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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (48,545)
  • Life Sciences
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concentration of airborne fungal spores and bacteria as related to room temperature, humidity and occupancy levels within a library building in Singapore was determined. Measurement of indoor air quality with respect to microorganisms is of particular importance in tropical environments due to the extensive use of air-conditioning systems and the potential implications for human health. This study has revealed a number of interesting relationships between the concentrations of fungal spores and bacteria in relation to both environmental and human factors. The levels of fungal spores measured in the indoor environment were approximately fifty times lower than those measured outside, probably because of the lowered humidity caused by air-conditioning in the indoor environment. The variation in fungal spore concentration in the outdoor environment is likely to be due to the diurnal periodicity of spore release and the response to environmental factors such as light temperature and humidity. The indoor concentration of fungal spores in air was not clearly correlated to concentrations measured in air outside of the library building and remained relatively constant, unaffected by the difference in the numbers of occupants in the library. In contrast, the indoor concentrations of bacteria in air were approximately ten times higher than those measured outdoors, indicating a signficant internal source of bacteria. The elevated levels of indoor bacteria were primarily attributed to the number of library occupants. Increased human shedding of skin cells, ejection of microorganisms and particulates from the respiratory tract, and the transport of bacteria on suspended dust particles from floor surfaces probably accounts for the strong positive correlation between occupancy levels and the concentration of bacteria in internal air.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 96-96 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Autochthonous bacteriocenoses in semiarid soils in Patagonia were found to be capable of rapidly adapting to high contamination with crude oil. This adaptation at community level is due to the selective enrichment of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria always present in these soils. Immediately after a heavy contamination with crude oil, the authochthonous bacteriocenosis contained about 28% hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria which could be classified into eight ecotypes with characteristic metabolic profiles. Mainly n-alkanes were used as growth substrates of representative strains. After seven months' exposure to crude oil, the bacteriocenosis consisted almost entirely of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. At least fourteen ecotypes were distinguishable, and the majority of representative strains were able to metabolize a broad spectrum of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Corresponding to the significant alteration of the physiological diversity, drastic changes to the taxonomic diversity were also found. Whereas at the beginning of the study the autochthonous bacteriocenoses were dominated by GRAM-positive genera of the Actinomycetales (Dietzia, Gordona, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces) with high ecological potency, after just two months' exposure to crude oil, GRAM- negative bacteria (especially Pseudomonas stutzeri) became predominant within the hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteriocenoses accompanied by some GRAM-positive genera of the Actinomycetales with a significantly lower abundance. These findings underline the importance of Pseudomonas and some genera of Actinomycetales for processes of natural attenuation and the technically supported in situ bioremediation of soil polluted by crude oil in Patagonia.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrogen fixing Anabaena azollae strains isolated from four different Azolla cultures were characterized based on their total protein profile and RAPD profile to study the existing variation among them. As expected, the isolates showed almost similar protein banding patterns, but exhibited differences in 40-70 KDa protein subunits. Polymerase chain reaction of the DNA of the isolates, using four different primers, amplified specific sequences of DNA and showed clear polymorphism among the isolates. The RAPD profile generated the fingerprinting pattern characteristic of each strain based on the sequence of the primers used. Common band sharing observed between the strains A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-AM and A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-RP probably represents maternal inheritance of DNA to the progeny. The polymorphic bands were generated specifically for the isolates A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-RP and A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-AM with primers numbered 2 and 4, respectively, which could be developed as possible markers for these isolates.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mature seed-derived callus from an elite Chinese japonica rice cv. Eyl 105 was transformed with a plasmid containing the selectable marker hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and the reporter β-glucuronidase (gusA) genes via particle bombardment. After two rounds of selection on hygromycin (30 mg/l)-containing medium, resistant callus was transferred to hygromycin (30 mg/l)-containing regeneration medium for plant regeneration. Twenty-three independent transgenic rice plants were regenerated from 127 bombarded callus with a transformation frequency of 18.1%. All the transgenic plants contained both gusA and hpt genes, revealed by PCR/Southern blot analysis. GUS assay revealed 18 out of 23 plants (78.3%) proliferated on hygromycin-containing medium had GUS expression at various levels. Genetic analysis confirmed Mendelian segregation of transgenes in progeny. From R2 generations with their R1 parent plants showing 3:1 Mendelian segregation, we identified three independent homozygous transgenic rice lines. The homozygous lines were phenotypically normal and fertile compared to the control plants. We demonstrate that homozygous transgenic rice lines can be obtained via particle bombardment-mediated transformation and through genetic analysis-based selection.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 202-202 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic behaviour of biofilters intended to remove toluene and xylene from air was studied during transient states. Laboratory scale biofilters were filled with a mixture of peat, bark and wood and inoculated with a mixed microbial population. Toluene and xylene were applied both as single pollutants and as mixtures. Attention was focused on the evaluation of the following transients: the response of biofilters to step changes and peaks in pollutant concentrations, the effect of changes between single and multiple pollutant loadings and the response to shutdown periods.The biofilters demonstrated a good dynamic stability during transient states induced by change in inlet pollutant concentrations. Their time periods did not exceed three hours. No interaction between xylene and toluene degradation was observed during changes in loading with single pollutants or their mixture. The performance interruptions lasting less than 24 hours were found to have no significant influence on the removal efficiency of biofilters. When the biofilters were reacclimated after longer starvation periods, a short temporary decrease in efficiency whose minimum and duration were proportional to the length of a preceding shutdown period was observed. The longest starvation period (7 days) resulted in a reacclimation lasting 7 hours only. Adaptations of a microbial population to new operating conditions as well as sorption/desorption processes were suggested as the main factors influencing the dynamic reponse characteristics.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the in vivo decolourization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478 by semi-solid-state cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 (ATCC 24725) was investigated, employing corncob as a support. In order to stimulate the ligninolytic system of the fungus, the cultures were supplemented with veratryl alcohol (2 mM) or manganese (IV) oxide (1 g/l).Maximum manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) activities of around 2,000 U/l and 400 U/l were attained by the former, whereas the activities reached by the latter were of about 1,500 U/l and 200 U/l, respectively. Furthermore, laccase activity (around 150 U/l) was only detected in manganese (IV) oxide supplemented cultures.The polymeric dye Poly R-478 (0.02 w/v) was added to three-day-old cultures. A percentage of biological decolourization of about 85% was achieved using cultures supplemented with veratryl alcohol, whereas MnO2 cultures showed a rather lower percentage of around 58% after nine days of dye incubation. Moreover, a correlation between MnP activity and Poly R-478 decolourization could be observed, indicating that this enzyme is mainly responsible for dye degradation.In the present work, the in vivo decolourizing capability of the ligninolytic complex secreted by P. chrysosporium was investigated under the above-mentioned cultivation conditions, employing a model compound, such as the polymeric dye Poly R-478.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Serratia marcescens biovar A2/A6 is able to produce a red pigment as a secondary metabolite which has antimicrobial activity. This paper describes its growth and biopigment formation in batch cultures, in media containing different concentrations of lactic acid and beef extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. An unstructured model has also been developed to describe its growth, lactic acid uptake and biopigment formation. The comparison of simulated and experimental data shows that the proposed model predicts reasonably well the system behaviour over a range of conditions.