucleus terminate in the medial preoptic, anterior periventricular, and ventromedial nuclei. After lesioning the premammillary nuclei degeneration was found in the supraoptic, arcuate, anterior hypothalamic and ventromedial nuclei.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Second axotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The left hypoglossal nerve of adult male albino rats was prevented from regenerating to the tongue after a distal axotomy by implanting the proximal stump into normally innervated left sternomastoid muscle. Eighty-four days after implantation, the hypoglossal nerve was transected again and its regeneration to the tongue unimpeded. From 8 to 70 days after this second axotomy the left hypoglossal nuclei were processed for quantitative ultrastructural analysis. The first aim of this study was to compare regeneration success in the hypoglossal nucleus after second axotomy with that accompanying outgrowth of the hypoglossal nerve into denervated sternomastoid muscle. During quantitative analysis a second aim developed, of elucidating bouton/glial relationships. The second axotomy induced loss and return of subsurface cisterns, dispersal and reassembly of Nissl substance, increase and decrease of microglial numbers, slight further loss and partial return of boutons with clear spherical vesicles and symmetrical synapses, slight increase and decrease of boutons with clear flat vesicles and symmetrical synapses, regrowth of retracted dendrites and restoration of their synapses, and gradual diminution of numbers of electron-dense neurones and dendrites. Astrocytes remained hypertrophied throughout. When compared with events in the hypoglossal nucleus accompanying innervation of denervated sternomastoid muscle by the hypoglossal nerve, the results suggest (1) that regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve to its own tongue muscle instead of to a foreign muscle caused no acceleration of recovery in the hypoglossal nucleus, and (2) that the microglial response is dependent on nerve integrity and not on bouton behaviour.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 343-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Early stimulation ; Rat ; Brain chemistry ; Evoked potentials ; Learning and memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A complex stimulation regimen (visual, auditory, and somesthetic-kinesthetic with forced movements, 30 times for 30 min each within 14 days) increased significantly the amplitudes of visual cortical evoked potentials (EPs) in adult rats if applied during the second postnatal fortnight. The EP increase after stimulation during the first 14 days after birth was not significant. Visual stimulation alone was compared with complex stimulation (visual plus forced movements) during the 2nd postnatal fortnight. More specific local changes in the visual cortex were revealed in brain biochemistry (lower DNA concentration, more RNA and protein per cell) and cortical electrogenesis (enhanced visual EPs) after visual stimulation alone, whereas complex stimulation induced more diffuse changes and rather profoundly influenced higher nervous functions (viz., memory retrieval — improved 24-h retention). Involvement of both specific and nonspecific mechanisms in the aftereffects of early stimulation is indicated.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Fusimotor efferents ; Pinna stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pinna stimulation has long been known to evoke reflex changes of discharge in γ efferents to the hind limb and hence changes in muscle spindle discharges. The present experiments were made in the rat to determine the involvement of the static and dynamic fusimotor systems in the pinna reflex. We first observed fusimotor activity indirectly, by recording spindle responses to various length changes with and without concurrent pinna stimulation. Afferent responses were clearly influenced by static fusimotion during the reflex; evidence for dynamic fusimotion was sought but not found. Ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli appeared equally effective in evoking this static fusimotion. The magnitudes of afferent responses differed markedly between muscles. Observations were made simultaneously on activities recorded directly from γ efferents to peroneal and soleus muscles. Several γ efferents were spontaneously active in each nerve; pinna stimulation usually enhanced their activities and aroused also several others, previously quiescent. The frequencies of discharge in γ efferents to peroneus were usually higher than in those to soleus. This must in part be responsible for differences in afferent responses. The spontaneously active and activated fibres together formed about one quarter to one third of the total γ motoneurone pool and had conduction velocities restricted to the lower end of the conduction velocity spectrum for γ fibres.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; dLGN ; Retinal afferents ; X- and Y-channel ; Geniculo-cortical relay cells ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) two types of retino-geniculate axon terminals have been visualized electron microscopically in adult and juvenile material as well as in Golgi-Kopsch and Golgi-Rapid impregnated sections. The two types differ in size and number of boutons. 2a-terminals have large, sparse boutons, mainly connected with branching zones of geniculo-cortical relay cells (GCR cells). 2b-terminals bear numerous small boutons forming simple contacts with more distal segments of GCR cell dendrites. We are not able to give any information about participation of either type in complex synaptic zones. After horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection in the superior colliculus optic tract fibres and lateral fibre bundles in the dLGN are labelled with reaction product. Besides these tracts the terminal branching zones of retino-tectal fibre collaterals in the dLGN also show reaction product. As a result of the good visualization of these retinal terminals by the HRP-method they are identified as 2a-terminals. We conclude that 2a-terminals may represent the Y-channel projecting from the retina to both the superior colliculus and the dLGN.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 2-Chloroethylnitrosoureas ; Leukemia L 5222 ; Rat ; 2-Chlorethylnitrosoharnstoffe ; Leukämie L 5222 ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Aktivität der vier neusynthetisierten Nitrosoharnstoffe 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso(3-methylencarboxamido)-harnstoff (Acetamido-CNU), 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(4-morpholino)-harnstoff (Morpholino-CNU), 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(1-piperidino)-harnstoff (Piperidino-CNU) und 2-[3-(2-Chlorethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-ethylmethansulfonat (Ethylmethansulfonato-CNU) wurde an der präterminalen Rattenleukämie L 5222 mit der Wirkung von BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, Chlorozotocin und Hydroxyethyl-CNU verglichen. MeCCNU war den anderen Substanzen im Hinblick auf den breiten Dosisbereich, in dem eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen bewirkt wurde, überlegen. Chlorozotocin dagegen bewirkte als einzige Substanz in dieser Versuchsanordnung keine Heilungen. Von den neu vorgestellten Substanzen waren die wasserlöslichen Verbindungen Acetamido-CNU und Morpholino-CNU im Hinblick auf die Breite des Dosisbereiches, in dem eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen erzielt wurde, annähernd dem CCNU vergleichbar. Piperidino-CNU und Ethylmethansulfonato-CNU bewirkten auch Heilungen; jedoch wurde nur mit einer Dosierung von Piperidino-CNU eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen erreicht.
