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  • 1965-1969  (8,250)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1800-1809
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8,218)
  • Electron Microscopy  (32)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 250-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Congenital Myopathy ; Nemaline Myopathy ; Z-band Structure ; Sarcoplasmic Masses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale d'une observation de «Nemaline-Myopathy» a été centrée sur les rapports structurels entre bâtonnets et stries Z normales dans différentes conditions de fixation. L'aspect des stries Z, en section transversale, varie en effet avec la fixation: réseau de ponts «obliques» (par rapport à l'alignement quadratique régulier des terminaisons des filaments fins) après fixation osmiée, réseau de ponts «transversaux», isolé ou superposé au premier réseau, après fixation aldéhydique initiale. L'aspect des bâtonnets en section transversale varie également avec la fixation; la disposition quadratique des filaments constitutifs des bâtonnets est visible après l'une et l'autre fixation, mais un réseau quadratique régulier, de 75 Å de côté, n'est clairement apparent qu'après fixation aldéhydique. Le point important est que ce dernier aspect diffère complètement du réseau «oblique» des stries Z normales, et peut être rapproché au contraire du réseau «transversal» de la strie Z obtenu après fixation aldéhydique; l'hypothèse est ainsi soulevée de la constitution des ponts dans les bâtonnets aux dépens d'un seul des deux constituants morphologiques de la strie Z. La topographie des bâtonnets a été également étudiée: tantôt périphérique, au sein de masses sarcoplasmiques latérales, tantôt centrale, au sein de petits foyers de désintégration myofibrillaire. La structure des plaques motrices visibles dans les préparations était normale. La spécificité de la lésion élémentaire et l'autonomie de ce type de myopathie sont ensuite discutées.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural study of an observation of “Nemaline Myopathy” has been focused on structural relationships between rods and normal Z-bands in different conditions of fixation. The Z-band structure studied in transversal section, varies with the fixation: network of “oblique” (relative to the regular quadratic pattern of the thin filament endings) bridges after osmic fixation; network of “transversal” bridges, alone or associated to the first network, after aldehydic fixation. The rod structure, in transversal section, is also varying with the fixation: a quadratic disposal of the filamentary content is visible after both fixations, but a regular quadratic network, 75–85 Å side, is clearly appearent only after aldehydic fixation. This last network differs from the “oblique” network of the normal Z-band; it can be compared to the “transversal” one obtained in the Z-band after aldehydic fixation. The hypothesis that bridges in the rods are formed only by one of the two normal morphological components of the Z-band, is raised. Topography of the rods in muscle fibers has been studied: either in peripheral sarcoplasmic masses, or in small central-located foci of myofibrillar disintegration. The end-plates structure was normal. Specificity of the elementary lesion, and autonomy of that type of myopathy is discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sodium Deposits ; Electron Microscopy ; Perfusion with Hydroxyadipaldehyde-Antimonate ; Extracellular Space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Modifikation der Methode zur ultrastrukturellen Darstellung von Natrium wird beschrieben, die eine Perfusion mit leicht alkalischer Mischung von Hydroxydipaldehyd, Phosphatpuffer und Kalium-Pyro-Antimonat verwendet. Im normalen Gehirn werden keine Natrium-Deposite angetroffen. Das spricht dafür, daß im Gehirn keine intraoder extracelluläre Konzentration über 150 mM vorliegt. Bei Vorliegen hoher NaCl-Konzentration sieht man ein großes, dichtes Präcipitat, das nach direkter Injektion in den extracellulären Räumen, Neuronen und Astrocyten lokalisiert werden kann. Im Mark der vergifteten Ratten findet sich ähnlich wie nach direkter Natrium-Injektion ein diskretes, gleichfalls als Natrium aufgefaßtes Präcipitat an der Oberfläche von Oligodendrogliazellen, aber nicht innerhalb dieser Zellen. Ein elektronendichtes Deposit unklarer Herkunft findet sich in den Myelinspalten, die nach akuter TET-Vergiftung auftreten. Der Wechsel in Charakter und Lokalisation dieser elektronendichten Partikel mahnt zur Vorsicht in ihrer Interpretation bei histochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden.
    Notes: Summary A modification of the technique for the ultrastructural demonstration of sodium is described which involves a perfusion with a slightly alkaline mixture of hydroxyadipaldehyde, phosphate buffer and potassium pyroantimonate. No sodium deposits are found in normal brain indicating that no intra or extracellular concentration exceeding 150 mM is present in the brain. In the presence of high concentration of NaCl, a large dense precipitate can be seen which after a direct injection can be localized to extracellular spaces, neurons and astrocytes. In the white matter of tin poisoned rats, as well as after the direct injection of sodium, a discrete precipitate, also believed to represent sodium, is noted at the surface of oligodendrocytes but not within these cells. An electron dense deposit of dubious origin is present in the myelin clefts which occur as a result of acute triethyltin intoxication. The variations in the character and localization of these electron dense particles emphasize the caution which is required in their interpretation following histochemical procedures.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 276-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex Virus ; CNS Tissue Culture ; Multiplication in vitro ; Cytopathic Alterations ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die häufig diskutierte, (Mit)beteiligung von Herpes simplex-Virus (HSV) bei bestimmten Alterationen im ZNS sowie der hohe Neutropismus des HSV führte zur Frage, inwieweit sich HSV auch in in vitro gezüchteten, spezifischen Zellen vom Nerven-system vermehren und züchten läßt, und ob sich hierbei licht-und elektronenmikroskopisch charakteristische Alterationen nachweisen lassen. Es zeigte sich, daß sich das HSV in allen verschiedenen angezüchteten spezifischen Zellen (von Plexus chorioideus des Rhesusaffen, Kaninchenspinalganglien, menschlichen Oligodendrogliomen, Meningeomen sowie fibrillären und protoplasmatischen Astrocytomen) kultivieren und vermehren läßt. Hierbei kommt es in den spezifischen Zellen nicht nur lichtmikroskopisch zu charakteristischen cytopathischen Veränderungen, sondern auch biologisch zu einer signifikanten Vermehrung des Virus in diesen Zellen. Auch elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich viele der charakteristischen Bildungs-, Reifungs- und Ausschleusungsstadien des Virus in den Kernen und im Cytoplasma der Zellen beobachten. Die Besonderheiten der elektronenmikroskopisch erhobenen ultrastrukturellen Befunde werden ausführlich beschrieben, und die sich daraus abzuleitenden Möglichkeiten werden im Hinblick auf die biologischen Eigenheiten des HSV bei in vivo-Infektionen, aber auch im Hinblick auf die Deutung lichtmikroskopisch histochemischer und immunhistologischer Befunde nach in vivo-Infektionen mit diesem Virus ausführlich diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The participation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in certain alterations of the CNS has been partially questioned and frequently discussed. Therefore, the question arose whether HSV can also be cultivated and multiplied in vitro in CNS specific cells, and if so, whether characteristic alterations and structures can be observed by means of light and electron-microscopic examinations. Our data demonstrate that HSV multiplies in all different specific cells originating from plexus chorioideus of rhesus monkeys, from spinal ganglia of rabbit, from human oligodendroglioma, meningeoma as well as from fibrillar and protoplasmatic astrocytoma. Characteristic cytopathic alterations of these specific cells and significant multiplication of the virus in these cells are to be found. Many of the characteristic forms of formation, maturation and release of HSV can be seen by electronmicroscopic examinations. The particular ultrastructural data observed by electron microscopy are described in detail and the resulting possibilities are broadly discussed not only with regard to the biologic particularity of HSV in in vivo infection but also in view of the interpretations, deriving from histochemical and immunohistological data obtained by light microscopy after in vivo infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methamphetamine Poisoning (Artificial Psychosis) ; Synapses ; Nerve Conduction and Transmission ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amphetaminchlorid in Mengen von 1 mg pro kg pro Tag wurde 8 männlichen Meerschweinchen ungefähr 1 Jahr lang täglich injiziert, um eine chronische Amphetaminvergiftung zu erzeugen. Bei jedem vergifteten Tier wurde die Feinstruktur des Gehirns elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Befunde waren folgende: 1. Verschmelzung der Membranen zwischen Axonen in den Nervenendigungen sowie zwischen Axonen und Dendriten wurden in der Großhirnrinde, im limbischen System, im Thalamus und Hypothalmus beobachtet; ferner wurde eine sich vom Cytoplasma bis zur Nervenendigung erstreckende Membranstruktur in diesen Hirnbereichen festgestellt. 2. Im Frontal-, Parietal-, Temporal- und Occipitalhirn sowie im limbischen System fanden sich vermehrt membranbegrenzte Vesikel im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen und verdicktes und vermehrtes ER in den Nervenfasern. In Anbetracht klinischer Symptome der Patienten mit Amphetaminvergiftung wurde angenommen, daß die Verschmelzung von Membranen zwischen Nervenfortsätzen und das Auftreten der Membranstrukturen in allen Teilen des Nervenzellcytoplasmas vom Perikaryon bis zur Nervenendigung die wichtigsten Befunde sind, die darauf hindeuten, daß die Vergiftungsvorgänge einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Leitungssystem der Nerven ausüben können.
    Notes: Summary In 8 male albino strain guinea pigs, 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine HCl was injected daily for 7 months to 1 year to produce chronic methamphetamine intoxication and to study the fine structure of the brain electron microscopically. The following results were obtained: 1. Coalescence of membranes, between axons at the nerve endings and between axons and dendrites, was found in the cortex of the cerebrum and limbic system, in the thalamus and hypothalamus. Membranous structures were found in all portions of the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. 2. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, coated vesicles were increased in number with hypertrophy and increase of endoplasmic reticulum within nerve fibres in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, and in the limbic system. In view of these findings, as well as the clinical neurological symptoms in patients with methamphetamine poisoning, the coalescence of membranes between nerve processes and the appearance of membranous structures in all portions of nerve cell cytoplasm from body to nerve endings appear to represent the most important findings, they probably produce a profound disturbance in the system of nerve conduction and transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Physiologic ; Phosphonic Acids ; Phosphates ; Crystallization ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la formation de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium cristallin à partir de solutions d'ions de calcium et de phosphate et l'inhibition de la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium au moyen de polyphosphonates et de polyphosphates. Les polyphosphonates, éthane hydroxy-1-diphosphonate-1,1 de disodium et dichlorométhanediphosphonate de disodium, sont inhibiteurs efficaces contre la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium. Les polyphosphates sont aussi inhibiteurs efficaces contre la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium tant que le niveau exigé de polyphosphate intact est présent dans le système. Cependant, à cause de leur instabilité hydrolytique, qui est soulignée par une température élevée, valeur de pH basse, et certaines enzymes, la concentration du polyphosphate diminue avec le tempsin vitro, et son activité comme inhibiteur est perdue. Au contraire aux polyphosphates, les polyphosphonates sont hydrolytiquement stables. Les polyphosphonates sont chimiosorbés sur la surface des microcristallites de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium, ainsi empêchant l'occurrence d'autre croissance de cristaux semblable à l'action d'autres poisons connus de croissance de cristaux. On propose l'extension de cette action sur la formation de l'apatite et cette stabilité des polyphosphonates aux applications médicales et dentaires concernant le metabolisme pathologique de calcium et de phosphate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bildung des kristallinen Calciumhydroxyapatit aus Lösungen, welche Calcium- und Phosphationen enthalten, und die Hemmung der Bildung von kristallinen Calciumhydroxyapatit durch Polyphosphonate und Polyphosphate wurden untersucht. Polyphosphonate, Dinatriumäthan-1-hydroxyl-1,1-diphosphonat und Dinatriumdichloromethandiphosphonate verhindern das Kristallwachstum des Calciumhydroxyapatits. Die Polyphosphate verhindern ebenfalls das Kristallwachstum des Calciumhydroxyapatits, solange die notwendige Konzentration des nicht hydrolysierten Polyphosphats vorhanden ist. Wegen ihrer hydrolytischen Unbeständigkeit, die durch hohe Temperatur, niedrige pH und bestimmte Enzyme erhöht wird, vermindert sich jedoch die Konzentration des Polyphosphats allmählichin vitro, und ihre Hemmungsaktivität geht verloren. Im Gegensatz zu den Polyphosphaten sind die Polyphosphonate hydrolytisch beständig. Die Polyphosphonate werden an der Oberfläche der Mikrokristallite des Calciumhydroxyapatits chemisorbiert und verhindern, wie andere bekannte Kristallwachstumsgifte, auf diese Weise weiteres Kristallwachstum. Die Beständigkeit der Polyphosphonate und ihre Chemisorption an dem Apatit empfehlen ihren Gebrauch in der ärztlichen und zahnärztlichen Praxis, soweit sie den pathologischen Calcium- und Phosphatstoffwechsel betreffen.