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 97-98 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the microbial treatment of a sandy model soil artificially contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a large residual pollution was found. The remainig PAHs were sorbed into the micropores of the soil and were therefore not bioavailable. Using a lab-scale precolator, the microbially pretreated soil was subjected to aftertreatment with surfactants with the aim of further degradation of its pollution. Two commercial nonionic surfatants of the polyethoxylate type, Präwozell F1214/5 N and Sapogenat T-300, were used. The surfactants differ both in their physicochemical properties (CMC value, PAH solubilization capacity, adsorption onto soil) and in their microbial degradability. During aftertreatment under permanently aerobic conditions, only a weak PAH accumulation in the liquid phase was observed, which was due to a low solubilization rate as well as to simultaneous microbial degradation of the dissolved PAHs. Temporary anaerobiosis successfully suppressed the microbial degradation of both the surfactant and the solubilized PAHs, resulting in a more intensive PAH accumulation. But the PAH content of the soil - the essential criterion for evaluating the efficiency of surfactant application - was not decreased to a larger extent with surfactants than without them. To find out why the surfactants failed to act, the surfactant and hydrocarbon distribution among the liquid and solid phases was studied in mixtures of phenantherne-spiked solis and Präwozell-containig liquids; at heavy phenanthrene loading, the aqueous phase was saturated with PAH; at weak loading, it was unsaturated. Model-aided data analysis showed that the soil may contain PAH in two fractions: strongly sorbed into soil pores and, in the case of heavy loading, also weakly attached to the soil surface. The latter is easily extractable, resulting in a PAH-saturated liquid, while strongly adsorbed PAH is only partially dissolved due to competition between the micelles and the soil pores for the PAH. The microbially pretreated soil contains only strongly bound PAHs, which are as difficult to extract by surfactants as they are poorly accessible for microbes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some parameters of the production of an alkaline protease by Rhizopus oryzae in the solid state fermentation of wheat bran were optimized. Using the optimum parameters of an inoculum age of 7 days, an incubation time of 9 days, an amount of CZAPEK-DOX (liquid medium) of 6 ml/g bran and an incubation temperature of 33°C, an activity of 50 U/g bran was achieved. The initial pH of the CZAPEK-DOX medium had little effect. Re-incubation of mouldy bran with only fresh CZAPEK-DOX yielded 3 times total activity compared to single-cycle fermentation. As for the effect of the amount CZAPEK-DOX medium, the water constituent contributed more to activity increase than did the salt component. The ARRHENIUS activation energies were 23 and 7.9 kcal/mole below and above the optimum of 33°C, respectively. In all the studies, along with protease production, variation of protein content and specific activity were also observed. Attempts were made to explain the effects and also gauge their implications for large-scale production.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five different chemical reagents and γ-rays were tested for the sanitization of immobilized biocatalysts with high penicillin G acylase (PGA) activity. The most effective chemical reagents were N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol). The optimum concentration of CTAB for the treatment of the immobilized enzyme was 0.25% [w/v] and 1 h, for immobilized cells 0. [w/v] and 3 h. The optimum concentration of thymol for the immobilized enzyme was found to be 0.1% [w/v] and 1 h, for immobilized cells 0.27% [w/v] and 2 h. The optimum dose of γ-rays for the sanitization of the immobilized enzyme was established as 3.2 kGy, for immobilized cells as 4.5 kGy.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 187-187 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 189-201 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain PY1 was isolated from a 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3CBA) degrading anaerobic enrichment culture, using anaerobic Percoll density centrifugation. When grown on pyruvate (20 mM), in the absence of sulphate and under strict anaerobic conditions, this organism converted not only the co-substrates benzoate (BA), 3-amino-BA and 3CBA to the corresponding alcohols but also ten other different halogenated benzoic acids, viz., 4-Cl-, 3-Br-, 4-Br-, 3-I-, 3-F-, 4-F-, 2,4-di-Cl-, 2,5-di-Cl-, 3,4-di-Cl- and 3,5-di-Cl-BA. This was verfied with HPLC and GC/MS spectrometric analyses. The yields of the co-substrate converted after 30 days of growth were between 20% and 88%, depending on the compounds which had been added at initial concentrations of 500 μM. Sulphate, sulphite, thiosulphate and disulphite inhibited the formation of 3-Cl-benzyl alcohol (3CBOH), i.e. a 97 to 99% inhibition, and nitrate and sulphur had no effect (a 7-10% inhibition). In cell-free extracts, the reduction of 3CBA to 3CBOH required strict anaerobic conditions, pyruvate or H2 as electron donors and the addition of methylviologen (MV), FAD, FMN or ferredoxin as electron carriers. The specific activity of the reduction of 3CBA to 3CBOH in crude extract was 5.3 nmol/(mg protein min). The reaction was not inhibited by additions of sulphate or sulphite (5 mM), but was completely inhibited at concentrations of 10 mM 3CBA or 50 mM BA. A carboxylic acid reductase (aldehyde dehydrogenase), which acted on non-activated 3CBA and was responsible for the reduction of 3CBA to 3-Cl-benzaldehyde, was found in the solube fraction (94% of the total activity). These results demonstrate that strain PY1 was able to effectively reduce a wide range of halogenated benzoic acids to the corresponding alcohols.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The GRAM-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis K2-3 and the GRAM-negative Ochrobactrum anthropi K2-14 are capable of synergistically degrading 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB). The two strais execute this task in a symbiotic manner, but the nature of the interaction involved in the degradation is only partially understood as yet. An essential first step in elucidating the interaction is to be able to monitor the two strans separately, at the cellular level, within mixed populations. Therefore a method exploiting fluorescently labelled lectin probes was developed. Since Concanavalin A (Con A) binds specifically to R. erythropolis K2-3, it was selected and linked to the fluoresent dye Bodipy 630/650, which has an excitation maximum in the red part of the visible light spectrum. Forward light scatter (FSC) and DNA fluorescence from both strains were also measured to obtain simultaneous information about their physiological states. The three parameters were conveniently monitored by dual and triple excitation flow cytometry in conjunction with double fluorescent staining techniques. In addition, the strains were identified using an epifluorescence microscope. These techniques were found powerful tools for the population analysis of this mixed bacterial system.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose and scope of this article is to introduce capable zeolites into downstream processing of natural compounds, especially flavour compounds like 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furan-3-one (Furaneol®Furaeol is a registered trademark of FIRMENICH, Ch). The synthesis and the recovery of Furaneol from L-rhamnose are presented. Therefore adsorption isotherms of the zeolites ZSM5 and DAY with varying modules have been determined and adsorption experiments using model and reaction mixtures of Furaneol synthesis were performed and will be discussed.
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  • 26
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 334-334 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The impact of hydrocarbon remediation on several enzyme activities (catalase, dehydrogenase, lipase, protease, urease, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) and microbial properties (biomass-C, respiration, N-mineralization, qCO2, microbial counts) was evaluated in a laboratory study over a period of 10 weeks. A pristine soil was contaminated with diesel oil (10 mg/g soil) or with a mixture of phenanthrene and naphthalene (total amount 1 mg/g soil) and supplemented with inorganic nutrients to give a C:N ratio of 20:1. The corresponding controls consisted of uncontaminated nutrient-supplemented soil. Oil contamination caused a significant initial increase of all biological parameters measured. In the presence of PAHs, biomass-C, respiration, protease activity and heterotrophic counts were significantly enhanced, while urease activity was depressed. N-mineralization was initially, however, reversibly inhibited in the presence of oil and PAHs.The measured parameters behaved differently over time: Biomass-C, respiration and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity reached a maximum activity after about 2-5 weeks, corresponding to the period during which the majority of hydrocarbons disappeared, and declined thereafter to the background level. Activities of catalase and dehydrogenase also followed this pattern, however, were characterized by fluctuations. Activities of lipase, protease, urease and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis increased and remained almost constant throughout the incubation period.