    Notes: Summary The newly synthesized nitrosoureas 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(methylenecarboxamido)-urea (Acetamido-CNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(4-morpholino)-urea (Morpholino-CNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(1-piperidino)-urea (Piperidino-CNU), and 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-ethylmethanesulfonate (Ethylmethanesulfonato-CNU) were compared in their chemotherapeutic activity against preterminal rat leukemia L 5222 with BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, Chlorozotocin, and Hydroxyethyl-CNU. With respect to the dose range effecting a median survival time of more than 90 days, MeCCNU was superior to the other substances. Chlorozotocin, on the other hand, was the only substance which achieved no cures in this experimental arrangement. From the four newly introduced substances the water-soluble substances Acetamido-CNU and Morpholino-CNU were approximately comparable to CCNU with regard to the dose range effecting a median survival time of 〉90 days. Piperidino-CNU and Ethylmethanesulfonato-CNU also effected cures; however, only Piperidino-CNU in one dosage effected a median survival time of 〉90 days.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 95 (1979), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 2-Chloroethylnitrosoureas ; Carcinogenesis ; Rat ; 2-Chloroethylnitrosoharnstoffe ; Carcinogenese ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Heilung der akuten Rattenleukämie L 5222 bei 79 BD IX Ratten mit einmaligen Dosen von 1,3-bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoharnstoff (BCNU) oder 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoharnstoff (Hydroxyethyl-CNU) entwickelten sich bei insgesamt 9 Tieren (∼ 11%) sekundäre Malignome.
    Notes: Summary After cure of rat leukemia L 5222 in 79 BD IX rats by single doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (Hydroxyethyl-CNU) a total of 9 rats (11%) developed secondary malignomas.
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  • 21
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Non-protein sulfhydryl concentration ; Liver ; Lung ; Kidney ; Blood ; Rat ; Human ; Glutathione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentration of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NPSH) were measured at various times of the day in rat blood, liver, lung, and kidney as well as in human blood. In each of these cases, there was a significant (p 〈 0.05) 24 h concentration variation. The variation in rat liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentration, with a maximum around the noon-time period and a minimum around midnight, appeared to be related to food intake. Blood, lung, and kidney concentrations were not similarly related to food intake. No simple, linear correlation could be shown between tissue non-protein sulfhydryl concentration among the four rat tissues. Thus, rat blood NPSH does not predict rat tissue NPSH concentrations. In seven normal human volunteers, four males and three females, significant 24 h variations in blood NPSH concentrations were observed.
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  • 22
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    Research in experimental medicine 176 (1979), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; CO2-laser ; Surgery ; Ultrastructure ; Rat ; Skelettmuskelfaser ; CO2-Laser ; Chirurgie ; Ultrastruktur ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zustand der dorsalen Haut und des darunterliegenden Muskelgewebes der Ratte wurde unmittelbar nach CO2-Laser-Schnitten mit Hilfe von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. In der subkutanen Skelettmuskelschicht konnte eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit des Gewebes festgestellt werden, die in einer ausgeprägten Abfolge von Zellveränderungen ihren Ausdruck findet. Diese Schädigungen werden hauptsächlich den thermischen Effekten der Laserstrahlung zugeschrieben. Die Bedeutung dieser Untersuchungsergebnisse in Hinblick auf die Verwendung von Laser in der Chirurgie wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The immediate effect of CO2-laser incision to the dorsal skin and underlying muscular tissue of rats was studied by light and electron microscopical methods. In the subcutaneous layer of skeletal muscle cells an increased susceptibility was found, resulting in distinct zones of cellular changes which are attributed mainly to thermal effects of the laser beam. The importance of these findings for the surgical application of lasers is discussed.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Rat ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α-OH-D3)on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1α-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1α-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.
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  • 24
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal absorption ; Vascular perfusion ; Drugs ; Urea ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The absorption of antipyrine, salicylic acid, and urea was measured in vascularly perfused segments of rat intestine. The results were compared with absorption in segments of intestine which were prepared in an identical manner, but not perfused with blood. 2. Compared to in situ results obtained earlier, the absorption of antipyrine and salicylic acid increased 3-fold; the absorption of urea, 2-fold. The absorption of the drugs in the unperfused segments was reduced 60%; however, the absorption of urea remained unchanged. Blood flow apparently limits drug absorption, but not urea absorption. 3. A certain amount of the drugs permeated into the serosal bath in the blood-perfused segments of intestine: approximately 20% of the antipyrine and urea, but only 2% of the salicylic acid. This accounts for the difference between the disappearance rate and the venous appearance rate. 4. Histological examination revealed no morphological alterations in the blood-perfused segments when compared with control specimens. The water and glucose absorption rates were within the range obtained in earlier in vivo investigations. 5. The glucose consumption of the tissue was increased in the non-vascularly perfused intestine; apparently the oxygen supply was insufficient. The histological alterations may be the result of insufficient oxygen supply or water storage within the tissue.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Foetal kidney ; Ammoniagenesis ; Gluconeogenesis ; Acidosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ammoniagenesis and gluconeogenesis have been studied in foetal rat kidneys during the five last days of gestation by measuring in vitro NH3 and glucose productions from glutamine and by assaying activities of soluble phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). These studies were carried out in normal (mean blood pH: 7.30) and acidotic (pH: 7.12) foetuses. In normal foetuses, NH3 production by kidney cortex slices remains constant throughout the studied period of development, at a level 10-fold lower than the maternal one. On day 20 of gestation, a low glucose production (20-fold lower than the maternal one) appears for the first time. This may be related to an increase of PEPCK and G6Pase activities which occurs between day 19 and 20. In 20 days old foetuses, NH4Cl induced acidosis stimulates NH3 production but has no effect on PEPCK activity and glucose production. A response of gluconeogenesis to acidosis is observed one day later (day 21).
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Renal hypertension ; Unclipping ; Redipping ; Reactivity of blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Moderate or severe hypertension was induced in rats by application of a clip 0.25 or 0.20 mm internal diameter) to the left renal artery leaving the contralateral kidney intact. Removal of the clip 6, 13 or 24 days after the induction of the hypertension was followed by a rapid decrease in blood pressure. A near normotensive level was reached after 2–6 h. Reapplication of the clip to the unclipped renal artery after 1 day caused an enhanced blood pressure response. The preoperative hypertensive levels were reached within 2 h. This enhanced response was related to the level of blood pressure before the removal of the clip. Lengthening the interval between removal and reapplication of the clip gradually reduced the enhanced response of blood pressure, which had disappeared 8 days after the removal of the clip. Reapplication of the clip to the contralateral renal artery was not followed by an enhanced response in rats with previous moderate or severe hypertension.
