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  • 1995-1999  (10,230)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1997  (10,230)
  • Chemistry  (10,047)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (137)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • Ultrastructure
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Years
  • 1995-1999  (10,230)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Rectal cancer ; Computed tomography ; Radiotherapy ; Endorectal ultrasound ; Staging ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The postradiation preoperative staging results of 25 patients with rectal cancer who were found to have Stage T0,N0 lesions after surgery were examined. Our aim was to assess the ability of preoperative staging following radiation therapy to predict the absence of disease. METHODS: From 1983 to 1994, 25 patients treated with preoperative radiation therapy for biopsy-proven rectal cancer were found to have no pathologic evidence of disease in the resected specimen (T0,N0). The preoperative postradiation disease staging results of these patients were compared with the postoperative pathologic findings. Each patient received 4,500 to 5,580 cGy during a five-week to six-week period, and four patients had preoperative chemotherapy. Surgical resection was performed six to eight weeks after completion of radiation therapy. All 25 patients were staged by digital rectal examination before surgery. In addition, 13 patients were assessed using computed tomography, 6 by endorectal ultrasound, and 1 by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Most irradiated lesions were overstaged by radiologic assessment and physical examination. No technique could reliably distinguish between postradiation fibrosis and residual cancer. The negative predictive value for digital rectal examination was 24 percent. Computed tomography accurately staged 23 percent of lesions, and endorectal ultrasound predicted 17 percent of lesions correctly. The single patient evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging was overstaged and thought to have a T2 lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our ability to assess local eradication of rectal cancer following radiation therapy remains poor. Conventional imaging and clinical examination techniques are unable to safely predict which patients do not require surgical excision following curative radiation therapy for rectal cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Brain asymmetry ; Fornix ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article reports the observation that there is a left/right asymmetry of the anterior columns of the fornix in the human brain. This asymmetry is present in the position of the two columns of the fornix in relation to the septum pellucidum. The left columna fornicis was found to be located caudal to the right, and this can be readily visualized on axial MRI scans. This difference was seen in most of the subjects, but in some subjects there was no left/right-difference and in a few the asymmetry was inverse. The asymmetry of the fornix with respect to the anterior-posterior axis was independent of the well-known dissimilar lateral ventricular volumes. However, the left/right difference in the position of the fornix was evident in subjects with or without differences in ventricular volumes. This suggests that the mechanism underlying the development of asymmetry of the fornix is independent of the mechanism leading to ventricular asymmetry. So far, no functional relevance has been ascribed to such differences in location. The finding is gaining interest in connection with recent reports of asymmetries in hippocampal subfields. Studies of fornical lesions should therefore give attention to possible side-to-side differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 19 (1997), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Brain asymmetry ; Fornix ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article rapporte l'existence d'une asymétrie droite/gauche des colonnes du fornix chez l'Homme. Cette asymétrie apparaît dans les plans en relation avec le septum pellucidum. Le pilier gauche du fornix apparaît en position plus caudale que le droit et ceci peut être bien visualisé sur des coupes IRM axiales. Cette différence existait chez la plupart des sujets. Chez certains, il n'y avait pas de différence gauche/droite et chez quelques sujets, l'asymétrie était inversée. L'asymétrie du fornix dans le sens antéropostérieur était indépendante de l'asymétrie bien connue des volumes ventriculaires latéraux. Quoi qu'il en soit, l'asymétrie droite/gauche de la position des piliers du fornix était évidente chez les sujets qui présentaient où ne présentaient pas de différence de volume ventriculaire. Ceci suggère que le mécanisme sousjacent du développement de l'asymétrie du fornix est indépendante du mécanisme conduisant à l'asymétrie ventriculaire. De plus, aucune conséquence fonctionnelle n'a été décrite en rapport avec de telle différence. Ces résultats sont rapprochés aux études récentes concernant les asymétries des champs hippocampiques. Les études de lésions du fornix devraient par la suite tenir compte de ces différences droite ou gauche.
    Notes: Summary This article reports the observation that there is a left/right asymmetry of the anterior columns of the fornix in the human brain. This asymmetry is present in the position of the two columns of the fornix in relation to the septum pellucidum. The left columna fornicis was found to be located caudal to the right, and this can be readily visualized on axial MRI scans. This difference was seen in most of the subjects, but in some subjects there was no left/right-difference and in a few the asymmetry was inverse. The asymmetry of the fornix with respect to the anterior-posterior axis was independent of the well-known dissimilar lateral ventricular volumes. However, the left/right difference in the position of the fornix was evident in subjects with or without differences in ventricular volumes. This suggests that the mechanism underlying the development of asymmetry of the fornix is independent of the mechanism leading to ventricular asymmetry. So far, no functional relevance has been ascribed to such differences in location. The finding is gaining interest in connection with recent reports of asymmetries in hippocampal subfields. Studies of fornical lesions should therefore give attention to possible side-to-side differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Cervical vertebrae ; Facet dislocation ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diagnostic imaging ; Joint injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe neural foraminal enlargement as a radiologic sign indicating bilateral interfacetal dislocation or subluxation injuries (BID/S) of the lower cervical spine on axial images. Axial neural formainal width was measured by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in 10 patients with BID/S and compared with measurements in 20 control patients. In both the BID/S patients and controls, the size of the foramina at the injured level was compared with the foramina at levels immediately above and below the injury. These measurements were compared for statistical significance using Student's t-test. The width of the injured foramina averaged 10.4 mm in BID/S and 5.3 mm in controls (P〈0.001). The enlargement in the BID/S cases relative to foramina above and below the injured level was statistically significant. The sign was also assessed qualitatively for detection of BID/S by three reviewers blindly analyzing 19 cases (9 BID/S and 10 controls) for signs of widened neural foramina. The pooled blinded review yielded a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 83% for neural foraminal enlargement as a sign indicative of BID/S. We describe enlargement, of neural foramina as a radiologic sign corroborative of BID/S on axial images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Emergency radiology 4 (1997), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1438-1435
    Keywords: Infarction ; Stroke ; Transient ischemic attack ; Diffusion imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article attempts to answer the most common questions on the use of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between acute cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack in patients who present with the symptoms of stroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 26 (1997), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hüftluxation ; Kernspintomographie ; Computertomographie ; Reposition ; Normalwerte ; Key words Hip dysplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are useful techniques for the objective documentation of the relation between the femoral head and the acetabulum after closed or open reduction of a developmental dislocation of the hip joint. Before the ossification nucleus of the femoral head is sufficiently developed, MRI is preferred. For the evaluation of reduction from the 2nd year on, MRI and CT are equivalent. However, in older children MRI may also be indicated for the evaluation of cartilaginous structures or the diagnosis of femoral head necrosis. CT in older patients may also be useful for 30 analysis of bony structures, e. g. for planning complex osteotomies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kernspintomogramm (MRI) und Computertomogramm (CT) sind geeignete Methoden zur objektiven Erfassung der Zentrierung nach offener oder geschlossener Reposition einer Hüftgelenkluxation und können in besonderen Situationen die Arthrographie ersetzen. Bis zur ausreichenden Ossifikation der Hüftkopfkerne, d. h. im 1. Lebensjahr, ist dem MRI der Vorzug zu geben. Vom 2. Lebensjahr an ist für die Beurteilung des Repositionsergebnisses das CT gleichwertig. Beim älteren Kind kann das MRI aber auch indiziert sein für die Beurteilung der knorpeligen Hüftstrukturen oder zur Diagnose einer Femurkopfnekrose. In höherem Alter können durch eine aufwendige CT-Untersuchung die knöchernen Verhältnisse auch dreidimensional dargestellt werden, z. B. zur Planung komplexer Korrekturosteotomien.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thorakolumbale Wirbelfraktur ; Instabilität ; Bandscheibendegeneration ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Thoracolumbar fracture ; Instability ; Disc degeneration ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: To analyse the possible injuries of vertebral segments, especially the disc, after unstable thoracolumbar fractures stabilised with AO internal fixator, we performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the traumatised region after implant removal. There were two aspects of disc degeneration (DD): (1) biochemical changes and (2) structural damage. MRI detects biochemical processes as one aspect of DD that is often small even in the presence of greater structural damage of the nucleus pulposus caused by fracture. None of the patients presented with structural failure of the anulus fibrosus, which is the essential structural component of the vertebral segments with regard to stability. We observed biochemical changes more often in the lower of the two fracture-adjacent discs and alterations of discal shape more often in the upper of the two, whereas loss of height concerned both discs to approximately the same degree. The supporters of upper-disc resection in thoracolumbar fractures justify their procedure among other things with the structural disc damage, such as alteration of shape and loss of height (altogether more frequent in the upper disc). Our observations that a disc with a structurally altered nucleus pulposus can be biochemically intact and can show an intact anulus fibrosus are arguments in favour of disc preservation. With regard to the upper disc, the widespread opinion that complete and regular disc damage requires a resection has to be revised. The question of whether the lower disc should be resected more often because of its greater biochemical changes cannot be answered by the present study alone. Besides the excellent static information in all anatomical structures of the vertebral column available by MRI, a repeat examination in a prone position yields dynamic information on the spinal cord in the case of suspected dorsal adhesions.
