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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (249)
  • 2000-2004  (249)
  • 1890-1899
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (158)
  • Children  (91)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (249)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: Key words Lung lobectomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Left ventricular geometry ; Mediastinum ; Diaphragm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thoracic cage after a lung resection is filled by the remaining lobes, the elevated diaphragm, the diminished thoracic cage, and by mediastinal shifting. The changes in the thorax after a lung resection were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging. The study group consisted of 39 patients who had undergone a lobectomy, four who had undergone a pneumonectomy, and 14 controls. The left ventricular angle, ascending aortic angle, mediastinal shift, longitudinal length of the thoracic cage, the distance between the thoracic apex and the level of the aortic valve, and diaphragmatic elevation were all measured. After a right lower lobectomy, the mediastinum shifted more rightward than after a right upper lobectomy. The diaphragm became more greatly elevated after a right upper lobectomy than after a right lower lobectomy. When a chest wall resection was added to a right upper lobectomy, the mediastinal anatomical changes decreased. After a left upper lobectomy, the degree of mediastinal shifting was greater than after a left lower lobectomy. A left upper lobectomy shifted the mediastinum at the level of the right atrium. This method is easily reproducible and was found to be effective for quantifying the changes in the thorax after a lung resection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-3771
    Keywords: Key words Age ; Children ; Dental fluorosis ; Severity ; Tooth eruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of age on the severity of dental fluorosis in children exposed to drinking water with either low or high fluoride concentrations. The children selected for this study were aged 10–14 years, with 28 permanent teeth and at least 1 tooth pair with fluorosis. The children were permanent residents of districts in western Uganda with either 0.5 mg (n=33) or 2.5 mg fluoride/l in drinking water (n=186). All vestibular tooth surfaces were examined for fluorosis using the modified Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) index. In the high fluoride community, the proportion of teeth per child with TF scores ≥4, and ≥5 was significantly higher among children aged 13–14 years compared to those aged 10–12 years. Children’s chronological age correlated positively and significantly with the median TF scores for all teeth, including early erupting (first molars and incisors) and late erupting teeth (canines, premolars and second molars). In linear regression analyses, the median TF score for all teeth, as well as for early erupting and late erupting teeth, increased significantly with age. On the other hand, in the low fluoride community there was no significant association between age and the severity of fluorosis. This study showed a significant increase in the severity of fluorosis with increasing age in a high fluoride community, whereas no change in severity with age was observed in a low fluoride community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S270 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Röntgendiagnostik ; Panoramaschichtaufnahme ; Strahlenexposition ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key words ; X-ray diagnostics ; Panoramic X-ray ; Radiation exposure ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A vital X-ray imaging technique in oral and craniomaxillofacial surgery is the panoramic X-ray. Due to its variety of special projections, including imaging of the transversal level and low exposure to radiation, it is suitable for answering many clinical questions and for diagnostics of various findings. It has become possible to minimize the necessary doses by further development of technology and devices, as well as of X-ray films and by new detection systems, such as sensors or screens. In some clinical cases, the diagnostic deficiencies of conventional imaging techniques make computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging indispensable. Although MR is particularly suitable for soft tissue imaging, it has also become helpful in finding cortical changes by shorter measuring times. In certain cases, e. g., changes to bone metabolism, differentiated methods of nuclear medicine make image-aided analysis of function possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zentrale Aufnahmeart in der Röntgendiagnostik der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie ist die Panoramaschichtaufnahme. Mit ihren zahlreichen Spezialprojektionen einschließlich der Abbildung der Transversalebene ist sie für die Abklärung zahlreicher Fragestellungen mit geringer Strahlenexposition geeignet. Die Verringerung des Dosisbedarfs ist weiterhin durch Fortentwicklungen der Gerätetechnik, der Röntgenfilme und durch neue Detektionssysteme wie z. B. Sensoren oder Speicherfolien möglich geworden. Diagnostische Unzulänglichkeiten der konventionellen Aufnahmearten machen bei zahlreichen klinischen Fragestellungen der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie eine Bildgebung mittels Computertomographie und Kernspintomographie unumgänglich. Obgleich die Kernspintomographie v. a. für die Weichteildiagnostik vorrangig geeignet ist, erlaubt sie mittlerweile, aufgrund der Verkürzung der Messzeiten, auch Veränderungen der Kortikalis abzubilden. Bei bestimmten Fragestellungen, wie z. B. Veränderungen des Knochenmetabolismus, ermöglichen differenzierte nuklearmedizinische Verfahren eine abbildungsunterstützte Funktionsanalyse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radiologic anatomy ; Dorsal root entry zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spinal dorsal horn is known for its important functional role in the field of transmission and modulation of sensory afferents. Because of this, the dorsal horn represents a target for numerous analgesic and antispastic procedures. Thus, it would be interesting to develop imaging dedicated to this spinal structure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiologic anatomy of the cervical dorsal horn by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5T). The first step consisted in the validation of the anatomic information provided by MRI on 5 human cadavers. A spin-echo sequence (T2, 2000/45) enabled the demonstration of good correlations between histologic sections and axial MRI slices performed at the corresponding cervical levels. The second step was the 〈〈in vivo〈〈 exploration of 20 subjects, aiming at the development of a gradient echo sequence (T2*) with a conventional MRI unit, compatible with a routine clinical examination. The dorsal horn was clearly identified in 77% of the axial slices performed (n = 300). The angle between the dorsal horn axis and the sagittal plane was measured as from 25.5˚ at C2 to 40˚ at C8 segments. The results of this anatomico-radiologic study of the cervical dorsal horn suggest that preoperative MRI could be useful to design the surgical approach to this structure, as performed during cervical microsurgical drezotomy (DREZ = dorsal root entry zone) for the treatment of selected cases of chronic pain or disabling spasticity in the upper limbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Techniques in coloproctology 4 (2000), S. 129-131 
    ISSN: 1128-045X
    Keywords: Key words Colonscopy ; CT scanning ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Virtual colonoscopy ; Pneumocolography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Colonoscopy is an invasive technique, frequently incomplete and often poorly tolerated in elderly patients. New, less invasive modalities are being developed to diagnose moderate-sized adenomatous polyps and colorectal caners which involve pneumo- or hydrocolography with high-resolution surface imaging, either by CT or MR scanning. This approach has recently been supplemented by complex image post-processing to provide a form of virtual colonoscopy which takes account of projected colonic direction and which can map for mucosal anomalies. It remains to be seen how sensitive these newer techniques are and whether defined algorithms for colonic representation can be agreed upon which will prove both accurate and cost-effective both in symptomatic and screening populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Keywords: Key words Chronic daily headache ; Migraine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Red nucleus ; Substantia nigra ; Image processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using BOLD-fMRI we have previously documented activation of the red nucleus (RN) and substantia nigra (SN) during spontaneously and visually activated migraine headache. These observations prompted us to study brainstem function in chronic daily headache patients using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Seventeen chronic daily headache (CDH) patients, ten episodic migraine (EM) patients and fifteen controls (N) were imaged with a 3 tesla MRI system. For each subject, the relaxation rates R2, R2* and R2' were obtained for RN and SN. There was a significant decrease in R2' and R2* values for RN and SN in CDH compared to N and EM groups (p 〈 0.05), but no significant difference between the N and EM groups. A decrease in R2' and R2* indicates reduced deoxyhemoglobin and hence persistent activation of the RN and SN in CDH patients most likely secondary to ongoing headache at the time of study. The imaging data provide objective evidence of disturbed central nervous system function in CDH.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Keywords: Key words Migraine ; Sleep ; Sleep apnea ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In our previous study we found a high prevalence of disordered sleep breathing in migraine children vs. controls. Since no quantitative studies about sleep respiratory disorders have been carried out in migraine children, we performed a polysomnographic (PSG) study in 10 migraine patients (7 boys, 3 girls; mean age 8.11 years, range, 5.8–14.5) attending the Headache Center of our department, to evaluate the presence of sleep apnea. Mothers completed a headache diary and a sleep diary for at least 1 month and filled out a sleep questionnaire. PSG data showed a normal sleep architecture in 3 cases, an insomnia pattern in 2, a reduction of slow wave sleep in 3 and a reduction of REM sleep in 2. Respiratory analysis revealed that 2 of 10 patients had obstructive sleep apnea. These 2 patients presented habitual snoring and associated sleep disturbances such as restless sleep and hypnic jerks. Sleep apnea may be a subtle and often undiagnosed symptom in several migraine patients. The report of habitual snoring associated with other sleep disturbances such as restless sleep and other parasomnias may be a sign of sleep apnea in migraine children.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Keywords: Key words Coeliac disease ; Headache ; Children ; HLA antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The linkage between HLA antigens and disease susceptibility has been investigated in several diseases. Two different mechanisms are known to act in the relation between the HLA system and headache: linkage and association of alleles. Among neurological disorders associated with coeliac disease (CD) we focused on headache in 1997. From a group of 70 coeliac children, we studied 10 children with headache (3 boys and 7 girls). For each subject we evaluated clinical history and HLA antigens. The incidence of headache was not different with respect to the prevalence of headache in the general population. The HLA setting is not different between the 2 groups examined. However, we highlight 2 cases for the particular HLA setting.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 23 (2000), S. 98-103 
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Lateral ventricle ; Subependymoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Four subependymomas of the lateral ventricle were reviewed with regard to clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, treatment, histopathological features, and long-term follow-up. There were two male and two female patients ranging in age from 27 to 60 years (mean 48.3 years). While two patients presented with symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure, two others were found incidentally during neuroimaging investigations to have intraventricular tumors. Neuroimaging characteristics of these tumors included no paraventricular extension, iso- or hypodensity with minimal enhancement on computerized tomography (CT), or iso- or hypointensity on T1-weighted and hyperintensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI). The usual finding on MRI was of no or scarce contrast enhancement, but one case showed heterogeneous enhancement. Three patients underwent total resection of the tumor and one underwent partial resection. No patients received postoperative radiation therapy. All patients have been doing well 4.8 to 15.4 years (mean 8.8 years), after surgery. Although there are no absolutely specific features to distinguish these tumors from other intraventricular tumors preoperatively, subependymoma should be kept in mind for differential diagnosis, as this tumor may safely be removed without sacrificing contiguous normal tissue and with good long-term results.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 15 (2000), S. 9-20 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Keywords Rectal cancer staging ; Computed tomography ; Endorectal sonography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Systematic review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  With the widespread introduction of preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer and the development of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for selected early lesions, preoperative radiological staging of these tumours has taken on increasing importance. This study is a systematic review to evaluate computed tomography (CT), endorectal sonography (ES) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as preoperative staging modalities in rectal cancer. A Medline-based search identifying studies using CT, ES, or MRI in preoperative staging of rectal cancer between 1980 and 1998 was undertaken. The list of papers was supplemented by extensive cross-checking of citation lists. Studies were included if they met predetermined criteria. Data from the accepted studies were entered into pooled tables comparing radiological and pathological staging results for each modality both in determining bowel wall penetration and involvement of lymph nodes. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were determined for the pooled results. Eighty-three studies from 78 papers including 4897 patients met the inclusion criteria. In determining the wall penetration of the tumour the values for sensitivity for CT, ES, MRI and MRI with endorectal coil were 78%, 93%, 86% and 89%; for specificity 63%, 78%, 77% and 79%; and for accuracy 73%, 87%, 82% and 84%, respectively. In determining the nodal involvement by tumour the sensitivity values for CT, ES, MRI and MRI with endorectal coil 52%, 71%, 65% and 82%; for specificity 78%, 76%, 80% and 83%; and for accuracy 66%, 74%, 74% and 82%, respectively. MRI with an endorectal coil is the single investigation that most accurately predicts pathological stage in rectal cancer.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 164-172 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychisch kranke Eltern ; Depressive Eltern ; Entwicklungsbedingungen ; Psychosoziale Bedingungen ; Kinder ; Forschungsprobleme ; Forschungsaufgaben ; Forschungskriterien ; Key words Parents with psychiatric disorders ; Depressive parents ; Developmental conditions ; Psychosocial condition ; Children ; Research problems ; Research tasks ; Research criteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Children of psychiatrically ill parents represent a risk group that has received growing attention during the last years. The risk for this group to develop a psychiatric illness is markedly increased due to genetic and psychosocial factors. The development of effective preventive concepts requires a thorough knowledge of the psychosocial factors. In this paper, deficits and problems of research in psychosocial transmission mechanisms are discussed taking the example of children of depressive parents. Conclusions from this exemplary considerations may serve as guidelines for future research. The authors suggest that the focus be rather placed on coping strategies and developmental psychopathology. Further, research criteria are formulated that refer to theoretical models as well as to study design.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kinder psychisch kranker Eltern stellen in psychiatrischer Hinsicht eine Risikogruppe dar, die in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Blickpunkt gerückt ist. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für psychische Erkrankungen ist bei dieser Gruppe aufgrund von genetischen und psychosozialen Faktoren deutlich erhöht. Die Entwicklung von effektiven Präventionskonzepten setzt eine genaue Kenntnis der psychosozialen Faktoren voraus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Defizite und Probleme bei der Erforschung der psychosozialen Transmissionsmechanismen am Beispiel der Kinder von depressiven Eltern diskutiert, und es werden Schlussfolgerungen herausgearbeitet, an denen sich die künftige Forschung orientieren sollte. Es wird vorgeschlagen, bewältigungsorientierte und entwicklungspsychopathologische Konzepte stärker zu berücksichtigen; darüber hinaus werden Forschungskriterien formuliert, die sich sowohl auf die theoretischen Modelle ebenso wie auf die Untersuchungsdesigns beziehen.