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  • 1985-1989  (866)
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  • 1965-1969  (31)
  • Rat  (1.513)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 201
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Renal toxicity of the antitumor drug N2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate in the wistar rat (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 61 (1988), S. 292-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Nephrotoxicity ; Cytostatic drug ; Celiptium ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Celiptium (N2-methyl-9-hydroxy-ellipticinium) is an antitumoral agent used to treat bone metastases from breast carcinomas. This new drug appeared to be of great interest because of the absence of hepato-or myelotoxicity. Three different investigators recently mentioned cases of celiptium-induced renal failure. We therefore undertook a study of renal function and morphology in female Wistar rats. Two single i.v. doses (10 or 20 mg/kg) were administered and animals were sacrificed 4, 8, 15, 28 and 60 days after injection. One group of rats received multiple doses, 5 mg/kg/week for 8 weeks. No mortality was observed. With the 10 mg/kg single dose creatinine clearance (Ccr) and urinary enzymes did not change, and tubular lesions were rare. With the 20 mg/kg single dose CCr decreased on day 4 and returned to normal on day 28. Urinary enzyme excretion (AAP, NAG, γGT) increased. Renal lesions were diffuse with tubular necrosis, luminal dilation and later (day 28) interstitial cellular infiltration. These lesions persisted on day 60 and appeared to be irreversible. Ultrastructural studies showed numerous large fat droplets in proximal tubular cells. Glycerol concentrations in renal cortex homogenates were increased while phospholipids are slightly decreased. With 5 mg/kg every week (multiple doses) Ccr decreased and tubular lesions similar to the observed with the 20 mg/kg single dose were seen. Thus celiptium induced dose-dependent nephrotoxicity in rats with prolonged tubular alterations. Since it has been shown that renal tubular cells metabolized celiptium in vitro into electrophilic intermediates, we suggest that free radicals and quinone derivatives may contribute to peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and play a role in the nephrotoxicity of the drug.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364852
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  • 202
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Organ-specific effects of naphthalene on tissue peroxidation, glutathione peroxidases and superoxide dismutase in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 61 (1988), S. 480-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Naphthalene ; Peroxidation ; Glutathi one peroxidase ; Superoxide dismutase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Male, weanling Blue-Spruce rats were treated with naphthalene (p.o.) in defined dose increments up to 750 mg/kg body weight over 9 weeks. At necropsy, treated rats showed a 20% decrease in body weight compared to controls. Naphthalene treatment resulted in enhanced peroxidation (p〈0.001) only in the liver. This increased peroxidation was associated with reductions (p〈0.05) in the activity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase in hepatic cytosolic fractions and an associated increase (p〈0.05) in the selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase. No increase in peroxidation was observed in the lung, eye or heart of these rats and the activities of the selenoenzyme and the selenium-independent glutathione peroxidases were also unaffected by naphthalene in these organs. Naphthalene also did not affect superoxide dismutase activity in any of the organs examined. Thus, in addition to the known effects of naphthalene on tissue glutathione, naphthalene-induced reductions in the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase can also contribute to peroxidation in the liver and must be considered as a contributing factor in naphthalene toxicity in vivo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293694
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  • 203
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of buthionine sulfoximine on orthophenylphenol-induced hepato- and nephrotoxic potential in male rats (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 62 (1988), S. 452-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Orthophenylphenol ; Metabolites ; Buthionine sulfoximine ; Hepatotoxicity ; Nephrotoxicity ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A single oral administration of orthophenylphenol (OPP, 1400 mg/kg; about half the LD50) to male Fischer 344 rats produced an elevation of serum transaminase activity 24 h later. Pretreatment with l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO, 900 mg/kg) in the OPP-treated rats potentiated the hepatic and renal damage which was accompanied by necrosis. Six hours after the administration of OPP (700 or 1400 mg/kg), hepatic and renal glutathione (GSH) levels decreased with increasing dosage. Hepatic GSH depletion with OPP was enhanced with BSO pretreatment and the recovery of GSH in both organs was slow in the high-dose OPP group. These results suggest that hepatic and renal damage is associated with a serious and prolonged GSH depletion. When either phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ) or phenylhydroquinone (PHQ), which are intermediates of OPP, was administered orally to rats at 700 or 1400 mg/kg, the mortality with the high dose of PBQ was 75% at 24 h. The serum transaminase activity and UN level increased with the low dose of PBQ, accompanied by necrotic hepatocytes. The toxic effects of PHQ on kidney or liver were less than those on PBQ. These observations suggest that the liver and kidney may be target organs for toxic actions of a large dose of OPP and its intermediate, PBQ.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288349
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  • 204
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nephrotoxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene in phenobarbital-pretreated male rats (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 61 (1988), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Butylated hydroxytoluene ; Nephrotoxicity ; Phenobarbital ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A single large dose of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 1000 mg/kg) in male Fischer 344 rats produced some renal damage, reduced accumulation of p-aminohippuric acid in renal slices, proteinuria and enzymuria, in addition to hepatic damage. Further, prior administration of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, i. p., daily for 4 days) in the high-dose BHT-treated male rats produced renal damage accompanied by slight tubular necrosis. The renal damage was confirmed by biochemical and histological changes. These changes were dose dependent, with a maximum at 24 h after BHT administration, but had returned to the normal range by 48 h. Female rats, on the other hand, were less susceptible to BHT-induced renal and hepatic damage than male rats. The results indicate sex differences in BHT-induced renal or hepatic damage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334616
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  • 205
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bilateral receptive fields of cells in rat Sm1 cortex (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Sm1 cortex ; Receptive fields ; Rat ; Bilateral receptive fields ; Hindlimb
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Single cells in the primary somatosensory (Sm1) cortex were investigated for responses to bilateral hindpaw stimulation in Wistar rats anaesthetised by continuous intravenous administration of Althesin. Fifty-one percent of cells sampled (N = 134) responded to equivalent punctate mechanical stimuli delivered to both the contralateral and ipsilateral hindpaws under light anaesthesia. The distribution by cortical depth of cells with receptive fields (RFs) on both hindpaws was not significantly different from cells which had only contralateral RFs. No cell was found with a purely ipsilateral RF. For 86% of cells tested (N=44) the ipsilateral RF was partly or completely homologous with areas within the contralateral RF. The sizes of ipsilateral RFs were smaller on 66% of occasions when tested against their contralateral RFs. Modal latencies to ipsilateral mechanical stimulation were longer than to contralateral stimulation (34.1±9.1 ms (S.D) cf. 26.4±7.2 ms, N=44). Ipsilateral RFs were lost for 77% of cells tested following a 33% increase in anaesthetic infusion rate. Conditioning mechanical stimuli applied to the centre receptive field (CRF) on the ipsilateral hindpaw reduced or abolished a cell's responses to equivalent test stimuli applied to it's contralateral CRF with C-T intervals of 20–200 ms. Conditioning stimuli applied to the CRF contralateral to the cell reduced or abolished responses to test stimuli on the cell's ipsilateral CRF using C-T intervals of 0–900 ms. Responses in one cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw were unaffected by elimination of responses from the same hindpaw in the opposite contralateral Sm1 cortex, where responses had been suppressed by topical Lignocaine administration. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from hindpaw Sm1 cortex labelled many cells in homolateral thalamus, but failed to label cells in the entire forebrain contralateral to the injection site. It is concluded that direct crossed thalamocortical and callosal Sm1-Sm1 pathways do not contribute to the production of hindpaw ipsilateral receptive fields.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271857
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  • 206
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Licking during forced spout alternation in rats: resetting the pacemaker or disconnecting the motor output? (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 561-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rhythmic movement ; Licking ; Motor learning ; Hypoglossal activity ; Videorecording ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats trained to alternate between two adjacent drinking spouts (each spout is retracted after a single lick and presented again after the animal has licked at the other spout) emit 2.5 licks instead of the optimum 1 lick per spout presentation. The question whether the pacemaker of licking is reset or continues to run during transition between spouts was addressed in three experiments performed in 10 highly overtrained rats. Videorecording analysis of oro-facial activities showed that the rat's mouth was firmly closed during the 500 ms transition between spouts. EEG was recorded from the region of hypoglossal nucleus with implanted bipolar electrodes during continued licking at one spout and during spout alternation. Averaging (n = 256, 1024 ms) centered around the onset of the first lick at the newly contacted spout showed 2–3 lick related potentials in the post-transitional interval whereas only one such wave occasionally appeared at the end of the pre-transition period. Computer plotted distributions of post-transition licks (timed with respect to the last pre-transition lick) were examined while the horizontal or vertical distance between spouts was increased. Growing spout separation changed the height but not the timing of the modes of the post-transition lick distribution. This phase-locked synchronization of pre- and post-transition licks indicates that the central timing network of the lick generator is not reset but continues to run during transition between spouts and that the cessation of tongue movements is due to inhibition of the intracycle pattern generator and motor output. It is concluded that more sensitive recording techniques are required to detect the activity of the central timing network in absence of overt licking.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247603
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  • 207
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A small population of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the retina of the other eye (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Retina ; Projection ; Development ; Rat ; Rabbit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We traced the retino-retinal projection with Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), Rhodamin labelled latex microspheres (RLM), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and choleratoxin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (BHRP). The number and distribution of ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral eye were recorded. Newborn and young rats have up to about 130 ganglion cells projecting to the other retina; this confirms previous findings. We extended these findings in two ways. First, we describe a similar projection in rabbits consisting of fewer cells; second, we describe the persistence of a small component of this projection into adulthood. In addition we show with RITC and Nuclear Yellow double tracing that some of the retino-retinal ganglion cells have an axon collateral which projects to the superior colliculus. We performed control experiments in order to exclude spillover of tracer which might produce false positive labelling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248754
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  • 208
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intrathecal galanin at low doses increases spinal reflex excitability in rats more to thermal than mechanical stimuli (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 663-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Galanin ; Spinal cord ; Flexor reflex ; Intrathecal ; Cutaneous afferents ; Thermoreceptors ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) was injected intrathecally (i.t.) in decerebrate, spinalized, unanesthetized rats and its effect on the nocifensive flexor reflex was examined. The reflex, which was evoked by intense mechanical or thermal stimulation of the foot, was recorded from the ipsilateral hamstring muscles. I.t. GAL increased reflex excitability significantly more to thermal than to mechanical stimuli. It is suggested that GAL, which is present in sensory fibers that innervate the skin, is released by the central terminals of cutaneous afferents that are much more sensitive to thermal than to mechanical stimuli.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248760
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  • 209
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intra-ventricular infusion of the NMDA antagonist AP5 impairs performance on a non-spatial operant DRL task in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): AP5 ; NMDA antagonist ; Hippocampus ; DRL ; Memory ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats were trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL-18 s) schedule. They were then allocated to four treatment groups. These were: hippocampal aspiration lesions [HIPP]; implantation of osmotic minipumps for intraventricular infusion of either (a) the NMDA receptor antagonist 30 mM D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid [AP5] or (b) vehicle [VEH]; and an unoperated control group [UNOP]. In subsequent DRL testing, the HIPP group showed a profound and enduring loss of efficiency, resulting from an increased tendency to respond too early; the AP5 group showed a qualitatively similar, but less severe, impairment followed by full recovery once the minipumps had expired; the VEH and UNOP groups both maintained their pre-operative levels of efficiency. We conclude that AP5 infusion disrupts temporary memory storage in the hippocampus, and that the hippocampus is concerned with the retention of memories outside the purely spatial domain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279671
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  • 210
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Three-dimensional reconstruction of transmitter-identified central neurons by “en bloc” immunofluorescence histochemistry and confocal scanning microscopy (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 441-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Neurotransmitter ; Immunohistochemistry ; 3-D reconstruction ; Confocal microscopy ; Rat ; Lamprey
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A new method for three-dimensional reconstruction of transmitter-identified neurons is presented which involves “en bloc” immunofluorescence histochemistry and confocal scanning microscopy. The technique was applied to different types of neurons in the rat brain and lamprey spinal cord. Thick sections or tissue “blocs” (50–200 μm thick) were incubated with antisera against neuropeptides or monoaminergic markers, followed by fluorescent secondary antibodies. Three-dimensional reconstructions were obtained by scanning the preparations in sequential focal planes with a thin laser beam, while sampling the emitted light in each focal plane. The method is convenient and can be applied to a wide variety of neuron types. The reconstructions obtained are accurate since the “optical serial sections” of the specimen are perfectly aligned, and optic disturbances such as “halo” phenomena do not occur.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248236
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  • 211
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Vasopressin secretion: suppression after light and tone stimuli previously paired with footshocks in rats (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): ACTH ; Emotional response ; Motor activity ; Vasopressin ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In an attempt to find whether vasopressin (VP) secretion is suppressed by learned emotional stress, we have given rats under a hypertonic condition simultaneously applied light and tone that had been paired previously with footshocks and have quantified immunoreactive VP (ir-VP) in the plasma. In a training session light (60 watt) and tone (2 kz) of 3-s duration which were paired with electric footshocks (50 Hz, 1-s duration) were given to rats 11 times at an interval of 30 s. Various lengths of time after the training, the rats were tested with light and tone, which were unpaired with footshocks and repeatedly applied every 15 s for 3 min in the box used for training. Hypertonic NaCl (0.5 M, 2 ml/ 100 g b. w.) was injected s. c. 30 min before testing to increase the basal level of plasma VP. After testing, plasma ir-VP was significantly less in the experimental group than in the 0-mA control group of rats that were trained without FS. The values for the experimental group were also significantly less than those of untested control rats that had been trained with FS but were not tested. Plasma osmolality and blood haemoglobin concentration were not significantly different between control and experimental groups. Plasma immunoreactive adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ir-ACTH) level was higher and motor activity as expressed by cumulative time period of body movement during testing was lower in the experimental group than in either of the control groups. The difference in plasma ir-VP between experimental and control groups was statistically significant two days but not seven days after training, whereas ACTH and motor activity in experimental groups were still significantly different from those in control groups seven days after training. The suppressive VP and augmentative ACTH responses to testing disappeared in the rats that had received light and tone repeatedly during the intervening period between training and testing. These data support the hypothesis that emotional stimuli suppress VP secretion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247489
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  • 212
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differences in magnesium and calcium effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate- and quisqualate-induced decreases in extracellular sodium concentration in rat hippocampal slices (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Extracellular Na+ concentration ; Quisqualate (quis) ; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ; Tetrodotoxin (TTX) ; Hippocampal area CA1 ; Rat ; Extracellular Ca2+ concentration ; Extracellular Mg2+ concentration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Decreases in extracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]o) and associated slow negative field potentials (fp's) were monitored with double barreled sodium sensitive/reference microelectrodes in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices during iontophoretic application of the glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and quisqualate (quis). The effects of lowering [Ca2+]o on these signals were compared to those of lowering [Mg2+]o. Both NMDA- and quis-induced decreases in [Na+]o of up to 60 mM and in the fp's of up to 8 mV. Decreasing [Mg2+]o enhanced NMDA-induced signals, whereas quis-induced signals were unaffected. Lowering [Ca2+]o also enhanced NMDA signals, although somewhat less than lowering [Mg2+]o. This effect was still present, even when voltage dependent Na+ currents were blocked by 10-7 tetrodotoxin. Interestingly, quis-induced signals could be enhanced in a low Ca2+ medium as well, but only when high quis concentrations were used. The results suggest that, during the sorts of large decreases of [Ca2+]o observed during seizure activity, activation of NMDA receptors is facilitated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247502
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  • 213
