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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (305)
  • 1985  (305)
  • Rat  (203)
  • Ultrastructure  (112)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 241 (1985), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Loop-tail mouse ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homozygous loop-tail (Lp/Lp) mice exhibit defects in the otocyst as well as extensive neural dysraphism. At 9 days of gestation, cells in the otic pit of abnormal embryos are flattened and lack the rounded luminal contours characteristic of otic cells in their normal littermates. Apical filaments also are not as prominent as in normal embryos, and there is an increase in densely stained globular material in cells at the ventral lip of the otic pit. With glutaraldehyde-tannic acid fixation, the basal lamina of the otic pit cells shows differences from that of the normal otic pit. In abnormal specimens, the lamina densa is irregular and clumped, and the adjacent less dense area is spotty and lacks the more uniformly arranged and delicate fibrils characteristic of the normal basal lamina. These defects may reflect faulty developmental interactions between the dysraphic neural tube, mesenchymal cells, and otic anlage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; hydrochlorothiazide ; pain threshold ; antinociceptive activity ; analgesic activity ; morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrochlorothiazide, acutely injected in rats, has a weak analgesic activity per se and potentiates and prolongs the antinociceptive effect of morphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 278 (1985), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Lamellar ichthyosis ; Autosomal-dominant inheritance ; Ultrastructure ; Transforming cells ; Genetic counselling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recently, autosomal-dominant lamellar ichthyosis (ADLI) has been shown to be a new genetic trait with clinical and histologic features similar to those of autosomal-recessive lamellar ichthyosis. In two patients affected with ADLI, the malpighian keratinocytes showed ultrastructural signs of increased cellular metabolism. The tonofilaments and keratohyaline granules were regular in structure and number. However, as a distinctive ultrastructural feature, a prominent transforming zone was found between the granular and horny layers. Moreover, a normal keratin pattern and only a limited number of lipid inclusions were observed in the stratum corneum. Thus, ADLI can be distinguished from the autosomal-recessive forms of lamellar ichthyosis, permitting a correct diagnosis when genetic counselling has to be given in sporadic cases.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 278 (1985), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Congenital nevocytic nevi ; Nevus cells ; Blood vessels ; Lymphatics ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As congenital nevocytic nevi have an increased risk of malignant degeneration, nevus-cell involvement in blood vessels and lymphatics is of particular interest. The present histological and ultrastructural studies revealed nevus-cell nests in the walls of venules in 1 out of 11 patients with medium-sized nevi, and in subcutaneous veins in 3 out of 8 patients with garment nevi. In all cases, the nests histologically consisted of benign-appearing subendothelial B-type cells. Ultrastructurally, the features of these nevocytes essentially corresponded to those of nevocytes in the surrounding area. In 1 patient with a garment nevus, in whom affected vessels of the lumbar area as well as of the neck were examined, the nevus-cell nests were exclusively situated between the endothelium and its basal lamina. These nevocytes appeared to be more electron dense, but had no unequivocally atypical features. In the region of these nests, the endothelium was often discontinuous; thus, the nevus-cells were in direct contact with the lumen. Some of these cells exhibited slight degenerative changes. The lymphatics were affected in 6 of the 18 cases of garment nevi and in 2 of the 11 cases of medium-sized nevi. The morphological findings were comparable to those for blood vessels. It is concluded that, in garment nevi, morphologically benign nevocytes may be carried off hematogenously as well as lymphogenously.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 868-876 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Distal nephrons ; Cellular heterogeneity ; Electrolyte excretion ; Furosemide ; Rat ; Kidney morphology ; Distale Nephrone ; Zelluläre Heterogenität ; Elektrolytausscheidung ; Furosemid ; Ratte ; Nierenmorphologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die distalen Tubuli in der Nierenrinde gliedern sich nach der Macula densa in drei morphologisch verschieden gebaute Abschnitte: in die pars convoluta des distalen Tubulus (DCT), den Verbindungstubulus (CNT) und das corticale Sammelrohr (CCD). In den drei Segmenten sind insgesamt vier Zelltypen vorhanden: die DCT-Zelle, die CNT-Zelle, die Haupt-Zelle (P-Zelle) und die Schaltzelle (I-Zelle), die sich unter anderem an Hand der Ausbildung ihrer Zellmembranfläche unterscheiden lassen. In der DCT-, CNT- und P-Zelle ist in verschiedenem Ausmaß jeweils die basolaterale Membranfläche vergrößert, in der die Na-K-ATPase lokalisiert ist. In der I-Zelle ist die luminale Zellmembran vergrößert, in der wahrscheinlich eine H+-ATPase vorhanden ist. Bei längerdauernden Änderungen im Elektrolythaushalt treten in den Zellen strukturelle Anpassungserscheinungen auf, die vor allem das Ausmaß der aktiv transportierenden Membranflächen betreffen (basolaterale Membranflächen in DCT-, CNT- und P-Zellen; luminale Membran in I-Zellen). Die Veränderungen der basolateralen Membranfläche verhalten sich proportional zu den Änderungen der Na-K-ATPase-Aktivität und zeigen daher eine entsprechende Änderung der transzellulären Transportkapazität an. Morphologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß jeder Zelltyp nur auf für ihn spezifische Veränderungen im Elektrolythaushalt reagiert und erlauben daher gewisse Rückschlüsse auf die spezifische Rolle der einzelnen Zelltypen bei der Regulierung des Elektrolytausscheidung. Aus dem Muster der strukturellen Veränderungen läßt sich ableiten, daß bei bestimmten Zelltypen außer Hormonen offenbar auch die Elektrolytzusammensetzung der Tubulusflüssigkeit den transzellulären Transport beeinflußt. Daher müssen Veränderungen des Elektrolyttransports, die in einem Abschnitt spezifisch induziert werden (z.B. durch Furosemid), sich auch in nachgeschalteten Abschnitten auf den transzellulären Transport auswirken. Die zelluläre Heterogenität der distalen Abschnitte scheint eine differenzierte Regulierung der Elektrolytausscheidung unter unterschiedlichsten Bedingungen zu garantieren.
    Notes: Summary The distal segments beyond the macula densa — distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct — display cellular heterogeneity. The four different cell types, namely the DCT cell, CNT cell, the principal cell and intercalated cell differ mainly by the pattern of membrane amplification and they reveal also qualitative differences as to some cytoplasmic proteins. Each of the four cell types adapts to chronic changes in electrolyte metabolism with structural alteration, concerning essentially the membrane area over which the active transport step of the cell proceeds, in DCT-, CNT- and P-cells the basolateral cell membrane with the Na-K-ATPase, in intercalated cells the luminal cell membrane with a H+ ATPase. Since each cell type responds only to specific conditions with changes in membrane area and associated transcellular transport activity, morphological studies can help to determine the specific role of each cell type in the regulation of renal electrolyte excretion. Such investigations demonstrated that besides mineralocorticoid hormones the transport capacity of certain cells should depend on the solute composition of tubular fluid. Thus, changes in the transport pattern specifically induced in only one segment alters also the transport patterns of segments downstream. Cellular heterogeneity seems to guarantee the optimal regulation of renal electrolyte excretion.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 178-183 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Δ9-THC stimulus ; Δ9(11)·THC ; THC receptor ; Drug response ; Blockage of drug discrimination ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained in a water maze to discriminate between IP injections of 3 mg/kg Δ9- (Δ9(11)-THC) and its vehicle. Both Δ8- and Δ9(11) were generalized to the training drug. In contrast to our observations in rhesus monkeys, where Δ9-THC is at least 100 times less potent than Δ9-THC, Δ9(11) was found to be only seven times less potent in the rat. Relative potencies, expressed as the dosage at which 50% of the animals gave drug responses (ED50) were 1.8 mg/kg and 12.2 mg/kg for Δ9-THC and Δ9(11) respectively. Twenty-four hours after receiving 7×ED50=12 mg/kg Δ9 the tests showed intermediate results when conducted with the training dosage; 4×ED50=50 mg/kg Δ9-THC 48 h prior to the training dosage of 3 mg/kg Δ9-THC completely blocked drug-appropriate responses. Coinjection of ED50 dosages of Δ9- and Δ9(11)-THC led to 90% drug responses, demonstrating the additivity of the cannabis-like effect of both cannabinoids. Differences in the individual sensitivity of the rats to the tested cannabinoids were observed. Findings are interpreted in terms of the receptor mechanism for cannabis-like activity.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neurotensin ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Investigatory behaviour ; Motor behavior ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present experiments examined in detail the behavioral response to microinfusions of neurotensin (NT) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN) and hippocampus (HPC). The behavioral apparatus consisted of an eight-hole box in which investigatory and spontaneous motor behavior were recorded. Three doses (0.175, 0.5, 4.0 μg) of NT were injected into the VTA. The main effect of NT was a strong augmentation of rearing (frequency and duration) both in the periphery and center of the arena, accompanied by a small increase in locomotion and decreased grooming. NT had no effect on the strategy, organization, or duration of exploration but did augment frequency of hole visits towards the end of the session. NT injected into the SN and HPC had no effect on investigatory and spontaneous behavior with the exception of an increase in peripheral locomotion after HPC-NT injections. The results are discussed in terms of a modulatory role of endogenous NT on mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opiates ; Nucleus accumbens ; Supersensitivity ; Chronic neuroleptic ; 6-OHDA lesion ; Mesolimbic dopamine neurones ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study the functional relationship between enkephalinergic and dopaminergic neurones at the level of the nucleus accumbens was investigated. The study consisted of two experiments in which dopaminergic (DA) transmission was chronically inhibited, and the behavioural locomotor response to intra-accumbens opiate injections analysed. First, specific 6-OHDA lesion of the DA-A10 neurones (either in nucleus accumbens or ventral tegmental area) was found markedly to increase the behavioural excitatory effects induced by nucleus accumbens injection of opioid peptides or morphine. Specific lesion of the central noradrenergic neurones had no such effect. Second, chronic pharmacological blockade of DA activity either with reserpine or a neuroleptic (pipothiazine palmitate) similarly induced a strong enhancement of the behavioral response to intra-accumbens opiate injection. The results are discussed in terms of novel mechanisms underlying denervation supersensitivity, and may have important implications for the relation between dopamine dysfunction in mental illness and opiate addiction.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Apomorphine ; Rotation ; Locomotor activity ; Stereotypy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Administration of drugs that reduce the influence of dopamine at its receptor site can lead to postsynaptic supersensitivity, whereas treatment with dopamine (DA) agonists can cause postsynaptic subsensitivity. Both unaltered and enhanced postsynaptic responses to DA have been shown after pretreatment with DA agonists. In the present manuscript pretreatment with apomorphine, a dopaminergic agonist, is shown to induce either increased or reduced locomotor activity. When a drug-free period between successive injections was allowed, apomorphine induced an enhanced locomotor response, whereas a reduced response occurred when each dose was injected before the previous apomorphine dose had been completely metabolized. Pretreatment with both high (1 and 3 mg/kg) and low (0.05 mg/kg) apomorphine doses enhanced the response. Apomorphine treatment that caused enhanced locomotor responses did not modify the stereotypy response to the drug. Similar enhanced or reduced response were found in rats with partial lesions of the nigrostriatal system. These altered responses to DA agonists may have important clinical consequences. The present data also suggest the existence of a different DA systems for locomotor and stereotypy actions of dopaminergic agonists.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 8-OH-DPAT ; Feeding ; Locomotion ; Stereotypy ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the putative serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) on food intake in non-deprived male rats were investigated. Low doses of 8-OH-DPAT (15–60 μg/kg) significantly increased food intake, without affecting drinking, grooming, rearing or locomotion. Microstructural analysis of the elicited feeding behaviour revealed that the rate of eating after 8-OH-DPAT treatment was very similar to that previously reported following 16 h food deprivation. Higher drug doses (250–4,000 μg/kg) also elicited feeding and caused locomotor stimulation and serotonin-related stereotyped behaviour (i.e. forepaw padding, headweaving, wet dog shakes, flat body posture). When feeding and stereotypy were observed concurrently, response competition was evident and feeding behaviour was fragmented into numerous short eating bouts. As drug-induced stereotypy declined with time, this fragmented pattern of eating was succeeded by long bouts of eating which were similar to those observed at doses of 15–60 μg/kg 8-OH-DPAT. The induction of feeding by a serotonin agonist appears paradoxical, since drugs which enhance brain serotonergic activity usually inhibit feeding.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-Carboline ; Benzodiazepines ; Anxiety ; Food intake ; Aggression ; FG 7142 ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Caffeine ; Lactation ; Maternal behaviour ; Sex hormones ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mother rats nursing large litters are hyperphagic, aggressive towards conspecifics, and show less freezing behaviour than non-maternal animals. These naturally occurring adaptations resemble those elicited by benzodiazepine treatment in virgin rats, indicating a common neurochemical change in the brains of mother rats and benzodiazepine-treated virgins. In line with this hypothesis, it was found that three functional benzodiazepine antagonists (FG 7142, pentylenetetrazol, caffeine) decreased food intake, lowered aggression and strengthened freezing in lactating mother rats. These psychopharmacological observations support the idea that GABA neurotransmission is enhanced during motherhood in the rat.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase ; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ; Soman ; Schedule-controlled behavior ; Fixed interval ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Brain ; Tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, soman (10–40 μg/kg), suppressed in a dose-related manner response rates in rats maintained under a multiple fixed-interval 50-s fixed-ratio 25 schedule of food delivery. Chronic administration of soman at weekly intervals resulted in tolerance to the response. When soman administration was separated by 2–5 weeks in individual rats, the suppressive effects of the agent again became apparent. Analysis of acetylcholinesterase activity revealed that enzyme inhibition was limited to gastrointestinal areas near the site of injection. There was no significant effect on brain acetylcholinesterase even following IP injection of doses which completely suppressed responding. The IP route may be useful for studying tolerance and other chronic effects of soman without producing generalized toxicity.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Imipramine ; Hippocampus ; Apomorphine ; Dopamine ; Locomotor activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of apomorphine, injected into the dorsal hippocampus, on the locomotor activity of imipraminetreated rats was studied. The rats were chronically implanted with cannulae 1 week before imipramine treatment. Imipramine was given in a dose of 10 mg/kg per os, acutely, or twice a day for 14 days. Intrahippocampal injection of apomorphine induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity. This effect was antagonized by pretreatment with pimozide (2 mg/kg). Repeated, but not single, administrations of imipramine significantly enhanced the apomorphine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. This effect was observed at 2, 48 and 96 h after the last dose of imipramine. The results obtained indicate that repeated administration of imipramine increases the responsiveness of the hippocampal dopaminergic system.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cimetidine ; Duodenal ulcer ; Gastrin producing cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural examination of the antral G cells has been carried out on 11 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer, before and after treatment with a histamine H-2 - receptor antagonist (cimetidine 1 g/ day) for 8 weeks. The study demonstrated an increased area of the Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and electron-dense granules, indicating increased G cell activity during treatment. An increased number of lysosomes was a constant feature during treatment. As an hypothesis we suggest that these lysosomes may participate in the secretory mechanism of human G cells, by destroying superfluous (Gastrin) components produced during hyperactivity.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Gastrinomas ; Ultrastructure ; Immunogold technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localisation of C-terminal gastrin immunoreactivity has been studied, using the immunogold staining procedure, on ultrathin sections of 6 human gastrinomas conventionally processed for electron microscopy. The specific labelling, whose density depended on the mean diameter of the gold marker, was restricted to endocrine secretory granules. However, in poorly differentiated cells from malignant tumours, a number of granules remained unreactive. The labelling pattern depended also on the functional state of each cell. The immunoreactive granules showed various morphological features. A moderate number of gold particles was demonstrated over the floccular content of the infrequent diagnostic G-type granules. Non-diagnostic round granules of varying size and electron density were prevalent in most cells; their usually strong immunostaining allowed immediate recognition of cell specificity. Dense granules which were large in size and angular in shape and present in one case, were also intensely labelled. In the same tumour, unequal labelling occurred over polymorphous, often elongated granules, of varying size. Granules of different types, including intermediate forms, could be found in the same cell, indicating a spectrum of granule maturation towards well-defined types of the fetal or adult normal tissues. The present methodology would help to identify gastrin-producing cells in prospective or retrospective electron microscopy studies of multihormonal endocrine tumours.