    Notes: Abstract The formation of crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite from solutions of calcium and phosphate ions and the inhibition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth by polyphosphonates and polyphosphates have been studied. The polyphosphonates, disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and disodium dichloromethane diphosphonate, are effective inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth. The polyphosphates are also effective inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth as long as the required level of intact polyphosphate is present in the system. However, because of their hydrolytic instability, which is enhanced by high temperature, low pH, and certain enzymes, the concentration of the polyphosphate decreases with timein vitro, and its activity as an inhibitor is lost. In contrast to the polyphosphates, the polyphosphonates are hydrolytically stable. The polyphosphonates are chemisorbed on the surface of the microcrystallites of calcium hydroxyapatite and, in the manner of other known crystal growth poisons, thus prevent further crystal growth. The stability of the polyphosphonates and their chemisorption on apatite suggest their use in medical and dental applications involving pathological calcium and phosphate metabolism.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Marginal Siderosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin-Sheath-Like Structures ; Plaques Fibromyéliniques ; Gliosis, Perivascular, Subpial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen mit einer experimentell erzeugten Randzonensiderose des Zentralnervensystems konnten elektronenmikroskopisch in der Großhirnrinde eigentümliche Spiralstrukturen beobachtet werden. Diese Spiralen fanden sich vornehmlich im Bereich von subpialen und perivasculären Gliosen vor. Sie bestanden aus äußerst dünnen lamellären Astrocytenausläufern, welche um andere astrocytäre Zellfortsätze oder um Dendriten aufgewickelt waren. Die spiralisierten Astrocytenausläufer wiesen in ihrem Inneren feine Filamente mit einer ziemlich regelmäßigen Anordnung auf. In radiärer Richtung ließen die astrocytären Lamellenspiralen eine periodische Schichtung erkennen, welche etwas an die von echten Markscheiden erinnerte. Es wird in Betracht gezogen, daß sie das submikroskopische Äquivalent der sog. Plaques fibromyéliniques darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Peculiar spiral structures could be observed by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex of rabbits with an experimentally produced marginal siderosis of the central nervous system. These spirals were found predominantly within areas of subpial and perivascular gliosis. They consisted of extremely thin lamellar astrocyte extensions winding around other astroglial processes or dendrites. The spirally coiled astrocyte extensions exhibited within their interior fine filaments having a rather regular arrangement. In the radial direction, the astrocytic lamellae spirals showed a periodic stratification somewhat resembling that of true myelin-sheaths. They were considered to represent the submicroscopic equivalent of the socalled plaques fibromyéliniques.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Swayback of Lambs ; Electron Microscopy ; Corpus Callosum ; Myelogenesis ; Axonal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des Corpus callosum normaler Lämmer und von solchen mit „Swayback” (enzootische Ataxia) ergab den morphologischen Nachweis normaler Myelinentwicklung in beiden Tiergruppen. Von zwei Zellfortsätzen umgebene Axone wurden häufig beobachtet. Reaktive Veränderungen wurden in Axonen der „Swayback”-Lämmer gefunden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the corpus callosum of normal and swayback lambs has revealed morphological evidence of normal myelinogenesis in both groups of animals. Axons wrapped by two cell processes were frequently encountered. Reactive changes were found in axons in the swayback lambs. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oligodendroglioma ; Nuclear Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Ultrastruktur von intranucleären stabförmigen Gebilden bei einem Oligodendrogliom beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets in an oligodendroglioma is described.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 118-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin Disintegration ; Cerebral Anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach experimenteller CO-Vergiftung fanden sich schwerere und ausgedehntere Läsionen in der weißen als in der grauen Hirnsubstanz. Zwischen akuter und chronischer CO-Vergiftung ergaben sich keine wesentlichen qualitativen Unterschiede der Hirnveränderungen. Die Läsionen nach chronischer Intoxikation waren jedoch schwerer als nach akuter Vergiftung. Die Nervenzellen zeigten leicht dilatiertes oder fragmentiertes EPR und Golgi-Komplexe, doch boten die Mitochondrien meist keine pathologischen Veränderungen. Bei chronischen Fällen fand sich gelegentlich eine deutliche Schwellung des EPR von Oligodendrogliazellen. Die Capillaren blieben intakt und die perivasalen Astrogliaendfüßchen waren nicht geschwollen. Im Mark kam es zu teilweisem Ausfall der normalen Markscheidenbestandteile. Die Marklamellen zeigten mäßige Exfoliation sowie eine Umwandlung in homogene oder strukturlose Substanz. Bemarkte Axone waren teilweise kontrahiert und zeigten auf Querschnitten unregelmäßige Form. Gelegentlich fand sich eine Vergrößerung der axonalen Mitochondrien und Zerstörung ihrer inneren Parallelstrukturen. Als Hauptfaktoren in der Pathogenese der Hirnveränderungen nach experimenteller CO_Vergiftung werden zerebrale Anoxie infolge CO-Hämoglobinbildung, cytotoxische Wirkung von CO auf das Hirngewebe und eine Störung der Blutzirkulation angenommen.
    Notes: Summary In experimental carbon monoxide poisoning, more marked and widespread pathological changes in the brain were seen in the white matter as compared with the gray matter. No essential difference, in the appearance of cerebral alterations, was detected between acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. It was confirmed that the changes resulting from chronic poisoning showed a higher degree of severity as compared with those resulting from acute poisoning. Nerve cells with slightly dilated or fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the gray matter were found infrequently. However, most mitochondria did not show any kind of abnormality in such cells. A remarkable dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes was sometimes seen in chronic cases. Capillaries remained intact and astrocytic perivascular foot-plates were not swollen. In the white matter, the normal constituents of the myelin sheath were partially lost and the myelin lamellae showed moderate exfoliation, or a change into homogenous or structureless substance. Myelinated axons were partially contracted and showed an irregularity in shape in transverse sections. Enlargement of occasional axonal mitochondria and the destruction of their internal parallel structures were observed. Cerebral anoxia caused by carboxyhaemoglobin, together with the cytotoxic action of carbon monoxide on the brain tissue and the disturbance of blood circulation in the brain are suggested as the chief factors in the pathogenesis of the cerebral alterations induced by experimental carbon monoxide poisoning.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Cobalt Gelatine ; Plasmatic Infiltration ; Brain Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 25 erwachsenen Ratten wurde ein epileptogener Kobaltgelatineherd in einer Standardregion der Hirnrinde erzeugt. Die Tiere wurden am 1., 3., 5., 8., 14. 21. und 28. Tag nach der Operation getötet. Das Gebiet des epileptogenen Herdes wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die frühesten Veränderungen bestanden in ödem. Später traten Veränderungen der Astrocytenfortsätze auf, die sich an die Basalmembranen der Capillaren anlegten; die Intercellularräume erweiterten sich, füllten sich mit elektronenoptisch dichten Massen und entwickelten ein “plasmatisches Infiltrat”. Allmählich breitete sich dieses Exsudat weiter um die Capillaren aus; es trat an Orten auf, wo die Astrocytenfortsätze und die Dendriten schwer geschädigt waren und erfüllte die weiteren Intercellularräume des Neuropils. Die Nervenzellen zeigten eine auffallende Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber diesem pathologischen Prozeß. Manchmal waren sie umschlossen von Exsudatmassen und zum Teil oder ganz der zarten neuralen und Astrocytenfortsätze beraubt, von denen sie normalerweise umgeben sind. Unsere Befunde werden als das ultrastrukturelle Korrelat der Schols'schen “plasmatischen Infiltration” interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary In 25 adult rats an epileptogenic cobalt-gelatine focus was produced in a standard region of the cerebral cortex. The animals were killed successively on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after operation and the region of the epileptogenic focus was examined electron microscopically. The earliest changes were those of oedema. Later there occurred disturbances of the astrocytic processes which cling to the basement membranes of the capillaries; the intercellular spaces widened and filled with rather E. M. dense masses and a “plasmatic infiltrate” developed. Gradually this exudative substance spread even further from the capillaries. It appeared in places where the astrocytic processes were severely demaged and the dendrites were partly dissipated and it filled out the wide intercellular spaces of the neuropil. The nerve cells showed a striking resistance toward this pathological process. Sometimes they floated in the exudative masses but were partly or totally deprived of the fine neural and astrocytic processes which normally surround them. Our findings are interpreted as the ultrastructural correlate of Scholz's “plasmatic infiltration”.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Leucodystrophy, Metachromatic ; Enzyme Histochemistry, Electronmicroscopical ; Lysosomes ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la leucodystrophie métachromatique, les lipides anormaux s'accumulent dans les lysosomes des cellules gliales et des phagocytes. Les inclusions lipidiques les moins organisées sont les plus riches en phosphatases acides. Celles dont l'ultrastructure est prismatique ont une activité enzymatique très faible et semblent plus proches de corps résiduels que de lysosomes actifs. Il semble que l'absence d'arylsulfatase lysosomiale induise la persistance des sulfatides accumulés dans les lysosomes alors que les autres lipides provenant de la dégénérescence myélinique, seraient normalement catabolisés. Un remaniement progressif de l'ultrastructure du contenu des lysosomes en est la conséquence.