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 828-831 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Cochlear Implant ; Resthörige Kinder ; Indikation ; Bildung ; Keywords Cochlear implant ; Children ; Indication ; Education ; Residual hearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and objective. Recent indications for cochlear implant in children are bilateral total cochlear deafness and an age of 2 or more. Reports on successful implantations in adults with residual hearing pose the question of whether this indication might be expanded to children with residual hearing. Patients/Methods. In a retrospective analysis of 106 hearing-impaired children with binaural amplification, we were able to ask parents in 90 cases about their children's education. The pure-tone average of the frequencies of 1–4 kHz was correlated to education. Results. The results showed that all children except one with a pure-tone average of ≤90 dB could successfully attend regular school or kindergarten. However, those with a pure-tone average of ≥91 dB had to be educated in special units for children with impaired hearing. Conclusions. Our results indicate that amplification in children with profound hearing loss (pure-tone average ≥91 dB) is not sufficiently effective to enable them to attend regular schools or kindergarten. We conclude that the only chance to integrate these children into the world of hearing might be cochlear implantation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. Die derzeit gültigen Richtlinien zur Indikation eines “Cochlear Implants” (CI) bei Kindern sind eine beidseitige cochleäre Taubheit sowie ein Lebensalter von über 2 Jahren. Berichte über die guten Hörerfolge nach Implantation von resthörigen, nicht tauben Erwachsenen werfen die Frage nach dieser Indikationserweiterung auch bei Kindern auf. Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, die Effizienz der Hörgeräteversorgung von schwerhörigen Kindern an Hand des Bildungsweges zu beurteilen um daraus Schlüsse zur Indikationserweiterung für ein CI zu ziehen. Patienten/Methodik. In einer retrospektiven Analyse von 106 beidseitig schwerhörigen, mit Hörgeräten versorgten Kindern konnte der Bildungsweg durch Befragung der Eltern in 90 Fällen erhoben werden. Ergebnisse. Durch Ermittlung der mittleren Hörschwelle in den Frequenzen 1–4 kHz und Vergleich mit dem Bildungsweg konnte gezeigt werden, dass nahezu alle Kinder (bis auf eines) mit einer Hörschwelle ≤90 dB Regelschulen oder -kindergärten mit Erfolg besuchen konnten. Alle Kinder mit einer Hörschwelle ≥91 dB mussten spezielle Einrichtungen für Hörbehinderte besuchen. Schlussfolgerungen. Da nach unseren Ergebnissen schwerhörige Kinder mit einer mittleren Hörschwelle ≥91 dB trotz Hörgeräteversorgung nicht in der Lage sind, Regelschulen oder -Kindergärten erfolgreich zu besuchen, schließen wir daraus, dass das Hauptziel einer Versorgung, nämlich der Erwerb einer ausreichenden Sprachkompetenz und -Produktion, nur durch ein CI erreicht werden kann.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Cochlear Implant ; Ambulante Rehabilitation ; Kinder ; Erwachsene ; Ergebnisse ; Keywords Cochlear implant ; Outpatient rehabilitation ; Cost effectiveness ; Results ; Children ; Adults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and objective. This study compares the results of the outpatient-based program of the Cochlear Implant Center Ruhr with inpatient-based rehabilitation, which is almost exclusively performed in Germany. Patients/methods. The Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the University of Essen in Germany provided 52 patients with either 22- or 24-channel Nucleus cochlear implants from March 1996 to July 1999. Almost all patients (n=49) were rehabilitated on an outpatient basis, which is the standard in many cochlear implant centers outside Germany. Results. The longest follow-up period at the University of Essen Department of Otorhinolaryngology was 36 months. Minor complications occurred in 10% of the patients. After 24 months, the first three implanted patients were able to discriminate 100% of numbers and over 60% of syllables in the Freiburg speech discrimination test. The patients who developed an understanding of open speech were able to discriminate 31 words per minute with cochlear implant and without lipreading after 24 months. Children were seen to double their Schmid-Giovannini scores at 6 months postimplantation. Conclusions. The Essen outpatient-based cochlear implant program demonstrates results in speech development and speech understanding equal to those of centers providing inpatient rehabilitation. A special advantage is continuous rehabilitation with professionals known to the child for several years. In children especially, exhaustive commuting reduces school attendance and is a burden on the accompanying guardians. As an inpatient, however, the child is torn from his familiar environment. Parents with several children have particular difficulties in accompanying their child and indeed this may not always be possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der ambulanten Rehabilitation nach Cochlear-Implant-Versorgung mit denen der stationären Rehabilitation verglichen, die bisher in Deutschland fast ausschließlich durchgeführt wird. Von März 1996 bis Juli 1999 wurden an der Universitäts-Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik Essen 52 taube oder an Taubheit grenzende Patienten mit einem 22-kanaligen bzw. 24-kanaligen Nucleuscochlear-Implant versorgt. Fast alle Patienten (n=49) konnten wohnortnah ambulant rehabilitiert werden, wie dies dem internationalen Standard entspricht. Ergebnisse. Der längste bisherige Nachbeobachtungszeitraum an der Universitäts-Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik Essen sind 36 Monate. Nach 2 Jahren wurden von den 3 am längsten nachbeobachteten Patienten 100% der Zahlen und über 60% der Einsilber im Freiburger Sprachtest verstanden. Im “speech tracking” erreichten Patienten mit CI und ohne Lippenabsehen nach 24 Monaten 31 Wörter/min. Die Kinder zeigten 6 Monate nach Implantation eine Verdopplung des Scores im Test nach Schmid-Giovannini. Schlussfolgerungen. Das Essener Modell zeigt, dass eine ambulante Rehabilitation nach CI zu vergleichbaren Ergebnissen in der Sprachentwicklung und im Sprachverstehen führt, wie sie von anderen Zentren vorgelegt wurden, in denen fast ausschließlich stationär rehabilitiert wird. Besonders bei Kindern bedeuten lange Anfahrtswege mit einwöchigem stätionärem Aufenthalt Schulausfälle und eine Belastung für die begleitenden Eltern und Familienangehörigen zu Hause, sowie erhebliche Fahrtkosten. Stationäre Aufenthalte zur Rehabilitation reißen zudem das Kind aus seiner gewohnten Umgebung und sind für Eltern mit mehreren Kindern oft unmöglich.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hörstörung ; Prävalenz ; Konnatale Hörstörungen ; Erworbene Hörstörungen ; Progredienz ; Infektionen ; Kinder ; Keywords Hearing loss ; Prevalence ; Connatal hearing loss ; Acquired hearing loss ; Progressive hearing loss ; Infections ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The results of international investigations on connatally acquired hearing loss are compared with the data of the German Registry on Childhood Hearing Loss (4058 cases). The connatal hearing disorders have shown a notable change in the last years regarding to aetiology and prevalence. In contrast to countries of the third world in developed nations the prevalence of permanent childhood hearing loss has been reduced down to 1 in 1.000 births. The results let assume a prevalence of approximately 1:1.200 births in Germany. For instance the number of rubella embryopathia decreased effectively. In contrast CMV infections and alcohol fetopathia are playing an increasing role. In the patients of the German Registry on Childhood Hearing Loss the percentage of certainly progressive hearing loss is 10.3 within the 4058 children with permanent hearing impairment. Diagnostic procedures first of all for the early diagnosis of CMV but also of toxoplasmosis are considerable because these infections may result in treatable hearing loss. Also consequent hearing tests are demanded in children with alcohol fetopathia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Daten internationaler Studien zu angeborenen erworbenen Hörstörungen mit den Ergebnissen aus 4058 Fällen im Deutschen Zentralregister für kindliche Hörstörungen (DZH) verglichen und ausgewertet. Die angeborenen Erkrankungen des Hörvermögens haben innerhalb der letzten Jahre bezüglich Ätiologie und Prävalenz einen deutlichen Wandel erlebt. Im Gegensatz zu Ländern der 3. Welt ist die Prävalenz permanenter kindlicher Hörstörungen in den westlichen Industrienationen auf ca. 1:1.000 gesunken. In Deutschland liegt die Prävalenz nach ersten Ergebnissen des DZH bei ca. 1,2:1.000. So ist beispielsweise der Anteil der Rötelnembryopathien stark zurückgegangen. Dagegen spielen heute die Zytomegalievirus-(CMV)-Infektion und die Alkoholfetopathie eine größere Rolle. Im Patientenkollektiv des DZH mit 4058 permanent hörgestörten Kindern beträgt der Anteil gesichert progredienter Verläufe 10,3%. Diagnostische Verfahren, vor allem zur Früherkennung von CMV und Toxoplasmose, gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ebenso ist eine konsequente Hördiagnostik auch bei Kindern mit Alkoholfetopathie zu fordern.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Cochlear Implant ; Kinder ; Eltern ; Psychische Belastung ; Erwartungshaltung ; Keywords Cochlear Implant ; Children ; Parents ; Psychosocial stress ; Expectations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Established knowledge. It is known that parents of hard-of-hearing children suffer from an increase in psychosocial stress. Scientific question. How does the psychosocial situation of parents with children who have cochlear implants change during rehabilitation? Aim of study. It was the aim of this study to demonstrate how parents evaluate retrospectively their own psychological well-being during the process of rehabilitation. Methods and results. We interviewed 87 parents by questionnaire which were mailed to them. Fifty-seven mothers and 46 fathers responded (59% return rate). Parents reported a significant increase in stress, as perceived by themselves, after the time of diagnosis. Of the parents, 25% continued to suffer from psychic stress during rehabilitation as could be demonstrated by the SCL-90-R questionnaire criteria. The expectations by parents were realistic prior to implantation but thereafter increased significantly with time. Conclusions. The psychological state of parents during the critical phase, after a diagnosis of deafness has been made for their child, has to be considered. Even after an initial phase of shock, parents seemed to be stressed to an extent that required therapeutic intervention.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bisheriges Wissen zum Thema. Eine generell erhöhte psychosoziale Belastung der Eltern hörbehinderter Kinder ist aus der Literatur bekannt. Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung. Wie verändert sich die psychosoziale Situation der Eltern von mit einem Cochlear Implant (CI) versorgten Kindern im zeitlichen Verlauf der Rehabilitation? Ziel der Arbeit. Ziel war es darzustellen, wie die Eltern ihr eigenes psychisches Befinden während der Rehabilitation ihres Kindes retrospektiv einschätzen. Methoden und Arbeitsergebnisse. 87 Elternpaare wurden getrennt in einer postalischen Fragebogenerhebung befragt; 57 Mütter und 46 Väter antworteten (59% Rücklauf). Die Eltern gaben ab dem Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung eine subjektiv deutlich erhöhte Belastung an. 25% der Eltern waren auch im weiteren Verlauf der Rehabilitation anhand der Beurteilungskriterien des SCL-90-R in einem klinisch relevanten Ausmaß psychisch belastet. Die Erwartung der Eltern vor der Implantation war realistisch und stieg im Verlauf der Rehabilitation statistisch signifikant an. Schlussfolgerungen. Die starke psychische Belastung in der Selbsteinschätzung der Eltern von CI-Kindern in der Phase der Diagnosestellung bestätigt die Theorie und klinische Praxis, dass die Eltern in dieser kritischen Phase besonderer Betreuung bedürfen. Auch über die Phase des initialen Schocks hinaus scheinen die Eltern in einem Ausmaß psychisch belastet zu sein, welches eine gezielte zusätzliche psychologische Betreuung der Eltern erforderlich machen könnte.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Epidemiologie ; Cholezystolithiasis ; Kinder ; Sonographie ; Risikofaktoren ; Key words Epidemiology ; Cholecystolithiasis ; Children ; Ultrasound ; Risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective. To assess the prevalence of and risk factors (e. g., obesity and positive family history) for the development of cholecystolithiasis in a non-selected collective of children and adolescents. Design and participants. A series of 482 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years underwent upper abdominal diagnostic ultrasound examinations as part of a whole-community investigation (response rate: 78%) for Echinococcus multilocularis in a town in southern Germany. Results. Gallbladder stones were identified in three of 482 children, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.6%. None of the three children was overweight at the time of the examination. Additional risk factors (pronounced weight reduction and Wilson's disease) were present in one study subject. Conclusions. Findings of the present study do not confirm the significance of obesity as a risk factor for cholecystolithiasis in children and adolescents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Ziel der Studie war es, Häufigkeit und Risikofaktoren der Cholezystolithiasis, insbesondere Adipositas und familiäre Belastung, an einem unselektierten Kollektiv von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu untersuchen. Methode und Studienkollektiv. Ein Studienkollektiv von 482 Kindern einer Gemeinde in Süddeutschland zwischen 6 und 18 Jahren wurde in einer Vollerhebung (Responserate: 78%) im Rahmen einer Screeninguntersuchung zu Echinococcus multilocularis sonographisch untersucht. Ergebnisse. Bei 3 von 482 Kindern, entsprechend einer Prävalenz von 0,6%, wurden Gallenblasensteine festgestellt. Keines der 3 Kinder war zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung übergewichtig. Als weitere Risikofaktoren fanden sich bei einem Studienteilnehmer eine starke Gewichtsreduktion sowie ein M. Wilson. Schlussfolgerungen. Adipositas konnte bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in der vorliegenden Studie nicht als Risikofaktor für die Cholezystolithiasis bestätigt werden.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thoraxtrauma ; Atelektasen ; Pädiatrie ; Bauchlage ; Keywords Thoracic trauma ; Atelectasis ; Children ; Prone position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We report on the ventilation in prone position in a 5-year-old traumatized child with severe thoracic and abdominal injuries (lung contusion, rib fractures, rupture of liver and spleen). Under continuous analgosedation, the young patient was ventilated in prone position for 6 h, since acute lung injury and atelectasis persisted despite various therapeutic measures (artifical ventilation in the pressure controlled mode, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, reexpansion maneuver). After initiation of the prone position, we observed a rapid increase i narterial oxygenation, which persisted in the following period. The hemodynamic situation remained stable. The complete disappearance of atelectasis was demonstrated radiologically after supine repositioning. After cessation of analgosedation, the extubation was performed 2 days later. Furthermore, we found no side effects of the prone position on the injured abdomen, and the liver function improved rapidly. Although there is a lack of experience with ventilation in prone position in pediatric intensive care, our report might be a recommendation for the indication of this technique in children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Kasuistik wird über die erfolgreiche Anwendung der Beatmung in Bauchlage bei einem 5-jährigen Mädchen berichtet, welches von einem Pkw überrollt worden war und sich Thorax- und Abdominalverletzungen (Rippenserienfraktur, Lungenkontusion, Leber- und Milzeinrisse) zugezogen hatte. Wegen des akuten Lungenversagens mit persistierenden Atelektasen, die durch wiederholte fiberoptische Bronchiallavagen und durch Reexpansionsmanöver nicht zu beheben waren, wurde der Entschluss zur 6-stündigen Lagerung auf den Bauch gefasst, obwohl über den Effekt dieser Lagerungsmaßnahme bei traumatisierten Kindern wenig bekannt ist und zu möglichen negativen Auswirkungen auf das schwerverletzte Abdomen eine Informationen vorliegen. Die Beatmung in Bauchlage führte zur raschen Verbesserung des pulmonalen Gesaustausches, die hämodynamische Situation wurde nicht beeinflusst. Die radiologische Kontrolle nach Rücklagerung zeigte eine vollständigen Rückgang der Atelektasen; die kleine Patientin konnte bald darauf extubiert werden. Weder laborchemisch noch klinisch wurde ein schädigender Einfluss auf das verletzte Abdomen gefunden. Die Beatmung in Bauchlage hat sich als Routineverfahren bei der Behandlung des Lungenversagens des Erwachsenen etabliert; nach der hier beschriebenen Erfahrung ist diese Maßnahme auch bei traumatisierten Kindern in Betracht zu ziehen, insbesondere wenn andere Maßnahmen nicht ausreichend sind.