    Notes: Zur Analyse möglicher Unfallfolgen an vertebralen Bewegungssegmenten und insbesondere der Bandscheiben nach instabilen, mittels Fixateur interne versorgten thorakolumbalen Wirbelfrakturen führten wir bei 33 Patienten eine Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) der Verletzungsregion nach der Implantatentfernung durch. Bei der Bandscheibendegeneration nach instabilen thorakolumbalen Wirbelfrakturen sind strukturelle von biochemischen Veränderungen zu unterscheiden. Die mittels MRT bestimmbare biochemische Degeneration findet sich deutlich seltener als ein morphologischer Schaden des Nucleus pulposus. Verletzungen des Anulus fibrosus, der eigentlich stabilisierenden Struktur der vertebralen Bewegungssegmente, wurden bei keinem Patienten beobachtet. Im Vergleich zur frakturbenachbarten oberen Bandscheibe ist der untere Diskus nach Ausheilung der Fraktur zwar weniger von Veränderungen der Form, jedoch häufiger von biochemischer Abnutzung und etwa gleich stark von Höhenverlust betroffen. Die Befürworter einer Resektion der oberen Bandscheibe bei der operativen Behandlung thorakolumbaler Wirbelfrakturen begründen ihr Procedere u. a. mit dem strukturellen Bandscheibenschaden, wie z. B. Höhenverlust und Impaktierung von Bandscheibengewebe in den Wirbelkörper, die in der Summe häufiger bei dem frakturbenachbarten oberen Diskus beobachtet werden. Unsere Beobachtungen, wonach eine Bandscheibe trotz morphologischer Schädigung des Gallertkerns einen dennoch biochemisch intakten Nucleus pulposus und strukturell unversehrten Anulus fibrosus aufweisen kann, sprechen eher für den Erhalt des betreffenden Diskus. Für die frakturbenachbarte obere Zwischenwirbelscheibe (seltener biochemisch degeneriert) bedeutet dies, daß die weitverbreitete Ansicht von der regelmäßigen Zerstörung und demzufolge obligaten Resektion zu überdenken ist. Die Frage, ob die untere Bandscheibe bei nachgewiesenermaßen ausgeprägter biochemischer Degeneration entsprechend häufiger reseziert werden sollte, kann durch die vorliegende Studie allein nicht beantwortet werden. Neben der statischen Beurteilbarkeit sämtlicher anatomischer Strukturen der Wirbelsäule in der MRT liefert die Wiederholung der Untersuchung in Bauchlage eine dynamische Information über das Verhalten des Rückenmarkes bei Verdacht auf dorsale Adhäsion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 792-800 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Okuläre Myositis ; Orbitale Myositis ; Vergrößerung ; Extraokulärer Augenmuskeln ; Orbitale Kernspintomographie ; Orbitale Computertomographie ; Key words Ocular myositis ; Orbital myositis ; Enlarged extraocular muscles ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We report a young woman presenting with „painful diplopia” caused by inflammation of external eye muscles affecting both eyes sequentially. Orbital MRI disclosed swelling, signal hyperintensity and enhancement of isolated eye muscles. Corticosteroid treatment led to a complete remission within a few days. The compiled data of a literature review enclosing 52 sufficiently documented patients diagnosed as orbital myositis is reported with respect to clinical features, laboratory findings, associated disease, value of imaging procedures (CT, MRI). Therapeutic aspects and differential diagnosis are reviewed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine junge Patientin mit subakuter schmerzhafter Diplopie als Folge von entzündlichen Veränderungen der äußeren Augenmuskeln, die sequentiell beide Augen betrafen, wird vorgestellt. Das orbitale Kernspintomogramm zeigte eine Schwellung, Signalhyperintensität und Kontrastmittelanreicherung einzelner Augenmuskeln. Die Behandlung mit Kortikosteroiden führte zu einer vollständigen Remission der Symptomatik innerhalb weniger Tage. Aufgrund der Daten von insgesamt 52 gut dokumentierten Patienten mit okulärer Myositis aus der Literatur stellen bewegungsabhängige retrobulbäre Schmerzen (94%) mit Diplopie (85%) die Kernsymptome des Krankheitsbildes dar. Ein weiterer klinischer Hauptbefund ist die konjunktivale Injektion (73%), meistens an der Insertionsstelle des betroffenen Muskels. Die exophthalmische Form mit zusätzlichem Lidödem, Ptose, Chemose und Exophthalmus tritt seltener auf (24%), eine Visusabnahme ist die Ausnahme. Ein beidseitiger Augenmuskelbefall, typischerweise sequentiell, wird in 40% beobachtet. Frauen sind häufiger betroffen (73%), das mittlere Erkrankungsalter liegt bei 34 Jahren. Der M. rectus medialis ist der am häufigsten betroffene Muskel (70%). Die Diagnosesicherung gelingt heute mit der Kernspintomographie auch in leichteren Fällen. Der durch die Entzündung erhöhte Wassergehalt der befallenen Muskeln erklärt die gegenüber der Computertomographie erhöhte Sensitivität der Kernspintomographie. Therapie der Wahl ist die Behandlung mit Kortikosteroiden, hierunter kommt es in 90% innerhalb von Tagen zur Abheilung. Bei zu kurzer Therapiedauer sind Rezidive häufig. Bei Therapieresistenz ist die niedrigdosierte Bestrahlung meist effizient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Gorham syndrome ; Massive osteolysis ; Spine ; Thorax ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Gorham syndrome is a rare disorder that is characterized by local osseous invasion and surrounding soft tissues by an angiomatous mass, eventually causing lysis of the affected bone. To date, only four cases have reported the MR imaging appearance of this disease and the findings have been variable. We present a case involving the cervical and thoracic spine and part of the osseous hemithorax with attention to the MR findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 26 (1997), S. 60-63 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Neurilemmoma (schwannoma) ; Bone neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a case of intraosseous neurilemmoma of the fibula in a 56-year-old woman. This case showed the typical radiographic appearance except for the presence of spotted calcifications that mimicked a cartilaginous tumor. Enhanced MR images revealed the heterogeneity of the tumor, which consisted of Antoni type A and B tissue.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone marrow ; MR studies ; Bone marrow ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To correlate the MR appearance of the proximal femur marrow with clinical and blood parameters. Design and patients. The proportion of the femoral neck surface area occupied by red marrow was determined on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the hip in a series of 120 subjects, aged from 15 to 75 years, with ten females and ten males per decade, and correlated with clinical data. This parameter and the bulk T1 values of femoral red marrow were determined in 30 other subjects 25–46 years of age and correlated with their blood parameters. Results. In the series of 120 subjects, the proportion of red marrow surface area decreased with age (P〈10–4) and was higher in female than male subjects (P〈10–4). Within each decade, the proportion of red marrow surface area was higher in females than in males between 25 and 65 years but neither before 25 nor after 65 years. In the series of 30 subjects, the proportion of red marrow surface area and bulk T1 values of femoral red marrow were significantly negatively correlated with hemoglobin blood levels but not with blood cell counts. Conclusion. The MR appearance of proximal femur red marrow is influenced by age and sex. A relationship with hemoglobin blood level is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Fibrolipomatous hamartoma ; Macrodystrophia lipomatosa ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Peripheral nerve disease ; Lipofibromatous hamartoma ; Median nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To analyze the MR imaging features of fibrolipomatous hamartoma (FLH) of nerves. Design and patients. MR imaging studies from six patients (three men and three women) were retrospectively reviewed by three musculoskeletal radiologists. In four patients, a biopsy of the nerve lesion was performed. In two patients, biopsy data were unavailable and the diagnosis was based on the clinical history combined with the MR imaging findings. Results and conclusion. MR imaging demonstrated fusiform nerve enlargement that was caused by fatty proliferation and thickening of nerve bundles. Nerve bundles appeared as serpentine tubular structures, hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted images. The degree of fatty proliferation varied among patients. In addition, significant variation in the distribution of fat along the course of the nerves was noted. In three patients, FLH followed the branching pattern of the nerves, a characteristic pathologic finding. In two patients, intramuscular fat deposition (biceps and tibialis posterior muscles) was present. MR imaging findings of FLH are typical, allowing a confident diagnosis. The variation of fatty proliferation among patients and involved nerves as well as the tendency of the abnormalities to follow the branching pattern of the nerves is well demonstrated with MR imaging. FLH may present as an isolated nerve lesion, may be associated with intramuscular fat deposition, or may occur as a feature of macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL).
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Inflammation of the bronchi ; Bronchial biopsy ; Ultrastructure ; Vessels ; Laser therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  An ultrastructural and autoradiographic analysis of changes in 188 biopsy specimens of bronchial mucosa of the large bronchi from 76 patients with chronic inflammatory lung diseses was carried out. Fibrosis results in an apparent reduction of metabolic activity in endothelial cells, affecting the proliferation of basal cells with changes in cell differentiation. Endobronchial laser therapy with an helium-neon laser induces proliferative and metabolic processes in the lamina propria of the bronchial mucosa with hyperaemia, intensive diapedesis of leucocytes and formation of leucocytic infiltrations and granulation tissue. The proliferative and metabolic activity of endothelial and stromal cells increases, and delicate fibrous connective tissue is formed.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Detrusor ; Fixation ; Magnesium Osmolarity ; Smooth muscle cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium ions added to fixatives for processing to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) have been claimed to cause relaxation of detrusor smooth muscle cells [1]. This should facilitate the morphologic evaluation of the tissue. However, magnesium ions are osmotically active and their addition may cause the fixative to become hypertonic to the tissue. To ascertain whether the presence of magnesium ions causes significant changes compared to those found where the osmolarity is raised without the presence of magnesium, human detrusor specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde to which increasing amounts of MgCl2 or NaCl were added in different concentrations. With the addition of increasing amounts of MgCl2 and NaCl, the osmolarity of the fixative increased, causing significant changes in the morphology and morphometry of the tissue. The intercellular distances increased, the cells shrank and the shape of the cells changed from smooth and rounded to spiky and angulated. With regard to its muscle-relaxing effect, it was not possible to distinguish the specimens fixed in magnesium-containing fixatives from those without. In this study it was not possible to prove any relaxing effect of magnesium ions added to the fixative. On the contrary the magnesium ions caused an increase in the osmolarity, with significant changes in both the morphometry and the morphology of the human detrusor smooth muscle cells.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Neuronal intranuclear inclusion ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Ammon’s horn ; Ultrastructure ; Ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the presence of round eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in a patient with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The inclusions were limited to the hippocampal pyramidal neurons; they were frequently encountered in the CA1 and CA2 regions and much less frequently in the CA3 and CA4 regions and in the subiculum. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of randomly oriented straight filaments, each about 8–14 nm in diameter, some of which had a tubular appearance in cross-section. Electron-dense, granular material was intermingled with the filaments. Immunohistochemically, all the inclusions were positive for ubiquitin, but were negative for several kinds of cytoskeletal protein, including actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, neurofilament polypeptides, keratin, tubulin, tau protein and microtubule-associated protein 2. To our knowledge, this type of neuronal intranuclear inclusion has not so far been reported in ALS, and its distribution limited to the hippocampal formation is of great interest.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Keywords Spectrin ; Dystrophin ; Ultrastructure ; Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spectrin, a major component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, has previously been shown to form a two-dimensional lattice in erythrocytes, and in avian or chicken skeletal muscle. Those results were mainly obtained with antibodies against α-spectrin. Using immunofluorescence of semithin cryosections and single muscle fiber preparations, we show here that β-spectrin forms a costameric network which covers the plasma membrane of human skeletal muscle. These spectrin costameres are correlated with the Z-bands. They are longitudinally connected by fine strands and interrupted by myonuclear lacunae. Under mechanical stretching, the costameres retained their correlation to the Z-bands in normal and dystrophin-deficient muscle, up to the point at which the sarcolemma was disrupted. In stretched muscle, in some regions of the stretched fibers in which the costameres seemed to form double strands, the usually 1:1 correlation of spectrin to the Z-bands changed to a 2:1 relation. In dystrophin-deficient muscle, the costameric scaffold of spectrin in the well-preserved fibers appeared normal, indicating that spectrin can be correctly localized in the absence of dystrophin and that the subcellular spectrin organization does not primarily depend on dystrophin expression. The regular organization and the correlation of spectrin costameres to the Z-bands was notable even in stretched Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscle. On the other hand, single teased muscle fibers of DMD muscle showed various degrees of morphological alterations of the costameric network, ranging from a focal disarray to complete loss of costameric organization. Because these findings indicate that the costameric spectrin scaffold undergoes secondary changes during the course of the dystrophic process in dystrophin-deficient muscle, spectrin staining of isolated muscle fibers may also serve as a tool to monitor the effect of gene therapy experiments at the single fiber level.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Pacinian corpuscles ; Reinnervation after ; axotomy ; Regenerated axon terminals ; Ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reinnervation pattern of crural pacinian corpuscles was examined by light and electron microscopy in eight adult cats of both sexes 3–18 months after sciatic nerve crush. Normal pacinian corpuscles are each supplied with a single myelinated axon and a single cylindrical axon terminal which may branch in the distal part of the inner core. Reinnervation of these vibroreceptors was very satisfactory after sciatic nerve crush: in a sample of 68 corpuscles examined 3–18 months after the operation, 92.6% were found reinnervated, while only 7.4% remained denervated. At the nerve entry, 84.2% of the reinnervated corpuscles were supplied with a single myelinated axon, while 15.8% received two myelinated axons; some of the axons branched before or after entering the inner core. Near the mid-level of the inner core, 60.3% of 63 reinnervated corpuscles were innervated with a single axon terminal, 22.2% were biterminal, while 17.5% had three or more terminals. Regenerated axon terminals induced the formation of thin lamellar layers in the axial region of the original core and, exceptionally, also at the outer aspect of the original core. In monoterminal corpuscles, the shape and ultrastructure of regenerated endings resembled those of normal controls, whereas in multiterminal corpuscles their shape and profiles were variable. In contrast to previous reports, reinnervated corpuscles did not ultimately become monoterminal. On the contrary, the mean number of 1.3 terminals found in reinnervated crural corpuscles at 3–5 months increased to 1.9 terminals per corpuscle 6–18 months after axotomy.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Regeneration ; Diffuse axonal injury ; GAP43 ; Neurofilament ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Traumatic brain injury in animals and humans is well known to cause axonal damage diffusely scattered throughout the brain without evidence of other brain parenchymal change. This observation has prompted some to posit that such damaged axons are well positioned to mount a regenerative attempt. The present study uses an immunocytochemical marker specific for regenerating neurites to explore this issue. Further, in an attempt to expedite and enhance any potential regenerative effort, this study evaluates the efficacy of intrathecally applied nerve growth factor. Three sets of experiments were performed in adult cats. One group of animals was subjected to moderate fluid percussion brain injury and followed for 7 or 14 days post injury, with the continuous intraventricular infusion of nerve growth factor delivered by implanted osmotic pumps. These animals were compared to a second group of time-matched, sham-operated animals receiving artificial cerebrospinal fluid infusion. To assess axonal damage immunohistochemical staining for the low molecular weight neurofilament subunit (NF-L) was carried out using an NR4 monoclonal antibody. To localize axons exhibiting a regenerative response immunohistochemical staining for the growth associated protein GAP43 was employed. In sham controls, at the light microscopic level NF-L-immunoreactive axonal swellings were numerous at 7 days, but by 14 days post injury their frequency declined markedly. In contrast, GAP43-immunoreactive, disconnected reactive axonal swellings were rarely observed at 7 days but were numerous at 14 days. Ultrastructural analysis at 14 days post injury of carefully matched sections revealed reactive axons demonstrating sprouting consistent with a regenerative effort. Analysis of tissue from animals of 14 days of survival indicated that supplementation with nerve growth factor did not appear to enhance the capacity of damaged brain axons to mount a regenerative attempt. Rather, it appears that regenerative efforts seen reflect a spontaneous response. A third group of adult cats, subjected to the same injury but not subjected to osmotic pump implantation, was allowed to survive for 22–28 days. Animals in this group also demonstrated GAP43 immunoreactivity in reactive axonal swellings in the brain stem. This study demonstrates that diffusely injured axons can mount a sustained regenerative attempt that is associated with a reorganization of their cytoskeleton and accompanied by an up-regulation of growth-associated proteins.