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  • 28
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 351-368 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The action resonance theory (ART), a hypothesis based on a logical extension of EINSTEIN's theory of Brownian movement, suggests that the genotype × environment interaction can be modelled as forceful encounters of the gene-products of an organism with its environment. This model has implications for molecular and cell biology, morphogenesis, evolutionary development via mutation, the mechanism of natural selection and overall function of ecosystems, extending SCHRÖDINGER's programme for molecular biology. Action, a thermodynamic property with the same physical dimensions as angular momentum and PLANCK's quantum of action, is proposed to be reversibly generated as a result of the molecular exchange of quanta, which become resonant at equilibrium, corresponding to an optimum degree of entropy and action for living systems. Because the theory can potentially predict solutions to unsolved problems such as the folding of proteins it has strong implications for successful genetic modification of organisms and for biotechnology in general; the design of a programme of research to test this theory is proposed. A key element in this research programme, improving productivity and sustainability, would be the need to select genetically modified strains in the ecological environment or niche in which they are required to function.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An advanced primary treatment process for a municipal waste water was systematically studied, using a bio-flocculation-adsorption, sedimentation and stabilzation process (BSS). It was shown that the organic removal efficiency was higher than that of the traditional primary treatment processes but lower than that of the traditional secondary treatment processes. Both adsorption and bio-flocculation played an important role in the removal of pollutants. The activated sludge within the bio-flocculation-adsorption tank could be considered a bio-flocculent which improved the quality of the effluent from the primary treatment process. As the effluent of the BSS process did not meet the requirements for a typical secondary effluent, the process may be regarded as an advanced (or enhanced) primary treatment process, suitable for waste water containing a high concentration of suspended solids and colloidal particles.
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  • 31
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using coffee industry residues, viz. coffee husk, coffee leaves and spent coffee ground as substrates in solid state fermentation (SSF) to cultivate edible mushrooms Pleurotus. Eight strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and two strains of Pleurotus sajor-caju were screened on a medium prepared from aqueous extract of coffee husk and agar. Based on best mycelial growth (9.68 mm/day) and biomass production (43.4 mg/plate in 9 days at 24°C), the strain P. ostreatus LPB 09 was selected for detailed studies. SSF was carried out using these substrates under different moisture conditions (45-75%) and spawn rates (2.5-25%). In general, although a 25% spawn rate appeared superior, the 10% spawn rate was recommended for all the three substrates in view of the process economics, as there was not any significant difference in the increase with 10 to 15%. The ideal moisture content for mycelial growth was 60-65% for coffee husk and spent coffee ground, and 60-70% for coffee leaves. The biological efficiency (BE), which is defined as the ratio of the weight of fresh fruiting bodies to the weight of dry substrate, multiplied by 100, and which indicates the fructification ability of the fungus for utilizing the substrate, was best with coffee husk. With coffee husk as the substrate, the first fructification occurred after 20 days of inoculation, and the biological efficiency reached about 97% after 60 days. When coffee leaves were used as the substrate, no fructification was observed even upon prolonged cultivation. With spent ground as the substrate, the first fructification occurred 23 days after inoculation and the biological efficiency reached about 90% in 50 days. There was a significant decrease in the caffeine and tannin contents (61 and 79%, respectively) of coffee husk after 60 days. It was remarkable to observe that caffeine was adsorbed onto the fruiting body (0.157%), indicating that it was not completely degraded by the fungal culture. However, no tannins were found in the fruiting body, indicating that the fungal strain was capable of degrading them. The results showed the feasibility of using coffee husk and spent coffee ground as substrates without any pre-treatment for the cultivation of edible fungi in SSF, and provided one of the first steps towards an economical utilization of these otherwise unutilized or poorly utilized residues.
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  • 32
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 65-65 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fermentation process for manufacturing 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate from renewable raw materials and a method for processing this product into L,L-dilactide are described. Lactic acid fermentation with Lactobacillus paracasei was modified in such a way that pH control occurred by using an aqueous solution of piperazine as a correcting agent instead of sodium hydroxide solution. The production of a stoichiometrically composed piperazinium lactate was possible when the pH was 5.0. From 5.0 kg of glucose and 2.15 kg of piperazine, 6.65 kg of 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate were formed in the fermentation process. Separation from fermentation broth, purification and concentration of the product in aqueous solutions were carried out by means of ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and electrodialysis. Total product retention by the membranes used was about 33%. The crystalline salt was obtained by vacuum evaporation. Processing of the 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate into L,L-dilactide was performed in a special glass reactor. A product yield of 70% was achieved. The purified product was characterized by elementary analysis, as well as solubility behaviour, polarity and spectroscopic data. An overall process consisting of the stages fermentation, purification and concentration of piperazinium dilactate as well as cyclization of the latter to dilactide is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous counter-current chromatographic processes have been successfully used in the petrochemical and sugar industry over the last 30 years. Only recently has simulated moving bed (SMB)-technology attracted widespread interest in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly as a very efficient system for chromatographic enantioseparation. The application of this technique to the downstream processing of biotechnological products requires some specific changes to meet the special demands of bioproduct isolation. Production processes are set up on an multi-ton scale, for example, for the purification of fructose with both yield and purity higher than 90%. Examples for other mono- and oligosaccharides are reported. In the purification of fatty acids or fat soluble vitamins, SMB technology under supercritical fluid conditions gives additional benefits and increases the productivity by a factor of four when a pressure gradient is applied. Another field of operation is the isolation of drug compounds from natural sources where different batch- and SMB-chromatographic steps could be successfully combined. First examples are reported for cyclosporine A and paclitaxel isolation. Finally, step-gradient elution modes can be used continuously, as demonstrated for the isolation of monoclonal antibodies.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 235-274 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A quite unconventional, innovative scientific methodology called “macroscopic pattern analysis” is presented in this paper. This approach is more adequate in the case of complex systems than the well-known microscopic, mechanistic approach. Complex systems are not only attracting more engineering interest, but their scientific treatment is increasingly wanted by society due to the manifold problems in Earth's ecosphere. The macroscopic pattern approach will be explained in depth and illustrated in some case studies from the ecosphere (sustainability, hurricanes and avalanches), where nature serves as a teacher for the solution of the sustainability problem. Then, a series of case studies on macropatterns are described showing the problem-solving capacity for anthropo- and technosphere: sustainability in society with an index of sustainability, the eco-social market economy with eco-tech as an instrument, biokinetics, bioreactor mixing and integrated bioprocessing with models, design of cars and houses and even quality of life as an attempt to quantify macropatterns.The innovations are briefly compared in their problem-solving capacity with known approaches such as the microscopic method in science, technology and society (free market economy), including the evaluation of other indices and cleaner production, industrial ecology and zero emission initiative. Finally, a deeper integration of sciences, ethics, arts and nature will be introduced based on the vision with macroscopic pattern analysis, where the different domains of human life are integratable to effect a reconciliation.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 38
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Preliminary results on the novel use of the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (ATCCJ 3598 and ATCC33020) for the micro-machining (or biomachinig) of metals are reported. Biomachning is a controlled microbiological process to selectively form microstrucutures on a metal work-piece by metal removal (or dissolution) using microorganisms. Applying copper and mild steel as work-pieces, it was shown that the mass removed increased proportionately with machining time. In another experiment, the work-pieces were coated with organic photo-resistive materials to mask (i.e. protect) certain regions of the metlas, thereby defining the microstructure to be formed. The unmasked regions were successfully biomachined; the final machined profile was shown to be similar to the coating image on the original metal. Although biomachining proceeded at a slower rate than chemical machining, the undesired leaching of the metal in the region under the masked area (termed undercutting) was not as severely encountered when compared with the latter. This work demonstrates the potential use of microorganisms for the biomachining of metals. As a “green process”, the innovative use of T. ferrooxidans for the micro-machining of metals opens up the possibility of biomachining as an alternative to conventional metal processing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing requirements in wastewater treatment have led to the development of new wastewater treatment processes based on the know-how and experience in reaction and process engineering of the chemical industry. Due to their compactness, closed operation and high flexibility, these new processes show a large potential for process integration and significant cost reduction in particular for highly polluted industrial wastewaters.This paper discusses the HCR (high-performance compact reactor) - process, developed at the Mass Transfer Laboratory of the Technical University of Clausthal within the last decade. This process has been realized in more than 30 technical applications with a volume loading of up to 70 kg COD/m3 d and an energy consumption of about 0.4 kWh per kg CODelim.