    Notes: Summary In metachromatic leucodystrophy abnormal lipids are stored within the lysosomes of the glial cells and phagocytes. The lipid inclusions which are the less structured are the richest in acid phosphatases. Those of which the ultrastructure is prismatic show a very low enzymatic activity and are more similar to residual bodies than to active lysosomes. It appears that the lack in lysosomal arylsulfatase leads to an accumulation of the sulfatide moiety of the stored lipids while the other lipids originating from the myelin breakdown, would be normally catabolized. This leads to a progressive transformation of the ultrastructure of the lysosome contents.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
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  • 13
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Wallerian Degeneration ; Nodal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen in den Ranvierschen Knoten des N.suralis der Ratte im Laufe der Wallerschen Degeneration berichtet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten 12 und 120 Std nach einer örtlichen Quetschungsverletzung. Die ersten bemerkbaren Veränderungen finden sich im Axon. Nodale und paranodale Anhäufungen von Mitochondrien, multivesikulären und lamellären Körpern, wie auch kleinen blasen- und röhrenartigen Bildungen sind teilweise in den Knoten sichtbar und am deutlichsten nach 24–36 Std erkennbar. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Aufsplitterung der Neurofilamente und Neurotubuli, die ihre Liniengestaltung verlieren und sich zusammenballen. Die Zone der erhöhten Dichte gerade unterhalb des nodalen Axolemmas bleibt erhalten. Veränderungen im Myelin beginnen etwas später und bestehen in einem vesikulären Verfall der Endomyelinlamellen und einer Trennung der Endomyelinschlaufen vom Axolemma durch Schwannzellenfortsätze. Dieser Vorgang schien mit einem Zurückziehen des Myelins vom Knoten im Zusammenhang zu stehen. Schwannzellenfortsätze erstrecken sich auch so weit, daß sie das nodale Axon bedecken, wobei sie die nodalen Schwannzellenfortsätze vom Axolemma trennen. Das Endstadium ist die Unterbrechung des nodalen Axons und die Verschmelzung der Myelinenden als Teil der Ovoidbildung.
    Notes: Summary Observations are reported on the ultrastructural alterations at the nodes of Ranvier in the rat sural nerve during the course of Wallerian degeneration. These were examined between 12 and 120 hours after a localized crush injury. The earliest detectable changes are in the axon. Nodal and paranodal accumulations of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, lamellar bodies and small vesicular and tubular profiles are seen at a proportion of the nodes and are most evident at 24–36 hours. Concomitantly with this, the neurofilaments and neurotubulus fragment, lose their alignment and clump together. The zone of increased density just beneath the nodal axolemma is preserved. Changes in the myelin begin slightly later and consist of vesicular breakdown of the terminal myelin lamellae, and separation of the terminal myelin loops from the axolemma by Schwann cell processes. The latter event appeared to be associated with retraction of the myelin from the node. Schwann cell processes also extend to cover the nodal axon, separating the Schwann cell nodal processes from the axolemma. The final stage is the interruption of the nodal axon and the fusion of the ends of the myelin as part of ovoid formation.
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  • 14
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Tay-Sachs Disease ; Brain Subcellular Localization ; Hale Stain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von kolloidalem Eisen mit Sialomucinen (Hale stain) wurde zur elektronenmikroskopischen Darstellung der neuraminsäurehaltigen Ganglioside in den subcellulären Fraktionen des Gehirns angewandt. Zunächst wurde mit Hilfe tritiummarkierter Ganglioside überprüft, ob bei der Gewinnung subzellulärer Fraktionen Ganglioside nicht unspezifisch subcellulär adsorbiert werden. Eine nennenswerte Adsorption konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Das Verfahren wurde zuerst auf die aus Meerschweinchengehirnen isolierten Fraktionen angewandt. Da Nervenendigungen, Mitochondrien und Synapsenbläschen Hale-positiv reagierten, dienten Enzyminkubationen mit Neuraminidase und Hyaluronidase zur Differenzierung von anderen Hale-positiven sauren Substanzen. Schließlich wurde die Methode auf die cytoplasmatischen multilamellären Körperchen (MCB) übertragen, die aus Gehirnen an Tay-Sachs'scher Krankheit Verstorbener isoliert wurden. Aus den Versuchen konnte abgeleitet werden, a) daß die Hale-Färbung auch Ganglioside anfärbt, b) daß Ganglioside auf der Oberfläche der Membran von den multilamellären Körperchen und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch auf der Membran der Nervenendigungen lokalisiert sind, c) daß die Synapsenbläschen eine positive Reaktion ergeben, die jedoch nicht mit Sicherheit auf vorhandene Ganglioside zurückgeführt werden kann, d) daß die äußere Mitochondrienmembran Hale-positive Substanzen enthält, deren Natur unbekannt ist.
    Notes: Summary The reaction of colloidal ferric oxide with sialomucins (Hale stain) was applied to sialic acid-containing gangliosides in subcellular fractions of the brain, in order to investigate their localization by electron microscopy. Prior to all experiments, a check was made, by means of tritium-labeled ganglioside, to confirm that the ganglioside content in the subcellular particles was not the result of an unspecific adsorption during the isolating procedure. No considerable unspecific adsorption could be registered. Hale stain was first applied to subcellular fractions obtained from guinea-pig brains. Since nerve-endings, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles gave a positive staining reaction, incubations with neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were carried out in order to achieve a differentiation. Finally, the method was applied to the membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) which were isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay-Sachs disease. It was concluded that: a) Hale stain stains gangliosides also, b) gangliosides are localized in the membrane of membranous cytoplasmic bodies and also very probably in the membrane of nerve-endings, c) synaptic vesicles give a Hale-positive reaction which cannot with certainty be attributed to gangliosides, d) the outer membrane of mitochondria contains Hale-positive substances, the nature of which is not known.
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  • 15
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 301-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningiomas ; Electron Microscopy ; Endotheliomatous, Fibromatous Type ; Light Cells ; Dark Cells ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 17 chirurgisch entfernte Meningiome vom endotheliomatösen und 5 vom fibromatösen Typ wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Unterschiede im Entwicklungsgrad der cytoplasmatischen Fortsätze und der Beziehungen zwischen den Plasmamembranen der Tumorzellen wurden in den endotheliomatösen Meningeomen beobachtet. In 4 fibromatösen Tumoren sind die zelligen Areale von bindegewebigen Räumen umgeben. Auch wenn die meisten Tumorzellen helle Zellen sind und sich nicht wesentlich von den Tumorzellen der endotheliomatösen Meningiome unterscheiden, ist die histologische Anordnung der fibromatösen klar von derjenigen der endotheliomatösen Meningeome zu trennen. Ausschlaggebend dafür ist die starke Entwicklung des Bindegewebes. Die Dunkelzellen lassen sich in zwei Typen gliedern: Typ I wird in vier Tumoren mit stark ausgebildetem Bindegewebe angetroffen. Die Analyse der inneren Zellstruktur sowie das Vorliegen von Übergängen zwischen hellen und dunklen Zellen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß diese nur verschiedene Typen einer einzigen Ursprungszelle darstellen. Die Bedeutung dieser verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der Meningiomzellen wird diskutiert. Die Ultrastruktur der Tumorzellen ähnelt derjenigen der normalen arachnoidalen Zellen. Rückschlüsse auf die blastodermale Herkunft der normalen und tumoralen meninigalen Zellen auf Grund ihrer ultrastrukturellen Merkmale erscheinen verfrüht.
    Notes: Summary Seventeen surgically removed meningiomas of the endotheliomatous and five of the fibromatous type were investigated with an electron microscope. Differences of the development of cytoplasmic processes and the relations between plasma membranes of blastomatous cells were observed in endotheliomatous meningiomas. In four of the fibromatous tumors the cell groups were surrounded by spaces of connective tissue. Although most of the tumor cells were light cells and are not essentially different from the tumor cells of the endotheliomatous meningiomas, the histological structure of fibromatous meningiomas is clearly distinguished from the endotheliomatous type, because of the greater amount of connective tissue. The dark cells may be divided into two types: the first was found in those four tumors, where the connective tissue is well developed, while the second one only occurred in one of the tumors. The analysis of the inner cell structure as well as the presence of interstages between dark and light cells makes it probable that dark and light cells are different types of one original cell. The cause of this different appearance of the menigioma cells is discussed. The fine structure of the tumor cells showed a great similarity with that of normal arachnoidal cells. Conclusions on the blastodermic origin of normal and blastomatous meningial cells on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics, however, seem to be premature.
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  • 16
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dystrophia myotonica ; Electron Microscopy ; Sarcolemmal Nuclei ; Myofibrillar Material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In fünf Fällen von Dystrophia myotonica zeigte die elektronenoptische Untersuchung von bioptisch entnommenem Material zentrale und subsarkolemmale Kerne, die komplexe vacuoläre Areale um myofibrilläres Material enthalten. Diese bisher nicht beobachtete Veränderung könnte durch Verlagerung von myofibrillärem Material in den Kern während seiner Wanderung in das Faserzentrum durch Invagination, aber nicht Durchbrechung der Kernmembran bedingt sein.
    Notes: Summary In five cases of dystrophia myotonica electron microscope preparations of muscle taken at biopsy showed both centrally placed and subsarcolemmal nuclei containing complex vacuolar areas enclosing myofibrillar material. It is suggested that this appearence, which has not been seen in any other condition, may be due to the forcing of myofibrillar material into the nucleus during its migration to the centre of the fibre invaginating but not breaching its membrane.
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  • 17
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 329-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myopathy ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; Glycogen, Muscular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen wurden an Muskelbiopsien von 4 Fällen hypokaliämischer periodischer Paralyse durchgeführt. Die frühesten Veränderungen betreffen nach Meinung der Verfasser das sarkoplasmatische Reticulum: Vacuolisierung des Längssystems und vermutlich Multiplikation des Quersystems. Es wird vermutet, daß die Vacuolenbildung die Folge einer Fusion der Vesikeln des Quersystems darstellt. Destruktion von Myofibrillen und Vergrößerung der, interfibrillären Räume treten erst in späteren Phasen des Krankheitsprozesses auf. Ausdehnung und Intensität dieser Veränderungen bedingen das typische histologische Bild myogener Läsionen bei Fällen m klinisch fixierten Symptomen der Myopathie.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron-microscopic studies were performed on the muscles taken from 4 cases with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The authors conclude that the earliest changes concern the sarcoplasmic reticulum: vacuolisation of the longitudinal system and probably, multiplication of the transverse system. It is suggested, that vacuoles are formed as a result of fusion of the vesicles of the transverse system. Destruction of myofibrilles and enlargement of the interfibrillar spaces appear at a later period of the disease process. Extensive and intensive changes of that kind present a typical appearance of myogenic changes in histological study observed in the cases with clinically fixed symptomes of myopathy.
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  • 18
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Dementia ; Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease ; Brain Biopsy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane ; Astroglia Dilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenoptische und histochemische Untersuchung von Biopsiematerial bei zwei Fällen subakuter Demenz ergab Neurone mit reichlich Lipofuscin-Depots sowie erhöhter saurer Phosphatase-Aktivität. Obwohl diese Veränderungen eine Nervenzellerkrankung anzeigen dürften, werden sie wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit sowie wegen des Vorliegens anderer, spezifischerer Zellveränderungen als Sekundärphänomene gedeutet. Im ersten Fall wird als primäre Läsion eine Verdickung der Basalmembran der Gefäße, im zweiten Fall eine Astrogliaschwellung angenommen. Da diese Strukturen wichtige Transportfunktionen haben dürften, könnten diese Anomalien leicht die neuronale Versorgung stören und dadurch die neuronalen Läsionen verursachen. Die Bedeutung des Glykogens in diesen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic and histochemical findings in biopsies of two cases of subacute dementia have revealed neurons containing numerous lipofuscin bodies and increased acid phosphatase. Although these changes are considered to indicate neuron disease, they are believed to represent a secondary process because of their similarity and because other more distinctive cell alterations are present. In the first case, the primary abnormality is believed to be thickening of the vascular basement membrane, while in the second case, astroglial dilatation is considered a primary change. Since these structures appear to have important transport functions, these abnormalities could easily impair the nutrient supply to neurons and, in this way, produce the neuronal alteration. The significance of glycogen in these tissues is discussed.
