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  • 1980-1984  (839)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1900-1904  (1,031)
  • 1890-1899  (784)
  • 1980  (839)
  • 1903  (1,031)
  • 1892  (784)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (2,572)
  • Electron microscopy
Material
Years
  • 1980-1984  (839)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1900-1904  (1,031)
  • 1890-1899  (784)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 229 (1980), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Gonadotroph hormones ; Pathology ; Pituitary adenoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 57-year-old woman, with long-standing hypogonadism secondary to irradiation of the ovaries, was found to have a pituitary tumor which was removed and investigated by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy. Histologically, the tumor corresponded to a chromophobe, slightly PAS positive adenoma and the immunoperoxidase stain revealed the presence of both FSH and LH in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. The structural features of the adenoma cells resembled those of FSH cells in the nontumorous adenohypophysis. We thus believe that pituitary adenomas consisting of gonadotrophin-producing cells occur and that these may produce both FSH and LH. The relation between the gonadotrophin-producing adenoma and the preceding hypogonadism is uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: TRH-like immunoreactivity ; PAP technique ; Electron microscopy ; Neuronal localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method TRH-like immunoreactivity (TRH-LI) was observed in certain neurons of the central nervous system. Their distribution agreed well with findings previously obtained with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. At the ultrastructural level electron-dense precipitates representing TRH-LI were observed in so-called large dense core vesicles, which were localized both in the cytoplasm of some hypothalamic neuronal cell bodies, as well as in boutons in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. The boutons often seemed to form axo-somatic or axodendritic synapses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Corpus callosum ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase was injected in the right visual cortex and a large electrolytic lesion made in the left lateral geniculate nucleus of an adult cat. Neurons of origin of the callosal projection to the injected cortex were identified by retrograde labelling and selected for electron microscopic study. Degenerating thalamo-cortical axon terminals were found to contact a labelled stellate cell in layer IV and a labelled pyramidal cell in layer III at the border region of areas 17 and 18. We conclude that there is a monosynaptic pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to the cells of origin of callosal axons to the contralateral visual cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 386 (1980), S. 279-291 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial infarction ; Autonomic nerves ; Electron microscopy ; Rat experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of cardiac nerves in myocardial infarction were investigated by electron microscopy after differing intervals in 28 rats. During the first 4 h there are, in non-myelinated nerves within the myocardium, a swelling of the axoplasm with the occurrence of ‘pale’ axons and swelling of axonal mitochondria and neurosecretory granules. After bursting of the axolemma, these are spilled into the adjacent interstitial space. After 4 h first myelin figures are observed, and in some axons an accumulation of neurofilaments takes place. During the second to seventh day an extensive vesicular disintegration of axonal structures develops. Because of regressive changes, axons cannot be identified with certainty within the necrosis. After two or three weeks nerves with lamellar enfoldings of cytoplasmic processes corresponding to Büngner bands can be seen at the infarction border. These nerves may contain only a few residual axons. Myelinated nerves show a mainly vesicular disintegration. The results are discussed with regard to their functional significance and the special conditions of the animal model, in which ligature of the coronary artery may not only produce ischemia, but may also, by simultaneous ligature of the adjacent cardiac nerves, induce Wallerian degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 386 (1980), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oesophagus ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 61-year-old man was operated for a large tumor, 12×4 cm in size, in the lower third of the oesophagus. The tumor had the appearance of a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma showing cross striations by light microscopy and typical sarcomeres by electron microscopy. This is the fifth undisputed oesophageal rhabdomyosarcoma described in the literature and the first examined using electron microscope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glomerulonephritis ; Dense deposit disease ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven cases of glomerulonephritis with dense deposits were selected on the basis of electron microscopic examination performed either on material treated according to conventional techniques (9 cases) or on previously paraffin-embedded material (2 cases). While uniform immuno-histochemical patterns were observed, different features were shown by light microscopy: in only 3 cases were membranoproliferative or lobular patterns present, while in the others a varying degree of mesangial cell proliferation (moderate, mild or even very scanty with focal and segmental distribution) was detected. The generally accepted statement that glomerulonephritis with dense deposits represents a subgroup of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis therefore seems questionable. In addition to several clinical and serological data, these morphological features give further support to the hypothesis that glomerulonephritis with dense deposits is in all respects a peculiar and distinct form of glomerulonephritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytology ; Pituitary ; Pituitary tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Among 343 surgically-removed pituitary adenomas, 56 tumors were unassociated clinically or biochemically with increased hormone secretion and contained no adenohypophysial hormones by the immunoperoxidase technique, except for 10 cases in which a few scattered cells showed positive immunostaining for β-TSH or β-FSH, β-EH, prolactin and/or α-subunit. These tumors were chromophobic adenomas with no PAS, lead hematoxylin or carmoisine positivity and electron microscopy failed to reveal their morphogenesis. The term null cell adenoma of the pituitary is proposed to designate this tumor type. This term recognizes the most obvious features of these tumors: the absence of markers which would permit the disclosure of their cellular origin. Null cells are also found in the nontumorous adeno-hypophysis, suggesting that null cell adenomas derive from preexisting nonneoplastic null cells. The question of whether pituitary null cells are hormonally inactive committed precursors, uncommitted stem cells or dedifferentiated cells remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Amniotic epithelium ; Diabetes mellitus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of human amnion was examined under the light and electron microscopes. Morphologically, the amniotic epithelium in diabetes mellitus differs from that of a normal term specimen by the following characteristics: 1. An increase in the number of β-shaped glycogen granules and lipid droplets; 2. The presence of epithelial areas with dead cells; 3. Thickening of the basal membrane. Areas with dead cells could be identified in the amniotic epithelium of diabetic patients. These were not found in normal term pregnancies nor in other types of high-risk pregnancies, such as non-diabetic hydramnios, rhesus incompatibility, or pretoxaemia/toxaemia. These findings may indicate that the areas are specific to diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pancreatitis ; Human pancreatitis ; Acute necrotizing pancreatitis ; Acinar cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural alterations in pancreatic acini from six patients operated for acute necrotizing pancreatitis are described. One of the patients suffered from biliary tract disease, the rest had excessive alcohol intake as the presumed aetiology. Areas of the pancreatic parenchyma showing oedematous inflammation in light microscopy were studied in the electron microscope. Findings in acinar cells included changes in zymogen granules and an increased autophagocytosis in addition to unspecific organelle alterations. Zymogen granules showed increase in size and number, loss or variation of electron-density and peripheral dissolution. Increased autophagic activity was indicated by several autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies. Acinar lumina were dilated showing effacement of microvilli and invaginations in the luminal plasma membrane of the acinar cells. In acinar lumina and in the interstitium fibrillar material was observed, with an increasing frequency in those areas showing severe cellular disintegration. These findings suggest: 1) an increased activity of zymogen granules, 2) an increased autophagocytosis, and 3) penetration of acinar luminal contents into the interstitium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial ischaemia ; Membrane permeability ; Horseradish peroxydase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sarcolemmal membrane permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase HRP (MW=40,000) was examined in 8 Wistar rats which had temporary ischaemia produced by left coronary artery ligation. HRP reaction product was identified following 6 min of circulation time by light and electron microscopy. Controls included 4 uninjected animals with coronary ligation, 2 uninjected animals without myocardial ischaemia and 2 injected non operated rats. In normal myocardium, the tracer permeated endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles, intercellular spaces and intracellular vesicles of the T-tubule system, but never permeated the cytoplasm of myocardium cells. As early as 15 min after coronary artery ligation followed by 6 min of reperfusion with circulation of the tracer, HRP product could be seen in the cytoplasm of muscle cells randomly distributed in the subendocardial area. The quantity of permeated cells increased when the ischaemic myocardium is reperfused during 10 min before injecting the tracer. These data indicate that sarcolemmal membrane alteration is an early event in myocardial ischaemic injury and precede the irreversible cellular degenerative changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Medullary carcinoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases of medullary carcinoma complying with strictly defined criteria have been examined by electron microscopy. These carcinomas are characterised by the presence of light and dark tumour cells which exhibit prominent organelles and well-developed Golgi complexes but lack secretory activity. The essential stromal cellular infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells contains macrophage-lymphocyte clusters suggesting the existence of an immune response. Also present in the stroma are blood vessels lined by high-endothelial cells of the type said to facilitate lymphocyte migration. It is suggested that light and dark tumour cells with well-developed organelles but absent secretory activity, macrophage-lymphocyte clusters and stromal high-endothelial venules represent specific ultrastructure features of typical medullary carcinoma associated with good prognosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Human left ventricle ; Mitral insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 15 biopsies of dilated and hypertrophied human left ventricles in mitral insufficient hearts were morphometrically investigated. On light and electron microscopical level the results were compared with those received from normally loaded human left ventricles and from hypertrophied human left ventricles found in hearts with aortic valve disease. The results demonstrate alterations when compared with the results from normally loaded left ventricles. The differences between normally loaded and volume loaded left ventricles are smaller than those in pressure loaded left ventricles from aortic valve diseased hearts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 67 (1980), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Catecholamine distribution ; Regional catecholamine levels ; Microwave irradiation ; Brain tissue structure ; Histological examination ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Tissue disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently we reported regional levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain following microwave irradiation. In our report, we also compared these levels with those of norepinephrine and dopamine following decapitation. Catecholamine levels following exposure to microwave irradiation significantly increased in several areas. However, whether these increases resulted from compound transfer associated with tissue disruption due to high intensity microwave irradiation was not determined. Sections of corpus striatum and locus coeruleus were examined with a light microscope and the interface of the striatum and the cortex showed no trace of tissue breakdown. Transformed cells, vacuolation, and indications of pyknotic degeneration in the nucleus were found in locus coeruleus after irradiation, but the shapes of these cells were well-defined. Electron microscopic photographs of synapses in the same are showed membrane damage after exposure for 5 s at 1.3 kW, but synaptic vesicles were clearly defined. It was concluded that the increased catecholamine levels were not the result of tissue disruption following rapid heating of the brain by irradiation.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rod-shaped bodies ; Crystalloid inclusions ; Blood vessels ; Endothelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to the usual organelles, endothelial cells of ocular blood vessels and Scheemm's canal in adult and fetal Macaca mulatta, contain two types of inclusions: rod-shaped bodies and crystalloids. The rod-shaped bodies are similar to those first described in arterial endothelia of the rat. They are between 0.2 to 0.35 μm in diameter, up to 2.5 μm in length, and are membrane bounded. The crystalloid inclusions are up to 1.2 μm in diameter and are associated with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Their crystalline lattice consists of subunits, 28 nm in diameter, which are either arranged in rows separated by amorphous matrix or tightly packed in a honeycomb-like lattice. The rod-shaped bodies are much more numerous than the crystalloids; however, both kinds of inclusions are consistently found in both adult and fetal vessels. They represent normal components of ocular vascular endothelia which appear very early in the development of the eye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Dementia ; Aging ; Cortical capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Data concerning width and surface of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries in three patients with Alzheimer's disease five age-matched controls, have been submitted to statistical analysis to ascertain the role of the aging process upon thickening of the basement membrane itself. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls (P〈0.01) as to both width and surface of the basement membrane, so suggesting that in these patients aging was not the only factor which thickening of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries was related to.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blastomyces dermatitides ; North American blastomycosis ; Electron microscopy ; Subplasmalemmal linear density ; Fungal infection of central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy tissue from a cerebellar blastomycoma in a 48-year-old man was studied by electron microscopy. The fine structure of the fungi recapitulated that of the yeast forms described in cultures and culture implants. Mycelial forms were not encountered. The yeasts displayed lamellated cell walls and occasional multinucleation. Persistent broad-based budding with complex membranous profiles related to the cell membrane was prominent. The organisms were found within multinucleated giant cells and macrophages which exhibited subplasmalemmal linear densities and occasional desmosomal junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Uremia ; Hemodialysis ; Kidney transplantation ; Electron microscopy ; Myopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies from 19 patients with chronic renal failure were studied by electron microscopy. Thirteen of the biopsies contained pathological muscle fibers. Myopathic findings, such as autolysis and phagocytosis, were seen in eight. Neurogenic findings, such as small atrophic fibers, were observed in seven. Non-specific changes, such as myofibrillar degeneration, abnormal vacuoles, glycogen accumulation, and lipofuscin pigment were also frequent findings. The structural changes from normal were quantitatively more frequent and qualitatively more severe in the muscles of the hemodialysis patients in comparison with those seen in the other patient groups (diet, transplant).
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Toruloma ; Cryptococcus ; Electron microscopy ; Subplasmalemmal linear density ; Epithelioid cells ; Macrophages ; Granulomatous disease ; Fungal infection of central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy tissue from a human cerebral toruloma was studied ultrastructurally. Numerous yeasts were found within extracellular space and within macrophages or epithelioid cells and demonstrated a prominent mucopolysaccharide capsule. Extensive vacuolization of yeast-bearing macrophages was demonstrated. Coating material lined these vacuoles as well as the surface of these cells where numerous coatacts with lymphocytes were observed. The macjophages further displayed prominent subplasmalemmal linear densities, structures common to epithelioid cells in granulomatous diseases as well as a variety of cells of presumed mesodermal origin.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 49 (1980), S. 85-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ; Muscle biopsy ; Nuclear inclusions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural examination of skeletal muscle biopsies of three typical cases of autosomal dominant inherited oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy showed collections of tubular filaments (8.5 nm in diameter) within muscle fibre nuclei. These filaments appear to be a characteristic morphological feature of oculopharyngeal dystrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rimmed vacuoles ; Lined vacuoles ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rimmed vacuoles (Dubowitz and Brooke 1973) have been found in 12 cases with various neuromuscular diseases and are considered to be autophagic in nature. They consisted of multilaminated membranous structures accompanied by glycogen granules, dense bodies, and amorphous, granular, and fibrillar material. The contents of the vacuoles were regarded as having partially dissolved out of the vacuoles in cryostat sections but some were plastered along the walls of the vacuoles and were depicted by the staining procedures for light microscopy. The “lined vacuoles” described by Carpenter et al. (1978) in inclusion body myositis closely agree with the rimmed vacuoles in respect of histochemical and ultrastructural features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Myelinated dendrites ; Frog ; Motoneuron ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myelinated dendrites — probably of motoneurons — were found in the spinal cord of the frog. It is assumed that the myelin sheath, by increasing the membrane resistance, improves the function of the dendrite as a cable.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hyalinosis of the skin ; Glycosaminoglycan metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; Electron microscopy ; Tissue culture ; Hyalinose der Haut ; Glykosaminoglykan-Stoffwechsel ; Fibroblasten ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Gewebekultur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch biochemische Untersuchungen von hyalinisierten Hauttumoren der systematisierten Hyalinose (juvenile hyaline Fibromatose) zeigte sich eine gesteigerte Chondroitinsulfatsynthese von dermalen Fibroblasten, die sich in einem erweiterten rauhen endoplasmatischen Reticulum darstellt, sowie eine Steigerung des Chondroitinsulfat-Gehaltes im befallenen Hautbereich. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf, daß es sich bei der systematisierten Hyalinose um eine Bindegewebserkrankung handelt, die durch eine abnorme Glykosaminoglykan-Synthese der Fibroblasten charakterisiert ist.