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 203-218 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The recent upsurge in information technology has provided the international community with an easy access to professional journals (e.g. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology at http://www.ejb.org; etc.), discussion groups (e.g. bioenergy@cret.org; digestion@crest.org; etc.) and recently to electronic international conferences (e.g. ICIBS; http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidbiotech, etc.) as well as a series of biotechnological information material (e.g. http://www.psrast.org, etc.) to stay in contact and receive up-to-date information in biotechnology. There is no doubt that this new technology will be more cost effective in future and reach more people in communities around the globe.This review reports on one such an electronic conference aiming at bridging the communication gap between developed and developing countries. This conference dealt with integrated biosystems and has provided an excellent forum for more than 100 active participants from all regions of the world. As has been demonstrated in this review, the conference was able to show the very different approaches towards the use of biotechnology in developed and developing countries, cold and tropical climate regions owing to their different ecological, economical and societal problems. It also demonstrated very clearly that the field of molecular genetics and/or genetic engineering is not a priority issue in developing countries, but rather the need for clean technologies, multiproduct formation through socio-economic integrated biosystems, e.g. incorporating microbial waste management into agro-industries, in human activities and their roles in creating better health conditions, a better environment and sustain development.It is hoped that this review will lead to a greater use of the electronic facilities available to inform and educate both the northern and the southern communities more readily of their needs and requirements to improve understanding and efforts for a sustainable future.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the growing utilization of renewable raw materials, the technical use of lignocellulosic fibres from wood and other annual plant materials is becoming increasingly important. The conventional production process of fibreboards is characterized by high-energy consumption and use of ecologically insecure synthetic lesins. Approximately 40 to 45% of the total energy expenditure are used for the thermo-mechanical pulping. Because of high plastication temperatures, an inactive lignin crust on the fibre surface is formed. For that reason, for glueing of the fibres, urea formaldehyde and melamin resins are usually used. The costs for the resin amount to approximately 50% of the entire material costs. In addition, environmental problems are caused. The aim of our investigation is the reduction of energy and resin consumption by enzymatic modification of wood chips and the enzymatic activation of the inherent bonding strength of the material. The first industrial use of fungi for the modification of wood was in the production of “Myco wood”. Pleurothus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor were applied for nonsterile delignification of beech wood. The present investigation of the authors deals with the mycological pre-treatment of wood chips in order to reduce the energy consumption during wood pulping. The screening results favour the brown rotter Gleophyllum trabeum for pinewood (Pinus silvestris) and the white rotter Trametes hirsuta for beech (Fagus silvatica). Both species show resistance against mould fungi. The use of submerged inoculum of these fungi has the advantage over wheat inoculum that the lag phase is less than 12 hours and that the addition of nutrients or fungicides is not necessary. Short-time wood chip incubation results in a 40% decrease of energy consumption during thermo-mechanical pulping and in improved fibreboard properties. Lignin reduction could not be determined by gravimetrical and x-ray microanalysis.Comparative investigations of fibre incubation using laccase, a submerged culture of Trametes versicolor and rape straw fibres show a high increase in bending and tensile strength and an improvement in the hygroscopic properties of glue-free fibre boards for the last two incubation kinds. Similar effects have been obtained incubating pine wood fibres for the production of fibre sheets with enzyme medium of Trichoderma reseei.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 335-350 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the 20th century, important relationships developed between the oil industry and both microbiological and biotechnological research. Basic microbiological research has played an important role in both the exploration and production sectors of the oil industry, but as the maturity of the industry has progressed, such contributions have been relegated with respect to their importance. With respect to refining and petrochemicals manufacture, process routes have been extensively researched, but only rarely have the biotechnological solutions developed satisfied the economic criteria that resulted in major investment. In fact, situations exist where investment has occurred, but project life was unrealistically short, suggesting a need for extreme caution when evaluating biotechnological processes for the oil industry. However, as far as engineered processes for both biotreatment and bioremediation are concerned, the fundamental research that has underpinned other areas of hydrocarbon microbiology will finally prove to be of both technical and economic value, in ensuring that the essential needs of treatment, rather than disposal, and restoration, rather than environmental destruction, can be satisfied by the oil and other industries involved in both geochemical manipulation and natural resource exploitation.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of different growth-limiting factors - namely the sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the dilution (growth) rate - on the ice-nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringe CCM 4073 was studied. A higher ice-nucleation activity was observed at a lower dilution (growth) rate (D = 0.1 h-1) than at a higher dilution (growth) rate (D = 0.3 h-1). Remarkable differences in ice-nucleation activity were found in its dependence on the growth-limiting factor. The highest ice-nucleation activity was observed under carbon limitation (T90 = -2.7°C), a medium activity under nitrogen limitation (T90 = -5°C) and lowest activity under phosphorus limitation (T90 = -12.3°C). After the addition of excess nitrogen or phosphorus to steady-state cultures, the ice-nucleation activity was restored.
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  • 44
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 357-363 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An alternative microbiological method for the production of malate from fumarate is presented. The yeast Dipodascus magnusii was used for this bioconversion.The optimum cell growth temperature was 28°C and the working volume 120 ml. The highest level of fumarase activity during bioconversion was achieved at a pH of 7.5 and a temperature of 37°C. These conditions were determined as optimal. Using sodium fumarate (1M), the maximum specific productivity of malic acid obtained was 1.72 g/(gDCW × h) for intact cells. In the case of ammonium fumarate, it was 2.25 g/(gDCW × h).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethanol has been reported to be a gaseous pollutant, originating from the agricultural industry. Interest in its biodegradation has increased over the last two decades. Most of the current studies have focused on its elimination by mixed cultures. This study is part of a broader project intended to utilize Candida utilis strains for gaseous ethanol elimination and to eventually bioconvert them into biomass and/or volatile metabolites. We present here the study of six strains (one from the ATCC and five from the ICIDCA collection) cultivated in a liquid medium, with initial ethanol concentrations of 16 g/l and 32 g/l. At 16 g/l, a maximum ethanol elimination rate of 0.13 g/l × h was obtained in four of the six strains (ATCC 9950, L/375-1, L/375-5 and L/375-10). This rate increased to 0.21 g/l × h with an initial ethanol concentration of 32 g/l. The L/375-5 strain was the best biomass producer (3.3 g/l) at 32 g/l, while the highest ethyl acetate production (0.80 g/l) was obtained with the L/375-1 strain. The L/375-25 and L/375-26 strains which showed very low ethyl acetate production were, by way of contrast, efficient acetaldehyde producers, with 0.54 g/l and 0.66 g/l measured in the broth. While biomass production reached its maximum after two days of culture, the production of acetic acid and ethyl acetate continued during the third day. The results for biomass and metabolite production obtained with the ICIDCA collection strains (L/375-1, L/375-5 and L/375-10) were better than those obtained with the ATCC 9950 strain, although the latter often has been reported to be particularly suitable for metabolite production.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 45-56 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The culture behaviour of Thermus aquaticus was characterized. The response of the bacterium to various carbon (tryptone, glucose, glycerol) and nitrogen sources (yeast extract, NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, leucine, thymine, thiamine, glutamic acid) was studied. Amino acids did not support growth, but CASTENHOLZ salt medium supplemented with yeast extract and glucose or tryptone resulted in good growth and production. A suitable medium composition giving the highest biomass concentration and enzyme yield was developed. The simple medium containing TYE-NaCl resulted in the highest biomass concentration, whereas CASTENHOLZ mineral medium supplemented with tryptone and yeast extract gave the highest specific activity and enzyme yield. The effect of inoculum age and size on growth was also investigated in order to improve the yield and process consistency. The use of shake flasks inoculated with precultures at their early or late stationary phase resulted in the same biomass concentration (0.56 ± 0.015 g/l) and similar maximum specific growth rates (0.258 ± 0.003 h-1). Inoculum sizes between 1 and 2.5 per cent were optimal for cell growth. As the other papers on thermophilic microorganisms, including the T. aquaticus YT-1 strain, gave qualitative information on growth, the results presented here cannot be compared with others on a quantitative basis. TaqI endonuclease was purified using a 5 step protocol including cell disruption, adsorption, precipitation, column chromatography and final dialysis. The enriched fraction had a specific activity of 33,600 U TaqI endonuclease per mg protein.