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  • 19
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy, Chronical ; Hypertrophic Neuritis ; Schwann-Cell ; Onion Bulb ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Veränderungen bei dem mitgeteilten Fall von chronischer frühinfantiler Neuropathie bestehen in einer Modifikation der Schwann-Zellen, die zur Bildung eines konzentrischen Netzwerkes von Lamellen führt. Dieses wird durch eine doppelkonturierte Hülle der Basalmembran um zahlreiche große bemarkte und unbemarkte Fasern gebildet. Die Anomalien der Markscheiden sowie die Häufigkeit von Desmosomen sind bemerkenswert. Diese Besonderheiten unterscheiden diesen Fall von anderen, bisher beschriebenen chronischen Neuropathien. Trotzdem erscheint es derzeit nicht möglich, eine Aussage über die Spezifität der ultrastrukturellen Befunde am untersuchten Nerven zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary The principal lesion in this case of chronic early infantile neuropathy is a modification of the Schwann cell resulting in the formation of a concentric network of lamellae formed by a double-layered sheet of basement membrane around numerous, large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. The abnormalities in the myelin sheaths and the frequency of desmosomes are noteworthy. These peculiarities distinguish this case from other chronic neuropathies described up to now. Nevertheless, it is impossible to say at present whether the ultrastructural aspect of the nerve studied here is in any way specific.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's Disease ; Granulomatous Encephalitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 21 Fällen von Whipplescher Krankheit in der Sammlung des Armed Forces Institute of Pathology zeigten 4 Fälle neurologische Symptome mit besonders ausgeprägten Hirnläsionen. Lichtmikroskopisch bestanden die Herde aus knötchenförmigen Anhäufungen von Makrophagen, deren Cytoplasma mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin eine charakteristische schwachblaue und nach Durchführung der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion eine stark rote Färbung zeigte. Elektronenmikroskopisch fanden sich in den Hirnläsionen Bacillen, die morphologisch den im Darm beschriebenen glichen und die auch dieselben Degenerationserscheinungen aufwiesen. Die Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion färbt Kapselmaterial und Zellwände,die auch nach Untergang der Bacillen noch nachweisbar sind. Diese Beobachtungen werden als weiterer Beweis für die infektiöse Ätiologie der Whippleschen Krankheit angeführt.
    Notes: Summary Among the 21 autopsied cases of Whipple's disease on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 4 had neurological symptoms and prominent involvement of the central nervous system, By light microscopy the lesions were composed of nodular aggregates of macrophages having cytoplasm that stained a distinctive pale blue with hematoxylin-eosin and bright red with the periodic acid-Schiff technique. By electron microscopy the cerebral lesions revealed bacilli morphologically identical to and undergoing the same sequence of degenerative changes as those observed in the intestine. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction stains the walls and the capsular material that persists even after intact organisms disappear. These observations further support the infectious nature of Whipple's disease.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 197-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral Nerves ; Axons ; Myelin Sheaths ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine kombinierte licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung am normalen N. suralis von 7 Menschen im Alter von 15–59 Jahren wurde vorgenommen. Qualitative und quantitative Beobachtungen an Schwann-Zellen und Fibroblasten, markhaltigen und marklosen Fasern wurden an isolierten Faszikeln durchgeführt. Schwannzellen überwiegen gegenüber Fibroblasten im Verhältnis von etwa 9:1. Die meisten Schwannzellen (etwa 80%) liegen an marklosen Fasern. Die Faktoren, welche die Dichte dieser Zellen pro Querschnittsareal beeinflußen, werden diskutiert. Einige ultrastrukturelle Befunde an bemarkten Fasern werden beschrieben und ihre Zahl pro mm2 sowie die Häufigkeitsverteilung ihrer Dicke wird angegeben. Eine indirekte Methode zur Bestimmung der mittleren Internodienlänge für jede der Markfasergrößenpopulationen an Querschnitten von Faszikeln normaler Nerven durch Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der markhaltigen Fasersegmente zu ihrer Kernzahl wird vorgeschlagen. Die Ultrastruktur der marklosen Nervenfaern wird beschrieben und die Identifizierung dieser Axone mit extremen Durchmessern diskutiert. Ihre Dichte und Größenfrequenzhistogramme sind die ersten, die am Menschen durch systematische elektronenoptische Untersuchungen veröffentlicht werden. Das mittlere Verhältnis von marklosen zu bemarkten Fasern ist etwa 3,7:1 und schwankt in den Faszikeln der Einzelindividuen.
    Notes: Summary A combined light and electron microscope study of the normal sural nerve in 7 people aged 15–59 years is reported. Qualitative and quantitative studies of the Schwann cells and fibroblasts, myelinated and unmyelinated fibres are made in isolated fascicles. Schwann cells predominate over fibroblasts in the ratio of about 9-1. Most Schwann cells, almost 80%, are attached to unmyelinated fibres. Factors influencing the densities of these cells per cross sectional area are discussed. Some ultrastructural features of the myelinated fibres are described and their numbers per sq.mm and frequency distribution of their sizes are produced. An indirect method is proposed for assessing the mean internodal length for earch of the myelinated fibre size populations in cross sections of fascicles of normal nerves by estimating the proportion of myelinated segments cut through their nucleus. The ultrastructure of unmyelinated fibres is described and the identification of axons of extreme diameter is discussed. Their densities and size frequency histograms are the first to be reported in man by systematic electron microscope studies. The average ratio of unmyelinated to myelinated fibre density is about 3.7:1 though it varies in the fascicles of the different individuals. The implications of axonal diameter in the presence of myelin are commented on.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration of the CNS ; Van Bogaert-Bertrand-Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Astrocytic Mitochondria ; Abnormal Cerebral Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen an Muskel-und Hirnbiopsien eines Falles von spongiöser Degeneration des ZNS berichtet. Die in der grauen und weißen Hirnsubstanz enthaltenen Vacuolen entsprechen a) Spalten in den Markscheiden infolge Aufsplitterung an der intraperiodischen Linie und b) geschwollenen Astrocytenperikaryen und-fortsätzen. Ungewöhnliche Mitochondrien mit Gehalt an kristallinem Material fanden sich nur in Astrocyten. Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde entsprechen denen des Hirnödems. Es wird angenommen, daß die Astroglia eine primäre Rolle in der Flüssigkeitsansammlung spielt, während die Markscheidenschwellung als eine Sekundärläsion aufgefaßt wird. Die mögliche Bedeutung abnormer Astrocyten-Mitochondrien wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy study of skeletal muscle and cerebral biopsies from a case of spongy degeneration of central nervous system is reported. The multiple vacuoles present in cerebral gray and white matter correspond to (a) clefts within myelin sheaths resulting from splitting at the intraperiod line and (b) swollen astrocytic perikarya and processes. Unusual mitochondria containing crystalline-like material were observed only in astrocytes. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with cerebral edema. It is suggested that the astrocytes play a primary role in the fluid accumulation while the myelin swelling is a secondary lesion. The possible role of the abnormal astrocytic mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Leucoencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Tubular Inclusions ; Inclusion Bodies (Cristalline Rods, Fibrillar Bundles, Nuclear Bodies, Osmiophilic Particles)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs rapportent 4 observations caractéristiques de LESS: L'analyse ultra-structurale montre: 10 — des inclusions tubulaires intra-nucléaires neuronales ou gliales et intra-axonales de morphologie superposable à celle des nucléocapsides des myxo-virus, de la rougeole en particulier. 20 — des formations non spécifiques: corps nucléaires, faisceaux cristallins et fibrillaires traduisant un trouble métabolique nucléaire, particules osmiophiles liées à une hyperactivité cellulaire. Les inclusions tubulaires virales sont présentes quelque soit la durée de la maladie (3 mois à 5 ans) indiquant l'absence d'autostérilisation virale dans le S.N.C. La LESS apparaît liée au virus rougeoleux mais le mécanisme indirect immunitaire ou métabolique de cette action est inconnu.
    Notes: Summary Four cases of S.S.L.E are reported. The electron microscopy findings show: 1. Tubulary inclusion bodies: They appear in three cases out of four, either in neuronal and glial nucleus or in axis cylinders. Their morphological features are similar to the nucleocapsides of myxoviruses and particularly measles-virus. 2. Other different types of nonspecific inclusions: nuclear bodies, cristalline-like rods and fibrillar bundles which may be considered as the result of a nuclear metabolic disorder, osmiophilic particles which may be seen as the result of a cellular intracytoplasmic hyperactivity. The tubules are found whatever the duration of the disease (3 months up to 5 years) may be. This might indicate that there is no autosterilization of the virus in the C.N.S. during the course of S.S.L.E. According to the most recent papers, such a disease might be interpreted as an infection indirectly induced by measles-virus with an unknown immunologic or metabolic mechanism.
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  • 24
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Sodium Azide ; Electron Microscopy ; Ferritin ; Capillary Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle histotoxische Hypoxämie wurde in Ratten durch Natriumacid-Vergiftung erzeugt. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hirne ergab keine Veränderung, aber bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung fanden sich als Frühveränderungen in der Hirnrinde und im Subcortex eine Erweiterung der intercellulären Räume und eine Anschwellung der pericapillären Astrocytenfortsätze. Ferritinalbumin-Mischung, die als Indicator des Eiweißtransportes benutzt wurde, zeigte keine Vermehrung der Capillarpermeabilität. Es wird vermutet, daß Natriumacid den Wasserstoffwechsel beeinträchtigt, wobei es eine osmotische Ausgleichstörung im Gehirn erzeugt.