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Responses of nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis neurons to vestibular stimulation in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Vestibular ; Flocculus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Forty-nine neurons were recorded in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) during horizontal vestibular and/or optokinetic stimulation in immobilized pigmented rats. During optokinetic stimulation, the response of NRTP neurons was either unidirectional (51%) or bidirectional (49%). Histological reconstruction showed that unidirectional neurons were located in the dorsal-medial part of NRTP, and bidirectional neurons in the lateral part. All neurons exhibited a response during pure vestibular sinusoidal stimulation in the frequency range 0.025 Hz-0.2 Hz. NRTP neurons were divided into two groups according to their threshold to vestibular stimulation. Group A neurons had a low threshold, a low spontaneous activity and their firing frequency slowly increased with acceleration. Group B neurons showed opposite characteristics. Phase and gain analysis suggested that NRTP neurons carry a head velocity signal. After hemiflocculectomy, the gain of the vestibular response of contralateral NRTP neurons increased. From these data, the role of NRTP in the horizontal vestibulo-oculomotor is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247587
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  • 214
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immunocytochemical evaluation of a cholinergic-specific ganglioside antigen (Chol-1) in the central nervous system of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 71-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cholinergic-specific ganglioside ; Cholinergic neurons ; Chol-1 ; Spinal cord ; Brain ; Retina ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous work from this laboratory has identified gangliosidic surface markers specific for cholinergic neurons. Antibodies to these markers, collectively designated Chol-1, induce complement-mediated lysis of the cholinergic subpopulation of synaptosomes and provide the basis for a new immunocytochemical method for staining cholinergic neurons in rat, guinea pig and human material. The specification and localization of immunocytochemical staining for Chol-1 was investigated in selected areas of the rat central nervous system. The antigen was typically expressed on all neurons previously identified as being cholinergic using monoclonal antibodies to choline acetyltransferase. At spinal levels Chol-1 was present on large and smaller cell bodies in the ventral horn motoneuron area. The preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the thoracic intermediolateral nucleus were also Chol-1-positive. Nerve terminal-like staining was observed in association with stained large Chol-1 positive and smaller unstained Chol-1 negative neurons, and in lamina I and III of the dorsal horn. In the mesencephalon, motoneurons of the oculomotor and trochlear nucleus, as well as neurons within the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the red nucleus were Chol-1-positive. In addition visceromotoneurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus were stained with anti Chol-1 antibodies. In the basal forebrain the antibodies gave a positive reaction on well known cholinergic neurons in the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal bands of Broca and the medial forebrain bundle. In agreement with studies using antibodies to choline acetyltransferase, a small sub-population of neostriatal neurons (1–2%) was Chol-1-positive. In the rat retina, both anti-Chol-1 and anti-choline acetyltransferase antibodies gave rise to a nerve terminal-like staining in the same bands within the inner plexiform layer. The anti-Chol-1 antibodies also stain normal and pathological human material and could have a useful application in human neuropathology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248502
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  • 215
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Epilepsy and electromagnetic fields: effects of simulated atmospherics and 100-Hz magnetic fields on audiogenic seizure in rats (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Schlagwort(e): Epilepsy ; Electromagnetic fields ; Rat ; Audiogenic seizure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In order to study the possible association between epileptic seizures and natural electromagnetic fields, 32 female audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible rats were exposed to simulated 10 kHz and 28 kHz atmospherics and to a sinusoidally oscillating magnetic field with a frequency of 100 Hz and field strength of 1 A/m. After the electromagnetic exposure, seizures were induced in the rats with a sound stimulus. The severity of the seizure was determined on an ordinal scale, the audiogenic response score (ARS). The time from the beginning of the sound stimulus to the onset of the seizure (seizure latency) and the duration of the convulsion was measured. No differences from the control experiments were found in the experiments with simulated atmospherics, but the 100 Hz magnetic field increased the seizure latency by about 13% (P〈0.02). The results do not support the hypothesis that natural atmospheric electromagnetic signals could affect the onset of epileptic seizures, but they suggest that AGS-susceptible rats may be a useful model for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623987
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  • 216
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Demonstration of correlations between the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics and the inflammatory reaction of rats after carrageenan injection (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Schlagwort(e): Atmospherics ; Carrageenan inflammation ; Rat ; Susceptibility ; Correlations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Between the mean daily density of 28 kHz atmospherics and the onset of epileptic fits there is a highly significant correlation coefficient (r) of 0.30; there is a negative coefficient of −0.20 between the fits and the mean daily density of 10 kHz atmospherics. The onset of heart infarction is correlated with 28 kHz atmospherics (r=0.15). Furthermore, we have discovered that sudden deafness is also correlated with certain configurations of atmospherics. In this paper we report the following correlation coefficients between the inflammatory reaction of rats to a carrageenan injection (rci) into a hind paw and the mean daily pulse rate of atmospherics of the same day:r=0.49 for the 8 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.02) andr=0.44 for the 10 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.04). The correlations between rci reaction and other atmospherics (12 and 28 kHz) are smaller and not significant. By the method of multiple linear regression we found a multipleR=0.54 between rci reaction and the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics (the regression function for the rci reaction is 0.15+0.004×8 kHz+0.002×10 kHz,P〈0.05).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045280
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  • 217
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Topographic differences in retinal axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat: a quantitative reexamination using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 481-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Retinal axons ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Retinal endings in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the rat were visualized by anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase following injections in the optic tract. The morphological findings confirm the two types of retinal axons previously suggested by Golgi investigations. In the caudal third of the dLGN type 2b axons, with small dense clusters of boutons, are the only representatives of retinal fibres seen. In the rostral two thirds they are intermingled with the larger type 2a terminals, but tend to accumulate laterally, adjacent to the optic tract. This study supports the concept that large retinal ganglion cells probably give rise to 2a axons that may represent a Y-like channel, whereas 2b axons are derived from small ganglion cells, and may relay a W-like pathway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247302
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  • 218
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Localization of isoenzymes II/III of protein kinase C in the rat visual cortex (area 17), hippocampus and dentate gyrus (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 443-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Protein kinase C subspecies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Visual cortex ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Monoclonal antibodies against type II and type III subspecies of protein kinase C PkC(II/III) were used to map the distribution of these isoenzymes in the visual cortex (area 17), hippocampus and dentate gyrus of the rat. PkC(II/III)-immunocytochemistry resulted in a specific staining of neuropil and of neuronal somata with their proximal dendrites. The majority of immunopositive cells exhibited a punctate distribution of reaction product, while only a few neurons were homogeneously labeled. In the visual cortex stained neurons were distributed throughout all laminae and reached a particularly high density in layers II/III. Moreover, PkC(II/III)-positive neurons were found within the strata pyramidale and radiatum of the hippocampus proper and in the stratum granulosum, the subgranular zone and the hilar region of the dentate gyrus. The present results suggest that PkC(II/III)-positive neurons constitute a distinct population of both projection and local circuit neurons that are not exclusively associated with any one neurotransmitter system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250589
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  • 219
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential distribution of biogenic amines in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Hypoglossal nucleus ; Biogenic amines ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of biogenic amines in the rat hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) was investigated with immunocytochemical methods using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker for catecholamines, and to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), the principal indoleamine, at the light microscopic level. TH and 5-HT immunoreactivity were found throughout all regions of nXII. Although the innervations overlapped, clearly differnt patterns of distribution were observed. TH immunoreactivity was localized primarily in the ventromedial quadrant of the caudal half of nXII and appeared largely as perisomatic-like profiles. In contrast, 5-HT immunoreactivity was greatest dorsally along the caudal half of nXII, although secondary foci of staining were evident ventrolaterally and, to a lesser extent, ventromedially. A perisomatic-like pattern of termination was observed for 5-HT in both dorsal and ventral regions of nXII. Since ventral and dorsal districts of nXII contain motoneurons that innervate protrusor and retrusor tongue muscles, respectively, we propose that the overlapping, yet differential distributions of catecholamines and indoleamines are important in controlling the relationships between functionally related groups of nXII motoneurons. These findings are discussed in relation to oro-lingual motor dysfunction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248222
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  • 220
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vitro regeneration of adult rat ganglion cell axons from retinal explants (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 393-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Ganglion cell axons ; Regeneration ; Chemically defined media ; Fluorescent tracers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The potential for regeneration of adult rat ganglion cell (RGC) axons was investigated in vitro. Explants from RITC (rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate) retrogradely labeled and in vivo axotomized retinae were placed on dishes coated with various substrates. The retinal pieces were cultivated in a serum-free medium and incubated under 50 to 80% O2-enriched and 5% CO2-containing atmosphere. Under these conditions, massive outgrowth of fibers was observed as early as 24 h after explantation and over a period of time extending up to 7 days in culture. By various criteria, two main types of processes could be characterized: (1) Short, thick processes emerged from either migrated flat cells or from cells inside the retinal explant, and (2) long and thin processes emerged from cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). By immunohistochemistry, the short processes and the cells from which they had emerged, appeared to be glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP)-positive Thy 1 and L 1-negative, suggesting their glial nature. The second type of long, thin processes appeared to be GFAP-negative, L1- and Thy 1-positive, indicating that they were neuronal, probably RGC processes. Proof that long fibers emerged from RGCs was provided by retrograde labeling of RGCs with RITC prior to explanation. Numerous RITC-filled RGCs survived in vitro. Regrowing axons retransported part of the accumulated fluorescent dye in the orthograde direction and thus unequivocally permitted their identification as RGC axons. The fact that adult RGC axons can reelongate in vitro might provide a useful bioassay for investigations on the factors that either support or inhibit regrowth of axons from CNS neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248232
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  • 221
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rapid effects of adult-onset hypothyroidism on dendritic spines of pyramidal cells of the rat cerebral cortex (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 583-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Adult hypothyroidism ; Dendritic spines ; Pyramidal cells ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We have previously shown (Ruiz-Marcos et al. 1980, 1982) that thyroidectomy (T) performed in rats at 40 days of age, well past the neonatal period of development, results by 80–90 days of age in a decrease of the number of spines along the shaft of pyramidal neurons with the cell body in layer V in the visual area of the cerebral cortex. We have here studied how soon after the operation an effect on spine number and distribution may be observed. We have found that the response of these neurons to T is very rapid: a decrease in the number of spines/shaft between T and age-paired controls (C) rats is statistically significant by the earliest period of observation, namely 5 days after T. These results may be related to those of Dembri et al. (1983) showing that T performed in adult rats decreases the activity of Type I RNA polymerase by 5 days after the operation. It is possible that T impairs the synthesis of some compound(s) necessary for the formation and maintenance of spines. The present results suggest that spine number is not a fixed structure of the apical shaft once brain development is over, but is in a state of continuous formation and degradation. We have further observed that the effect of T performed at 40 days of age is more pronounced in the distal part of the shaft than on the rest, a result similar to that found after neonatal T (Ruiz-Marcos et al. 1982). However, contrary to findings after early hypothyroidism, T at 40 days of age does not distort the distribution of spines along the shaft.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406617
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  • 222
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of the scopolamine stimulus in rats (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Drug discrimination ; Scopolamine cue ; Muscarinic agonists ; Muscarinic antagonists ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The discriminative stimulus properties of scopolamine, a potent antagonist at muscarinic receptors, were used for testing the discriminative effects of drugs known to act on cholinergic transmission. Rats were trained in a standard two-bar operant conditioning procedure with food as the reinforcer, according to a FR10 schedule. The training dose of scopolamine was progressively reduced from 0.25 mg/kg SC to the low dose of 0.062 mg/kg SC. Scopolarmine yielded an accurate discrimination in all the six rats tested. The generalization gradient resulted in an ED50 of 0.027 mg/kg. The scopolamine cue lasted for 1 h and was of central origin, since it was not mimicked by scopolamine methylbromide. The scopolamine stimulus generalized to atropine and trihexyphenidyl (respective ED50 values 2.20 and 0.21 mg/kg SC). Atropine depressed rate of responding, while trihexyphenidyl did not. Antagonism experiments with both direct agonists at the muscarinic receptor (arecoline and oxotremorine) and indirect agonists, i.e., inhibitors of the acetylcholine esterase [physostigmine and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA)], led to inconsistent results. Increasing the doses of the agonists in order to block the scopolamine cue may be limited by their rate suppressant effect on responding. Based upon previously published results, it is suggested that the muscarinic agonist cue is more useful than the antagonist cue for investigating muscarinic transmission.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174509
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  • 223
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Long-term attentional deficit in nonhandled males: possible involvement of the dopaminergic system (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Latent inhibition ; Early handling ; Haloperidol ; Amphetamine ; Male ; Female ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Latent inhibition (LI) is a behavioral paradigm in which nonreinforced pre-exposure to a stimulus retards subsequent conditioning to that stimulus. The development of LI is considered to reflect learning not to attend to, or ignore, irrelevant stimuli. In our previous studies investigating the effects of early handling on LI, we have shown that normal LI was obtained in handled males and females, as well as in nonhandled females. In contrast, nonhandled males failed to show LI. This finding pointed to a long-term attentional deficit in nonhandled males. Since there is evidence that the development of LI is mediated by the dopaminergic system, the present experiments tested the possibility that the attentional deficit of nonhandled males may be related to a dopaminergic dysfunction. Experiment 1 tested whether the administration of haloperidol, which was shown to enhance LI in normal animals, would reinstate the LI effect in nonhandled males. Infantile handled (Days 1–22) and nonhandled male and female rats were tested in maturity in the LI paradigm, using a conditioned emotional response procedure. Experiment 2 tested the locomotor response of handled and nonhandled males to 0.3, 1 and 2.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Experiment 1 showed that handled males, handled females and nonhandled females showed a normal LI effect, whereas nonhandled males failed to develop LI. Haloperidol enhanced LI in all the groups, but this effect was most dramatic in nonhandled males, in which the drug reinstated LI. Experiment 2 showed that nonhandled males exhibited a reduced locomotor response to d-amphetamine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174515
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  • 224
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Behavioral evidence for the role of noradrenaline in putative anxiolytic and sedative effects of benzodiazepines (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Benzodiazepines ; Triazolopyridazines ; Noradrenaline ; Clonidine ; Yohimbine ; Drug discrimination stimulus ; Fixed ratio performance ; Bicuculline ; Ro 15-1788 ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of clonidine on the antianxiety and sedation of benzodiazepines (BZD) were assessed respectively in rats trained in a two-lever diazepam cue discrimination procedure and in single-lever fixed-ratio (FR) water-reinforced performance. Clonidine (10–60 μg/kg) significantly shifted to the left the dose-effect curves of diazepam in the discrimination paradigm. This treatment also shifted generalization dose-effect curves of the diazepam cue to chlordiazepoxide and CL 218872 to the left in the drug discrimination procedure. The diazepam cue was antagonized in a dose-related manner by Ro 15-1788, but not by bicuculline. Clonidine also potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of diazepam on the FR schedule when the dose of diazepam was increased to 0.3 mg/kg, but not the milder rate-decreasing effect of CL 218872 until the dose of CL 218872 was increased to 10 mg/kg. The potentiating effects of clonidine on the stimulus control and depression of diazepam were antagonized by yohimbine. Yohimbine (1.0 mg/kg) also significantly shifted the dose-effect curve of diazepam cue to the right. Bicuculline (3 mg/kg) completely antagonized the rate-decreasing effect of diazepam (1 mg/kg), but significantly potentiated the rate-suppressant effect of clonidine (10 μg/kg). These results suggest that the central noradrenaline (NA) system may be involved not only in the antianxiety, but also the sadative action of BZD. The nature of NA involvement in relation to the different subtypes of BZD receptors requires further exploration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174525
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  • 225