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  • 18
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    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 148 (2000), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kinder ; Säuglinge ; Protonenpumpenhemmer ; Omeprazol ; Pharmakologie ; Gastroösophageale Refluxkrankheit ; Ösophagitis ; Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion ; Ulkus ; Key words ; Children ; Infants ; Omeprazole ; Gastroesophageal reflux disease ; Esophagitis ; Pharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole) have revolutionized the therapy of peptic disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract and reduced the indications for surgical intervention. These substances inhibit the H+/K+-ATPase in the parietal cells with an acid suppressing potency that is much higher than that of H2-receptor-antagonists. The first proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, has been introduced ten years ago. Since then, sufficient experience with this drug in children has accumulated. Omeprazole is released for children aged one year or older. A new formulation makes the drug applicable in tube fed patients. The main indications for the use of omeprazole are endoscopically verified peptic esophagitis and gastric and duodenal ulcerations of different etiologies. In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-infection a sufficient acid suppression is essential for the efficacy of the antibiotics. The recommended pediatric dose ranges between 0,7–1,4 mg/kg bodyweight and day. However, some children with ulcerative esophagitis may need daily doses up to 3.5 mg/kg. Healing of the esophageal mucosa should be monitored by endoscopy. After remission, doses can often be reduced for maintenance therapy. Side effects are rare and do not seem to increase with higher doses. Possibly interactions with other medications, i.e. antiepileptic drugs, may occur. A long-term therapy lasting more than 6 months in a child should be monitored by an experienced pediatric gastroenterologist.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Protonenpumpeninhibitoren (Omeprazol, Lansoprazol, Pantoprazol) haben die Therapie peptischer Erkrankungen im oberen Gastrointestinaltrakt revolutioniert und die Indikation für chirurgische Therapiemaßnahmen deutlich eingeschränkt. Diese Substanzen hemmen die H+-/K+-ATPase in den Parietalzellen und haben eine sehr viel stärkere säuresuppressive Wirkung als H2-Rezeptor-Antagonisten. Mit dem ersten Vertreter dieser Substanzklasse, Omeprazol, liegen nach 10jähriger Anwendung inzwischen ausreichend Erfahrungen bei Kindern vor. Die Substanz ist für Kinder ab dem 1. Lebensjahr zugelassen und in einer neuen Darreichungsform auch bei Sondenernährung anwendbar. Die wichtigsten Indikationen für den Einsatz von Omeprazol sind eine endoskopisch gesicherte peptische Ösophagitis und Ulzerationen verschiedener Genese im Magen und Duodenum. Für eine effektive Therapie der Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion ist die ausreichende Säuresuppression essentiell für die Wirksamkeit der eingesetzten Antibiotika. Die therapeutische Dosis liegt zwischen 0,7 und 1,4 mg/kg KG und Tag, in Einzelfällen werden zur Abheilung einer Refluxösophagitis bis zu 3,5 mg/kg und Tag benötigt. Die Abheilung erosiver und ulzeröser Läsionen muß endoskopisch kontrolliert werden. Für die Erhaltungstherapie nach Abheilung sind niedrigere Dosen angemessen. Bei kurzfristiger Anwendung sind Nebenwirkungen selten und scheinen nicht dosisabhängig zu sein. Potentielle Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Medikamenten, besonders Antikonvulsiva, müssen beachtet werden. Eine Langzeittherapie bei Kindern über Monate oder Jahre muß gut überwacht werden und gehört in die Hand eines damit erfahrenen Kindergastroenterologen.
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  • 19
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S136 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Vordere Kreuzbandverletzung ; Kinder ; Rekonstruktion ; Indikation ; Key words ; ACL lesion ; Children ; Reconstruction ; Indications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract For ACL lesions in children near to the end of the growth phase the treatment can be treated identical to that in adults. For younger children (8–12 years) the treatment must be conservative, combined with controls at short intervals. Behaviour during sport should be modified. If instability is experienced in activities of daily life or during sport a reconstruction of the ACL should be done using a central tibial transepiphyseal hamstring reconstruction with a femoral over-the-top position to avoid possible growth disturbances.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kreuzbandverletzungen bei Kindern, die nahe ihres Wachstumsabschlusses sind (14. bis 17. Lebensjahr) können wie Kreuzbandverletzungen von Erwachsenen behandelt werden. Kreuzbandverletzungen bei Kindern, die 13 Jahre und jünger sind, sollten zunächst abwartend behandelt werden (Kniebandage, Koordinationstraining, Belastungsreduzierung). Stellt sich im täglichen Leben oder bei sportlicher Belastung eine Instabilität im Sinne eines Giving way heraus, so sollte das Kreuzband rekonstruiert werden. Dabei ist es nach allen vorliegenden Daten unbedenklich, die Tibia zentral mit einem 8-mm-Bohrloch zu durchbohren und ein ligamentäres Transplantat durchzuziehen. Femoral ist es aus Sicherheitsgründen eher sinnvoll, statt einer transossären Bohrung die Over-the-top-Position zu wählen. Auch andere, rein epiphysäre Verankerungsmethoden (Semitendinosusplastik mit transossärer Drahtfixation) sind möglich.
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  • 20
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S138 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Vorderes Kreuzband ; Kind ; Wachstumsfuge ; Fehlwachstum ; Key words ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; Children ; Growth plate ; Growth disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Lesions of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are relatively rare in childhood and adolescence; in this age group they need even more consistent and aggressive treatment than in adults as far as conservation of the menisci and definitive stabilization are concerned. Virtually no cases in which serious growth disturbance has arisen following transepiphyseal drilling are known from the literature. Thus, cruciate ligament suturing should also not be done in children, because the long-term efficacy has not been confirmed. The operative procedure is presented in detail and is related to bone age. Early transepiphyseal drilling is permissible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ligamentäre Kreuzbandverletzung beim Kind und im Adoleszentenalter sind relativ selten, sie bedürfen im Vergleich zum Erwachsenen ¶einer noch konsequenteren und aggressiven Behandlung bezüglich Meniskuserhalt und definitiver Stabilisierung. In der Literatur sind praktisch keine Fälle bekannt, bei denen es tatsächlich zu einem gravierenden Fehlwachstum nach transepiphysärer Bohrung gekommen ist. Insofern sollte auch die Kreuzbandnaht beim Kind wegen der nicht bewiesenen Langzeiteffizienz unterlassen werden. Das Vorgehen im Einzelnen in Bezug zum Skelettalter wird dargestellt. Frühzeitige transepiphysäre Bohrungen sind erlaubt.
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  • 21
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    Clinical and experimental nephrology 4 (2000), S. 318-322 
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: Key words IgA nephropathy ; Nephrotic syndrome ; Children ; Age at onset
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. The prognostic significance of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is unclear. Methods. NS was found in eight children with IgAN (mean onset age, 9.3 years). The clinicopathological findings of these eight children were investigated. Results. Five patients presented with macroscopic hematuria, while the remaining three were discovered in a school urinary screening program or by chance urinalysis. Six patients developed NS at the onset, and two developed NS later in the course of IgAN. All patients were treated with corticosteroids. At the end of follow-up, heavy proteinuria persisted in four children, one of whom had renal dysfunction at the onset of NS and developed end-stage renal failure, and two of whom developed NS after the onset of IgAN. Proteinuria decreased to less than 1 g/day 3 months after NS in four patients, two of whom showed disappearance of proteinuria afterward. Renal biopsy specimens revealed mesangial proliferation and crescent formation in all patients. The degree of persisting proteinuria was correlated with the presence of glomerular sclerosis, fibrous crescents, tubulo-interstitial changes on light microscopy, and depositions of C3 on immunofluorescence microscopy. Conclusions. Children who developed NS after the onset of IgAN developed renal dysfunction; the prognosis of those who showed chronic histopathological changes on renal biopsy specimens was poor, even in these young children.
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  • 22
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 589-591 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Domestic animals ; Children ; Injury ; Evaluation ; Prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Domestic animals are a potential cause of serious injury to handlers and children. In developed countries dogs are the most common cause of such injuries, but in developing countries childhood injuries from domestic animals have not been given much attention. A retrospective analysis of major injuries from domestic animal attacks in children aged 12 years or less in a developing country showed 17 injuries in 16 children. The locations were the abdomen (6), head and neck (4), extremities (3), external genitalia (3), and back (1). A big-horned cow was the cause of injury in 11 patients, a donkey in 4 and a ram in 1. Children under 10 years were injured by provoked animals, mostly as bystanders, while older children were handlers. Four abdominal injuries were penetrating with evisceration and contusion of bowel and required a laparotomy. One blunt splenic injury was managed non operatively and one by partial splenectomy. Two head injuries were managed non operatively. All other injuries were examined and explored with the child under general anaesthesia. These injuries were debrided and closed primarily or closure was delayed when contamination was heavy or adequate debridement was limited by vital neighbouring structures. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis were given for all open wounds. The average duration of hospital stay was 7.3 days. Three patients had wound infections resulting in long hospitalizations. Two patients died (12.5%), 1 from a severe head injury and 1 from an overwhelming infection. The management of major injuries from domestic animals in children requires meticulous evaluation and examination during general anaesthesia to establish the extent of injury and avoid missed injuries. Prevention of these injuries requires public education about the proper and compassionate handling of domestic animals.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Insulinoma ; Arterial stimulation ; Calcium ; Localization ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of pre- and intraoperative procedures for the localization of insulinomas has been extensively debated. We report a case of successful treatment using preoperative selective intra-arterial calcium injection and intraoperative glucose monitoring. A 12-year-old boy with hypoglycemic attacks had a large insulinoma in the head of the pancreas on computed tomography. Preoperative selective angiography combined with arterial stimulation-venous sampling (ASVS) by intra-arterial injection of calcium revealed no other insulinomas in the body and tail of the pancreas. Elevation of serum glucose on intraoperative monitoring confirmed complete enucleation of the insulinoma. Preoperative ASVS can accurately localize an insulinoma, and may help to increase the success rate of surgery and avoid blind pancreatectomy.
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  • 24
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 595-598 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Pleuropulmonary blastoma ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare malignant neoplasm affecting children. A retrospective review was carried out of patients diagnosed as having PPB at one institute over a period of 16 years. The presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and family history were studied. PPB usually presents with symptoms and signs of respiratory tract infection, and the diagnosis may be delayed. There are no distinguishing clinical features or imaging studies. The diagnosis is made on histologic examination of tumour material and is sometimes difficult to differentiate from benign cystic lung lesions. The treatment is primarily complete excision of the tumour, followed in some cases by intense chemotherapy. PPB is a strong predictor of the presence of tumours in close relatives. Four patients treated at our institute are discussed along with a review of the literature.