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  • 47
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die heutigen Wälder, die man in Europa vorfindet, waren nicht immer dort. VOr 22000 Jahren - im Hochglazial - gab es nur im Mittelmeergebiet die klimatischen Voraussetzungen für das Wachstum von Bäumen. Allerdings waren dies meist keine dichten Wälder, sondern Steppen mit einzelnen Baumgruppen. Das bedeutet jedoch, daß die heute in Europa wachasenden Bäume während der letzten 12000 Jahre - also seit dem Ende der letzten Eiszeit - nach Mittel- und Nordeuropa eingewandert sein müssen. Am Beispiel der Waldbäume Eiche (Quercus), Hainbuche (Carpinus), Fichtet (Picea) und Tanne (Abies) soll diese Einwanderung aufgezeigt werden.
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  • 48
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 6-11 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Irgendwie wird niemand mehr richtig glücklich mit der Wissenschaft, so erfolgreich sie auch ist und so sehr unsere alltäglichen Verrichtungen von ihren Ergebnissen und Lieferungen auch abhängen. Das Verständnis der öffentlichen Beobachter nimmt trotz aller Bemühungen nicht zu, sondern ab, und die professionellen Betreiber sehen sich unentwegt nach ihrer Verantwortung gefragt und in ethische Debatten verstrickt. Die ursprüngliche Idee, daß Wissenschaft nur gut sein kann, hat massiv an Überzseugungskraft verloren, und dieser Verlust tritt deshalb besonders deutlich hervor, weil man spürt, wie die alte Basis der Rationalität brüchig geworden ist, ohne einen neuen Grund zu erkennen, auf den man in Zukunft bauen kann. Dabei übersehen wir ein Fundament, auf dem Menschen immer schon gestanden haben und zu dem sie also auch zu jeder Zeit wieder zurückkommen können.
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  • 49
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 55-55 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 50
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 56-57 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 60-60 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 52
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 53
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die fossile Überlieferung aus den letzten präkambrischen Jahrmillionen deutet darauf hin, daß gelatinös organisierte Formenj, also quallenähnlich gebaute Organismen, die das marine Pelagial (den freien Wasserkörper des Meeres) besiedelten ‘3’. Was sie dort vorfanden war jedoch wenig labensfreundlich. Zwar wimmelte das Meer von bakterien und Protozoen, aber im wesentlichen waren die riesigen Wasserräume leer und unbesiedelt. Crustaceen und andere Organisationsformen waren - wenn die Befunde stimmen - noch in der Entwicklungsphase beziehungsweise noch nicht zu der pelagischen Lebensweise übergegangen. Wie überlebten die quallenförmigen Organismen in dieser Umwelt, und warum leben sie noch heute in allen Bereichen des Meeres, von der Flach- bis in die Tiefsee, von den Polen bis zu den Tropen? Der pelagische Lebensraum beinhaltet Tausende von Arten, die viel “höher” organisierten Gruppen angehören, die schneller und kräftiger sind. Wieso wurden die gelatinösen Plankter nicht in irgendeine skurrile Nische gedrängt oder über die Konkurrenz völlig ausgeschaltet? Mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen finden wir in der Gegenwart.
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  • 54
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 117-117 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Als Fertilitätsrate bezeichnet man die Zahl der Geburten pro Frau in ihrer Lebensspanne. Wenn Zu- Oder Abwanderung in einer Population gering sind, läßt eine Fertilitätsrate von 2,0 eine konstante Bevölkerungszahl erwarten. Bei der Entwicklung der Erdbevölkerung beobachtet man in den industrialisierten Ländern derzeit keinen Anstieg. Die Fertilitätsrate liegt in den USA bei 2,1 und in Europa durchschnittlich bei 1,4. Mit 1,2 und 1,15 haben Italien und Spanien dabei die weltweit niedrigsten Fertilitätsraten. Somit ist örtlich sogar ein Bevölkerungsrücksgang zu erwarten. Auch in ostasiatischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südasien und in afrikanischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südlich der Sahara finden wir jedoch nach wie vor relativ hohe Gebeurtenraten. Im westafrikanischen Nigeria liegt die Fertilitätsrate bei 6,3. Für Indien und Pakistan werden Werte von 3,5 und 5,6 angegeben. Es gibt also noch viele Regionen mit einer hohen Fertilitätsrate. Manche Wissenschaftler gehen sogar davon aus, daß sich die Zahl entsprechender Staaten eher noch erhöhen wird ‘7’. Deshalb weichen auch die Schätzungen voneinander ab, bei welcher Bevölkerungszahl Wachstumsstillstand eintreten wird. Viele Demographen gehen davon aus, daß sich die Erdbevölkerung bis zum Jahr 2050 bei 10 Milliarden stabilisieren wird ‘9’. Andere schätzen, daß danach ein weiterer Ansteig auf etwa 12 Milliarden menschen zu erwarten ist ‘7’. Der Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen in den industrialisierten Ländern wurde mit kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen erzielt, die uns schon lange zur Verfügung stehen und die gut eingeführt sind. Auf den ersten Blick Sch eint es somit aus bevölkerungspolitischer Sicht auf dem Gebiet der Kontrazeption keinen zwingenden Bedarf für Neuentwicklungen zu geben. Dennoch sind Forschungsaktivitäten im Gang, die auf eine pharmakologische Kontrazeption beim Mann gerichtet sind. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden neben den traditionellen Möglichkeiten, die dem Mann zur Kontrazeption offenstehen, der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund und der Entwicklungsstand einer “Pille für den Mann” vorgestellt.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. X 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 151-157 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Generell ist der Markt für gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen und daraus hergestellte Produkte in den letzten Jahren gewachsen. In Deutschland zeigen sich indessen eher verhaltene Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung ‘3’. Die wirtschaftliche Entfaltung der Gentechnik und Biotechnologie ist in Deutschland noch gering. Als ein Maß für den Entwicklungsstand der Gentechnik in der Pflanzenzüchtung ‘2’ und damit unter anderem auch deren Auswirkung auf die Futter- und Lebensmittelproduktion kann die Anzahl von Freisetzungsvorhaben mit gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) gelten. Von den rund 1300 Freisetzungsvorhaben im Bereich der EU entfallen 90 auf Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu den anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten rangiert Deutschland damit auf dem siebenten Platz.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 188-188 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vielfalt in allen Erscheinungsformen kennzeichnet schon die unbelebte und in noch stärkerem Maße die belebte Natur. Dagegen drängt die Nutzung von Naturkräften durch den Menschen, insbesondere in ihren weiter entwickelten und technisierten Formen stets auf Vereinfachung. So werden landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen bei ein- bis mehrjähriger Nutzung im Regelfall in Reinkultur angebaut, ganz im Gegensatz zur standorttypischen Artenvielfalt eines natürlichen Pflanzenbestandes. Lediglich die verbliebene Unkrautflora erinnert dann and die ursprüngliche Artenvielfalt einer Pflanzengesellschaft. Es kommt hinzu, daß sich landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau auf nur wenige anbauwürdige Kulturpflanzenarten konzentriert. Weltweit nimmt das Ackerland etwa 10 % der Landoberfläche der Erde ein, die mit nur etwa 30 Kulturpflanzenarten von überregionaler Bedeutung bestellt werden. Allein 37,4% davon sind dem Anbau von nur dreif für die Ernährung der Menschheit besonders bedeutsamen Arten (Weizen, Resi und Mais) gewidmet. In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig sogar 33% der Landoberfläche als Ackerland genutzt. Von den insgesamt etwa 14 bei uns häufiger anzutreffenden Kulturpflanzenarten besetzen die drei dominierenden Arten (Winterweizen, Mais und Wintergerste) dabei 48% der Anbaufläche. Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau wird also generell artenarm betrieben.Die zweite Ebene bilogischer Vielfalt im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau stützt sich auf die mehr oder weniger regelmäßige Folge verschiedener in Reinkultur angebauter Kulturpflanzenarten. Bozogen auf die Gesamtfläche eines Betriebes order die Feldflur einer Gemeinde ergibt sich dann noch immer ein abwechslungsreiches Gesamtbild verschiedener Aussaat-, Blühund Erntezeiten. Für artenreiche Fruchtfolgen lassen sich darüber hinaus viele, für die Bodenbewirtschaftung vorteilhafte Argumente anführen. Die hohe Schlagkraft der vollmechanisierten Betriebe und die beliebige Verfügbarkeit von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Verbindung mit artunterschiedlichen Ertrags- und Preisrelationen haben jedoch auf intensive bewirtschafteten Betrieben in günstigen Lagen zu einer oft drastischen Reduktion der Pflanzenproduktion (auf den Anbau von nur noch drei, manchmal sogar nur zwei Arten) geführt, von denen der jeweils höchste Beitrag zur Deckung der Betriebskosten erwartet werden kann.Inzwischen hat sich jedoch die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß die Aufrechterhaltung “biologischer Diversität” ein wesentliches Element zur Sicherung der “Nachhaltigkeit” der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion darstellt. Dies hat in der Konferenz von Rio (1992) im Rahmen der Agenda 21 zum Abschluß einer “Konvention über Biologische Vielfatl” geführt, der auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist.Mit dem Begriff biologische Vielfalt werden in dieser Konvention nicht nur Naturschutzverpflichtungen zur Sicherung des Erhalts bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten übernommen, sondern es geht zu einem wesentlichen Teil auch um die 3. Ebene der biologischen Vielfalt in Form der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb der für die Welternährung grundlegend bedeutsamen Kulturpflanzenarten. In diesem Zusammenhang soll hier gefragt werden, ob mit der Einführung transgener Nutzpflanzen neben ihrem wirtschaftlichem Nutzen auch Risiken für die biologische Vielfatl verbuden sind.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 223-237 
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    Notes: Zu den faszinierendsten “Waffen” im Tierreich gehören die Gifte. Auch viele Insekten setzen Gifte ein, zum Beispiel als Wehrgifte, wie sie von den staatenbildenden sozialen Hymenopteren, den Bienen, Hornissen und Faltenwespen bekannt sind. Die Wirkung dieser Gifte ist aufgrund ihrer medizinischen Bedeutung bereits intensiv untersucht. Über die Art und Weise der Giftinjektion sowie die Wirkungsweise der Gifte solitär lebender Wespenarten, etwa von Weg- und Grabwespen, ist vergleichs weise wenig bekannt. Eine Besonderheit der solitären Wespenarten ist, daß ausschließlich ihre Weibchen Insekten oder Spinnen jagen, um ihre künftige Brut zu versorgen. Spezielle jagdstrategien verringern dabei die Gefahr, daß potentielle Beutetiere die jagenden Wespenweibchen früch zeitig entdecken. Ist ein Beutetier optisch und/oder chemisch identifiziert. wird es je nach Wespenart durch einen oder mehrere Stiche paralysiert (gelähmt). Anfängliches Abwehrverhalten, selbst größerer Beutetiere, wird auf diese Weise unterbunden, und die Opfer können an einen sicheren Ort, ein Nest oder eine umfangreiche Nestanlage mit günstigem Mikroklima, gebracht werden, wo anschließend ein Ei abgelegt wird. Die sich auf ihrem Wirt entwickelnde Larve ist so vor dem Zugriff durch Feinde geschützt.Die an der Beute als Folge eines Stiches zu beobachtenden Giftwirkungen reichen von der vollständigen Paralyse, also dem totalen, in einigen Fällen auch irreversiblen Verlust der Fähigkeit, such zu bewegen, über vielfähigkeit, sich zu bewegen, über vielfältige, durch sas Gift bewirkte auffällige Verhaltensänderungen. Im Hinblick auf das Nervensystem lassen sich peri pher und zentral wirkende Gifte unter sscheiden, wobei der Wirkort durch das Stechverhalten der Wespe vorgegeben sein kann.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 256-256 
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    Notes: No Asbstract.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 260-260 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 268-277 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 292-300 
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    Notes: Zu en vielen Schutz- und Verteidigungsstrategien, die von den Organismen entwickelt wurden, um dem Gefressenwerden zu entgehen, Zählen ein sperrigerwerden der Individuen, die Bildung von Panzern, Stacheln und Dornen, das Produzieren und Speichern von schwerverdaulichen Stoffen und Giften, aber auch die Entwicklung eines komplexen verhaltensrepertoires zur Vermeidung von Freßfeinden ‘8’. Bis zur dieses Jahrhunders glaubte man, daß die der Verteidigung dienenden Maßnahmen dauerhaft seien, also im Laufe der Evolution entstanden sind und im Verlauf ddes Lebens eines Individuums zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zur Ausprägung, gelangen, unabhängig von der gerad herrschenden Bedrohung. Heute wissen wir, daß neben einer solchen kionstitutiven Verteidigung in vielen Organismengruppen auch induzierbare Verteidigungsmechanismen existieren, welche nur dann wirksam werden wenn Freßfeinde im Biotop in größerer Dchte auftreten und somit eine ernstzunehmende Bedrohung darstellen. Das Spektrum induzierbarer Feindabwehrmechanismen ist der Palette der kionstitutiven Abwehrmaßnahmen dabei durchaus sehr ähnlich. Der entscheidende Unterschied ist jedoch der, daß der bedrohte Organismus erst auf ein bestimmtes Signal hin von seinem genetisch festgelegten Schutzmechanismus Gebrauch macht. Dadurch werden die Kostenfür die Feindabwehr minimiert. Neben physikalischen Signalen (wie Licht und Temperatur), welche dem Organismus indirekt Auskunft über den Grad einer aktuellen Bedrohung geben können, spielen von den Freßfeinden abgegebene chemische Signale (Kairomone) eine entscheidende Rollen als Auslöser der induzierbaren Verteidigungsmechanismen. An der Aufklärung der chemischen Natur der Kariomione wird zur Zeit intenxiv gearbeitet.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 307-307 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 309-309 
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    Notes: Seit 1989 organisieren die beiden Zoologen Prof. Dr. H. K. Schminke aus Oldenburg und Prof. Dr. W. Westheide aus Osnabrück im Sommer einwöchige Intensivkurse zur Vermittlung taxonomisch-ökologischer Kenntnisse über einheimische Tiergruppen. BIUZ wollte mehr über diese Kurse und ihre Ziele wissen.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XII 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 318-318 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 336-345 
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    Notes: In den letzten Jahren wurden immer mehr RNA-Editingprozesse entdeckt, welche die Abfolge der Nukleotidbausteine einer RNA nach der Abschrift aus dem zugehörigen Gen variieren. Mit der modifizierten Sequenz der Nukleotide ändert sich natürlich auch der Informationsgehalt der RNA - eine Proteinsequenz ist damit in diesen Fällen nicht mehr vollständig aus der DNA-Sequenz vorhersagbar. Teilweise verändert sich ein RNA-Molekül durch Editing so sehr, daß der Zusammenhang zwischen RNA und dem entsprechenden Gen in der DNA überhaupt nicht mehr zu erkennen ist.Inzwischen sind bei vielen verschiedenen Eukaryoten viele Spielarten des RNA-Editing bekannt. RNA-Editing kann einzelne oder mehrere Nukleotide einfügen und andere entfernen. Manche reife “richtige” mRNA ist in Trypanosomen nach dem RNA-Editing mehr als doppelt so lang wie die ursprüngliche Kopie des Gens. In anderen Fällen, insbesondere bei den höheren Eukaryoten von Moos bis Maus, verändern Desaminierungsreaktionen einzelne Basen in ihrer Identität. An spezifischen Orten einer RNA entsteht dabei aus einem Cytidin ein Uridin oder aus einem Adenosin- ein Inosinnukleotid. Sind diese Veränderungen in den mRNA-Editing in den mitochondrialen mRNAs der Pflanzen zur Regel. Hier ist praktisch jede mRNA vom RNA-Editing betroffen, das die vererbte Information an bis zu 1000 Positionen in den mRNAs korrigiert.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 371-371 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 374-374 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 377-377 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 126-126 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XI 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 200-207 