    Notes: Summary Biochemical examinations of a hyalinized skin tumor of systemic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis) revealed an increase in chondroitin sulfate synthesis by skin fibroblasts with an enlarged, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum as well as an increase in chondroitin sulfate content. These results indicate that systemic hyalinosis is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal GAG synthesis of fibroblasts.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Nerve cell injury ; Electron microscopy ; Rat cerebral cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Severe hypoglycemia was induced in rats by insulin. The brain was fixed in situ by perfusion after the spontaneous EEG had disappeared for 30 or 60 min or after recovery had been induced for 30 or 180 min by glucose injection. Samples from the cerebral cortex from the area corresponding to the previous metabolic studies were processed for electron microscopy. The light-microscopic finding of two different types of nerve cell injury, reported in a preceding communication (Agardh et al. 1980), was also verified at the ultrastructural level. The type I injury was characterized by cellular shrinkage, condensation of the cell sap and nuclei, and perineuronal astrocytic swelling. No swelling of mitochondria occurred. The slightly swollen type II injured neurons showed contraction of mitochondria, disintegration of ribosomes, loss of RER, and appearance of membrane whorls, while their nuclear chromatin remained evenly distributed. No transition from one type to the other was observed. Neither type of nerve cell injury in hypoglycemia was like that commonly seen in anoxic-ischemic insults indicating a different pathogenesis in these states despite the common final pathway of energy failure. The loss of endoplasmic membranes and disintegration of ribosomes suggests that these structures might be sacrificed for energy production in the absence of normal substrates. During recovery, though, the number of type I injured neurons decreased while some of the remaining ones appeared even more severely affected, suggesting irreversible damage. Type II injured neurons were no longer seen indicating reversibility of these changes.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral infarction ; Cerebral ischemia ; Collateral sprouting ; Electron microscopy ; Mongolian gerbil ; Terminal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct morphological changes were demonstrated in the contralateral hemisphere in the brains of Mongolian gerbils that were subjected to transient unilateral cerebral ischemia. The alterations were most obvious in a narrow region of the contralateral dentate gyrus (fascia dentata), where commissural inputs to the dentate gyrus are known to form synapses with the dentate granule cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed that these changes were caused by degenerative processes which took place in presynaptic terminals of the commissural inputs. An interesting fact was that the degenerated terminals were detected by light microscopy without the aid of special silver impregnation methods. After 1 week, these alterations almost disappeared, and after 3 months the dentate gyrus was undistinguishable from normal. These results strongly suggest that the changes were closely related to axonal degeneration and subsequent repair mechanisms of the brain. The present study indicates the importance of such anatomo-pathological study to delineate the effect of focal ischemia upon distant areas of the brain.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 41-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Kinky hair syndrome ; Brindled mouse ; Purkinje cell ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronological morphological alterations of the cerebellum, with particular attention to the Purkinje cells, were investigated in the brindled mottled MObr mouse, a neurological mutant mouse with close clinical similarity to Kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans. Seven days post-natally, slight irregularity in the morphology of mitochondria of the Purkinje cell perikarya was the only significant difference between hemizygous MObr mice and litter mate controls. With advancing age the mitochondrial change became more pronounced gradually in the former, not only in the perikarya but also in the dendrites. However, by day 31 or later the mitochondrial change subsided gradually and by day 91, the mitochondria in the majority of Purkinje cells became indistinguishable from those of littermate controls. Despite the extensive mitochondrial alteration, degeneration and necrosis of Purkinje cells were rather mild. Degeneration of white matter was quite conspicuous in the mutant mouse older than 31 days. These morphological changes of the cerebellum are compared with those of other neurological mutant mice, Nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration, and with KHS in humans.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Axonal alterations ; Spinal gray matter ; Normal cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In our recent ultrastructural studies on synapses of the nucleus dorsalis, central cervical nucleus, and anterior horn of the spinal cord of the normal cat we happened to find spheroids and several types of axonal alterations. These spheroids were up to 39 μm in diameter. They were found in myelinated and unmyelinated terminal axons and at the node of Ranvier and showed two different types of internal structure. One type was large and composed of spirally arranged neurofilaments and mitochondria in increased quantity, although the mean population density of mitochondria was not high being 1.4/μm2 as compared to the normal value 2.0/μm2. Another type was smaller and consisted of small mitochondria and dense bodies which were increased in number: their mean population densities were 4.5/μm2 and 1.9/μm2, respectively. At present, the rare occurrence of spheroids and atypical axonal alterations makes it difficult to determine the origin of affected axons, although some of them presumably arise from primary afferents.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 269 (1980), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mouse skin ; UV-light ; Experimental elastosis ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Mäusehaut ; ultraviolettes Licht ; experimentelle Elastose ; Lichtmikroskopie ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß chronischer UV-Lichteinwirkung auf das dermale Bindegewebe der Nacktmaus (Ng/-) wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht (25 Tiere; Dauer der Bestrahlung 8,5 Monate; tägliche Strahlendosis 40±2 J/cm2). Die induzierten Bindegewebsveränderungen entsprechen weitgehend dem Bild, wie es bei der menschlichen aktinischen Elastose angetroffen wird.
    Notes: Summary The effect of long-term ultraviolet irradiation on the connective tissue of the skin was investigated in 25 naked (Ng/-) mice which received a total daily radiant dose of 40±2 J/cm2 for a period of 8.5 months. The produced alterations were very similar to those found in actinic elastosis of humans, as assessed by histologic and electron-microscopic criteria.
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  • 28
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    Archives of dermatological research 268 (1980), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hypermelanosis ; Café au lait spot ; Ataxia-telangiectasia ; Electron microscopy ; Hypermelanose ; Café au lait-Flecken ; Ataxia teleangiectasia ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Café au lait-Flecken scheinen eine der Hautzeichen der Ataxia teleangiectasia zu sein. Sie sind durch eine epidermale Hypermelanosis mit einer normalen Melanocytenzahl charakterisiert. Vom subcellulären Gesichtspunkt wurden zwei wesentliche Abnormalitäten beobachtet. 1. Eine Erhöhung der Synthese von Melanosomen 2. eine Modifikation ihrer Verteilung innerhalb der epidermalen Keratinocyten. Zahlreiche Melanocyten sind in der oberen Epidermis aufzufinden. Auch veränderte Melanocyten sind zu beobachten. Diese zeigen Erweiterung der Mitochondrien, Entwicklung melanosomaler autophagischer Vacuolen, wie auch Fett-Tropfen. Diese Abnormalitäten wurden nicht in der umgebenden normalen Haut aufgefunden. Die Signifikanz dieser Beobachtungen wird diskutiert. Es wird auf die Schweirigkeiten hingewiesen, die aufgrund der histoenzymologischen und ultrastrukturellen Gegebenheiten eine Differentialdiagnose der Café au lait-Flecken ermöglichen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Café au lait spots appear to represent one of the cutaneous features of Ataxia-telangiectasia (A.T.). At the cellular level, they are characterized by an epidermal hypermelanosis with a normal number of melanocytes. At the subcellular level, two basic abnormalities are observed: (1) an increase in the synthesis of melanosome; (2) a modification of their distribution within the epidermal keratinocytes. Numerous pendulous melanocytes project into the upper dermis. Altered melanocytes are also observed. These show mitochondrial dilatation, melanosomal autophagic vacuoles, as well as lipid droplets. These abnormalities are not observed in the normal surrounding skin. The significance of these observations is discussed and stress is placed on the difficulty in establishing a differential diagnosis of café au lait spots, based on their histoenzymological and ultrastructural features.
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  • 29
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    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Retinoids ; Keratinocytes ; Keratinization disorders ; Electron microscopy ; Retinoide ; Keratinocyten ; Verhornungsstörungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkung hoher peroraler Dosen des aromatischen Retinoids Ro 10-9359 (25 mg/kg/Tag) auf Meerschweinchenepidermis wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die morphologischen Alterationen ließen sich in zwei Stadien einteilen: (a) Daserste Stadium umfaßt entzündliche Gewebsveränderungen, die nach 1wöchiger Applikation einsetzten. Charakteristisch waren das Fehlen der Hornschicht und die vacuoläre cytoplasmatische Disintegration des Stratum Malpighii mit intracellulärem Ödem und stellenweise Ansammlung PAS-positiver Substanzen. Tonofilamente und Desmosomen waren zahlenmäßig vermindert, während Keratinosomen vermehrt auftraten. (b) Imzweiten Regenerationsstadium waren nach 3wöchiger Applikation Ödem und Vacuolisierung rückläufig, eine Hornschicht mit fokaler Parakeratose trat auf und eine mäßige Akanthose war nachweisbar. Elektronenmikroskopisch fand sich eine Hypergranulose, zum Teil mit ungewöhnlichen spongiformen Keratohyalingranula. Die Zahl der Tonofilamente, Desmosomen und Keratinosomen ließ eine deutliche Tendenz zur Normalisierung erkennen. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß die systemische Anwendung von hochdosiertem aromatischen Retinoid zu einem zytotoxischen, keratolytischen und mukoplastischen Effekt an der normalen Epidermis des Meerschweinchens führt; doch die betroffenen Zellen entwickeln offenbar Adaptationsmechanismen, so daß trotz weiterer Verabreichung des Medikamentes es zu einer Restaurierung dieser Veränderungen und zu einer Stimulierung der epidermalen Proliferation mit Akanthose kommt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of oral aromatic retinoid Ro 10-9359 in a high dosage (25 mg/kg/day) on guinea pig epidermis was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The induced morphological alterations showed two different stages: (a) In theinjury stage, seen after one week of retinoid administration, the epidermis was mainly characterized by lack of the horny layer and vacuolar cytoplasmic disintegration of the malpighian layer with intracellular edema and accumulation of some PAS-positive material. Tonofilaments and desmosomes were markedly reduced, keratinosomes were increased in number. (b) In therecovery stage, seen after 3 weeks of administration, the horny layer had reappeared, the edematous and vacuolar changes were diminished and the epidermis became slightly acanthotic. Hypergranulosis with numerous spongiform keratohyalin granules was a prominent feature. The number of tonofilaments, desmosomes, and keratinosomes showed a clear tendency to normalization. In conclusion, high systemic doses of aromatic retinoid initially exert a cytotoxic, keratolytic, and mucoplastic effect on the normal guinea pig epidermis. Nevertheless, the affected keratinocytes adapt themselves, despite the further administration of the drug, showing a gradual restoration of these changes and a stimulation of epidermal proliferation, leading to acanthosis.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 40 (1980), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rana esculenta ; Spinal cord ; Granular vesicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of large granular vesicles have been demonstrated in the spinal cord of the frog Rana esculenta. Each type is contained in different fibres located in the neuropil of the ventral horn. The two types of vesicles differ in their diameter and quantity, in the smoothness of their limiting membrane and the electron density of their core. The possibility that they contain peptides is discussed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Polybrominated biphenyl ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic study of livers from mice fed 167 ppm polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) revealed mitochondrial abnormalities which consisted of both alterations in size and the formation of crystalline-like inclusions within the mitochondrial matrix. These inclusions appeared as parallel arrays of rods and were found in elongated mitochondria which contained few cristae. The findings are briefly described and the possible significance of such inclusions in relation to mitochondrial aberrations are discussed.