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  • 27
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    Pflügers Archiv 380 (1979), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Heart rate ; Rat ; Sex difference ; Body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In unanesthetized Sprague Dawleys, SPF, of both sexes, housed indl 12:12 (110 lux), at a temperature of 18–23°C and a hygrometry of 60–75%, the measurements of heart frequencies during most part of their life point out a continuous decrease with age and an always higher (40–20 c. min−1) heart rate in females than in males. Significant correlations between rate and body weight can account for these heart which corresponds to the growth period, a linear relationship was established between Log heart rate (y;c. min−1) and Log body weight (x; gram); for males: Logy=−0.122 Logx+Log 938 and for females: Logy=−0.166 Logx+Log 1217. After the age of 600 days, which corresponds to senescence, decreases in heart rate as well as in body weight were observed in both sexes.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion ; Loop of Henle ; Stop-flow pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of the feedback mechanism, that causes glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate to decrease when tubule fluid flow rate through the loop of Henle of the same nephron is increased, was examined in rats before and during isotonic extracellular fluid volume expansion. The loop of Henle was perfused from the late proximal tubule at either 10 or 40 nl/min while proximal fluid was collected to measure single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), while proximal stop-flow pressure (PSF) was measured, or while fluid was collected from the early distal tubule to assess reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes by the loop of Henle. During control periods increasing loop perfusion caused SNGFR to decrease 37%, PSF to decrease 19%, and absorption of fluid, sodium and chloride by the loop of Henle to increase. After 1 h of infusion of isotonic NaCl solution the same change in loop flow causes a 19% decrease in SNGFR and an 8% decrease in PSF. Fluid absorption by the loop of Henle did not increase with increased loop perfusion. Increases in Na and Cl absorption were similar to the increases in control periods. The smaller decreases in SNGFR and PSF indicate that acute volume expansion decreases the sensitivity of the feedback response. The mechanism of this decrease in gain could involve interference with local generation or action of angiotensin, or a change in the composition or pressure of interstitial fluid tending to dilate the pre-glomerular resistance vessels.
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  • 29
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    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Behavioral tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The roles of both reward and the amount of reinforced practice on the development of behavioral tolerance to ethanol were studied in 32 hooded rats in a Skinner-box situation. The effects of ethanol were evaluated on two aspects of the bar-press response (FR15): latency to complete 15 bar presses and proficiency to earn rewards. Results showed that the behavioral tolerance, as indicated by diminishing effects of ethanol on performances over repeated exposures, developed rapidly. The extent of the developed tolerance was greater and more stable in animals which had reinforced practice while under the influence of ethanol than in animals which had non-reinforced practice. Animals which were exposed to the same amount of ethanol but practiced the response in a nondrug state showed little sign of tolerance to ethanol. These findings give further support to a previous view that learning processes may be involved in acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol.
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  • 30
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    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Physical dependence ; Addiction ; Reinforcement ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Groups of naive rats were offered morphine sulfate for self-administration in doses of 0.0032–10 mg/kg for 6 days. On day 7 saline was substituted for morphine. Loss of weight was taken as physiological evidence of dependence. Rats that did not lose weight formed a single population whose mean injection rate did not differe from control rats receiving only saline injections. Injection rates for rats losing weight were log-normally distributed, and the mean of the logarithms of the injection rates was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose. Mean daily injection rates averaged 12 for controls, 23 at 10 mg/kg, and 411 at 0.01 mg/kg. A transient increase in morphine intake after an injection of nalorphine was taken as behavioral evidence of dependence. Nalorphine increased morphine intake when rats were self-injecting 0.32 and 1.0 mg/kg of morphine, but not 0.032 or 0.1 mg/kg. The reinforcing property of morphine may occur without behavioral evidence of dependence.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Naloxone ; Potentiation ; DMT ; LSD ; FR4 operant behavior ; Rat ; Brain ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The narcotic antagonist naloxone was tested to determine its possible interaction with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) in adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio four schedule (FR4), i.e., every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml sugar sweetened milk. LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or increasing doses of DMT (1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to disrupt food-rewarded fixed ratio bar pressing in a dose related fashion. Pretreatment (5–10 min) with behaviorally ineffective doses of naloxone (1.0–5.6 mg/kg) dramatically enhanced the effects of DMT and LSD. The content of DMT in the brain and liver of rats injected with DMT alone (10 mg/kg) and with a 5 min pretreatment of naloxone (3.2 mg/kg) was determined by radiochemical analysis at 30 and 90 min after 14C-DMT injection. There was no significant difference for either brain or liver 14C-DMT levels when control DMT rats were compared with the naloxone pretreated rats. These results seem to rule out interference by naloxone with the metabolism of DMT as a mechanism of the observed behavioral potentiation.
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  • 32
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    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Prostaglandins ; Behavior ; Hyperthermia ; Hypertension ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten days after administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which causes degeneration of central serotoninergic neurons, the depressive behavioral effects of PGF2α and PGE2 were evidently inhibited. Central chemical serotoninectomy abolished the hyperthermic and hypertensive effects of PGF2α, but only slightly affected those of PGE2. It is concluded that serotoninergic neurons mediate the depressive behavioral action of both PGF2α and PGE2. They also mediate the hyperthermic and hypertensive action of PGF2α but not of PGE2. This suggests that these prostaglandins have different central modes of action.