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  • 19
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    Anatomy and embryology 196 (1997), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Natural killer cells ; Ultrastructure ; Parallel tubular arrays ; Perforin ; Granzyme B ; Chondroitin sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Human natural killer (NK) cells contain unique granules with parallel tubular arrays (PTA granules) of approximately 30 nm diameter that can be seen only by electron microscopy. In order to clarify the role of PTA granules in NK cell-mediated cytolysis we examined these structures with regard to frequency and expression of lytic proteins (perforin, granzymes). NK cells (CD3−, CD16+, CD56+) were obtained from heparinized blood of healthy donors and enriched by double-step negative selection using mAb coupled to magnetic beads. PTA granules were found in 31.3% of freshly separated NK cells. When NK cells were cultivated, even in the presence of various stimulating agents (rhIL-2, rhIL-4, rhIL-6, rhIL-12, GM-CSF, rhIFNα, anti-CD16 mAb, dexamethasone), PTA granules disappeared and transformed into conventional primary lysosomes. By immune electron microscopy using antibodies directed against perforin and granzyme B we observed distinct immuno-reactivity in the tubules and in the tubule-associated faintly electron-dense matrix of PTA granules. Immuno-labelling for perforin and granzyme B was also found in the fine granular matrix of primary lysosomes. Finally, we tested the distribution of chondroitin 4-sulfate which is suggested to inactivate lytic proteins. Immuno-reactivity for chondroitin 4-sulfate was detected only in the moderately electron-dense matrix but not in the tubules of PTA granules. These observations indicate that perforin and granzyme B are stored in an inactive form in PTA tubules due to highly ordered paracrystalline protein folding. As soon as the tubules decay the lytic proteins are kept in an environment of chondroitin 4-sulfate for inactivation.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Meningioma ; Inclusion body ; Vimentin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are rarely found in meningiomas. A 74-year-old woman had an anaplastic meningioma with intracytoplasmic chromophobe inclusion bodies (CIB) histologically. These CIB were various shapes, e.g. round, teardrop-like, fusiform, horseshoe-like, crescentic and perinuclear. The size of CIB ranged from 7 to 14 μm and the nuclei of the tumor cells with CIB were often eccentric. Most CIB were immunopositive only for vimentin, staining more intensely than surrounding cytoplasm in a comparative study using adjacent sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and vimentin. CIB showed loosely textured filamentous structures which were in parallel and entangled arrangements ultrastructurally. The diameter of the filaments was 13–14 nm and they were thicker than normal intermediate filaments. Moreover, these filaments appeared to be studded with granular and fuzzy substances. These findings suggest that CIB are mainly composed of abnormally synthesized and arranged vimentin filaments.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 579-584 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hypobaric hypoxia ; Cerebral ; microvasculature ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prolonged hypoxia results in structural and functional adaptive responses to improve tissue oxygen delivery. Structural changes within the brain include vascular proliferation and elongation. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether ultrastructural changes in capillary walls also occur as part of the adaptive response. Adult rats were exposed to 2 or 3 weeks of moderate hypobaric hypoxia at 0.5 atmospheres and their cerebral microvasculature examined using quantitative ultrastructural methods. We found that hypoxic rats had an 18% increase in their brain capillary diameter but no change in endothelial wall thickness, basement membrane thickness, or coverage of the endothelial wall by pericytes. The increased diameter of cerebral capillaries may play an important role in decreasing the resistance to capillary perfusion which is brought about by the increased erythrocyte fraction in the blood of hypoxic rats. Ultrastructural features relevant to the blood-brain barrier were maintained in hypoxic rats. Pericytes, that are thought to form a second line of defense in the blood-brain barrier, maintained their numerical and size relationships to the endothelial cells. Endothelial junctions were unchanged and endothelial vesicles were somewhat lower in density than normal at 2 weeks of hypoxia, but had regained their normal density by 3 weeks. Mitochondria of the brain capillary endothelial cells maintained normal numerical and volume densities in hypoxia, but the mitochondria of the surrounding neuropil were decreased significantly by about 30%.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 425-435 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cell culture ; Central neurocytoma ; Histogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the histogenesis and differentiation potential of central neurocytoma, a pathological investigation of seven tumors from three patients was conducted using immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis in addition to systematic in vitro studies. Six tumors were studied immunohistochemically and five were examined ultrastructurally. All cases that were immunostained were positive for synaptophysin in nuclear-free neuropil islands. In five tumors, a few tumor cells, in addition to reactive astrocytes, were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Vimentin staining was also positive in a few tumor cells of five specimens. Neurofilament staining was always negative. All cases for which ultrastructure was examined showed various synaptic abnormalities. Cultured cells were subdivided into three distinct tumor cell types: neuronal cells which stained for neurofilament proteins with neurosecretory granules; small flat undifferentiated cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and scant cytoplasmic organelles; and small round or multipolar astrocytic cells with 10-nm intermediate filaments which stained for GFAP. Our tissue culture studies disclosed that cultured neurocytoma cells form a cellular mosaic similar to subependymal plate layers that are composed of mitotically active cells, neurons and glia.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID ; Skin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID (MPS-IIID) is the rarest of the MPS-III syndromes. It is caused by deficient activity of lysosomal N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (G6S). To date, the clinical and biochemical features of seven patients with MPS-IIID have been reported, but no biopsy or autopsy findings have been described. The purpose of this report is to define the ultrastructure of affected cells seen in a skin biopsy from a 14-year-old boy. The child presented with progressive mental deterioration, hyperactivity and mild to moderate dysmorphism. The diagnosis of a mucopolysaccharidosis was suggested, but the initial urine analyses were negative for elevated mucopolysaccharides, and only the third analysis showed abnormal excretion of heparan sulfate. Because of the diagnostic difficulties posed by this case, a skin biopsy was performed for morphological and biochemical studies. Numerous vacuoles were noted in Schwann cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, eccrine gland and ductal epithelium in resin-embedded sections stained with toluidine blue. Ultrastructurally, many lysosomes were distended with abundant, fibrillar material. Occasionally, lamellated membranous structures were present within the same lysosomes. These findings are consistent with those seen in other forms of MPS, in which the lysosomal storage occurs predominantly, but not exclusively, in mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, deficient activity of G6S was confirmed in cultured skin fibroblasts. This study demonstrates that electron microscopy of skin biopsies is a useful method for identification of patients with clinical features of MPS-IIID whether or not heparan sulfaturia is present.
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  • 24
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    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 499-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Meningioma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Ultrastructure ; Intercellular lumina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied a recurrent meningioma located in the right frontal lobe. The tumor showed high cellularity and the cells had plump, hyalinous cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, almost all the tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin, and unexpectedly, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Ultrastructural investigation revealed abundant 8- to 10-nm filaments in the cytoplasm. Conspicuous interdigitations with numerous desmosomes were present. Frequently, intracellular and intercellular lumina lined by microvilli were also found. We considered the present case to be an unusual variant of meningioma with GFAP expression. A few cases of meningioma with triple expression of GFAP, vimentin and cytokeratin have been reported previously. However, the present case showed obvious pathological differences from these, and had no immunoreactivity for cytokeratin.
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  • 25
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    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Locus coeruleus ; Ultrastructure ; Dihydroetorphine ; Morphine ; Opioids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major noradrenergic nucleus in the brain. The activity of the LC neurons is chronically regulated by opioids. So far, very little is known about the morphological changes induced by chronic treatment with opioids. In the present study, the effects of chronic treatment with morphine and dihydroetorphine, a new narcotic analgesic with lower physical dependence potential than morphine, were investigated on the ultrastructure of the rat LC. Rats received saline or increasing doses of morphine or dihydroetorphine for 5 days by twice daily subcutaneous injections. Withdrawal was precipitated in half of the opioid-treated rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of naloxone 4 h after the last injections of opioids. The ultrastructure of the LC was examined by electron microscopy. Results showed that chronic morphine treatment induced a marked injury to the LC neurons. The primary changes in the cell body were the indentation of nuclei, the fragmentation and degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as the disaggregation of polyribosomes. Myelinoid bodies were seen in the processes. An accumulation of presynaptic vesicles was observed in some of the terminals which formed synaptic junctions with the LC neurons as compared to the normal controls. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine did not stop the morphine-induced injury on the LC neurons except that less accumulation of presynaptic vesicles occurred. Chronic dihydroetorphine treatment only induced a slight change in the ultrastructure of the LC neurons. These results indicate that the LC neurons are more vulnerable to chronic treatment with morphine than to that with dihydroetorphine.