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  • 35
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    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 667-680 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Amyloidose ; Glomerulus ; Proteinurie ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Amyloidogenese ; Amyloidosis ; Glomerulus ; Proteinuria ; Electron microscopy ; Amyloidogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations were carried out on kidney biopsies in renal amyloidosis cases. Particular attention was paid to the relationships between glomerular amyloidosis and proteinuria. On the basis of a grading of the amyloidotic glomeruli (grade G 1: only mesangium affected; G 2: mesangium affected with involvement of less than 50% of the loops; G 3: mesangium affected with involvement of more than 50% of the loops; G 4: amyloidotic obliteration), the individual cases were graded according to the predominance of the G grade into four grades (CI to CIV). It was shown that the majority of the cases investigated belong to grade CII and III. However, four cases of grade C I (predominant involvement of the mesangium only, i.e. the capillary loops were free of amyloid) with proteinuria up to 12 g/24 h were also observed. All four groups (C I to C IV) showed comparable mean values for proteinuria despite extreme differences in the degree of amyloidosis. In the pooled evaluation of the electron micrographs of capillary loops including the mesangium of all cases investigated (C I to C III), there was the following result: 1. 94% of the sectioned mesangia contained fibrillar amyloid. 2. Amyloid-containing mesangia can be associated either with amyloid-containing loops (type a=34%), with borderline loops (type b=35%) or with loops of normal structure (type n=31%). Under the simplifying assumption that the section picture is representative for the entire loop, this means that in biopsies of renal amyloidosis grades C I to C III (proteinuria between 2.5 and 20 g/24 h) on average more than half of the glomerular capillary loops were found to be free of amyloid. 3. In relation to the individual case groups, the percentage of amyloid-containing loops is shown to differ. Indeed, in the group with the lowest degree of amyloidosis (C I) an average of 92% of the capillary loops proved to be free of amyloid despite proteinuria of up to 12 g/24 h (type b and n). It is inferred from these and other data that the elevation in permeability of the glomerular filter must in principle be independent of the presence of morphologically demonstrable fibrillar amyloid in the capillary loop. On the other hand, the essential importance for the filter defect is accorded to the process of “amyloidogenesis”, which interferes with the physicochemical characteristics of the gel filter and which is followed by “manifestation of amyloid”. The morphological findings and a few apparently contradictory clinical observations can be explained on this basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Nierenbiopsien bei Nierenamyloidose wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ausgeführt, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Zusammenhänge zwischen Amyloidose des Glomerulus und Proteinurie. Auf der Grundlage einer Graduierung der amyloidotischen Glomeruli (Grad G1: rein mesangialer Befall; G 2: mesangialer Befall mit Beteiligung der Schlingen weniger als 50%; CIII mesangialer Befall mit Beteiligung der Schlingen mehr als 50%; G 4: amyloidotische Verödung) wurden die einzelnen Fälle je nach Vorherrschen des G-Grades graduiert (CI bis C IV). Es zeigte sich, daß die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Fälle den Graden C II und C III angehören. Es wurden aber auch 4 Fälle des Grades C I (ganz überwiegend rein mesangialer Befall, d.h. amyloidfreie Kapillarschlingen) mit Proteinurie bis 12 g/24 h beobachtet. Alle vier Gruppen (CI bis CIV) zeigten trotz extremer Unterschiede im Amyloidbefall vergleichbare Mittelwerte für die Proteinurie. Bei der gemeinsamen (gepoolten) Auswertung der elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen von Kapillarschlingen inclusive Mesangium aller untersuchten Fälle (C I bis C III) ergab sich folgendes: 1. 90% der getroffenen Mesangien enthielten fibrilläres Amyloid. 2. Amyloidhaltige Mesangien können in Verbindung stehen entweder mit amyloidhaltigen Schlingen (Typ a=34%) oder mit Borderline-Schlingen (Typ b=35%) oder mit normal strukturierten Schlingen (Typ n=31%). Unter der vereinfachenden Voraussetzung, daß das Schnittbild für die gesamte Schlinge repräsentativ ist, bedeutet das, daß bei Nierenamyloidosen mit erheblicher Proteinurie im Mittel weit mehr als die Hälfte der glomerulären Kapillarschlingen amyloidfrei gefunden wird. In der Gruppe mit dem geringsten Amyloidbefall (C I) erweisen sich trotz Proteinurie bis 12 g/24 h im Mittel sogar 92% der Kapillarschlingen als amyloidfrei (Typ b und n). Aus diesen und anderen Daten wird abgeleitet, daß die Permeabilitätserhöhung des glomerulären Filters unabhängig sein muß von der Anwesenheit morphologisch nachweisbaren fibrillären Anyloids an der Schlinge. Die wesentliche Bedeutung für den Filterdefekt wird vielmehr dem Vorgang der „Amyloidogenese“ zugesprochen, der als solcher in die physikochemische Beschaffenheit des Gelfilters eingreift und der von der „Amyloidmanifestation“ gefolgt ist. Auf dieser Grundlage lassen sich die erhobenen morphologischen Befunde und einige scheinbar widersprüchliche klinische Beobachtungen erklären.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Gamma particle ; Encystment ; Electron microscopy ; Calcofluor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriophage ; Myxococcus ; λ ; Superooiled DNA ; Cross-linking ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA was partially released from the heads of myxococcus phages and also coliphage λ and examined by electron microscopy by a modification of the Kleinschmidt technique, in which water was used as hypophase. DNA emerged from the heads in patterns suggestive of newly relaxed supercoils. The unreleased DNA appeared to occupy discrete regions in the head. Some closed circles were released from λ heads. When NaCl solution was used as hypophase, the DNA was observed either released from the tail or from the head, in the latter case, supercoiled regions were observed. When NH4OAc solution was used as hypophase, tightly wound structures were released from λ heads; these fields also contained supercoiled circles. The presence of constrained supercoiled domains in newly released phage DNA was confirmed by observing the effects of ethidium bromide on its conformation. Treatment of phage with nitrogen mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, preserved supercoiled domains, even when the phage were lysed over water as hypophase. Further experiments suggested that phage inactivation by nitrogen mustard is largely due to restraint of the supercoiled, native, tertiary structure and that DNA-protein cross-linking may be involved in this reaction. The implications of these findings for the conformation of phage DNA in vivo are discussed and a new model for the winding of DNA in phage heads is proposed.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Immunoferritin labeling ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane vesicles ; Nitrate reductase ; Bacillus licheniformis ; Klebsiella aerogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The indirect immunoferritin labeling method was used to localize the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase in membrane vesicles and protoplasts or spheroplasts of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes, respectively. For a comparison of the labeling of the various vesicle preparations, which differed not only in size but also in the percentage of inside-out orientation, a quantification of the results was needed to circumvent the problem of non-specifically bound ferritin. From the results the sidedness of the nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of the abovementioned bacteria was determined as being cytoplasmic in B. licheniformis and as transmembranous in K. aerogenes.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Moraxella glucidolytica ; Electron microscopy ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cellular (LPS I) and extracellular (LPS II) lipopolysaccharide were isolated from Moraxella glucidolytica cells grown on ethanol and from the culture fluid, respectively. Both LPS were toxic when injected to mice and chick embryos. These LPS contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipids. By permethylation studies, glucose was found to be linked (1→6) and (1→3) in LPS I and only (1→6) in LPS II. Galactose was the terminal non-reducing sugar. Branching occurred at positions 3 and 4 of galactose residues. LPS I was rich in α- and β-hydroxylauric and α-hydroxymyristic acids and LPS II contained mainly stearic and α-hydroxymyristic acids. LPS I was detoxified by mild acid and alkaline treatments. It was also dissociated by sodium deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. The main fraction was reassociated by removing the surfactant by dialysis. The morphology of LPS I and LPS II was examined by electron microscopy. LPS I (original and reassociated fractions) consisted exclusively of ribbons while LPS II contained ribbons and vesicles.
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  • 40
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ascodichaena ; Beech bark ; Electron microscopy ; Host-fungus relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascodichaena rugosa Butin is a corkinhabiting fungus, found frequently on the bark of Fagus sylvatica L. The hyphae of the fungus are distributed solely in the phellem cells, stopping their growth in the last-formed cork cell layer. The cell to cell invasion is effected by penetration hyphae, causing no extensive dissolution of the cork wall. Electron microscopical observations revealed fine structural details of the fruit bodies and of the intracellular hyphae. Of special interest were the finger-like hyaline hyphae in the last-formed layer of cork cells, which are interpreted as haustoria on the basis of the fine structure both of hyphae and host cells. This situation is considered as reflecting a parasitic relationship of Ascodichaena to beech bark. The activity of the fungus led also to the increased production of cork cells, perhaps related to the nutrient supply of the fungus.
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  • 41
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    Virchows Archiv 385 (1980), S. 215-231 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sphingomyelinase deficit ; Niemann-Pick disease ; Liver ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of a complex analysis of liver tissue are presented (four biopsy and two autopsy samples) obtained from six patients with Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) with a gross deficiency of sphingomyelinase (SMase) accompanied by a typical increase in sphingomyelin (SM). There were five cases of NPD type A (four of them with an atypical, prolonged course) and one case of type B. By means of lipid histochemistry it was possible to demonstrate SM storage both in hepatocytes and in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of the liver (Kupffer cells and portal macrophages) and to show in two siblings with NPD type A a so-far undescribed centrilobular storage pattern. Enzyme histochemistry revealed a secondary deficit of nonspecific esterase activity and acid β-galactosidase in liver storage macrophages and varying degrees of suppression of hepatocytic enzyme activities as a reaction to lipid storage of sudden onset. Ultrastructurally, it was possible to demonstrate cholesterol in lysosomes by using digitonin fixation, the involvement of Ito cells in lipid storage, the aggregation of storage lysosomes with certain other organelles and their occasional connections with the endoplasmic reticulum. The problems of possible lipid extraction during processing were considered as a cause of pronounced lysosomal electron-lucidity and of the ultrastructural identification of the participating lipopigment. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the existing classification and, particularly, to the stored lipid dilemma of cases of NPD type C.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Phagocytosis ; Spermatozoa ; Ovum ; Fertilization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, as well as those coming into contact with the ovum at a smaller angle, and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa reach the plasma membrane of the ovum via an extensively dissolved zone of the inner layer of the vitelline membrane. This zone is assumed to be formed by overlapping of two or more tunnels formed by spermatozoa that had previously come into contact with the ovum. When a spermatozoon comes into contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum, many cytoplasmic processes extend outwards and cover it. Thereafter, the plasma membranes of the processes fuse, thereby phagocytizing the spermatozoon. It is assumed that the phagocytized spermatozoa cannot undergo transformation into male pronuclei and that they degenerate soon after phagocytosis.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Photoreceptor membrane ; Electron microscopy ; Calcium-induced changes ; Artefacts ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When the compound eyes of the fly Lucilia are fixed for electron microscopy with glutaraldehyde in common buffer solutions, artefactual whorls are liable to be formed from the photoreceptor microvilli. The whorls result from two factors: (i) a prolonged time interval prior to osmication, such as the “overnight” primary fixation or wash at 4° C commonly used in studies of compound eyes; (ii) as little as 1–2 mM Ca++ in the primary fixative and wash solutions. Osmication after short (1 h) glutaraldehyde fixation at 4° C, or omission of Ca++ and addition of 2 mM EGTA, prevent whorl-formation. In the tipulid fly Ptilogyna, similar artefacts are produced, but are confined to the distal zone of the microvilli that sheds during turnover.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Cloaca ; Electron microscopy ; Hen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithela of the three divisions (coprodaeum, urodaeum, proctodaeum) of the cloaca of the hen, and of the excretory ducts (colon, ureter, vagina) which join the divisions, are described using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each region of the cloaca has its typical epithelium. Special attention is focussed in this study on the boundaries between the different epithelia. The coprodaeal epithelium does not differ considerably from that of the colon; a transitional zone is not visible. Distinct border zones, however, are observed between the other regions (ureter — urodaeum; vagina — urodaeum and proctodaeum; urodaeum-proctodaeum; proctodaeum — cutis). Although the vaginal opening is generally thought to lie in the urodaeum, our investigations show that at the vaginal opening into the cloaca the ciliated epithelium changes, on one border to a secretory epithelium characteristic of the urodaeum and on the other border to that characteristic of the proctodaeum. These observations are discussed in relation to functional aspects.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic D cell ; Neural control ; Vagotomy ; Electron microscopy ; Fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to determine the neural control of pancreatic D cells, the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were examined electron microscopically from 1 to 28 days after abdominal vagotomy. Exocytotic release of many secretory granules from D cells occurred one day after vagotomy. Rough endoplasmic reticulum developed and formed an arrangement of concentric whorls in the cytoplasm of D cells after axotomy. The altered D cells were also characterized by the occurrence of many peculiar dense bodies in the apical cytoplasm at all time periods studied. These bodies varied in shape and size, containing several round vesicles. The D cells were extensively depleted of granules after the longer time periods following vagotomy. The present results provide new morphological evidence for the vagus-nerve control of D cells, which may regulate the activity of islet cells.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 191-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Transplants ; Vasopressin ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blocks of anterior hypothalamus were transplanted from 19 day-old fetuses of Wistar/Lewis rats into the third ventricle of adult male Brattleboro rats. Physiological changes in graft recipients and in sham-operated animals were monitored daily. Twenty days after surgery, the graft recipients and shamoperated animals were killed and their brains examined by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Host animals that exhibited both decreased polydipsia and increased urine concentration were found to have viable grafts within the third ventricle. The observed physiological changes suggested that synthesis and release of vasopressin occurred in the transplanted neurons. Grafts were well vascularized by vessels arising from the host hypothalamus. Neurons, with perikarya ranging from 8 to 30 μm in diameter, glial cells, and neurites were located throughout the transplants. A neurohemal contact zone, similar to that normally seen in the median eminence, could not be demonstrated in the grafts. The absence of complete glial and ependymal barriers indicates a relatively close association between cells in the transplants and the cerebrospinal fluid. A large increase in supraependymal neurons and their processes, including an eruption of neurons through the floor of the third ventricle in one animal, was observed in graft recipients but not in shamoperated animals.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 303-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Area postrema, rat ; Ependyma ; Cyst ; Circumventricular organs ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peculiar cells forming cysts were observed in the area postrema and sometimes also in the choroid plexus and the tela chorioidea near the area postrema, and were studied in detail by electron microscopy. The cytological features of the cyst cell and its junctional relationship to neighboring cells imply that cyst cells are derived from ependymal and choroid epithelial cells. The cyst cells usually contact directly the perivascular spaces of postremal, choroidal or pial capillaries, where the cytoplasm is often considerably attenuated. The cystic lumen is commonly filled with a flocculent material. The limiting membrane of the cystic lumen, which frequently bears cilia and microvilli, has the same thickness as the surface cell membrane. In many cases, the cyst is surrounded by the cytoplasm of a single cell. In some cases, however, two cells participate in the formation of the cyst, although one is only a slender process and joined by a zonula occludens with the main cyst cell. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space failed to enter the cystic lumen. A possible significance of the cyst in relation to the CSF and blood circulation was considered.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 447-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipid ; Kidney tubules, proximal ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipid metabolism in the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) was investigated in healthy fowls and in fowls with the Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS). The tissue was fixed at 10–25 min intervals after intravenous injection of 3H-oleic acid. The distribution of autoradiographic grains was analysed by the “circle method”. In normal cells most of the silver grains were associated with the cytoplasmic organelles. Lipid droplets and Golgi elements had the highest specific activity relative to the nuclear activity, which was little above background level. Lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria had lower values. In the cells of the FLKS-affected birds a large proportion of the grains was located over the lipid droplets, which are abundant in this condition. The specific activity of the cytoplasmic organelles was barely 2-fold higher than the nuclear activity. The results suggest that there is a diminished incorporation of esterified fatty acids by the organelles of these cells and that the excess is transferred to the lipid droplets. The identity of low electron density particles observed in the PCT cells of severely affected birds is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used in light and electron microscopical studies to demonstrate the presence of a neuroendocrine system in the gut of the urodele, Salamandra salamandra. Cytochemical stains capable of detecting peptide-producing endocrine cells demonstrate cells reacting with Masson's silver (argentaffin) method, Grimelius' argyrophil silver method, masked metachromasia method and the lead haematoxylin stain. Using antisera raised to a variety of mammalian gut peptides, cells containing bombesin-, gastrin-, somatostatin-, substance P- and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were identified; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivities were found in nerve fibres in the submucous and myenteric plexus. No immunoreactivity was detected for motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin or secretin. The ultrastructure of the immunoreactive cells and nerves was revealed by the semithin/thin method. All the cells identified contained numerous electrondense secretory granules, which varied in their chracteristic morphological structure from one cell type to another. The evidence collected in this study indicates that a complex neuroendocrine system regulating gut function is present in this amphibian and may have developed prior to the emergence of the phylum.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoaminergic neurons ; Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Neurotoxins ; Mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus ; Neurotransmitters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mudpuppy retina was investigated with the histofluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp in normal animals and in animals injected intraocularly with α-methylnoradrenaline, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, or a combination of the two drugs. Catecholaminergic amacrine cells were found to form a thin layer of terminals at the border between the inner nuclear and the inner plexiform layers. Catecholaminergic interplexiform cells were not found. Indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells were also observed. They are fifteen to twenty times more numerous than the catecholaminergic cells, and their terminals occur diffusely throughout the inner plexiform layer. In a number of eyes the majority of the indoleamine-accumulating terminals were eliminated with intraocular injections of the neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, but the reproducibility of this effect was not consistent. Intravitreal injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine were used to label both types of neurons for electron microscopy. They were found to make conventional type synapses on amacrine cells and, less frequently, on bipolar cells.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 353-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cells (reptiles) ; Epidermis ; Lizard ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of the labial epidermis of the lizard Lacerta sicula revealed cells displaying all features of Merkel cells. These cells are located in the stratum basale of epidermal pegs and are arranged in clusters.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paneth cell ; Hibernation ; Intestine ; Hypothermia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Paneth cells from jejuno-ileal segments of the small intestine of the ground squirrel, S. lateralis, was examined under normal euthermic conditions and during the profoundly depressed metabolic conditions of natural hibernation. Paneth cells obtained from hibernating animals gave evidence of markedly reduced activity when compared to Paneth cells from euthermic animals. In hibernating animals, the nuclei were smaller, with less prominent nucleoli and with an increased proportion of heterochromatin. In hibernating animals, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was fragmentary and poorly organized, in contrast to the typical arrangement of concentric lamellae seen in euthermic animals. Although the total number of ribosomes was decreased in hibernating animals, there were proportionally more free ribosomes than in euthermic animals. Paneth cells from hibernating animals also contained a greater number of apical secretory granules which were smaller and more variable in electron density than granules from control animals. These ultrastructural features indicate that during hibernation the Paneth cell is relatively quiescent.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 511-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Female hamster ; Harderian gland ; Testosterone ; Tubular clusters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct differences occur in the pigmentation and ultrastructural features of the Harderian glands in male and female hamsters. The results of a study on the effect of testosterone on the fine structure of the female Harderian glands are presented here. Glands from three groups of hamsters were examined at intervals up to 49 days: (1) testosterone injected, receiving 2mg testosterone propionate in 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (2) sham-injected, receiving 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (3) untreated controls. Testosterone injections caused a reduction in the number of dark-brown pigment granules in the acinar cells starting on the 6th day, whereas clusters of tubules, typical of adult male glands, appeared on the 4th day and increased in number thereafter. Lamellar structures, normally present in the female gland, decreased in testosterone treated specimens. These changes reversed after cessation of testosterone treatment. It is concluded that exogenous testosterone administered to female hamsters modifies the pigmentation and ultrastructure of their Harderian glands towards the male type and that this is a reversable phenomenon. There also appears to be an inverse relationship between the presence of tubular clusters in the acinar cells, and the degree of pigmentation.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Dendritic spine apparatus ; Synapse ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using techniques for enhanced microtubular preservation, including albumin pretreatment (Gray, 1975), occipital cortex of rats was studied electron microscopically at various ages of development. A close structural relationship was seen between microtubules, sacs of SER and the postsynaptic “thickening” in primordial spines and with the dense “plate” material of spine apparatuses. Stereoscopic preparations in addition show a more complicated substructure than previously described for the “plate”. Microtubules may contribute to the formation of the “plate” of the spine apparatus which in turn is associated with the postsynaptic “thickening” of the mature spine. Possible functional correlates are discussed.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Bupivacaine ; Degeneration ; Satellite cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat lumbrical muscles were incubated in a concentration of 10-2 M bupivacaine for 5 or 15 min and examined after further incubation in the absence of the drug for periods totalling 1, 2, and 3h. Electron microscopy showed that muscle fibers and their component organelles and myonuclei underwent a series of irreversible degenerative changes. However, satellite cells retained their normal morphology under similar conditions. It is concluded that satellite cells are responsible for the rapid regeneration of muscles that follows degeneration induced by bupivacaine. The role of satellite cells in muscle regeneration is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Poeciliidae ; Electron microscopy ; Salinity changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urophysis or neurohemal contact site of the caudal neurosecretory system of Mollienesia sphenops, the black molly, was studied in animals adapted to an artificial seawater environment. This species of fish was chosen for these studies because of its known ability to osmoregulate and its adaptability to the laboratory aquarium. The urophysis of freshwater acclimated mollys contained an abundance of neurosecretory granules. However, in fish subjected to a seawater environment for one week the number of neurosecretory granules was significantly decreased. In addition, there was an increase in blood cell infiltration of the urophysis.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 465-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Postcapillary venules ; Calf ; Lymph nodes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the postcapillary “high endothelial venules” (HEV) of lymph nodes in calves was studied light and electron microscopically. These venules were detected light microscopically in the paracortical zone by their high cuboidal endothelium, a distinct basal lamina, the migration of lymphocytes through the vessel wall, and the dominance of lymphoid cells in the lumen, often completely obliterating the latter. Ultrastructurally, the endothelial cells (HEC) of the HEV were characterized by a prominent Golgi complex including many small vesicles, a few lysosome-like bodies, and a specific association between mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (MER). The HEC are connected by desmosomes, whereas the intimate contact points between migrating lymphocytes and endothelial cells could not be classified according to the well-defined junctional types. Lymphocyte migration occurred predominantly intercellularly, i.e., between endothelial cells. Although the overall appearance of the described vessel type in bovines bears resemblance to HEV in other investigated species, several differences occur that most probably are related to species variation.
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  • 59
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 226 (1980), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cholesteatom ; Knochenzerstörung ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Cholesteatoma ; Bone destruction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Biopsy specimens were obtained at ear surgery of patients with cholesteatoma otitis and were studied by electron microscopy. The osseous tissue decalcified in EDTA demonstrated degradation of collagen matrix as well as extensive degeneration of bone cells. The surface of the eroded bone was found to be in direct contact with the subepithelial connective tissue or the granulation, but not with the keratinizing squamous epithelium of matrix. These results indicate that the bone destruction by cholesteatoma is of non-osteoclastic type and lend support to the view that the keratinizing squamous epithelium do not participate in bone destruction. On the ultrastructural basis, the inflammatory process in the soft tissue adjacent to bone and extensive degeneration of bone cells are considered as cardinal factors for bone destruction in this disease.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von Knochenbiopsien bei Cholesteatomoperationen zeigt Veränderungen der kollagenen Knochenmatrix sowie eine ausgedehnte Degeneration von Knochenzellen. Dabei findet sich die Oberfläche des veränderten Knochens in direktem Kontakt mit dem subepithelialen Bindegewebe oder mit Granulationen, nicht aber mit dem Plattenepithel selbst. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß entzündliche Prozesse in den dem Knochen benachbarten Bindegewebslagen vorwiegend für die Knochenzerstörung bei Cholesteatom verantwortlich sind.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 229 (1980), S. 55-68 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Erbliche Taubheit ; Katze ; Elektronenmikroskop ; Membrana tectoria ; Hereditary deafness ; Cat ; Electron microscopy ; Tectorial membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The tectorial membrane is affected at an early stage of the cochlear degeneration in the hereditarily deaf white cat. The membrane first descends towards the organ of Corti with obliteration of the intervening sub-tectorial space in the basal coil during the second post-natal week. Both the microvilli of supporting and Hensen's cells, and the hair cell stereocilia make deep indentations on the under-surface of the membrane. Cells are found insinuated between the tectorial membrane and Corti's organ, and numerous cellular processes occur within the former. A phagocytic function would appear probable for these cells, which seem to originate from the internal sulcus region. The membrane is retracted into the latter around the 2-month stage. At all ages, small spherical structures, which may represent altered interdental cell secretions, are found within the membrane, these becoming calcified in older animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Veränderungen in der Membrana tectoria treten in einer frühen Phase der cochlearen Degeneration bei der weißen Katze mit erblicher Taubheit auf. Die Membran bewegt sich erst gegen das Cortische Organ mit Obliteration des dazwischenliegenden subtectorialen Raumes in der zweiten postnatalen Woche. Sowohl die Mikrovilli der Hensenschen Zellen und die der Stützzellen als die Stereozilien der Haarzellen machen tiefe Eindrücke auf der Unterseite der Membran. Zellen sind zwischen Membrana tectoria und dem Cortischen Organ gefunden, und viele zellulare Prozesse entstehen innerhalb Membrana tectoria. Eine phagocytotische Funktion würde für diese Zellen möglich sein, die aus der Region des Sulcus internus zu stammen scheinen. Bei älteren Tieren ist die Membran gegen den Sulcus internus retraktiert. Für alle Altersstufen findet man kleine spherischen Strukturen, die veränderte interdentale Zellensekrete vertreten können. Diese Strukturen werden innerhalb der Membran gefunden, und sind bei älteren Tieren verkalkt.
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  • 61
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 800-805 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2-Disubstituted 1,3-Dithianes from β-Dicarbonyl Compounds1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds 2 can be condensed with 1,3-propanedithiol (1) to yield 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-dithianes 3 which are remarkably stable in contrast to analogous open-chain thioacetals 6. Compounds with alkoxycarbonyl functions are easily hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acids 11 which by further esterification with alkanols 12 yield estermodified 1,3-dithianes 3. All new compounds are characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 62
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 806-807 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Perchloro-2-methylene-2H-pyranThe synthesis of the title compound 4 is described. 4 is thermally and chemically very stable.
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  • 63
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 808-810 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anchimerically Enhanced Homolyses, V. Fluoride Ion Catalysed Rearrangements of Benzyl 9-(Trimethylgermyl)-9-fluorenyl EtherThe thermal rearrangement (homolysis) of the germanium compound 1d into 4d is considerably slower than that of the analogous Si compound 1c. Thus, a correlation is suggested between the velocity of the rearrangement and the strength of the new bond to oxygen. The rearrangement 1d→4d is also induced by fluoride ions at room temperature.
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  • 64
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 65
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 919-933 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thiono and Dithio Esters, XXII. α,β-Unsaturated Thiono and Dithio Estersα,β-Unsaturated thiono and dithio esters such as O-ethyl thiocinnamate (3), methyl dithiocinnamate (7), O-ethyl thiocrotonate (17), and O,O-diethyl dithiofumarate (28) have been prepared by thiolysis between 20 and -75°C from the corresponding O- or S-alkylated tertiary amides or thioamides. They tend to dimerize in part by [4 + 2] cycloadditions. Methyl dithiocrotonate (24) could only be isolated as the endo-dimer 25.
    Notes: α,β-Ungesättigte Thion- und Dithioester wie Thiozimtsäure-O-ethylester (3), Dithiozimtsäure-methylester (7), Thiocrotonsäure-O-ethylester (17) und Dithiofumarsäure-O,O-diethylester (28) sind durch Thiolyse aus den entsprechenden O- oder S-alkylierten tertiären Amiden oder Thio-amiden bei Temperaturen von 20 bis -75°C zugänglich. Sie dimerisieren zum Teil in [4 + 2]-Cycloadditionen. Dithiocrotonsäure-methylester (24) ist nur als endo-Dimeres 25 erhältlich.
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  • 66
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 875-901 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of Compounds with a Geometrically Fixed Vinyloxirane Unit: Stereospecific Synthesis of 4,5-Fused cis-and trans-2,3-DihydrofuransThe conformationally fixed vinyloxiranes 7c - f, 8a - f, and 9b - d are transformed thermally into the bicyclic ethers 23 - 25. Starting with the spiro-derivatives c - f, which are monosubstituted at the vinyl group, the ring expansion takes place with high stereospecificity leading to 4,5-fused cis-(c/e) and trans-2,3-dihydrofurans (d/f), respectively. On heating 8b and 9b in the presence of dimethylfumarate besides the isomerisation to 24b/25b two cycloadducts are formed in each case to which the structures of 29/31 and 30/32 have been assigned. Oxapentadienyl dipoles (3) are proposed as intermediates in which the rotation of C/O-bonds is energetically more favorable than rotation of C/C-bonds. The activation parameters for the transformation 8b → 24b are determined and discussed together with the reported data of some analogous ring expansion reactions.