    Notes: Summary Histotoxic hypoxia was experimentally produced in the rat brain by sodium azide intoxication. In spite of the absence of light microscopic alterations, electron micrographs showed the early changes in the cerebral cortex and subcortex which consisted of widening of the intercellular space and swelling of the pericapillary astrocytic end-feet. However, ferritin-albumin mixture, used for the tracer of protein transport, did not show any increase in the capillary permeability. Sodium azide was considered to disturb the water metabolism, producing osmotic unbalance in the brain.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1845-1858 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mercaptan and disulfide contents of modified cotton fabrics could be determined by application of Leach's polarographic method for wool, with minor modification.It was found that mercaptocellulose prepared by the reaction of tosyl cellulose and potassium thiolacetate followed by alkaline hydrolysis contained considerable amounts of disulfided in addition to mercaptain. Iodometric titration of mercaptocellulose gave a higher value of mercaptan than that obtained by the polarographic method. The mercaptan and disulfide contents and methylene blue uptake of the iodine-treated samples indicate that some of the mercaptan groups further undergo oxidation to acidic groups as a result of the iodine treatment.The spatial effect in the oxidation of mercapto groups in modified cotton is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The catalysis of the reaction of n-butyl alcohol with isocyanates, using organometallic derivatives of lead, tin, and mercury, has been investigated. The rate of the reaction was measured by following the disappearance of the isocyanate absorption in the infrared. Phenyl, n-butyl, and cyclohexyl isocyanate were chosen to represent typical aromatic primary and secondary aliphatic isocyanates. Within the same series of catalysts, RnMOAc, the catalytic effect decreases in the order RHg 〉 R3Sn 〉 R3Pb; and in all cases R = aryl 〉 R = alkyl. The electronic effects of substituents on the aryl moiety are not pronounced. Changes in X of RnMX greatly affect the catalytic activity. The mechanism of organometallic catalysis of the alcohol-isocyanate reaction occurs via a template-type mechanism whereby the catalyst acts to complex both reactants in a catalyst phase allowing the reaction to occur with greater facility.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam in toluene, dioxane, chlorobenzene, dimethylformamide, and ethylene carbonate with various peroxides, perbenzoates and azobisisobutyronitrile as initiators at 60-80°C, was studied. Under these conditions azobisisobutyronitrile and tert-butyl perbenzoate have satisfactory activity as initiators. Under these conditions N-vinylcaprolactam polymerization in homogeneous solution is first order towards the monomer and 0.5 order towards the initiators.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the photolysis and photo-oxidation of phenoxy resin. Photolysis results in the evolution of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propene, propane, toluene, and the oxides of carbon. Also observed are increased yellowing, a rapid rise in gel content, and a decrease in intrinsic viscosity and elongation. Photo-oxidation causes similar changes, but produces oxidized chain fragments, more gel, and less yellowing as well as broad absorptions in the hydroxyl and carbonyl regions of the infrared spectrum. A free-radical mechanism is proposed in which both chain scission and crosslinking occur.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2069-2072 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass transitions in certain polymer samples were detected as a step change in a DTA trace in the exothermic sense. This anomaly is explained as a manifestation of the volume relaxation shown to occur at the glass transition in internally strained samples.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2057-2068 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was found that an ion radical complex is formed by the reaction of carbon black with an alkali metal (Li, Na, K) in tetrahydrofuran. The graft copolymerization of styrene with carbon black was carried out using the ion radical complexes as initiator, and free polystyrene and carbon black-polystyrene graft copolymer were obtained. The identification of the graft copolymer with carbon black was carried out by fractionation and thermal degradation. The initiation activity of the alkali metals increased in the order Li 〈 Na 〈 K. The effect of the particle size of the carbon black on the graft copolymerization was studied.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: From the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, and particularly the energy concept of fracture, adhesive and cohesive failures are similar. The essential difference involves the interpretation of the energy required to create new (adhesive or cohesive) surface area. A simple pressurized disk test is described for measuring the adhesive value for a bonded elastomer, and an application to a debonding problem in engineering design is given.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 41-54 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the swelling of Acala 4-42 cotton in aqueous alkalis and acids has been carried out. The degree of swelling of the cotton in the reagents has been indicated by measurement of the variations in width of the cotton at its widest point. The nature of the swelling process whether interfibrillar or intrafibrillar has been deduced from microscopical and x-ray evidence. It has been shown that a similarity of shape of the swelling curves, i.e., an equal degree of swelling in the same or other reagents, does not imply the same mechanism of swelling. The results are more readily explained in terms of the crystalline-fibril theory than by the fringe-micellar theory, especially when high degrees of swelling have been achieved.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the high temperature mechanical behavior of several unplasticized emulsion- and suspension-prepared whole polymers, and carried out molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and branching characterization studies on these same materials. It is concluded that the easier workability of the emulsion product is probably due to the absence of a considerable amount of high molecular weight polymer in these as compared to suspension-prepared polymers of equal average molecular weight as reflected by intrinsic viscosity determinations of Fikentscher K values.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Capillary rheometer measurements show that stearic acid can be characterized as a normal lubricant. If the content of stearic acid is increased in rigid PVC formulations, the melt viscosity will decrease. This leads to a corresponding increase of shear rate and volumetric flow rate. The influence of calcium stearate is opposite to the normal characteristic of a lubricant. Increasing amounts of calcium stearate lead to an increased melt viscosity and a decreased shear rate and volumetric flow rate. In the extrusion of rigid PVC, the apparent “lubricating” effect of calcium stearate is probably due to the increased friction with resulting heat evolution and higher mass temperature, leading to a decreased viscosity of the plastic melt. This is in agreement with the results of the extrusion experiments. Both mass temperature and power consumption decrease when stearic acid is added and increase when calcium stearate is added to the formulation.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2193-2207 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies on the peel behavior of pressure-sensitive tape comprising a polyester backing and polyacrylate adhesive have shown that, in peeling from a plane glass surface, three fundamentally different modes of peeling may be distinguished, depending upon the rate of pulling. At low rates, deformation by flow of the adhesive appears to determine the peel behavior and the peel force is strongly rate dependent. At high rates, little or no viscous deformation of the adhesive occurs and the peel force is independent of rate. At intermediate pulling rates, cyclical instability of made of failure involving alternate storage and dissipation of elastic energy in the backing, results in the phenomenon of “slip-stick” peeling, in which failure is jerky and regular. Results have been obtained which show how the pulling rates at which transitions from one mode of peel to another occur, and the peel force values for a given type of failure, depend upon such factors as molecular weight of adhesive, thickness of backing film, and angle of peeling.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2247-2255 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reactions of trans-2,5-dimethoxy-4′-aminostilbene with poly(maleic anhydride-co-methylvinyl ether) and trans-2,5-dimethoxy-4′-isocyanatostilbene with poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene:1,4-phenyleneoxy-2-hydroxytrimethylene) yield polymeric systems which undergo rapid crosslinking upon short exposure to ultraviolet light. The extent of photocrosslinking as a function of exposure time was determined by the decrease of the trans-stilbene ultraviolet absorption at 350 nm.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton has been reacted with epichlorohydrin (1,2-epoxy-3-chloropropane) neat, in alcoholic solvents, and in aprotic solvents at temperatures ranging from 25 to 95°C. Fabric properties and electron micrographs of fibers removed from these chemically treated DEAE cottons have been compared with those obtained when DEAE-cottons were treated under similar conditions with other halogenated 1,2-epoxypropanes, and with 1,2-epoxy-4,4,4-trichlorobutane. For comparative purposes, epichlorohydrin was reacted with an aminized cotton containing primary amine groups, with cotton containing quarternary ammonium groups, and with DEAE-cottons in which the tertiary amine groups had been quaternized. For reaction at 95°C with net epichlorohydrin, greatest increase in conditioned wrinkle recovery was observed with DEAE-cottons. Only with DEAE-cottons were the add-ons and recovery angles imparted by epichlorohydrin affected by the anion associated with the amine groups. None of the halogenated 1,2-epoxypropanes reacted with unmodified cotton in the absence of a basic catalyst. Those that reacted with unmodified cotton in the presence of an external base catalyst did not improve conditioned recovery angles. The mono-, di-, and trichloro-1,2-epoxypropanes all increased the conditioned and wet wrinkle recovery of DEAE-cotton when reacted neat at 95°C. The type of oxirane ring opening of epoxypropanes was shown to be influenced by the degree of chlorination of the carbon alpha to the ring. Both primary amine groups and quaternary amine groups catalyzed the epichlorohydrin-cellulose reaction. Dilution of epichlorohydrin with alcohols or decreasing reaction temperature lowered add-ons and improvements in wrinkle recovery properties. Use of aprotic solvents for the DEAE-cotton-epichlorohydrin reaction gave finished cotton fabrics having only high wet wrinkle recovery properties.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2333-2340 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reaction of hydrazine hydrate with manganic hydroxide and its application to the solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate has been studied. The kinetic evidence suggests that the hydrazine and the monomer are both adsorbed on the surface of the manganic hydroxide sol and that the decomposition of the hydrazine and the polymerization of the methyl methacrylate follow zero-order kinetics. The rate of polymerization increases slowly with increasing temperature, the activation energy for the polymerization being 4.9 ± 0.2 kcal/mole.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2383-2395 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of 4-methyl-pentene-1 polymer (TPX-RT-D30) were altered by blending petroleum jelly (P.J.) with the polymer. The polymer was blended with up to 40% by weight P. J. The plasticization of the polymer by the P. J. apparently allows high molecular weight fractions of the polymer to crystallize and influences the crystalline size and perfection. Tensile properties of the blends showed both a break and yield value in all ratios as compared to only a break value for the pure polymer. Breaking strength ranged from 4000 psi for the polymer to 1000 psi at 40% P. J. The samples had a “necking down” effect at 10% P. J. Modulus decreased from 1.8 × 104 (literature value 2.1 × 105) to 2.3 × 104 at 40% P. J. Brittle point values varied from above room temperature to 5°C at 40% P. J. The Vicat softening point ranged from 181°C for the polymer to 87°C at 40% P. J. Differential thermal analysis (Stone) showed a melting point depression from 235°C to 218°C at 40% P. J.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2439-2445 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Curing reactions were investigated after the gel point, using infrared transmittance and reflection spectrophotometric techniques. In the system carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB)/Epon X801 or Epotuf STF-6, catalyzed with Fe(III)-acetyl-acetonate (FeAA), at an equivalent ratio of carboxyl to epoxide groups, the final extent of reaction of COOH groups was found to be between 64% and 77% for eight CTPB samples. Increasing the ratio of epoxide to carboxyl groups (up to 1.6) resulted in an increase in the conversion, but the complete reaction of COOH groups could not be accomplished. The final extent of reaction also depends upon the functionality of the crosslinking agent. The lower the functionality of the epoxide, the higher the conversion of COOH groups. The use of chromium naphthenate as a catalyst for epoxide-COOH reactions gave higher conversions than FeAA. This result is related to side reactions catalyzed by the chromium naphthenate. The change in mechanical properties and the change in extent of reaction were followed simultaneously; it was found that no further development of mechanical properties occurred when the curing reaction between COOH and epoxide groups had ceased.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2411-2425 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal conductivity, specific heat, and dynamic mechanical behavior of an epoxide system have been investigated over a relatively wide temperature range. Effects of nonstoichiometric amine concentrations and postcure heat treatments were included in the study. The thermal conductivity behavior was found to be related to the extent of cure of the poxy system, but in general the results were typical of an amorphous polymer. Calorimetric determinations were used to study the curing reaction and the glasslike transition temperature for the various systems. Dynamic mechanical results were employed to delinearte the various internal relaxations of the cured materials and in some instances to permit correlation of relaxations with the thermal conductivity and the specific heat results. From comparison of present results to those of a previous paper, the activation energy for the relaxation process occurring near 270°K has been estimated to be 16 kcal/mole.