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential effects of the selective D2-antagonist raclopride in the nucleus accumbens of the rat on spontaneous and d-amphetamine-induced activity (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus accumbens ; d-Amphetamine activity ; Exploration ; Raclopride ; D2-receptors ; Schizophrenia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of the D2-antagonist raclopride was investigated in two test situations, which are presumed to involve dopamine (DA) transmission within the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Local injection of d-amphetamine sulphate (10 μg/0.5 μl) produced a marked increase in motor activity, measured as motility, locomotion, and rearing, which was dose- and time-dependently antagonised by local injection of raclopride (0.05–5.0 μg/0.5 μl). After an initial decrease, at low doses (0.05–0.25 μg/0.5 μl) an apparent enhancement of the d-amphetamine-induced motor activity appeared, which was most clearly seen with rearing. These lower doses, however, did not induce any clear changes in the exploratory activity in a novel environment (i.e., the second test situation). Only the higher doses used (1.0–5.0 μg/0.5 μl) decreased exploratory activity during the first 5–10 min, also measured as motility, locomotion, and rearing. These data are discussed with respect to the role of D2-receptors within the nucleus accumbens of rats in the motor activity induced by a novel environment and d-amphetamine. Overall, the data underline previous notions that raclopride is a potent antagonist of DA-mediated behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172953
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  • 226
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Clonidine infusions into the locus coeruleus attenuate behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 121-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Clonidine ; Locus coeruleus ; Intracerebral infusion ; Withdrawal ; Naloxone ; Morphine ; 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Clonidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, suppresses signs of opiate withdrawal in animals and in man. Electrical or chemical stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) increases noradrenergic activity and brain concentration of the noradrenergic metabolite MHPG, and produces many signs of opiate withdrawal. Thus, clonidine's ability to attenuate withdrawal might be due to the reduction of noradrenergic neuronal activity originating in the LC, but additional alpha-2-adrenergic receptors throughout the body and other mechanisms may also play a role. The present study explored the neuroanatomical and pharmacological selectivity of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors of the LC in the anti-withdrawal action of clonidine. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that behavioral and biochemical measures of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine would be blocked by infusions of clonidine (0.6 or 2.4 μg/μl) into the LC. Significant reductions were observed in the occurrence of diarrhea, ptosis, weight loss and wet-dog shakes. Clonidine also reversed the naloxone-precipitated increase in hippocampus MHPG concentration. In experiment 2 subjects received an LC infusion or IP injection of a non-lipophilic alpha-2-agonist (ST-91), which does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, or of clonidine into the dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB) to test the selectivity of the effects of clonidine infusions into the LC. ST-91 infusions into the LC reduced several of the observed withdrawal signs and increased others (e.g., jumping). Although peripheral injections of ST-91 attenuated some of the checked signs associated with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, the frequency of wet-dog shakes was not reduced. ST-91 infusions into the LC, but not systemic ST-91 administration, prevented the withdrawal-induced increase in hippocampus MHPG concentration. Clonidine infused lateral to the LC into the DPB did not significantly attenuate withdrawal or reduce hippocampus MHPG levels. These results provide behavioral and biochemical evidence to support the suggestion that clonidine significantly attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal through an interaction with noradrenergic neurons located in the vicinity of the LC.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431544
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  • 227
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Delay-dependent short-term memory deficits in aged rats (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Aging ; Short-term memory ; Delayed response ; Delayed matching ; Delayed non-matching ; Arecoline ; Physostigmine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Separate groups of rats of three ages (6 month, 15 month or 24 month) were trained in a two-lever operant chamber on one of two versions of a paired-trial delayed response task involving either matching or non-matching of the choice response to a sample lever. The older rats were unimpaired in learning either version of the task during initial training with no (0 s) delay between the sample and choice responses. However, when variable 0–24 s delay intervals were introduced, the 24-month group was impaired on acquisition of the delayed non-matching task, and both the 15- and 24-month groups were impaired on acquisition of the delayed matching task compared to the 6-month group. Deficits in the older groups in asymptotic performance were attributable to an impairment at longer delay intervals whilst maintaining near perfect performance at the shorter delay intervals, suggesting a selective short-term memory impairment. The delay-dependent deficits of the older groups were not ameliorated by the muscarinic agonist arecoline or the cholinesterase inhibitor physostig-mine, and so failed to corroborate a cholinergic interpretation of the observed age-related impairment in short-term memory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177557
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  • 228
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hangover hyperthermia in rats: relation to tolerance and external stimuli (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Hangover ; Thermoregulation ; Tolerance ; Ethanol ; Stress ; Compensatory reactions ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The recent finding of rebound hyperthermia in rats on the day after a single IP injection or oral intubation of ethanol was confirmed. In our studies, body temperature measured by rectal probe was significantly decreased for 8 h after 2.5 g/kg ethanol IP and was then significantly elevated 16–24 h after injection; increased vocalization during handling at 24 h was also found. However, rats isolated in a sound-attenuation chamber with remote temperature measurement showed no hyperthermia even though they were hypothermic during intoxication. The results do not support the hypothesis that rebound hyperthermia was caused by either a disruption of circadian rhythms, or by a mild abstinence syndrome alone. Instead, it appears that external stimuli, perhaps related to stress or associated with ethanol administration, are necessary on the day after a moderate dose of ethanol to produce the hyperthermia. Like hangover in humans, hyperthermia was reduced in rats made tolerant to ethanol: both the hypothermia and the rebound hyperthermia were significantly lower on the day after the 12th alternate-day ethanol injection than after the first injection. The aftereffects in rats of acute intoxication are, by definition, hangover signs, and they resemble hangover in humans in several ways, but their relevance as an animal model of hangover remains to be determined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176838
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  • 229
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in auditory evoked responses and in the inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptophan following chronic treatment with imipramine in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 408-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): 5-Hydroxytryptophan ; Imipramine ; Brainstem auditory evoked response ; Middle latency auditory evoked response ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The neurophysiological effects of acute and chronic treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant drug imipramine were investigated. Brainstem (BAER) and middle latency (MLR) auditory evoked responses were monitored in the alert and immobile rat. Daily injection of imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP) for 2 weeks produced a 13% increase in the latency and a 35% reduction in the amplitude of the N17 component of the MLR. Acute imipramine treatment had no effect. There was no observable change in the BAER after either acute or chronic drug administration. Serotonergic function was assessed by studying the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on the BAER and MLR. Chronic application of imipramine caused an apparent reduction of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg, IP) on the N17 component of the MLR. This may, however, be due to the shift in baseline latency and amplitude. Inhibition of the BAER by 5-hydroxytryptophan was unaltered by long term exposure to imipramine. Acute treatment with imipramine was without effect on the modulation of the BAER and the MLR by 5-hydroxytryptophan. These results provide evidence that chronic, as opposed to acute, administration of imipramine had an inhibitory effect on auditory processing at the level of the MLR and that this may be associated with a change in the net output of the serotonergic system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216071
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  • 230
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphine induces delayed anorexia in rats (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 254-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Anorexia ; Feeding ; Hyperphagia ; Morphine ; Naltrexone ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The delayed suppression of feeding caused by morphine was investigated in the rat. A single injection of morphine evoked a triphasic influence on feeding: a brief (1 h) severe anorexia was followed by hyperphagia (3 h) and a mild (20%) yet persistent (4–24h) anorexia. This latter anorexic effect was at least partially naltrexone reversible, and the duration of this antagonism (8 h) was longer than that of naltrexone's anorexic effect (4 h). Delayed morphine anorexia cannot be ascribed to morphine's initial stuporific influence, and it was not dependent upon previous feeding or deprivation. It was not due to gastric distension. The specificity and significance of this anorexia is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176855
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  • 231
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Repeated electroconvulsive shock does not change [3H]-paroxetine binding to the 5-HT uptake site in rat cortical membranes (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 68-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Electroconvulsive shock ; 5-HT transporter complex ; β-Adrenoceptor ; [3H]-Paroxetine ; [3H]-Imipramine ; [3H]-Dihydroalprenolol ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of repeated electroconvulsive shock on the 5-HT uptake site were studied in rat cortex using [3H]-paroxetine binding. This ligand was used because it is thought to directly label the 5-HT uptake site, whereas [3H]-imipramine may bind to a presynaptic recognition site different from the uptake site. No changes were found in the maximum number of [3H]-paroxetine binding sites and equilibrium dissociation constant after repeated electroconvulsive shock, whereas a parallel investigation of β-adrenoceptor binding showed the expected decrease in receptor number.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212769
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  • 232
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Apomorphine, d-amphetamine, strychnine and yohimbine do not alter prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Apomorphine ; Amphetamine ; Strychnine ; Yohimbine ; Acoustic startle reflex ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Rats were presented with noise bursts alone or noise bursts 60 ms after presentation of either a 60 dB or an 80 dB prepulse after injection of the dopamine agonists apomorphine (3 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg), the glycine antagonist strychnine (1.5 mg/kg) or the α2 antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg). Presentation of prepulses inhibited startle, with greater inhibition following an 80 dB versus 60 dB prepulse. Apomorphine, d-amphetamine and strychnine increased overall startle levels but did not attenuate prepulse inhibition, since the absolute change in startle following prepulse presentation was significantly greater after administration of these drugs. A lower dose of apomorphine also increased startle but had no effect on prepulse inhibition using test intervals of 10, 60, 100, 200 or 1000 ms. While these drugs did decrease per cent prepulse inhibition, this seemed wholly attributable to their increasing overall startle levels, rather than a real attenuation of prepulse inhibition. Yohimbine did not alter either startle baseline or prepulse inhibition. The results do not support the conclusion that overactivity of dopamine systems attenuates prepulse inhibition and, in addition, suggest that prepulse inhibition does not result from activation of either glycine or norepinephrine projecting to α2 adrenergic receptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174500
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  • 233
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of nimodipine on the discriminative stimulus properties ofd-amphetamine in rats (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Drug discrimination ; d-Amphetamine ; Nimodipine ; Diazepam ; Morphine ; Haloperidol ; Calcium channel ; Behavior ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The discriminative stimulus (DS) properties ofd-amphetamine (AMP) are thought to be mediated by enhanced release of catecholamines, which may involve neuronal calcium influx through voltage sensitive channels. The present study examined the influence of nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker, on the DS properties of AMP. Rats (N=8) were trained to discriminate AMP (0.5 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two-lever, food-reinforced, drug discrimination paradigm. Nimodipine alone (2.0–5.6 mg/kg, IP) did not substitute for AMP. When given in combination with AMP, 2.0 mg/kg nimodipine increased by less than 2-fold the AMP dose necessary to induce AMP-appropriate responses. Higher doses of nimodipine combined with AMP did not increase the magnitude of this effect. Nimodipine enhanced the effects of AMP on response rate. Haloperidol (0.125 mg/kg) increased by approximately 4-fold, whereas diazepam (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) and morphine (5.0 mg/kg) increased by approximately 2-fold the AMP dose necessary to induce AMP-appropriate responses. The interaction with AMP was associated with enhanced reduction of response rate in the tests with diazepam and morphine but not haloperidol. These results suggest that nimodipine attenuates the DS properties of AMP, probably in a non-specific way, due to the ability of nimodipine itself to induce a discriminable internal state.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431531
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  • 234
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Is the discriminative stimulus produced by phencyclidine due to an interaction with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors? (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Drug discrimination ; NMDA ; Phencyelidine ; ±SKF 10047 ; MK 801 ; CPP ; Ifenprodil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP) from saline at doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg, using a two-lever food reinforced operant technique. ±N-allylnormetazocine (±SKF 10047), +5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[A,D]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK 801), 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) and ifenprodil, which have been shown to antagonise the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), were tested for their ability to give rise to PCP-appropriate responding. In rats trained at both doses of PCP, ±SKF 10047 (2–12 mg/kg) and MK 801 (0.0125–0.2 mg/kg) produced dose-related responding on the lever associated with PCP injection. The relative potency of these two compounds was the same in the two groups of animals, but their absolute potencies to produce a PCP-like discriminative stimulus were dependent on the training dose of PCP. In contrast, neither the competitive NMDA antagonist CPP (4–20 mg/kg) nor the non-competitive antagonist ifenprodil (2–12 mg/kg) produced PCP-appropriate responding and ifenprodil (4-mg/kg) neither potentiated nor antagonised PCP. These findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that the behavioural effects of PCP are mediated via a reduction of neurotransmission at the NMDA-subtype of glutamate receptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431538
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  • 235
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tolerance and selective cross-tolerance to the motivational effects of opioids (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Tolerance ; Opioids ; Reinforcement ; Place conditioning ; Morphine ; U-69593 ; d-Amphetamine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The issue of whether tolerance develops to the motivational effects of opioids was addressed by use of an unbiased place preference conditioning procedure. Administration of the μ-opioid agonists morphine or fentanyl produced dose-related preferences for the drug-associated place in control rats. In contrast, the κ-opioid agonist, U-69593 produced conditioned place aversions. Non-contingent administration of morphine (5.0 mg/kg/12 h) for 4 days prior to conditioning resulted in tolerance to its reinforcing effects, and cross-tolerance to the effects of fentanyl. No cross-tolerance to the motivational effects of the psychostimulantd-amphetamine or the κ-opioid agonist U-69593 was observed. Chronic administration of U-69593 prior to conditioning produced tolerance to its aversive effects. This treatment did not, however, modify the reinforcement produced by morphine. These data demonstrate that tolerance develops to both the reinforcing and aversive properties of opioids and suggest that differential cross-tolerance may provide a useful method for determining the pharmacological basis underlying drug-induced motivational effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431542
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  • 236
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potential interactions between GABAb and cholinergic systems: baclofen augments scopolamine-induced performance deficits in the eight-arm radial maze (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Radial maze performance ; Motor activity ; Pharmacological interactions ; Baclofen ; Scopolamine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Sixteen male Fischer-344N rats were trained on a eight-arm radial maze task for food reinforcement. The effects of various doses of baclofen (1.25 or 2.50 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.188, 0.375, and 0.750 mg/kg) were determined alone and in combination. Relative to vehicle controls, baclofen alone did not affect performance in the radial arm maze (number correct in the first eight responses, total errors) or the time required to complete the maze. Scopolamine alone decreased the number of correct responses in the first eight arm choices, while increasing both the number of errors and the time necessary to complete the maze. When the two drugs were co-administered, baclofen had no effect on the number of errors or time required to complete the maze in the presence of scopolamine; however, in combination with the high dose of scopolamine, it significantly inreased the number of errors made during the first eight choices. Baclofen thus can exacerbate some radial arm maze dificits produced by an anticholinergic drug. In a subsequent experiment to test the interaction between scopolamine and baclofen using a nonlearned behavior, baclofen (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) did not affect motor activity, whereas all doses of scopolamine (0.188–0.75 mg/kg) increased activity. The higher dose of baclofen attenuated scopolamine-induced hypermotility by 50%, but the lower dose of baclofen was not effective. These data demonstrate pharmacological interactions between baclofen, a drug used clinically for spaticity, and a drug having anticholinergic properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431543
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  • 237
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Facilitation of brain stimulation reward byΔ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 142-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Marijuana ; Cannabis ; Cannabinoids ; Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; THC ; Brain stimulation reward ; Intracranial self-stimulation ; ICSS ; Reinforcement ; Medial forebrain bundle ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The present experiment explored whetherΔ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, shares with other drugs of abuse the ability to facilitate brain stimulation reward acutely, as measured by clectrical intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Laboratory rats were implanted with stimulation electrodes in the medial forebrain bundle, and trained to stable performance on a self-titrating threshold ICSS paradigm.Δ 9-THC, at a dose believed pharmacologically relevant to moderate human use of marijuana, acutely lowered ICSS thresholds, suggesting that marijuana acts on similar CNS hedonic systems to most other drugs of abuse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431546
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  • 238