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 351-365 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neuroepithelioma ; Histology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen cases of malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (MPNT) were studied by means of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. There were nine males and eight females. The mean age of the 17 patients was 10 years with a range of seven months to 20 years. The vast majority of tumours was located in the trunk. Histologically, they closely resembled Ewing's sarcoma, although minor differences were obvious. Special findings included ganglion cells and Flexner rosettes. In 10/11 cases positive staining for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was obtained. Five of 10 tumours were positive for protein S-100. Three contained vimentin, two neurofilaments and one vimentin, neurofilaments and GFAP. Neurosecretory granules were noted in the three cases studied. Five patients died, three are alive with disease and five patients are alive without evidence of disease. It is concluded that these tumours form a homogeneous group, although the grade of differentiation varies. The prognosis in most cases is poor. Distinction from Ewing's sarcoma is possible by staining for NSE and by electron microscopy.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glycogen-rich adenoma ; Salivary gland ; Epithelial cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A glycogen-rich adenoma occurring in the minor salivary gland of the nasopharynx in a 41-year-old woman was studied ultrastrucrurally. The cytoplasm of the tumour cells was abundantly filled with glycogen particles. The tumour cells possessed many mitochondria, a great number of microvillous processes and microvilli and were joined to each other by desmosomes. These findings suggest that this adenoma is of salivary duct epithelial origin most probably from storing striated ductal cells, and is a variant of monomorphic oxyphilic adenoma.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1985), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Kaposi's sarcoma ; AIDS ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparison of idiopathic Kaposi's sarcoma in Europe and Africa and Kaposi's sarcoma in connection with AIDS shows an identical morphological appearance in all three types. Ultrastructural and immunohistological investigations indicate that the tumour originates from the endothelial cells of proliferating capillaries and is therefore a vascular tumour. The clinical course and the sites of manifestation differ slightly in idiopathic cases and those occurring in connection with AIDS. This effect may be determined by the general condition of the patient, the state of immune deficiency and the influence of opportunistic infections.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Leukemia ; Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Endothelium ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible routes of transvascular migration of leukemic cells in the liver were studied in guinea pigs with an L2C lymphoblastic cell-line inoculation leukemia. Invasion of the hepatic parenchyma theoretically can occur in three ways: 1. Through the intact sinusoidal endothelium, utilizing either pre-existent gaps (normal in the liver), or newly created pores, whether interendothelial or intraendothelial. We could not convincingly demonstrate this, but could not wholly exclude this either. 2. After destruction or retraction of the endothelium, either on account of the remarkable sinusoidal engorgement and distension by masses of leukemic cells, or by direct assault on the endothelium by the leukemic cells. We can clearly demonstrate the former, and hold it to be the major cause of hepatic infiltration. Evidence for a direct endotheliolytic effect was not uncovered in our studies. 3. Secondary infiltration from the portal triads. Heavy leukemic infiltration of the triads, whether from the portal or hepatic veins, or from the lymphatics, is indeed and early an consistent feature - but the infiltration of the hepatic lobule shows no peripheral, or any other zonal preference. In both portal and hepatic veins, leukemic cells transverse the endothelium through a cytoplasmic “pore”, adjacent to cell junctions, without obvious damage to the endothelium.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 405 (1985), S. 439-452 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: T-cell lymphoma ; Microvasculature ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ulex europaeus lectin I
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The microvasculature of lymph nodes of 55 cases of T-cell lymphoma was studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. A modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method was used for staining paraffin sections with lectin I of Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), which is a specific marker for vascular endothelial cells. The T-cell nature of each case was proven by immunohistochemistry, including immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections with monoclonal T-cell antibodies. The cases were subclassified according to previously established criteria, but with the addition of a separate group showing a high content of clear cells. For the purpose of the present study, the small blood vessels were separated into two main variants, viz.: high endothelial venules (HEV) and all other types of vessels with flat endothelium (SVFE). The development of each of these variants and the extent of lymphocyte migration through the vascular wall were assessed semiquantitatively. The findings suggest that the blood microvasculature, as a whole, is similar in all types of T-cell lymphoma. There were distinct differences, however, in the development of the two main categories of small vessels between the various types. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of T-type (T-CLL) and Sézary's syndrome were poor in SVFE and rich in HEV, and there was considerable lymphocyte traffic through the latter. In contrast, T-immunoblastic and especially T-lymphoblastic lymphomas showed numerous SVFE, only a few or no HEV and minimal lymphocyte traffic. The appearance of the microvasculature varied markedly in the various subtypes of “pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma”. In the small cell subtype HEV predominated and SVFE represented only a small or moderate fraction of the microvasculature. As the size of the neoplastic lymphoid cells increased towards the medium-sized and large cell
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human bladder tumour ; Inverted papilloma ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopic observation was made in one of these. The surfaces of the outermost tumour cells were covered with short stubby microvilli. Multiple bud like proliferations of the tumour cells were compatible with a trabecular type of inverted papilloma. The tumour cells of the trabeculum mimicked the intermediate and basal cells of the epithelium which covered the surface. Microcysts are believed to be formed by epithelial migration into pits, creating an epithelial inversion, and do not represent central necrosis. Ultrastructure suggests that inverted papilloma is a very well differentiated tumour.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Promethazine ; Nociception ; Antinociception ; Dose-response ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study demonstrates that low doses of promethazine (1.25–5 mg/kg SC) dose-dependently facilitate nociception in the vocalization test in rats. However, this effect disappeared gradually with increasing dose, and in contrast, high doses (20–40 mg/kg SC) induced an antinociceptive effect. This indicates that promethazine, depending upon the biophase concentration, has the potential to interact with separate antagonizing or opposing functional systems, producing contrasting effects on nociception. The sigmoid E max model was fitted to the observed composite effect, and dose-response characteristics for two opposite effects were described. In addition, when suprathreshold stimulation was used to evoke nociception, the stimulus amplified the hyperalgesic efficacy of promethazine but left the potency of this effect unaltered. In this experimental situation only negligible antinociception was observed. Our data thus show that for promethazine, the net effect on nociception in rats is not absolute but is balanced both by the biophase concentration and by the effectiveness of the stimulation used to evoke nociception.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 80-86 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned suppression ; Drug stimuli ; Stimulus control ; Overshadowing ; Classical conditioning ; Operant behavior ; Drugs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to press a lever under a variable-interval (VI) schedule of water reinforcement. After stable responding had developed, a 4.5-KHz tone (CS) was conditioned classically to a 2.5-mA electric shock (US) in groups of animals which had been given various psychoactive drugs or saline. Twenty-four hours later, a stimulus generalization test was conducted in the absence of drug; during this session, tones that varied in frequency around 4.5 KHz were presented while the animals were responding under the VI schedule. In animals conditioned under saline, all tones (non-differentially) suppressed responding which, however, recovered gradually over time. This suppressive effect was eliminated by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; 0.2 and 0.32 mg/kg), cocaine (20 mg/kg), diazepam (2.5 mg/kg), lisuride (0.08 mg/kg), mescaline (20 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4 mg/kg), and was attenuated by amphetamine (4 mg/kg), pentobarbital (15 mg/kg) and morphine (4 mg/kg). Atropine (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), clonazepam (0.5 mg/kg), and chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) did not alter the suppressive effect of the tone. The serotonin antagonist BC-105 (6 mg/kg) reversed the effect of 0.2 mg/kg of LSD. These results suggest (1) that drug-induced stimuli may “overshadow” other (e.g., external) stimuli during classical conditioning and, (2) that drugs might affect behavior by altering processes (stimulus control or others) that do not simultaneously involve response or motor control.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Sedation ; Activity ; RHA/iop and RLA/iop ; Strains ; Adrenoceptors ; Stress ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An hypothesis that repeated stress results in central changes in α2-adrenoceptor sensitivity was investigated using a behavioural test. Stressed (immobilisation for 2 h/day for 7 days) and unstressed rats from the RHA/iop and RLA/iop strains were tested for the sedative effects of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine on Y-maze behaviour. The measures used were number of lines crossed, arm entries and rearing. The stressed animals showed higher scores for line crossings and rearing; but the only significant difference between the strains was for rearing, which was higher for RHA/iop. Clonidine significantly depressed all the measures of activity. However, there was no evidence of an interaction of the drug with stress for any of the measures. It is concluded that neither repeated stress nor genetic differences in the ability to cope with stress influence the behavioural effects of clonidine. This suggests that stress responses are not related to the central α2-adrenoceptor system.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Dopamine ; Y-Maze ; Alternation ; Rearing ; Collateral behaviour ; “Switching” ; Novelty ; Attention ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The degree of alternation of arm choice in a Y-maze was examined on 15-min tests over 4 days in rats treated (IP) with saline, amphetamine (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg) or pretreated with haloperidol (0.08 mg/kg) in each condition prior to test. On day 1 amphetamine-treated animals chose arms at random, but from day 2–4 those receiving the higher dose perseverated their choice. Controls maintained alternation. These effects could be prevented by haloperidol pretreatment. Amphetamine treatment increased the frequency of rearing at the middle, choice-point of the maze more than at the end of an arm. The increase at the mid-point was suppressed by haloperidol pretreatment from day 1 and at the end of an arm from day 2. Amphetamine induced an increase in head-turning/“looking” that was suppressed by haloperidol from day 2. The effect of haloperidol in increasing the duration of an item of looking or rearing at the end of an arm also started later in testing. Two effects are postulated to have occurred: (i) a conflict on day 1 between novelty-controlled sensory or attentional effects that leads to an alternation of arm choice and amphetamine-induced dopaminergic activity that facilitates an alternation of behavioural responses. The result was random choice and increased rearing at the choice point. (ii) On days 2–4 the drug-induced effects on switching motor responses came to control behaviour.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Response rate ; Reinforcement efficacy ; Response topography ; Matching law ; Rate-dependency ; Variable-interval schedule ; Lever press ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model was used to describe the effects of amphetamine on the rate of a reinforced response in the rat. The model provides measures of reinforcement efficacy and response topography for behavior maintained by variable-interval reinforcement schedules. In this study the measured behavior was a lever press, the reinforcer was water, and the variable-interval schedules provided five different rates of reinforcement, ranging from about 20 to 660/h. In each session the rats were exposed to each of the five schedules, and as reinforcement rate increased, the rate of lever pressing increased in a negatively accelerated manner that was closely approximated by the equation for a rectangular hyperbola. Amphetamine changed responser rate and the parameters of the best-fitting hyperbolas. The 0.25–1.0-mg/kg doses increased response rate, and the parameter changes supported the interpretation that the increases were due primarily to an increase in reinforcement efficacy. The 2.0- and 3.0-mg/kg doses decreased response rates maintained by low reinforcement rates and increased response rates maintained by high reinforcement rates, and the parameter changes supported the interpretation that at higher doses amphetamine produced counteracting changes in reinforcement efficacy and response topography: reinforcement efficacy decreased, whereas response topography changed so as to increase response rates.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyrate (GABA) ; GABA and GABA agonists ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Amylobarbitone ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline ; β-Carbolines ; Muscimol ; Baclofen ; Punished barpressing ; Anxiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to press a bar for sucrose reward on a random-interval (RI) schedule and footshock punishment was then introduced for 3-min intrusion periods (signalled by a tone) on an independent RI schedule. Shock intensity was individually adjusted to produce stable intermediate levels of response suppression during the tone for each animal. Groups of animals were then allocated to a number of separate experiments in which they were systemically injected with anxiolytics (chlordiazepoxide HCl or sodium amylobarbitone), GABA antagonists (picrotoxin or bicuculline), the GABAA agonist muscimol, the GABAB agonist baclofen, an antagonist (RO 15-1788) at the benzodiazepine receptor and, an inverse agonist (FG 7142) at this receptor. The results showed that the alleviation of punishment-induced suppression of barpressing produced by chlordiazepoxide was blocked or partially blocked by RO 15-1788, picrotoxin and bicuculline but not by FG 7142; that picrotoxin (but not FG 7142) increased the suppression of responding by punishment; that neither muscimol nor baclofen affected responding on their own, but their combination weakly but reliably released punished responding from suppression; and that the anti-punishment effect of amylobarbitone was unaffected by either picrotoxin or bicuculline, though the barbiturate reversed the punishment-enhancing effect of picrotoxin. These results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that anxiolytic behavioural effects are due to increased GABAergic inhibition.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Heroin ; Intravenous self-administration ; Methyl naloxonium chloride ; Opiates ; Reward ; Nucleus accumbens ; Ventral tegmental area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A quaternary derivative of naloxone, methyl naloxonium chloride (MN), was administered intracerebrally to rats trained to self-administer heroin intravenously. Increases in intravenous (IV) heroin self-administration rates were found following injections of low doses of MN into the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc), but not following injections of low doses of MN into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These results were interpreted to suggest that the rewarding properties of IV heroin were decreased following N.Acc opiate receptor blockade. The relative insensitivity of the VTA to MN treatment was taken to suggest that VTA opiate receptors are either not essential or play a secondary role in mediating IV heroin self-administration. The present data support the notion that post-synaptic N.Acc opiate receptors play a crucial role in maintaining IV heroin self-administration.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Substance P ; Ventral mesencephalon ; Investigatory behavior ; Motor behavior ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present experiments the behavioral response to substance P (SP) microinfusion into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN), and sensorimotor cortex (CX) was investigated in detail. The experiments were carried out using an eight-hole box to measure exploratory behavior and a video monitor for the analysis of spontaneous motor behavior. When infused into the VTA, SP (0.125, 0.5, 3.0 μg) augmented the frequency and total duration of hole-pokes, and tended to diminish the mean duration of hole-pokes. The strategy and organization of responses, as measured by the order of hole-visits and hole-switching, were unchanged by SP and there was no indication of stereotypy, measured by the number of hole-pokes per hole-visit. The open-field analysis revealed a marked increase in locomotion and rearing, both in the periphery and center of the arena; grooming was decreased by SP. The behavioral profile following SN infusions of SP (3.0 μg) was similar to that elicited by VTA infusions, with the exception that center rearing was not enhanced. SP administration into cortex (3 μg) had no significant effect on any behavioral measures. It is hypothesized that SP infused into the ventral mesencephalon results in an enhancement of approach response tendencies, suggesting that endogenous SP in this region may regulate spontaneous behavior. The possibility of an interaction between SP and meso-telencephalic dopamine neurons is discussed.