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  • 25
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 132-133 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Sigmoid volvulus ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sigmoid volvulus is a common cause of large-bowel obstruction in elderly individuals, but is quite rare in childhood. We report six cases in patients under 20 years of age. One had Hirschprung's disease. Gangrenous sigmoid colon was found in three cases and resection was performed. Sigmoidopexy (one case) and extraperitonealization (two cases) were performed for viable sigmoid colon. There were no recurrences after 5.7 years of follow-up.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Echinococcosis ; Liver/interventional procedure ; Cyst/percutaneous drainage ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound (US) guided percutaneous sclerotherapy in the pediatric population, 14 hydatid liver cysts (HLC) in eight male patients whose ages ranged between 6 and 16 years (mean 9.9 years) were treated. The maximum diameter was 110 mm. Albendazole was administered orally to all patients for 1 week before percutaneous treatment and for 3–6 months after the procedure to prevent dissemination of the disease. Cyst puncture was performed with 20 G Chiba needles using US guidance. More than one-half of the estimated cyst volume was aspirated, then 20% hypertonic saline (7 cysts) or sterile 96% alcohol (7 cysts) equivalent to one-third of the estimated cyst volume was injected into the cavity and left for 5–15 min. Finally, all the fluid in the cavity was reaspirated. Catheterization was not performed. Follow-up US examinations were performed every month during the first 6 months and every 3 months thereafter. The follow-up period ranged between 6 and 51 months (mean 15 months). No major complications were seen during or after the procedures. Two cysts in two patients completely disappeared. Volumes of the 11 cysts in five patients who were followed for 6–21 months were markedly reduced (22%–64% of the initial volume) and thick septations and solid debris-like structures were seen within the cyst cavities. There was no significant change in 1 cyst. US-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy is thus a safe and effective treatment of HLC in children.
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  • 27
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 388-391 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Anorectal injury ; Children ; Diagnosis ; Morbidity ; Mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Anorectal injuries (ARI) are uncommon in children in civil practice. In developed countries the injuries are mainly due to sexual abuse and firearms. This report reviews the experience in tropical Africa. A retrospective study of children aged 12 years or less managed for ARI over 10 years was undertaken. There were seven children, four girls and three boys. Four injuries were due to blunt trauma and three to penetrating trauma. Six patients presented within 6 h of injury and one after 24 h. Five had rectal bleeding, which was associated with vaginal bleeding in one girl. One girl each had vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge without rectal bleeding. Diagnosis was by rectal examination and proctoscopy. In three patients a laparotomy was necessary to exclude an intraperitoneal rectal injury (IRI); this was positive in one case. One patient with abdominal findings had a laparotomy as the primary procedure. Overall, five patients had rectal injuries (extraperitoneal 3, intraperitoneal 2), which were associated with an anal injury in three while one patient had only an anal injury. An IRI was missed at initial assessment in one girl. Associated injuries were to the vaginal wall (3), urethra (1) and head (1). IRIs were treated by repair and proximal colostomy. Extraperitoneal injuries were treated by colostomy and drainage; in two patients the injuries were accessible and were repaired. Anal and external-sphincter injuries were repaired in two cases. Vaginal lacerations were repaired and other associated injuries treated accordingly. Three patients had wound infections. Faecal continence was maintained in all patients who had anal and external-sphincter injuries. One girl died of peritonitis from a missed IRI. It is concluded that ARI remains uncommon in children. Morbidity and mortality can, however, be high. Meticulous rectal palpation and visualisation is necessary to avoid missing injuries.
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  • 28
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 411-413 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Central venous catheters ; Children ; Ultrasound assessment of venous patency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the value of Doppler ultrasound scan (USS) assessment of internal jugular vein (IJV) patency after previous open central-venous cannulation (CVC), a prospective study of 66 consecutive children (median age 4.5 years; range 4 months–17 years) who had previously undergone open insertion of at least one indwelling IJV line and required further CVC for completion of therapy was undertaken. All underwent Doppler USS examination prior to surgery. Where patency of the previously cannulated vein was suggested ultrasonographically, the accuracy of this finding was confined at open surgical exploration. Initial CVCs were in situ for a median of 9 months (1 month–4 years) prior to removal. The median interval to repeated CVC was 11 months (3 weeks–45 months). In 79 Doppler USS, 70 (88.6%) veins appeared patent, 3 (4.2%) stenosed, and 6 (7.6%) obliterated. Of the 70 “USS patent” veins, 66 were explored. Patency was confirmed surgically in 59 (89.4%) and a new CVC successfully inserted. Seven (10.6%) apparently patent veins on USS were found to be obliterated at open exploration. Review of USS images in these cases suggested that enlarged collateral veins were usually responsible. Overall, successful recannulation was possible in 74.6% of all previously accessed veins. In children requiring repeated CVC, Doppler USS of neck veins is a valuable but not entirely reliable guide to the presence of underlying vessel patency and should be interpreted with caution. At least three-fourths of previously cannulated IJVs remain patent after catheter removal and can be reused for CVC.
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  • 29
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 429-430 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Amebic liver abscess ; Children ; Pediatric ; Stomach ; Rupture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of an amebic liver abscess (ALA) rupturing into the stomach is reported. ALAs in children can have atypical presentations, resulting in delayed diagnosis and increased morbidity and mortality. Timely treatment is usually followed by complete recovery.
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  • 30
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Hernia ; Spigelian hernia ; Children ; Cryptorchidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Congenital spigelian hernia (SH) is very rare in the pediatric age group. This is a report of two cases of SH in 1-week and 3-month-old male infants. A review of the literature revealed only 35 cases of SH in children younger than 17 years of age, bringing the total including our 2 cases to 37. There were 25 males and 12 females, a ratio of 2.1:1. Their ages ranged from 6 days to 17 years (mean 4.52 years). The hernia was situated on the right side in 13, the left side in 19, and was bilateral in 4. In one case the side of the hernia was not mentioned. In 29 cases the hernia was spontaneous while in 5 it was caused by trauma. In 3 children the hernia developed postoperatively, in 2 following repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia and in 1 following excision of a mediastinal neuroblastoma. Two children presented with a strangulated SH. Eleven of the 35 previously reported children had associated conditions; in 5 there was an ipsilateral undescended testis (UDT). Our two infants with SH also had an ipsilateral UDT. The significance of this association is discussed.
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  • 31
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 454-456 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Priapism ; Children ; Arteries ; Fistula ; Embolisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Priapism is an uncommon problem in childhood. Most of the reported cases are in boys with sickle-cell disease or leukaemia. It occurs as a result of venous outflow obstruction, resulting in engorgement of the corpora cavernosa, and is termed “low-flow” priapism. In a small group of children priapism is due to uncontrolled arterial inflow, usually as a result of direct trauma. The authors report a case of post-traumatic arterial priapism in a child, successfully treated with selective embolisation of the internal pudendal artery. Recognition of this distinct entity is important, as it carries a good prognosis when appropriately treated.
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  • 32
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    Clinical and experimental nephrology 4 (2000), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: Key words Peritoneal dialysis ; Dialysis index ; Urea kinetics ; Adequacy ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established treatment for children with end-stage renal failure. Creatinine clearance and urea kinetics are used to quantitate the dialysis treatment, but the means to assess the adequacy of dialysis in children are still controversial. Methods. We studied serum chemistry, dietary protein intake (DPI), protein catabolic rate (PCR), weekly urea clearance/body water (Kt/Vurea), weekly creatinine clearance (Ccr/week), clinical signs and symptoms during PD treatment, and peritoneal transport function in 17 children (4 to 18 years of age) with end-stage renal disease treated with PD. Fourteen children were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 3 were on automated peritoneal dialysis. Results. The mean values of the parameters tested were: blood urea nitrogen, 71 mg/dl; creatinine, 9.8 mg/dl; total protein, 6.4 g/dl; albumin, 4.0 g/dl; total Ccr, 70 l/week per 1.73 m2; DPI, 1.76 g/kg per day; PCR, 1.17 g/kg per day, and total Kt/Vurea, 2.28/week. The mean patient's clinical assessment score was 11.7, out of 15 and the mean doctor's clinical assessment score was 11.7, out of 14. The correlation between Kt/Vurea and creatinine clearance was 0.84 (P 〈 0.0001). Kt/Vurea and clinical assessment scores (patient's and doctor's scores) did not show a good correlation (r = 0.32; P = 0.228, and r = 0.47; P = 0.064, respectively). Peritoneal function seemed to be preserved after an average duration of 32 months on PD. Conclusions. These patients appeared to be fairly well dialyzed, judging from the values for the various dialysis indices obtained in this study and comparing them with adult indices.
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  • 33
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 562-564 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Inguinal hernia ; Children ; Direct ; Recurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among 109 children treated laparoscopically for inguinal hernias, 5 had direct hernias, more than would normally be anticipated. Two of the hernias were recurrences of indirect hernias operated upon previously using the open technique. Direct hernias are easier to detect with the laparoscopic technique.
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  • 34
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Intestinal volvulus ; Children ; Idiopathic ; Adhesion/bands ; Resection rate ; Outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In developed countries, intestinal volvulus in children is most frequently due to malrotation. To review the experience in Nigeria, a retrospective analysis of 28 patients managed over 25 years at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, was undertaken. There were 22 boys and 6 girls with an age range of 4 days to 14 years (median 4 years). There were equal numbers over and less than 5 years of age. Vomiting (89%) and abdominal distension (79%) were the most prominent features. Thirteen children (46%) had fever, associated with bowel gangrene in 5, while 8 (29%) presented with severe dehydration and shock. A plain abdominal radiograph was the only investigation performed, but the features were not specific for volvulus. In 11 children (39%) the volvulus was idiopathic, in 9 (32%) due to adhesions or bands, in 5 (18%) to malrotation, and in 1 each a Meckel's diverticulum, internal herniation, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Twenty-three patients had a small-bowel, 4 sigmoid, and 1 caecal volvulus. The bowel resection rate for gangrene was 46% (small bowel 9, sigmoid 3, caecum 1). All patients with malrotation had Ladd's procedure performed. Wound infections occurred in 10 patients (36%), complete wound dehiscence in 1, and recurrence in 1 (idiopathic terminal ileal volvulus). The mortality was 21%, mostly from overwhelming infection (2 neonates, 11-year-old, 3 ≥ 5 years). Intestinal volvulus in our environment differs in aetiology from other reports. The resection rates are similar, however. This condition carries high morbidity and mortality.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Macrodystrophia lipomatosa ; Fibrolipomatous hamartoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Median nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) is a rare disease typically causing localized gigantism and is often associated with a fibrolipomatous hamartoma (FH) of the median or plantar nerve. A previously unreported case of MDL with associated FH of the median nerve is presented.
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  • 36
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    Pediatric surgery international 16 (2000), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Pancreatic trauma ; Duodenal trauma ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diagnosis of duodenal and pancreatic injuries is frequently delayed, and optimal treatment is often controversial. Fourteen children with duodenal and/or pancreatic injuries secondary to blunt trauma were treated between 1980 and 1997. The pancreas was injured in all but 1 child. An associated duodenal injury was present in 4. The preoperative diagnosis was suspected in only 6 patients based on clinical signs and ultrasonography. One patient was treated successfully conservatively; all the others required surgical management. At operation, three procedures were used: peripancreatic drainage, suture of the gland or duodenum with drainage, and primary distal pancreatic resection without splenectomy. A duodenal resection with reconstruction by duodeno-duodenostomy was performed in 1 case. The overall complication rate was 14%: 1 fistula and 1 pseudocyst. Pancreatic ductal transection was recognized 3 days after the initial laparotomy by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The mortality was 7%; 1 patient died from septic and neurologic complications. When the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal injuries is a major problem, ERCP may be a useful diagnostic procedure. Pancreatic injuries without a transected duct may often be treated conservatively. The surgical or conservative management of duodenal hematomas is still controversial; other duodenal injuries often need surgical treatment.
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  • 37
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 605-608 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Plant-thorn synovitis ; Monoarticular arthritis ; Elbow ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound ; Power Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a case of plant-thorn synovitis of the elbow resulting from a thorn injury. This caused recurrent pain and swelling of the elbow over a 3-month period. A magnetic resonance imaging examination was initially requested to exclude septic arthritis, and demonstrated a joint effusion, synovitis, and a 2-cm linear opacity embedded in the synovium. Ultrasound was performed prior to surgery to confirm these findings and provide accurate localization of the thorn fragment, later removed at surgery. To our knowledge this is the first example of this condition that has been confirmed by radiological imaging prior to surgery.
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  • 38
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Spinal canal ; Low back posture ; Morphologic change ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To define the possible mechanism of posture-dependent symptoms of spinal stenosis by measuring the effect of low back posture on morphologic changes of the intervertebral discs and spinal canal in healthy young people. Design.Twenty healthy young volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging while supine with their spine in neutral, flexed, extended, and right and left rotational positions. The axial MR images at the middle of the intervertebral discs of L3–4 and L4–5 were analyzed to measure the difference in the size and shape of the intervertebral discs and spinal canal in each posture. Results.  Extension or rotation decreased the sagittal diameters and cross-sectional areas of the dural sac and spinal canal and increased the thickness of the ligamentum flavum, whereas flexion had the opposite effects. The gap between the convex posterior disc margin and the anterior margin of the facet joint on each side, represented as the subarticular sagittal diameter, increased with flexion and decreased with extension or rotation. The direction of rotation did not result in asymmetry of the subarticular sagittal diameter, but right rotation caused thickening of the right ligamentum flavum, and vice versa. The shape and dimensions of the disc did not change significantly according to the positions of the low back. Conclusions.With extension or rotation, the thickness of the ligamentum flavum increased and the posterior margin of the intervertebral disc was approximated to the facet joint without any change in shape and size of the disc. These phenomena result in a decrease in the size of the spinal canal and dural sac in extension or rotation postures in young healthy people without disc degeneration, and may explain the posture-dependent symptom of spinal stenosis.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hamstring muscles ; Semimenbranosus ; Tear ; mass ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Complete rupture of the hamstring muscles is a rare injury. The proximal musculo-tendinous junction is the most frequent site of rupture. We present two cases of complete rupture of the distal semimenbranosus tendon, which clinically presented as soft-tissue masses. MR imaging permitted the correct diagnosis. There has been only one other such case reported.