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Apomorphine anorexia: the role of dopamine receptors in the ventral forebrain (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Apomorphine ; Sulpiride ; SCH-23390 ; Central drug administration ; Dopamine autoreceptors ; Feeding behaviour ; Microstructural analysis ; Eating rate ; Eating time ; Open field ; Nucleus accumbens ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The inhibition of feeding following the administration of apomorphine, systemically or directly into the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum, was studied using a microstructural analysis paradigm. On systemic administration, apomorphine reduced food consumption, eating rate and eating time; the effects were blocked by sulpiride but not by SCH-23390. Two doses of apomorphine were administered centrally. Both doses reduced total food intake and eating rate; only the higher dose also reduced eating time; all of these effects were blocked by sulpiride pretreatment. Only the lower dose reduced locomotor activity and rearing in the open field. The results suggest that apomorphine reduces eating rate by an action on dopamine (DA) axon terminal autoreceptors. We have previously demonstrated that apomorphine reduces eating time by an action on DA cell body autoreceptors. Therefore, the two populations of DA autoreceptors appear to be differentially involved in behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431545
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  • 239
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction between ethanol and caffeine in operant behavior of rats (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 194-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Caffeine ; Ethanol ; Interaction ; Rat ; Operant behavior ; Spatial alternation ; Microanalysis of behavior ; Blood levels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The interaction between ethanol and caffeine on operant behavior was studied in 24 water-deprived male rats trained in a discrete trial spatial alternation schedule with water as reinforcer. One single drug dose-response experiment or one dose combination of ethanol and caffeine (including the associated control treatments) was run on 4 successive days in 1 week. The four treatments of 1 week were administered to each animal in a distinct order according to the 24 possible permutations. In the single drug weeks, ethanol (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g/kg IP) or caffeine (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg PO) were administered 15 min before the session. In four interaction experiments all combinations of two doses of ethanol (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg IP) and two doses of caffeine (25 and 50 mg/kg PO) were employed. Ethanol and caffeine alone showed both dose-dependently decreased choice accuracy and increased response latency and passiveness. In combination, caffeine normalized the ethanol-induced alterations in ITI response rate and pause length but potentiated the effects on choice accuracy, latency and number of pauses. The results are interpreted in terms of effects of these drugs on attentional and arousal processes, and the test procedure is proposed as a screening tool for the preclinical assessment of ethanol-drug interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177560
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  • 240
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electron microscopic results on the ventral prostate of the rat after CdCl2 administration. A contribution towards etiology of the cancer of the prostate (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 114 (1988), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Schlagwort(e): Prostate ; Rat ; Electron microscope
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The prostate epithelium of rats which received repeated cadmium chloride (CdCl2) injections showed a gradual disruption of structural differentiation. Electron microscopy studies revealed severe changes in the ultrastructure affecting all epithelial cell organelles, particularly the nuclei, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. The cells infiltrating the stroma contained secretory vacuoles and their nuclear evaginations on the invasion front showed similarities to ultrastructural pathological changes in man. Examination of the ventral prostate following oral CdCl2 administration revealed changes ranging in severity up to dysplasia, but there was no evidence of carcinoma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405833
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  • 241
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in brain temperature and free amino acids in normal and protein deprived suckling rats exposed to room temperature (1988)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 657-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; protein deprivation ; brain ; temperature ; amino acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Previous reports on early-induced protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in rats have indicated alterations in the concentration of free amino acids and of protein synthesis in the brain. Recently it was shown that early-induced protein deprivation (PD) retards the development of thermoregulation. This resulted in a failure to maintain a normal rectal temperature after short exposure to room temperature (+22°C) still at the age of 20–25 days corresponding to changes seen in normal rats at an age of 10–15 days. In the present study, 20-day old PD and normal rats where examined with regard to the effect of exposure to room temperature on brain temperature and on brain free amino acids. The results show a similar reduction in brain and rectal temperature of the PD rats occuring within 30 minutes after exposure to room temperature. The reduction was in the range of 5°C. PD rats kept in room temperature for 5 hours and then allowed to recover at 32.5°C showed a slow increase in brain and rectal temperature but normal temperatures were not reached even after 1 hour. The concentration of free amino acids in the brain was examined in rats kept for 1 hour at room temperature or at 32.5°C. In the PD rats kept at 32.5°C, free aspartate and glutamate were reduced whereas taurine, GABA and glycine were increased as compared to their corresponding control rats. As a result of the reduced brain temperature in PD rats exposed to room temperature there was a reduction in free asparagine. The lability of the pool of asparagine may be related to the low levels of aspartate and glutamate in PD rats. On the basis of the present findings it is recommended that temperature-sensitive parameters are examined in PCM rats at a normal body temperature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973284
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  • 242
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Somatostatin-gastrin interactions in the rat stomach (1988)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 188 (1988), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Gastrin ; Rat ; Somatostatin ; Stomach
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Low concentrations of somatostatin and gastrin within or slightly above the range of physiologically circulating levels were perfused in the isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach preparation. Somatostatin at 10 and 50 pg/ml significantly inhibited acetylcholine-stimulated gastrin secretion by 26% and 45%, respectively, whereas perfusion of 50 and 500 pg/ml exogenous gastrin did not modify gastric somatostatin secretion. Perfusion of somatostatin-antiserum significantly increased gastrin release by 235%. It is concluded that (1) somatostatin is a powerful inhibitor of the gastrin cell under in vitro conditions; the data are in accordance with a concept that endogenous somatostatin could act as a true hormone; (2) the secretory activity of the somatostatin cell is not significantly affected by circulating gastrin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852267
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  • 243
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intestinal ammonium production in the rat: The role of the colon, small intestine, and circulating glutamine (1988)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 188 (1988), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Intestinal ammoniagenesis ; Glutamine metabolism ; Small intestine ; Colon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The intestinal ammonium production and the intestinal uptake of circulating glutamine were investigated in anesthetized intact rats and rats with resected small intestine or colon by simultaneous measurements performed on portal and arterial blood. It was shown that ammonium release into the portal blood by the small intestine is of equal magnitude to that released by the colon, and that circulating glutamine participates in ammonium production by the small intestine. Increased levels of circulating glutamine induced by its i.v. infusion to intact rats were not accompanied by an increase in intestinal ammonium production.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852088
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  • 244
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    When should treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis be started? (1988)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 188 (1988), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Acute experimental pancreatitis ; Sodium taurocholate ; Pancreatic enzymes ; Pancreatic morphology ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sodium taurocholate pancreatitis in the rat is a frequently used experimental model for evaluating therapeutical regimes in this disease. It is, however, uncertain when treatment should be started, as the early phase of this experimental model and thus the time when the pancreatitis really develops is unknown. Serum and pancreatic enzymes, as well as pancreatic morphology, were therefore studied 5, 30, and 60min after induction of sodium taurocholate pancreatitis. It was found that increase in serum enzymes and decrease in pancreatic enzymes and morphological changes characteristic for acute pancreatitis develop as early as 5 and 30 min after induction of pancreatitis. Thus, therapy in this model may be started shortly after induction of acute pancreatitis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852268
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  • 245
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Malaria infection in rats with stimulated splenic red pulp: The blood flow and protective effect in normal and transplanted splenic tissue (1988)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 188 (1988), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Splenic autotransplantation ; Phenylhydrazine ; Malaria infection ; Rat ; Blood flow
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After splenic autotransplantation both weight and blood flow of the regenerated splenic tissue are decreased. In addition, the protective function of the transplant is less compared to that of the normal spleen. In the present study, the red pulp of normal and transplanted splenic tissue was stimulated by injections of phenylhydrazine to increase the weight, the blood flow, and the protective function. After stimulation, the weight of the normal spleen increased to 900 ± 70 mg (control 530 ± 20 mg) and the transplanted tissue to 240 ± 70 mg (control 70 ± 20 mg). This enlargement was caused by an increase in the splenic red pulp. However, the relative blood flow decreased in both the normal spleen and the transplant to 50% of the normal value. To evaluate the protective function of the stimulated splenic tissue, normal, splenectomized and transplanted rats were infected withPlasmodium berghei. Despite the dramatic increase in the red pulp, neither the normal nor the transplanted animals showed a survival rate superior to that of the splenectomized animals. The mass of splenic tissue obviously does not correlate with the protective effect of the spleen in parasitic infections.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01852275
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  • 246
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Laser welded vascular anastomosis (1988)
    Springer
    Urological research 16 (1988), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): Microsurgery ; CO2 laser ; Neodymium Yag laser ; Vascular anastomosis ; Rat ; Tensile strength ; Histology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the application of a specially adapted microsurgical Neodymium Yag Laser system with a wavelength of 1,319 μm and a CO2 laser system for laser assisted microvascular end-to-end anastomosis (LAMA) of the rat femoral artery. Conventionally sutured anastomoses served as controls. Postoperative investigations included patency tests, light microscopy and tensile strength measurements. Both laser systems seem to be equally suitable for LAMA: The patency rates do not differ from those of sutured anstomoses and formation of microscopically small aneurysms occurred predominantly in control animals and only once in laser groups. The clamp time needed for LAMA was half the time that was needed for sutured anastomoses. Wound healing in all groups was similar with less fibrotic reactions and less foreign body granulomas in laser groups. At all intervals tensile strength was significantly higher for sutured anastomoses while differences between the CO2- and the ND: Yag-laser groups were not statistically significant. Potential applications in urology include microvascular anastomoses in erectile dysfunction, pediatric and reconstructive urology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261970
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  • 247
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Failure to prolong rat renal allograft survival time by photochemical donor kidney pretreatment during hypothermic pulsatile kidney preservation (1988)
    Springer
    Urological research 16 (1988), S. 53-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): Renal transplantation ; Rat ; Ultraviolet irradiation ; PUVA ; Pulsatile perfusion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Systemic photochemical pretreatment of a rat kidney donor with the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP; 0.06 mg/kg intravenously, 10 min before graft removal) plus ex vivo longwave ultraviolet (UVA) irradiation of the kidney graft during simple hypothermic storage significantly prolonged survival time in allogeneic recipients. In contrast to these results, the present use of UVA irradiation during hypothermic pulsatile kidney perfusion using Euro-Collins® solution containing 8-MOP (0.06 mg/ml) did not prolong graft survival compared with untreated controls. Systemic application of 8-MOP to the kidney donor may be necessary for effective action of the combined photochemical treatment as a method of immunoalteration. The extended UVA irradiation time and the local use of 8-MOP in the preservation fluid had no effect on graft survival possibly because of inadequate tissue distribution of 8-MOP during both hypothermia and perfusion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264629
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  • 248
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of long-term and short-term stretch on rat urinary bladder in vitro (1988)
    Springer
    Urological research 16 (1988), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): Electrical stimulation ; Stretching ; Time factor ; Bladder strip ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Distension of the human urinary bladder often causes prolonged impairment of its function. To investigate the effects of the duration of stretch on bladder smooth muscle the active length-tension relation, electrically evoked, was described in rat detrusor strips during a short-term and a long-term stretch. The amplitude of active tension increased at first and then decreased abruptly at greater stretch lengths, the maximum being at muscle lengths 230–250% (100%=resting length) in both types of stretches. When the strips had been at maximum length (300%) for three hours the amplitude was significantly decreased during release as compared to the amplitude found during stretch to the maximum length at comparable lengths. If the strips were released immediately from the maximum length the amplitude responded in an opposite manner. Therefore we conclude that the duration of stretching of bladder smooth muscle significantly affects its mechanical activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263635
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  • 249
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of muscle interstitial volume on K+-induced heart rate drive in rats (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Interstitial volume ; Potassium concentration ; Heart rate ; Rat ; Exercise
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary During exercise heart rate is influenced by reflexogenic drives which are elicited by receptors situated in the interstitial space. Since the structure of interstitial tissue is complex (e.g. fixed negative charges of glycosaminoglycans), the situation in the immediate surrounding of the receptors might differ from the free fluid phases of blood or lymph in which the concentrations of stimulating substances are usually determined. Physiological variations of the interstitial structure may be due to changes in interstitial volume induced by exercise or the hydrostatic effects on body fluids. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the interstitial volume on the relationship between heart rate and K+ stimuli applied through the muscle blood vessels. The calves of 12 male Wistar rats were artificially perfused and separated from the rest of the body with the sciatic nerve remaining intact. In these preparations the heart rate (HR) responses to low (4 mM) and high (8 mM) potassium concentrations were determined at different interstitial volumes. Expansion of the interstitial volume was obtained by reducing the colloid-osmotic pressure of the perfusate. The combination of intracellular oedema and mechanical limitation of total volume expansion (tapeing) was utilized to decrease the interstitial volume. When switching between the low and high potassium concentrations, significant heart rate responses could be observed only with reduced interstitial volume. It is suggested that the interstitial structure surrounding the muscular receptors modifies the relationship between heart rate response and the K+ stimuli determined in blood or lymph.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691234
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  • 250
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of MIBG and monoamines uptake mechanisms: Pharmacological animal and blood platelets studies (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 14 (1988), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Schlagwort(e): MIBG ; Monoamine uptake ; Blood platelets ; Rat ; 6OH-DA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The uptake of MIBG, a scintigraphic agent widely used in the detection of APUD tumors, was studied with a pharmacological approach on an in vitro and an in vivo models. MIBG as well as norepinephrine (NE) was taken up by human blood platelets, a model for presynaptic nerve endings amine uptake, with a thermodependant mechanism. MIBG and NE uptake was inhibited by desimipramine and reserpine. However, MIBG but not NE uptake was inhibited by fluvoxamine, a serotonin (5HT) uptake inhibitor. This suggests that MIBG is a NE and also a 5HT uptake tracer which involves uptake one and vesicular storage mechanisms. In rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine to induced a chemical sympathectomy, we observed an inhibition of uptake similar for MIBG and NE in the heart, the salivary glands and the spleen, but no effect was observed in the liver. Some clinical inferences to best investigate specific monoamine uptake are drawn from these results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254380
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  • 251
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Binding of intravenously injected antibodies against laminin to developing and mature endocrine glands (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Basal lamina ; Laminin ; Anterior pituitary gland ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary To determine whether circulating antibodies against laminin can bind in vivo to basement membranes within endocrine glands, affinity-purified sheep or rabbit anti-laminin IgG was intravenously injected into rats. One to five hours after injection, anti-laminin IgG was bound to all basement membranes of adrenal and anterior pituitary glands of mature as well as 2-day-old newborn rats as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. After the injection of anti-laminin conjugated directly to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), HRP reaction product was also present throughout adrenal and pituitary basement membranes in mature and immature glands 1–5 h post-injection. Ultrathin Lowicryl sections from rats that received unconjugated rabbit anti-laminin IgG 1 h prior to fixation with paraformaldehyde were labeled directly with anti-rabbit IgG-colloidal gold. In these cases, gold also bound specifically over the lamina densa and lamina rara. When adrenal or pituitary glands from mature rats were examined by immunofluorescence 1 week after the injection of sheep anti-laminin IgG, the patterns and amounts of bound sheep IgG were indistinguishable from those observed 1 h after injection. In contrast, significantly less fluorescence was present in glands from 7-day-old rat pups that had received anti-laminin IgG 5 days earlier. In addition, when anti-laminin IgG-HRP was injected into newborns and glands were fixed 5 days later, lengths of labeled endothelial and epithelial basement membranes were often interspersed with unlabeled lengths in zones of cellular proliferation in the outer adrenal cortex and throughout the pituitary gland. These results indicated that unlabeled basement membranes in these regions were probably assembled after the injection of anti-laminin IgG, which would also explain diminished labeling of basement membranes in these animals. Despite the continued presence of heterologous anti-laminin IgG within endocrine basement membranes, however, rat IgG, rat C3, inflammatory cells, or histologic abnormalities were observed in neither newborn nor adult glands under the conditions examined here. Sections from rats injected with control IgG or control IgG-HRP were entirely negative by immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and immunogold techniques. We therefore conclude that (1) apparently large amounts of circulating anti-laminin IgG can bind to adrenal and pituitary basement membranes, and (2) at least some of these basement membranes are assembled during development by progressive splicing of newly synthesized matrix into that already present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215462