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  • 30
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    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 464-468 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine agonist ; Lisuride ; Apomorphine ; Locomotor activity ; Serotonin agonist ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The open-field test was used to study the involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in the action of lisuride on locomotor activity in the rat. Lisuride produced a biphasic locomotor effect. The maximum locomotor stimulatory response of lisuride was stronger than that of apomorphine and comparable with that of apomorphine and LSD combined. Hypermotility induced by high doses of lisuride was partially suppressed by the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine and not further enhanced by LSD. A moderate dose of lisuride potentiated apomorphine-induced hypermotility in the same manner as has been shown for LSD. Lesion of dopaminergic structures within the median raphe nucleus by 6-OHDA produced a potentiation of lisuride-induced hypermotility. This effect was suppressed by cyproheptadine. The locomotor inhibitory effect of low doses of lisuride may be related to a stimulation of presynaptic mesolimbic dopamine receptors. It is concluded that the locomotor stimulant effect of higher doses of lisuride may depend on stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors and a scrotonergic action and that the locomotor effects of lisuride reflect a complex interaction at dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission systems.
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  • 31
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    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 483-485 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Stimulus control ; Benzodiazepine antagonist ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The imidazodiazepine Ro 15-1788 is a proposed benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Recently however, behavioural effects of Ro 15-1788 have been demonstrated. In the present study, rats (n=12) were trained to discriminate Ro 15-1788 (10 mg/kg, IP, t=15 min) from vehicle in a two-lever food-reinforced procedure. All rats showed a reliable discrimination (mean injection-appropriate lever responding 〉85%) after about 60 daily training sessions. Drug stimulus control was evidenced by an orderly generalization gradient obtained with 0.01–30 mg/kg Ro 15-1788 (ED50 for stimulus generalization: 0.12 mg/kg). Since even low doses of Ro 15-1788 have discriminative effects in the rat, it is concluded that Ro 15-1788 may have potent behavioural activity.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Operant behaviour ; Variable-interval schedules ; Herrnstein's equation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dose-response curves were obtained for the effects of d-amphetamine sulphate (0.1–3.2 mg/kg) on the operant performance of rats in variable-interval 4-min and variableinterval 20-min schedules of reinforcement. Response rates maintained under variable-interval 4-min were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Response rates maintained under variable-interval 20-min schedules tended to be elevated by low doses and suppressed by higher doses. The degree of response rate suppression was greater in the case of the variable-interval 4-min schedule. The results are consistent with the previously reported effect of d-amphetamine on the values of the two constants of Herrnstein's (1970) equation: the drug reduces the reinforcement frequency needed to maintain the half-maximum response rates (K h) and lowers the maximum response rate (R max) (Bradshaw et al. 1981 b). It is suggested that the effects of d-amphetamine on operant performance may involve two processes: an enhancement of motivation and a reduction of the capacity to respond.
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  • 33
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; Beta-adrenergic blocker ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH) ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were trained to lever press for food reward on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). Ten more were trained on a new schedule of punishment, designed to be comparable to DRL 20 — differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH 20). Under this schedule, responses with a latency of 20 s or more earned food rewards, while those of less than 20 s were followed by food reward and brief electric footshock. After 42 sessions, rats on each schedule showed temporal discrimination in the distribution of inter-response times. The effects on these baselines of the anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 1 mg/kg IP) and the beta-blocker propranolol (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg IP) were investigated. Both drugs reduced numbers of responses reaching criterion (criterion resonses) in DPH, CDP increasing total responses. CDP acted similarly under DRL, but propranolol only affected performance at the highest doese, which reduced criterion responses, probably because of changes in total responding. Each drug increased response bursts. It is concluded that propranolol can exert a disinhibitory action in these schedules, although with some differences from that of the benzodiazepine CDP.
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  • 34
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 260-265 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Active avoidance ; Nociception ; Spinal serotonin ; p-Chloroamphetamine ; 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of selective lesions of the descending serotonergic (5-HT) pathways on analgesia and avoidance deficit induced by the 5-HT releasing compound p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 2.5 mg/kg) were investigated in male rats. Intrathecal injection of 5,6-DHT (20 μg/rat) reduced the uptake of labelled 5-HT into spinal synaptosomes by approximately 85% but did not significantly affect the uptake of noradrenaline. The lesions produced a significant hyperalgesia and strongly attenuated the analgesic effect of PCA in the hot-plate test. In the flinch-jump test 5,6-DHT lesioned rats receiving PCA did not differ from the saline control group. Spinal lesioning did not, however, affect one-way active avoidance performance and did not prevent the marked impairment of avoidance performance induced by PCA. Thus, the avoidance deficit caused by PCA is independent of the descending serotonergic pathways and of the analgesia induced by PCA. These results support the view of a differential involvement of the ascending and descending serotonergic projections in behavioural processes controlled by aversive stimuli.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Acetylcholine ; Acute dystonia ; Peri-oral behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Continuous administration of haloperidol, sulpiride, or cis-flupenthixol, but not of domperidone or apomorphine, to Wistar rats for up to 3 weeks caused an increase in spontaneous purposeless chewing movements. Treatment with physostigmine and pilocarpine, but not neostigmine, for up to 3 weeks increased chewing, whilst scopolamine decreased chewing. Metergoline and cyproheptadine, but not quipazine, increased chewing after only 1 and 7 days but not thereafter. Chewing was not altered following treatment with compounds acting on GABA or noradrenaline systems or by a range of non-neuroleptic agents inducing dystonia in man. The enhancement of chewing induced by neuroleptic and cholinomimetic drugs was reduced by acute treatment with scopolamine, and reverted to control levels following drug withdrawal. Neuroleptic-induced purposeless chewing in Wistar rats appears to be primarily influenced by cerebral dopamine and acetylcholine function and may resemble acute dystonia, rather than tardive dyskinesia.
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  • 36
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    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schedule-induced polydipsia ; Rat ; Post-trial treatment ; β-endorphin ; Naloxone ; ACTH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A series of three experiments examined the possible involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in the development of schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. Repeated pretraining treatment with 2 mg/kg naloxone impaired acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia, whereas the same treatment injected after training increased drinking. This later effect was time dependent, since a 30-min delay in the injection of naloxone resulted in a disappearance of its effect. Post-training injections of 10 μg/kg β-endorphin or ACTH delayed the development of drinking. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptides modulate the development of schedule-induced polydipsia.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cimetidine ; Rantidine ; Imidazole ; (±) NPA ; Penile erections ; Stretching and yawning ; Stereotyped behaviour ; DA receptors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cimetidine injected IP 15 min before (±) N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) antagonized in dose-dependent fashion the penile erections (PE) and stretching and yawning (SY) induced by this typical dopaminergic agonist in male rats. Ranitidine, which acts on H2 histamine receptors in much the same way as cimetidine despite its lack of an imidazole ring, failed to produce the same effect. On the other hand, imidazole itself was similar to cimetidine in antagonizing PE and SY induced by (±) NPA, whether injected IP or ICV. Neither imidazole nor cimetidine antagonized the stereotyped behaviour (SB) induced by (±) NPA. Indeed, imidazole reduced the latency of this response. A mechanism which may underly these effects is discussed, as well as the possible preclinical use of this test in animals.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 5-HT antagonist ; LSD antagonist ; Drug discrimination ; Anxiety ; 5-HTP ; Head twitch ; Conflict behavior ; Hypothermia ; Ritanserin ; Pirenperone ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Diazepam ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The newly synthesized compound and putative 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin, but not the structurally related compound R 56413, resembles pirenperone in that it acts as a pure antagonist in an LSD-saline drug discrimination assay in the rat. Ritanserin exceeded pirenperone in terms of behavioral specificity; the lowest effective dose of ritanserin in antagonizing LSD was one order of magnitude higher than that of pirenperone, but the compound depressed rate of operant responding only at doses that were about 1000-fold higher than those at which pirenperone was effective. Ritanserin exerted effects in an open field test which were reminiscent of anxiolytic drug activity in the rat; its effects were greater than those of pirenperone, R 56413 and the benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. The results of experiments on antagonism of 5-HT-induced hypothermia and of the 5-HTP-induced headtwitch response fail to support the possibility that the putative anxiolytic effects of ritanserin in the rat can be ascribed simply to a pharmacologically defined action at 5-HT receptors.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: CGS 8216 ; DMCM ; FG 7142 ; Food intake ; Midazolam ; Palatability ; Ro15-1788 ; Satiety ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Non-deprived rats were familiarised with a highly palatable diet until baseline consumption in a 60-min daily access period had stabilised. The benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam (1.25–10.0 mg/kg, IP) produced a large, dose-related increase in food consumption during the first 30 min of access. It also produced significant, short-term hyperphagia in animals which had been partially pre-satiated on the diet before drug administration, an effect which was reversible by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro15-1788. Administered alone, Ro15-1788 (1.25–10.0 mg/kg, IP) had no intrinsic activity in the food consumption test. In contrast, CGS 8216 (2.5–40.0 mg/kg, IP) produced a marked dose-related suppression of food intake. This anorectic effect was shared by two benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists, FG 7142 and DMCM, which also produced dose-dependent reductions in consumption. The effects on feeding produced by FG 7142 (20 mg/kg, IP) and DMCM (1.25 mg/kg, IP) were reversed by either Ro15-1788 (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) or midazolam (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg). A matched anorectic effect produced by CGS 8216 (40 mg/kg) was not, however, reversed by either Ro15-1788 or midazolam. This suggests that at a high dose CGS 8216 may act by a mechanism different from that of the two inverse agonists. The feeding test described in the report proved sensitive to both hyperphagic and anorectic effects of drugs active at benzodiazepine receptors, pointing to a possible bi-directional control of palatable food consumption.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Reinforcement ; Aversion ; Place conditioning ; Situational variables ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis was examined that the interaction of ethanol with the conditions under which it is administered may determine whether either preference or aversion for the drug develops. In Experiment 1, eight groups of food-deprived rats received injections of ethanol (175–1,400 mg/kg) in one environment and were later offered a choice between that environment and a different one previously associated with saline injections. Another eight groups were treated identically, except that food was available in both the saline and ethanol-paired environments. The groups given the drug without food showed no preference or aversion at low doses (175–700 mg/kg), but showed aversion at higher doses (1,000 and 1,400 mg/kg). When food was available, there was an increased preference for the environment paired with the 500 mg/kg doses. In Experiment 2, placing two rats together increased each rat's preference for the environment associated with the other animal. However, rats pretreated with 500 mg/kg ethanol before being placed together showed a reduced preference for the environment associated with the drug and the other animal. Controls never paired with another rat showed no preference or aversion at the same ethanol dose. Thus, ethanol may interact with conditions such as the presence of food or another animal to determine final effects that are unique to those conditions.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Noradrenaline ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract First, it was confirmed that systemic injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (30 mg/kg IP) depleted noradrenaline levels in rat heart, but not centrally. Losses averaged 90% of control 1 day after injection, and 50% at 42 days. The same drug and dose was then administered to 50% of a group of rats which had been trained to lever-press for food reward on continuous reinforcement (CRF). After further CRF sessions, the rats were changed to a schedule of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). The drugged rats earned fewer reinforcements during DRL than did controls, and made fewer responses. Temporal discrimination (shown by the IRT/Opp distribution) was disrupted. It is concluded that peripheral noradrenergic systems may be involved in the control over responding by temporal cues associated with reward and non-reward.