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2459-2468 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-Ray diffractograms of cellophane showed a considerable variation in the intensity corresponding to the 101, 101, and 002 planes. Applications of generally accepted procedures for estimating crystalline content in cellulosic materials yields varying results for crystallimity in cellophane. It is concluded that such procedures are not applicable to cellophane used in this study.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2499-2503 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Long-term weathering studies of the subject transparent thermoplastic polymer revealed that sheets extruded from pristine resine gradually became hazy. Electron microscopy of fracture surfaces showed that minute voids were created during outdoor exposure. By the application of the Mie light scattering theory, it was possible to calculate that the average void size was 4 × 103 Å and that the concentration of voids numbered about 106/mm3. Yet the total void volume of the poorest sample, which had a haze value of 26%, was less than 0.05%. The average void size decreased over a three-year period, but the concentration increased with exposure. A mechanism of void formation was formulated based on photo-induced moleculàr degradation. Chemical evidence suggests that molecular degradation occurs by complete unzippering of a molecule, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide and 2,2,4-trimethylpentene-3-al. The aldehyde is believed to plasticize the polymer in the vicinity of a growing void and the carbon dioxide acts as a blowing agent, therby generating a void. Simultaneously, free radicals formed during molecular decomposition initiate further degradation of neighboring molecules. The propensity of this resin to haze can be effectively overcome by suitable cleanup and stabilization procedures.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weight distributions for polypropylene samples have been determined by a permeation fractionation method (GPC). Porous silica beads were used as a packing material for the columns. The set of columns allows a good separation of the polypropylene macromolecular chains in a range of molecular weights from 5000 to 1.5 × 106, and the thermal and mechanical stabilities of these beads are very good. The calibration has been carried out with fractions of polypropylene of narrow molecular weight distribution prepared by a large-scale column fractionation. The molecular weights M̄w and M̄n and the ratios M̄w/M̄n calculated from the GPC curves show, in general, good agreement with the ones calculated from the column fractionation curves. However, the M̄w/M̄n ratios are always highter in the case of GPC fractionation. This could be due to diffusion phenomena.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: N-Substituted β-aminopropionhydrazides, RNHC2h4CONHNH2, were prepared by the Michael addition of primary amines to acrylic esters. The adducts were converted to the corresponding hydrazides. The aminohydrazides react readily with terminal epoxides at moderate temperatures yeilding B-stage resins of excellent storage stability. When powdered B-stage resins are sprayed on hot metal (150-230°C.), a smooth cross-linked coating is formed in less than 3 min. The coatings have unusually high elasticity, they pass the Olson button test. For best performance the amine used should have the primary amino group attached to either a primary carbon atom or directly to an aromatic nucleus. Aminohydrazides with the following R. Groups have been prepared: methyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, octyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 48
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Continued shearing of molten long-chain branched acetal polymers raises their melt flow rates manyfold. The increase is not due to molecular degradation, as evidenced by constancy of inherent viscosity, and by the ability to reverse the increase by dissolving and reprecipitating the polymer. Shearing was found to have only a relatively small effect upon the melt viscosity but a very large effect upon the entrance correction for capillary flow. It is suggested that crystallization of branched polymers from solution creates an exceptionally strong entanglement network, and that the observed rheological changes reflect the disruption by shear of this network.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on a simple, general kinetic scheme for the inhibition reaction of a photopoly-merizing system, a solution is obtained for the differential equation which describes the oxygen concentration profile as a function of exposure time, light intensity, and absorption coefficient. The effect of the absorption coefficient on the oxygen concentration in a polymer slab is evaluated by numerical computation.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 251-252 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2721-2733 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of hydrogen bonding on the flow behavior of polymer melts at high shear rate has been investigated using a capillary extrusion rheometer. The systems studied were copolymers of ethylene and acrylic or methacrylic acid. Hydrogen bonding was found to substantially enhance both flow activation energy and viscosity level, as well as the degree of dependence of viscosity on rate of shear. It was also found that hydrogen bonding does not influence the critical shear stress for onset of “melt fracture.” The data support the view that hydrogen bonds act effectively as temporary (quasi-) crosslinks during the short time scales of deformation involved in flow at high shear rates.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2705-2719 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gamma radiation-induced graft polymerization to natural rubber in benzene solution (solution grafting), graft polymerization to natural rubber latex (Emulsion grafting), and emulsion polymerization of three vinyl monomers - styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN), were carried out under air atmosphere to compare the radiation intensity exponent of each polymerization rate under air atmosphere with that under nitrogen atmosphere or under vacuum. The intensity exponents of the solution grafting both under air atmosphere and under exclusion of air were found to be numerals near one half. This indicates prevailing normal radical mechanism. However, the intensity exponents of the emulsion grafting under air atmosphere were found to be 0.94, 1.00, and 0.82 for St, MMA, and AN, respectively, and those of the emulsion polymerization under air atmosphere, 0.16 and 0.15 for St and MMA, respectively, although those of both emulsion grafting and emulsion polymerization under exclusion of air were found to be numerals near to one half except for that of emulsion polymerization of AN. For emulsion grafting, the initiating species is considered to be trunk polymer radical but the terminating species is assumed to be the radical(s) produced in the water phase in the presence of oxygen. For emulsion polymerization, both initiating and terminating species are assumed to be the radical(s) produced in the water phase in the presence of oxygen.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidative susceptibility to different oxidizing agents such as dichromate-sulfuric acid, dichromate-oxalic acid and sodium hypochlorite in presence of leuco Cibanone Orange R of cellulose oxidized with sodium metaperiodate and its corresponding borohydride-reduced product was studied and compared with that of cellulose. From the changes in the chemical properties of the oxidixed products, an attempt was made to study the mechanism of oxidation of periodate oxycellulose and sodium borohydride-reduced periodate oxycellulose with the above mentioned oxidizing agents.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 377-391 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The extensive use of plastics for insulation and building materials has created interest in the possible toxicity of their combustion products. Three poly(vinyl chloride) homopolymers, a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, and formulations of two of the homopolymers and the copolymer have been examined to determine the composition and toxicity of their combustion products. Differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to study the breakdown process which occurred in several steps, the largest and first being the release of hydrogen chloride from the polymer at about 300°C. Approximately 50 products of combustion were then determined qualitatively by using either infrared spectroscopy or a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Quantitative analyses were carried out on 22 of the combustion products, and quantitative changes with varying air supply, temperature, and heating rate were determined. A comparison of the products of the polymers and their formulations is given.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 397-397 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 56
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 399-399 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis have been employed to study the effect on the thermal degradation pattern in static air of the molecular weight of poly(m-aminostyrene) homopolymers and copolymers with styrene. Related substituted styrene polymers and copolymers with styrene have also been studied in order to assess the effect of introduction of amino, substituted amino, and hydroxy groupings into a polystyrene main chain. The effect of these groupings on the thermal stability of the polymers as compared with polystyrene suggests that the inherent antioxidant characteristics of the subtituent grouping plays the major role in stabilization. A molecular weight effect has been shown to be operative for m-aminostyrene, p-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene, and m-hydroxystyrene polymers. This manifests itself in terms of different thermograms rather than by significantly influencing the procedural decomposition temperatures, although a trend is seen.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 427-436 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of contraction of drawn nylon 66 in aqueous phenol was investigated, and a method is described for correlating this contraction with a series of elementary rate processes. The rate constants so obtained were analyzed by absolute rate theory, and the variations of ΔH† and ΔS† with phenol concentration gave evidence of the nature of the reaction steps.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 561-570 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetic model for polycondensation reactions has been derived and techniques for validating the model have been described in Parts I and II of this work. This paper is concerned with using the results of Part I and II for the analysis and design of continuous polycondensation reactors.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 571-576 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A tensile testing device for measurements on polymer samples while immersed in a liquid is described. The temperature range is approximately -100 to +150°C. The sample older containing the immersion liquid is an all-glass container attached to a modified tensile testing device. The thermostatting and recording equipment is also described. Stress-strain curves obtained with monofilaments of regenerated cellulose immersed in n-pentane and liquid ammonia are shown. For filaments in n-pentane the variation of the modulus of elasticity with temperature down to -40°C is also reported as a further example of the applicability of the new device.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 599-606 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of molecular weight on the changes in the surface layer of polystyrene films on near-ultraviolet irradiation has been studied in a nitrogen atmosphere at 25°C. Changes produced by irradiation were followed by determining the amount of solvent-insoluble portions, the molecular weight changes, and the intrinsic viscosity changes. Most crosslinking took place in the range of the transmissible depth of 2537 Å light. Low molecular weight samples formed a small amount of solvent-insoluble material. High molecular weight samples formed a large amount of solvent-insoluble material. In the range above a certain molecular weight, the amount of solvent-insoluble material approached an asymptotic value with increasing molecular weight, because of the limited penetration of 2537 Å light. Since most crosslinking took place in the range of the transmissible depth of 2537 Å light, the average number of crosslinks in the solvent-soluble portions was influenced by the amount of solvent-insoluble material. Low molecular weight samples produced many crosslinks. High molecular weight samples produced a few crosslinks. In the range above a certain molecular weight, the average number of crosslinks in the solvent soluble portions approached an asymptote with increasing molecular weight. Chain scission seems to have occurred in every sample.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 637-657 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data support the hypothesis that the surface layer of the asymmetric Loeb-Sourirajan type porous cellulose acetate membranes has a heterogeneous microporous structure. A general method is proposed for improving the performance of the above membranes in reverse osmosis, by which product rates are increased without decreasing solute separation. The method consists in pumping pure water past the back side of the membrane under just enough pressure for a sufficiently prolonged period of time; after such pretreatment, the membrane is used in the reverse osmosis experiments in the normal manner with the surface layer facing the feed solution. Back-pressure treatment at 400 psig for 85 hr on preshrunk and normally pressure-treated membranes increases the product rate by over 20% without decreasing solute separation in reverse osmosis experiments at 600 psig with the use of 0.5 wt-% NaCl-H2O feed solutions; with a different sequence of back-pressure treatment, similar results have been obtained in reverse osmosis experiments at 1500 psig also. The compaction effect of a normal membrane and that of a back pressure treated membrane are the same during continuous reverse osmosis operation under 600 psig; the effects of back-pressure treatment on a normal membrane and a compacted membrane are also the same. The pure water permeability data obtained in cyclic experiments show that the smaller pores on the surface layer are opened more than the bigger ones during the back side operation. The probable structural changes taking place in the film during back-pressure treatment are discussed.