    Notes: Die konformativ fixierten Vinyloxirane 7c - f, 8a - f und 9b - d wandeln sich thermisch mit Ausbeuten zwischen 50 und 80% in die bicyclischen Ether 23 - 25 um. Ausgehend von den an der Vinylgruppe monosubstituierten Spiro-Derivaten c - f erfolgt die Ringerweiterungsreaktion mit hoher Stereospezifität zu 4,5-anellierten cis- (c/e) bzw. trans-2,3-Dihydrofuranen (d/f). Beim Erhitzen von 8b und 9b in Gegenwart von Fumarsäuredimethylester entstehen neben den Isomeren 24b bzw. 25b jeweils zwei Cycloaddukte im Verhältnis 10: 1, denen die Strukturen 29/31 und 30/32 zugeordnet werden. Als Zwischenstufen werden Oxapentadienyl-Dipole (3) angenommen, in welchen die Rotation um C/O-Bindungen energetisch günstiger ist als die um C/C-Bindungen. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Umwandlung 8b → 24b werden bestimmt und im Zusammenhang mit denen einiger analoger Ringerweiterungen diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 941-954 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Statistical Syntheses of RotaxanesThe acetalisation of the 28-membered cyclic diols 11a, b with the long-chain dibromo ketone 12 gives acetals 13a, b. These compounds react with triphenylmethyllithium to give 17a, b and 18a, b from which the rotaxanes 20a, b are obtained in 0.066 or 0.18 and 0.12% yield, respectively, after hydrolysis of the acetal bonds. The reacetalisation of rotaxane 20b affords, by an intraannular reaction, the prerotaxane 18b in pure form.
    Notes: Die Acetalisierung der 28-gliedrigen cyclischen Diole 11a, b mit dem langkettigen Dibromketon 12 ergibt die Acetale 13a, b. Nach Umsetzung mit Triphenylmethyllithium zu 17a, b und 18a, b werden nach Hydrolyse der Acetalbindungen die Rotaxane 20a, b in Ausbeuten von 0.066 und 0.18 bzw. 0.12% als farblose Öle isoliert. Durch Reacetalisierung von 20b wird in einer intraannularen Reaktion das Prärotaxan 18b in reiner Form erhalten.
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 934-940 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement of α-Isocyanato-N2-(arylsulfonyl)amidines to 1-Arylsulfonyl-3-imidazolin-2-onesThe reaction of the azirines 1 with the isocyanates 2 leads to the α-isocyanato-N2-(arylsulfonyl)-amidines 6. Starting from 1b, also considerable amounts of 7b and 8b are formed as a result of a retro-ene reaction of 6b. The heterocumulenes 6 readily rearrange with a shift of the sulfonyl group to give the heterocycles 10. The mobility of the sulfonyl residue is also obvious from the reaction of 6a with hydrogen chloride to afford tosyl chloride and 8a as well as from the reaction with amines, which, however, does not only yield the tosylamides 15, but also the ureas 13 and their secondary products 14.
    Notes: Die Reaktion der Azirine 1 mit den Isocyanaten 2 führt zu den α-Isocyanato-N2-(arylsulfonyl)-amidinen 6. Ausgehend von 1b werden auch beträchtliche Mengen 7b und 8b als Folge einer Retro-En-Reaktion von 6b gebildet. Die Heterocumulene 6 lagern sich unter Wanderung der Sulfonyl-Gruppe leicht in die Heterocyclen 10 um. Die Beweglichkeit des Sulfonyl-Rests wird auch in der Reaktion von 6a mit Chlorwasserstoff zu Tosylchlorid und 8a sowie in der Umsetzung mit Aminen deutlich, die neben Tosylamiden 15 allerdings auch Harnstoffe 13 und deren Folgeprodukte 14 liefert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 69
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 989-994 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Di-μ-(carboxylato)-bis[dicarbonyl(tri-tert-butylphosphane)ruthenium(I)](Ru - Ru)Ru3(CO)12 reacts with tri-tert-butylphosphane and formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, or stearic acid to form di-μ-(carboxylato)-bis[dicarbonyl(tri-tert-butylphosphane)-ruthenium(I)](Ru - Ru). The IR and NMR spectroscopic data are discussed.
    Notes: Ru3(CO)12 reagiert mit Tri-tert-butylphosphan und Ameisensäure. Essigsäure, Propionsäure, Buttersäure oder Stearinsäure unter Bildung von Di-μ-(carboxylato)-bis[dicarbonyl(tri-tert-butylphosphan)ruthenium(I)](Ru - Ru). Die IR- und NMR-spektroskopischen Daten der neuen Komplexe werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 70
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 979-988 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Aldehydes to Activated Double Bonds, XXIII. Syntheses of 1,3,6-TriketonesThiazolium salt-catalyzed addition of aldehydes to monoacetals of vinyl-1,3-diketones (1, 2; 23, 24) leads to 1,4-diketones (3 - 10; 25 - 31), which are hydrolyzed to 1,3,6-triketones (11 - 18; 32 - 38). A way to the mono-acetalized vinyl-1,3-diketones 1, 2; 23, 24 using the norbornenyl group with following pyrolysis is given.
    Notes: Thiazoliumsalz-katalysierte Additionen von Aldehyden an mono-acetalisierte Vinyl-1,3-diketone (1,2; 23, 24) führen zu 1,4-Diketonen (3 - 10; 25 - 31), die sich zu den 1,3,6-Triketonen (11 - 18; 32 - 38) hydrolysieren lassen. Ein Syntheseweg zu den mono-acetalisierten Vinyl-1,3-diketonen 1, 2; 23, 24 über die Norbornenyl-Gruppierung und nachfolgende Pyrolyse wird angegeben.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 71
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 970-978 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction of the (Dimethylhydrazono)ethyl Group into Methylene Active Compounds and PhenolsIn [2-(dimethylhydrazono)ethyl]trimethylammonium iodide the trimethylammonium group can be substituted by several nucleophiles. With this reagent (dimethylhydrazono)ethyl derivatives of CH-acidic compounds, phenols, and indole can be prepared.
    Notes: In [2-(Dimethylhydrazono)ethyl]trimethylammonium-iodid (19) läßt sich die Trimethylammoniumgruppe durch verschiedenartige Nucleophile verdrängen. CH-acide Verbindungen sowie Phenole und Indole kann man mit diesem Reagenz zu den entsprechenden Hydrazonoethyl-Derivaten umsetzen.
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  • 72
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 955-969 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Novel Mono- and Disaccharide Glycals for the Synthesis of Oligodeoxy OligosaccharidesUnder various conditions opening of the 6-deoxy-allo-epoxide 1 with lithium iodide yields a mixture of the 3-iodo-gluco-(3) and, predominantly, the 2-iodo-altro-hydrine (2), the reaction of which with methyllithium is studied. By a simplified procedure rendering a separation of 2a and 3a unnecessary the preparation of crystalline D-digitoxal (4a) in approximately 50% yield based on 1 is described. The condensation of 1 and 4b in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide yields the α,1→4-linked altro-allo disaccharide derivative 8a, and only minor amounts of the isomeric β,1→4-linked allo-allo disaccharide 10. Following the opening of the epoxide ring in 8a with lithium iodide and subsequent separation of the iodo hydrines by reduction of the bis-altro derivative 11a a synthesis of the methyl glycoside of the terminal disaccharide (12a) in neodigoxin is achieved. Starting with a reduction of 8a to 13b the subsequent opening of the epoxide ring with lithium iodide and separation of the isomers gives an access to the ribo-altro derivative 16b. By its reaction with methyllithium the disaccharide glycal digitoxosyl-digitoxal 15a is synthesized. The linkage of 15b with 1 is effected by application of the N-iodosuccinimide procedure and yields the trisaccharide derivative 17. The structures and conformations of all derivatives are characterized by comprehensive 1H NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Die Öffnung des 6-Desoxy-allo-epoxid-Derivats 1 mit Lithiumiodid gibt unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ein Gemisch aus dem 3-Iod-gluco-(3) und überwiegend dem 2-Iod-altro-Hydrin (2), deren Umsetzungen mit Methyllithium untersucht werden. Ein vereinfachtes Verfahren ermöglicht ohne Trennung von 2a und 3a die Herstellung des kristallinen D-Digitoxals (4a) mit ca. 50% Ausbeute, bezogen auf 1. Die Kondensation von 1 mit 4b und N-Iodsuccinimid gibt glatt das α,1→4-verknüpfte altro-allo-Disaccharid-Derivat 8a und nur in geringen Mengen das isomere β,1→4-gebundene allo-allo-Disaccharid 10. Nach Öffnung des Epoxidringes in 8a mit Lithiumiodid und Trennung der Iodhydrine wird durch Reduktion des bis-altro-Derivats 11a das Methylglycosid des terminalen Disaccharids (12a) aus Neodigoxin gewonnen. Durch vorgelagerte Reduktion von 8a zu 13b läßt sich nach Öffnung des Epoxidringes mit Lithiumiodid und Trennung der Isomeren aus dem ribo-altro-Derivat 16b mit Methyllithium das Disaccharidglycal Digitoxosyl-digitoxal 15a darstellen. Die Verknüpfung von 15b mit 1 nach dem N-Iodsuccinimid-Verfahren liefert das Trisaccharid-Derivat 17. Alle Derivate wurden hinsichtlich der Struktur und Konformation durch 1H-NMR-Spektren charakterisiert.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 1010-1019 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes, LII. (Tricarbonylchromium)-η6-phenyl as Substituent in Carbene- and Carbyne Complexes of the VI. SubgroupThe reaction of tricarbonyl(η6-phenyllithium)chromium with the metalhexacarbonyls of the VI. subgroup and subsequent alkylation by triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate yields pentacarbonyl-{ethoxy[(tricarbonylchromium)-η6-phenyl]carbene} complexes of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten (1 - 3). 1 and 3 react with boron trihalides BX3 (X = Cl, Br) by cleavage of the ethoxy group to form trans-tetracarbonylhalogeno[(tricarbonylchromium)-η6-phenylcarbyne]metal complexes 4 - 7. Properties, spectroscopic results, and the X-ray structure analysis of 6 are discussed.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Tricarbonyl(η6-phenyllithium)chrom mit den Metallhexacarbonylen der VI. Nebengruppe und anschließende Alkylierung mittels Triethyloxonium-tetrafluoroborat führt zu Pentacarbonyl{ethoxy[(tricarbonylchrom)-η6-phenyl]carben}-Verbindungen des Chroms, Molybdäns und Wolframs (1 - 3). 1 und 3 reagieren mit den Bortrihalogeniden BX3 (X = Cl, Br) unter Abspaltung der Ethoxygruppe zu den trans-Tetracarbonylhalogeno[(tricarbonylchrom)-η6-phenylcarbin]metall-Komplexen 4 - 7. Eigenschaften und spektroskopische Ergebnisse sowie die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 6 werden diskutiert.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 995-1009 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chlorination - Dehydrochlorination of Perhydro-1,4-thiazepin-5-onesThe synthesis of unsaturated derivatives of perhydro-1,4-thiazepin-5-ones 3 is investigated. Depending on the substitution the thiazepin-5-ones 3 thereby react with sulfuryl chloride to yield 7- and 2-chloro derivatives 6 and 7; the latter eliminate hydrogen chloride only in the presence of a base (PVP, 8) to give the Δ2-thiazepines 9a,b,d,e,g, whereas the 7-chloro derivatives in situ afford the Δ6-thiazepines 10a - f, the 1,4-thiazepinium chloride 11c being isolated as intermediate. tert-Butyl hypochlorite forms according to the substituent size and solvent polarity 2- and 7-halogenation products, as well as 1,4-thiazepin-5-one-S-oxides 22. Further halogenation of the Δ6-1,4-thiazepines 10a - c results in the formation of unsaturated halogen derivatives 24, 25, and 26.
    Notes: Es wird versucht, ungesättigte Derivate von Perhydro-1,4-thiazepin-5-onen 3 herzustellen. Die Thiazepin-5-one 3 reagieren dabei je nach Substitution mit Sulfurylchlorid zu 7- und 2-Chlorderivaten 6 und 7; letztere eliminieren Chlorwasserstoff erst in Basen-Gegenwart (PVP, 8) zu den Δ2-Thiazepinen 9a,b,d,e,g, die 7-Chlorderivate dagegen in situ zu den Δ6-Thiazepinen 10a - f, wobei das 1,4-Thiazepinium-chlorid 11c in Substanz erhalten wird. tert-Butylhypochlorit ergibt je nach Substituentengröße und Solvenspolarität neben 2- und 7-Halogenierung auch durch Umlagerung 1,4-Thiazepin-5-on-S-oxide 22. Erneute Halogenierung der Δ6-1,4-Thiazepine 10a - c ergibt die ungesättigten Halogenderivate 24, 25 und 26.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Lewis Acids, 341. Thermal [4π + 2π]-Cycloaddition of Enol Ethers to 1,1-Dicarbonyl Substituted EthenesEnol ethers such as ethyl vinyl ether and 1,1-dimethoxyethene (3f) react thermally, in some instances below 0°C, with cyclic 2-alkylidene-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds such as 1 and 2 to give [4π + 2π]-cycloadducts 4 and 5, respectively (cyclic enol acetals and enol orthoesters), and with 1,1-dicyanoethenes 6 to give [2π + 2π]-cycloadducts 7. On passing from toluene to acetonitrile as the solvent, rates of formation of 4bf from 1b and 3f increase about tenfold and those of 7b from 6b and 3f about sixfold. A discussion of these rates, including rates of related reactions, the relative Lewis acid strengths of 1b and 6b, and the behaviour of 1b/3f towards methanol leads to the conclusion that the degree of concert of the formation of 4bf is below 6.5 kJ · mol-1. - The configurations and conformations of adducts 4 and 5 are discussed.