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  • 33
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    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Emotional reactivity ; Open field ; Heart rate ; Atropine ; Propranolol ; Autonomic nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown in male rats of two albino strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley, that differences in emotional reactivity were related to physiological differences (Bernet and Denimal, 1978). Particularly the resting heart rate was slower in the more emotionally reactive rats. It has been suggested that emotional reactivity is linked with a certain neurovegetative balance. This possibility was investigated in twelve rats of each strain by means of differential blockade of the autonomic nervous system by atropine and propranolol. The heart rate response of the emotionally reactive strain to propranolol was statistically smaller than that of the non reactive strain. On the other hand, the heart rate increase resulting from atropine treatment was more elevated in the same rats. The calculated sympathetic and parasympathetic tones (as % of intrinsic heart rate) were 8% and 30% respectively in the reactive rats. However, both of the tones were 14% in the non reactive rats. In conclusion, the high defecating rats in the open-field exhibit a lower sympathetic tone linked with a higher parasympathetic tone.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Alcohol ; Withdrawal ; Audiogenic seizure ; Cholinergic enzymes ; Nucleus caudatus ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The enzymes of the cholinergic system have been investigated in discrete brain areas in alcohol-dependent rats, which were still intoxicated or were undergoing withdrawal. The ethanol intoxication resulted in a slight, but significant increase in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in the caudate nucleus both 1 and 7 h after the last dose of ethanol. We also found a significant decrease in CAT activity in the temporal limbic cortex while rats were highly intoxicated. All other brain regions investigated, e.g., cerebellum, pons-medulla, frontoparietal cortex, hypothalamus and septum showed unchanged CAT activity. Rats were also analysed immediately following the onset of a withdrawal-induced audiogenic convulsive seizure where, in addition to the striatum, depressed CAT activity was observed in the hippocampus. In all the analysed situations acetylcholinesterase activity remained unchanged. These results show that ethanol intoxication leads to a perturbation in the synthetic capacity of acetylcholine in certain defined brain structures and that this may have some correlation to the observed behavioural impairments.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-Endorphin ; Morphine ; Enkephalin ; Catalepsy ; Antinociception ; Thermoregulation ; Rat ; Golden hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral effects of β-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphine were investigated in golden hamsters and in rats. In golden hamsters, β-endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin induced loss of righting reflex, whereas morphine caused no such effect. Both opiate peptides and morphine caused the inhibition of tail-flick response and catalepsy in rats. β-Endorphin was the most potent, followed by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and then by morphine. The catalepsy induced in rats by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin was different from that of β-endorphin and morphine in that it produced catalepsy without muscular rigidity. β-Endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin caused hypothermia in golden hamsters; morphine was less active in altering the body temperature. β-Endorphin caused hypothermia at high doses and hyperthermia at low doses in rats. These heterogenous behavioral responses indicate that multiple types of receptors mediate the effects of opiates in the central nervous system.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: cAMP ; Calcium metabolism ; Parathyroid hormone ; Ion-exchanger ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats received a diet containing a Cabinding ion exchanger at a dose of 30 and 90 g/kg diet, respectively. Following 10 days of oral administration there was a dose dependent increase in urinary cAMP excretion. However, after 20 days treatment the measured cAMP content in the urine was no longer different from control values. The results suggest that urinary cAMP excretion in the rat is only of value as an indication of acute changes in PTH-activity.
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  • 37
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 225 (1979), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Kallikrein ; Parotisspeichel ; Ratte ; experimenteller Hoch-druck ; Kallikrein ; Parotid saliva ; Rat ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A technique for continuous and quantitative collection of parotid saliva — including salivary flow rate determination — for in vivo experiments in rats is described. Excretion of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of rats with various forms of arterial hypertension (genuine, renovascular and DOCTMA-salt hypertension) was studied. Kallikrein excretion was measured by its esterolytic activity. The levels of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of normotensive control rats ranged between 2.5–4.0 mU/min during salivary flow stimulation with pilocarpine. In all forms of experimental hypertension salivary excretion of kallikrein-like activity was increased 2–4 fold. This increase was not related to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben für die fortlaufende, quantitative Untersuchung des Parotisspeichels von Ratten unter Berücksichtigung der Flußrate. Bei verschiedenen Formen des arteriellen Hochdruckes (genuiner, renovaskulärer, DOCTMA-Hochdruck) konnte so die Konzentration des Kallikreins im Parotisspeichel bestimmt werden. Die Kallikrein-Sekretion wurde gemessen an ihrer esterolytischen Aktivität. Die Exkretion des Kallikreins lag bei normotensiven Kontrolltieren zwischen 2,5 und 4,0 mU/min während einer durch Pilokarpin ausgelösten Stimulation der Drüsenfunktion. Bei allen Formen des arteriellen Hochdrucks war die Sekretion von Kallikrein um das zwei- bis vierfache erhöht. Dieser Anstieg hatte keine Beziehung zur Aktivität des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems.
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  • 38
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    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Spontaneous motor activity ; Stereotypy ; Behavioral interactions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effect of a single administration of a dose (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of cocaine hydrochloride on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST), and interactions between these behaviors were investigated in rats. SMA showed peak increases within 10 min and at 120 min after cocaine injection. Drug-induced stereotypy was maximal during the interval between these two peaks in SMA. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the interactions between SMA and ST.
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  • 39
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    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Male sexual behavior ; Rat ; Monoamines ; Thioridazine ; Chlorimipramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thioridazine (3 mg/kg) and chlorimipramine (1.5–6.0 mg/kg) prolonged the ejaculation latency and increased the number of mounts but did not change the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. Blockade of peripheral and central noradrenaline receptors by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine respectively resulted in a suppression of all aspects of the sexual behavior with increasing doses. dl-5-HTP (25–100 mg/kg) in combination with an inhibitor of peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase (benserazide, 25 mg/kg) produced, like chlorimipramine and thioridazine, a prolongation of ejaculation latency and an increase in the number of mounts preceding ejaculation. Selective inhibition of 5-HT reuptake however, by zimelidine (0–20 mg/kg) or alaproclate (0–20 mg/kg) did not affect the mating behavior. At higher doses of these drugs some animals failed to initiate sexual activities. There was an increase in the postejaculatory interval but no change in the ejaculatory latency. It is concluded that the prolonged ejaculation latencies observed following treatment with thioridazine or chlorimipramine is not due to a blockade of central or peripheral adrenergic α-receptors.
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  • 40
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    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Tryptophan ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of synaptosomal tryptophan accumulation has been determined in five regions of the rat brain. For tryptophan concentrations ranging from 2.5–20 μM, we found an active uptake in all the structures studied, i.e.: Corpus striatum, midbrain, brainstem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex + hippocampus. The Vm of tryptophan uptake was highest in the cortex, followed in descending order by corpus striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, while the Km was highest in the cortex, then in descending order corpus striatum, brainstem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In spite of the possible nonspecific high affinity tryptophan uptake into serotoninergic neurons, we found a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the different results in the literature concerning uptake and release of serotonin. These observations might indicate a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the functional activity of serotonergic neurons.