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  • 40
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 470-473 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Humerus ; Giant cell reparative granuloma ; Pathological fracture ; Radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a 69-year-old woman with a solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (solid ABC) in the left humerus with a pathological fracture. Radiographically, the lesion exhibited a relatively well-defined osteolytic lesion in the diaphysis of the left humerus. On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the medullary lesion exhibited a homogeneous signal intensity isointense with surrounding normal muscles on the T1-weighted images and a mixture of low and high signal intensity on the T2-weighted images. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images revealed diffuse enhancement of the entire lesion. The pathological study showed a proliferation of fibroblasts, histiocytes, chronic inflammatory cells and numerous multinucleated giant cells in a collagenous matrix. Abundant osteoid formation in the matrix was observed, but the cells were devoid of nuclear atypia. Aneurysmal cystic cavities were absent. A review of the English literature found 22 cases of solid ABC of the long bones.
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  • 41
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 535-537 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Intraosseous hemangioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epiphysis equivalent ; Tibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a rare case of an intraosseous hemangioma involving the proximal tibia in a 70-year-old man. Radiographically, the lesion was a well-defined osteolytic lesion with marginal sclerosis. The CT images demonstrated a well-defined osteolytic lesion with partial cortical breakthrough. T1-weighted MR images showed a hypointense lesion, while T2-weighted images revealed hyperintense areas, with internal, hypointense septa. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images showed lattice-like enhancement of the lesion.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Sparganosis ; Sparganosis ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Sparganosis ; ultrasonography ; Parasitic infection ; Sparganum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To document the imaging characteristics of subcutaneous and musculoskeletal sparganosis. Design and patients. Ten patients with musculoskeletal sparganosis were examined, with a variety of imaging modalities including MRI (n=6), ultrasonography (n=8), plain radiography (n=7) and CT (n=1). Pathologic correlation was carried out in all cases. Results. Nine lesions involved soft tissues, of which seven were in the thigh, two in the trunk and one involved a vertebral body. The majority of the lesions in soft tissue were confined to the subcutaneous layer but two extended deep into underlying muscles. Sonography revealed low-echoic serpiginous tubular tracts (8/8), and an intraluminal echogenic structure (4/8). MRI revealed multiple serpiginous tubular tracts and peripheral rim enhancement. Two patients showed perilesional soft tissue edema. Pathologically, the lesion consisted of a larva surrounded by three layers of inflammation: an inner epithelioid granulomatous cell layer, middle chronic inflammatory cell layers, and an outer fibrous layer. Conclusion. The study suggests that if serpiginous tubular tracts are seen at imaging studies, musculoskeletal sparganosis should be included in the differential diagnosis.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Pectoralis major muscle ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tendons ; injuries ; Tendons ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Muscles ; injuries ; Muscles ; magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To assess the accuracy and utility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the detection and grading of pectoralis major muscle and tendon tears. Design and patients. A retrospective review was carried out of 10 patients referred for MR imaging for suspected pectoralis muscle injury and possible operative therapy. The pectoralis muscle and tendon were imaged using thin (3–4 mm) axial sections with a variety of sequences combined for anatomical delineation (T1-weighted SE or PD SE) and fluid detection (T2-weighted SE, T2-weighted FSE with fat suppression, or STIR). Surgical correlation was available in six patients. Clinical follow-up was available in four patients treated by nonoperative therapy. Results. MR imaging identified five complete tears, four partial tears and one normal tendon. One complete and one partial tear were at the myotendinous junction. The remaining seven injuries were at the enthesis. Surgical correlation consisted of five complete tears and one partial tear. One complete and one partial tear were at the myotendinous junction with the remaining four complete tears at the enthesis. The MR interpretation and surgical findings were in agreement in all six cases. All four patients treated with nonoperative therapy demonstrated improvement at a clinical follow-up examination, with restoration of function and strength consistent with a healed prior partial injury. Conclusion. MR imaging is accurate and useful in detecting and grading tears involving the pectoralis major muscle and tendon, facilitating the identification of patients with complete tears who are candidates for operative therapy.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Sacral ; Tuberculosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To review imaging studies of isolated involvement of the sacrum due to tuberculosis and determine the role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Design and patients. A retrospective analysis of 15 cases of isolated sacral tuberculosis imaged with MR imaging was performed. The CT images were also reviewed where available, and the various lesion characteristics were identified. We also reviewed the medical records in an attempt to determine the impact of the imaging studies on the management of these patients. Results. Fifteen patients (5 male, 10 female) presented with symptoms of 3–15 months’ duration. Chronic localized backache with muscle spasm was the commonest presenting symptom; discharging sinuses with abscess formation was found in six patients, five of whom were children. MR imaging of the sacrum revealed a hypointense marrow signal on T1-weighted images and hyperintense signal on T2-weighted images in 14 of 15 patients, the S2 vertebra being always involved. CT revealed osteolytic changes in the sacrum in all the five patients in whom CT was performed. All patients showed marked clinical improvement within 1 year of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. Conclusion. Isolated tuberculosis of the sacrum is uncommon but should be suspected in patients presenting with chronic low backache or children with discharging sinuses/abscesses and showing sacral destruction on CT or MR imaging. MR imaging can identify cases and enables early institution of anti- tuberculous chemotherapy.
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  • 45
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 466-469 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone neoplasm ; Chondromyxoid fibroma ; Femur ; Apophysis ; Radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a rare case of juxtacortical chondromyxoid fibroma arising in the lesser trochanter of the right femur which corresponds to an apophysis. Radiography showed a well-defined expansive lesion with a sclerotic margin measuring 5×3.5 cm in diameter in the lesser trochanter. On spin echo T1-weighted images, the lesion revealed low signal intensity similar to muscle. On spin echo T2-weighted images, the lesion revealed high heterogeneous signal intensity, which after gadolinium injection showed heterogeneous enhancement. The inner margin of the cortex was intact and adjacent bone marrow was of normal signal intensity. The outer margin of the lesion was also clearly defined and extension into adjacent soft tissue beyond the exophytic cortical outgrowth was not evident.
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  • 46
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    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 120 (2000), S. 349-351 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Glenoid dysplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Multidirectional shoulder dislocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glenoid dysplasia is a rare abnormality of the shoulder. We report glenoid dysplasia in two consecutive generations: a boy and his father. Both suffered recurrent shoulder dislocations, and radiological examination revealed bilateral glenoid dysplasia. Our cases confirm dominant inheritance of this osseous malformation.
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  • 47
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    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 120 (2000), S. 336-337 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Pulled elbow ; Children ; Trauma ; Immobilization ; Nursemaid’s elbow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness in decreasing recurrence of cast application after manual reduction of pulled elbow. Sixty-four children with pulled elbow were randomized into two treatment groups: Group A underwent manipulative reduction followed by splinting the elbow in a flexed and supinated position for 2 days; group B underwent manipulative reduction only. Both groups were examined 2, 5, and 10 days later. None of the 33 patients in group A had a pulled elbow at follow-up. Four (13%) of 31 patients in group B had a pulled elbow 2–5 days later. Immobilizing the elbow for 2 days after manipulative reduction improves the success of treatment of a pulled elbow.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Spondylodiscitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Diagnostic algorithm ; Therapeutic algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-nine patients with spondylodiscitis (SD) of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were followed-up clinically and radiologically [X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] over a mean time of 2.2 years (1–6.5 years). All patients without abscess formation (n = 35) were treated conservatively. Out of the group with abscess formation (n = 24) 6 patients were also treated conservatively, 11 were drained under CT control and 7 were operated. At time of diagnosis, “signs of florid inflammation” were seen in 60% of the roentgenograms, in 93% of the CTs and in all of the MRIs. The sensitivity to differentiate between SD with and without abscess formation was 85% by MRI and 69% by CT. “Signs of regressive inflammation” and “signs of increasing osseous consolidation”, essential facts for starting remobilization, could first be seen using CT 6 weeks after onset of therapy. Using MRI these signs were seen with a considerable delay at 12 weeks. Clinically, only 3 of the 59 analyzed patients developed recurrent SD. In conclusion, MRI is the radiological method of choice for establishing the diagnosis of SD, in particular with regard to differentiating between cases with and without abscess formations. In contrast, CT is superior for performing success control after treatment. Therapeutically, conservative, minimal-invasive and operative procedures are not rival but rather complementary.
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  • 49
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    Reading and writing 13 (2000), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Children ; Reading comprehension ; Working memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract Working memory capacity is described as a pool of limited resources that carry out processing and storage functions. Its role has been emphasised in adults' reading comprehension. The present study had two aims: First, to study the relationship between working memory capacity and reading comprehension in fourth-grade children. Second, to study the nature of the working memory resources involved in reading comprehension, i.e., are they specific or general?To test the first point, the predictive power of working memory capacity was compared with two reading-related basic skills, vocabulary and decoding skills. To test the second point, different working memory tasks were devised using verbal, numerical and spatial materials. All the tasks were administered to 48 fourth-grade children. The results showed that working memory capacity was a direct predictor of reading comprehension when contrasted with vocabulary and decoding skills. Moreover, it seemed that working memory would be better described as a system specialised for the processing of symbolic information in that only the verbal and in a lesser extent the numerical working memory tasks were significant predictors of reading comprehension. The spatial task did not correlate with reading comprehension. The reasons accounting for the predictive power of working memory tasks were discussed.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ki-67 labeling index ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Optic nerve glioma ; p53 ; Pilocytic ¶astrocytoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gliomas of the optic nerve, although typically of pilocytic (WHO grade I) histology, can present within the spectrum of astrocytic neoplasia including glioblastoma (WHO grade IV). In certain cases, histologic features alone make the distinction between pilocytic and diffuse astrocytomas difficult. We reviewed 22 cases of optic nerve gliomas, 19 of which were pilocytic astrocytomas (PA), and 3 of which were diffuse, non-pilocytic astrocytomas. The cases were evaluated for their clinical course, radiographic appearance, histologic grade, and proliferation indices as detected by MIB-1 (Ki-67) and p53 antibodies. Of the 19 PA, 14 showed no tumor growth by magnetic resonance imaging, and had Ki-67 and p53 labeling indices (LI) of 〈 1%. The other 5 PA exhibited aggressive behavior manifest by marked diffuse infiltrative tumor growth causing death in 2 patients, 1 of whom was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 (immunoperoxidase and radiographs not available), and marked local growth with an average time to growth of 39.3 months, a Ki-67 LI of 2–3%, and a p53 LI of 〈 1% in three others. Three of the five aggressive PA histologically demonstrated a finely reticulated pattern, a pattern that appears as an exaggeration or expansion of the normal neuroglia of the optic nerve, and may simulate a diffuse low-grade astrocytoma. Two demonstrated the coarsely reticulated pattern, with the biphasic and microcystic pattern typical of PA. Three diffuse astrocytomas (2 anaplastic astrocytomas and 1 glioblastoma) originated clinically and radiographically from the optic nerve, and revealed a Ki-67 LI of 2–12%, a p53 LI of 2–8%, and an average time to growth of 8 months. We conclude that the majority of PA of the optic nerve are non-aggressive, stabilize radiographically, and have Ki-67 and p53 LI 〈 1%. However, a subpopulation of PA has a propensity for aggressive behavior, and are identified by a Ki-67 LI of 2–3% and a p53 LI of 〈 1%. Diffuse astrocytomas have both Ki-67 and p53 LI 〉 2%. Thus, in cases of aggressive optic nerve tumors in which the histologic review of biopsy material cannot confidently confirm the diagnosis of pilocytic or diffuse fibrillary glioma, a p53 LI of 〉 1% appears to favor the diagnosis of diffuse astrocytoma.