    Notes: Enolether wie Ethylvinylether und 1,1-Dimethoxyethen (3f) bilden mit exocyclisch 1,1-dicarbonylsubstituierten Ethenen wie 1 und 2 z.T. schon unterhalb von 0°C thermisch die [4π + 2π]-Addukte 4 bzw. 5 (cyclische Enolacetale und Enolorthoester) und mit den 1,1-Dicyanethenen 6 die [2π + 2π]-Addukte 7. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit von 4bf aus 1b und 3f steigt auf etwa das Zehnfache und die von 7b aus 6b und 3f auf etwa das Sechsfache beim Übergang von Toluol auf Acetonitril als Lösungsmittel. Eine Diskussion dieser Bildungsgeschwindigkeiten unter Einbeziehung verwandter Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten sowie der relativen Lewis-Säurestärken von 1b und 6b und des Verhaltens des Systems 1b/3f gegenüber Methanol führt zum Schluß, daß der energetische Konzertiertheitsgrad der Bildung von 4bf unter 6.5 kJ · mol-1 liegt. Die Konfigurationen und Konformationen der Addukte 4 und 5 werden diskutiert.
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  • 76
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of Aliphatic Carbocations, 13. Protonated Cyclopropanes as Intermediates in 1,2-Alkyl ShiftsThe nitrous acid deamination of 2-ethyl-1-methylbutylamine (10), 1,2-diethylbutylamine (35), and 2-ethyl-1-methylpentylamine (43) has been studied with respect to 1,2-alkyl shifts. Optically active and deuterated amines were employed whenever possible. The structure, configuration, and deuterium distribution of various products (e.g. 16 from 10, 40 and 48 from 35, 56 from 43) are most reasonably explained in terms of alkyl-bridged intermediates (corner-protonated cyclopropanes) which isomerize via proton shifts from corner to corner. The alternative interconversion of open ions via 1,3-H shifts is incompatible with our experimental results.
    Notes: Die Desaminierung von 2-Ethyl-1-methylbutylamin (10), 1,2-Diethylbutylamin (35) und 2-Ethyl-1-methylpentylamin (43) mit salpetriger Säure wurde im Hinblick auf 1,2-Alkylverschiebungen untersucht. Soweit möglich wurden optisch aktive und deuterium-markierte Amine eingesetzt. Die Struktur, Konfiguration und Deuterium-Verteilung verschiedener Produkte (z.B. 16 aus 10, 40 und 48 aus 35, 56 aus 43) wird am besten erklärt mit Hilfe alkylverbrückter Zwischenstufen (eckenprotonierter Cyclopropane), die durch Protonenverschiebung von Ecke zu Ecke isomerisieren. Die alternative Umwandlung offener Kationen durch 1,3-H-Verschiebung ist mit unseren experimentellen Ergebnissen unvereinbar.
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 226-232 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structures of the S3N2+ Radical Cation in S3N2+SO3CF3- · 1/2 CH3CN and of S3N2(NSO2F)The molecular and crystal structures of S3N2+SO3CF3- · 1/2 CH3CN (1) and S3N2NSO2F (2) were determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The S3N2+ radical cation in 1 is planar, two cations being connected through weak S—S bonding interactions to form dimers with a chair configuration. The S3N2 ring of 2, in which the NSO2F group is covalently bonded to one of the S atoms of the S — S group, is not planar; the S — S bond is weaker than in 1.
    Notes: Die Röntgenstrukturanalysen von S3N2+SO3CF3- - 1/2 CH3CN (1) und S3N2NSO2F (2) zeigen in 1 ein planares S3N2+-Radikalkation, wobei zwei Kationen über schwache S-S-Wechselwirkungen zu sesselförmigen Dimeren assoziiert sind. Der an einem S-Atom der S — S-Gruppe substituierte S3N2-Ring in 2 ist nicht planar; die S — S-Bindung ist schwächer als in 1.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of Transition Metal Complex Reactions, IV. Reactions of Complex Ligands, XVIII. Kinetic and Mechanism of the Insertion of 1-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne into the Metal-Carbene Bond of Pentacarbonyl(arylmethoxycarbene)chromium(0) and -tungsten(0)Pentacarbonyl(arylmethoxycarbene) complexes (CO)5M[C(p-C6H4R)OCH3] (M = Cr, W; R = CF3, Br, H, CH3, OCH3) (1a - g) add 1-(diethylamino)-1-propyne (2) via insertion of the alkyne into the metal-carbene bond. The formation of pentacarbonyl[(diethylamino)(2-aryl-2-methoxy-1-methylethenyl)carbene]chromium(0) and -tungsten(0) (3a - g) in octane follows a second-order rate law: d[3]/dt = k[1][2]. The tungsten complexes react faster than the analogous chromium compounds. Replacement of R = H by electron withdrawing substituents (CF3, Br) results in an increase, by electron donating groups (CH3, OCH3) in a decrease of the reaction rate. The activation enthalpies ΔH≠ are low (25.1 - 39.4 kJ · mol-1), the activation entropies ΔS≠ strongly negative (-129 to -145 J · mol- K-1). The results are discussed on the basis of an associative stepwise mechanism with an attack of the ynamine at the carbene carbon in the first reaction step.
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl(arylmethoxycarben)-Komplexe (CO)5M[C(p-C6H4R)OCH3] (M = Cr, W; R = CF3, Br, H, CH3, OCH3) (1a - g) addieren 1-(Diethylamino)-1-propin (2) unter Einschiebung des Alkins in die Metall-Carbenkohlenstoff-Bindung. Die Bildung von Pentacarbonyl[(diethylamino)(2-aryl-2-methoxy-1-methylethenyl)carben]chrom(0) und -wolfram(0) (3a - g) in Octan erfolgt nach einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz zweiter Ordnung: d[3]/dt = k[1][2]. Die Wolframkomplexe reagieren schneller als die entsprechenden Chromverbindungen. Ersatz von R = H durch elektronenziehende Substituenten (Br, CF3) führt zu einer Erhöhung, durch elektronenspendende Gruppen (CH3, OCH3) zu einer Verringerung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit. Die Aktivierungsenthalpien ΔH≠ sind niedrig (25.1 - 39.4 kJ · mol-1), die Aktivierungsentropien ΔS≠ stark negativ (-129 bis -145 Jmol-1 K-1). Die Ergebnisse werden auf der Grundlage eines mehrstufigen Mechanismus mit einem Angriff des Inamins am Carbenkohlenstoff im ersten Reaktionsschritt diskutiert.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 489-510 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zucker-enolone, XII. Peroxidation pyranoider Enolester: Eine ergiebige Synthese von Peracetyl-hexosulosen und ihre Umwandlung in γ-Pyrone über 3,2-EnoloneVon Pyranosen abgeleitete 1,2-Enolacetate des Typs 4 reagieren mit 3-Chlorperbenzoesäure in Ether glatt zu einem Gemisch anomerer Glycos-2-ulose-acetate 6, wie anhand der Umwandlungen 7 → 11/12, 18 → 19/20 und 21 → 22 gezeigt wird. Konstitution und Konfiguration der Produkte stützen sich auf NMR-Daten, auf die Charakterisierung von Hydrierungsprodukten (10 bzw. 23) sowie im Falle von 11, 12 und 22 auf deren Bildung aus den entsprechenden partiell acetylierten Pyranosen 8, 9 und 23 durch RuO4-Oxidation. - Saure Acetylierung überführt die Glycos-2-ulosen in ihre 2,2-Diacetoxy-Derivate (13, 24 bzw. 35) unter Anomerisierung der β-Isomeren; bei vorsichtiger Behandlung mit Acetylchlorid/Pyridin werden dagegen, unter Erhalt der Konfiguration an C-1, die peracetylierten 2,3-Dehydro-pyranosen 15, 17 und 36 erhalten. Unter schwach basischen Bedingungen erfolgt die Ausbildung des γ-Pyron-Systems (42/43) durch doppelte Eliminierung von Essigsäure, wobei die Zwischenprodukte isolierbar sind und als die 3,2-Enolone 37α, 37β und 38 charakterisiert werden können. Hierbei konnte das aus der Tetraacetyl-glucose 44 durch Oxidation leicht darstellbare Triacetyl-endiolon 41, das Zwischenprodukt des Übergangs 11 → 42 sein soll40, als Intermediat ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notes: Pyranose-derived 1,2-enol acetates of type 4 readily react with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid in ether to an anomeric mixture of glycos-2-uloses 6, as is demonstrated by the conversions 7 → 11/12, 18 → 19/20 and 21 → 22. Structural and configurational assignments were based on NMR-data, on the characterization of hydrogenation products (10 and 23), and on the independent formation of 11, 12, and 22 by RuO4-oxidation of the respective partially acetylated pyranoses 8, 9, and 23. -Acid-catalyzed acetylation converts the glycos-2-uloses into their 2,2-diacetoxy derivatives (13, 24, and 35) with anomerization of β-isomers, whereas cautious treatment with acetyl chloride/pyridine affords the peracetylated 2,3-dehydropyranoses 15, 17, and 36 with retention of configuration at C-1. Mildly basic conditions initiate the elaboration of the γ-pyrone systems (42/43) via double elimination of acetic acid, the respective intermediates, 3,2-enolones 37α, 37β, and 38, being readily isolable. The alternate triacetyl-enediolone 41, allegedly40 an intermediate in the conversion 11 → 42 could be excluded as an intermediate on the basis of its synthesis from tetraacetyl-glucose by oxidation and elimination of acetic acid (44 → 45 → 41).
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 531-541 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkynes and Cumulenes, XII. The Application of Di-tert-butyl Acetylenedicarboxylate in Diels-Alder AdditionsDi-tert-butyl acetylenedicarboxylate (1) may be added in good yields to the model dienes 1,3-butadiene (6a), 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (6b), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (6c), furan (10), and 1,3-cyclohexadiene (19) to afford the Diels-Alder adducts 7a - c, 12 (E = CO2C(CH3)3), and 20, respectively. Under certain conditions the reaction with 10 also leads to the four 2:1-adducts 13 - 16 (E = CO2C(CH3)3). Whereas the esters 7a - c are converted in quantitative yields to the corresponding anhydrides 8a - c by warming in the presence of catalytic amounts of p-toluenesulfonic acid or by heating in substance, the decomposition of 12 and 20 stops at the stage of the monoesters 17 and 21, respectively. Competition experiments show that 1 is approximately three times less reactive towards 6c than dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (11). It is shown that 1 is a useful dienophile for the preparation of “mixed” [2.2]paracyclophanes of type 28.
    Notes: Acetylendicarbonsäure-di-tert-butylester (1) reagiert in guten Ausbeuten mit den Modell-Dienen 1,3-Butadien (6a), 2-Methyl-1,3-butadien (6b), 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadien (6c), Furan (10) und 1,3-Cyclohexadien (19) zu den Diels-Alder-Addukten 7a-c, 12 (E = CO2C(CH3)3) und 20. Im Fall von 10 gelingt unter bestimmten Bedingungen auch die Isolierung der vier 2:1-Addukte 13 - 16 (E = CO2C(CH3)3). Während die Ester 7a - c durch Erwärmen in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen von p-Toluolsulfonsäure bzw. beim Erhitzen in Substanz quantitativ in die entsprechenden Anhydride 8a - c übergeführt werden können, bleibt diese Zersetzung für 12 und 20 auf der Stufe der Monoester 17 bzw. 21 stehen. Wie Konkurrenzexperimente zeigen, ist 1 gegenüber 6c etwa dreimal weniger reaktiv als Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethylester (11). Es wird gezeigt, daß 1 ein nützliches Dienophil bei der Darstellung „gemischter“ [2.2]Paracyclophane vom Typ 28 ist.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 542-554 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cleavage of Unstrained CC Single Bonds in Tricarbonyliron Complexes of 5,5-Dialkyl-substituted CyclopentadienesCleavage of CC single bonds in η4-spirononadieneiron complex 9 is initiated by Fe2(CO)9 in boiling benzene, leading to the bridged (σ-alkyl-π-cyclopentadienyl)iron complex 10. By Fe2(CO)9 the latter is transformed to the dinuclear “propylfulvene complex” 16. The observed CC bond cleavage reactions of spirocyclopentadienes 6 can also be applied to monocyclic 5,5-dialkylcyclopentadienes 1. Crossover experiments and stereochemical results suggest an intramolecular reaction path and migration of the endo-alkyl group.
    Notes: Die Spaltung einer CC-Einfachbindung im η4-Spirononadieneisen-Komplex 9 wird durch Fe2(CO)9 in siedendem Benzol initiiert und führt zum überbrückten (σ-Alkyl-π-cyclopentadienyl)eisen-Komplex 10. Dieser reagiert - wiederum unter der Einwirkung von Fe2(CO)9 - weiter zum zweikernigen „Propylfulven-Komplex“ 16. Die an Spirocyclopentadienen 6 beobachteten Umwandlungen unter CC-Bindungsspaltung lassen sich auf offenkettige 5,5-Dialkylcyclopentadiene 1 übertragen. Aus Kreuzungsversuchen und stereochemischen Befunden kann ein intramolekularer Reaktionsverlauf unter Wanderung der endo-Alkylgruppe abgeleitet werden.
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  • 82
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 555-565 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Simple Synthesis of 3-Acetyl-2-norbornanone via Diels-Alder Reaction and Reactivity of its DerivativesCyclopentadiene reacts SnCl4-catalyzed with the readily accessible benzyl ether 1b to give norbornene 2. Benzyl cleavage leads to the diol 3, on the other hand hydrogenation yields the 3-acetylnorbornanol 13 which is oxidized and methylated via 6 to 7. The acetyl group of diketone 7 reacts selectively with ylen (→ 8) and orthoformate (→ 9). With methyl lithium however the diol 12 is formed. Selective reaction of the 2-ketogroup of 2 is only possible after protecting the acetyl function in 2 (→ 5 → 14 → 10 → 19). The Grignard reaction of 2 is sterically hindered and leads with methyl or ethyl magnesium halide to 4a or b. The α,β-unsaturated ketones 16 resp. 17a and b are obtained from 4a resp. b via hydrogenation (→ 15a, b), oxidation (→ 11a, b) and dehydration.