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  • 41
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    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Conflict ; Avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior were examined, utilizing a 3-×-3 factorial design in which rats were trained and tested after drinking sugar-water solutions containing 0,3, or 6% ethanol. Avoidance tendencies were established by initially training rats to escape from electric shock fy running in one direction in a white alley, and in the opposite direction in a black alley. In subsequent shock free conflict tests, the rats were placed into an alley with one black wall and one white wall, an environment in which incompatible tendencies to avoid both ends of the alley were aroused. During training, ethanol decreased the speeds with which rats escaped shock. In the subsequent avoidance-avoidance conflict tests, rats that previously received shock escape training after drinking ethanol ran more slowly, and exhibited lower total movement and oscillation range scores than did animals trained after drinking plain sugar-water. Administration of ethanol just prior to the conflict tests resulted in dose-related increases in running speeds, total movement scores, and oscillation ranges. These results suggest that moderate doses of ethanol increased responding by differentially weakening conflicting avoidance tendencies.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Met-enkephalin ; Brain ; Prostaglandins ; Rat ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An enhanced prostaglandinlike activity is shown in homogenates of brain from rats treated intracerebroventricularly with 100 μg of metenkephalin. The increase is significantly reduced by naloxone pretreatment. A relationship is proposed between generation of prostaglandins in the brain following met-enkephalin administration and hyperthermic effect of the opiatelike factor in the rat. Normalization of prostaglandinlike activity following chronic administration of met-enkephalin in the rat may also account for the development of tolerance to its thermic effect.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol ; Withdrawal syndrome ; Rat ; Bipolar depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of clonidine withdrawal on the brain norepinephrine system was studied in the rat. Clonidine suppresses brain total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) significantly and no tolerance to this effect was observed up to 21 days. Cessation of clonidine treatment resulted in an elevation in the level of brain total MHPG. The suitability of the clonidine withdrawal syndrome as a model of bipolar depression is discussed.
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  • 44
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    Archives of dermatological research 264 (1979), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Biorheology ; Mechanical parameters ; Step phenomenon ; Low extension ; Skin ; Rat ; Biorheologie ; mechanische Parameter ; Stufenphänomen ; geringe Dehnung ; Haut ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei eingehenden Untersuchungen der Biomechanik der Haut von Ratten zeigte sich ein eigenartiges Verhalten, das sowohl bei konstanter Abzugsgeschwindigkeit (Kraftdehnungsexperimente) als auch bei konstanter Belastung (Kriechexperimente) auftrat. Bei konstanter Dehnung nahm die Spannung nicht kontinuierlich zu, sondern fiel 2 oder 3 mal partiell ab, bevor der steile Teil der Kraftdehnungskurve einsetzte. Dieses Verhalten, das als Stufenphänomen bezeichnet wird, wird bei geringen bis mittleren Dehnungen und relativ geringen Belastungen ausgelöst. In den meisten Fällen wurden 2, manchmal auch 3 Stufen beobachtet. Die Möglichkeit von Artefakten wurde ausgeschlossen. Das Phänomen trat hauptsächlich an Proben der Rückenhaut von Ratten, die quer zur Körperrichtung ausgestanzt waren, auf. Es kann dadurch erklärt werden, daß im Fasernetzwerk der Haut bestimmte Bindungen reißen und damit eine momentane zusätzliche Verlängerung eintritt, bis andere Bindungselemente die Zugkräfte aufnehmen. Da frühere Untersuchungen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf Alterung und Reifung sowie von desmotropen Substanzen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften beim A briß, wie z. B. Reißfestigkeit, Elastizitätsmodul und Dehnung bis zum Abriß, gezeigt haben, lag es nahe, auch das Stufenphänomen unter diesen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Bei den Kraftdehnungsexperimenten wurden die meisten Stufen in einem Alter von 2 bis 4 Monaten gefunden. Der den Stufen zuzurechnende, aufsummierte Spannungsverlust und der aufsummierte Energieverlust waren am höchsten in einem Alter von 4 Monaten. Wenn jedoch diese Werte als Prozentsatz der Werte beim Abriß berechnet wurden, so wurden die höchsten Zahlen bei jungen Tieren gefunden. Die auf die Stufen zurückzuführende Dehnungszunahme zeigte ebenfalls ein Maximum zur Zeit der Reifung, also nach 4 Monaten. Ähnliche Befunde wurden in den Kriechexperimenten erhoben, wenn mit einer mittleren Belastung von 200 g gearbeitet wurde. Nach Behandlung mit Prednisolonazetat wurden mehr und nach Behandlung mit d-Penicillamin weniger Stufen beobachtet. In den Kraftdehnungsexperimenten waren der aufsummierte Spannungsverlust und der aufsummierte Energieverlust bei Prednisolon-behandelten Ratten mehr als doppelt so hoch als bei den Kontrollen und etwa nur die Hälfte nach d-Penicillamin-Behandlung. Wenn diese Werte als Prozentsatz der Werte beim Abriß berechnet wurden, so verschwanden die Unterschiede, da die Veränderungen von Reißfestigkeit und Gesamtenergieaufnahme gleichgerichtet waren. Jedoch die auf die Stufen zurückzuführende Dehnungszunahme, die durch d-Penicillamin signifikant erniedrigt und durch Prednisolonacetat statistisch nicht signifikant erhöht war, zeigte diese Veränderungen auch, wenn sie als Prozentsatz der Dehnung beim Abriß berechnet wurde. Unter allen hier geprüften Bedingungen beeinflußte das Stufenphänomen hauptsächlich die Dehnungsparameter. Die hier berichteten Befunde bestätigten frühere Beobachtungen, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften bei geringer Belastung oder geringer und mittlerer Dehnung zumindest teilweise ein verschiedenes Verhalten zeigen, sowohl unter dem Einfluß der Reifung und der Alterung als auch nach Behandlung mit desmotropen Substanzen, als es für die mechanischen Eigenschaften beim Abriß der Proben gefunden wurde.