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  • 252
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pathway of nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity to the major cerebral arteries of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral arteries ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Vascular innervation ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pathway of nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)-like immunoreactivity to the major cerebral arteries was studied in rats by means of the indirect immunofluorescent method. The fibers are densely distributed in the ethmoidal nerves and in the adventitia of both the external and internal ethmoidal arteries. Section of both ethmoidal nerves and external ethmoidal arteries before they enter the cranial cavity induced a marked reduction of VIP-like immunoreactive fibers in the walls of the vessels of the circle of Willis and its major branches. However, section of the external ethmoidal artery alone did not result in visible changes of the nerves around major cerebral arteries. The present study suggests that VIP-like immunoreactive fibers surrounding major cerebral arteries of the rat arise from fibers in the ethmoidal nerve showing immunoreactivity to VIP.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215834
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  • 253
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphology of smooth muscle cells in the rat thoracic duct (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thoracic duct ; Smooth muscle cell ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The three-dimensional cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the rat thoracic duct were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The muscle layer basically consists of a single layer of circularly arranged cells. The smooth muscle cell is fusiform or ribbon-like in shape, as in veins or venules with a similar or smaller diameter. Connections by spinous processes are observed between adjacent muscle cells along their length. Spot-like membrane contacts frequently occur in areas where facing membranes are closely apposed. These are thought to be gap junctions and may be responsible for electrical coupling and mechanical attachment. Large invaginations arranged regularly in rows on the surface of the smooth muscle cells can be observed. These invaginations are closely associated with a flattened sarcoplasmic reticulum, and caveolae tend to open into the invaginations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215831
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  • 254
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lymphocyte number and distribution in the rat uterine epithelium during estrous cycle and early pregnancy (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Uterus ; Intraepithelial lymphocytes ; Estrous cycle ; Early pregnancy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the uterus of virgin rats was analysed in diestrus, proestrus and estrus, and in nulliparous rats on days 5, 7 and 9 of pregnancy. IEL number was calculated either with respect to the number of epithelial cells or to the length of epithelium section. It was found that in diestrus, the number of IEL was, on average, 3.7 per 100 luminal epithelial cells or 6.7 per 1 mm of epithelium section, whereas in proestrus, it decreased to 0.9 and 1.2 IEL, respectively. On day 5 of pregnancy (before implantation) the number of IEL decreased further to 0.45 per 100 luminal epithelial cells or 0.9 per 1 mm of epithelium. On days 7 and 9 of pregnancy, IEL number further decreased in implantation sites, whereas in interimplantation sites it remained at the level calculated for day 5 of pregnancy. The population of uterine IEL consisted of small (82–99%) and large (1–18%) lymphocytes. In all stages of the estrous cycle, IEL occurred with a frequency of 68–87% in the basal region, 8–20% in the middle region and 4–12% in the apical region of the luminal epithelium width.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221759
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  • 255
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence for neuroendocrine regulation of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adipose tissue ; Cell proliferation ; Cell differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Swine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cells in fetal adipose tissue and cells in vitro are characterized by rapid proliferation. Serum factors have been shown to be important for the rapid proliferation of cells in vitro. The present experiment was performed to determine if neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms of the fetus can influence the actions of serum factors on preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Sera were obtained from decapitated fetal pigs and intact littermates during gestation. Sera were tested for their effects on primary cultures of preadipocytes and stromalvascular cells derived from inguinal adipose tissue of young Sprague-Dawley rats. Coverslip cultures were used for histochemical analysis of enzymes after 12 days of incubation with test media. Analysis of growth curves produced from sequential [3H]-thymidine labeling indicated that fetal age influences rates of proliferation. Sera from decapitated fetal pigs specifically reduced the number of proliferating preadipocytes in culture. Sera from decapitated fetal pigs induced a minimum of 50% less differentiation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than sera from intact pigs at all fetal ages. Histochemical staining for enzymes of differentiating preadipocytes was also reduced in cultures incubated with sera from decapitated fetal pigs in comparison to sera from intact pigs. The present study has demonstrated that the in vivo effect of decapitation on fetal adipose tissue development is a consequence of alterations in systemic factors present in serum in response to removal of central regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215448
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  • 256
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The lattice arrangement of the collagen fibres in the submucosa of the rat small intestine: scanning electron microscopy (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Collagen ; Submucosa ; Intestine ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The three-dimensional architecture of the submucosal collagen fibres of the rat (3 weeks old) small intestine was examined by scanning electron microscopy using a selective microdissection method. The main framework of the submucosa was composed of two arrays of collagen fibre bundles running diagonally around the intestinal wall, one set in a clockwise direction, the other counterclockwise. These fibre bundles were about 5 μm in diameter and were oriented at a range of angle ± 30°–50° to the longitudinal axis of the intestine. With the advantage of the SEM observation it was demonstrated that these fibres in different arrays did not constitute two separate layers but interwove to form a unified lattice sheet. An irregular network of fine collagen fibrils over the main framework was also seen. The significance of their arrangement is discussed with respect to the skeletal function of the submucosa in the intestine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215455
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  • 257
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adhesion, proliferation, and adipogenesis in primary rat cell cultures: effects of collagenous substrata, fibronectin, and serum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adipocyte ; Primary culture ; Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Serum ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of collagenous substrata, fibronectin, and fetal bovine serum on the adhesion, proliferation, and adipogenesis of rat stromal-vascular cells are reported. There was no effect on initial stromal-vascular cell-attachment by fetal bovine serum or fibronectin. The number of cells attached to a hydrated collagen-gel was almost twice (P〈0.04) the number attached to dried collagen-gel or dried denatured collagen-gel. Total number of cells after 5 days in culture was similar among the collagenous substrata and among the treatments with or without fibronectin in the growth media. Total number of cells increased significantly (P〈0.02) with 10% FBS. Adipocytic formation was inhibited by hydrated collagen-gel (P〈0.02) compared to dried collagen-gel or dried, denatured collagenous substrata. An interaction occurred between dried, denatured gel and fetal bovine serum so that total formation of adipocytes increased by increasing the level of fetal bovine serum (P〈0.07). Adipocytic formation was inhibited by hydrated collagen-gel at all levels of fetal bovine serum. The percentage of cells that converted to adipocytes was significantly lower (P〈0.01) on hydrated collagen-gel compared to dried, denatured or dried collagen-gel. Percentage of conversion was not significantly different among levels of fetal bovine serum, although this percentage increased as fetal bovine serum level increased. Adipocytic conversion was not different between fibronectin-treated or untreated cells. Morphology of stromal vascular cells was similar on dried collagen and dried, denatured collagen-gel, but tended to remain bipolar on hydrated collagen-gel. These studies indicate that fetal bovine serum in combination with the extracellular matrix (dried, denatured collagen) increased the differentiation of rat stromal-vascular cells into adipocytes, and that hydrated collagen inhibited differentiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215456
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  • 258
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fine-structural localization of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the neuronal somata of colchicine-pretreated celiac ganglia of rats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neuropeptide ; Intracellular localization ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In colchicine-pretreated cells of sympathetic ganglia, intensely NPY-immunoreactive material was localized within vacuoles and vesicles of the disorganized, widely dispersed Golgi apparatus. Intensely positive large granular vesicles, which are known to be one of major storage sites of various peptides in the autonomic nerve endings, were essentially unobserved in the perikaryal cytoplasm. The present finding provides evidence that one pool of NPY-like immunoreactivity is localized in the Golgi apparatus of colchicine-pretreated as well as normal sympathetic ganglion cells. It is also clear that visualization of NPY-immunoreactive somata by colchicine-pretreatment in the sympathetic ganglia is due to the accumulation of the neuropeptide in the disorganized Golgi stacks instead of increased amount of the large granular vesicles containing NPY.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215468
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  • 259
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrodynamic model of the urinary bladder derived from stepwise cystometry in the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 26 (1988), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Schlagwort(e): Compliance ; Curve fitting ; Rat ; Stepwise cystometry ; Urinary bladder ; Viscoelasticity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The urinary bladder of the rat was examined by nearly ideal, unit step volume infusions. Spontaneous detrusor contractions occurred in vivo but ceased soon after death. A hydrodynamic model of the post mortem bladder wall was evaluated. Elastic properties were described by introducing two types of compliances; a dynamic compliance for fast response characteristics and a static compliance for the relaxed bladder wall. These compliances were easy to measure and found to vary with the degree of bladder expansion. The influence of viscosity was well described by a model with two relaxation time constants and was the optimal model in almost 50 per cent of the measurements. The long time constant was found to increase with bladder expansion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447079
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  • 260
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of β-adrenergic blockade on training-induced structural adaptations in rat left ventricle (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Left ventricle ; Training ; Metoprolol ; Propranolol ; Capillary density ; Myocyte ; Atrophy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The study was designed to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of exercise training or training-β-adrenergic blockade combination on gross and microscopic alterations of rat cardiac muscle and microvascular bed. Rats were randomly assigned to either sedentary control (C), trained (T), metoprolol-trained (MT), or propranolol-trained (pT) groups. The training protocol involved treadmill running for 8 weeks at 0.5 m s−1, 20% grade. Earlier experiments by us showed this training protocol to be effective in producing significant changes in selected skeletal muscle enzyme activities in all trained groups. In the current study an absolute reduction in left ventricular (LV) weight was observed in the PT compared to the C group (0.91±0.02 vs. 1.04±0.04 g,P〈0.05). LV weight in the T and MT groups was no different from C so that LV to BW ratio (mg·g−1) was significantly increased (P〈0.05) due to a similar reduction in body weight (BW) in all three training groups. Morphometric analysis of LV myocardium revealed no significant differences in myocyte mean cross-sectional area (μm2) in any of the groups (289±16-C, 332±20-T, 281±44-MT, and 273±12-PT). Capillary density independently calculated by light and electron microscopy was unchanged by training or trainings-blockade combination. It was concluded that training of sufficient intensity and duration to produce skeletal muscle enzyme adaptations does not necessarily produce myocyte hypertrophy or alter LV capillarity. Additionally functioningβ-adrenergic receptors appear to play a role in both the central and peripheral adaptations to endurance exercise training.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01075987
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  • 261
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regulation of glycogen metabolism in rat respiratory muscles during exercise (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1988), S. 120-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Respiratory muscle ; Glycogen ; Exercise ; Fasting ; Nicotinic acid ; Beta-adrenergic receptors ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of prolonged exercise on the glycogen level in the respiratory muscles (diaphragm — D, external intercostal — IE and internal — II) has been studied in four groups of rats: 1-control, 2-fasted for 24 h, 3-treated with nicotinic acid and 4-treated with propranolol. There was a sharp reduction in glycogen level in each muscle after 30 min exercise in the control and fasted groups. Exercise till exhaustion further lowered the glycogen level in D in the control group and in IE and II in the fasted group. In the fasted group, the level of glycogen in each muscle, at rest, and after 30 min exercise, and in IE and II muscles after exercise till exhaustion was lower than in the control group. Nicotinic acid did not affect the glycogen level either at rest or during exercise as compared with the control group. Propranolol increased the glycogen level in the muscles at rest and during 30 min exercise. It partially prevented glycogen mobilization in D and IE and fully in II during exercise till exhaustion. In the control group, 24 and 48 h after exercise till exhaustion, the level of glycogen in each muscle exceeded the resting control value. It is concluded that exercise-induced glycogen metabolism in the respiratory muscles differs in some respects from that in the limb or heart muscles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636614
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  • 262
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The ontogeny and phylogenetic conservation of MAP 2 forms (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 145 (1988), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Microtubule-associated proteins ; Development ; Rat ; Quail ; Xenopus laevis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In the adult rat brain, MAP 2 is a high-molecular weight protein that is highly concentrated in dendrites. Immunoblots of homogenates of developing rat brain have indicated that a low-molecular weight form of MAP 2, MAP 2 c, is transiently expressed as the brain is undergoing morphogenesis. Using MAP 2-specific monoclonal antibodies, we have demonstrated that the compartmentalization of high-molecular weight MAP 2 and the developmental regulation of MAP 2 are conserved in mammalian, avian, and amphibian brain. We have also determined the distribution of MAP 2 c in developing neuronal tissue. MAP 2 c appears before high-molecular weight MAP 2 in developing neurons, and in contrast to the dendrite-specific high-molecular weight forms of MAP 2, MAP 2 c is present in axons and glia. We have also shown that MAP 2 c is present in the adult rat retina, where it is concentrated in regenerative photosensitive cells. The transient expression of MAP 2 c in the developing brain of three species as well as in adult photosensitive cells suggests a role for this protein in neurite growth and plasticity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01349359
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  • 263
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immunohistochemical identification of supportive cell types in the enteric nervous system of the rat colon and rectum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 523-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein ; S-100 protein ; Supportive cells ; Intestine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The non-neuronal, supportive cells of the enteric nerve plexus were investigated in the colon and rectum of adult and developing rats by means of immunohistochemistry, utilizing antisera against GFA protein and S-100 protein. Immunoreactivity to GFA protein was almost exclusively found in cells associated with the myenteric plexus and a small number of cells within the submucous ganglia. On the other hand, the use of S-100 protein antiserum resulted in the visualization of all supportive elements in the enteric nervous system. However, two types of supportive cells could be tentatively differentiated in the enteric nerve plexus during the second week of postnatal development, using GFA protein and S-100 protein antisera; GFA protein-positive cells were clearly discernible from S-100 protein-positive cells in terms of both the morphological profiles and immunohistochemical properties. It was assumed that at least two different types of supportive cells are contained in the enteric nerve plexus. We suggest that in the enteric nervous system the terms “glial cells” and “Schwann cells” should be employed to designate the supportive cells containing GFA and S-100 proteins, and cells containing S-100 protein, respectively. We discuss the possibility that glial cells are associated with the parasympathetic preganglionic fibres directly derived from the central nervous system, while Schwann cells originate from the neural crest.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213999
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  • 264
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ultrastructure of the meninges at the site of penetration of veins through the dura mater, with particular reference to Pacchionian granulations (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 621-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Perivascular space ; Cerebrospinal fluid compartments ; Dura mater ; Pacchionian granulations ; Rat ; Cebus apella, Callitrix jacchus (Primates)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary At the sites where a vein penetrates through the dura mater, two aspects deserve particular attention: (i) The delineation of the perivascular cleft, a space belonging to the interstitial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment, toward the interior hemal milieu of the dura mater. (ii) The relationship between the perivascular arachnoid layer and the subdural neurothelium at the point of vascular penetration. These problems were investigated in the rat and in two species of New-World monkeys (Cebus apella, Callitrix jacchus). Concerning the first aspect, tight appositions of meningeal cells to the vessel wall, the basal lamina of which is widened and enriched with microfibrils, prevent communication between the interstitial CSF in the perivascular cleft and the hemal milieu in the dura mater. With reference to the second aspect, the perivascular arachnoid cells are transformed into neurothelial cells at the point where they become exposed to the hemal milieu of the dura mater and subsequently continuous with the subdural neurothelium. Leptomeningeal protrusions encompassing outer CSF space can penetrate into the dura mater. These protrusions may expand and branch repeatedly, forming along the wall of the durai sinus Pacchionian granulations. At these sites, however, the structural integrity of the sinus wall and the Pacchionian granulation is not lost. Numerous vesiculations not only in the sinus and vascular walls, but also in the cellular arrays of the Pacchionian granulations or paravascular leptomeningeal protrusions indicate mechanisms of transcellular fluid transport. Moreover, the texture of the leptomeningeal protrusions favors an additional function of these structures as a “volume” buffer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214011