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  • 42
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned taste aversion ; Vasopressin ; Vasopressin analogs ; Vasopressin antagonist ; Hypertension ; Apomorphine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats injected SC with arginine vasopressin (AVP) following consumption of a milk solution developed a marked aversion to the taste of this solution. An analog of vasopressin devoid of pressor activity, dDAVP, was unable to induce conditioned taste aversion. The aversive stimulus properties of AVP were blocked by the vasopressor antagonist dPTyr(Me)AVP. This antagonist did not block apomorphine-mediated conditioned taste aversion. These results demonstrate that AVP induces conditioned taste aversion by interacting with vasopressor-like receptors.
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  • 43
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    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Place conditioning ; Diazepam ; Meprobamate ; CGS 8216 ; Picrotoxin ; Sodium valproate ; Naloxone ; Reward ; Aversion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The place conditioning paradigm was used to examine the reinforcing properties of diazepam. Rats were injeccted with diazepam (0.5–5.0 mg/kg, IP) and 30 min later were confined for 30 min to one side of a shuttle box, in which each of the two compartments had distinctive features. On alternate (control) days they received vehicle injections and were confined for 30 min to the opposite side. At almost all doses tested, diazepam produced place preference for the distinctive compartment that had been previously associated with the drug. Preference for the drug side developed regardless of whether diazepam was paired or unpaired with the least-preferred side, and regardless of whether testing was carried out in the undrugged or in the drugged state. The rats preferred the drug side over a novel compartment, but they did not change their initial preference for the side when diazepam was given after removal from the training box. Animals injected with meprobamate (70 mg/kg, PO), a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, also developed conditioned preference for the drug side, comparable to that seen following cocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, IP). The diazepam (2.5 mg/kg)-induced place preference was antagonized by CGS 8216 (3 mg/kg, IP), picrotoxin (2 mg/kg, IP) and naloxone (0.8 mg/kg, SC), injected 3 min before and 15 and 20 min after diazepam respectively. Sodium valproate (200 mg/kg, IP) did not influence diazepam (1 mg/kg)-induced place preference. Sodium valproate by itself had marginal effects on place conditioning. Picrotoxin and naloxone, but not CGS 8816, produced place aversion which, in the case of picrotoxin, was due to state dependent learning. The results provide a clear indication that the place preference paradigm is valid as a test for evaluating appetitive properties of minor tranquilizers. They suggest that the rewarding effects of diazepam are mediated through central benzodiazepine receptors. Wheter GABA and/or endogenous opioid peptides are involved in the reinforcing properties of diazepam remains an open question.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Oncofoetal ; Antigens ; Bowel ; Carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven large bowel carcinomas were examined by light and electron microscopy for the presence of five oncofoetal antigens. Ultrastructural investigations involved a novel method whereby thick sections of gluteraldehyde-fixed material were cut on a vibratome and then labelled using slight modifications of a standard unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique, before further processing. Ultrastructural preservation, staining properties and the retention of antigen activity was seemingly better than that achieved by other investigators. Specific, positive labelling for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), colon specific antigen (CSA) and pregnancy-specificβ-1-glycoprotein (SP1) was seen in every case. Clear positive labelling for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was seen in two cases. Extracellular labelling was found in areas of cell debris, free lying or in phagocytic cells and on tumour cell brush borders. The pattern of intracellular labelling, however, was different for each antigen and reflected the probable sites of synthesis and release from the cells. Thus CEA, a complex glycoprotein, was localised within the golgi apparatus, small apical cytoplasmic vesicles and mucous droplets in relatively well differentiated tumour cells. CSA, a chemically related glycoprotein, had a similar, but less dense distribution. SP1, by contrast, was localised within basally-located vesicles associated with the ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum and appeared to be released and persist as debris or taken up by phagocytic cells below the basal lamina. PLAP and HCG, both proteins, were found within simple single membrane-bound vesicles within relatively undifferentiated cells.
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  • 45
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    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 369-378 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the presence of intraepithelial cells within the normal breast parenchyma was investigated by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Cells were observed which could be differentiated from the epithelial and myoepithelial cells by their cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology and the absence of cell junctions. Two cell types (lymphocytes and macrophages) were identified ultrastructurally and the bone marrow origin of the cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. The intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages were present in all samples irrespective of the physiological state. In the “resting”, pregnant, and lactating breast the majority of cells were lymphocytes while in the involuting breast there was a marked increase in the proportion of macrophages. The rarity of lymphoma of the breast may be related to the relatively small amount of lymphoid tissue present and the passive nature of the environment.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Herpes simplex lymphadenitis ; Viral particles ; Ultrastructure ; Immunolabelling ; Histopathology ; Intra cellular viral antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient treated for Hodgkin's disease and presenting 12 years later with a left inguinal lymphadenopathy mimicking a relapse is reported. Histopathological study disclosed large histiocytic granulomas in the sinuses. Some of these granulomas showed necrotic areas with numerous neutrophils. At the edge of the necrotic zones, cells of undetermined origin exhibited intra-nuclear inclusions typical of Herpes simplex virus. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunolabelling, revealing Herpes simplex viral antigens in frozen and paraffin sections, and by ultrastructural studies. The diagnostic value of the histological methodology and pathological changes and the significance of the disease, appearing in a patient treated for Hodgkin's disease are discussed.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Small cell carcinoma ; Amylase ; ACTH ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tumour tissue from a lung cancer patient who showed elevated serum amylase and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was studied ultrastructurally, immunohistochemically and biochemically. Histologically the tumour was a small cell carcinoma. On electron microscopic examination the tumour cells contained large zymogen-like granules within the cytoplasm. Furthermore, cells which possessed many small dense core granules of the endocrine type were also observed. It was of interest that the large zymogen-like granule-containing tumour cells had microvilli at the apical border, connected by desmosomes and forming lumina showing adenocarcinomatous differentiation. Electrophoretic analysis of the serum revealed that the major elevated amylase was of the salivary type with minor components. Immunostaining clearly demonstrated that most of the tumour cells possessed immunoreactive ACTH, whereas salivary amylase was only found in occasional clusters of the tumour cells. The results seem to indicate that the tumour showed both endocrine and exocrine characteristics - an amphicrine carcinoma, expressing amylase and ACTH simultaneously.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: PUVA ; Kidney transplantation ; Rat ; UV irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pretreatment of the kidney donor with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ex vivo longwave ultraviolet irradiation (UVA) of the kidney prolonged the subsequent survival on allogeneic recipients. The efficacy of this treatment seems to be dependent on the time and dose of UVA irradiation rather than on the dose of 8-MOP. In conclusion, PUVA treatment is effective in reducing the immunogenicity of the rat kidney allograft, although the mechanism remains unclear. These experimental findings are new and preliminary results in clinical human kidney transplantation are favourable.
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  • 49
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    Research in experimental medicine 185 (1985), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Biliary sepsis ; 125I-labeledE. coli ; Retrograde intrabiliary injection ; Biliary obstruction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 125I-labeledE. coli was injected into the biliary tree of normal rats and rats with 3 weeks' obstruction of the common bile duct to investigate the liver clearance capacity for bacteria. Bile was collected during 15 min, immediately, 1h, 4h, or 24h after the injection. Tissue specimens from the liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys, and blood and urine specimens were collected simultaneously. In normal rats, 40% of the bacteria was recovered in the bile immediately after the injection, whereas 30% was already trapped in the liver. Incubation of the bacteria in the bile duct for 1h, 4h, and 24h resulted in liver retentions of 43%, 15%, and 4%, respectively. The recovery in the bile was 13% after 1-h incubation, and further prolongation of the incubation did not result in a significant decrease. In contrast to these findings, 70% of the injected bacteria was retained in the biliary tree in rats with chronic biliary obstruction (P 〈 0.05 as compared to normal rats) and only 1% was trapped in the liver (P 〈 0.005) 15 min after injection. One-hour incubation of bacteria in the bile duct decreased the retention in the bile to 30%, but the retention in the liver increased only slightly in these animals. Four and 24h after injection less than 30% of the bacteria was retained in the hepato-biliary system. Most of these animals showed almost no radioactivity exceeding the background count in the blood, urine, spleen, lungs, and kidneys 15 min after injection. It was concluded that the impaired clearance capacity of the liver in chronic biliary obstruction might contribute to the susceptibility of such animals for bacteria introduced in the bile.
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  • 50
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    Research in experimental medicine 185 (1985), S. 259-268 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Small bowel resection ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Intestinal adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate in terms of quantitative measurements whether the well-known histomorphological and functional adaptive changes in the intestinal mucosa after small bowel resection are accompanied by alterations on the ultrastructural level. Therefore, samples of the ileal remnants after a 60% proximal resection were processed for ultrastructural evaluation and analyzed employing point counting planimetry and direct measurements. Microvillus surface area increased from the bottom of the crypts to the villus tips in both resected and sham-operated animals. This increase in microvillus surface area from the crypt to the villus was significantly less pronounced after proximal resection, while there were no changes in the crypt compartment. No significant differences of the relative areas of the nuclei, mitochondria, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed when comparing the different positions along the villus crypt axis in normal and hyperplastic mucosa. In agreement with functional and enzyme histochemical results, these ultrastructural findings provide further evidence for an altered pattern of enterocyte maturation after proximal resection, which is most probably due to an increase in the migration rate of the enterocytes.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lipofuscin ; Alcohol-ageing ; Cerebellar interneurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipofuscin deposition in nerve cells is one of the most reliable and consistent neurocytological features correlated with ageing. Purkinje cells of long-term alcoholfed rats show large agglomerates of lipofuscin granules after six months of alcohol experiment, whereas in normal biological ageing, this happens only after 25 months of age. Cerebellar interneurons have specific patterns of lipofuscin accumulation during ageing concerning both its morphological type and chronology of deposition. We studied the effects of chronic alcohol treatment on cerebellar interneurons taking particular account of lipofuscin pigment accumulation. Control and alcohol-fed groups for 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months were used. A precocious and progressive accumulation of lipofuscin granules occurred in granule, Golgi and basket cells. Stellate cells remained pigment-free. The lipofuscin deposited in the granule and Golgi cells was of the granular type, whereas that of basket and stellate cells was lamellar (fingerprint-like pattern). These results parallel those observed during normal ageing, and reinforce the hypothesis of the existence of a close relationship between chronic alcohol consumption and precocious nerve cell ageing.
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  • 52
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Human knee joint capsule ; Free nerve endings ; Ruffini corpuscles ; Pacini corpuscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the human knee joint capsule was studied. Three types of nerve endings were found: free nerve endings (FNE), Ruffini corpuscles and Pacini corpuscles. In the joint capsule, FNE are located below the synovial layer and within the fibrous layer near blood vessels. These nerve terminals derive from myelinated Aδ-fibres or from unmyelinated C-fibres. Their structure is almost identical to FNE in human hairy and non-hairy skin. Ruffini corpuscles are present within the fibrous layer and the ligaments of the capsule in three variations: small Ruffini corpuscles without a capsule, small with a connective tissue capsule, and large Ruffini corpuscles with an incomplete perineural capsule. Their afferent axons are myelinated and measure 3–5 μm in diameter. Inside the corpuscle, nerve terminals are anchored in the connective tissue belonging to the fibrous layer or to the ligaments respectively. The presence of an incomplete perineural capsule depends on the structure of the surrounding connective tissue. In ligaments with collagenous fibrils oriented in a parallel fashion, the perineural capsule is well-developed and the Ruffini corpuscle resembles a Golgi tendon organ; in areas where the fibrils show no predominant orientation, Ruffini corpuscles lack a capsule. Small Pacini corpuscles are situated within the fibrous layer near the capsular insertion at the meniscus articularis or at the periost. They consist of one or several inner cores and a perineural capsule of 1–2 layers. Larger Pacini corpuscles with one or several inner cores and a perineural capsule consisting of 20–30 layers are found on the outer surface of the fibrous layer. The ultrastructure of these nerve endings is compared with the ultrastructure of articular receptors of various animals and with the ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the skin of several mammalian species including man.