    Notes: Summary Comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of rat skin revealed the “step phenomenon”. This particular observation was made after constant strain rate (analysis of stress strain curves) as well as after constant load (creep experiments). Relative low extensions or low loads were necessary to provoke the steps. In most cases two, sometimes three steps were observed. The step phenomenon was found mainly in skin strips punched out perpendicularly to the body axis. Probably some bonds in the fibrous network are broken giving way to additional elongation whereafter stronger links take over the stress. Since earlier studies demonstrated a pronounced influence of age and of desmotropic drugs on mechanical properties at ultimate load, e.g., tensile strength, ultimate modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strain, also the step phenomenon was studied under these conditions. In stress-strain experiments most of the steps were found at the ages of 2 and 4 months. Total stress loss and total work loss due to the steps were the highest at the age of 4 months. If, however, these values were calculated as percentage of ultimate values, the highest figures were found in young animals. Elongation gain due to the steps also showed a maximum at time of maturation, e.g., 4 months. Similar findings were achieved in creep experiments at medium load (200 g). After treatment with prednisolone acetate more steps and after treatment with d-penicillamine fewer steps were observed. In stress-strain experiments total stress loss and total work loss due to steps were more than twice as high than controls after prednisolone treatment and only one half after d-penicillamine. If calculated as percentage of ultimate stress or percentage of work input, these changes disappeared because of similar changes at ultimate load. However, elongation gain due to steps, which was not significantly influenced by prednisolone acetate but significantly decreased by d-penicillamine, showed the same changes when calculated as percentage of ultimate strain. Under all conditions the step phenomenon mainly influenced the extension parameters. The data presented here confirm earlier observations that mechanical properties at low loads or low and medium extensions show at least to some extent a different pattern under the influence of maturation and age and after treatment with desmotropic drugs compared to the mechanical parameters at ultimate load.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating mutual diffusion coefficients for polymer-solvent systems are reviewed. Procedures are recommended for the determination of the temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependences of diffusivities both for dilute and concentrated solutions.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microscopic observations and Coulter counter measurements of the secondary nuclei produced when a parent crystal of potash alum was contacted with a solid rod suggest that these nuclei are born by an attrition mechanism which appears to be dependent on the growth rate of the crystal. The nuclei can be up to 50 μm in size. The nuclei smaller than about 4 μm are relatively insensitive to supersaturation, whereas the number greater than about 4 μm is approximately linear in supersaturation.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of two arrangements of multistage adsorption beds, parallel and series, was analyzed, and the optimal design problem of minimizing the capital and operating costs of the multistage adsorption bed systems was formulated. Solution of the optimization problem was obtained by using the Fibonacci search scheme. For the purpose of the study, data on the adsorption of liquid on activated carbon were taken from the literature for both single solute and multisolute adsorption systems and was used to derive the expressions for adsorption rate and the equilibrium relationship. Details of the performance of the optimally designed multistage adsorption bed systems are presented in terms of the physical and design parameters.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic behavior of paper pulp slurries in vertical laminar flow has been observed and modeled. Radiotracers were used to tag both the liquid and solid phases of slurries flowing in 4 and 30 cm pipes. Residence time distributions were determined for each phase and were used to derive and compare several flow models. A model consisting of a central core in plug flow circumscribed by a clear Newtonian annulus provides a good representation of the observed slurry behavior. Correlations between the model parameters and the Reynolds number and slurry consistency are presented, and implications of the results on the design of slurry flow reactors are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 160-170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (θ). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 185-188 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 197-200 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 200-201 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 220-229 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow sheet material balance calculations are greatly simplified if all process input streams, reaction stoichiometry, and conversions, as well as all stream and component split fractions, are specified. Yet in many applications, especially those arising in process design, the available material balance specifications can take on many alternate forms. Each of these additional specifications can readily be expressed as a linear or nonlinear constraint equation involving species or total flow rates.In this paper, an approach is developed for incorporating such specifications within the computational framework for solving unconstrained material balance problems. The linear as well as the nonlinear constraints are accommodated by generating a parametric solution to the underlying unconstrained problem. The parameters are determined by solving simultaneously first the linear and then the nonlinear constraint equations. Only as many equations are solved iteratively as there are nonlinear constraints.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 246-258 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Motionless mixers are well suited to augment heat transfer and to provide a uniform thermal environment in laminar flow reactors. Heat transfer performance can be characterized with the Nusselt number, while the degree of thermal homogeneity can be characterized using the thermal time distribution which is the nonisothermal analogue of the residence time distribution. Theoretical results, calculations, and design strategies are presented for a variety of mixer types including flow inverters as well as the more common flow dividers. Two-channel, partial flow inversion is an excellent, near optimal, strategy for cooling or other situations such as polymerizations which give elongated velocity profiles. For flattened velocity profiles, perfect mixing can sometimes give better results. In practice, however, partial inverters can be expected to outperform those motionless mixers which are primarily flow dividers.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 272-283 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of hydrogenation of α-methyl styrene were measured at 40.6°C and 1 atm in a recycle, trickle-bed reactor using a palladium/aluminum oxide catalyst. Data for different hydrogen concentrations in the gas and liquid feed streams suggested that except, at high liquid flow rates, on part of the outer surface of the catalyst the mass transfer limitation was very small, indicating a gas covered type of surface. A procedure was developed for evaluating effectiveness factors for the nonuniform boundary conditions existing when part of the particle surface is covered by gas.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 298-306 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A population balance approach is used to model solid phase reactions in terms of nuclei of the product phase dispersed in the reactant matrix. A conversion-time relationship is obtained by the solution of a set of moment equations derived from the population balance. Some previously known solutions for both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation are developed by this approach to demonstrate the relative ease of solution when compared with previously used integral techniques. A model for nucleus impingement at low conversions is formulated and applied to published data on the oxidation of cuprous iodide to illustrate the practical use of this technique. The classical Avrami model (Avrami, 1939, 1940, 1941) is modified to include the initial volume of a nucleus, and it is shown that insensitivities in the original model are removed by this improvement. The need for direct measurements of nucleation and growth rates is emphasized.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationship between the shear stress and strain rate of a mixture consisting of solid particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid depends upon the physical properties of the mixture as well as kinematic features of the flow. Functional relationships for rheological properties of mixtures are derived and compared to measured results obtained by previous investigators.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous pH parametric pumping separations of a haemoglobin-albumin-CM Sepharose system were experimentally investigated. The parapump has a feed containing the protein mixture to be separated, introduced alternately to the top and bottom of the chromatographic column. The top and bottom products are withdrawn from the apparatus, respectively, during the bottom and top feed. It is shown that under certain conditions the pH driven parametric pump has the capacity for removal of protein components from one product fraction and large enrichment in the other fraction. Moreover, the continuous process can be operated with a large feed throughput.