    Notes: Cyclopentadien reagiert SnCl4-katalysiert mit dem leicht zugänglichen Benzylether 1b zum Norbornen 2. Benzylspaltung mit Natrium führt zum Diol 3, während Hydrierung das 3-Acetylnorbornanol 13 ergibt, dessen Oxidation und Methylierung über 6 zu 7 führt. Im Diketon 7 reagiert die Acetylgruppe selektiv mit Ylen (→ 8) und Orthoameisensäureester (→ 8), mit Methyllithium wird dagegen das Diol 12 gebildet. Eine selektive Reaktion der 2-Ketogruppe ist nur nach Schützen der Acetylfunktion in 2 (→ 5 → 14 → 10 → 19) möglich. Die Grignard-Reaktion von 2 ist sterisch gehindert. Sie führt mit Methyl- bzw. Ethyl-magnesiumhalogenid zu 4a bzw. b, woraus nach Hydrierung (→ 15a, b), Oxidation → 11a, b), und Wasserabspaltung die α,β-ungesättigten Ketone 16 bzw. 17a und b erhalten werden.
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  • 83
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 690-698 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Aldehydes to Activated Double Bonds, XXII. Addition of Aliphatic Aldehydes to α,β-Unsaturated Esters and NitrilesThiazolium salt catalysed addition of aliphatic aldehydes to α,β-unsaturated esters and nitriles leads to γ-ketocarboxylic esters (1 - 24) and γ-ketonitriles (25 - 32).
    Notes: Aliphatische Aldehyde addieren thiazoliumsalz-katalysiert an α,β-ungesättigte Carbonsäureester und Nitrile unter Bildung von γ-Ketocarbonsäureestern (1 - 24) und γ-Ketosäurenitrilen (25 - 32).
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  • 84
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 699-709 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Urofuranic Acids - a Hitherto Unknown Class of Metabolic CompoundsBy a combination of chromatographic methods 1 mg of pentylurofuranic acid, a dicarboxylic acid C14H20O5, was isolated from 10 1 urine. According to spectroscopic measurements in combination with reactions in microscale its structure is 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-pentyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (1a). This was confirmed by synthesis. Pentylurofuranic acid does not only occur in urine, but also in blood. Accompanying compounds differ only in the construction of the side chain in position 5.
    Notes: Aus 10 1 Harn wurde durch Kombination verschiedener chromatographischer Verfahren 1 mg Pentylurofuransäure, eine Dicarbonsäure C14H20O5, isoliert. Ihr kommt nach spektroskopischer Untersuchung in Kombination mit Mikroabbaureaktionen die Konstitution 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-pentyl-2-furanpropansäure (1a) zu, die durch Synthese gesichert wurde. Die Pentylurofuransäure kommt nicht nur im Harn (0.5-2 mg/24 h), sondern auch im Blut vor. Begleitverbindungen unterscheiden sich von ihr nur durch den Bau der Seitenkette in Stellung 5.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 710-721 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Asymmetric Syntheses, V. Optically Active 5-Amino-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxanes and Their Influence on the Stereoselectivity of the Asymmetric Strecker-SynthesisFrom (1S, 2S)-(+)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol (1) and aldehydes or ketones 2a - e, respectively, the appropriate 5-amino-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxanes 3a - e are prepared. With benzaldehyde they form well crystallizing azomethines 4a - e. The conformation and configuration of 3a - e and 4a - e are deduced spectroscopically. From these results, and from investigations of the epimer equilibria 5a - e/6a - e conclusions are drawn about the stereochemical course of the asymmetric Strecker-synthesis.
    Notes: Aus dem (1S, 2S)-(+)-2-Amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propandiol (1) werden mit den Aldehyden bzw. Ketonen 2a - e die entsprechenden 5-Amino-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxane 3a - e hergestellt, die mit Benzaldehyd die gut kristallisierenden Azomethine 4a - e bilden. Die Konformation und Konfiguration von 3a - e und 4a - e werden spektroskopisch bestimmt. Aus diesen Ergebnissen und den Untersuchungen über das Epimerengleichgewicht 5a - e/6a - e lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf den stereochemischen Verlauf der asymmetrischen Strecker-Synthese ziehen.
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  • 86
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 728-738 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, CV. (N-Lithiomethylamino)dimethylborane as a Reagent for the Preparation of N-Functional AminodimethylboranesThe reagent (CH3)2 — N(CH3)Li (1) allows the synthesis of many borylaminoelement compounds such as (CH3)2B — NCH3 — BCH3 — N(CH3)2, (CH3)2Si[NCH3 — B(CH3)2]2, (CH3)2B - NCH3 — Si(CH3)2 — NCH3 — Si(CH3)2Br, (CH3)2B — NCH3 — P(CH3)2 or (CH3)2B — NCH3 — As(CH3)2. Multifunctional element halides cause the formation of a complex mixture of products, and this is in part due to cyclocondensation reactions of longer chain compounds.
    Notes: Das Reagens (CH3)2B — N(CH3)Li (1) ermöglicht die Synthese zahlreicher Borylaminoelement-Verbindungen wie (CH3)2B — NCH3 — BCH3 — N(CH3)2, (CH3)2Si[NCH3 — B(CH3)2]2, (CH3)2B — NCH3 — Si(CH3)2 — NCH3 — Si(CH3)2Br, (CH3)2B — NCH3 — P(CH3)2 oder (CH3)2B — NCH3 — As(CH3)2. Mit mehrfunktionellen Elementhalogeniden wird die Produktpalette komplexer, was auch auf Cyclokondensation der längerkettigen Verbindungen zurückzuführen ist.
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  • 87
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 750-756 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Condensation Reactions of 4-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene 1,1-Dioxide4-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide (1) reacts with primary amines according to their basicity to give the compounds 6a - h, and 7, resp.; with hydrazines the monohydrazones (8a - d) are obtained. Condensation with aliphatic diamines leads only in the case of 1,1-ethanediamine to a ring system (2), with the higher homologues to bridged compounds (3a - c). Reaction with methylenediamine dihydrochloride leads to the same product (5) as with ammonia. Active derivatives of carboxylic acids react with 1 to give mono- (9a,b) or bisacylation (10), in the case of thiophosgene the corresponding dioxole 11 is formed. With trialkyl phosphites 1 produces the vinylogue sulfonic esters 12a, b by simple alkylation, analogous to the reaction with diazomethane.
    Notes: 4-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,5-diphenyl-2,3-dihydrothiophen-1,1-dioxid (1) reagiert mit primären Aminen je nach deren Basizität zu den Verbindungen 6a - h oder 7; mit Hydrazinen erfolgt Monohydrazonbildung zu 8a - d. Kondensation mit aliphatischen Diaminen führt nur im Falle des 1,2-Ethandiamins zum ringgeschlossenen Produkt (2), höhere homologe Diamine bilden verbrückte Verbindungen (3a - c). Die Reaktion mit Methandiamin-dihydrochlorid führt zu Produkt 5, das auch durch Umsetzung mit Ammoniak erhalten wird. Aktive Carbonsäurederivate setzen sich mit 1 zum Mono- (9a, b) bzw. Bisacylprodukt (10) um. Mit Thiophosgen liefert 1 das Dioxol 11; mit Trialkylphosphiten erfolgt Alkylierung zu den vinylogen Sulfonsäureestern 12a, b analog der Umsetzung mit Diazomethan.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium and -tin and (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium- and -tin Cations: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding PropertiesSynthesis and properties of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium (2) and -tin (1) and of the ionic (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium- and -tin tetrafluoroborates 4 and 3 are described. The structures of 1 - 4 result from spectroscopic and analytical data and in the case of 1 and 3 also from X-ray structure analyses. The bonding in 1 - 4 is discussed on the basis of model MO calculations.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften des Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germaniums (2) und -zinns (1) sowie der ionischen (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium- und -zinn-tetrafluoroborate 4 und 3 werden beschrieben. Die Strukturen von 1 - 4 resultieren aus spektroskopischen und analytischen Daten sowie im Falle von 1 und 3 auch aus Röntgenstrukturanalysen. Elektronenstruktur und Bindungsverhältnisse in 1 - 4 werden auf der Basis von MO-Modellrechnungen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 770-786 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of Oxazolin-5-ones, X. 3-Imidazolines and Δ3-Tetrahydropyrimidines by Thermolysis of 3-Oxazolin-5-ones Derived from N-Acyl DipeptidesOn thermolysis 2-(acylaminomethyl)-3-oxazolin-5-ones (3a - g) undergo elimination of CO2 to give nitrile ylides which cyclize to 3-imidazolines 4a - g via intramolecular proton transfer. The 2-acylaminoethyl derivative 3h yields a Δ3-tetrahydropyrimidine 5h in an analogous manner. Compounds 3 may be easily obtained from N-acyl dipeptides 1. The temperature dependence of the 1H NMR spectra of 4 is discussed.
    Notes: Die Thermolyse von 2-(Acylaminomethyl)-3-oxazolin-5-onen (3a - g) führt unter Eliminierung von CO2 zu Nitril-yliden, welche nach innermolekularer Protonenübertragung zu 3-Imidazolinen 4a - g cyclisieren. Analog liefert das 2-(Acylaminoethyl)-Derivat 3h ein Δ3-Tetrahydropyrimidin 5h. Die Oxazolinone 3 sind aus N-Acyldipeptiden 1 leicht zugänglich. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der 1H-NMR-Spektren von 4 wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 856-863 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselective Synthesis of Alcohols, IV. Conformational Factors Determining the Stereochemistry of the Allyl Sulfoxide/Allyl Sulfenate-RearrangementThe stereochemistry of the [2,3]sigmatropic rearrangement of the conformationally rigid allyl sulfoxides 5 revealed a 6.2 fold preference for axial formation of the new C — O-bond. This preference dominates the 3.1 fold preference for an exo-versus endo-transition state. These data form the basis for a discussion of the stereochemistry of rearrangement of the conformationally flexible allyl sulfoxides 1 and 13.
    Notes: Aus der Stereochemie der [2,3]sigmatropen Umlagerung der konformativ fixierten Allylsulfoxide 5 kann man eine 6.2-fache Präferenz für eine axiale Neuknüpfung der C — O-Bindung ableiten, die über eine 3.1-fache Präferenz für einen exo-Übergangszustand dominiert. Diese Vorstellungen wurden auf die Umlagerung der konformativ flexiblen Allylsulfoxide 1 und 13 übertragen.
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  • 91
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 912-918 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cumulated Ylides, VII. A Method for the Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic CompoundsPhosphacumulene ylides 1 add alcohols, thiols, and NH-acidic compounds to form phosphoranes 3, which react with aldehydes to give esters, thiol esters, imidates, thioimidates, amidines, azolides, and sulfonamides of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids.
    Notes: Phosphacumulen-Ylide 1 addieren Alkohole, Thiole und NH-acide Verbindungen zu Phosphoranen 3, die sich mit Aldehyden zu Estern, Thiolestern, Imidsäureestern, Imidsäurethioestern, Amidinen, Azoliden sowie Sulfonamiden α,β-ungesättigter Carbonsäuren umsetzen lassen.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial Transformations of Steroids, XVII. Preparation of Several Mono- and Diketo-structures of D-Homo-4-pregnene-3,20-dione and D-Homo-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione11α- (2) and 15α-monohydroxy- (3), 6β,11α-(4), 11α,15α- (5), 12β,15α- (6), 15α,16α- (7), 7β,11α- (8), 11β,17α- (9), 7β,17α-dihydroxy- (11), and 17α-hydroxy-11-oxo-D-homoprogesterone (10) were prepared by microbiological transformations of D-homoprogesterone (1) with various fungi. The compounds were oxidized by the method of Jones before and after microbiological 1,2-dehydrogenation with Bacillus lentus to the corresponding keto-structures 12 to 17 and 20 respectively 26 to 30. The 14α-hydroxy-11-ketone 18 and 7α,14α-dihydroxy-11-ketone 19 were obtained by microbiological hydroxylation of the 11-ketone 12 with Curvularia lunata. Penicillium lilacinum degraded D-homoprogesterone (1) to D-homotestosterone.
    Notes: Durch mikrobiologische Umwandlung von D-Homoprogesteron (1) mit verschiedenen Pilzstämmen wurden 11α- (2) und 15α-Monohydroxy- (3), 6β,11α- (4), 11α,15α- (5), 12β,15α- (6), 15α,16α- (7), 7β,11α- (8), 11β,17α- (9), 7β,17α-Dihydroxy- (11) und 17α-Hydroxy-11-oxo-D-homo-progesteron (10) hergestellt. Die Verbindungen wurden vor und nach mikrobiologischer 1,2-Dehydrierung mit Bacillus lentus zu den entsprechenden Ketostrukturen 12 - 17 und 20 bzw. 26 - 30 nach Jones oxidiert. Ein 14α-Hydroxy-11-keton 18 und 7α,14α-Dihydroxy-11-keton 19 wurden durch mikrobiologische Zweithydroxylierung des 11-Ketons 12 mit Curvularia lunata erhalten. Penicillium lilacinum baute D-Homoprogesteron (1) zu D-Homotestosteron ab.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds, XIX. Intramolecular Quinhydrones of the [3.3]Metacyclophane Series: syn- and anti-6,9,15,18-Tetramethoxy[3.3]metacyclophanes as PrecursorsIn the context of the synthesis of [3.3]metacyclophane quinhydrones (e. g, 1 and 2) the stereoisomeric 7,10,17,20-tetramethoxy-2,13-dithia[4.4]metacyclophanes (5/6) were synthesized via 8 - 12. From the disulfones, prepared by oxidation of 5/6, by vacuum gas-phase pyrolysis (570°C/10-4 Torr) two stereoisomeric 6,9,15,18-tetramethoxy[3.3]metacyclophanes were obtained the assignment of which to the syn-constitution 3 and the anti-constitution 4 has been made on the basis of 1H NMR spectra. As experiments on thermal isomerisation show the conformational stability of 3/4 as well as 5/6 is remarkably high. - As side-products of the cyclisation of 11 and 12, and of the sulfone pyrolysis, resp., the compounds 13 - 16 were isolated.