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  • 53
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 331-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ovary ; Oocyte ; Ovulation ; Follicle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Follicular ruptures with intra-ovarian oocyte release (IOR) were studied in 17, 21 and 24-day-old rats by morphological methods. Using a light microscope, it was seen that IOR occurred at all times and the IOR frequency did not change. IOR developed in preantral follicles. Their oocytes were mostly found within the follicular compartment (incomplete IOR). Using an electron microscope, a circumscribed dissolution of the basal lamina was observed. IOR granulosa cells appeared activated. They rarely underwent typical necrosis after herniation into the extrafollicular area. Herniated granulosa cells tended either to stay intact or to shed cytoplasmic components into the extracellular space. whilst nuclei of active cell function were maintained. Tissue adjacent to an IOR seemed inactive with the exception of endothelial cells. Some endothelial cells underwent necrosis. Additionally, the endothelium was discontinous. The morphological data support the hypothesis that the mechanism of follicular rupture represents an inside to outside process.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Developing forebrain ; Immunocytochemistry ; Albumin ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several plasma proteins are found within the cells of the developing brain of many species, with a distribution pattern which changes during development, but the origin of such proteins is in dispute. The experiments described here were designed to test the hypothesis that some developing brain cells are able to take up plasma proteins. The distribution of the plasma protein albumin has been studied in the rat forebrain from the 14th day of gestation until birth. Although present within the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from the earliest age studied, albumin was not seen within cells of the developing forebrain until day 16E or 17E. A foreign protein, sheep albumin, was injected into the ventricles at days 14E, 16E, 18E, 20E and on the day of birth. Sheep albumin can be detected in the presence of rat albumin because the antibody to sheep albumin does not cross-react with rat albumin. The sheep albumin was taken up very rapidly into cells of the ventricular zone at the later but not the earlier ages, thus mimicking the distribution of the naturally occurring rat albumin. After the foreign albumin had been left within the ventricle for several hours, some of the cells of the cortical plate also contained the protein, again mimicking the normal distribution of albumin. These findings suggest that the presence of albumin within cells of the developing rat forebrain can largely be attributed to uptake rather than synthesis.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; Anterior column ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the noradrenergic fibers and terminals in the anterior column of the rat lumbosacral spinal segments. PAP-positive varicose fibers were widely distributed in the gray matter with preferential accumulation in the nuclear regions containing motoneurons involved in the contraction of perineal striated muscles. Unmyelinated DBH fibers were composed of nodular enlargements (varicosities, 0.4–3.0 μm in diameter) and very fine, short intervals (intervaricose segments, 0.1–0.2 μm in diameter and 1.0–4.0 μm in length). DBH-positive dense products were electron microscopically often confined within small granular particles and less frequently within large granules. Additionally, in order to characterize the innervation pattern of noradrenergic fibers on dendritic bundles organized in the motoneuronal pools innervating the pelvic small muscles, semi-quantitative analysis was done in the area of the dorsolateral nucleus endowed with especially well-developed dendritic bundles. DBH terminals contacting with unreactive dendrites were more common (67.9%) than those with neuronal somata (15.1%), and the remainder (17%) had no contacts with surrounding neuronal elements. Furthermore, specialized synaptic formations were observed in only 20.1% of these nodules. The results suggest that bulbospinal descending noradrenergic neuron systems influence the functioning of pelvic muscles principally via the neuronal contacts with dendritic bundles in the spinal cord.
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  • 56
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    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture ; Intercellular junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation of gap junctions was studied in pancreatic exocrine cells of rats and mice during late embryonic and neonatal development by the freeze-fracture replica method. Small gap junctions were present in association with tight junctional strands near the cell apex during embryonic development. Independently of tight junctions, small gap junctions were sometimes seen more basally on day 13 to 15 of gestation. The gap junctions increased in number and were rapidly enlarged by day 18 to 20 of gestation. Large particles 12–13 nm in diameter were frequently associated with the gap junction, which consisted of 10 nm particles. The large particles were either irregularly distributed or arranged in hexagonal patterns. The number of large particles decreased with time, so that they sparsely rimmed the gap junction in postnatal animals. This suggests that large particles are precursors of typical gap junctional particles, and that they participate in rapid growth of the gap junction during late embryonic development. It may be also possible that large particles represent functionally different gap junctions.
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  • 57
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    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1985), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Spermatozoa ; Zona pellucida ; Cumulus cells ; Human egg investments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of human spermatozoa located in the cumulus cells and the zona pellucida of a pronuclear egg, and in the zona pellucida of a two-cell egg, both fertilized in-vivo, has been analysed in order to understand how the human spermatozoon penetrates the investing coats of the oocyte. Among the 36 spermatozoa found in the cumulus cells, 31 were phagocytosed by cumulus cells and 5 were wedged in the matrix between the cells. These spermatozoa were acrosome-reacted and their equatorial segment was intact. Six of the seven spermatozoa found in the zona pellucida (four spermatozoa in the pronuclear egg and three in the two-cell egg) had lost the equatorial segment, while the other one was partially reacted. The sperm heads were located in slits with sharp edges. From these findings it was concluded that in the human (1) only few and normal spermatozoa seem to reach the cumulus cells after natural insemination, (2) the acrosome reaction probably occurs sometime before the spermatozoa reach the vicinity of the corona cells, (3) the reaction of the equatorial segment seems to occur during or before the initial phase of zona penetration, since the spermatozoa located in the matrix of the zona pellucida had no equatorial segment. No evidence of the presence of spermatozoa with an intact acrosome in the matrix of cumulus cells or with an intact equatorial segment in the zona pellucida were found.
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  • 58
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    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1985), S. 45-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Substance P ; Hippocampus ; Entorhinal area ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and preterminal processes was studied in the rat brain by using several anti-SP-antibodies in combination with immunohistochemical techniques. In normal rats and in rats pretreated with colchicine, SP immunoreactive preterminal processes were found in the hippocampal region, but SP positive cellbodies could be detected only after colchicine pretreatment. Medium-sized to large, multipolar cells immunoreactive for SP were found in stratum oriens of the hippocampal subfield CA3 and in the hilus of the area dentata. Medium-sized to small, round or fusiform cells were detected in the pyramidal layer of the ventral subiculum and in layers III–VI of the ventral entorhinal area. The SP stained preterminal processes were of two types. Numerous fine, varicose axons were stained in different parts of Ammon's horn, while in the retrohippocampal structures, the SP immunoreactivity was present in small distinctly stained puncta. These frequently formed pericellular arrangements around unstained cells, indicative of axosomatic contacts between SP terminals and cells in the hipocampus. In Ammon's horn, the densest SP innervation was found in strata oriens, radiatum and moleculare of subfields CA3a and CA2. Scattered fibers were also present in the stratum oriens of CA3a-c and in the hilus, in particular at ventral levels. In retrohippocampal structures, the SP innervation predominated in the deep pyramidal layer of the subiculum, the second layer of the presubiculum and in layers VI and IV of the medial and lateral entorhinal area. Many of these terminals may arise from local interneurons as well as from sources outside the hippocampal region. Taken together, these studies demonstrate a far more extensive innervation by SP, or a closely related peptide, of the rat hippocampal region than was previously recognized. This suggests that SP may play an important role in neurotransmission within the hippocampal region.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; ENU ; Brain tumor ; Anti-Leu 7 ; GFAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To clarify the chronologic changes in the cellular morphology of ENU-induced rat brain tumors, microtumors in the early stage were examined ummunohistochemically in comparison with macrotumors in the advanced stage. The tumor cells composing microtumors were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker of astrocylic cells, and Leu 7, a marker of oligodendrocytes, while cells of macrotumors were positive for either GFAP or Leu 7, showing characteristics of mature glial cells. The results suggested that the small round cells in the early devolopmental stage, generally thought to resemble mature oligodendrocytes, are not differentiated oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.
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  • 60
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 170-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Rat ; Parietal cortex ; Nuclear inclusions ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar rats with an average initial body weight of 180 g received a 15% (v/v) ethanol-water solution over a period of 6 months. Neurons of the parietal cortex (area 3) showed a significant increase of nuclear inclusions which consisted of parallel filaments and tubular systems. Furthermore, we observed and augmentation of lipid droplets, nemetosomes, and straight filaments. The latter could not be identified in control animals. It is discussed whether the occurrence of these structures might be enhanced by an altered cellular metabolic activity during the chronic ethanol administration.
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  • 61
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 37-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Cerebral damage ; Dark neurons ; Neuronal necrosis ; Caudate ; Putamen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudate nucleus and putamen belong to the selectively vulnerable brain regions which incur neuronal damage in clinical and experimental settings of both hypoglycemia and ischemia. We have previously documented the density and distribution of the hypoglycemic damage in rat caudoputamen, but the evolution of the injury, i.e., the sequence of structural changes, has not been assessed. Therefore, in the present study we analyze the light and electron microscopic alterations in the caudoputamen of rats exposed to standardized, pure insults of severe hypoglycemia with isoelectric EEG for 10–60 min, or in rats which, following insults of 30 or 60 min, were allowed to recover for periods from 5 min to 6 months. The hypoglycemic insult produced severe nerve cell injury in the dorsolateral caudoputamen. Immediately after the insult abnormal light neurons with clearing of the peripheral cytoplasm were present. These cells disappeared early in the receovery period, as they do in the cerebral cortex. Dark neurons were also present, but unlike those in the cerebral cortex they did not appear until recovery was instituted. Their number increased for a couple of hours and they became acidophilic within 4–6 h. At this stage, electron microscopy revealed severe clumping of the nuclear chromatin and cytoplasm as well as incipient fragmentation of cell membranes, all these changes indicating an irreversible injury. Within 24 h flocculent densities appeared in the mitochondria and by day 2–3 of recovery the great majority of the medium-sized neurons had undergone karyorrhexis and cytorrhexis, their remnants being subsequently removed by macrophages. After some weeks only large and a few medium-sized neurons remained amidst reactive astrocytes and numerous macrophages. The delay in the appearance of dark, lethally injured medium-sized neurons until the recovery was instituted suggests an effect that does not become apparent until the substrate supply and energy production are restored. Furthermore, it pointt out again the selectivity of the hypoglycemic nerve cell injury with respect to the type (metabolic characteristics?) and topographic location of the neurons.
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  • 62
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    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dalmatian dogs ; Lipopigments ; Retina ; Retinopathy ; Ultrastructure ; Ceroidlipofuscinosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the retinae in two NCL-affected Dalmatian dogs revealed ubiquitous accumulation of lipopigments in numerous cell types of the retina, the fine structure of which closely resembled that seen in NCL-affected English setters. Photoreceptors and other retinal cell types were largely intact. These findings show that the retinal involvement in NCL of our Dalmatian dogs is identical to that of NCL-affected English setters. It also shows that in canine NCL a severe retinopathy, regularly encountered in human childhood NCL, does not develop. Thus, the NCL of Dalmatian dogs —and English setters — represents a reliable model to study human NCL, but for human retinopathia pigmentosa perhaps only at its earliest stage.
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  • 63
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 254-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Capillary ; Cerebellum ; Endothelial cell ; Hemangioblastoma ; Morphometry ; Pericyte ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy and computerized morphometric techniques were employed to examine pericyte ultrastructure and to assess quantitatively their relationship to endothelial cells in five cases of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. A total of 97 cross-sectioned capillary profiles were studied. Pericyte coverage of capillary ranged from 30.2% to 97.3% with a mean value of 68.7%, which is higher as compared with the available data from the cerebral cortex, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and pulmonary capillaries. The higher pericyte coverage of capillary suggests that pericyte is an active component of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma and may have a close functional relationship to endothelial cells. Pericytes contained bundles of parallel microfilaments along the adluminal side and in the terminal processes, and exhibited an intimate “peg-and-socket” relationship with endothelial cells, suggesting a contractile function of pericytes and their possible role in regulating capillary lumina and focal blood flow. The finding of abundant micropinocytic vesicles along the abluminal side of the cytoplasmic membrane indicates an active metabolic exchange between pericytes and the interstitium. It is possible that in cerebellar hemangioblastoma pericytes may act as a mechanical and metabolic monitor barrier for endothelial cells.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead ; Rat ; Brain ; Blood-brain barrier ; Specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies on the toxic effects of lead on the brains of young animals have shown damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which in severe forms appears as hemorrhagic encephalopathy. In those studies the doses of lead have been of such magnitude that lead-induced anorexia resulting in growth retardation has contributed to the extent of the injury (Sundström et al. 1984). The growth retardation can be prevented by using low lead doses (Sundström et al. 1983). Consequently, we have examined to which extent the BBB is injured in suckling rats with low dose lead encephalopathy. This was done by a) testing the permeability of the BBB to plasma proteins and b) assessing the possible occurrence of vasogenic edema by measuring the specific gravity of brain tissue. Low dose lead encephalopathy was induced by daily i.p. injections of lead nitrate 10 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) for the first 15 days. The lead contents of the blood and homogenates of the cerebrum and cerebellum were assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The brains were examined at 15, 20, or 30 days of age. When Evans blue-albumin (EBA) was injected i.v. 2 h before killing, most 15-day-old rats exposed to lead displayed a bluish discoloration in their cerebellum. Microscopically, red fluorescence of EBA was seen in the blue-stained regions. Immunohistochemically, extravasation of albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin was demonstrated as positive staining in the cerebellar cortex, with diffuse spread to the white matter of the corresponding folium. Neither lead-exposed rats aged 20 or 30 days nor any non-exposed rats revealed macroscopic or microscopic leakage of plasma proteins in the brain parenchyma. The specific gravity of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and the hippocampus of control and lead-exposed rats aged 15 and 20 days was determined using density gradients of Percoll. No increment in the water content was encountered. Rather, the specific gravity of cerebellum of lead-treated rats aged 15 days was slightly higher than that of the controls, though statistical significance for this difference was reached only when nonparametric tests were applied. Our results indicate that low dose lead encephalopathy results in a breakdown of the BBB to plasma proteins without marked vasogenic brain edema. The hypothesis is advanced that the leakage of plasma results in rapid normalization of the tissue water content, whereas proteins remain longer in the parenchyma.