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  • 26
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    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 338-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Pericapillary rosette ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report concerns a comparative immunocytochemical and ultrastructural investigation on pericapillary rosettes (PR) in the lumbar spinal cords of 21 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 age-matched neurologically normal individuals. The purpose of the study was to determine the alteration of PR in relation to the neuronal loss in ALS. The PR were almost always positively immunostained for phosphorylated neurofilament, and some PR immunoreacted with antibodies to synaptophysin and β-amyloid precursor protein. This finding suggests that axonal transport, whether fast or slow, is impaired in the terminal portion of the axon that reaches the capillaries. Some PR were also positively immunostained by the antibody against ubiquitin, anti-calbindin-D 28 K antibody, anti-parvalbumin antibody and the antibody to superoxide dismutase 1. Morphometrically, the number of PR in the anterior horns and lateral column was markedly diminished in ALS compared with controls. At the ultrastructural level, the PR consisted mostly of unmyelinated degenerated axons, and were frequently found outside the basal laminae of the endothelial cell and of the astrocytic foot processes on the opposite side of the capillary, and less often in the space between the two basal laminae. The data indicate that the fate of PR is intimately associated with the neuronal loss of the anterior horn cells and with degenerative change of nerve fibers extending from their mother neurons to the capillaries.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Mineralization ; Dentine ; Ultrastructure ; Elementanalysis ; Collagen fibrils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to compare the biomineralization of circumpulpal dentine with that of mantle dentine by ultrastructural and element-analytical techniques. Forty upper second molar germs of 10-day-old albino rats were cryofixed in liquid nitrogen-cooled propane and embedded in resin after freeze drying. Semithin dry sections were cut for analyzing the calcium and phosphorus concentration in initial mantle dentine, at the mineralization front of circumpulpal dentine, in the middle region of circumpulpal dentine and in mantle dentine peripheral to circumpulpal dentine. For the morphological evaluation of mineral deposits we compared ultrathin and unstained sections of cryofixed molars with chemically fixed molars. For both dentine types it was found that they develop via identical steps of mineral formation at collagen fibrils and non-collagenous matrix molecules. In circumpulpal dentine no globular mineral protrusions along the mineralization front (i.e. calcospherites) and no indications of interglobular dentine at the transition from circumpulpal dentine to mantle dentine were present. The von Korff fibres were not only visible in mantle dentine but also in circumpulpal dentine. Matrix vesicles were present only during the formation of an initial coherent layer of mantle dentine and could not be observed during successive formation of mantle dentine and circumpulpal dentine. The element-analytical data did not demonstrate any difference in the mineral content between the two dentine types. Therefore, we conclude that mantle dentine and circumpulpal dentine in the rat molar possess a high degree of structural and chemical similarity and that only the extent of terminal branching of the odontoblast processes gives an approximate estimation of the thickness of mantle dentine.
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  • 28
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    Anatomy and embryology 196 (1997), S. 323-333 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Herbst mechanoreceptors ; Sensory axons ; White Leghorns ; Japanese quail ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Herbst corpuscles were studied in the crural region of perinatal and adult chicken and quail in order to find out their number and dimensions and to learn more about their structure, especially in relation to size. Crural corpuscles are arrayed in an encapsulated string between tibia and fibula. They are closely packed together; a small number of corpuscles is found apart from the string, often attached to the periost. The strings of corpuscles are approximately 40 mm long in adult chicken and 20 mm long in the quail. The crural region of the chicken contains 382.8 ± 90.9 (mean ± SD) corpuscles, the numbers ranging from 301 to 582; in the quail, the mean number is 119.2 ± 27.9, with a range from 83 to 167 corpuscles. In the chicken, one axon supplies an average of 1.60 corpuscles; in the quail, the relation of axons to corpuscles is approximately 0.92. In both species, final numbers of crural corpuscles are already attained before hatching and no difference is found in the mean number and range of corpuscles between perinatal and adult birds. In both chicken and quail, individual strings contain corpuscles of various sizes, from large to very small. The chicken corpuscles are generally twice as large in diameter and often longer than those of the quail. The corpuscles are composed of an axon terminal that projects two rows of axonal spines into the clefts of the inner core and ends with an ultraterminal bulb; the terminal is surrounded with a bilaterally symmetrical inner core, amorphous inner space containing collagen fibrils of various thickness, and a capsule. Large chicken corpuscles contain inner cores composed of up to 100 lamellae, while quail inner cores have half that number at the most. The capsules are usually composed of 8 to 10 lamellar layers in both species, but they are thicker in the chicken than in the quail. The possible functional significance of individual structural components of Herbst corpuscles is discussed.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Diagnosis ; Mechanobullous disease ; Skin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopy combined with morphometry was used to establish values for 24 parameters in normal skin. These results were compared with those similarly obtained from samples of epidermolysis bullosa with a view to facilitating classification of the disease. Six of the eight subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa investigated could be differentiated. Four subtypes showed values for structural components in intact skin which were outside the normal range: (1) epidermolysis bullosa simplex generalisata gravis (hemidesmosomes); (2) epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Pasini and (3) Cockayne-Touraine (anchoring fibrils); and (4) epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (anchoring fibrils, hemidesmosomes, and lamina lucida and lamina densa aspects of the dermoepidermal junction). Two subtypes revealed specific features which could be assessed qualitatively: distinctive, circumscribed, clumped tonofilament bodies were present in basal keratinocytes from epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis Dowling-Meara and thick (30 nm diameter) cross-striated anchoring fibrils were absent in epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica generalisata gravis. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Köbner and Weber-Cockayne forms could not be distinguished.
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  • 30
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    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 204 (1997), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Surimi ; Sardine ; Starch ; Texture ; Water holding capacity ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of waxy corn starch (WCS) on the texture, water-holding capacity and microstructure of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) surimi gels in two different systems was studied. In the type A system, increasing amounts of WCS (2, 4, 6 or 8 g/100 g surimi) were added to surimi while maintaining the gel moisture constant at 78%; in the type B system, WCS was added without correcting the gel moisture. Gels were made using two different heat treatments [heat-induced setting (HS) and direct cooking (DC)]. When starch was replaced by surimi (type A) and a heat treatment was applied that favoured formation of a preliminary actomyosin (AM) network (i.e. HS), gel strength (GS) was lower than in the control and decreased as more starch was added, despite an increase in the amount of water held by the gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the matrix network was fibrillar with a globular surface. Starch appeared to be totally gelatinized and surrounded by a continuous matrix. When the amount of dry matter in gels was increased (type B), in no case did starch have a reinforcing effect, despite an increasing water-holding capacity; SEM showed a denser continuous matrix surrounding the gelatinized starch. Both types of gel made using the heat treatment that allows simultaneous gelling of surimi and gelatinization of starch (i.e. DC) exhibited much poorer GS than did HS gels, while addition of starch made practically no difference to gel texture. The findings suggest that the effect of starch is related to the type of gel matrix that forms upon addition of ingredients. Although such gels contained more water or dry matter, their texture parameters were lower, possibly because of the type of network formed by sardine surimi. Nonetheless, gels of acceptable quality were successfully made with added starch by incorporating less surimi.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Ocular development ; Orbit ; Fetus ; Eye ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de cette étude est de mesurer la croissance oculaire fœtale et de déterminer une courbe à l'aide de mesuresin utero. La croissance oculaire fœtale a été établie par l'analyse des images obtenues en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). L'étude anatomique a permis de définir les meilleures séquences contrastées en IRM pour calculer la surface oculaire. L'analyse biométrique des valeurs de la surface oculaire dans le plan neuro-oculaire de 35 fœtus nous a permis d'établir une modélisation linéaire de la courbe de croissance oculaire in utero. L'évaluation de la croissance oculaire peut permettre de déceler et de confirmer des anomalies malformatives oculaires comme les microphtalmies.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to measure fetal ocular development and to determine a growth curve by means of measurementsin utero. Fetal ocular development was recorded by analysis of the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An anatomic study allowed definition of the best contrasted MRI sequences for calculation of the ocular surface. Biometric analysis of the values of the ocular surface in the neuro-ocular plane in 35 fetuses allowed establishment of a linear model of ocular growth curvein utero. Evaluation of ocular development may allow the detection and confirmation of malformational ocular anomalies such as microphthalmia.
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  • 32
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    Acta neurochirurgica 139 (1997), S. 478-479 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; cerebral infarction ; neoplastic angioendotheliosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 33
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    Acta neurochirurgica 139 (1997), S. 613-618 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; monoclonal antibody ; pituitary adenoma ; proliferative potential ; regrowth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The proliferative potential of 45 pituitary adenomas was compared with their biological behaviour as determined by immunohistochemical studies, radiological findings, and clinical manifestations. The PCI (proliferating cell index) as measured using antibody MIB-1 in this study ranged from 0.05 to 4.80%, with an average PCI of 1.49±0.19% (mean±standard error of the mean). There was no significant correlation between proliferation and hormonal state, maximum size, intra-adenomatous haemorrhage, or invasiveness. However, a PCI ≧ 1.5% appeared to correlate with the likelihood of tumour regrowth (regrowth rate: 50%); for PCIs 〈 1.5%, the rate was 16%. Regrowth adenomas had a higher mean MIB-1 PCI than non-regrowth adenomas [2.34±0.58% (SE) versus 1.14±0.16%, p ≦ 0.05]. MIB-1 PCIs may provide information that is useful for planning follow-up studies and treatment after surgical resection.
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  • 34
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    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 367-370 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Childhood leukaemia treatment long-term side-effects  ;  Cerebral haemorrhage  ;  Cavernous angioma  ;  Central nervous capillary telangiectases  ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Modern treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) has dramatically improved the prognosis for children with this disease. Therapeutic approaches consist of multimodal chemotherapy and radiotherapy with significant long-term side-effects. We report on 4 children out of a group of 120 newly diagnosed patients with ALL, who survived the disease for more than 2 years and developed a cerebral haemorrhage after chemotherapy and fractionated cranial irradiation. Following a period of 2–12 years the four children presented with acute neurological signs and symptoms, i.e. seizures, ataxia and hemiparesis. CT and MRI revealed intracerebral mass lesions, interpreted as haemorrhage. After neurosurgery the patients neurological state improved. Histological examination confirmed the suspected diagnosis of bleeding cavernous haemangioma or capillary telangiectases. There are two possibilities to explain these rare alterations: they may be pre-existent to the disease and therapy or they may be caused by irradiation. Conclusion Acute neurological symptoms in patients treated for ALL may be caused by spontaneous cerebral haemorrhaging of cavernous haemangiomas or capillary telangiectases induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
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  • 35
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    Intensive care medicine 23 (1997), S. 702-703 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Vena cava ; Systemic venous return ; Congenital heart disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of left-sided superior vena cava. The diagnosis was suggested by chest radiograph after central venous catheter placement. This was subsequently confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging.
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  • 36
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    European radiology 7 (1997), S. 1028-1030 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal cord compression ; Spine ; neoplasms ; Osteochondroma ; Chondrosarcoma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Various neoplastic, vascular, and developmental causes may lead to spinal neural foraminal widening, the most common causes of spinal dumbbell lesions being schwannomas and neurofibromas. Occasionally, some other slow-growing tumors may cause neural foraminal widening. We report an exceptional case of a low-grade spinal chondrosarcoma which apparently developed from a pre-existing osteochondroma in the neural arcus of C6. The lesion passed through the C5–C6 foramen, producing a dumbbell mass.