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  • 265
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcium-binding proteins in enteric neurons (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium-binding protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig ; Rat ; Man
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Immunoreactivity for vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been localized in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the gastrointestinal tracts of guinea-pig, rat and man. CaBP immunoreactivity was found in a high proportion of nerve cell bodies of the myenteric plexus, particularly in the small intestine. It was also found in submucous neurons of the small and large intestines. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were numerous in the myenteric ganglia, and were also common in the submucous ganglia and in the intestinal mucosa. Immunoreactive fibres were rare in the circular and longitudinal muscle coats. In the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine the immunoreactivity is restricted to one class of nerve cell bodies, type-II neurons of Dogiel, which display calcium action potentials in their cell bodies. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antibodies to spot 35 protein, a calcium-binding protein from the cerebellum. From the distribution of their terminals and the electrophysiological properties of these neurons it is suggested they might be sensory neurons, or perhaps interneurons. The discovery of CaBP in restricted sub-groups of enteric neurons may provide an important key for the analysis of their functions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213828
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  • 266
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nerve growth factor-inducible, large external (NILE) glycoprotein in developing rat cerebral cells in culture (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Embryonic rat brain ; Cell culture ; Development ; NILE-glycoprotein ; Neurons ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Fetal rat cerebral cells underwent neuronal differentiation in culture. This process was accompanied by distinct changes in the cellular glycoprotein pattern. The incorporation of [3H]-fucose into two proteins of apparent molecular weights of 30000 and 60000 daltons was significantly decreased and specific developmental changes were observed in a group of glycoproteins with high molecular weights (150000–250000 dalton). By means of indirect immunoprecipitation one of them was identified as NILE gp (nerve growth factor-inducible large external) glycoprotein (200000 dalton), a marker of central and peripheral neurons. Its developmental expression on neurons of dissociated rat cerebral cultures was studied using the indirect immunofluorescence technique and compared to the fluorescent-labeling pattern of other neuronal markers. Neurons expressing NILE gp were detected as early as after one day in culture. No preferential staining of neuntes versus cell bodies was observed. Two classes of NILE gp-positive cells were identified. One group consisted of a rounded cell-type, whereas the other group was represented by larger, more spindle-shaped neurons with a limited number of neuritic processes. In most cases one of these neuritic processes was preferentially labeled. Astroglia cells, as identified by immunolabeling with antisera against the glial acidic fibrillary protein, were observed to develop and mature after the first week in culture. NILE-positive neurons were found to be positioned in close association with glial cell processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213840
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  • 267
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of l-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in rat pancreatic zymogen granules (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): GABA ; Glutamate decarboxylase ; GABA transaminase ; Exocrine pancreas ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its regulating enzymes, l-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma aminobutyrate-α-ketoglutarate transaminase, was determined utilizing an immunogold post-embedding protocol in pancreatic exocrine tissue. Within the acinar cell, GABA and its biosynthetic enzyme, GAD, were localized in zymogen granules. Quantitative analysis of the GABA immunoreactivity in the acinar cell revealed 1.7±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the cytoplasm, 36.6±14.1 gold particles/ μm2 over the zymogen granules, and 2.9±2.1 gold particles /μm2 over the mitochondria. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of colloidal gold particles, representing glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the acinar cells, revealed 38.4±2.5 gold particles/μm2 over the zymogen granules, 4.7±1.1 gold particles/μm2 over the mitochondria and 6.3±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the remainder of the cytoplasm. Substitution of normal sheep serum for the sheep anti-glutamate decarboxylase serum revealed a significant (p〈 0.001) decrease of the colloidal gold particle distribution over the zymogen granules and cytoplasmic compartments of the acini. Gamma aminobutyrate -α-ketoglutarate transaminase, the catabolic enzyme for GABA, was not detected in the mitochondria, zymogen granules, and cytoplasm of the acinar cell, suggesting that GABA is not catabolized within the acinar cell. Preabsorption and substitution controls resulted in an absence of labeling. These results suggest that GABA may act extracellularly and/or have a role within the zymogen granule in the exocrine pancreas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213841
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  • 268
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TRH-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells and neurons in the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pancreas, endocrine ; Stomach ; Intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Somatostatin ; Avian pancreatic polypeptide ; Insulin ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique, the cellular localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and guinea pigs of different ages. TRH-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in many pancreatic islet cells of young rats and guinea pigs but only in single cells of 6-month-old rats. In aged guinea pigs, a reduction in the number of TRH-positive cells was evident; however, numerous strongly fluorescent cells were still present. In the guinea pig, TRH-LI was in addition observed in gastrin cells in the stomach. TRH-positive nerve fibers occurred in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine of the rat, and in the muscle layers of the guinea pig. These results suggest a functional role of TRH both as hormone and neuroactive compound in various portions and sites of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat and guinea pig
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222291
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  • 269
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ventricular and atrial myocytes of newborn rats synthesise and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide in culture: Light-and electron-microscopical localisation and chromatographic examination of stored and secreted molecular forms (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Ventricular myocytes ; Atrial myocytes ; Cell culture ; Secretion ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We have demonstrated that atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity is stored and secreted by ventricular and atrial myocytes in dissociated cell culture preparations from the heart of newborn rat. Culture preparations were maintained in either foetal calf serum-supplemented medium 199 or in hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium 199. The presence of atrial natriuretic peptidelike immunoreactivity in the cultured myocytes was demonstrated at both light-and electron-microscopical levels. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity into the culture medium was measured by radioimmunoassay; molecular forms of the stored and secreted peptide were determined by gel column chromatography. The atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity of cultured atrial and ventricular myocytes was concentrated in the perinuclear cytoplasm and was localised to electron-dense secretory granules. The number of immunoreactive ventricular myocytes and the intensity of their immunofluorescence changed with time in culture and was higher in cultures in foetal calf serum-supplemented medium than in serum-free medium. Gamma-atrial natriuretic peptide was stored and released by cultured atrial and ventricular myocytes, but was broken down to alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide in the growth medium. This process was foetal calf serum-independent, since it occurred in both the media used, indicating that cardiac myocytes in culture may release a factor that cleaves gamma-atrial natriuretic peptide to form alphaatrial natriuretic peptide.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215461
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  • 270
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural changes produced in Kupffer cells in the rat liver by injection of lipopolysaccharide (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Kupffer cells ; Granulocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Lipopolysaccharide ; Liver ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of Kupffer cells has been studied at various times after an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella abortus equii. The most prominent effects were: an increase in the number and dimensions of phagocytic vacuoles (often containing ingested LPS and neutrophilic granulocytes); mitochondrial damage, including disintegration of the matrix and cristae; an increase in the amount of dilated, lucent rough endoplasmic reticulum; presence of fat droplets in the cytoplasm. Five days after injection of lipopolysaccharide, the Kupffer cells had resumed their normal ultrastructure. Several minutes after injection of lipopolysaccharide, platelets adhered to the Kupffer and endothelial cells. Between one and six hours, neutrophilic granulocytes accumulated in the liver sinusoids. The resulting obstruction of the hepatic microcirculation most probably affected cellular ultrastructure by ischaemia. At three days, the number of Kupffer cells was doubled, and increased further at later time intervals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215466
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  • 271
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immumochemical and immunocytochemial characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody recognizing a 140 kDa protein in cerebral pericytes of the rat (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 543-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Monoclonal antibody ; Blood-brain barrier ; Cerebral pericytes ; Transporting epithelia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 140 kDa peripheral plasma membrane protein in pericytes of nervous tissues of the rat is described. Microvessels of brain cortex and perineurium of peripheral nerves are shown to react positively to this antibody. The antigen is absent in brain regions that lack a blood-brain barrier, i.e., choroid plexuses and area postrema. Antigen expression starts as early as day 18 of embryonic development. By means of immuno-electron microscopy the 140 kDa antigen was detected as clusters along the entire circumference of cerebral pericytes. The same antigenic determinant is also expressed in apical domains of plasma membranes of a variety of transporting epithelia, such as hepatocytes, enterocytes of the small intestine, and epithelial cells of proximal tubules of the kidney. We postulate the 140 kDa protein as being a constituent of the pericytes involved in regulative functions of the blood-brain barrier.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216641
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  • 272
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphometrical analysis of the gap-junctional area in parenchymal cells of the rat liver after administration of dibutyryl cAMP and aminophylline (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Gap junctions ; cAMP ; Theophylline ; Freeze-fracture ; Liver ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In view of the presumed involvement of gap junctions in the coordination of metabolic activities, the influence of cAMP as a regulatory signal of cell metabolism on gap junctions of hepatocytes has been examined. Male rats received two intraperitoneal doses of 10 mg dibutyryl cAMP/100 g body weight with a time interval of 2.5 h and were decapitated 2.5 h later. After this 5-h interval, analysis of freeze-fracture replicas of fixed liver tissue revealed an increase in the mean (± SEM) gap-junctional membrane portion on the lateral hepatocyte membranes from 0.049 + 0.003 (n = 66) in controls to 0.061 ± 0.003 (n = 70) in treated rats, while the configuration of the connexons appeared unaltered. This effect could not be reinforced by prior administration of aminophylline: the relative gapjunctional area is similarly extended from 0.054 ± 0.003 (n = 126) in the control group to 0.065 ± 0.004 (n = 105) in the experimental animals. Probing for the time course of the junctional response, a group of rats was sacrificed 3 h after the onset of treatment. Already within this time, the gapjunctional area is augmented from 0.042 ± 0.004 (n = 63) in the concurrent controls to 0.069 ± 0.006 (n = 42) in the treated rats. These statistically significant increases in area may suggest a stimulating effect of cAMP on gap junctions of hepatocytes in vivo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216648
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  • 273
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protective effect of stimulated splenic transplants against rodent malaria — preliminary results (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 3 (1988), S. 338-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Schlagwort(e): Spleen ; Autotransplantation ; Protective function ; Malaria ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Autologous splenic fragments regenerate after transplantation. The regenerated mass only attains a small proportion of that of the normal spleen. Some data on the protective function are controversial. Malaria parasites were inoculated to test splenic function in rats. Peak parasitemia, the course of parasitemia, and anemia were comparable in normal and autotransplanted rats. In rats with splenic transplants only the duration of the parasitemia was longer than in normal rats. In contrast, splenectomized rats were unable to clear the parasites from the blood and became progressively anemic. After stimulating regeneration by increasing the work load to the white pulp or the macrophage system, more regenerated tissue was found, but the protective function did not increase. The amount of regenerated splenic tissue does not correlate with its protective function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189172
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  • 274
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural effects of the topical lidocaine-prilocaine anesthetic Emla on the tympanic membrane (1988)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 245 (1988), S. 136-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Tympanic membrane structure ; Topical anesthetics ; Emla ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A eutectic mixture of two anesthetic solutions is that of lidocaine and prilocaine, which is available commercially as Emla (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics). This solution is commonly used in clinics in superficial skin surgery and when inserting intravenous catheters, and we also wanted to determine its surface effects when applied onto the tympanic membranes (TM) of rats and guinea pigs as animal models. The animals were observed by otomicroscopy for 2 weeks up to 5 months after administrations of the anesthetic solution. Tissue specimens were then obtained for light microscopy and fine structural analysis. The application of Emla caused minor structural changes to the rat TM, but hardly any alterations to that of the guinea pig. The changes displayed were an overall increased thickness, with typical submucosal edema but only slight epithelial reaction. In comparison with previous results with lidocaine, phenol and Bonain's solution, Emla seemed to be harmless to the structure of the TM. However, the efficacy of Emla as a topical TM anesthetic remains to be proved in future clinical trials.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464014
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  • 275
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Study on the origin of apical tubules in ileal absorptive cells of suckling rats using concanavalin-A as a membrane-bound tracer (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 511-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endocytosis ; Absorptive cells ; Ileum ; Intestine, small ; Apical tubules ; Membrane recycling ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ileal absorptive cells of suckling rats exhibit high levels of endocytic activity being engaged in nonselective uptake of macromolecules from the intestinal lumen. The apical cytoplasm usually contains an extensive network of small, membrane-limited tubules (apical tubules: AT), in addition to newly formed endocytic vesicles and large endocytic vacuoles. To determine whether the AT are directly involved in the endocytic process by carrying the tracer into the cell, we have analysed movements of the apical cell membrane of the ileal absorptive cells by using a membrane-bound tracer (horseradish peroxidase-labelled cancanavalin-A: Con-A HRP). The ileal absorptive cells were exposed in vitro to Con-A HRP for 10 min at 4° C, incubated for different times in Con-A free medium at 37° C, and prepared for electron microscopy. After 1 min incubation at 37° C, invaginations of the apical cell membrane, including coated pits, and endocytic vesicles were labelled with HRP-reaction product, whereas the AT and large endocytic vacuoles were negative. After 2.5 min, almost all the large endocytic vacuoles were labelled with reaction product, which was seen in their vacuolar lumen and along the luminal surface of their limiting membrane. A few AT with reaction product were seen in the apical cytoplasm; they were in frequent connection with the reaction-positive large endocytic vacuoles. With increasing incubation time, the number of the labelled AT increased. Thus, after 15 min at 37° C, the apical cytoplasm was fully occupied by the reaction-positive AT. The ends of these AT were often continuous with small spherical coated vesicles. No reaction product was detected in the Golgi complex at any time after incubation. These observations indicate that the AT located in the apical cytoplasm probably originate by budding off from the large endocytic vacuoles, rather than being involved in the process of endocytosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213998
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  • 276
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interendothelial junctions of cardiac capillaries in rats: their structure and permeability properties (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Heart ; Endothelium ; Tracer studies ; Junctional structures ; Permeability ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The isolated perfused heart model was used to examine the structure of rat cardiac capillaries and their permeability to macromolecules of various sizes. Haemoglobin (diameter 6.4 nm) and catalase (10.4 nm) did not cross the endothelium but remained on the luminal side. Cytochrome C (3 nm) and horseradish peroxidase (6 nm) both crossed the endothelium to the subendothelial space and filled the caveolae on the abluminal side as well as the entire length of the lateral intercellular spaces. The membranes of the endothelial cells are separated by an intercellular gap of mean width 18.2 nm. At one or more zonular regions within each lateral intercellular space the two membranes approach each other more closely and frequently appear to fuse. However, tilting the specimen shows that, in these regions, there is a gap of mean width 5.4 nm (in lanthanum- and tannic acid-treated tissue, 3.8 nm in ferrocyanide-treated tissue) between the membranes. We conclude that these narrow regions sieve macromolecules on the basis of size although other factors may determine their permeability properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213826
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  • 277
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Orthogonal arrays of particles in non-pigmented cells of rat ciliary epithelium: Relation to distribution of filipin- and digitonin-induced alterations of the basolateral membrane (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ciliary epithelium ; Orthogonal arrays of particles ; Filipin ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary It has been suggested that orthogonal arrays of particles may increase the rigidity of plasma membrane, as does cholesterol. Therefore, using freeze-fractured non- pigmented ciliary epithelium, the distribution of such arrays was compared to the distribution of membrane deformations induced by the sterol-probes filipin and digitonin in different domains of the basolateral plasma membrane. The distribution of orthogonal arrays of particles was homogeneous between different regions of the basolateral membrane of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, while the number of filipin-induced alterations was nearly 4 times higher in the membrane domains not in contact with the basal lamina than in domains in contact with it. Contrary to the homogeneous distribution of arrays, digitonin-induced deformations also differed markedly in these two basolateral membrane domains. Considering that a marked positive response to sterol probes implies a high sterol content, we conclude that orthogonal arrays of particles can occur in plasma membrane regions well-provided with cholesterol and not in direct contact with the basal lamina. Other possible roles of these arrays are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213838