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  • 65
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    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Man ; Myoepithelial cell ; Submandibular gland ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human submandibular glands, two types of myoepithelial cells can be distinguished in serial, ultrathin sections. The dark myoepithelial cell type was stellate in shape and exhibited a pronouneced electron density due to numerous myofilaments with focal densities. Dark cell types accounted for the greater part (76%) of the myoepithelial cells and furthermore showed adenosine triphosphatase activity. This type of myoepithelial cell is considered to be that previously observed in mammalian salivary glands. Occasionally, desmosomes could be found between the processes of adjacent dark myoepithelial cell types, which is appropriate with respect to the strong compression of acinar or intercalated duct cells. The light myoepithelial cell type was large and ellipsoid with a few short-thick processes, and was characterized by an electron lucent cytoplasm which included scant and unevenly distributed myofilaments. Light cell types showed positive adenosine triphosphatase activity and accounted for only a small part (17%) of the myoepithelial cell number. Transitional forms between these two types were also observed. The light myoepithelial cell type may mature into the dark myoepithelial cell type by means of the transitional form. In addition, clear cells were sometimes encountered between the myoepithelial cell and the acinar or intercalated duct cells.
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    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 297-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta (guinea pig) ; Permeability ; Freeze-Tracturing ; Ultrastructure ; Cell junctions ; Tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Permeability of the fetal endothelium within the guinea pig placental labyrinth is studied by means of horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) and ionic lanthanum as diffusion tracers. The paracellular transport of HRP is restricted by the occluding junctions of the fetal endothelium. In contrast, ionic lanthanum readily permeates most of the intercellular junctions and rapidly infiltrates the basal lamina. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal zonulae occludentes connecting the fetal endothelial cells. The network of the zonulae occludentes is variable, exhibiting highly complex areas as well as single strand interconnections. A correlation between the permeability studies and freeze-fracture findings is discussed.
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  • 67
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    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Congenital aganglionosis ; Myenteric plexus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The entire bowel of a mutant strain of rats, the congenital aganglionosis rat (spotting lethal), was investigated using the acetylcholinesterase reaction and immunohistochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in whole-mount preparations. The histology of the bowel of mutant rats was also studied by light- and electron microscopy. In all examined mutant rats, a constricted region of intestine followed a dilated region of the bowel. In 29 cases constricted segments extended from rectum to distal ileum; in 3 cases from rectum to middle colon. In controls the myenteric plexus appeared as a mesh-work consisting of ganglion strands and internodal strands, showing a rather regular ladder-like pattern from duodenum to rectum. The myenteric plexus of mutants was very different from that of controls, showing conspicuous regional differences. Even in the duodenum, where there was no macroscopical disorder, the plexus showed an irregular pattern, the meshes varying greatly in size and shape. Ganglion strands were shorter than those in controls. The plexus in the dilated segment gradually decreased in density, finally disappearing above the proximal terminal of the constricted segment. In some areas, below this transition, i.e., the anal portion of the constricted segment in 29 cases (long constricted segment type only), there were neither ganglion cells nor nerve fibers except for scarcely distributed tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers. In the distal part of the upper colon some fine nerve bundles, gradually increased in number and mixed with thicker nerve bundles in the lower portion of the colon. Finally, at the level of the rectum, nerve bundles of various sizes interlaced irregularly with one another to form a network. However, this network was free from ganglion cells.
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  • 68
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Marmoset ; Ultrastructure ; Hydrolase cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Yolk sacs from Callithrix jacchus were investigated light and electron microscopically as well as by qualitative light microscopic enzyme histochemistry on days 35 to 126 of gestation. The thin yolk sac wall of the early stages (day 35–41) consists of the cuboid, endodermal epithelium, the mesothelium of the exocoelom and some interposed blood vessels. The inner endodermal surface is rather smooth. At later stages, the epithelium becomes highly prismatic and forms folds which are lined by a mesenchyme and blood vessels. Microvilli and a small number of endocytotic vesicles are observed at the apices of the epithelial cells, which are interconnected by gap junctions, desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is characterized by a well-developed rough endoplasmie reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus and glycogen deposits. Four different membrane-bordered types of inclusions can be distinguished in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells: The type I and II inclusions are considered as secretion granules. Their increase and their localization in the cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum at later stages are ascribed to an inhibition of the intracellular transport at the onset of involution. The type III and IV inclusions may represent lysosomes and related organelles. Bile capillary-like spaces exist between the epithelial cells. The basement membrane is incomplete below the epithelium and absent around the capillaries, the endothelium of which is porous in certain areas. Aminopeptidase M is highly active in the plasmalemma and the bile capillary-like structures of the epithelium, dipeptidylpeptidase IV in the mesothelium and alkaline phosphatase in the blood vessel endothelium. Other membrane hydrolases are absent. Acid proteases, glycosidases, non-specific phosphatases and non-specific esterases can be detected stage-dependently with moderate to high activities in the yolk sac epithelium. Compared with other organs, the yolk sac structure and hydrolase equipment are similar to those of the liver and may, therefore, have similar functions, e.g. synthesis and secretion of proteins. In addition, however, the yolk sac epithelium might also be involved in resorptive processes of material from the lumen followed by lysosomal digestion. The Callithrix jacchus yolk sac starts involution on day 80 of gestation by disintegration of the cells. On day 100, this process is completed. the stage of involution which is late in comparison with other primates, e.g. man and Rhesus monkey, is ascribed to the strongly delayed development of Callithrix jacchus.
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pyramidal tract ; Growth cones ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study has been made of the tip of the growing pyramidal tract in the rat. This part of the developing bundle, designated as the growthzone, has been examined at the levels of the medulla oblongata and the third spinal segment at embryonic day 20 and on the day of birth, respectively. The tip of the pyramidal tract contains, apart from axons, numerous larger profiles. An analysis of serial sections revealed that these represent either growth cones or preterminal periodic varicosities. In the growth cones of the corticospinal axons three zones can be distinguished: a proximal “tubular”, an intermediate ”vesicular-reticular” and a distal “fine-granular” zone. As distinct from the classical descriptions the corticospinal growth cones end in a single or, less frequently, in two more or less parallel filopodia. None of the growth cones analyzed in this study showed multiple filopodia radiating from the terminal expansion as observed at the end of growing axons in tissue cultures and in developing spinal fibre tracts of nonmammalian vertebrates. As regards the varicosities, most of these structures are characterized by a light cytoplasmic density. Others, however, contain a denser cytoplasm, closely resembling that of the vesiculo-reticular part of growth cones.
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  • 70
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 247-254 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse ; Spermiogenesis ; Cytoplasmic organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic Ag-staining method was used to study the argyrophilia of specific cytoplasmic organelles that appear during mouse spermiogenesis. The microtubuli of the centrioles are surrounded by a thin layer of argyrophilic material that also surrounds the microtubuli of their derivatives, e.g., the centriolar adjunct, the axoneme, and some structures of the connecting piece. As the mantle, i.e., the junctional complex between Sertoli cell and spermatid, develops, the involved regions of its plasma membranes are covered with silver precipitates. The apical portion of the nuclear ring as well as that of the perforatorium show clear argyrophilia. Besides these structures, a number of ring-shaped and spheroidal bodies at various sites in the cell also are decorated with silver precipitates. Most of these argyrophilic structures show a positive reaction with the EDTA method, too, suggesting that they contain ribonucleoprotein and might be of nucleolar orgin. Since, furthermore, most of these structures are known to contain distinct cytoskeletal proteins, it is assumed that the staining reaction might be caused by proteins that are associted with the genuine cytoskeletal proteins.
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 39-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Relay cells ; Development ; Synaptogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and synaptic input of four geniculo-cortical relay neurons of albino rats of postnatal day (PD) 7 has been studied with light and electron microscopy, utilizing the combined Golgi-EM technique. Although the nerve cells investigated did show a characteristic relay-cell appearance of the adult, certain dendritic structures exhibited immature character. These were the dendritic swellings, or “growth buds” occurring throughout the whole length of the dendrites, but particularly along the segments and at bifurcations of thin distal dendritic portions. These dendritic thickenings together with the transient spine-like hairy processes were seen to receive many synaptic endings of various developmental stages. The majority of synaptic junctions both on the dendritic swellings and on dendritic shafts were of the asymmetric type. Contrary to our expectation, no proximo-distal gradient could be demonstrated in the maturation of axodendritic synapses, at least not during the first synaptogenetic period, i.e., at PD 7. Also, all axosomatic synapses in the PD7 rat LGNd were asymmetric, indicating that the replacement of asymmetric synapses by symmetric ones (characteristic for the adult stage) occurs only after the first synaptogenetic period. The rarity of Gray II type, symmetric contacts during the early synaptogenesis (i.e., at PD 7) explains the absence of triadic, or serial synapses which will develop only later, during the second synaptogenetic period.
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Afferent nerve fiber ; Nociceptor ; Sensory terminal ; Tendon innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In sympathectomized cats the innervation of the Achilles tendon by fine afferent nerve fibers was studied with semithin and ultrathin sections. Several different types of sensory endings of group III and group IV nerve fibers were identified. Of the five different types of endings in the group III range (T III endings), two are located within vessel walls. One of them ends in the circumference of the venous vessels (T III/VV). Its lanceolate terminals have characteristic receptor areas at their edges. The second type ends in the adventitia of lymphatic vessels (T III/LV). Its receptive areas are scattered along their terminal course. Two further group III endings ramify within the connective tissue compartments of the vessel-nerve-fascicles of the peritenonium externum and internum. One type is tightly surrounded by collagen fibrils (T III/PTic); the other terminates between the collagen fiber bundles (T III/PTgc). The latter arrangement recalls the ultrastructural relation between nerve terminals and collagen tissue in Golgi tendon organs. The fifth type innervates the endoneural connective tissue of small nerve fiber bundles (T III/EN). At least some of them come into close contact with bundles of collagen fibers which penetrate the perineural sheath to terminate within the endoneurium. The endings of group IV afferents (T IV endings) show a striking topographic relationship to the blood and lymphatic vessels of all connective tissue compartments of the Achilles tendon. They form penicillate endings which may contain granulated vesicles. In any event, they can easily be discriminated from the T III endings in the vessel walls. In close neighborhood to Remak bundles, a cell has been regularly found which fulfilled all ultrastructural criteria for mast cells. But this cell is not a mast cell proper because it is surrounded by a basal lamina (pseudo mast cell).
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cholinesterase ; Limb bud ; Chick embryo ; Ultrastructure ; Chondrogenesis ; Myogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholinesterase (ChE) is transiently expressed in undifferentiated embryonic cells. In the chick limb bud ChE-activity was found in the apical ectodermal ridge and in the subridge mesenchyme. The reaction was localized in the perinuclear cisterna, in an extensive network of narrow profiles of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in the Golgi complex The chondroblasts emerging from the subridge mesenenyme, also showed strong ChE-activity. During differentiation the enzyme first disappeared from the Golgi zone. Then, the narrow ChE-positive ER was successively replaced by ChE-negative extended rough ER characteristic for the differentiated chondrocyte. The myoblasts showed weak ChE-activity with the same ultrastructural localization as in other mesenchymal cells. After fusion the myotubes exhibited strong ChE-activity in the perinuclear cisterna and the developing sarcoplasmic reticulum. In later stages of myogenesis the myoblasts were closely attached to the myotubes and had lost their ChE-activity. During mitosis of ChE-positive cells, ChE-activity was retained in fragments of perinuclear cisterna and ER. In ChE-active mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts we observed specialized contact zones between ER and plasma membrane. ChE-active cisternae of ER run parallel to the plasma membrane with a gap of approximately 10–15 nm. We discuss a possible function of a cholinergic system during morphogenesis.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Serotonin receptors ; Cerebral cortex ; Ontogenesis ; Rat ; Quantitative autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin (5-HT1) receptors in various cortical regions of the rat brain has been examined during ontogenesis by quantitative autoradiography. An increase in binding site density between the first postnatal day and adult age was observed and could be approximated by a sigmoid shaped (logistic) growth curve. A marked heterochrony in the increase of binding site density is found in the 13 analyzed cortical regions. Binding sites develop earlier in neocortex than in allocortical areas. Fifty pereent of the binding site density of adult age is reached in the motor cortex at the 9th postnatal day, followed by the primary somatosensory cortex one day later, by the medial prefrontal cortex on the 12th day, by the fascia dentata on the 14th day and by the CA1-region on the 20th day. A detailed analysis of the frontal, medial prefrontal and hippocampal regions also shows a heterochrony within these regions. Adult values of binding site densities are also reached at different ages in the various cortical regions. The highest receptor densities were observed in the dorsal subiculum, the lowest in the primary somatosensory cortex.