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  • 37
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    European radiology 7 (1997), S. S289 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Breast neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium/diagnostic use ; Contrast media ; Organometallic compounds/diagnostic use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast brings the advantages of high resolution cross-sectional imaging to breast cancer diagnosis, treatment and research: improved cancer detection, staging, selection of therapy, evaluation of therapeutic response in vivo, detection of recurrence, and even the development of new therapies. Until now breast cancer treatment and research has been impeded by the limited means of evaluating the breast cancer in vivo: primarily clinical palpation and mammography of the breast tumor. A review of the initial studies shows that with the use of paramagnetic contrast agents, MRI has a sensitivity of 96 % for detecting breast cancers. MRI detects multicentric disease with a sensitivity of 98 %, superior to any other modality. The ability of MRI to detect recurrent local breast cancer in the conservatively treated breast is nearly 100 %. MRI is capable of monitoring tumor response to chemotherapy and actually guiding therapeutic interventions such as interstitial laser photocoagulation.
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  • 38
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    European radiology 7 (1997), S. 1245-1251 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Knee ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Children ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The appearances of knee injuries on MR imaging are less well documented in children than adults. Some patterns of injury are shared by both groups of patients, e. g. meniscal damage. The frequency of specific injuries may differ, e. g. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. Congenital abnormality, coexistent pathology and previous treatment of the knee appear to be associated with meniscal problems. Discoid menisci are seen most frequently in children and have unique features on MR scans. Cruciate ligament tears are difficult to diagnose in the smallest children. The ACL may not be identified due to its small size. Normal bone marrow signal may be confused with marrow infiltration or bone microfracture. Radiographically occult fractures around the knee appear to be strongly associated with ligamentous injury as in adult patients. Osteochondral fractures, osteochondral lesions and articular cartilage damage are revealed on MR scans, but their long-term effects are uncertain. It is possible to diagnose a range of knee injuries on MR scans in children. The biggest diagnostic challenge is in pre-school children.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cervical surgery ; Complications ; Infection ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 44-year-old woman who developed an atypical retro-oesophageal abscess 4 years after anterior cervical surgery with fusion (ACSF). She presented with dysphagia but no fever or definite laboratory signs of inflammation. Delayed or chronic dysphagia following Cloward's operation is usually related to graft displacement. Infection may also, more rarely, be encountered in conjunction with dysphagia, but is typically associated with a classical clinical presentation and laboratory results. We recommend that in cases of delayed dysphagia without evidence of graft migration, the possibility of retropharyngeal infection should be considered, even in the absence of clinical signs or supporting laboratory evidence. MRI in this rare delayed complication is nonspecific but suggestive, and hence represents the imaging modality of choice in such situations.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Tuberous sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We carried out fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences with long repetition and echo times in seven children with tuberous sclerosis, and compared them with conventional spin-echo (SE) sequences. FLAIR images exhibited higher sensitivity than conventional SE images to cortical and subcortical tubers. The low signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid on FLAIR images allowed more accurate delineation of the cortical and subcortical tubers. However, T1-weighted imaging was still superior for delineation of subependymal nodules.
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  • 41
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 411-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Inferior sagittal sinus ; Cerebral venous thrombosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of isolated inferior sagittal sinus thrombosis shown on CT, MRI and angiography. This condition has not, to our knowledge, been described previously.
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  • 42
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 418-422 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ventriculography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium DTPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report intrathecal use of gadolinium DTPA for MRI of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In two patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, we injected 0.01 mmol gadolinium DTPA into the lateral ventricle via an Ommaya device. Coronal T1-weighted images of the head were obtained at 0.2 T prior to and after injection. There was pronounced enhancement of CSF close to the injection site, allowing good delineation of CSF and surrounding brain tissue. No side effects occurred. MRI with intrathecal administration of highly diluted gadolinium DTPA may be a promising alternative to conventional investigation of CSF-filled cavities using iodinated X-ray contrast media or radionuclides.
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  • 43
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Leukodystrophy ; adult onset ; autosomal dominant ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report MRI findings in a family with an autosomal-dominant, adult-onset neurological disorder. The clinical picture, the white matter changes detected on MRI and the absence of any laboratory abnormality suggested the diagnosis of leukodystrophy with an unknown biochemical defect. Autosomal-dominant inheritance is extremely rare in this kind of disease, and most reported families have not undergone MRI. We performed MRI and clinical examination of 17 members of our family; 9 affected subjects, at different stages of the disease, were detected. The most characteristic MRI findings were initially symmetrical areas of signal change in the white matter of the trigonal region; demyelination extending thereafter to the frontal and parietal regions, partially involving subcortical white matter; the temporal lobe and optic radiations were less involved; the internal capsule and corpus callosum were involved later, in a dorsoventral direction; patchy demyelination was evident in the late stages in the brain stem; the cerebellum was spared even in the latest stages of the disease. While pathological examination is essential to characterise and classify these kinds of diseases, MRI can make substantial contributions to understanding their natural history, and to detect early signs of the disease.
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  • 44
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 453-457 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Otosclerosis ; otospongiosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tympanocochlear scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to determine whether MRI reliably shows pathology in patients with active otosclerosis (otospongiosis). We studied five patients with clinical and audiometric signs of this disorder and positive findings on high-resolution CT and tympanocochlear scintigraphy. Contrast enhancement of otospongiotic lesions was found in all affected ears, and could be topographically related to demineralised otospongiotic foci on CT. In lesions in the lateral wall of the labyrinth MRI sometimes showed the pathology better than CT, where partial-volume effects could be troublesome.
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  • 45
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 495-498 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Reye's syndrome ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Early MRI in a case of clinically established Reye's syndrome confirmed CT findings of compressed ventricles and additionally demonstrated signal alterations in the thalamus, mesencephalon and pons. On follow-up MRI the pontine lesion had vanished by 1 week later, while the thalamic lesion persisted for more than 2 months. The patient, however, recovered without neurological sequelae.
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  • 46
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 483-489 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; diffusion studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used MRI for in vivo measurement of brain water self-diffusion in patients with intracranial tumours. The study included 28 patients (12 with high-grade and 3 with low-grade gliomas, 7 with metastases, 5 with meningiomas and 1 with a cerebral abscess). Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were calculated in a single axial slice through the tumours; the sequence was sensitive to diffusion along the cephalocaudal axis. Our main finding was that ADC in contrast-enhancing areas within cerebral metastases was statistically significantly higher than ADC in contrast-enhancing areas in high-grade gliomas (P≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the ADC in oedema surrounding metastases were statistically significantly higher the ADC in oedema around high-grade gliomas (P≤ 0.02). The ADC in patients with meningiomas did not differ significantly from those seen with high-grade gliomas or cerebral metastases. The highest ADC were found within cystic or necrotic tumour areas. In one patient with a cerebral abscess, suspected of having a high-grade glioma, the ADC was similar to that in high-grade gliomas. The finding of higher ADC in cerebral metastases than in high-grade gliomas may be helpful in trying to distinguish between these tumours preoperatively; it suggests increased free extracellular and/or intracellular water fraction in cerebral metastases. The method seems to hold potential for further noninvasive characterisation of intracranial tumours.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary gland ; infection ; abscess ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pituitary abscesses, rare lesions, may be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary pituitary abscesses occur within a previously healthy gland, while secondary abscesses arise within an existing lesion, such as an adenoma, craniopharyngioma, or Rathke's cleft cyst. Secondary abscesses share radiologic characteristics with the lesions from which they arise. There has been no review of the MRI characteristics of primary pituitary abscesses. We report two cases and review the literature. The typical primary pituitary abscess gives the same or slightly lower signal than brain on T1-weighted images, and could be mistaken for a solid mass or presumed to represent a pituitary adenoma. Contrast-enhanced images are useful, demonstrating absence of central enhancement, suggesting a fluid or necrotic center. In one of our cases, meningeal enhancement was obvious; this has not been reported previously and may be diagnostic, when associated with a rim-enhancing pituitary mass.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Temporal lobe epilepsy ; Limbic system ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed MRI on 27 patients with clinically proven temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), all with prior EEG lateralisation, and 10 volunteers, studied to evaluate disparity in size arising from biological variation (group 1). Three-dimensional spoiled GRASS (3DSPGR) sequences provided 2-mm contiguous sections of the limbic system, enabling assessment of the hippocampus (HC), fornix (FN) and mamillary body (MB). Measurements of FN and MB width were made from a workstation. Any percentage difference in size was computed. In 19 cases there was unilateral abnormality in the HC (group 2); in 18 and 19 cases respectively there was a smaller FN and MB on the same side as the abnormal HC. This percentage difference in size was significantly greater than that in group 1 in the FN and MB in 17 and 17 cases respectively. Comparison of percentage difference computations for FN and MB between groups 1 and 2 showed high statistical significance (P 〈 0.0002). In 5 patients with clinical TLE the HC was normal on MRI (group 3). Unequal FN and MB sizes were found in 4, significant in 2. Comparison of percentage difference computations for FN and MB showed statistical significance (P 〈 0.0005 and P 〈 0.0003 respectively). There was no case of discordance between the sides of hippocampal abnormality and the smaller FN or MB or between the sides of smaller FN and MB. The strong concordance between the changes in the HC and those in the FN and MB suggests that this combination will play an important role in the assessment of TLE and limbic system abnormality.
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  • 49
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 589-592 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lumbar spine ; post-operative ; Contrast media ; Fat suppression ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In ten patients who had undergone lumbar laminectomy, visual assessment of epidural scar enhancement and diagnostic confidence was performed after 0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide intravenously, again after a further 0.2 mmol/kg, and once more using a fat-suppression sequence. The single-dose contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showed clear enhancement of epidural scar in eight cases, and clearly improved diagnostic confidence as regards scar and/or disc herniation in six. Triple-dose contrast-enhanced images showed further increase in epidural enhancement clearly in only two cases and marginally in six, with no significant increase in diagnostic confidence. Fat-suppression, performed in eight cases, showed a further clear increase in epidural enhancement in seven cases, but again no increase in diagnostic confidence. In one patient with arachnoiditis contrast enhancement and diagnostic confidence increased only slightly after each contrast injection, and again with the fat-suppression sequence. Increasing contrast medium dose was thus not useful following laminectomy when epidural scarring obscures a possible recurrent disc herniation. Use of fat suppression may, however, permit reduction of the dose of contrast medium necessary to provide adequate scar enhancement.
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  • 50
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 737-740 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Epidural haematoma ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma (SSEH) with a rare clinical course of repeated spontaneous recovery and relapse. The patient suffered three episodes of upper-back pain of sudden onset followed by sensory and motor dysfunction after weight lifting. In the first two episodes, the neurological deficits recovered spontaneously and completely. In the last episode, paraplegia persisted even after emergency surgery. Serial studies with computed tomographic (CT) myelography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the remitting and relapsing course of the SSEHs. The possible causes of the SSEHs and the mechanisms of spontaneous recovery are discussed.
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  • 51
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 747-750 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Schwannoma ; Nerve sheath tumours ; Face neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurosarcoma is a rare tumour originating from the sheath of peripheral nerves. Facial lesions have been reported in about 20 patients. We describe the MRI appearances of neurosarcoma with histological correlation in three patients. The lesions lay in the submandibular region, the left parapharyngeal space and the right orbit. MRI showed a well-defined mass with mixed components. The lesions were moderately heterogeneous on T1-weighted images in two cases and on T2-weighted images in all cases. Gadolinium enhancement occurred in all cases to variable degrees. In two cases, small high signal foci were seen on T2-weighted sequences. MRI appearances of neurosarcoma are not specific.