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 266-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of step polymerization involving a monomer with unequal reactivities has been obtained. The polydisperity index (PDI) has also been calculated both as a function of conversion and the initial stoichiometric ratio. It has been shown that the usually assumed maximum value of 2 for PDI can lead to erroneous molecular weight.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 122-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for predicting absorption rates for liquid layers flowing along a wall. It is based on results presently available in the literature as well as on the results of studies we recently carried out on the rate of oxygen absorption from a flowing air stream into water layers on the bottom of a horizontal enclosed channel and on the inside of a vertical pipe. Absorption measurements can be interpreted by assuming that the process is controlled by eddies whose length and velocity are characterized by bulk turbulence properties and that in a region of thickness δ close to the interface the turbulence is dampened by viscosity.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 152-159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For every viscoelastic fluid studied in the contraction geometry, it was found that increasing the flow rate beyond a certain limit resulted in disturbance to the stable entry flow patterns described in Parts I and II. An examination of the development of the entry flow disturbances was carried out using still and cine photography. Still photographs are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the unstable flow patterns. The time varying nature of the flow has been recorded on a cine film Flow Patterns in Abrupt Entry Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids which is available for loan. Critical condition criteria for the onset of the periodic flow disturbances were obtained in terms of the fundamental fluid properties and are presented and compared with other suggested criteria for the onset of unstable entry flow of viscoelastic fluids.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 383-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 395-405 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A steady gas convection model of heat transfer to a horizontal cylinder immersed in a large particle gas fluidized bed has been developed. The model is based upon the hypothesis that the large particles will be isothermal and includes the effect of radiation as well as interstitial turbulence.Results of calculations based on the model, for a two-dimensional bubbling bed, indicate that a single bubble, having a diameter equal to the cylinder diameter, has a relatively small influence on the total heat transfer.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from a conventional distillation system without heat integration, a series of bottlenecks from the viewpoint of energy conservation is sequentially found by a thermodynamic analysis using a heat availability diagram, and modified systems are evolutionally synthesized as the result of debottlenecking. The present approach has made possible a unified interpretation of various energy integrated distillation systems with multieffect columns, intercondensers/interreboilers, heat pumps, etc.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with the derivation and application of the finite-stage transport concept for modeling residence time distributions (RTD's) originally proposed by Adler and Hovorka (1961). This six-parameter model is shown to be more versatile and accurate than the common two-parameter tanks-in-series or axial dispersion models. Radioactive tracer results are given for a number of particulate unit processes with special emphasis on wet-discharge ball mills.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 258-266 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equation of motion for the two phase flow within a bubble column, operated within the recirculation flow regime, has been solved, and the profile of liquid flow has been determined. Nicklin's relation for the bubble flow regime has been extended to the recirculation flow regime.Data analysis shows that the mean slip velocity between bubble and liquid is approximately constant and that the kinematic turbulent viscosity increases rapidly with increasing diameter of the column. These observations lead to the conclusion that scale-up has but little influence upon the mean gas holdup.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A qualitative theory is developed to explain the roles of surface tension and the two surface viscosities in the displacement of foams through porous media. There is a critical value of the surface tension above which a foam cannot be displaced under a given pressure gradient. The displacement efficiency of a foam can be raised by increasing the surface tension to only slightly less than this critical value, by increasing the viscosity of the aqueous surfactant solution from which the foam is formed and by increasing the surface viscosities. These predictions are in agreement with available experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 416-423 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sorption processes in a perfectly mixed reactor are analyzed by using two models: The equilibrium model and a kinetic model which considers the effect of the external mass transfer resistance. In both cases, a general non-linear equilibrium isotherm is considered.The influence of the different model parameters on the response of the perfectly mixed sorber and their effect on a design parameter (the breakthrough time) are discussed.A criterium is derived in order to predict when the equilibrium model is valid.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 429-439 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transient response of dry ash and slagging moving-bed coal gasification reactors is analyzed for small step changes in feed conditions. The approach to the new steady state for perturbations about the optimum in the Lurgi gasifier has a time scale of about 10 hr. Transients in the slagging gasifier can result in a decrease in the coal bed height, which occurs on a time scale of several hours. There is a rapid initial response in both types of reactors in product gas temperature and heating value.
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 355-358 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 384-384 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 385-395 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simulation procedure for predicting the dynamic behavior of a deep bed filter over the entire practicable range of filter operation is developed. The method is based on synthesizing available quantitative results relating to filtration, and to porous media flows, within an overall framework which views the process to consist of two principal stages dominated by appropriate limiting deposition modes. Evaluation of the results through comparison with available data indicates, to the extent the nature of these types of data permits, that the method is surprisingly effective and even capable of predicting on satisfactorily quantitative basis some intricate details of observed filter behavior.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The turbulence intersities and spectra in water very close to an air interface have been measured with a hot wire anemometer. The turbulence in the water has been induced in three ways: with a stirrer, by a submerged jet, and by flow of a thin film of water over inclined plates, both rough and smooth.We find that the root-mean-square fluctuation velocity Ṽx′ shows for the first system no regular trend with the distance y below the surface, while for the second system Ṽx′ increases markedly as the surface is approached. In water films over the rough plates, Ṽx′ can be as high as four times the shear stress velocity.The turbulence energy spectra close to the surfaces in the first and second systems show (Figure 6) no extended region of slope -5/3, whereas for flow over the plates, there is an appreciable subrange of this slope (Figures 8 and 9).Intensities of turbulence in the surface region are as high as 30 to 50% in the first system, up to 100% in the second system, and 17% over smooth plates and up to 60% over rough plates.These turbulence characteristics can be related to the rates of mass transfer for oxygen absorbing into water by comparing plots of k/D1/2 with the square roots of the different eddy frequencies. The Levich treatment [interpreted by Equation (15)] gives good agreement with the stirred cell and jet results. For the smooth and rough plates, mass transfer depends on eddies intermediate in size between the x directional and the y directional large eddies. In all cases, the Kolmogoroff eddy frequencies are much too high to correlate with mass transfer rates.Further, the energy spectra show that 60 to 80% of the total eddy energy lies in the larger eddies, with only 1% (or less) in the Kolmogoroff range.We conclude that the Prandtl sized eddies, and even larger eddies, determine mass transfer rates at a free surface.Direct measurement of concentration fluctuation frequencies, using platinum microelectrodes, was found to be unsatisfactory because of the poor frequency response of the amplified signals.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on the ice formation rate are presented for a salwater drop suspended by drag forces in a flowing cold organic liquid. The effects of refrigerant undercooling, salt concentration, drop size, and time were studied. Ice formation rates in drops of 3 wt % sodium chloride solution were two to three times lower than in pure water drops. A parallel plate model was used to correlate the data and predict ice formation rates for other drops and refrigerants.Dispersing drops of brine or fruit juices in a countercurrent cold organic refrigerant is a method of desalination (or freeze concentration) that deserves further study.