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  • 51
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    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tropisetron ; postoperatives Erbrechen ; Adenotonsillektomie ; Antiemetika ; Kinder ; Key words Tropisetron ; PONV ; Adenotonsillectomy ; Antiemetics ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after tonsillectomy is a common problem in children. Tropisetron is a new 5HT3 receptor antagonist and is successfully used in paediatric patients receiving cancer therapy. The aim of the study was to assess efficacy and safety of a single intravenous dose of tropisetron for prevention of PONV in paediatric patients at risk for postoperative vomiting. Methods: In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we studied 98 children aged 2–12 years undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Patients received placebo or tropisetron 0.1 mg (=0.1 ml)/kg body weight immediately after induction of anesthesia. A standard general anesthetic technique (Sevoflurane/N2O/O2 without neuromuscular blockers or opioids) was used. Perioperative vital signs, grade of sedation and episodes of postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded. Results: No vomiting episodes occurred in 65.3% of the tropisetron treated patients compared to 34.7% of the placebo group (p=0.0024). Only 10.2% of the tropisetron treated patients vomited more than 3 times compared to 22.4% of the control patients (p=0.0004). The need for antiemetic rescue medication was significantly lower in the study group (10.4%) compared to 28.6% (p=0.025). No significant adverse effects of the study medication were shown. Conclusion: A single intravenous prophylactic dose of tropisetron effectively reduces the incidence of PONV during the first 24 postoperative hours after tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Because of the low incidence of adverse effects, the prophylactic use of tropisetron seems to be safe and justified in paediatric surgical patients at high risk for postoperative vomiting.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Erbrechen und Übelkeit nach Tonsillektomien bei Kindern sind ein häufiges Problem. Aufgrund der positiven Erfahrungen mit Tropisetron, einem neueren 5HT3 Rezeptor-Antagonisten bei Chemotherapien in der pädiatrischen Onkologie und mit anderen 5HT3 Rezeptor-Antagonisten in der Kinderchirurgie, prüften wir die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit einer Einzeldosis Tropisetron zur Prävention von postoperativem Erbrechen bei chirurgischen Kindern mit erhöhtem Risiko für postoperatives Erbrechen. Methodik: Bei 98 Kindern im Alter von 2– 12 Jahren, die eine Tonsillektomie oder Adenotonsillektomie benötigten, führten wir eine randomisierte, doppelblinde, plazebokontrollierte Studie durch. Die Patienten erhielten Tropisetron oder Plazebo in einer Dosis von 0,1 mg (=0,1 ml)/kg KG i.v. unmittelbar nach der Narkoseeinleitung. Die Narkose erfolgte standardisiert mit Sevofluran/N2O/O2 ohne Einsatz von Opioiden und Muskelrelaxanzien. Vitalparameter, Sedationstiefe, das Auftreten von postoperativem Erbrechen und unerwünschte Wirkungen wurden aufgezeichnet. Ergebnisse: In der Tropisetrongruppe zeigten 65,3% der Kinder kein postoperatives Erbrechen, im Gegensatz zu nur 34,7% der Kinder in der Plazebogruppe (P=0,0024). Mehr als 3 Episoden von postoperativem Erbrechen zeigten nur 10,2% der Patienten in der Tropisetrongruppe im Vergleich zu 22,4% der Patienten der Kontrollgruppe (P=0,0004). Auch der Bedarf an antiemetischer Zusatzmedikation war in der Tropisetrongruppe mit 10,4% signifikant niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe mit 28,6% (P=0,025). Bedeutsame Nebenwirkungen der Studienmedikation konnten nicht dokumentiert werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine prophylaktische intravenöse Einzelgabe von Tropisetron reduziert bei Kindern wirksam das Auftreten von postoperativem Erbrechen während der ersten 24 h nach einer Tonsillektomie oder Adenotonsillektomie. Die geringe Inzidenz von Nebenwirkungen rechtfertigt unserer Ansicht nach die prophylaktische Anwendung von Tropisetron bei Kindern nach Tonsillektomien.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Acute myelofibrosis ; Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia ; Scintigraphy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Interferon gamma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Acute myelofibrosis is a rare, malignant hematological disorder of unknown etiology with an inevitably fatal outcome. Here we present the study of a 63-year-old Caucasian man with acute onset of pancytopenia. Repeated bone marrow biopsies showed dense fibrosis and hypoplastic hematopoiesis raising various differential diagnoses of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Bone marrow scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed areas suggesting neoplastic infiltration, mainly in both femurs and tibias. Histological examination of a surgical biopsy of the left tibia revealed acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. As the patient refused polychemotherapy, therapy with interferon gamma was initiated but discontinued prematurely because of intolerable side effects. The presented case therefore suggests that the combination of bone marrow scintigraphy and MRI is a valuable diagnostic tool in patients presenting with myelofibrosis of unknown origin.
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  • 53
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    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 22 (2000), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Masseter muscle ; Architecture ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors carried out an anatomic and magnetic resonance imaging study of the architecture of the elevator muscles of the mandible in 169 cadavers. The aim of this study was to define the architectural organization of the human masseter muscle, temporalis and pterygoid muscles. Layered dissections and anatomic sections in different spatial planes showed that the masseter muscle exhibited a typical pennate structure consisting of a succession of alternating musculoaponeurotic layers. The muscle had three well-differentiated parts the superficial, intermediate and deep masseter muscles. The same pattern was constantly found 1) for the superficial masseter, two alternate musculoaponeurotic layers oriented at 60∘ in relation to the plane of occlusion, 2) for the intermediate masseter, a single musculo-aponeurotic layer oriented at 90∘ in relation to the occlusal plane, 3) for the deep masseter, three musculoaponeurotic layers whose general orientation was at 90∘ for the bounding layers and 110∘ for the intermediate layer. The MRI study confirmed the reality of this architectural arrangement.
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  • 54
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. 575-578 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Haemophilia ; HIV-negative patients ; Children ; Growth ; Body mass index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that HIV-positive haemophilic children develop growth retardation. As not only the HIV infection but also other disease-related factors might compromise growth in these children, growth data were analysed in a longitudinal cross-sectional manner in 84 HIV-negative haemophilic patients from two university clinics. A total of 2–24 height and weight measurements (median 6) were recorded in each patient resulting in 683 single values collected between 1977–1995. Height SDS of all haemophilic boys was −0.31 ± 2.13 (mean ± SD, NS versus 0) and body mass index SDS was 0.21 ± 3.49 (mean SD, NS versus 0) at first measurement and remained unchanged throughout the observation period. Neither height nor body mass index differed with respect to the severity of haemophilia (mild/moderate/severe) or the study centre (Vienna/Prague). Conclusion Growth in HIV-negative patients with haemophilia is not affected in spite of the immunological abnormalities attributed to the substitution therapy or the bleeding episodes in the joints with the potential effect on the growth plate.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Sodium cromoglycate ; Children ; Exercise-induced asthma ; Urinary eosinophil protein X excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This double-blind, randomised and cross-over study was designed to compare the preventive effect against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), defined as the percentage decrease in FEV1≥15% after 6 min of exercise, of 2 mg and 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), administered through a metered dose inhaler via spacer, in asthmatic children. Each of the 30 subject (age 11.6 ± 3.2 years) was tested on five occasions. For inclusion, EIB in test1 was required. In tests 2 to 5, all subjects inhaled 2 mg or 10 mg of SCG 20 min and 120 min before exercise in a randomised order. In order to assess excretion of eosinophil protein X (EPX) accompanying EIB, urine samples were collected before and after exercise. The mean percentage fall in FEV1 (±SD) in test 1 was 26.8 ± 9.8%. Inhalation of 2 mg and 10 mg of SCG 20 min before exercise provided a significant preventive effect in 83% and 77% and inhalation 120 min before exercise provided a preventive effect in 63% and 70%, respectively (n=30). Variance analysis did not reveal a statistically different absolute fall in FEV1 after exercise when both doses (120 min before exercise) were compared (P=0.356). In an unselected subgroup of 12 children, urinary EPX increased after the challenge without SCG premedication (test 1) (mean change: +48.7 μg/mmol creatinine, P=0.034), whereas no significant increase was found in case of SCG premedication (mean change in μg/mmol creatinine): 2 mg/20 min: +12.1; 2 mg/120 min: +8.5; 10 mg/20 min: −10.4 and 10 mg/120 min: −23.5; P 〉 0.1). Conclusion Administration of 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate is no more effective in preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction than 2 mg regardless of whether the medication is given 20 or 120 min before exercise. The preventive effect of sodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children is associated with the inhibition of urinary eosinophil protein X excretion.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Insulin aspart ; Insulin analogue ; Type 1 diabetes ; Pharmacokinetics ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of the novel, rapid-acting insulin aspart were compared with those of soluble human insulin following subcutaneous administration in nine children (aged 6–12 years) and nine adolescents (aged 13–17 years) with stable type 1 diabetes. The study had a randomised, double-blind, two-period crossover design. Each patient received a single subcutaneous dose of insulin aspart or human insulin (0.15 IU/kg body weight) 5 min before breakfast and the plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were measured at intervals during the following 5 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of insulin aspart differed significantly from that of human insulin with a higher mean maximum serum insulin (Cmax ins), 881 ± 321 (SD) pmol/l versus 422 ± 193 pmol/l for human insulin (P 〈 0.001); and with a shorter median serum insulin t max ins, 40.0 min (interquartile range: 40–50 min) versus 75.0 min (interquartile range: 60–120 min) for human insulin, (P 〈 0.001). An age-related effect on Cmax ins and area under the curve (AUC0–5h ins) was observed with higher values in adolescents than in children for both insulin aspart and human insulin. Postprandial glycaemic control was improved with insulin aspart; the baseline-adjusted ΔCmax glu being lower for insulin aspart compared with human insulin (increase of 7.6 ± 5.1 versus 9.4 ± 4.4 mmol/l respectively, P 〈 0.05). The incidence of adverse events was similar for the two insulin types. Conclusion The more rapid onset of action of insulin aspart versus human insulin, previously observed in adults, is confirmed in a paediatric population with type 1 diabetes.
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  • 57
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. 530-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Schistosomiasis ; Children ; Travellers ; Ultrasonography ; Immunodiagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reports on schistosomiasis in children growing up in Europe are rare despite increased travel activity. We report on eight male and three female German children aged 50 months to 15 years with schistosomiasis. Six children were asymptomatic, whereas two presented with typical signs of Katayama fever. Persisting haematuria, headache with eosinophilia and pyelonephritis were observed in one child each. An exposure was reported for six of the children. Two were examined solely because schistosomiasis was diagnosed in a family member. All had antibodies against schistosomal antigens in at least two of three screening tests. However, schistosomal ova (Schistosoma haematobium) were detected in urine and faecal specimens from only three children. A tumour-like lesion of the bladder was found by ultrasound in only one of the children who also exhibited haematuria. Neither eosinophilia nor elevated IgE levels were constant findings. Six to 12 months after praziquantel treatment, parasitological and ultrasound checks were negative and levels of specific antibodies decreased. However, 2 years later, elevated antibody levels were detected in one girl without evidence of any new exposure. She became antibody-negative 1 year after a second course of treatment. Conclusion In contrast to residents of endemic areas, parasitological and ultrasound examinations seem to be inferior to immunodiagnostics in children from non-endemic areas at temporary risk for schistosomiasis.
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  • 58
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Cortical malformations ; Migration disorders ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this review, a simplified scheme for classification of cortical malformations is introduced and illustrated based on the work of Barkovich et al. [8]. Detailed MRI studies identify cortical malformations as a major cause of epilepsy in children. Two aspects that are becoming increasingly important for the paediatrician are emphasised. First, knowledge of the genetic background of cortical malformations is necessary for appropriate genetic counselling. Although the majority of cortical malformations occur sporadically, recent studies have shown a familial pattern in specific epilepsy syndromes associated with cortical malformations. Second, the epilepsy becomes refractory to the common anti-epileptic drugs in many patients with cortical malformations so that epilepsy surgery should be considered. In this respect, the paediatrician can play a pivotal role in referring candidate patients for further specialised assessment. Conclusion The input of the paediatrician will become crucial to link clinical, genetic and neuro-imaging data in children with the great variety of possible cortical malformations.