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  • 52
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 741-746 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Precise assessment of the extent of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) represents the basic step towards optimal treatment. We compared the capacity of CT and MRI in assessing the extent of NPC in 67 patients. MRI was superior to CT in demonstrating lesions in the retropharyngeal node, skull base, intracranial area, carotid space, longus colli muscle and levator palatini muscle. Of 25 cases in which retropharyngeal adenopathy was recognised only on MRI, seven had been reported as showing oropharyngeal involvement and 18 as primary extension to the carotid space on CT. MRI showed skull-base involvement in 40 patients compared with 27 on CT and intracranial involvement in 38 patients versus 24 on CT. There was not a single case in which skull base invasion was seen on CT but not on MRI. MRI enabled improved recognition of tumour infiltration of longus colli muscles (34 cases compared with 15 on CT). It allowed us to clarify 12 questionable sinonasal opacities on CT. Overall, T-staging was changed in 18 of 67 patients (26.9 %), including upstaging in 15 cases and downstaging in 3 cases, after comparing CT with MRI. The nodel status was changed from negative on CT to positive on MRI in 4 of 67 patients (6 %). We believe that MRI allows more accurate evaluation of the extent of NPC than CT and should be the primary mode of investigation.
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  • 53
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 815-817 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Enucleation ; Optic nerve ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined five patients who had enucleation of one eye for inflammatory or neoplastic disease, using MRI at 1.5 Tesla. None had symptoms referable to the enucleated orbit. In addition, age- and-sex matched individuals were imaged as control subjects, and a further 15 subjects, referred for other than orbital disease, were reviewed. Measurements were made retrospectively of the dimensions of the optic chiasm to establish normal values. All five patients showed abnormalities on MRI following enucleation: abnormal signal within the optic nerve remnant on short τ inversion recovery (STIR) images, and atrophy of the nerve remnant and the chiasm. These findings were not apparent in the control or normal subjects. Such findings are to be expected following enucleation and should not be interpreted as indicating active pathology.
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  • 54
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 870-872 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; compression ; Haematopoiesis ; extramedullary ; Thalassaemia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal epidural extramedullary haematopoiesis is very rare in thalassaemia. A 27-year-old man with thalassaemia intermedia presented with symptoms and signs of spinal cord compression. MRI showed a thoracic spinal epidural mass, representing extramedullary haematopoietic tissue, compressing the spinal cord. Following radiotherapy, serial MRI revealed regression of the epidural mass and gradual resolution of spinal cord oedema.
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  • 55
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 873-876 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Parry-Romberg Syndrome ; Suppressive therapy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Parry-Romberg syndrome is a poorly – understood disorder characterized by progressive hemifacial atrophy involving the skin, soft tissue, and bone. Involvement of the central nervous system with impairment in neurologic function occurs infrequently. We describe a child with this syndrome in whom central nervous system involvement, documented on serial MRI, played a prominent role. We have attempted to correlate the clinical course with the radiologic findings, and to determine the impact of prednisone and methotrexate on the intracranial lesions.
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  • 56
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Oculomotor nerve paralysis ; Lyme disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lyme disease is a cause of illness involving multiple organ systems, including, in 10–15 % of cases, the nervous system. Peripheral radiculoneuritis, cranial neuritis, encephalitis and myelitis are among the neurological manifestations found in the second and third stages. We present the MRI findings in isolated oculomotor nerve involvement by Lyme disease and discuss the differential diagnosis.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Trinucleotide repeats ; Cognitive impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI was performed in 13 patients with the adult form of myotonic dystrophy (MD) and compared with that of sex- and age-matched normal controls. There was some cerebral atrophy in the patients and marked thickening of the skull in three of them, associated with ossification of the falx cerebri in two. We found high-signal areas on T 2-weighted images in the white matter in 9 (70 %) of the patients; five showed high-signal areas in the subcortical white matter of the temporal lobes. These findings were associated with intellectual impairment in only one patient, who had a history of a difficult birth and temporal lobe epilepsy.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Wilson's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Portal-systemic encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most reports of MRI in Wilson's disease have been of abnormal low-signal lesions on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. In contrast, we report three patients who had high-signal lesions in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted images, a finding seen in patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy. The possible causes include the paramagnetic effect of copper or iron and accumulation of Alzheimer type II glial cells.
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  • 59
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalitis ; Japanese B ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We document the MRI features in seven patients with Japanese encephalitis. MRI was carried out on a 1.5 T system within 10–60 days of onset. In all the patients MRI revealed bilateral thalamic lesions, haemorrhagic in five. Signal changes were present in the cerebrum in four patients, the midbrain and cerebellum in three each, the pons in two and the basal ganglia in one. The lesions were haemorrhagic in three of the four patients with lesions in the cortex, two of the three with lesions in the midbrain and cerebellum, but the pontine lesions were haemorrhagic in both patients. Spinal cord involvement was seen in one of the three patients who underwent MRI. In two patients MRI was repeated 3 years after the onset, showing marked reduction in abnormal signal; and all the lesions gave low signal on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Bilateral thalamic involvement, especially haemorrhagic, may be considered characteristic of Japanese encephalitis, especially in endemic areas.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; Toxic encephalopathy ; Methanol intoxication ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the MRI findings of cerebral and optic pathway damage in the acute and subacute stages of methanol intoxication. In the acute stage, CT and MRI showed bilateral haemorrhagic necrosis of the corpus striatum and infarcts in the anterior and middle cerebral arterial territories. MRI in the subacute stage demonstrated atrophy of the optic chiasm and prechiasmatic optic nerves in addition to the cerebral infarcts. The patient survived, with total blindness.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain metastasis hemorrhagic ; Papillary thyroid cancer ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 40-year-old woman, who initially developed cerebellar symptoms, with multiple hemorrhagic brain metastases from a papillary thyroid cancer. Intracranial masses gave heterogeneous high signal on T 1-weighted and T 2-weighted images, hemosiderin rims on the latter. Some of the tumors showed contrast enhancement. Metastatic thyroid cancer is a consideration in a patient with multiple hemorrhagic masses.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Facial nerve ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We prospectively analysed the normal contrast-enhanced MRI features of the facial nerve and determined criteria for pathological contrast enhancement. We studied 31 patients with clinically normal facial nerves with T1-weighted images before and after contrast medium. The intensity, thickness and right-left symmetry of enhancement were assessed in each segment and correlated with MRI features observed in abnormal facial nerves. Enhancement along at least one segment of the facial nerve was seen in 98 % of cases, but only within the facial canal: labyrinthine segment: 78.2 %; geniculate ganglion: 96.9 %; tympanic: 88.4 %; mastoid: 66.6 %. Marked (++) to intense (+++) enhancement was seen in the labyrinthine segment in 17.4 %, the geniculate ganglion in 36.3 %, and the tympanic (25.6 %) and mastoid (7.1 %) segments, whereas intense enhancement was only seen in the geniculate ganglion (6 %) and the tympanic segment (11.6 %). A right-left asymmetry was noted in 69 % of cases. No correlation was found between enhancement and the thickness of the nerve. No enhancement of the eighth nerve was seen. We suggest three criteria for pathological enhancement: enhancement outside the facial canal; extension of enhancement to the eighth nerve; and intense enhancement in the labyrinthine and/or mastoid segments.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sarcoma ; meningeal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tumours ; intracranial ; children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Meningeal sarcomas are very rare, highly aggressive tumours affecting children more frequently than adults. The clinical course and MRI of meningeal sarcomas in two cases are discussed with special regard to possible misinterpretation. In one case MRI demonstrated a circumscribed mass in contact with the meninges, with central areas of haemorrhage. In the other, a case of primary leptomeningeal sarcomatosis, several MRI examinations over the course of almost a year were unhelpful, despite severe neurological complaints. Then MRI revealed meningeal contrast enhancement all over the brain and spinal canal, together with cerebral infarcts. MRI of meningeal sarcomas has not been discussed in the literature. MRI did not permit specific diagnosis, but enabled visualisation of the extent of the tumour and/or meningeal involvement. Early histological diagnosis is indispensable for adequate treatment.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences ; Normal brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Axial fast FLAIR images of the brains of 40 normal volunteers in four age groups between 16 and 55 years were examined and the number and size of areas of increased white-matter signal recorded. Increased signal in the corticospinal tract region was seen at the level of the internal capsule in all subjects, extending up towards the centrum semiovale and down towards the pons for 0.5–5.5 cm (median 2.5 cm). In all cases the IIIrd and IVth ventricles were outlined by a thin line of high signal. Focal areas of high signal (caps) were seen around the frontal and occipital horns in 90 % and 77 % respectively; 54 % of caps were asymmetrical. None of the above features varied with the age or sex of the subject, but the numbers of discrete white matter ’lesions' increased with age. The findings are used to suggest guidelines for the identification of areas of ’normal' high signal to be excluded in quantification of lesions on fast FLAIR images.
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  • 65
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 276-277 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Tumours ; spinal Meningioma ; Sciatica ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 27-year-old woman with atypical sciatica due to a giant, rapidly growing, lumbar (T12-S1) meningioma. The unique features of this case are discussed and the importance of early investigation by MRI of patients with atypical low back pain and sciatica is highlighted.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; dysgenesis ; Developmental anomalies ; Probst's bundles ; Anterior commissure ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the MRI findings in 23 patients with callosal dysgenesis in relation to their associated telencephalic anomalies to investigate the morphological significance of the development of Probst's bundles and the anterior commissure in congenital callosal dysgenesis. We classified callosal dysgenesis into three types: total defect (9 patients), partial defect (7) and hypoplasia (7). Associated anomalies were observed in 15 patients, including migration disorder (8 patients), micrencephaly (5), and lipoma (2). The remaining 8 patients had no associated anomalies. Probst's bundles were not identified in 4 patients with a severe migration disorder. An absent or hypoplastic anterior commissure was observed in 9 of the 16 patients with callosal defect and all 7 of those with callosal hypoplasia. Colpocephaly and keyhole dilatation of the temporal horns were seen in 16 and 21 patients, respectively. Callosal dysgenesis may occur not only through a defect in the callosal anlage, but also from impaired growth of axonal fibres projecting from the cerebral isocortex. Therefore, associated telencephalic anomalies may be responsible for additional features in callosal dysgenesis. Consequently, identification of Probst's bundles and the anterior commissure may be important when assessing cortical development in patients with callosal dysgenesis.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Arteries ; vertebral ; Arteries ; dissection ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A review of 4,500 angiograms yielded 11 patients with dissection of the vertebral arteries who had MRI and (in 4 patients) MR angiography (MRA) in the acute phase of stroke. One patient with incidental discovery at arteriography of asymptomatic vertebral artery dissection and two patients with acute strokes with MRI and MRA findings consistent with vertebral artery dissection were included. Dissection occurred after neck trauma or chiropractic manipulation in 4 patients and was spontaneous in 10. Dissection involved the extracranial vertebral artery in 9 patients, the extra-intracranial junction in 1, and the intracranial artery in 4. MRI demonstrated infarcts in the brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus or temporo-occipital regions in 7 patients with extra- or extra-intracranial dissections and a solitary lateral medullary infarct in 4 patients (3 with intracranial and 1 with extra-intracranial dissection). In 2 patients no brain abnormality related to vertebral artery dissection was found and in one MRI did not show subarachnoid haemorrhage revealed by CT. Intramural dissecting haematoma appeared as crescentic or rounded high signal on T1-weighted images in 10 patients examined 3–20 days after the onset of symptoms. The abnormal vessel stood out in the low signal cerebrospinal fluid in intracranial dissections, whereas it was more difficult to detect in extracranial dissections because of the intermediate-to-high signal of the normal perivascular structures and slow flow proximal and distal to the dissection. In two patients examined within 36 h of the onset, mural thickening was of intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal on spin-density and T2-weighted images. MRA showed abrupt stenosis in 2 patients and disappearance of flow signal at and distal to the dissection in 5. Follow-up arteriography, MRI or MRA showed findings consistent with occlusion of the dissected vessel in 6 of 8 patients.