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    Notes: Es ist schon erstaunlich: Man setzt sich eine einfache Brille auf, die als “Gläser” zwei farblose Folien enthält, und schon spielt die räumliche Sehwelt verrückt. Farbige Felder in bunt gemusterten Flächen springen in der Wahrenhmung auf uns zu, und andere weichen zurück. Betrachtet man eine Person vor dunklem Hintergrund, die einen roten Pullover and eine blause Hose anhat, so sieht man die obere Hälfte viel näher als die untere. Und noch verrückter: Ähnlich wei bei Michael Endes “Scheinriese” Tur-Tur ‘1’ nimmt der Tiefeneindruck zu, je weiter man sich von dem betrachteten Objekt entfernt. Wie kommt dieser Effekt zustande?Das Grundprinzip der ChromaDepth-Brille (C3DTM glasses), die von der Firma Chromatek in Georgia/USA hergestellt wird, ist die Farbdispersion: Rotes Licht wird durch das Gitter der brillenfolie stärker seitlich abgelenkt (gebeugt) als blaues Licht (Abbildung 1). Das dies für beide Augen gegensinnig erfolgt, ergeben sich Bildunterschiede zwischen rechtem und linkem Auge; Disparitäten, die das Sehsytem im Gehirn wie gewohnt als Raumtiefe deutet(Farbtiefeneffekt, Abbildung 2) Deshalb seiht man mit der ChromaDepth-Brille bunt gemusterte Flächen räumlich, genauer formuliert: Setzt man die Brille auf, so springen die Bilder, die wir mit unseren beiden Augen sehen, etwas aufeinander zurote Bildteile mehr, blaue weniger, Die Folge ist: Vor dunklem hintergrund erscheinen rote Flachen näher als blaue. Vor hellem Hintergrund ist es genau umge Kehrt: Rot erscheint hinter Blau. Das Ausmaß der wahrogenommenen Tiefe ist beträchtlich. So scheint der rote Fleck eines Laser-Pointers, auf eine vier Meter entfernte weiße Wand fällt, 110 Zentimeter vor dieser Wand in der Luft zu schweben. Im einzelnen kan der Sachverhalt sehr kompliziert sein. Auch wenn wir meinen, eine bestimmte Farbe zu sehen, handelt es sich in Wirklichkeit meist um ein kompliziertes Gemisch verschiedener Wellenlängen, die alle mit der ChromaDepth-Brille auseinan-dersortiert werden und ganz unerwartete Tiefenstaffelungen erzeugen können.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 247-249 
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    Notes: Goethes eigenständige Untersuchungen zur Pflanzenchemie verknüspfen seine botanischen Studien mit seinen Arbeiten zur Farbenlehre. Bereits im Sommer 1796 begann er unter dem Einfluß von Alexander von Humboldt, die Wirkung des Lichts auf Pflan zen zu untersuchen. Zwanzig Jahre später protokollierte er die Experimente mit Pflanzenextrakten in seinem Notizbuch. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden erst als nachgelassene Schriften 1906 veröffentlicht.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 255-255 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 266-266 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 286-291 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Kein Schiff überquert sden Ozean ganz ohne blinde passagiere. Muscheln undAsseln bohren sich in Holzplanken. Algen und Seepocken heften sich mi Unterwasserbereich an die Schiffsrümpfe. Planktische sporen und Larven gelangen in das Ballastwasser, das jedes moderne Schiff zur Stabilisierung mit sich führt ‘1 und 3’. Je größer und schneller ein Schiff ist, desto, besser ist dies für die unbeachteten Tramper der Weltmeere. Wer solch eine lange Seereise überlebt, ist auch widerstands- und anpassungsfähig genug, um sich an neuen Küsten zurechtzufinden (Abbildung 2). Günstige Gelegenheiten zur Mitreise ergeben sich auch, wenn Austern oder andere Meerestiere für die Weiterzucht an ferne Küsten versandt werden. Solch ein Handel hat weltweit zugenommen, ebenso wie der interkontinentale Schffsverkehr. Diese Entwicklung führte dazu, daß mehr und mehr Arten zu Bewohnern weit voneinander entfernter Küsten wurden. Der mensch half die natürlichen Ausbreitungsbarrieren zu überwinden und leitete eine Globalisierung der Lebensgemeinschaften an den Küsten ein. - Welchen Umfang aber hat dies im Bereich der Nordsee angenommen? - Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich? - Kann und soll dieser Trend aufgehalten werden? - Diese brisanten Fragen stellen sich weltweit für die Meeresküsten und ebenso auch für die Süßwasser und das Land ‘11-13’.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 59-60 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 58-58 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 61-61 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 88
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nach dem Grundsatz “Vermeiden geht vor Wiederverwertung oder Recycling und letzteres vor Ablagerung auf einer Deponie”, schreibt das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 3 zwingend die Wiederverwertung von Wertstoffen vor. Schlacke aus Müllheizkraftwerken (MHKWs) wird vom Gesetzgeber als ein Wertstoff klassifiziert und unterliegt damit dem Wiederverwertungszwang. Verwendung findet die MHKW-Schlacke im Straßenbau als Ersatz für Sand und als Versatzmaterial in au fgelassenen Bergwerken. Während der letztere Verwendungszweck relativ unumstritten, wenn auch sehr teuer ist, stößt der erstere auf herbe Kritik seitens ökologisch orientierter Gruppen, insbesondere wegen des hohen Schwermetallgehalts der MHKW-Schlacke. Dieses geschieht unbeschadet der Tatsache, daß der Einsatz von Schlacke als Baumaterial starken Einschränkungen unterliegt, die insbesondere einen Kontakt der Schlacke mit Grundwasser und Niederschlägen und damit eine Elution ausschließen ‘6’. In Zukunft dürfte die Schlackeproblematik noch mehr als bisher Gegenstand umweltpolitischer Disku ssion sein, da ab dem Jahre 2005 alle herkömmlichen Hausmülldeponien für unverbrannten Restmüll de facto geschlossen werden. Dieses wird zwangsweise zu einer vermehrten Verbrennung von Restmüll und somit zu einer verstärkten Schlackeproduktion führen. Damit erhebt sich erneut die Frage nach der Wiederverwendung von Schlacke und damit nach ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit. Als sowohl ökonomisch als auch ökologisch vertretbare Alternativen stehen bislang nur neue kostengünstige Formen der Deponierung im Raum. Der folgende Artikel befaßt sich mit dem Pro und Contra der Wiederverwendung von MHKW-Schlacke aus Sicht der Pflanzenphysiologie und gibt eine Übersicht über die Streßfaktoren, denen Pflanzen bei der Kultur auf Schlacke ausgesetzt sind.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 98-109 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seen mit Wasser, so sauer wie verdünnte Essigsäure, so sauer wie manche Kraterseen, gibt es solche Seen in Deutschland? Ja, sie gibt es, und zwar sogar recht zahlreich in den alten und vor allem in den neuen Bundesländern. Alle diese Seen sind künstlicher Natur und treten im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbau von Bodenschätzen auf. Durch diesen Vorgang werden tiefere Schichten des Deckgebirges belüftet und mit Wasser versorgt, so daß eine chemische und vor allem mikrobiologische Oxidation von reduzierten Schwefelkver bindungen (Sulfiden) einsetzen kann. Dieselben Vorgänge laufe auch auf und in den Abraumhalden ab. Sulfide sind sehr häufige Begleiter von Braun- oder Steinkohlevorkommen. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Wasserkontaminationen im mitteldeutschen und Lausitzer Raum ist in der Tat mit der Braunkohleförderung verbunden. Ferner sind die meisten, abbauwürdigen Metallvorkommen ebenfalls in sulfidischen Erzen zu finden, so daß deren Abbau zu denselben Oxidation führt, die international als Als Mine Drainage bezeichnet werden.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 118-120 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Vielfalt des Lebens zu beschreiben, zu verstehen und zu bewahren gehört zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies ist mittlerweile auch auf allen Ebenen, regional, national wie international, erkannt und wird prioritär behandelt. Senckenberg ist in Deutschland eines der größten Institute, das diese Aufgabe mit neuem Schwung angeht. Die dabei entwickelte Infrastruktur steht getreu den Grundsätzen der “Blaue-Liste-Finanzierung” dem ganzen Land zur Verfügung.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 121-124 