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  • 59
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S114 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Dietary therapy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurology ; Pathology ; Phenylketonuria ; AbbreviationsHPA hyperphenylalaninaemia ; 1H-MRS proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Phe phenylalanine ; PKU phenylketonuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurological abnormalities in phenylketonuria were described before dietary treatment became possible. These included tremor, clumsiness, epilepsy, spastic paraparesis and occasionally extrapyramidal features. Neurological deterioration after childhood was recognised. Patients with neurological deterioration described recently have been late diagnosed or intellectually impaired or both. No early diagnosed patient who was well treated and of good intellectual outcome has yet shown neurological deterioration after stopping diet but it may happen. Conclusion The fascinating links between pathology, magnetic resonance imaging appearances, magnetic resonance spectroscopy results and clinical features are not yet clearly understood. Patients must understand the possible risks of stopping diet and make their choice. All patients need help, support and follow-up regardless of the choices they make over continuing diet.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Dermatologie ; Primary Health Care ; Langzeitergebnisse ; Kinder ; Kenia ; Keywords Dermatology ; Primary health care ; Long-term effects ; Children ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and Objective. In spite of the importance of skin diseases in Africa south of the Sahara, dermatology is insufficiently represented within the established primary health care systems. Aim of this study was to find out whether an integrated dermatology project could reduce the prevalence of dermatoses. Patients/Methods. Since 1994 trained community health workers have carried out regular weekly visits to schools and nurseries in 10 communities in rural western Kenya. Epidemiological studies were done in 13 schools in 4 communities involving 5780 and 4961 pupils one year before (1993) and 5 years (1999) following the introduction of the dermatology project. Results. Within this period the prevalence of bacterial skin infections fell from 12.7% to 11.3% (n.s.). Mycoses rose from 10.1% to 13.9% (p〈0.05), while arthropod infections (mainly scabies) remained unchanged with a prevalence of 8.3% in 1993 and 8.0% in 1999 (n.s.). Dermatitis also showed no changes (1.7% in both years). Conclusions. The prevalence of infective dermatoses depends not only on medical treatment but also far more on socio-economic factors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. Trotz der großen Bedeutung der Dermatosen in Schwarzafrika ist die Dermatologie in den dort etablierten Basisgesundheitsdiensten völlig unzureichend repräsentiert. Untersucht werden sollten die Langzeitauswirkungen eines in das Primary Health Care-System integrierten Dermatologieprojekts in Bezug auf die Prävalenz von Hauterkrankungen. Patienten/Methodik. Seit 1994 besuchen ausgebildete Community Health Workers einmal wöchentlich Schulen und Vorschulkindergärten in 10 Gemeinden im ländlichen Westkenia. In 13 Schulen von 4 Gemeinden wurden 1 Jahr vor (1993) und 5 Jahre nach (1999) Projektinitiierung Reihenuntersuchungen an 5780 bzw. 4961 Kindern durchgeführt. Ergebnisse. Innerhalb dieses Zeitraums sank die Prävalenz bakteriell bedingter Dermatosen von 12,7% auf 11,3% (n.s.). Bei den Mykosen fand sich ein Anstieg von 10,1 auf 13,9% (p〈0,05). Arthropodenbedingte Infektionen (vorwiegend Skabies) blieben mit 8,3% 1993 und 8,0% 1999 (n.s.) im Wesentlichen gleich. Ekzeme wiesen zu beiden Zeitpunkten eine Prävalenz von 1,7% auf. Schlussfolgerungen. Die Prävalenz infektiöser Dermatosen hängt nur zu einem geringen Teil von der medizinischen Versorgung, sondern überwiegend von sozioökonomischen Faktoren ab.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Coeliac disease ; Children ; Iron deficiency anaemia ; Occult blood ; AbbreviationsCD coeliac disease ; ID iron deficiency ; GFD gluten-free diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has recently been suggested that in adults with coeliac disease, faecal blood loss may play a role in the development of iron deficiency. A group of 45 children diagnosed with coeliac disease during 1996 and 1997 were therefore prospectively evaluated for the presence of gluten in their diet, iron deficiency anaemia, and faecal occult blood. Sixty children admitted for elective surgery or asthma served as controls. Faecal occult blood was found in four iron deficient children on normal diet, of whom three were newly diagnosed. Occult blood loss disappeared in three of the four children when gluten was removed from their diet. Faecal occult blood was found in 26.7% of children on gluten-containing diet, but not in children on gluten-free diet (P=0.01), or in control children (P=0.001). Conclusion Our data suggest that the incidence of occult blood loss in coeliac disease occurs mainly in newly diagnosed cases and responds to a gluten-free diet. Occult blood testing may not be warranted in the absence of iron deficiency anaemia nor in children with iron deficiency anaemia who are on a gluten-free diet.
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  • 62
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 841-843 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lymphoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We present the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a patient who, following treatment for pancreatic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), relapsed with apparently isolated involvement of the right masticator space and left psoas muscles. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising from the masticator space muscles is very rare. In addition, simultaneous lymphomatous involvement of multiple discrete skeletal muscle sites, in the absence of disease elsewhere, has previously only been reported in the limb or limb girdle muscles. Lymphoma should be considered as a cause of isolated enlarged skeletal muscles, even when involving such distant sites.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Atopisches Ekzem ; Kinder ; Elternschulung ; Video ; Mütter ; Key words Atopic eczema ; Parental education ; Video ; Children ; Mothers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background and Objective. Psychological problems in children and parents related to children's atopic eczema (AE) may impede the success of treatment. We studied the question, if behavior-based parental education in groups (DPE) or standardized video-education (VPE) could enhance dermatological treatment effects and reduce skin-damaging behaviors in children and stress in their mothers. Patients/Methods. 47 mothers attending the university outpatient-clinic for dermatology and their AE-children (mean age 4 years) participated in the study. 18 mothers underwent the DPE (10 sessions), 15 mothers worked with VPE at home. Dermatological standard treatment (CG; N=14) served as control for a 16-weeks-evaluation-period. Results. AE-symptoms improved overall, but the effectiveness of the treatments differed significantly, improval with parent education and was best with VPE. Psychological problems of mothers were equally reduced with DPE and VPE. Conclusions. It is suggested that VPE is a cost effective and less time consuming method for supporting dermatological therapy of AE in children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Fragestellung. Das atopische Ekzem (AE) im Kindesalter kann psychologische Probleme bei Kind und Eltern zur Folge haben, die den Behandlungserfolg erschweren. Die Effektivität direkter verhaltensorientierter Elterngruppenschulungen (DES) bzw. standardisierter Videoschulungen (VES) gegenüber der dermatologischen Standardbehandlung (KG) zur Besserung des AE, des Kratzverhaltens der Kinder und krankheitsbedingter Belastungen der Mütter wurde überprüft. Patienten/Methodik. An der Studie nahmen 47 Mütter und deren AE-Kinder (Durchschnittsalter 4 Jahre) aus der Neurodermitisambulanz der Universitätshautklinik teil, 18 Mütter besuchten die DES (10 Gruppensitzungen), 15 Mütter arbeiteten mit der VES zu Hause. Die Behandlung der KG (n=14) erfolgte im vergleichbaren 4-Monats-Zeitraum. Ergebnisse. Das AE war über alle Behandlungsbedingungen gebessert, ihre Effekstärken unterschieden sich jedoch signifikant: Elternschulungen waren effektiver als Standardbehandlung, den stärksten Effekt hatte die VES. Belastungen der Mütter reduzierten sich nach beiden Schulungsformen. Schlussfolgerungen. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf eine Zeit und Kosten sparende Möglichkeit, Videoschulungen für die Unterstützung der Therapie des AE im Kindesalter zu nutzen.
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    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. 942-949 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Ventilator-associated pneumonia ; Cardiac surgery ; Children ; Pediatric intensive care ; Complications ; Extubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the delay of extubation attributable to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in comparison to other complications and complexity of surgery after repair of congenital heart lesions in neonates and children.¶Methods: Cohort study in a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary referral center. All patients who had cardiac operations during a 22-month period and who survived surgery were eligible (n = 272, median age 1.3 years). Primary outcome was time to successful extubation. Primary variable of interest was VAP. Surgical procedures were classified according to complexity. Cox proportional hazards models were calculated to adjust for confounding. Potential confounders comprised other known risk factors for delayed extubation.¶Results: Median time to extubation was 3 days. VAP occurred in 26 patients (9.6 %). The rate of VAP was not associated with complexity of surgery (P = 0.22), or cardiopulmonary bypass (P = 0.23). The adjusted analysis revealed as further factors associated with delayed extubation: other respiratory complications (n = 28, chylothorax, airway stenosis, diaphragm paresis), prolonged inotropic support (n = 48, 17.6 %), and the need for secondary surgery (n = 51, 18.8 %; e. g., re-operation, secondary closure of thorax). Older age promoted early extubation. The median delay of extubation attributable to VAP was 3.7 days (hazards ratio HR = 0.29, 95 % CI 0.18–0.49), exceeding the effect size of secondary surgery (HR = 0.48) and other respiratory complications (HR = 0.50).¶Conclusion: VAP accounts for a major delay of extubation in pediatric cardiac surgery.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 30-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Granuloma cryptococcal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an intracerebral cryptococcal granuloma in a patient who presented with recent memory disturbance and deteriorating mental status followed by temporary loss of consciousness. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an intracerebral cryptococcal granuloma examined by a combination of conventional MRI, fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery and diffusion-weighted imaging and in which the surgical specimen was analysed histochemically.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 14-18 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Bone marrow, transplantation ; Toxoplasmosis, cerebral ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Toxoplasma encephalitis was confirmed by biopsy in three patients with bone marrow (BMT) or peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation (PBSCT). All had MRI before antimicrobial therapy. The intensity of contrast enhancement was very variable. One patient had one large, moderately enhancing cerebral lesion and several smaller almost nonenhancing lesions. The second had small nodular and haemorrhagic lesions without any enhancement. The third had late cerebral toxoplasmosis and showed multiple lesions with marked contrast enhancement. The moderate or absent contrast enhancement in the two patients in the early phase of cerebral toxoplasmosis may be related to a poor immunological response, with a low white blood cell count in at least one patient. Both received higher doses of prednisone than the patient with late infection, leading to a reduced inflammatory response. In patients with a low leukocyte count and/or high doses of immunosuppressive therapy, typical contrast enhancement may be absent.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Nijmegen breakage syndrome ; Anomalies of brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the results ¶of MRI examinations in ten patients with documented Nijmegen ¶breakage syndrome (NBS), aged 1.75–19 years. T1-, Proton-Density- and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences were performed in three planes. All patients showed microcephaly with decreased size of the frontal lobes and narrow frontal horns. In four patients agenesis of the posterior part of the corpus callosum was found, with colpocephaly and temporal horns dilatation. In one patient callosal hypoplasia was accompanied by abnormal cerebrospinal fluid spaces and wide cerebral cortex, suspicious of pachygyria. Sinusitis was present in all ten patients, as a result of primary immunodeficiency. As in ataxia teleangiectasia and other breakage syndromes, patients with NBS show an inherited susceptibility to malignancy and hypersensitivity to X- and γ-radiation. CT is therefore contraindicated in these patients and MRI should be the method of choice for diagnostic imaging.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sinus dermal ; Cyst dermoid ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a 5 year-old girl who had a skin dimple of the back of her upper neck. MRI showed a dermal sinus tract in the upper cervical spine, associated with an intramedullary dermoid cyst at C 2–3, and spina bifida. A laminectomy was performed, the dermoid cyst and the sinus tract were completely removed. This congenital complex is very rare.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Larynx, tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to evaluate the relative diagnostic accuracy of MRI without contrast medium and MRI before and after contrast medium in the assessment of T-staging of laryngeal tumours. We studied 25 men (mean age 51.8, range 41–61) with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, using Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and fast SE T2-weighted sequences. The T1-weighted sequences were then repeated after gadolinium-diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd DTPA) 0.1 ml/kg. All patients then underwent biopsy and surgery. Two radiologists independently assessed the anonymised images by filling-out two multiple-choice forms, one for each technique, at a 2 week interval. The forms included a judgement concerning tumour identification and infiltration of the anterior commissure, supraglottic region, arytenoid cartilage, Morgagni's ventricle, paraglottic space, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, thyro-hyo-epiglottic space, vocal cords, subglottic region, and epiglottis. Similar forms were filled out by the surgeon and the pathologist after surgery. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MRI were unaffected by the use of contrast medium. Since it did not provide additional staging information, its continued routine use in these cases is not justified.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 732-734 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Glioma, thalamic, bilateral ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 63-year-old man who had a rare bilateral thalamic glioma. He complained of difficulty with calculations and had mental deterioration. T1-weighted images revealed bilateral thalamic swelling with homogeneous low signal and no contrast enhancement. The tumour, showing decrease of N-acetylaspartate and the presence of lactate on magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was diagnosed as an astrocytoma by stereotactic biopsy.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 738-741 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma ; Central nervous system ; Immunocytoma, cerebral ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on a young woman with a primary cerebral immunocytoma. Most primary cerebral nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are highly malignant undifferentiated B-cell tumours, there are few data on the clinical course, MRI and spectroscopy findings of this rare PCNSL subtype. MRI revealed a radially enhancing tumour with mild perifocal oedema. MR spectroscopy indicated low cell turnover. Slow clinical progression, no significant changes with treatment, and imaging findings were consistent with a low-grade malignant tumour.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 753-755 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Encephalitis, tick-borne ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Basal ganglia ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus gives rise to epidemic encephalitis. Mild forms usually manifest as influenza-like episodes or are clinically silent. MRI is usually normal in TBE. We describe severe TBE in a patient who presented with fever and altered mental status after a tick bite and a specific antibody response to TBE. MRI revealed pronounced signal abnormalities in the basal ganglia and thalamus, without contrast enhancement. These findings coincide well with neuropathological studies of severe nerve cell degeneration with inflammatory cell infiltrates, neuronophagia and reactive astrocytosis in the deep grey matter. We review the literature and discuss the relevant differential diagnosis.
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 795-802 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; Ischaemia ; Demyelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI has facilitated diagnostic assessment of the corpus callosum. Diagnostic classification of solitary or multiple lesions of the corpus callosum has not attracted much attention, although signal abnormalities are not uncommon. Our aim was to identify characteristic imaging features of lesions frequently encountered in practice. We reviewed the case histories of 59 patients with lesions shown on MRI. The nature of the lesions was based on clinical features and/or long term follow-up (ischaemic 20, Virchow-Robin spaces 3, diffuse axonal injury 7, multiple sclerosis 11, hydrocephalus 5, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 5, Marchiafava-Bignami disease 4, lymphoma 2, glioblastoma hamartoma each 1). The location in the sagittal plane, the relationship to the borders of the corpus callosum and midline and the size were documented. The 20 ischaemic lesions were asymmetrical but adjacent to the midline; the latter was involved in new or large lesions. Diffuse axonal injury commonly resulted in large lesions, which tended to be asymmetrical; the midline and borders of the corpus callosum were always involved. Lesions in MS were small, at the lower border of the corpus callosum next to the septum pellucidum, and crossed the midline asymmetrically. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the other perivenous inflammatory diseases caused relatively large, asymmetrical lesions. Hydrocephalus resulted in lesions of the upper part of the corpus callosum, and mostly in its posterior two thirds; they were found in the midline. Lesions in Marchiafava-Bignami disease were large, often symmetrically in the midline in the splenium and did not reach the edge of the corpus callosum.
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  • 74
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 852-855 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Larmor ; Joseph ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurology history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The origin of many of the eponymous terms in modern medicine is unknown to many people who utter them daily. As a contribution to understanding the historical background of MRI, we provide a brief account of the life and work of Joseph Larmor, the Irish scientist, whose name is frequently used by chemists, physicists and radiologists alike.