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  • 64
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeabilities of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide through polyethylene-styrene graft copolymer films were measured by means of a gas permeability apparatus based on a modification of Barrer's high vacuum technique. Polyethylene-styrene grafts were prepared by mutual γ-ray irradiation of low-density polyethylene films in styrene-methanol solution. Densities and thicknesses of the graft copolymer films were determined. It was observed that the gas permeability constants decreased with increasing grafting to minimum values at 20-30% styrene grafting and increased again above 30% grafting. These results are explained in terms of a decrease in the free volume of the amorphous regions of the polyethylene by a “filling in” effect of the grafted polystyrene chains. Above 30% grafting, disruption of the crystallites may occur resulting in increased gas permeation. Activation energies for gas permeation through polyethylene-styrene graft copolymer films were calculated and found to decrease with increasing per cent styrene grafting. For nitrogen permeation, the activation energy decreased from 11.7 kcal/mole for unirradiated polyethylene to 9.5 kcal/mole for a 50.5% graft. Corresponding values for oxygen and carbon dioxide were 10.2-8.2 kcal/mole for a 48.7% graft and 8.4-6.5 kcal/mole for a 50.5% graft.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 713-720 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical crosslinking of high-density polyethylene was studied. The amount of gel produced by a given peroxide concentration depends on the molecular weight of the polymer. More scission reactions, during the crosslinking process, occur in low-density than in high-density polyethylene crosslinked with Varox and Luperox 130 peroxides. The rheological behavior of partially crosslinked polyethylene is useful and convenient for quality control, for characterization, and for studies on the various mechanisms associated with the crosslinking process.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 775-784 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Present methods of correcting instrument spreading (resolution correction) in GPC are either too cumbersome to use or inaccurate when the correction is large. Two new methods which are both accurate and simple to use are presented in this work. The first method using the technique of Fourier analysis is more general and can be used to correct non-Gaussian instrument spreading. The second method using a fourth-degree polynomial requires a Gaussian instrument spreading function. The instrument spreading function may vary with respect to the elution volume in both methods.
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  • 67
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ruland's concept of an isotropic disorder function is applied to estimate the disorder parameter and the degree of crystallinity in a few cellulosic fibers: two cottons, native ramie, and a high-tenacity rayon. The results indicate an increase in disorder without any change in crystallinity on mercerization of native celluloses. On hydrolysis, with or without a pretreatment of mercerization, the samples exhibit a higher crystallinity, disorder remaining the same as for native celluloses. A ball-milled sample of “amorphous” cellulose is still found to be fairly crystalline with the lowest disorder. On being wetted in water and oven-dried, a distorted form of cellulose II with higher crystallinity and disorder was obtained. The polynosic fiber, Tufcel, has low values for the degree of crystallinity, disorder parameter, as well as crystallite dimension. A strong dependence of the degree of crystallinity on the crystallite size, particularly the lateral, is observed.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 807-816 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low temperature gaseous plasmas of ammonia or nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures contain —NH2 groups, or precursors thereof, formed in the plasma, which experimental evidence strongly suggests, can add to various polymer surfaces. The plasmas were established in the 0.3-1.5 torr range by radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) electrodeless excitation at powers ranging from 50 to 500 W. Samples of polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polytetrafluorethylene, polycarbonate, polyurethane, and poly(methl methacrylate) were investigated. All these polymers added amino groups to varying degrees of amino site densities depending on the choice of plasma parameters and the reactivity of the polymer itself. In every instance the polymer was rendered more wettable, although no quantitative wettability measurements were made. Following the plasma treatment, degrees of amino attachment to the polymer were followed radiometrically and reported in terms of “heparin thicknesses” resulting from ionic heparin —35S attachment to quaternary sites produced from the amino groups. Two implications of such a surface modification are to adhesion and blood compatible materials preparation.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular orientation acquired during fiber formation of acrylic fibers by wetspinning has been studied. Orientation was detected by measurements of sonic modulus which were converted into an orientation factor. The orientation correlates very well with the ratio of take-up velocity to the freely extreuded velocity. Several mechanisms for the origin of spin orientation are discussed.
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  • 70
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: EPDM and SBR were masticated on an open mill. The temperature range of mastication for EPDM was 68-480°F. SBR was milled at 170-200°F. The gel-permeation chromatography analyses were made on the masticated samples. For EPDM at 68°F, molecular weight decreases and molecular weight distribution narrows with mastication time; the degradation process is nonrandom. At constant mastication time between 182 and 315°F, there is little change in molecular weight. Mastication for 18 min at 480°F broadens the molecular weight distribution; the degradation is random. For SBR at 170-200°F, molecular weight decreases and molecular weight distribution narrows with mastication time; the degradation process is also nonrandom. Nonrandom degradation for both EPDM and SBR results in a narrowing of the molecular weight distribution, without build-up of low molecular weight molecules, and without a shift in the peak molecular weight. This is contrary to nonrandom degradation of natural rubber where a shift in the peak molecular weight occurs with mastication time.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 827-833 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation of the nucleating ability of selected nucleating agents in various commercial types of isolactic polypropylene revealed that the efficiency of individual additives is not equal for all types of polypropylene. As to the nucleation mechanism, it can be supposed that in most cases the added nucleating agents act mainly secondarily, activating the heterogeneities originally present in the polymer.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 867-869 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We consider two approaches to strain magnification in a composite material, point out that they apply to different situations, and caution against misapplication of the equations derived.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 835-849 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Latex dip adhesives for nylon and rayon tire cords are prepared by reacting resorcinol and formaldehyde in aqueous solution in the presence of a catalyst for a specified time and then adding a butadience-styrene-vinylpyridine latex. Ammonia improves the stability of the latex and increases the adhesion of rubber to cord. However, a white precipitate forms if ammonia is added before the resorcinol and formaldehyde have reacted sufficiently. This paper is study of the nature of this precipitate and the conditions for its formation. By measuring the heat of reaction of formaldehyde and ammonia and, subsequently, of mixtures of formaldehyde and resorcinol to which varying amounts of ammonia were added, information on the reaction mechanism has been obtained. Ammonia reacts rapidly with formaldehyde to form an unstable intermediate, presumably trimethylolamine, which then reacts further with resorcinol to form trisdihydroxybenzylamine. This compound is also very reactive and condenses withmore ammonia and formaldehyde to give a polymer of low solubility, the composition depending on the amounts of ammonia and formaldehyde available for reaction. Elemental analyses support this concept. Primary and secondary amines react in a maner similar to ammonia.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 851-865 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Untreated and fire-retardant-treated white α-cellulose samples were isothermally pyrolyzed in a fluidized bath in a nitrogen environment at 298-360°C. Results were reported in terms of volatilization (based on weight loss-time measurements) and the degradation products (based on gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis). The findings products (based on gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis). The findings on untreated cellulose indicate that: (1) pyrolysis occurs in three distinct phases in the temperature range 276-360°C; (2) there is a single activation energy of 42 kcal/mole over this temperature range; (3) the initial rapid weight loss is not due to the desoprtion of water, but primarily to decomposition of the cellulose; molecules: (4) there is little difference in either the quality or relative quantity of the volatiles generated during the three different phases of pyrolysis. The findings on treated cellulose show that the fire retardant, KHCO3, does not markedly change the types of degradation products having molecular weights below about 110, althought it does change their relative concentrations. Furthermore, the rate of product generation and the quantity of residual char are increased.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy-Versamid specimens were loaded in tension, compression, and flexure at different strain rates and temperatures to determine mode of failure, yield stress and strain, and tangent and relaxation moduli. Stress-strain curves were used to define brittle, ductile, ductile-rubbery, and rubbery modes of behavior which prevailed in different temperature-strain rate regions. The time-temperature superposition principle was applied to yield stress, initial tangent moduli, and relaxation moduli data for all three types of loading.The transition regions, tangent and relaxation moduli, and shift factors were the same in tension, compression, and flexure. Thus the most convenient mode of loading can be used to determine the general time-temperature dependence. The ratio of compressive-to-tensile yield stress was almost constant over the entire ductile region. Flexural yielding data were used to predict yield stress in tension and compression, and stress relaxation master curves were shown to be related to elastic modulus vs. strain rate curves. The yielding phenomenon was interpreted using Eyring's theory of non-Newtonian viscoplastic flow. The apparent activation energy and activation volume were larger for tension than compression. A theory is offered to explain why yielding can occur in a cross-linked system.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1277-1288 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of new and more sensitive techniques in thermal analyses aids in a more complete understanding of the contributions of individual components in urethane elastomers regarding their mechanical and thermodynamic behavior. The behavior of various segments of the elastomers reported in this work illustrates a clearer interpretation of reasons for changes in mechanical behavior caused by changes in heat capacity, volume and tensile properties; the gross changes previously reported for polyurethane properties as a function of temperature are also confirmed with a more exact definition of their origin.The sub-ambient temperature behavior and response of physical measurements near the melting point of the backbone polyol are largely a function of the so-called “soft block.” The soft block does not contribute to the mechanical properties above the melting point of the polyol unless some urethane segments from the diisocyanate and extender are structured into the soft block, that is, excess diisocyanate and extender are added to build in the “hard” block. The extender and isocyanate influence for both low and high temperature properties is observed by the lack of molecular fit imparted to the backbone polyol as well as some crystallinity in the polymer hard block. The usual Tg transition reported in urethane elastomers corresponds to a first-order transition in the polyester or polyether backbone.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1326-1326 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 78
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1329-1335 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of a number of sulfur compounds on the melt stability of polypropylene milled at 165°C have been studied. Dilaurylthiodipropionate (DLTP), Mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), and Mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT) are all antioxidiants in a polymer lightly stabilized with a phenolic antioxidant although the last two are initially pro-oxidants. 2,2′-Dibenzoylaminodiphenyldisulfide (22BDD) is a pro-oxidant under the Conditions studied.In the absence of a phenolic antioxidant the effectiveness of DLTP is reduced in the early stages of oxidation, with increasing concentration although its over all antioxidant activity increases. The results are consistent with the view that both radical and non-radical processes occur concomitantly.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1337-1351 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of the acetaldehyde polymers (PACH) having a poly(vinyl alcohol)-type structure and the thermal degradation of PACH have been reported previously. This paper will describe detailed aspects of several reactions of PACH. Copolymerization of PACH with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was performed both thermally and catalytically. When piperidine was used as catalyst, the rate of reaction between PACH and TDI was found to depend on the concentration of both the active hydrogen of PACH and the isocynante group TDI. Acid and alkali treatment of PACH were carried out. On treatment with sulfuric acid, white polymers with good spinnability were obtained. The copolymerization of acetaldehyde with n-butylaldehyde were performed in the presence of sodium amalgam as catalyst. The reaction products were colorless, viscous liquids and assumed from the infrared and NMR spectra, elemental analyses, molecular weight and solubility tests to be aldol condensation-type copolymers.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1353-1371 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel technique for the control of continuous synthesis of addition polymers with precisely controlled average molecular weight and minimum polydispersity has been developed. A control system adjusts the concentration of chain-transfer agent in the reactor feed to compensate for all other upsets, in the reactor inputs: initiator and monomer concentrations, temperature and feed rate. The technique has been evaluated quantitatively on a digital computer using a kinetic model of homogeneous, free-radical solution polymerization. In computational tests, the modeled control system generally held the instantaneous number-average chain length within 1%, and quickly returned it to the desired value in response to a wide variety of upsets. By generalizing the Schulz distributions to include termination by disproportionation, combination and chain-transfer, it is shown that changes in the molecular-weight distribution resulting from the action of the control system are minor.