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  • 68
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 354-356 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine ; Atlas ; Axis ; Osteoarthritis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the MRI appearances of advanced degenerative changes at the atlanto-odontoid (AO) joint. Changes including obliteration of the joint space, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytosis were clearly depicted on fast gradient-echo T1-weighted MRI images. Recognition of these changes may be helpful in the diagnosis in patients with suboccipital pain.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Morquio's disease ; Craniocervical junction ; Brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed MRI of the brain and cervical spine in 11 patients with Morquio's disease. No abnormality was seen in the brain. The odontoid peg was abnormal in all patients, with varying degrees of cord compression due to an anterior soft tissue mass and indentation by the posterior arch of the atlas. The degree of cord compression was more marked than suggested by the symptoms and signs. We recommend MRI of the cervical spine in children with Morquio's disease before the development of neurological symptoms, to optimise the timing and type of surgical intervention.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Chordoma ; clivus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Differential diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present six proven cases of chordoma of the clivus studied by CT and MRI, with special attention to the extent of the tumour and to the signal intensity after intravenous gadolinium. MRI is the best technique for assessing the extent of the tumour but CT is important for showing osteolysis. Our aim was to determine differential diagnostic neuroradiological criteria. Reliable signs of chordoma of the skull base are: posterior extension to the pontine cistern; a lobulated, “honeycomb” appearance after gadolinium; the swollen appearance of the bone in the early stages; bone erosion on CT and frequent extension to critical structures such as the circle of Willis, cavernous sinuses and brain stem.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Aneurysm ; giant ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Dural tail sign
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The “dural tail” sign on gadolinium (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced MRI has been described in association with meningiomas. Various series with histopathological correlation have shown that in some cases there is tumour invasion into the dura mater, but in the majority of cases it represents a hypervascular, non-neoplastic reaction. While this sign was originally thought to be specific for meningioma, subsequent case reports have described the presence of a dural tail in other intra- and extra-axial lesions. We present a patient with a giant aneurysm arising from the P2 segment of the right posterior cerebral artery, adjacent to the tentorium, with a prominent dural tail on Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI. In this location, differentiation of an aneurysm from a meningioma was critical.
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  • 72
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 811-814 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meningeal melanocytoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the MRI and CT findings of an intracranial meningeal melanocytoma (IMM) arising from Meckel's cave and review the imaging characteristics of IMM. On CT, IMM constantly appear as well-circumscribed, isodense to slightly dense, extra-axial tumours with homogeneous contrast enhancement. This appearance is nonspecific and similar to that of meningiomas or small neuromas. On MRI, the signal of IMM is strongly related to the amount of melanin pigment: the more melanin, the more shortening of T1 and T2 relaxation times. Only when it shows as a homogeneous mass, bright on T1 and dark on T2 weighting, can a specific diagnosis of a melanin-containing tumour be made. However, this still cannot provide a distinction between IMM and malignant meningeal melanoma.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine ; Spinal cord ; compression ; Arachnoid cyst ; extradural ; Myelography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extradural arachnoid cysts are uncommon expanding lesions in the spinal canal which may communicate with the subarachnoid space. Usually in the lower thoracic spine, they may cause symptoms by compressing the spinal cord or nerve roots. We report cases of thoracic and lumbar arachnoid cysts studied by cystography, myelography, CT and MRI. These techniques showed extradural cystic lesions containing cerebrospinal fluid, with variable communication with the subarachnoid space, causing anterior displacement and flattening of the spinal cord.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sturge-Weber syndrome ; Single-photon emission computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Demonstration of the full extent of abnormality in patients with the Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is important for prognosis and in planning surgery to remove the seizure focus. We compared single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), MRI and CT in nine children under the age of 4 years with seizures as part of SWS, in an attempt to determine the optimal method of imaging in different clinical settings. Seven unilateral and two bilateral cases were studied by interictal 99mtechnetium hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (HMPAO) SPECT, and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI, giving information on 11 abnormal hemispheres. All imaging modalities showed abnormalities in every child. Perfusion imaging showed focal regions of decreased uptake in 9 of 11 (82 %) abnormal hemispheres and demonstrated a widespread decrease but no focal defect in 2; it also revealed crossed cerebellar diaschisis in 2 cases. CT demonstrated typical gyriform calcification in 9 of 11 (82 %) affected hemispheres. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed more extensive involvement than contrast-enhanced CT in 5 of 11 (45 %) cases. The area of hypoperfusion shown by SPECT was smaller than the area of contrast enhancement on MRI in 6 of 11 cases (55 %), comparable in 3 (27 %) and larger in 2 cases (18 %). CT is sufficient to confirm the clinical diagnosis of SWS, but MRI frequently shows more extensive abnormal areas. 99mTc HMPAO imaging is a useful addition when it is important to know the full extent of the disease, for example prior to surgery. It is likely to detect areas of hypoperfusion, representing ischaemic regions, which may act as an epileptogenic focus and may not be shown by CT or MRI.
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  • 75
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 296-301 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma ; Orbital neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a relatively uncommon entity, an orbital location being extremely rare. A review of the literature revealed 16 reported cases of primary orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma demonstrated by plain film and CT. To the best of our knowledge, the MRI features of orbital extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma have not been previously reported. We present the case of an 18-year-old man with a 2-year history of progressive proptosis of the right eye who underwent CT, dynamic CT, MRI without and with gadolinium enhancement, and magnetic resonance angiography of the orbits. CT of orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma demonstrates a well-defined mass with multiple areas of fine and coarse calcification and shows moderate contrast enhancement. The noncalcified portions of the mass demonstrate signal intensity lower than or equal to gray matter on T1-weighted images and are isointense to the gray matter on T2-weighted images. Dynamic CT reveals delayed contrast enhancement. MRI has proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis and differentiation of well-defined intraorbital masses. By a combination of CT and MRI, it appears mesenchymal chondrosarcoma can be differentiated from other intraorbital lesions, such as cavernous hemangioma, hemangiopericytoma, orbital amyloidosis and fibrous histiocytoma.
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  • 76
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 326-328 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalopathy ; Portal-systemic ; Basal ganglia ; Embolization ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report MRI in a patient with portal-systemic encephalopathy, in which the high signal in the basal ganglia on T1-weighted images showed marked resolution after successful embolization of the intrahepatic portal-systemic venous shunt.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Echinococcosis multilocularis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerebral alveolar echinococcosis is rare and has a poor prognosis. We report an unusual case presenting with disseminated intracranial lesions secondary to primary hepatic infection.
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  • 78
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 437-440 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalitis ; carcinomatous ; Brain neoplasms ; metastatic ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a rare case of miliary brain metastases presenting with symptoms similar to encephalitis (“carcinomatous encephalitis”). Contrast-enhanced MRI demonstrated miliary metastases more distinctly than other imaging methods and reproduced the pathological features.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Key words Meningeal fibrosis ; Spinal fluid ; contrast CSF enhancement ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cryptococcal meningitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the case of a 52-year-old man, with cryptococcal meningitis and meningeal fibrosis who had undergone ventricular shunting. Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1-weighted MRI revealed diffuse meningeal enhancement. Remarkably, there was enhancement of the pia mater and posterior fossa subarachnoid space.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sarcoidosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sarcoidosis may also present as an extra- or intra-axial mass involving the central nervous system. These lesions are sometimes operated upon, because a neoplasm is suspected. We report two cases of unusual tumour-like extra- and intra-axial sarcoidosis. The extra-axial mass was just medial to the jugular foramen. Its morphology and signal characteristics differed from the more common lesions in this area. The intra-axial mass was in the temporal lobe, with only minor leptomeningeal involvement. Extra-axial sarcoidosis can be confused with a meningioma because these lesions can give relatively low signal on T2-weighted images. Intra-axial masses are presumed to represent a propagation and fusion of multiple leptomeningeal granulomas through the Virchow-Robin spaces in the brain; this pattern can be sought on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ageing brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; High-signal foci ; Signal intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to document the MRI appearances of the brain in healthy middle-aged to elderly subjects. T2- and proton density-weighted axial slices were obtained in 61 volunteers, 30–86 years of age. After visual inspection, signal intensities of brain structures were measured on T2-weighted images. Age-related changes became increasingly apparent after age 50. The main findings were that signal intensity of the white matter increased concomitantly with widening of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces; that basal ganglia remained stable; that high-signal foci in white matter increased in number and size after the age of 50 years; that periventricular high-signal foci were constant after the age of 65 years. Our visual impression of a decrease in signal intensity of the central grey matter with age seems to be mistaken. Pathological processes should be suspected if periventricular foci are found in middle-aged or young subjects.
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  • 82
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 556-559 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Aphasia ; primary progressive ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single photon emission computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) presents with aphasia, with or without other minor cognitive dysfunction. We report five patients with PPA to show the correlation between their clinical signs and imaging findings. The patients can be divided into those with nonfluent (group 1) and those with fluent (group 2) aphasia. The characteristic speech impairment was bradylalia in group 1 and word amnesia in group 2. Impairment of comprehension was common but mild in both groups. On MRI, patients in group 1 showed predominantly left frontal and perisylvian atrophy with reduced uptake in the same region on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using technetium-99m hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (99mTc HMPAO). Patients in group 2 showed left temporal atrophy involving the superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus on MRI and reduced uptake in the same region on SPECT. These findings correlated well with the functional anatomy of speech impairment.
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  • 83
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 599-601 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acoustic neuroma ; size ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Interobserver comparisons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of acoustic neuromas is very variable: some tumours grow rapidly, some do not grow and some even get smaller. When making treatment decisions, it may be important to have an idea of the growth rate of the individual tumour, and this is only possible when there are comparable examinations. We performed both CT and MRI on 15 patients. Two radiologists estimated the size of their acoustic neuromas. There was a significant difference between the two examiners' calculations of tumour volumes on CT and between the first examiner's CT and MRI volume calculations. No difference was found between the two MRI volume estimations or the second examiner's estimation of volumes on CT and MRI. Measurements of the maximal tumour diameter along the pyramid showed good concordance. We conclude that measurement the size of acoustic neuromas is reproducible with MRI and the measurement of the maximal tumour diameter is in practice a better parameter for comparison than calculation of real volume.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Brain ; infection ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We sought to determine the value of follow-up CT and MRI in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). We reviewed 50 CT and 19 MRI examinations performed in 21 biopsy- or autopsy-proven cases of PML; 17 patients had follow-up examinations (mean time 5.9 weeks). The radiological examinations were correlated with pathological findings at autopsy. On initial imaging studies, 73 lesions were found. On follow-up, the most striking feature was rapid progression in both size and number of the lesions (from a mean of 3.2 to 6.9 per patient). One third of the patients showed increasing mass effect. A central area suggesting necrosis, of variable size, was found in 12/16 patients. Autopsy revealed macroscopic necrotic changes in the lesions in 11/16 patients.