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simulation studies are presented of three different modes of operating a two-component adsorption system. The efficiency with which an activated carbon adsorbent is utilized is compared for a single fixed bed, a periodic countercurrent system in which the adsorbent is equally distributed over two, four, and six beds and a continuous countercurrent system. The carbon utilization in the single fixed bed was shown to be one third to one half of that in a continuous countercurrent adsorber of the same length, whereas the periodic countercurrent system achieved a utilization of 79 to 98% of that in the continuous system.The mathematical models used to describe the three different modes of column operation include the effects of axial diffusion in the columns, mass transfer resistance in the boundary layer surrounding each particle, and fluid diffusion within the porous particles.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 487-493 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aggregates are considered as a porous medium. Stresses within the porous solid matrix are calculated when the particle deformation is ignored. The maximum size of the aggregates is derived from a yield condition, and the settling velocity is deduced. The influence of the mechanical properties and concentration of the aggregates are detailed and discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 516-521 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of helical ribbon agitators to mix viscous non-Newtonian fluids has been investigated. A generalized model, based on an appropriate definition of effective viscosity, is proposed to predict power consumption. This model is most successful with fluids that do not have a high degree of elasticity.It was found that the efficiency of mixing of pseudoplastic fluids was about half of that of Newtonian fluids in the same mixer, while the efficiency of mixing viscoelastic fluids was still lower and approximately independent of the mixer geometry. Blade width was the primary variable affecting the mixing efficiency on inelastic fluids.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 522-534 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical study has been conducted to investigate the effects of large temperature differences on the rate of pure heat transfer from a very hot gas to stationary spheres.In the numerical analysis, the momentum and energy equations for variable property flow past a sphere were solved simultaneously, using finite difference techniques. Results were obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 50 and surface temperature to gas temperature ratios varying between 0.25 and unity. These ranges cover most of the conditions commonly encountered in heterogeneous plasmas, transferred arc, and other high temperature chemical engineering processes. The flow behavior, drag coefficients, and Nusselt number were calculated for each case.The constant property solutions were in excellent agreement with numerical and experimental results reported in the literature, thus justifying the validity of the model and of the underlying assumptions. In general, the effect of variable properties was to drastically increase the flow velocity, vorticity, and temperature and vorticity gradients near the surface.A generalized heat transfer correlation was derived which, in addition to constant property conditions, included the effect of large variations in the physical properties of the fluid as a result of large temperature differences.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 555-556 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 557-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 560-560 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 583-591 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present research concerns mechanism and rate of reaction between dissolved ozone and phenol in homogeneous solutions. The stopped-flow technique was employed to obtain absorbances during reactions; the kinetic experiments were conducted at temperatures varying from 5° to 35°C in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 1.5 to 5.2.The kinetic data indicated that the absorbance of a mixed solution increased rapidly in the very early portion of the reaction and then declined slowly in the remaining period. The rate of reaction in the early period was first order with respect to both phenol and ozone concentrations. The rate constant increased with pH value and temperature, and an activation energy of 5.74 K cal/mole was obtained. Further tests showed that the dissolved ozone was consumed completely in the first period and that in the second period the intermediate products were decomposed without depletion of ozone. Catechol, o-quinone, hydroquinone, oxalic acid, humic acid, and a dimer were identified from mass spectra as products of the ozonization reaction.A free radical mechanism, with initiation of an electrophilic reaction for the formation of catechyl radical, has been proposed to explain the experimental data for phenol-ozone reaction in aqueous solutions. According to the proposed mechanism, the reaction path through the attachment to ortho position is much more favorable compared with that through the paraposition because of geometric advantage, though quinones and hydroxyphenol can be formed through parallel paths. The products of reaction detected in this research, therefore, are accountable by this mechanism. A rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism also agrees well with that observed from the kinetic experiments.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 592-599 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chromatography experiments and pressure-composition isotherm measurements were carried out on the vanadium-hydrogen system in order to obtain an understanding of the equilibrium and kinetic factors affecting hydrogen isotope exchange. Analysis of the results yielded values of the hydrogen equilibrium distribution coefficient, the tritium-protium separation factor, the rate of the gas-solid exchange reaction, and the axial dispersion coefficient.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 615-622 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Characteristics of the gel layer were investigated by direct measurement of its concentration treating polyvinylalcohol and ovalbumin aqueous solutions, using cellulose acetate tubular ultrafiltration membranes. The concentration of the gel layer was not constant but a function of bulk concentration and feed velocity. The mass transfer coefficient obtained agreed with Deissler correlation. There was a definite correlation between the resistance of the gel layer and its concentration.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 863-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation of a periodically forced chemostat (CSTR) in which two microbial populations compete for the same nutrient has been examined. Easily implemented criteria for the stability of the resulting cycles have been obtained, using the Floquet stability theory. After examining several possibilities it was found that stable periodic trajectories of coexistence can be achieved: (a) when the dilution rate of the chemostat is properly varied in a periodic manner between two values so chosen that the growth of one population is favored by the first and the growth of the other population is favored by the second, (b) when a certain percentage of biomass and growing medium is harvested periodically from the chemostat, and (c) when both the dilution rate and the concentration of the substrate in the feed are varied simultaneously and in a periodic manner.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 885-890 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 907-907 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 909-909 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 938-948 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements were made of the drag coefficients of smooth solid particles moving singly through still air at Reynolds numbers in the range of 103 to 104. Spheres were observed during acceleration, deceleration and at terminal velocity. Discs were tested during acceleration and at steady velocity. Other particles in the shapes of discs, circular cylinders and rectangular parallelepipeds were tested at steady velocity in their preferred and, in some cases, non-preferred orientations. The effects of non-steady velocity and of particle form were determined. An unexpected influence of particle density was observed for some of the particles.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 1006-1015 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for estimating the properties of electrolytic solutions are reviewed, with emphasis on molecule-molecule, molecule-ion, and ion-ion interactions. The algorithms of Parts I and II, to search for global minimum in Gibbs free energy, are extended to handle electrolytes and compared with an algorithm using k-values. Results are presented for SO2-H2O and H2S-NH3-H2O systems and agree with experimental values.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 733-733 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 734-734 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 735-735 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
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    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 759-762 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calculation of the phase diagram for saturated aqueous multi-ion solutions of strong electrolytes, based upon use of the thermodynamic solubility products, is illustrated for the four-ion system: Na+, K+, Mg++, SO4=. Solid phases are identified along with the ion concentrations of the associated saturated solutions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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