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  • 75
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    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 281-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pig ; Blastocyst ; Endometrium ; Implantation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the morphology of the initial stages of epitheliochorial placentation in the pig, material from 10 sows of the Danish Landrace and from one Göttinger minipig gilt from day 13 to day 26 of gestation was processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The observed foetomaternal interaction from day 19 1/2 minipig placenta corresponded well to the observations on the Danish Landrace placenta. From the results and the discussion it was concluded that the following structures were implicated in the initial phases of placentation in the pig: (1) Protruding epithelial proliferations of the uterine epithelium enclosed by chorionic caps serving to immobilize the blastocyst (days 13 and 14). (2) A thick glycocalyx on the maternal and a thin one on the foetal epithelium before contact. (3) Close apposition between the apical plasma membranes from trophoblastic and uterine epithelium (day 14). (4) Development of interdigitating microvilli (days 15–16). (5) Formation of apical domes on the uterine epithelium closely related to the trophoblast provided with long cytoplasmic extensions into a luminal space between the apical domes, apparently representing a transition from histiotropic to haemotrophic nutrition (days 15–20). (6) Placentation, development of interdigitating microvilli between foetal and maternal epithelium, was extended but not terminated in the peripheral zone at day 26.
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    Archives of dermatological research 277 (1985), S. 220-224 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mycobacterium leprae ; Ultrastructure ; Fixation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The micromorphology of Mycobacterium leprae is described. After fixation with osmium tetroxide supplemented with calcium ions, the cell wall was seen to be composed of three layers; the cytoplasmic membrane exhibited the architecture of an elementary membrane. The mesosomes were best visualized after fixation with glutaraldehyde; they were sometimes in contact with the nuclear equivalent. Only one sort of phosphate body was found. The nucleoid was best visualized after fixation with osmium tetroxide.
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    Annals of hematology 50 (1985), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Sudanophilia ; Rat ; Lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A significant proportion of large lymphocytes in laboratory rats is stained with Sudan black B. The increase in the counts of sudanophilic blood lymphocytes over control values indicated reliablely the recovery of lymphocytic function even when total lymphocyte, small or large lymphocyte counts were normal or reduced.
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 6-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebellar hemangioblastoma ; Ultrastructure ; Stromal cells ; Cytoplasmic process ; Adjacent brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cases of hemangioblastoma were studied by electron microscopy with particular attention to the stromal cells and their surrounding structures. Most of the stromal cells of the tumor had abundant clear cytoplasm containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, scattered fibrils, and large lipid inclusions. They were usually aggregated without intervening cells. In the perivascular areas, their sufaces facing the perivascular collagen were surrounded by basal lamina. Their apposed cell membranes had occasional adhesive devices. Occasional, long, apparently cylindrical processes of the stromal cell cytoplasm were observed in some cases. These processes contained intermediate filaments of undetermined nature and microtubules. In the border zone between the tumor and the surrounding brain, the stromal cells were occasionally surrounded by narrow sheets of dark cell processes containing fibrils and glycogen granules, consistent with astrocytic processes. Altered neuronal elements were also observed inthis area.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Becker's muscular dystrophy ; Neuromuscular junction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on muscle biopsies from three patients with Becker's muscular dystrophy showed that the i.m. nerves presented loss or disarrangement of the neurofilaments and an increased number of glycogen granules and/or myelin figures not infrequently in the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuromuscular junctions showed markedly widened sole-plate areas, and several terminal axons frequently abutted and formed neuromuscular junctions on the same fiber. The secondary synaptic clefts were markedly decreased in number and short in length in type I fibers but not in type II fibers. Most terminal axons showed no degenerative changes. Therefore, the participation of a neural factor might be suggested as the cause of Becker's muscular dystrophy, although it does not mean denervation in the conventional sense of an axonal degeneration.
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gliosarcoma ; GFAP ; Factor VIII/RAg ; Ulex europaeus I agglutinin ; Ultrastructure ; Weibel-Palade bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-nine cases of gliosarcomas, two initiating as fibrosarcomas, 25 as mixed gliomas and sarcomas, and 12 as anaplastic gliomas with secondary sarcomas, were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, using GFAP, factor VIII/RAg, andUlex europaeus I agglutinin (UEA I), electron microscopy and tissue culture. GFAP was found variably positive in the glial areas; F VIII/RAg and UEA I, markers of both normal and neoplastic endothelial cells and their derivatives, were found in vessels of both gliomatous and sarcomatous parts of GS, less intensive in hyperplastic glomeruloid structures and, with decreasing intensity, in adjacent fibrosarcomatous areas, while UEA I, giving stronger reaction than F VIII/RAg, was occasionally demonstrated in sarcomatous cells. In vitro studies confirmed previous data of a separate growth of glial and mesenchymal cells with a divergent migratory speed. Electron microscopy demonstrated the frequent close admixture of glial and mesenchymal tumor cells, which showed the feature of either fibrosarcoma or angiosarcoma. The frequent resemblance of the latter with endothelial cells was supported by the occasional demonstration of Weibel-Palade-like bodies in both vascular endothelial and adjacent sarcomatous cells. These observations confirm the hypothesis that at least part of the sarcomatous components in many GS originate from vascular endothelial proliferation and obviously represent the final stage of a process starting with the endothelial hyperplasia in anaplastic gliomas.
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Cerebral cortex ; Nerve cell injury ; Dark neurons ; Acidophilic neurons ; Mitochondria ; Golgi apparatus ; Cell necrosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the course of a study on the pathogenesis of neuronal necrosis in severe hypoglycemia, the morphological characteristics reflecting reversible and irreversible neuronal lesions were examined as a function of time following normalization of blood glucose. To that end, closely spaced time intervals were studied in the rat cerebral cortex before, during, and up to 1 year after standardized pure hypoglycemic insults of 30 and 60 min of cerebral isoelectricity. Both the superficial and deep layers of the cerebral cortex showed dark and light neurons during and several hours after the insult. By electron microscopy (EM) the dark neurons were characterized by marked condensation of both karyoplasma and cytoplasm, with discernible, tightly packed cytoplasmic organelles. The light neurons displayed clustering of normal organelles around the nucleus with clearing of the peripheral cytoplasm. Some cells, both dark neurons and neurons of normal electron density, contained swollen mitochondrial with fractured cristae. Light neurons disappeared from the cerebral cortex by 4 h of recovery. Some dark neurons in the superficial cortex and almost all in the deep cortex evolved through transitional forms into normal neurons by 6 h recovery. Another portion of the dark neurons in the superficial cortex became acidophilic between 4 and 12 h, and by EM they demonstrated karyorrhexis with stippled electron-dense chromatin. The plasma membrane was disrupted, the cytoplasm was composed of amorphous granular debris, and the mitochondria contained flocculent densities. These definitive indices of irreversible neuronal damage were seen as early as 4–8 h recovery. Subsequently, the acidophilic neurons were removed from the tissue, and gliosis ensued. Thus, even markedly hyperchromatic “dark” neurons are compatible with survival of the cell, as are neurons with conspicuous mitochondrial swelling. Definite nerve cell death is verified as the appearance of acidophilic neurons at which stage extensive damage to mitochondria is already seen in the form of flocculent densities, and cell membranes are ruptured. Our previous results have shown that hypoglycemic neocortical damage affects the superficial laminae, chiefly layer 2. The present results demonstrate that, following the primary insult, this damage evolves relatively rapidly within the first 4–12 h. We have obtained no evidence that additional necrotic neurons are recruited after longer recovery periods.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Experimental glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral edema, a major complication of tumors in the brain, is the result of an alteration in the blood-brain barrier (B-BB). The vascular ultrastructural changes that underlie edema formation have been described in a variety of tumors. Interendothelial junction abnormalities, fenestrations, and large numbers of tubulo-vesicular profiles in the tumor vascular endothelium have been presumed to represent permeability routes that permit the escape of serum constituents into the tumor, from where they flow into the surrounding brain. Descriptive studies do not provide information on the relative frequency of these presumptive permeability routes. In the study reported here we have quantified ultrastructural features associated with the B-BB in the vessels of an experimental glioma in rat. We found that approximately 60% of the tumor vessel profiles have junctional abnormalities and 30% have one or more fenestrations. The density of tubulo-vesicular profiles, however, was not increased. In addition, tumor vessel walls were thicker than normal vessels of the same caliber and the mitochondrial density was in the range of that for non-barrier vessels. Vessels in peritumoral regions were not altered in any of the parameters measured.
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    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 242-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Optic tectum ; Blood vessels ; Ultrastructure ; Hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The maturation process of blood vessels has been ultrastructurally investigated in the optic tectum of chick embryos kept in a condition of aerogenic hypoxia and of chickens born from fertilized eggs incubated under hypoxia but kept in the open air after hatching. By comparing the fine structure of the intratectal vessels of chick embryos exposed to hypoxia to that of embryos developed under normal conditions, the conclusion has been drawn that O2 deprivation does not prevent the temporal sequence of appearance and/or differentiation of the various vascular wall components (endothelium, endothelial basement lamina, pericytes, perivascular glia), but it produces, at least in a part of the latter, modifications, the type and degree of which apparently depend upon hypoxia duration.
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    Annals of hematology 51 (1985), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Ultracytochemistry ; Basophils ; Small granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The small granules in the basophils obtained from humans and animals were compared ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Cytochemically, there were no qualitative differences among the small granules in the species examined. The small granules in humans, guinea pigs and rabbits were approximately 0.16–0.22 μm, 0.15–0.17 μm, and 0.12–0.16 μm, in diameter, respectively. In all species small granules had a single unit membrane and contained some amorphous material. In immature cells many of the small granules were distributed near the Golgi apparatus, while in the mature cells many of them were found around the periphery of the cell. There were no morphological or cytochemical differences between the small granules of the immature cells and those of the mature cells. The negative reaction in the dialysed iron and high iron diamine methods showed that the small granules did not have acid mucopolysaccharides or sulfated glycoconjugates. The strong reaction of the small granules of all species to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) test, which was especially prominent in rabbit, showed that the small granules have many periodate-reactive neutral glycoconjugates but no acidic glycoconjugates. Enzyme cytochemistry revealed that the small granules are negative for peroxidase and catalase but positive for acid phosphatase.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 429-432 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tail bud ; Tail gut ; Gut ; Organogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation of the tail portion of the primitive gut was investigated by light and electron microscopy in 10- and 11-day rat embryos. The observations permit the conclusion that the tail gut does not form as a posterior extension of the hindgut but originates from the tail bud mesenchyme by mechanism analogous to the secondary neurulation. It includes cell condensation, aquisition of apicobasal polarity and the radial, rosette-like arrangement around a central cavity. These cells bear the cytological characteristics of both the absorptive epithelial cells and the mesenchymal cells at their apical (adluminal) and abluminal ends respectively.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; alloxan diabetes ; intestinal villus ; alkaline phosphatase ; sucrase ; epithelial cells ; villus-crypt axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sucrase activity in enterocytes isolated from the villus crypt axis was found to increase in all regions of the villus from day 2 after induction of diabetes, and the increase continued until day 4. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity increased mainly in the apical one-third of the villus-crypt column, and the increase occurred abruptly on day 4 with increase in food intake.
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    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1985), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: β-mannosidosis ; Axonal spheroids ; Myelin deficit ; Oligodendrocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in central nervous system (CNS) white matter of three goats affected withβ-mannosidosis were analyzed to further define characteristics and pathogenesis of axonal and myelin abnormalities. The variations in myelin association and contents of axonal spheroids were delineated. The occurrence of spheroids in a 96/150-day fetus documented the early development of these axonal lesions. In regions of severe myelin deficits, the presence of apparently normal axons and a reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes were confirmed. Many remaining cells in myelin-deficient regions were characterized by dark, vacuolated cytoplasm. The occurrence of internodes with myelin sheaths adjacent to internodes without myelin sheaths suggested that an axonal defect is not primarily responsible for the absence of myelin sheaths. A mild myelin deficit in the spinal cord was indicated by the presence of unmyelinated axons. Except for occasional mild cytoplasmic vacuolation, the spinal cord glial cells appeared relatively normal. The findings presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that an oligodendrocyte defect, expressed by regional differences, is a major factor in the pathogenesis of myelin deficiency inβ-mannosidosis.