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 92
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 125-125 
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  • 93
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VIII 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
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    Topics: Biology
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 218-222 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Scheinbar hat es Vortelie, Zwitter zu sein. Die Erstbesiedlung neuer oder gestörter lebensräume wird durch die Möglichkeit zur Selbstbefruchtung vereinfaht oder bei Abwesenheit von Sexualpartnern sogar erst möglich. Aus einem einzigen Samen einer selbstbestäubenden Pflanze kann sich bei gleichzetig hoher Reproduktionsrate, schnell eine große Population aufbauen. Viele kleine Brassicaceen (Kreuzblülter), wie etwa die Ackerschmalwand Arabidopsis thaliana, sind dafür gute Beispiele. Doch uneingeschränkte Selbstbefruchtung hat offensichtliche Nachtelie. Ungünstige Mutationen häufen sich im Genom an, und die durch Durchmischung des Erbgutes bewirkten heterosiseffekte entfalten sich nicht. Daher finden sich in etwa der Hälfte aller pflanzenfamilien Arten, bei denen Selbstbefruchtung (Autogamie) ausgeschlossen ist ‘5’. Verbreitete Mechanismen, die eine Allogamie (Frembdefruchtung) begünstigen, sind unterschiedliche Reifezeitpunkte und -orte der weiblichen und mänlichen gameten auf einer Pflanze oder die Diözie (Zweihäusigkeit), bei der weibliche und männliche Gameten auf unterschiedlichen Individuen gebildet werden. Weiterhin gibt es eine Vielzahl morphologischer Barrieren, die das zufällige Bestäuben mit dem eigenen Pollen behindern und Pflanzen häufig an Tiere als Pollenüberträger von Blüte zu Blüte binden. “Echte” selbstinkompatible pflanzen können den eigenen Pollen oder den der “näheren Verwandtschaft” erkennen und abn der Befruchtung hindern, sie sind aber nicht etwa steril, wie der früher gebrächliche Begriff Selbststerilität nahelegte, da sie fertile Gameten bilden. Erkannt wurde das Phänomen schon 1764 von Köreuter für die Königskerze Verbascum phoenichicum, doch die erste eingehende Analyse und Zusammen fassung dieser Daten und eigener Befunde erfolgte später (1867) durch Charles Darwin. Er erkannte als erster, daß die beobachtete Unfruchtbarkeit durchaus als “Begabung” angesehen werden kann.Viele landwirtschaftlich genutzte Arten sind heute selbstkompatibel, weil im Laufe ihrer Kulturgeschichte die Selbstinkompatibilitäts- Mechanismen verlorengegangen sind oder bewuß darauf verzichtet wurde. Dies hat gute Gründe: Einer davon ist vor allem eine Ertragssteigerung durch die ungehinderte (Selbst-) Befruchtung. Allerdings ist mit solchen Pflanzen die Produktion von Hybridsaatgut zur, “Handarbeit” des Züchters geworden. Im Zeitalter teurer menschilcher Arbeitskraft hat daher jede Art von Pollensterilität nicht zu unter schätzende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung gewonnen. Die (Rück-) Übertragung eines funktionierenden Selbstinkomatibilitätssystems auf kulturpflanzen erscheint hier als ein Lösungsweg, insbesondere da solche Pflanzen weiterhin fertilen Pollen produzieren könnten, also nicht steril wären. Allerdings ist man heutzutage noch zu weit von einem umfassenden Verständnis der natürlichen Selbstinkompatibilitäts Systeme entfernt, um deren übertragung auf selbstkompatible Methoden, erreichen zu Können.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 250-254 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nur bei wenigen Wachstumsprozessen wird eine so groß Genauigkeit gefordert und erreicht wie bei der Abstimmung der Augenlänge auf die Brennweite von Linse und Hornhaut. Wenn das Auge um nur ein Prozent zu lang ist, besteht bereist eine Kurzsichtigkeit (Myopie) von fast einer Dioptrie (dpt). Dabei fällt die Sehschärfe in der Ferne auf etwa ein Drittel. ab. Ist das Auge daggen zu kurz (Weitsichtigkeit-Hyperopie), so kann man zwar in der Ferne meist noch gut sehen, aber die Arbeit in der Nähe wird schwierig, weil mehr Akkommodation aufgebracht werden muß. Die hat nichts mit der “Alterweitsichtigkeit” (Presbyopie) zu tun, wo zwar der Bau des Auges normal ist, aber der altersbedingte Verlust der Akkommodation scharfes Sehen in der Nähe unmöglich macht.Beim Menschen, einigen Afen und Vögeln erreicht die Abbildungsgüte im Bereich der Stelle des schärfsten Sehens (Fovea) die Grenze der physikalischen Möglichkeiten. Nicht optische Schwächen oder Ungenauigkeiten im Bau des Auges, sondern die Lichtbeugung an der Pupille, die zwangsläufig aus den Welleneigenschaften des Lichtes folgt, begrenzen weitere Auflösung. Es ist schwer vorstellbar, wie diese Genaukeit erreicht werden kann, wenn nicht eine Steuerung des Wachstums durch einen rückgekoppeltn Regelkreis erfolgt, der sein Fehlersignal aus dem Netzhautbild entnimmt. Bis vor wenigen Jahren herrschte dennoch die Meinnung vor, daß das Augenlängenwachstum weitgehend genetisch bestimmt ist. Inszwischen ist aber durch Experimente mit brillentragenden Hühnern und Affen gezigt worden, daß “normale” Seherfahrung tatsächlich Voraussetzung für genaues Wachtsum ist. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, ber bisherige Ergebnisse lassen Schlüsse über mögliche Ursachen von Kurzsichtigkeit zu.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 353-363 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Verbrennung von großteils fossilen Kohlenstoffverbindungen hat seit Beginn der industriellen Revolution einen Anstieg der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre von nahezu 30% bewirkt. Aus im Polareis eingeschlossenen Luftblasen ist bekannt, daß sich die Konzentration von 190 ppm (parts per million) zum Höhepunkt der letzten Eiszeit auf etwa 290 ppm um 1800 und heute durchschnittlich 364 ppm erhöht hat ‘;42’. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten ist die Zunahme der CO2-Konzentration in der Atomosphäre durch kontinuierliche Messungen belegt. Aufgrund der Eisbohrkerne wissen wir auch, daß der CO2-Pegel im Laufe der letzten 45000 Jahre immer zwischen 1990 und 290 ppm pendelte und nie aus dieser 100 ppm Bandlbreite ausbrach (Abbildung 1).
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 372-373 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 364-370 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bioindikatoren sind lebende Anzeiger für Umweltfaktoren. Flechten, die vordergründig unscheinbaren Doppelwesen aus Pilz und Alge, können auskunft über das Ausmaß der Luftbelastung einer Region geben. SIe werden in der Umweltüberwachung neben anderen Bioindikatoren unter Verwendung teilweise hoch standardisierter Verfahren eingesetzt. Mit entsprechender Anleitung können jedoch auch Schülerinnen und Schüler der Jahrgangsstufen 10 bis 13 oder erwachsene Laien Flechtenkartierungen durchführen und so Information über den Zustand der Luftqualität ihrer Region erhalten. Die gewonnenen Daten bieten eine gute Grundlage für weiterführend Auswertungen und Arbeiten im Bereich Stadt- oder Landschaftsökologie (Abbildung 1).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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