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  • 85
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 654-657 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Basilar artery ; Arteries dissection ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI showed a pontine infarct and mural thickening of intermediate signal in T1-weighted images proximal to occlusion of the basilar artery in a 10-year-old boy. Two days later the mural thickening was of high signal, consistent with methaemoglobin formation and MR angiography (MRA) showed nonspecific lack of flow in the mid-segment of the basilar artery, which corresponded to a tapered occlusion at arteriography. MRI is more useful than MRA for noninvasive diagnosis of basilar artery dissection.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Temporal bone ; Acoustic neuroma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the efficacy of a gradient-echo sequence (3DFT-CISS) in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas, two independent observers twice reviewed the images of the temporal bones of 83 patients. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin echo images were used as the reference, showing 18 acoustic neuromas, including 5 purely intracanalicular and one intralabyrinthine tumours. High sensitivity (89-94 %), specificity (94–97 %) and accuracy (94–95 %) were found. Intraobserver (kappa 0.93–1) and interobserver (kappa 0.83–0.84) reproducibility were very good. The smallest intracanalicular tumour was overlooked twice by both observers; the intralabyrinthine tumour once by one observer. All tumours were detected with a less stringent decision criterion, at the expense of lower specificity.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meningioma ; Schwannoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied 23 patients with meningiomas and 14 with schwannomas using dynamic spin-echo (TR/TE 200/15 ms) MRI. Histologically the meningiomas were classified according to the 1993 WHO classification. Serial images were obtained every 30 s for 210 s after rapid injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.1 mmol/kg). The contrast-enhancement ratio (CER) was divided into three patterns; a sharp rise with a peak within 60 s (A), a relatively rapid increase with a peak between 60 and 210 s (B), a slow increase without a peak (C). The patterns were correlated with the histology of the tumors. The signal intensities of the tumours on T2-weighted images were also analyzed and correlated with the dynamic patterns. Meningiomas had more varied dynamic patterns than schwannomas. Almost half of the meningiomas showed pattern A, and one third pattern C. Of six meningothelial meningiomas showed pattern A; all schwannomas and fibrous meningiomas showed pattern C. Various patterns were observed in transitional meningiomas. Of the 8 meningiomas showing pattern C, only one gave high signal on T2-weighted images, and could not be differentiated from the schwannomas. Thus, one third of meningiomas could not be differentiated from schwannomas by the dynamic contrast enhancement alone. However, when this was combined with the signal intensity on T2-weighted images, most meningiomas could be differentiated from schwannomas.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Temporomandibular joint ; Internal derangement ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo (GRE) MRI in the diagnosis of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We studied 140 joints in 70 patients with TMJ internal derangements. We obtained 3D-GRE and spin-echo (SE) images in the closed-mouth position; the images were reviewed for disc displacement as well as bone and cartilage abnormalities. The 3D-GRE and SE images were interpreted independently by different radiologists. The sensitivity and specificity of 3D-GRE imaging for assessing mediolateral disc displacement was 100 %, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of sagittal SE images were 82 % and 72 %, respectively (P 〈 0.001). The 3D-GRE images also demonstrated more bone abnormalities (in 112 condyles or 80 %) than did SE images (in 79 condyles or 56 %) (P 〈 0.001). Furthermore, 3D-GRE imaging revealed articular cartilage abnormalities in 46 condyles (33 %) that were not visible on SE images. The frequency of pain was significantly higher in joints with bone and cartilage abnormalities (P 〈 0.05 and P 〈 0.001, respectively). For assessment of disc displacement, 3D-GRE images were superior to sagittal SE images alone, and comparable to combined sagittal and coronal SE images, while for bone and cartilage abnormalities, they were superior to sagittal and coronal SE images.
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  • 89
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 724-727 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Paraplegia ; autosomal dominant ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Corpus callosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 16 patients with autosomal dominant pure spastic paraplegia (HSP) and 15 normal controls matched for age and sex using MRI of the brain and spinal cord. Images were assessed qualitatively by two independent radiologists, blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Areas of the brain and corpus callosum on one midsagittal slice and the area of the brain on one axial slice were measured and a “corpus-callosum index” expressing the size of the corpus callosum relative to that of the brain was calculated. Cross-sectional areas and anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the spinal cord at the levels of C 2, C 5, T 3, T 6, T 9 and T 11 were measured. No significant differences between patients and controls were found on qualitative evaluation of the images. The patients had a significantly smaller corpus callosum and “corpus-callosum index” than controls. This finding, not reported previously, might indicate that the disease process in pure HSP is not confined to the spinal cord. The anteroposterior diameters of the spinal cord at T 3 and T 9 were significantly smaller in patients than in controls. This might correspond to the degeneration of the pyramidal tracts and the dorsal columns described at neuropathological examination.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Deep cerebral vein thrombosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Venous infarcts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Deep cerebral vein thrombosis can present with acute, severe neurological symptoms and may be rapidly fatal as in the 20-year-old woman reported here. Although MRI is superior for establishing the diagnosis, CT is usually the first examination performed in the clinical setting. It is therefore important to recognise certain indicators such as extensive bithalamic low density. These and certain other less specific signs are correlated with the MRI and autopsy findings.
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  • 91
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 785-787 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral infarct ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Stroke ; posterior cranial fossa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subacute cerebral infarcts may appear normal on T2-weighted MRI as an area isointense with surrounding normal tissue. This MRI “fogging effect” has been described in only a few cases. We present a further case of fogging observed during the evolution of a cerebellar infarct.
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  • 92
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 781-784 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words MELAS ; Migraine ; Stroke ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) which presented as migraine complicated by stroke is reported. Strokes associated with migraine have often been reported, but the mechanism remains unclear and may include a variety of pathologies. MELAS also presents with migrainous headache, vomiting, and stroke-like symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates characteristic findings. MELAS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infarct-like lesions with migrainous headaches in young adults, especially if the symptoms fluctuate and are accompanied by a homonymous hemianopia.
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  • 93
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 797-803 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain volume measurement ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contour extraction ; Image processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared brain volumes computed by trained operators using the BRAIN-MAP algorithm, which automatically extracts the contours of the brain from gradient-echo magnetic resonance images. The images of 19 subjects randomly selected from a group of normals and a group of patients with dementia were included. BRAIN-MAP found brain perimeters that were on the average ca. 3 % tighter than those obtained by two experienced operators. Between-operator and within-operator reproducibility of the analyses were also estimated and found to be (−0.13 ± 0.51) % and (−0.63 ± 0.08) %, respectively. Replicate volume measurement by the computer alone provided a reproducibility of (0.44 ± 0.46) %.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Temporal lobe epilepsy ; Hippocampal sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI was performed in 222 consecutive adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy of varying severity from January 1991 to May 1993. The diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis was established visually by three independent observers. The accuracy of visual assessment of hippocampal asymmetry was compared with volumetric measurements. Neuropathological correlations were obtained in 63 patients with refractory seizures. Temporal lobe abnormalities were observed in 180 patients (81 %) as follows: hippocampal sclerosis in 122 (55 %); developmental abnormalities in 16 (7.2 %); tumours in 15 (6.8 %); scars in 11 (5 %); cavernous angiomas in 10 (4.5 %); miscellaneous lesions in 6. MRI was normal or showed unrelated changes in 42 patients (19 %). Visual assessment correctly lateralised hippocampal sclerosis in 79 of the 84 patients measured (94 %). Temporal lobectomy confirmed the MRI data (side and aetiology) in all 63 operated patients. Patients with normal MRI had an older age of seizure onset and were more often drug-responsive than patients with hippocampal sclerosis. MRI showed temporal lobe abnormalities in 81 % of epileptic patients with varying severity with good neuropathological correlation. Patients with normal MRI had a less severe form of the disease.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Heat stroke ; Cerebellar atrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the clinical course and CT and MRI findings in a case of heat-stroke-induced cerebellar atrophy. Although the cerebellar syndrome was severe concomitant with the onset of heat stroke, no abnormality was observed on brain CT in the first 2 weeks following the event. Cerebellar atrophy was first noted after 10 weeks on MRI; it was progressive during a 1-year follow-up.
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  • 96
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    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 357-360 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Neurosarcoidosis ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intramedullary lesions are infrequently the first manifestation of sarcoidosis. We present clinical and radiological follow-up of spinal cord sarcoidosis in a 68-year-old woman, mimicking an intramedullary tumour. MRI revealed an unusual area of low signal intensity on T2-weighted spin-echo images at the core of the lesion, consistent with calcification. Clinical and MRI follow-up showed progressive resolution of the intraspinal lesion, except for the calcification, with oral steroid therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 394-399 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary adenoma ; Acromegaly ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adenomas causing acromegaly represent at least a quarter of pituitary adenomas. We studied 12 patients presenting with active acromegaly due to a pituitary adenoma with a 1.5 T superconductive MRI unit. All had T1-weighted sagittal and coronal sections before and after Gd-DTPA; six had coronal T2-weighted images. Surgical correlation was obtained in seven patients. Histologically, there were eight growth hormone (GH)-secreting and three mixed [GH and prolactin (PRL) secreting] adenomas, and one secreting GH, PRL and follicle-stimulating hormone. Macroadenomas (10) were more frequent than microadenomas (2). No correlation was found between serum GH and tumour size. There were nine adenomas in the lateral part of the pituitary gland; seven showed lateral or infrasellar invasion. Homogeneous, isointense signal on T1- and T2-weighted images was observed in six cases. Heterogeneous adenomas had cystic or necrotic components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 427-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Mitochondrial cytopathy ; MELAS ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single-photon emission computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two patients with fatal mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine was more sensitive to the lesions than CT or MRI. SPECT showed focal hyperperfusion before or during the stroke and diffuse hypoperfusion of the brain, sparing the basal ganglia in the terminal stages. These findings support the theory that metabolic disturbance in the brain causes the “stroke” in MELAS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 446-449 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Arachnoid diverticula ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our goal was to find MRI signs of use for identifying a spinal arachnoid diverticulum. Three cases of spinal arachnoid diverticula, one extradural and two intradural, were examined on a 1.5 T imager. There was obvious mass effect on the adjacent structures in one case and increased signal intensity in the diverticulum on proton density- and T2-weighted images in two cases. Signal changes due to turbulent movement of the spinal fluid inside the diverticula were seen in all cases on sagittal fast spin-echo (FSE) proton density- and T2-weighted images; it was difficult to tell whether these signal changes imply a communication or are simply FSE artefacts. On contrast-enhanced studies, all cases showed partial enhancement inside the diverticula. There thus are four signs of diverticula: mass effect, the increased signal, signal void sign and partial enhancement; the last of these, the most reliable, has never been reported before.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 474-479 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain infarcts ; Cortical laminar necrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the MRI characteristics of cortical laminar necrosis in ischaemic stroke. We reviewed 13 patients with cortical laminar high signal on T1-weighted images to analyse the chronological changes in signal intensity and contrast enhancement. High-density cortical lesions began to appear on T1-weighted images about 2 weeks after the ictus. At 1–2 months they were prominent. They began to fade from 3 months but could be seen up to 11 months. These cortical lesions showed isointensity or high intensity on T2-weighted images and did not show low intensity at any stage. Contrast enhancement of the laminar lesions was prominent at 1–2 months and became less apparent from 3 months, but could be seen up to 8 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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