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  • 278
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological studies on endocytosis of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan by rat liver endothelial cells (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Receptor-mediated endocytosis ; Chondroitin sulphate ; Colloidal gold ; Liver endothelial cells ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Endocytosis via the hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulphate receptor of rat liver endothelial cells was studied ultrastructurally, by use of a probe consisting of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan attached to 15-nm gold particles. The probe bound to the surface of the cells exclusively in coated regions of the plasma membrane. Internalization at 37° C took place in less than one minute during which time interval the bound probe was transferred to coated vesicles. Further transfer to lysosomes was delayed in association with an accumulation of probes in a prelysosomal compartment consisting of large vacuoles in which probes lined the inner aspect of the membrane. Transport to lysosomes occurred only after a lag phase of at least 40–60 min at 37° C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221737
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  • 279
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protein and collagen content of rat skeletal muscle following space flight (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 251-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Space flight ; Skeletal muscle ; Collagen ; Protein ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Biochemical determinations of non-collagenous protein and hydroxyproline were made on rat skeletal muscles following 7 days of space flight aboard the NASA space shuttle mission SL-3. Relative to ground-based controls, the wet weight of each experimental muscle was significantly reduced. This was concomitant with a reduction in noncollagenous protein in the muscles. Protein concentration, however, was reduced only in slow-twitch muscles. The effect of space flight on the concentration and hydroxyproline content was different among the muscles. As a result, the loss of muscle mass in some muscles was the consequence of a reduction in both collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, while in others it was primarily the result of a non-collagenous protein loss.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220042
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  • 280
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pinealocytes immunoreactive with antisera against secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ: A comparative study (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 469-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pineal complex ; Pinealocytes, receptor line ; Subcommissural organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein secretion ; Neuroendocrine system Geotria australis (Cyclostomata) ; Onkorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei) ; Eupsophus roseus (Anura) ; Heloderma suspectum, Varanus monitor (Lacertilia) ; Domestic fowl ; Rat ; Bovine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary By means of light-microscopic immunocyto-chemistry two polyclonal antibodies (AFRU, ASO; see p. 470) directed against secretory glycoproteins of the subcom-missural organ were shown to cross-react with cells in the pineal organ of lamprey larvae, coho salmon, a toad, two species of lizards, domestic fowl, albino rat and bovine (taxonomic details, see below). The AFRU-immunoreactive cells were identified as pinealocytes of the receptor line (pineal photoreceptors, modified photoreceptors or classical pinealocytes, respectively) either due to their characteristic structural features or by combining AFRU-immunoreaction with S-antigen and opsin immunocytochemistry in the same or adjacent sections. Depending on the species, AFRU- or ASO-immunoreactions were found in the entire perikaryon, inner segments, perinuclear area, and in basal processes facing capillaries or the basal lamina. In most cases, only certain populations of pinealocytes were immunolabeled; these cells were arranged in a peculiar topographical pattern. In lamprey larvae, immunoreactive pinealocytes were observed only in the pineal organ, but not in the parapineal organ. In coho salmon, the immunoreaction occurred in S-antigen-positive pinealocytes of the pineal end-vesicle, but was absent from S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes of the stalk region. In the rat, AFRU-immunoreaction was restricted to S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes found in the deep portion of the pineal organ and the habenular region. These findings support the concept that several types of pinealocytes exist, which differ in their molecular, biochemical and functional features. They also indicate the possibility that the AFRU- and ASO-immunoreactive material found in certain pinealocytes might represent a proteinaceous or peptidic compound, which is synthesized and released from a specialized type of pinealocyte in a hormone-like fashion. This cell type may share functional characteristics with peptidergic neurons or paraneurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226496
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  • 281
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Selective decrease of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatum of adult male rats after N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): MPTP ; Rat ; Nigrostriatum ; Parkinsonism ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Animal model ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Several laboratories have reported that N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine causes damage to the nigral dopamine neurons of man, monkey, and mouse. Controversial data suggest that a rat model of Parkinsonism may be possible. Although loss of dopamine cells has not been detected in the rat brain, our immunocytochemical studies show that immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme which synthesizes dopamine, is significantly reduced in concentration, or its antigenicity altered, in substantia nigra/pars compacta as well as the caudate nucleus. Optical density measurements demonstrate the reduction or alteration of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigro-striatal neurons, indicating that axonal terminals, as well as parent perikarya, may be sensitive to the drug. After treatment, abnormal morphological remodelling may result in the affected neuronal processes, perhaps indicating sublethal toxicity, followed by slow recovery. Despite the lack of nigral cell death, it is proposed that the present data support the use of the rat as a model to investigate the early effects of Parkinsonism induced by this agent, and the biological mechanisms of cellular recovery.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221761
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  • 282
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transient involvement of enkephalins in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the submandibular gland of rats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Enkephalin-nerves ; Transient appearance ; Submandibular gland ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A time course study with enkephalin(Enk)-like immunoreactivity has revealed that nerve fibers intensely immunoreactive for Enk-8 appeared transiently only during the postnatal week 2 and 4 within the acini as well as in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues of the submandibular gland of rats. At these stages numerous nerve fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) appeared also in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and within the acini. Coincidently with these postnatal stages, abundant Enk-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells appeared in the superior cervical ganglion. These were not immunoreactive for neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). A substantial number of Enk-immunoreactive ganglion cells were also present in the submandibular ganglia at these younger postnatal stages. Superior cervical ganglionectomy at these stages resulted in a marked decrease in number of the inter- and intralobular Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers, a slight decrease in number of the intraacinar Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers, and almost complete disappearance of intraglandular TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Immuno-electron-microscopic analysis revealed that Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the submandibular gland were identified as electron-dense neuronal profiles enclosed by Schwann cells in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and those directly apposed to secretory cells within the acini. They contained small clear vesicles mixed with some large granular vesicles. After postnatal week 6, no Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the submandibular gland, and no TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen within the acini, while TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers remained numerous in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues. These findings indicate that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers exhibit Enk-like immunoreactivity transiently during postnatal weeks 2 and 4. It is further indicated that the inter- and intralobular nerve fibers lose Enk-like immunoreactivity while the intraacinar fibers disappear at the adult stage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219743
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  • 283
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    44-kDal bone phosphoprotein (osteopontin) antigenicity at ectopic sites in newborn rats: kidney and nervous tissues (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Bone phosphoprotein ; Osteopontin ; Kidney ; Inner ear ; Trigeminal nerve ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous immunohistochemical data have shown that the 44-kDal bone phosphoprotein (44K BPP, also called sialoprotein I or oestopontin) recently isolated in our laboratory was synthesized by osteoblasts and osteocytes and was expressed early during differentiation of boneforming cells. We report here the presence of 44K BPP antigenicity at certain ectopic sites, namely, the proximal-convoluted tubule of the kidney, neurons, sensory and secretory cells in the internal ear. To insure specificity and reproducibility, different immunohistochemical methods were used and affinity-purified antibodies against two separate preparations of pure 44K BPP were tested. In the cells of the proximal-convoluted tubule, 44K BPP immunoreactivity was observed within apical endocytotic vacuoles and within lysosomes. This staining thus correlates with the degradation of the 44K BPP epitope which we previously demonstrated to occur in serum. On the other hand, in the neurons of the acoustic ganglion and the sensory cells of the macula, 44K BPP immunoreactivity was associated with the Golgi apparatus indicating synthesis and secretion by these cells. The finding that the 44K BPP (or a structurally related molecule) is synthesized by neurons and neuroepithelial cells deserves further investigation with respect to a possible embryologie relationship between neuroectodermal cells and the precursors of some bone forming-cells of the skull.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215443
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  • 284
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Innervation of periodontal ligament and dental pulp in the rat incisor: An immunohistochemical investigation of neurofilament protein and glia-specific S-100 protein (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Periodontal ligament ; Incisor ; Neurofilament protein ; S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Nervous elements in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp of rat incisors were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for neurofilament protein (NFP) and glia-specific S-100 protein. The periodontal ligament in the incisors was densely innervated by NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers; the distribution of the nerve fibers and their terminations differed markedly from those in molars. NFP-positive, thick nerve bundles entered the lingual periodontal ligament through slits located in the mid-region of the alveolar socket, and immediately formed numerous Ruffini-like corpuscles. In the labial periodontal ligament, all of the NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers terminated in free endings. The restricted location of the stretch receptor, Ruffini-like corpuscle, in the lingual periodontal ligament appears to be an essential element, because this region is regularly extended during mastication. The nervous elements were restricted to the alveolar half of the periodontal ligament in every region; they avoided the dental half of the periodontal ligament, which presumably moves continuously with the tooth. Pulpal nerve fibers in incisors also showed a characteristic distribution different from those in molars; individual nerve fibers with beaded structures ran in the center of the pulp toward the incisai edge, and did not form the subodontoblastic nerve plexus of Raschkow. Immunostaining for S-100 protein revealed a distribution pattern of nervous elements similar to that for NFP, suggesting that the nerves supplying the periodontal ligament and dental pulp were mostly covered by a Schwann sheath.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215442
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  • 285
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Abundant GABAergic innervation of rat posterior pituitary revealed by inhibition of GABA-transaminase (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Posterior pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Anti-GABA ; GABA-transaminase ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An antibody against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to identify GABAergic elements immunocytochemically in the rat posterior pituitary. In order to increase the intracellular concentration of GABA, rats were treated with the GABA-transaminase inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG). Light-microscopic observations of Vibratome and semithin sections revealed the presence of numerous immunoreactive nerve fibers throughout the neural lobe; the mean number and length of these fibers increased by 90% after GVG treatment. Electron microscopy demonstrated the immunostained axons to be of small diameter. The reaction product was confined to small vesicles. No immunostaining occurred in pituicytes. The richness of the GABAergic innervation of the neural lobe contrasts with previous reports using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase and supports the idea that GABA participates in the presynaptic control of neurosecretion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215447
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  • 286
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cytoskeletons of retinal pigment epithelial cells: Interspecies differences of expression patterns indicate independence of cell function from the specific complement of cytoskeletal proteins (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Retinal pigment epithelium ; Cytoskeleton ; Cytokeratins ; Vimentin ; Desmosomes ; Anura (Rana ridibunda, Xenopus laevis) ; Chicken ; Bovine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In vertebrate tissue development a given cell differentiation pathway is usually associated with a pattern of expression of a specific set of cytoskeletal proteins, including different intermediate filament (IF) and junctional proteins, which is identical in diverse species. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a layer of polar cells that have very similar morphological features and practically identical functions in different vertebrate species. However, in biochemical and immunolocalization studies of the cytoskeletal proteins of these cells we have noted remarkable interspecies differences. While chicken RPE cells contain only IFs of the vimentin type and do not possess desmosomes and desmosomal proteins RPE cells of diverse amphibian (Rana ridibunda, Xenopus laevis) and mammalian (rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, human) species express cytokeratins 8 and 18 either as their sole IF proteins, or together with vimentin IFs as in guinea pig and a certain subpopulation of bovine RPE cells. Plakoglobin, a plaque protein common to desmosomes and the zonula adhaerens exists in RPE cells of all species, whereas desmoplakin and desmoglein have been identified only in RPE desmosomes of frogs and cows, including bovine RPE cell cultures in which cytokeratins have disappeared and vimentin IFs are the only IFs present. These challenging findings show that neither cytokeratin IFs nor desmosomes are necessary for the establishment and function of a polar epithelial cell layer and that the same basic cellular architecture can be achieved by different programs of expression of cytoskeletal proteins. The differences in the composition of the RPE cytoskeleton further indicate that, at least in this tissue, a specific program of expression of IF and desmosomal proteins is not related to the functions of the RPE cell, which are very similar in the various species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225803
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  • 287
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Antibiotic release from an experimental biodegradable bone cement (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 6 (1988), S. 585-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Schlagwort(e): Bone cement ; Antibiotics ; Biodegradable ; Rat ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: An experimental biodegradable bone cement [poly(propylene fumarate)-methylmethacrylate] (PPF-MMA) has been compared in vivo with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as a carrier agent for local release of antibiotics. This approach is potentially applicable to the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis where the clinical goal is to achieve sustained high concentrations of antibiotics locally in the infected bone. In our experiments, gentamicin- and vancomycin-impregnated cylindrical PMMA and PPF-MMA cement specimens were implanted subcutaneously in rats, and blood and wound fluid samples were obtained over a 2-week period. Antibiotic levels were determined using immunoassays, and microbiologic activity was confirmed with agar diffusion techniques. The biodegradable PPF-MMA cement achieved and maintained considerably higher wound antibiotic levels than did PMMA cement. Vancomycin levels for the PPF-MMA cement were greater than 20 times those for the PMMA cement at all sampling times from 24 h to 14 days. For both cements, the serum antibiotic concentrations remained safely below maximum levels recommended for parenteral therapy. Mechanical testing of the PPF-MMA cement showed that admixture of 3% by weight of antibiotic did not adversely affect material properties. We conclude that this experimental biodegradable bone cement (PPF-MMA) can be used as a carrier to achieve high sustained local levels and low serum levels of antibiotics. Because it is biodegradable and thus does not require a secondary procedure for removal, it has special potential for use in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100060417
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  • 288
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Yawning is elicited by D2 dopamine agonists but is blocked by the D1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 330-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Yawning ; D1 and D2 DA receptors ; DA agonists ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The subtype of dopamine (DA) receptors mediating the yawning response to DA agonists was determined in rats. Yawning was elicited both by the mixed D1–D2 agonist apomorphine and by the specific D2 agonist LY 171555, but not by the selective D1 agonist SKF 38393. Both apomorphine- and LY 171555-induced yawning were antagonized not only by the selective D2 antagonist sulpiride but, unexpectedly, also by the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390. The results suggest that DA receptors mediating the yawning response are of the D2 type, and that these receptors are connected with D1 receptors in such a way that the blockade of the latter results in the functional inactivation of the former.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518186
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  • 289
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Assessment of grooming and other behavioural responses to the D-1 dopamine receptor agonist SK & F 38393 and its R- and S-enantiomers in the intact adult rat (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 164-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): SK & F 38393 ; Behavioural assessment ; Stereotypy ; Behavioural check list ; Grooming ; Dopamine ; Apomorphine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The behavioural effects of the D-1 dopamine receptor agonist SK & F 38393 were assessed in the intact adult rat using a conventional stereotypy rating scale and a rapid time sampling behavioural check list procedure. This combination technique allowed description of the nature of any behavioural response and quantification of the number of counts of individual behaviours. Using this combined procedure, SK & F 38393 clearly failed to induce typical stereotyped behaviour. However, in the well-habituated animal, SK & F 38393 dose-dependently increased the number of recordings of non-stereotyped sniffing, locomotion and grooming; some occasional rearing was also noted. An unusual pattern of intense grooming behaviour was a characteristic response to this drug. Using the resolved R-and S-enantiomers of SK & F 38393, promotion of sniffing, locomotion, rearing and grooming resided stereoselectively in the R-configuration. Under appropriate experimental conditions, specifically a requirement for prolonged habituation and the use of a rapid sampling behavioural check list to supplement the rating scale, it is possible to demonstrate that SK & F 38393 is behaviourally active in the whole animal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177909