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  • 88
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    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1985), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; β,β′-Iminodipropionitrile ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary β,β′-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), a neurotoxic compound known to induce swellings in the proximal internodes of sensory and motor axons in several parts of the central nervous system (CNS), was also found to cause hydrocephalus in rats and guinea pigs. In both species, ventricular dilatation was observed within 1 week following a single i.p. injection of IDPN. While in rats the severity of hydrocephalus correlated with dose and duration of IDPN exposure, in guinea pigs studies with high doses yielded inconclusive results, and no significant temporal correlation was noted. Parallel investigations with another peurotoxic agent, acrylamide, in rats, and with IDPN in cats failed to demonstrate any change in size and shape of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. No signs of spontaneously occurring hydrocephalus were found in control animals. In both rats and guinea pigs intoxicated with IDPN, macroscopic and microscopic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of communicating hydrocephalus. Treatment of hydrocephalic rats with acetazolamide (500 mg/kg) markedly attenuated ventricular distention, suggesting that an overproduction of CSF by the choroid plexus is responsible for the communicating hydrocephalus following IDPN intoxication.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; blood lactate ; glucose ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At birth, hepatic ‘active’ and ‘dichloracetate-activated’ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities in the newborn of normal, mildly diabetic, and severely diabetic rats were similar. The ‘active’ and ‘dichloracetate-activated’ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities increased significantly during the first 2 and 6 postnatal h, respectively in the three groups of neonates (p〈0.05). The greatest increase in both ‘active’ and ‘dichloroacetate-activated’ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was observed in the neonates of mildly diabetic rats. Administration of glucose or insulin at birth to the newborn of normal rats caused a significant increase in the percentage of ‘active’ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity within 1 h (p〈0.01). Similar treatment caused no significant increases in the newborn of severely diabetic rats. The transient increases in ‘active’ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in the neonates of normal and diabetic rats were consistent with rapid disappearance of blood lactate during the first hours of postnatal life.
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  • 90
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; embryo ; embryo ; rat ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; diabetes ; maternal ; fetal malformation ; malformation ; fetal ; ketone bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate further the relationship between maternal diabetes and fetal malformation, rat embryos were grown in vitro in the presence of β-hydroxybutyrate, one of the ketone bodies produced by diabetics. At 10 mM, β-hydroxybutyrate produced minor abnormalities and at 20 mM it produced major abnormalities in rat embryos.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Granule cells ; Dendrites ; Golgi stain ; Dentate gyrus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dendritic morphology of Golgistained hippocampal dentate granule cells was evaluated by measuring the amount and location of dendrite, and the number of length of dendritic branches. Granule cells with somata in the superficial third of the granule cell layer had substantially more dendritic material than those with somata in the deep portions of the cell layer; this difference occurred throughout the extent of the molecular layer. Superficial cells also had different dendritic branching patterns and wider dendritic fields than did cells located in the deeper two-thirds of the granule cell layer. These results indicate that the position of neurons within the cell layer should be taken into account when quantifying the dendritic fields of dentate granule cells.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABAergic neurons ; Accessory optic nuclei ; Pretectal nuclei ; Gerbil ; Rat ; Visual system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been localized in sections of rodent brains (gerbil, rat) using conventional immunocytochemical techniques. Our findings demonstrate that large numbers of GAD-positive neurons and axon terminals (puncta) are present in the visual relay nuclei of the pretectum and the accessory optic system. The areas of highest density of these neurons are in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of the pretectum, the dorsal and lateral terminal accessory optic nuclei (DTN, LTN), the ventral and dorsal subdivisions of the medial terminal accessory optic nucleus (MTNv, MTNd), and the interstitial nucleus of the posterior fibers of the superior fasciculus (inSFp). The findings indicate that 27% of the NOT neurons are GAD-positive and that these neurons are distributed over all of the NOT except the most superficial portion of the NOT caudally. The GAD-positive neurons of the NOT are statistically smaller (65.9 μm2) than the total population of neurons of the NOT (84.3 [j,m2) but are otherwise indistinguishable in shape from the total neuron population. The other visual relay nuclei that have been analyzed (DTN, LTN, MTNv, MTNd, inSFp) are similar in that from 21% to 31% of their neurons are GAD-positive; these neurons are smaller in diameter and are more spherical than the total populations of neurons. The data further show that a large proportion of the neurons in these visual relay nuclei are contacted by GAD-positive axon terminals. It is estimated that approximately one-half of the neurons of the NOT and the terminal accessory optic nuclei receive a strong GABAergic input and have been called “GAD-recipient neurons”. Further, the morphology of the GAD-positive neurons combined with their similar distribution to the GAD-recipient neurons suggest that many of these neurons are acting as GABAergic, local circuit neurons. On the other hand, the large number of GAD-positive neurons in the NOT and MTN (20–30%) in relation to estimates of projection neurons (75%) presents the possibility that some may in fact be projection neurons. The overall findings provide morphological evidence which supports the general conclusion that GABAergic neurons play a significant role in modulating the output of the visually related NOT and terminal accessory optic nuclei.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus lesion ; Partial reinforcement ; Delay of reinforcement ; Inter-trial interval ; Inter-event interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two experimental procedures were employed to establish the reason why hippocampal lesions apparently block the development of tolerance for aversive events in partial reinforcement experiments, but do not do so in partial punishment experiments. Rats were trained to run in a straight alley following hippocampal lesions (HC), cortical control lesions (CC) or sham operations (SO), and resistance to extinction was assessed following differing acquisition conditions. In Experiment 1 a 4–8 min inter-trial interval (ITI) was used. Either every acquisition trial was rewarded immediately (Continuous Reinforcement, CR), or only a randomly selected half of the trials were immediately rewarded, the reward being delayed for thirty seconds on the other trials (Partial Delay, PD). This delay procedure produced increased resistance to extinction in rats in all lesion groups. In Experiment 2 the ITI was reduced to a few seconds, and rats were trained either on a CR schedule, or on a schedule in which only half the trials were rewarded (Partial Reinforcement, PR). This form of partial reinforcement procedure also produced increased resistance to extinction in rats in all lesion groups. It thus appears that hippocampal lesions only prevent the development of resistance to aversive events when the interval between aversive and subsequent appetitive events exceeds some minimum value.
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  • 94
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 537-546 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substance P ; Facial nucleus ; Medullary reticular formation ; Axo-dendritic contacts ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, origin and fine structure of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) nerve terminals in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated by means of immunocytochemistry. SPI-terminals were concentrated in the intermediate and dorsal subnuclei of the facial nucleus. Hemi-transection of the brainstem just rostral to the facial nucleus or at the most caudal level of the medulla oblongata did not cause any change of SPI-terminals in the facial nucleus. Electrical destruction of the various parts of the medulla oblongata clearly demonstrated that SPI-terminals in the intermediate subnucleus were supplied contralaterally from the SPI-neurons in the dorsomedial part of the medullary reticular formation. Most of the SPI-terminals (85%) in the intermediate subnucleus of the facial nucleus were observed to make asymmetric synaptic contacts with large dendrites (mean diameter; 1.26 μm). It was supposed that the contact sites are located on proximal parts of the dendrite. A few SPI-terminals (6%) formed axo-somatic contacts with large perikarya filled with numerous cytoplasmic organelles.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Luminance detector ; Darkness detector ; Pupil ; Sympathectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to identify the pretectal nucleus which contains pupillomotor cells in the rat, cells were sought which were sensitive to changes in luminance level at the eye. Two types were found: Luminance detectors which showed a graded increase in firing with increase in luminance, and darkness detectors which showed a graded increase in firing rate with graded dimming of luminance intensity. All luminance detectors were located in the olivary pretectal nucleus, whereas darkness detectors were located in the posterior pretectal nucleus. Consensual pupil responses were recorded in conscious normal and sympathectomised rats using an infra-red sensitive T.V. pupillometer. Pupil diameter varied 2mm in an approximately linear fashion over six log units range in luminance intensity. Sympathectomy produced a general constriction of the pupil, but the overall response to light was unaffected. The changes in pupil size occurred over the same range of luminance that the firing rates of both luminance and darkness detectors changed. The olivary pretectal nucleus may therefore be involved in pupilloconstruction in the light, and the posterior pretectal nucleus, with pupillodilation in the dark.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis ; Reticulospinal ; Laminae I, II and IX
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have used the autoradiographic method to study the organization of spinal projections from the gigantocellular reticular nucleus in the rat. Of particular note was the evidence obtained for projections to laminae I, II and IX. Reticular projections to laminae I and II arise more rostrally in Gi than those to lamina IX. Projections to laminae III–VIII and X as well as to autonomic nuclei have also been documented. Our results suggest that the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the rat can be subdivided on connectional grounds.
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  • 97
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    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 559-569 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Superior colliculus ; Visual neglect ; Field defect ; Striate cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous work has been shown that rats with lesions of the superior colliculus fail to respond to distracting visual stimuli presented in the peripheral field while the animals are running towards a central stimulus. To assess how far this peripheral neglect is due to an attentional deficit, rats were trained before operation to obtain reward by running towards either peripheral or central lights that were presented when the animals' heads were stationary in a known position. Response to stimuli presented 120 deg from the midline was severely impaired after removal of the superior colliculus: the animals behaved as if they had difficulty in detecting the onset of the light. In contrast, response to stimuli 40 deg from midline was unaffected. Control lesions of striate cortex did not significantly impair performance at any position. The finding that collicular animals were impaired at responding to stimuli in the far periphery, that were not irrelevant distractors but instead predicted reward, suggests that one component of the visual neglect produced by damage to the superior colliculus in rats may be a sensory deficit in the far peripheral field. In addition, comparison with previous results indicates that training to attend to visual stimuli in more central regions does improve performance, as would be expected if the deficit were an attentional one. It is therefore argued that collicular neglect in rats should be regarded as a multicomponent impairment.
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  • 98
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Swallowing ; Medullary swallowing neurons ; Nucleus of the solitary tract ; Unit activity (extracellular microelectrodes) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to identify the central structures involved in the organization of the swallowing reflex in the rat. Using concentric bipolar electrodes, the medulla and pons were systematically explored in order to determine which central areas responded to stimulation by inducing swallowing. These areas, which were located in the dorsal medulla oblongata, were the solitary tract, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the adjacent reticular formation. Stimulation of the ventral ponto-medullary regions was ineffective with regard to the initiation of the swallowing reflex. The activity of medullary swallowing neurons was recorded using extracellular microelectrodes. These swallowing neurons responded with a burst of spikes (swallowing activity) which was closely linked to the swallowing reflex elicited by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Under SLN stimulation, the activity of some of the swallowing neurons furthermore showed an initial response consisting of 1 or 2 spikes after a brief latency. According to their location and the latency of their initial response, swallowing neurons were divided into two groups. Group I neurons were located in a dorsal area of the medulla oblongata corresponding to the NST and the adjacent reticular formation. All these neurons exhibited an initial response with a very short latency (1 to 4 ms), the swallowing activity of most of these neurons started before the onset of the swallowing motor sequence. Group II neurons were located either in a ventral area corresponding to the nucleus ambiguus and the surrounding reticular formation or in a dorsal and medial area corresponding to the hypoglossal nucleus and its vicinity. Some of these neurons also exhibited an initial response to SLN stimulation, but with a longer latency (7–12 ms). Motor paralysis of the animal (performed by curare injection) did not affect the swallowing activity of the neurons belonging to either group. Thus, the swallowing activity of the medullary neurons studied was a truly central activity. It is concluded that the swallowing neurons studied belonged to the medullary swallowing center; the group II neurons were motoneurons and interneurons forming the efferent stage of the swallowing center, and the group I neurons were the interneurons which largely belong to the center which programs the swallowing motor sequence.
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  • 99
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    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 471-479 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Bursts ; Inhibition ; Receptive fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two-shock inhibition, a feature of 98 of 100 P cells recorded in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the normal rat, was not observed in 91 of 140 geniculate cells after an electrolytic lesion had been made in the adjacent visually responsive thalamic reticular nucleus. Nine geniculate cells recorded both before and after a reticular lesion had their initial inhibition abolished or substantially reduced after the lesion. The reticular lesion eliminated the bursts of spikes which normally terminate periods of inhibition following electrical or photic stimulation but caused no other changes in receptive field organization of geniculate cells. We conclude that the visually responsive region of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat is responsible for the profound two-shock inhibition and for the post-inhibitory bursts which are normal properties of relay cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; GAD ; GABA ; Inhibition ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was examined at the light- and electron-microscopic level after immunocytochemistry for GAD (the synthesizing enzyme of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA), to identify cells and processes with GAD-like immunoreactivity. GAD-positive perikarya were distributed throughout the A and C laminae, constituting a moderate proportion of cells in the LGN. Labeled cells were characterized by small size, scant cytoplasm, relatively large nuclei with common indentations, small mitochondria, few organelles and few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Unlabeled cells were of large, medium and small size. GAD-positive terminals were identified as F1 and F2 types (Guillery's nomenclature) on the basis of their synaptic relations and ultrastructure. Labeled F2 terminals were postsynaptic to retinal (RLP) boutons and presynaptic to unlabeled dendrites in synaptic glomeruli. Labeled F1 terminals made synapses on unlabeled somata and dendrites, and on labeled dendrites and F2 terminals. Presumably, most labeled F1 terminals originate from GABAergic perigeniculate axons. Retinal (RLP) and cortico-geniculate (RSD) boutons remained unlabeled in the reative zone. These terminals made synapses with labeled and unlabeled dendrites and with labeled F2 boutons. In conjunction with previous studies on GAD-positive cells in the perigeniculate nucleus, these results provide immunocytochemical and morphological evidence suggesting that the GABAergic intrinsic and extrinsic (perigeniculate) interneurons mediate the different inhibitory phenomena which occur in relay cells of the cat LGN. The ultrastructural features and synaptic relations of GABAergic cells and processes in the cat LGN are similar to those of equivalent neural elements in the LGN of rat and monkey, suggesting general principles of organization and morphology for GABAergic neurons in the thalamus of different mammals.
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