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1381-1419 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new-method of interpreting GPC chromatograms which accounts for skewing and symmetrical axial dispersion has been developed. General relationships for a symmetrical axial dispersion correction and for a skewing correction are derived.The method has been verified experimentally for unimodal chromatograms and linear calibration curves over a wide range of GPC operating conditions, polymer molecular weights and polydispersities. Measurements of h and skewing factors were obtained by a once-through technique. The need for performing reverse flow experiments has been eliminated. Artificial oscillations in the corrected chromatogram due to step size (Method of Pierce-Armonas), and to number of terms in a polynomial expansion (Method of Tung and Method of Smith) are eliminated.The method has yet to be evaluated for nonlinear calibration curves and multi-modal distributions. However, suggestions for its application in these circumstances are presented.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1523-1535 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Difluorocarbene (difluoromethylene, :CF2) generated by the pyrolysis of sodium chlorodifluoroacetate has been shown to irreversibly modify the surfaces of polymers and fibers. The critical surface tension values of several polymers are shown to decrease with increasing exposure to difluorocarbene vapors and ultimately approach the critical surface tension values of partially fluorinated polyethylenes. The rate-controlling step appears to be the diffusion of difluorocarbene from the precursor to the polymer substrate. The nature of the interaction between difluorocarbene and the polymer surface is unknown; however, the absence of infrared bands due to C—F bonds in attenuated total reflection measurements tends to establish the mono-molecular-like character of the modified surface.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1509-1522 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Study was made concerning both the rate of crosslinking and the structure of crosslinks of terpolymers that have dicyclopentadiene, 1, 4-hexadiene, methylene norbornene, and ethylidene norbornene for termonomers so as to look into the role of termonomers during crosslinking of ethylene propylene terpolymers. In the study, activation energy and frequency factor, both apparent were determined by the rate constant of crosslinking and differences in crosslinks were analyzed following both chemical and physical methods. Infrared analysis into the volume of consumption of double bond was adopted to examine the manner of crosslinking. In respect to the magnitude of the rate constant, ethylidene norbornene came in first being followed by 1,4-hexadiene, methylene norbornene, and dicyclopentadiene. The structure of termoners affected the apparent activation energy and the apparent frequency factor was subject to the influences of said structure and others including the variation in the degree of unsaturation. During the early stage of crosslinking, the formation of the crosslink of polysulfide-type was paramount to all others and the speed of conversion therefrom either to disulfide-type or to monosulfide varied with the kind of terpolymers and was in proportion to the rate constant of crosslinking.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of crystalline modification of cellulose and of water on the ESR spectra generated by the trapped free radicals in gamma-irradiated celluloses were investigated for cotton cellulose I, II, III, and IV, partially decrystallized cotton cellulose, ballmilled cotton cellulose, hydrocelluloses of cellulose III and IV, and ramie. On irradiation of the celluloses, free radicals were formed on the cellulose molecule, probably following dehydrogenation or chain cleavage. The free radicals located within the less ordered or amorphous regions of the cellulose reacted readily with water and were terminated. The radicals located within the more ordered regions of the celluloses could be made accessible to reaction with water by the interaction of the celluloses with solvents which caused dimensional changes in the cellulosic structure. In the highly ordered regions of the celluloses, even after long periods of time in solvents which caused large dimensional changes in the cellulosic structure, the trapped free radicals were not terminated by reaction with solvent or water. The ESR spectra of the irradiated, dried celluloses were determined at -160°C, the single-line spectra recorded had line widths of about 18-24 gauss. On the absorption of water by the irradiated celluloses, the ESR spectra changed and were dependent on the crystalline structure of the irradiated celluloses. The effects of different arrangements of the irradiated celluloses, as shown by their trapped radical spectra, particularly after interaction with water, were discussed.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1537-1544 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carbethoxycarbene, carbethoxynitrene, and nitrene generated respectively by the pyrolysis of ethyl diazoacetate, ethyl azidoformate, chloramine and sodium hydroxyl amine-o-sulfonate are shown to irreversibly modify the surface of polyethylene as shown by wettability measurements. The nature of the modification is not fully understood; however, insertion of the carbene or nitrene into a carbon-hydrogen bond appears likely. The modified surfaces thus formed are shown to undergo several classical organic reactions as again determined by wettability measurements.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1545-1553 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vinyl esters of some undecylenic acid derivatives and acrylates and methacrylates of undecyl and undecylenyl alcohols, which may be considered as derivaties of castor oil, have been polymerized and copolymerized with vinyl chloride to provide a variety of new polymers. The acrylate and the methacrylate of undecylenyl alcohol have been epoxidized to yield two new polymerizable monomers of potential usefulness as crosslinking agents in finished copolymers.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1577-1577 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 88
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1555-1567 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the extent of degradation of poly(m-aminostyrene) on the quantity and composition of the residue and the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the fraction volatile at pyrolysis temperature are discussed. The behavior of poly(m-aminostyrene) is compared to that of polystyrene; a significant difference has been found for the behavior of the residue from poly(m-aminostyrene), which is ascribed to a crosslinking reaction involving the amino substituent. Mechanisms to acount for the observed products of degradation have been suggested and are discussed. Relative thermal stability studies have also been made and compared with results from polystyrene.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1613-1620 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies were carried out on decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by ferrous and ferric ions adsorbed on cellulosic materials (SP, SCP), scission of the cellulose chain and formation of grafts by graft copolymerization. As a result, it was found that the activity of ferrous ion is always higher than that of ferric ion, but there exists a common relation between the amount of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the number of grafts for all cellulose samples and kinds of metallic ions, and it was inferred that essentially, copolymerization takes place by the same mechanism irrespective of the kind of metallic ions. Consequently, it can be considered that the difference in degree of activity between ferrous ion and ferric ion is due to the difference in the decomposition mechanism of hydrogen peroxide by these metallic ions and it is assumed that the high activity of ferrous ion in graft copolymerization is due to the high hydrogen peroxide decomposition effect.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1621-1623 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of stress relaxation has been used to study stress decay behavior in the system of polyethylene - benzene series hydrocarbons. The behavior of stress decay in polyethylene under benzene series hydrocarbons was observed and the respective activity forward stress decay of benzene series hydrocarbons was obtained.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1625-1640 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An addition reaction of maleic anhydride with polypropylene takes place in the presence of radical reagents or sunlight. The initial rate of the reaction was proportional to the concentration of polypropylene and maleic anhydride, and one-half power of the concentration of the radical reagents. The increase in the temperature from 80 to 120°C increased the rate of the reaction and di-cumyl peroxide was effective as a radical reagent for this reaction.Ionic crosslinked rubber-like polymers were obtained from the reaction of maleic polypropylene with some alkali metal compounds. They showed the characteristic absorption band due to —COO⊖ in their infrared spectra.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1641-1655 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress cracking of polyamides (nylons) by a number of metal salts, in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, has been investigated. Many metal halides and halide-like salts were found to be active stress-cracking agents, while metal acetates and sulfates were inactive. Zinc chloride was found to be most active, and its activity was compared with other metal halides. Using a recording tensometer, time to crack initiation, time to crack-through and time to rupture were determined. These parameters were found to be dependent on temperature, moisture content of the nylon, concentration of the cracking agent and level of stress. High values of all these factors favored rapid cracking. Cracking parameters were shown to be mainly independent of the surface geometry of the nylon and the hydrogen ion concentration of the cracking agent. Metal halides did not appear to cause any chain scission in the nylon and stress cracking was not due to hydrolysis or metal-ion catalysed hydrolysis.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1721-1728 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The iron chloride-catalyzed radical chain addition of carbon tetrachloride to 1,4-polybutadiene has been studied. Transparent film forming nonflammable polymers are obtained which contain 50-55% chlorine. Cyclization appears to accompany the addition of carbon tetrachloride as an integral part of the radical reaction.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1729-1740 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An effective copper surface treatment for adhesive bonding of copper foil and diallylphthalate resin was investigated.It involves dipping the copper foil in the potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid solution (K2Cr2O7:76 g/l, H2SO4:0.67 N) at 60°C for 5 min. The dichromate treated copper foil and glass based prepregs of diallylphthalate resin were laminated under the pressure of 38 kg/cm2 for 30 min at 145°C.Interface characteristics of the dichromate treated copper foil and diallylphthalate resin were examined.It was found that chromium is formed on the surfaces of the treated copper foil, and allyl groups in diallylphthalate molecule are oriented to the atoms, that is, the adhesive bonding is performed by the chemical affinity of chromium and allyl groups.The allyl group has a delocalized π-electron system, and that its bonding to a transition metal as chromium is appropriate and justifiable by quantum chemical considerations.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1741-1747 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for measuring the surface energy of solids and for resolving the surface energy into contributions from dispersion and dipole-hydrogen bonding forces has been developed. It is based on the measurement of contact angles with water and methylene iodide. Good agreement has been obtained with the more laborious γc method. Evidence for a finite value of liquid-solid interfacial tension at zero contact angle is presented. The method is especially applicable to the surface characterization of polymers.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1806-1806 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical and solution properties, melting transitions, torsional stiffness temperatures, Tf, and selected modulus-temperature curves are presented for copolymers of the N-n-alkylacrylamides with vinylidene chloride. Copolymers were prepared at 60°C across the range of compositions, using as comonomers N-n-butyl-, octyl-, dodecyl- and oleyl-acrylamide, which have amorphous side-chains, and N-n-octadecyl acrylamide and n-octadecyl acrylate whose side-chains are crystalline. The mechanical properties reflected the effect of the decline in backbone crystallinity and the simultaneous development of strong intermolecular interactions in the amorphous stage. Copolymers were stiff or showed brittle failure across the compositional range except when intermolecular forces were reduced (with n-octadrcyl acrylate) and side-chain crystallization eliminated (with N-oleylacrylamide). These systems and the n-dodecylacrylamide copolymers had yield strengths less than brittle strengths and substantial elongations. Backbone crystallinity was eliminated at about 15 mole % amide and side-chain crystallinity vanished at less than 10 mole % of the amide in the N-n-octadecylacrylamide series. No depression in side-chain melting point occurred with dilution by segments of vinylidene chloride. Over-all decline in the flex-temperature was the normal monotonic function of composition except that values increased in magnitude at high vinylidene chloride contents, the effect presumably being caused by the presence of crystallinity. An empirical equation was developed which permitted the calculation of Tf for any N-n-alkylacrylamide composition with any number of carbon atoms in the side-chain, above 3.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1804-1805 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 411-422 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscometric behavior of linear polycaprolactam has been studied in the absence of the electroviscous effect in aqueous solvents containing 85% and 64.5% formic acid and in trifluoroethanol, as a function of temperature and also under unperturbed conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the existing theories; in particular, the negative temperature coefficient of the intrinsic viscosity arises only from the variation of the expansion coefficient, the molecule in the unperturbed state being a normal random coil. The absence of aggregation and draining effects in the above solvents has been varified.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymers of poly(N-acyl and N-aroyl aziridines) were studied by x-ray diffraction. All the crystalline polymers studied have a triclinic unit cell with two monomer units per unit cell. The a and c (fiber direction) parameters (4.9 and 6.5 A, respectively) are essentially the same for all the cells. The b parameter for the N-acyl polymers, however, increases steadily by a factor of 2 A per methylene group added to the lateral chains. The densities calculated for the unit cells are in agreement with the experimental values obtained. The most probable structure is one in which the molecules assume a planar configuration with the main chain not fully extended. The lateral groups are tilted from the c axis by an angle of 54° in a parallel configuration and alternate on each side of the main chain. This permits these lateral groups to assume packing similar to that of polyethylene. A brief description of the techniques used in this interpretation is included.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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