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  • 290
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Opioid modulation of the discriminative stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Pentylenetetrazol ; Morphine ; Fentanyl ; U 69 593 ; Mr 2034 ; Bremazocine ; Phencyclidine ; Drug discrimination ; Anxiety ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Rats were trained to detect the stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 16 mg/kg, and prototypic drugs for mu, kappa and sigma opioid receptors were tested for their ability to block or substitute for PTZ. Only the sigma agonist, phencyclidine, showed any capacity for blocking the PTZ stimulus. Drugs with selective kappa or sigma actions did not substitute for PTZ. However, morphine, fentanyl and Mr 2034 did substitute for the PTZ stimulus. This substitution was found to be centrally mediated in that quaternary morphine did not produce a PTZ-like stimulus. In contrast to the substitution of these drugs for PTZ, in rats trained to detect the stimulus properties of fentanyl, no substitution of PTZ for the fentanyl stimulus occurred. In tests of the capacity of various drugs to block the PTZ-like stimulus of mu agonists, the stimulus produced by morphine or fentanyl was blocked by naloxone, diazepam and haloperidol, but not by scopolamine. These results demonstrate that drugs with mu agonist properties show a one-way substitution for the discriminative stimulus produced by PTZ. The observation that haloperidol blocked the PTZ-like stimulus of mu agonists suggests the possible involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in the mediation of the effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210836
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  • 291
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of neuroleptic drugs, clonidine and lithium on the expression of conditioned behavioral excitation in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine-conditioned excitation ; Neuroleptic drugs ; Clonidine ; Lithium ; Animal model ; Mania ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Rats with a history of daily (21 days) amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) treatment showed enhanced activity when under placebo in their amphetamine-associated environment. We found that this conditioned effect was reduced by haloperidol (0.06; 0.125; 0.25 mg/kg), pimozide (0.25; 0.5 mg/kg) and sulpiride (8; 16; 32 mg/kg) but only at doses similar to or, in the case of pimozide, higher than those required to antagonize the unconditioned stimulant effects of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg). Conversely, we observed that clonidine (7; 15; 30; 60 μg/kg) or lithium regimen (between days 15 and 21) leading to lithium plasma levels of 1.3±0.1 mEq/1, abolished amphetamine-conditioned hyperactivity but did not affect the unconditioned stimulation of amphetamine or locomotor activity in control rats. Moreover, we found that hyperactivity induced by the daily anticipation of food delivery shared identical pharmacological sensitivity with the behavioural excitation produced by a conditioning history with amphetamine. In light of the antimanic properties of lithium and clonidine and the ability of this latter drug to reduce noradrenergic transmission, our findings raise the posibility that incentive activity may model noradrenergic-dependent aspects of mania.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210850
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  • 292
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Naloxone fails to block the effects of chlordiazepoxide on acquisition and performance of successive discrimination (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 119-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Successive discrimination ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Naloxone ; Benzodiazepines ; Opiates ; Nonreward ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Naloxone reduces the effects of chlordiazepoxide on punishment and on acquisition of differential reinforcement of low rates of response. The present experiments tested whether naloxone also reduces the effects of chlordiazepoxide on a second type of nonreward schedule — successive discrimination. Rats were tested on a variable interval baseline of responding for food with signalled intrusion periods when food was no longer available. Naloxone (3 mg/kg IP) failed to change the effects of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg IP) on either acquisition or performance of this successive discrimination. DRL and successive discrimination differ both in their timing of events and their use of explicit visual stimuli. If these or similar parametric differences account for the present results they considerably weaken conventional accounts of the control of behaviour by reward omission.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690939
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  • 293
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rats and marmosets respond differently to serotonin agonists and antagonists (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 478-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Marmoset ; Serotonin agonists ; Serotonin antagonists
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The actions of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimetyltryptamine (MeODMT) and quipazine (QPZ) and the antagonists cyproheptadine, methysergide and metergoline, were studied in the rat and in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The precursor and agonists elicited head shakes, forepaw padding, splayed hindlimbs, tremor and Straub tail in the rat. However, head shakes were not observed after MeODMT and Straub tail was not observed after QPZ. Carbidopa plus 5-HTP potentiated only head shakes, while tranylcypromine (TCP) plus 5-HTP potentiated all the behaviors above. In the marmoset, the action of these drugs elicited drowsiness, teeth chattering, ataxia, vomiting and decreased motor activity, although vomiting was not elicited by MeODMT and ataxia and drowsiness by QPZ. Although TCP plus 5-HTP potentiated all these behaviors, carbidopa plus 5-HTP was not effective. Rats treated with the antagonists (1.0, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg doses) did not show any of these behaviors, but marmosets treated with the same drugs developed “drowsiness”, vomiting, and decreased motor activity; nonetheless, cyproheptadine (5.0 and 10 mg/kg doses) did not elicit “drowsiness”, while increasing motor activity and the number of head shakes. Pretreatment of marmosets with these antagonists blocked only teeth chattering elicited by MeODMT (4.0 mg/kg) and QPZ (10 mg/kg). Pretreatment with haloperidol, p-chlorophenylalanine and α-methyl-P-tyrosine had no effect. The data obtained show that rats and marmosets present differential behavioral responses to the 5-HT drugs used. Marmosets have a richer behavioral repertoire and show greater sensitivity to 5-HT agonists and antagonists. The data suggest that this animal might become a useful biological model for the study of central 5-HT systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176482
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  • 294
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Opiate reinforcement and naloxone aversion, as revealed by place preference paradigm, in two strains of rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Opiates ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; Place preference ; Saccharin ; Genetic strain ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two strains of rats — LC2-Hi and LC2-Lo — selected for high and low self-stimulation rates, respectively, were tested for responses to opiates and to naloxone using conditioned place preference paradigm. In the two experiments which used opiates as UCS, conditioning was carried out in the non-preferred compartment while in the experiment which used naloxone, conditioning was performed in the preferred compartment. The preference changes were determined on the basis of times spent in the compartments before and after conditioning with drugs. LC2-Hi rats showed positive changes in the preference to the initially non-preferred side when morphine or heroin (5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively) were used; no such effect was observed with LC2-Lo rats. Both lines exhibited aversive reactions to naloxone by diminishing the time spent in the environment paired with this drug, but again the response of LC2-Hi animals was significantly larger than the response of LC2-Lo rats. Chronic intake of a sweet solution (3 mM saccharin for 4 weeks) tended to amplify the aversive reaction to naloxone in both lines. It may be inferred from the present findings that there exists a common genetic factor, as revealed by the conditioned place preference paradigm, underlying positive reinforcing properties of opiates and aversive effects of naloxone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176481
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  • 295
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence that the amygdala is involved in benzodiazepine and serotonergic effects on punished responding but not on discrimination (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 491-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Chlordiazepoxide ; Midazolam ; GABA ; R0 15-1788 ; CGS 8216 ; FG 7142 ; Serotonin ; 8-OH-DPAT ; Methysergide ; Amygdala ; Conflict ; Successive discrimination ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Interactions between the benzodiazepines (BZs) chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and midazolam (MDZ), the BZ antagonist R0 15-1788, the inverse BZ receptor agonists CGS 8216 and FG 7142, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), the 5-HT2 antagonist methysergide and the putative 5-HT agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated using peripheral and intra-amygdaloid treatments. A multiple schedule consisting of rewarded, nonrewarded (Time out: TO) and conflict periods was used to compare in parallel effects on successive discrimination between rewarded and nonrewarded periods and punished responding. The three components were presented in both a fixed order (Experiment 1) and a random order (Experiments 2 and 3). Intra-amygdaloid treatments with GABA and the BZs selectively increased rates of punished responding. CDP given systemically, on the other hand, increased both TO and conflict rates, suggesting an additional impairment of discrimination, which was more marked in the random than the fixed order condition. R0 15-1788, CGS 8216 and FG 7142 given by both routes counteracted the anti-conflict effects of CDP given centrally or systemically. However increases in TO rates induced by IP CDP were antagonized only by IP treatments with these compounds. The two inverse agonists, but not R0 15-1788, also counteracted increases in punished responding which were found after intra-amygdaloid GABA infusions. In Experiments 2 and 3 where baseline rates of pressing in Conflict periods were sufficiently high to detect decreases, CGS 8216 and FG 7142 reduced responding below control level, suggesting a specific anxiogenic activity. Evidence for effects of R0 15-1788 by itself was inconclusive. 5-HT injected into the amygdala also reduced punished responding below control level, whereas methysergide increased it with both central and peripheral treatment. Effects of 8-OH-DPAT varied according to route of administration. With IP treatment Conflict rates were increased, but after amygdaloid infusion both TO and Conflict rates were marginally reduced below control level, with a more consistent depression of punished responding. These results provide evidence that effects of BZs on punished responding are mediated by a GABAergic system which includes the lateral/basolateral amygdala, but which does not participate in BZ-induced disruption of discrimination. They also indicate that the antagonistic effects of CGS 8216 and FG 7142 involve a decrease in GABA transmission, and that these compounds may also be anxiogenic. Finally, the results suggest that 5-HT utilizes the same system for regulating resistance to punishment, but plays no significant part in reward-nonreward successive discrimination, which is impaired after systemic BZs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176484
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  • 296
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The contribution of classical conditioning to tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of ethanol (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 524-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Tail-flick ; Classical conditioning ; Rat ; Antinociception
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In rats, ethanol increases the latency of the tail-flick reflex to radiant heat. Three experiments examined the contribution of classical conditioning to the acquisition of tolerance to this antinociception. Experiment 1 showed that the antinociception produced by ethanol was dose dependent. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that rats exposed to a series of ethanol injections paired with a distinctive environment developed tolerance to this antinociception. In Experiment 3, tolerance was more pronounced in animals that had been exposed to ethanol and tested in the distinctive environment than in animals that had received ethanol in a nondistinctive environment. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, these results show that animals need not practice the tail-flick reflex while intoxicated in order to develop tolerance. Additionally, the data suggest that classical conditioning may contribute to tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of ethanol.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176489
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  • 297
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Latent inhibition is not affected by acute or chronic administration of 6 mg/kg dl-amphetamine (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 345-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Latent inhibition ; Conditioned suppression ; Animal model of schizophrenia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Latent inhibition (LI) is a behavioral paradigm in which animals learn to ignore a repeatedly presented stimulus not followed by meaningful consequences. We previously reported that LI was disrupted following the administration of 1.5 mg/kg dl-amphetamine. The present experiments investigated the effects of 6 mg/kg dl-amphetamine administration on LI in a conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure consisting of three stages: pre-exposure, in which the to-be-conditioned stimulus, tone, was repeatedly presented without reinforcement; conditioning, in which the pre-exposed stimulus was paired with shock; and test, where LI was indexed by animals' suppression of licking during tone presentation. The three stages were conducted 24 h apart. In Experiment 1, the drug was administered in a 2×2 design, i.e. drug-no drug in pre-exposure and drug-no drug in conditioning. LI was obtained in all conditions. In Experiment 2, animals were given either 5 days of 6 mg/kg amphetamine pretreatment and amphetamine in pre-exposure and conditioning or 7 days of saline. LI was not obtained under amphetamine, but this outcome reflected a state-dependency effect. In Experiment 3, animals received either 5 days of amphetamine pretreatment and amphetamine in pre-exposure, conditioning and test or 8 days of saline. LI was obtained in both the placebo and amphetamine conditions. Experiments 4a and 4b compared the effects of two drug doses, 1.5 (4a) and 6 mg/kg (4b), administered in pre-exposure and conditioning. LI was abolished with the 1.5 mg/kg dose but not with the 6 mg/kg dose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518189
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  • 298
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modulation of social memory in male rats by neurohypophyseal peptides (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Memory ; Neuropeptides ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Adult male rats spend a great amount of time investigating novel juveniles. In contrast, rats re-exposed to the same juvenile 30 min after the initial exposure display little investigatory behavior. If the re-exposure occurs 2 h later, the juvenile is thoroughly investigated. These results have been interpreted to mean that rats form a transient memory for a particular juvenile. In the present study, memory was enhanced when the initial exposure to the juvenile was followed by another exposure to the same juvenile (retroactive facilitation) and impaired when exposure to the original juvenile was followed by exposure to another juvenile (retroactive interference). Arginine vasopressin had retroactive facilitating effects on social memory and these effects were blocked by the vasopressor antagonist dPTyr(Me)AVP. Moreover, the antagonist had retroactive interfering effects, since it impaired the recognition of a familiar juvenile. Oxytocin shared the same inhibitory pattern of action. These results suggest that neurohypophyseal peptides may have a prepotent role in modulating the mnemonic processing of chemosensory information associated with social interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518192
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  • 299
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Neonatal desipramine or zimeldine treatment causes long-lasting changes in brain monoaminergic systems and alcohol related behavior in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Chronic neonatal antidepressant treatment ; Desipramine ; Zimeldine ; Active (REM) sleep deprivation ; Open field behavior ; Alcohol intake ; Monoamines ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To study the relationship between neonatal antidepressant administration, active (REM) sleep and adult alcohol-related behavior, rat pups were treated daily with 5 mg/kg despramine (DMI) or 25 mg/kg zimeldine SC from the 6th to the 19th postnatal days. Movement sensitive mattress (“SCSB”) measurements showed that zimeldine treatment suppressed active sleep throughout the whole treatment period, but DMI was more effective during the first 8 days than during the last treatment days. At the age of 70 days, the zimeldine-treated rats expressed a selective increase of some components of activity in the open field test, and the DMI rats had a higher defecation score compared to the controls. Furthermore, the zimeldine-rats responded with a decrease in ambulation in the open field to an alcohol dose which generally stimulates locomotion in rats. At the age of 3 months the DMI and zimeldine rats showed increased voluntary intake of 10% (v/v) alcohol. Measurement of brain monoamines revealed that the neonatal treatment with DMI or zimeldine interfered with the normal development and function of the monoamine neuronal systems: the concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and their metabolites were altered in several brain regions. The results thus suggest that neonatal treatment with DMI or zimeldine suppresses active sleep and has an influence on later alcohol-related behavior, possibly due to a long-lasting defect in brain monoaminergic transmission.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216004
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  • 300
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amphetamine impairs the discriminative performance of rats with dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions on a 5-choice serial reaction time task: New evidence for central dopaminergic-noradrenergic interactions (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 458-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): d-Amphetamine ; Attention ; Discrimination ; Dopamine-Noradrenaline interaction ; Dorsal noradrenergic bundle ; alpha-Flupenthixol ; Nucleus accumbens ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A series of experiments examined the effects of lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB), induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on the behavioural response to systemic and intra-accumbens amphetamine, using a rat analogue of Leonard's 5-choice serial reaction time task for humans. Although the 6-OHDA DNAB lesion produced a profound depletion of cortical noradrenaline (NA) (to around 5% of control levels) it did not impair any aspect of performance on this task. Both systemic and intra-accumbens amphetamine increased behavioural measures of impulsivity of responding, but neither impaired discriminative accuracy in the sham-operated control rats. However, the DNAB lesioned rats did show a discriminative impairment following both low doses of systemic amphetamine, and intra-accumbens amphetamine. The latter effect was antagonised by systemic administration of the specific dopaminergic (DA) antagonist alpha-flupenthixol. The DNAB lesion did not alter the effect of amphetamine on any other behavioural measure, including speed and impulsivity of responding. These results suggest that although DA and NA participate in qualitatively different behavioural processes, the effects of DNAB lesions on attentional processes depend on the level of DA activity within the nucleus accumbens.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216011
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