    Notes: Mit dem Ziel der Synthese von Chinhydronen der [3.3]Metacyclophan-Reihe (z. B. 1 und 2) wurden die stereoisomeren 7,10,17,20-Tetramethoxy-2,13-dithia[4.4]metacyclophane (5/6) über die Vorstufen 8 - 12 synthetisiert. Aus den durch Oxidation von 5/6 erhaltenen Disulfonen entstanden durch Gasphasen-Vakuum-Pyrolyse (570°C/10-4 Torr) zwei stereoisomere 6,9,15,18-Tetramethoxy[3.3]metacyclophane, deren Zuordnung zur syn-Konstitution 3 und anti-Konstitution 4 aufgrund der 1H-NMR-Spektren getroffen wurde. Wie Versuche zur thermischen Isomerisierung zeigen, ist die konformative Stabilität von 3/4 wie auch von 5/6 bemerkenswert groß. - Als Nebenprodukte der Cyclisierung von 11 und 12 bzw. der Sulfon-Pyrolyse wurden die Verbindungen 13 - 16 isoliert.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds, XX. Intramolecular Quinhydrones of the [3.3]Metacyclophane Series: Synthesis, Stability, and Charge Transfer Absorptions of Stereoisomeric [3.3]Metacyclophane QuinhydronesOn the attempt to synthesize the syn- and anti-[3.3]metacyclophane quinhydrones 1 and 2 by demethylation of 3 and 4, resp., and subsequent oxidation the same [3.3](2,6)-p-benzoquinonophane (5) was obtained which on catalytic hydrogenation yielded syn-[3.3]metacyclophane quinhydrone 1. Partial demethylation, however, and following oxidation led from 3 to the dimethyl ether 7 of the syn-quinhydrone 1, and analogously from 4 to the dimethyl ether 8 of anti-[3.3]-metacyclophane quinhydrone 2. The structural assignment of the stereoisomers was confirmed by an X-ray structure analysis of 7. In addition to 7 and 8, the corresponding monomethyl ethers 10 and 12 were obtained. - The anti-[3.3]metacyclophanes 8 and 12 undergo a complete thermal rearrangement to the syn-isomers 7 and 11, resp., from which a stronger ground state stabilisation by charge transfer interaction is concluded for the donor-acceptor systems of the syn-series. - The quinhydrones 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 show broad, intensive charge transfer absorptions in the range from 300 to 550 nm which for the pairs of stereoisomers 7/8 and 11/12, in spite of the very different donor-acceptor orientation, are surprisingly similar: the absorption intensity of the CT band, however, is considerably stronger for the anti-quinhydrones than for their syn-isomers.
    Notes: Bei Versuchen zur Darstellung der syn- und anti-[3.3]Metacyclophan-Chinhydrone 1 und 2 wurde durch Demethylierung von 3 bzw. 4 und anschließende Oxidation dasselbe [3.3](2,6)-p-Benzochinonophan (5) erhalten, das durch katalytische Hydrierung syn-[3.3]Metacyclophan-Chinhydron 1 ergab. Partielle Demethylierung und anschließende Oxidation führten jedoch ausgehend von 3 zum Dimethylether 7 des syn-Chinhydrons 1 und entsprechend aus 4 zum Dimethylether 8 des anti-[3.3]Metacyclophan-Chinhydrons 2. Die Strukturzuordnung der Stereoisomeren wurde durch Röntgen-Strukturanalyse von 7 bestätigt. Neben 7 und 8 wurden die entsprechenden Monomethylether 10 und 12 erhalten. - Die anti-Verbindungen 8 und 12 lagern sich thermisch quantitativ in die syn-Isomeren 7 bzw. 11 um, woraus auf eine stärkere Grundzustands-Stabilisierung durch Charge-Transfer-Wechselwirkung bei den Donor-Acceptor-Systemen der syn-Reihe geschlossen wird. - Die Chinhydrone 7, 8, 10, 11 und 12 zeigen breite, intensive Charge-Transfer-Absorptionen im Bereich von 300 - 550 nm, die bei den Stereoisomeren-Paaren 7/8 und 11/12 trotz der sehr unterschiedlichen Donor-Acceptor-Orientierung überraschend ähnlich sind; die Absorptionsintensität der CT-Bande ist jedoch bei den anti-Chinhydronen beträchtlich größer als bei den syn-Isomeren.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 278-288 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluorenylsilanes, I. Preparation and Structural Investigations of Fluorenylsilanes with Functional Groups at SiliconChloro-9-fluorenyldiphenylsilane (3a) and 9-fluorenyltris(trimethylsilyl)silane (3b) have been prepared by the reaction of the corresponding halosilanes with 9-fluorenyl lithium. The chloro substituent in 3a can be exchanged for other functional groups. With alkaline conditions cleavage of the fluorenyl-silicon bond may happen. The molecular structures of 3b and 9-fluorenyldiphenylsilanole (6a) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. In both compounds the substituents at the Cfluorenyl—Si bond are exactly staggered. The fluorenyl group in 3b is slightly folded, the Cfluorenyl—Si bond is lengthened to 194.7 (4) pm.
    Notes: Chlor-9-fluorenyldiphenylsilan (3a) und 9-Fluorenyltris(trimethylsilyl)silan (3b) wurden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Halogensilane mit 9-Fluorenyllithium dargestellt. Der Chlorsubstituent in 3a läßt sich gegen andere funktionelle Gruppen austauschen; im alkalischen Medium kann daneben die Fluoren-Silicium-Bindung gespalten werden. Von 3b und 9-Fluorenyldiphenylsilanol (6a) wurden Röntgenstrukturanalysen durchgeführt. In beiden Verbindungen stehen die Substituenten bezüglich der CFluorenyl— Si-Bindung streng gestaffelt. Der Fluorenyl-Rest in 3b ist leicht gefaltet, die CFluorenyl—Si-Bindung auf 194.7 (4) pm aufgeweitet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Oxidation of Hexathioethanes to Tetrathioethene Radical CationsThe oxidation of hexakis(alkylthio)ethanes (RS)3C — C(SR)3 by AlCl3/H2CCl2, NOBF4, or I2 yields tetrakis(alkylthio)ethene radical cations (RS)2Ċ=⊕C(SR)2. The dark violet tetrahydrotetrathiafulvalenium triiodide 1 · I3 (n = 2) has been obtained as a crystalline solid. Other derivatives such as the dibenzotetrathiafulvalene (2) and the quinodimethane (4) radical cations have been characterized by ESR spectroscopy in solution: The coupling constants and the g values reveal that the spin density accumulates preferentially at the S centers. The alkyl proton coupling is rationalized advantageously by angle-independent spin polarization. For tetrathiafulvalene, geometry-optimized MNDO calculations predict a lengthening of the central C = C bond on oxidation and the positive charge centered predominantly at sulfur.
    Notes: Die Oxidation von Hexakis(alkylthio)ethanen (RS)3C — C(SR)3 mit AlCl3/H2CCl2, NOBF4 oder I2 führt zu Tetrakis(alkylthio)ethen-Radikalionen (RS)2Ċ=⊕C(SR)2. Das schwarzviolette Tetrahydrotetrathiafulvalenium-triiodid 1 · I3 (n = 2) konnte in Substanz isoliert werden. Weitere Derivate wie das Dibenzotetrathiafulvalen- (2) und das Chinodimethan-(4)-Radikalion werden in Lösung ESR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert: Aus den Kopplungskonstanten und g-Faktoren folgt, daß sich die Spindichte überwiegend an den S-Zentren befindet. Die Alkylprotonen-Kopplungen lassen sich vorteilhaft mit winkelunabhängiger Spinpolarisation beschreiben. Für Tetrathiafulvalen ergeben geometrieoptimierte open-shell-MNDO-Berechnungen, daß sich die zentrale C = C-Bindung bei Oxidation verlängern, und daß die positive Ladung überwiegend am Schwefel zentriert sein sollte.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 324-332 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethylsilyl Cyanide - A Reagent for Umpolung, IV. Substituent Effects in the Acylating Nucleophile for Directing 1,2-/1,4-Addition to α,β-Unsaturated KetonesMesityl oxide (6) is attacked by nucleophilic anions 5a - f in DME at the C-1 and/or C-3 position. Depending on the p-substituent in 5 the whole scale from 100% 1,2-adduct 7 (with 5a, X = N(CH3)2) to 100% 1,4-adduct 9 (with 5f, X = CN) is covered. In ether the amount of 9 is strongly enhanced. The control of regiospecificity has to be ascribed to differing “hardness” of 5a - f, since possible ion pairing produces opposite effects. The oxidation potentials of 5 and the reduction potential of 6 in DME exclude electron transfer before 1,4-addition. The easily reducible dienone 14, however, reacts with 5c via radicals.
    Notes: Die nucleophilen Anionen 5a - f greifen Mesityloxid (6) in DME in C-1- und/oder C-3-Position an, wobei in Abhängigkeit vom p-Substituenten in 5 die gesamte Skala von 100% 1,2-Addukt 7 (mit 5a, X = N(CH3)2) zu 100% 1,4-Addukt 9 (mit 5f, X = CN) durchlaufen wird. In Ether erhöht sich der Anteil an 9 erheblich. Die Steuerung muß der unterschiedlichen „Härte“ von 5a - f zugeschrieben werden, da eine mögliche Ionenpaarbildung gegenläufig wirkt. Die Oxidationspotentiale von 5 und das Reduktionspotential von 6 schließen in DME eine vorgelagerte Elektronenübertragung bei 1,4-Addition aus, während das leicht reduzierbare Dienon 14 mit 5c radikalisch reagiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NMR Studies of Boron Compounds, XVII. 17O NMR Studies on Organyloxyboranes, Organyloxydiboranes(4), Dioxaborolanes, and Boroxins17O chemical shifts of 30 boron-oxygen compounds containing tricoordinate boron atoms can be interpreted in terms of B - O(pp)π interaction. In consonance with other physical data a decrease in the π bond order is indicated by the δ17O data along the series (R2B)2O 〉 (RBO)3 〉 R2BOR 〉 RB(OR)2 〉 B(OR)3 (R either CH3 or C2H5). Natural abundance 17O NMR spectra are recorded by PFT NMR spectroscopy in relatively short time as “routine” measurements.
    Notes: Die 17O-chemischen Verschiebungen von 30 Bor-Sauerstoff-Verbindungen, die dreifach koordiniertes Bor enthalten, sind mit B - O(pp)π-Wechselwirkung zu interpretieren. In Übereinstimmung mit anderen physikalischen Daten legen die δ17O-Werte eine Abnahme der π-Bindungsordnung in der Reihe (R2B)2O 〉 (RBO)3 〉 R2BOR 〉 RB(OR)2 〉 B(OR)3 (R = CH3 oder C2H5) nahe. 17O-NMR-Spektren von Verbindungen mit natürlicher Isotopenhäufigkeit werden mittels PFT-NMR-Spektroskopie relativ rasch in „Routinemessungen“ erhalten.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 669-675 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Spirocyclohexadienones and their Rearrangement to Tricyclic Compounds(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid reacts with diisopropyl- and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to yield the spirocyclohexadienones 1 and 2. When treated with BF3-etherate, these compounds rearrange to give 3 and 4. The structure of 3, concluded from the NMR-spectra, was confirmed by rearranging the corresponding deuterium-labeled dienone 1a and determining the position of deuterium in the rearranged compound 3a.
    Notes: (4-Hydroxyphenyl)essigsäure reagiert mit Diisopropyl- und Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid zu den Spirocyclohexadienonen 1 und 2. Diese Verbindungen lagern sich mit BF3-Etherat zu den Verbindungen 3 und 4 um. Die aufgrund der Kernresonanzspektren postulierte Konstitution der Verbindung 3 wurde bestätigt, indem das entsprechende deuteriummarkierte Dienon 1a umgelagert und die Position des Deuteriums im Umlagerungsprodukt 3a aus den Kernresonanzspektren bestimmt wurde.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 650-668 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparative, Spectroscopic, and Crystallographic Investigations on Phosphinato Complexes of Rhenium with Bidentate Nitrogen LigandsCholestano-cobaloximes and cholestano-rhodoximes, three diastereoisomers of each constitution, were synthesised from cholestane-2,3-dione dioxime (3). The diastereoisomeric complexes were separated and characterised by their spectra. One of the axial ligands was invariably pyridine, the other either chlor (9), methyl (10), 2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)propyl (11), 2,2-bis(benzyl-oxycarbonyl)propyl (12), or 2,2-bis(2-naphthylmethoxycarbonyl)propyl (13 and 14). Irradiation of the complexes 11, 12, 13, and 14 in ethanol or 2-propanol afforded, apart from dimethylmalonic diester, other products among which was the corresponding methylsuccinic diester in yields of approx. 1, 20, 23, and 13%, respectively. The methylsuccinic acid bis(2-naphthylmethyl ester) obtained from the irradiation of the diastereoisomeric cholestano-cobaloximes 13a, b and c was found to be practically racemic.
    Notes: Aus Cholestan-2,3-dion-dioxim (3) wurden jeweils drei diastereomere Cholestano-cobaloxime und Cholestano-rhodoxime synthetisiert, die getrennt und spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Pyridin diente durchweg als einer der axialen Liganden, der andere war Chlor (9), Methyl (10), 2,2-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)propyl (11), 2,2-Bis(benzyloxycarbonyl)propyl (12) oder 2,2-Bis(2-naphthylmethoxycarbonyl)propyl (13 und 14). Bestrahlung der Komplexe 11, 12, 13 und 14 in Ethanol oder 2-Propanol gab neben den Dimethylmalonsäureestern und weiteren Produkten auch die entsprechenden Methylbernsteinsäure-diester in Ausbeuten von etwa 1, 20, 23 und 13%. Der aus den diastereomeren Cholestano-cobaloximen 13a, b und c erhaltene Methylbernsteinsäure-bis(2-naphthylmethylester) war praktisch racemisch.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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