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  • 75
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 874-880 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Gadolinium-containing contrast medium ; Myelocisternography ; Cerebrospinal fluid leakage ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the exact site of leakage of cerebrospinal fluid CSF leakage is important for planning surgery. We report our experience with myelocisternography with Gd-DTPA. We decided that intrathecal use of this contrast medium was justified in selected cases when other techniques have failed. After we had given detailed information to four patients with CSF leakage, they underwent five examinations. The images were interpreted by comparing those before and after injection. In all cases the contrast medium arrived at the basal cisterns, giving high contrast against adjacent structures. All patients tolerated the examination without complications or any indication of side effects.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary ; Hypophysitis, granulomatous ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology; few cases are reported. We review the clinical presentation and radiological characteristics of these cases and our own experience with three new surgical cases, to determine diagnostic criteria. MRI of three cases revealed sellar lesions extending into the chiasmatic cistern. Their shape varied, from dumbbell to spherical and elliptical. All were isointense with the brain on T1-weighted images and gave heterogeneously high signal on T2-weighted images. Contrast enhancement was homogeneous in one case and heterogeneous in another. The pituitary stalk could not be identified. There was no dural enhancement. The sphenoid sinus mucosa was thickened in two cases and normal in one.
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  • 77
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 905-907 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Alkaptonuria ; Ochronosis ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the MRI features of the lumbar spine in a patient with ochronosis.
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  • 78
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma ; malignant ; Sinus ; maxillary ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the CT and MRI of seven patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus to find if there are characteristic imaging findings suggestive of the disease. The images were analysed for appearance, size, signal, internal characteristics, extent of tumour, bone change and lymph node enlargement. In two patients, the tumour first presented with mucosal thickening. In the remaining five, the tumours were an expansile mass 4–6 cm in diameter at the time of detection. Although it was difficult to distinguish tumour from mucosa or obstructed fluid on CT, T2-weighted MRI enabled us to separate tumour from normal mucosa or fluid. In two patients, the tumours were heterogeneous. Calcification and haemorrhage were observed in one patient. Periantral soft-tissue infiltration was always present, even when tumour appeared as slight mucosal thickening. Posterior extension was seen in all patients. Permeative and lytic bone destruction accompanied most cases of periantral soft-tissue infiltration; mixed destruction and sclerosis was also observed. Mucosal thickening with periantral soft-tissue infiltration may suggest malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus in its early form. Various types of bone change may accompany the periantral soft-tissue infiltration.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain, development ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among 527 MRI examinations of patients with a suspicion of epilepsy in 5 years, we found 32 cases of hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL). The characteristic features are: incomplete inversion of the hippocampus with and abnormally round shape; unilateral involvement of the whole hippocampus; normal signal intensity and size; blurred internal structure; an abnormal angle of collateral sulcus; abnormal position and size of the fornix; normal size of the temporal lobe; enlargement and particular configuration of the temporal horn, typical of corpus callosum agenesis; and a normal corpus callosum. In 7 cases (22 %) HIMAL occurred together with developmental disorders. It was predominantly seen in men. The clinical features were varied. Based on some MRI features, the presence of developmental disorders, the male predominance, the frequently positive family history, and a review of the literature, we think HIMAL may be the consequence of a mild hemisphere developmental disorder. It is probably not the basic cause of epilepsy in such varied clinical setting, but may be a sign of a developmental disorder and can help in selecting patients for more meticulous investigation. It also may give some new understanding of brain development.
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  • 80
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 466-468 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Orbit ; Schwannoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The literature on MRI of orbital schwannomas is limited. The appearances in three patients with an orbital schwannoma were reviewed. A superior orbitotomy through a subfrontal craniotomy revealed a schwannoma in all cases. MRI characteristics of very low signal on T 1-weighted images and homogeneous postcontrast enhancement may be helpful for differentiating schwannomas from other intraconal masses.
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  • 81
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 505-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Adenoma ; pituitary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the normal dural enhancement patterns of the sellar region and determine whether the duramater is affected by pituitary macroadenomas. Dural enhancement appeared to be usually abnormal in 20 patients with pituitary macroadenoma compared with 20 control patients, mainly at the planum sphenoidale and carotid sulcus. However dural changes are subtle and their recognition requires knowledge of the normal enhancement patterns. Dural changes, reported in a variety of inflammatory and infectious dural diseases and after surgery, are not specific and may be also seen in pituitary macroadenomas.
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  • 82
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 543-547 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Inner ear ; Virtual endoscopy ; Volume rendering ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess the role of virtual endoscopy (VE) in the examination of intracisternal structures and of the inner ear, we studied the anatomy of the labyrinth and internal auditory canal using the original CT slices and VE on the unaffected side in three female and three male patients, age range 3–46 years, with contralateral retrocochlear hearing loss. We also examined seven patients with different pathological findings. VE was performed using an advanced postprocessing program with high- resolution 3D data sets of CT (1–1.5 mm thickness, pitch 1.25) and MRI-CISS-3D (constructive interference in steady state) images of the basal cisterns (1.5 T, slice thickness 0.7–1 mm). VE provides an endoscopic-like view from a given point within the basal cisterns of vessels and nerves (on MRI) or of the structures of the inner ear (on CT). The complex anatomy and pathological changes in the inner ear can be faithfully shown. The main advantage is not basic diagnostic information but demonstration of topographically complex situations, such as the canalicular system of the inner ear, for discussion, preoperative planning and teaching.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dermoid tumor ; spinal ; Syringomyelia ; Fat ; free ; Meningitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cranial and spinal MRI was carried out at 0.5 or 1.5 T in five patients with spinal dermoid tumours. Free fatty material was appreciated within the normally communicating cerebrospinal fluid pathways in all five cases and in one case fat droplets were also observed within a dilated central canal of the spinal cord. While dissemination of lipid within the subarachnoid space and ventricles is easily understandable, the presence of lipid droplets within the central canal is more difficult to explain, since the central canal is only potential in the adult. When a dermoid tumor is suspected, we recommend MRI of the entire central nervous system, to detect possible leakage of fat from rupture of a cystic portion of the tumour.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Stroke ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the feasibility and use of diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequences performed as an emergency for patients with acute ischaemic stroke. A 5-min MRI session was designed as an emergency diagnostic procedure for patients admitted with suspected acute ischaemic stroke. We reviewed routine clinical implementation of the procedure, and its sensitivity and specificity for acute ischaemic stroke over the first 8 months. We imaged 91 patients (80 min to 48 h following the onset of stroke). Clinical deficit had resolved in less than 3 h in 15 patients, and the remaining 76 were classified as stroke (59) or stroke-like (17) after hospital discharge. Sensitivity of MRI for acute ischaemic stroke was 98 %, specificity 100 %. MRI provided an immediate and accurate picture of the number, site, size and age of ischaemic lesions in stroke and simplified diagnosis in stroke-like episodes. The feasibility and high diagnostic accuracy of emergency MRI in acute stroke strongly support its routine use in a stroke centre.
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  • 85
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 666-668 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words White matter ; White matter ; Immunosuppressive therapy, complications ; Bone-marrow transplant ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of transient neurologic toxicity secondary to tacrolimus. The clinical and imaging findings are reported and their subsequent regression after interruption of therapy in the patient following a bone-marrow transplant is also described. The etiology of the neurotoxicity and its analogy with other immunosuppressant agents are discussed.
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  • 86
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 682-684 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cyst ; Japanese encephalitis vaccine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a residual cystic lesion on MRI. This seemed to be induced by Japanese encephalitis vaccination. Despite complete clinical improvement with high-dose steroid therapy, the cystic lesion has persisted for 3 years on MRI. There have been no previous reports of residual cystic lesions in ADEM.
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  • 87
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Veins, cerebral, anomalies ; Angiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract I report a 30-year-old woman with congenital cerebral venous dysgenesis with absence of the internal cerebral and basal veins and most of the cortical veins. Unlike the more common bilateral picture, she had involvement only on the left side, which delayed presentation and gave relatively mild symptoms. The embryological mechanism and differential diagnosis of unilateral absence of the internal cerebral, basal and cortical veins are discussed.
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  • 88
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 778-780 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous angioma ; Empyema, subdural ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cavernomas fall within the group of angiographically occult lesions and may be found in up to 4 % of the population [1]. They may occur at any age, and with the advent of MRI incidental cavernomas are increasingly identified. The pathogenesis is uncertain. Familial cases are well recognised with a reported prevalence of 10–15 % [2–3]. The incidence of new lesions has been reported at 0.4 lesions per patient per year in cases with familial cavernomas [4]. Presumed cavernomas have been documented following radiation for malignancy [5–6], and sterotactic cerebral biopsy [7]. There have been no previously documented cases of de novo genesis of cavernomas following bacterial meningitis and subdural empyemas.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared the sensitivity of T2-weighted spin-echo (FSE) and fast short-tau inversion-recovery (fSTIR) sequences in detection of multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord in 100 consecutive patients with clinically confirmed multiple sclerosis (MS); 86 patients underwent also brain MRI. In all, 310 focal lesions were detected on fSTIR and 212 on T2-weighted FSE, spinal cord lesions were seen better on fSTIR images, with a higher contrast between the lesion and the normal spinal cord. In 24 patients in whom cord plaques were shown with both sequences, the cranial study was normal or inconclusive. Assessment of spinal plaques can be particularly important when MRI of the brain is inconclusive, and in there situations fSTIR can be helpful.
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  • 90
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 849-851 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brittle hair ; Tay's syndrome ; Dysmyelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tay's syndrome is a trichothiodystrophy associated with congenital ichthyosis. We report the findings on MRI and spectroscopy in a young girl with sparse, short, ruffled hair, dry skin and delayed milestones. T2-weighted images showed prominent diffuse confluent increase in signal symmetrically in all the supratentorial white matter. These findings are similar to those in a previously described case, and consistent with dysmyelination. Spectroscopy showed increased myoinositol and decreased choline.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Traumatic brain injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to relate MRI findings in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to clinical severity and long-term outcome. We studied 37 patients with severe TBI, who were submitted to clinical assessment for disability and cognition and to MRI 60–90 days after trauma. Clinical assessment was also performed 3, 6 and 12 months later. The number and volume of lesions in various cerebral structures were calculated semiautomatically from FLAIR and fast field-echo images. Possible correlations between total and regional lesion volume and clinical deficits were then investigated. The frontal and temporal lobes were most frequently involved. Total lesion volume on FLAIR images correlated significantly with clinical outcome, whereas that on FFE images did not. Regional analysis showed that FLAIR lesion volume in the corpus callosum correlated significantly with scores on disability and cognition scales at the first clinical assessment. FLAIR lesion volume in the frontal lobes correlated significantly with clinical scores 1 year later.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Chemotherapy ; Cytarabine ; Cyclophosphamide ; Adriamycin ; Leukoencephalopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a young woman with Burkitt's lymphoma, treated with intravenous adriamycine and cyclophosphamide and intrathecal cytarabine. She developed a reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) with typical MRI findings. Diffusion-weighted images during the first days after the onset of symptoms predicted a small irreversible lesion in the frontal lobe, verified on T2-weighted images 1 month later. The patient showed full recovery after high-dose steroid treatment.
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  • 93
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 913-916 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The most common pattern in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, is in the cerebral hemisphere white matter on T2-weighted images with or without atrophy. Brain-stem lesions are rare. We report brain-stem involvement in two children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A peculiar pattern, with involvement of the pons with extension to both middle cerebellar peduncles and substantia nigra but sparing the pontine tegmentum, is suggested.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous sinus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillosis of the cavernous sinus is rare, especially in immuno competent individuals. We report three such cases secondary to paranasal sinus aspergillosis, with imaging findings.
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  • 95
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Haemorrhage, intracerebral ; Haemosiderin ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracerebral haemorrhage may be visible indefinitely on MRI, due to persistence of haemosiderin in macrophages around the lesion, but it is not clear whether all haemorrhages produce haemosiderin or, if not, what proportion cannot be identified as former haemorrhages on routine MRI. We performed routine MRI (spin-echo T2- and proton-density weighted images) in 116 survivors of moderate to severe head injury, 1–5 years after injury. We reviewed the images blindly and correlated them with CT in the acute stage, to determine how many haemorrhages from the acute stage were identifiable by virtue of haemosiderin deposition on late MRI. Of 106 haemorrhages in 78 patients on CT at the time of injury, 96 (90 %) were visible as haemosiderin on late MRI. Of the old haemorrhages without haemosiderin, seven of ten were in patients where another haemorrhage with haemosiderin was still visible elsewhere in the brain. No patient or haemorrhage features explained the formation or absence of haemosiderin. Thus about 10 % of definite haematomas show no trace of haemosiderin on routine spin-echo MRI. Radiologists should be alerted to supplement routine spin-echo with gradient-echo sequences if there is a reason to suspect, or specifically exclude, prior haemorrhage.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Degeneration, subacute combined ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of vitamin B12 deficiency and subacute combined degeneration in a patient with a gastrectomy. MRI showed high-signal lesions on T2-weighted images in both the posterior and anterior columns, associated with minor thoracic spinal cord expansion. The patient was treated with B12 supplements and clinical improvement was associated with reduction of the size of the lesions on MRI.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarct ; cerebral ; contrast enhancement ; Infarct ; haemorrhagic transformation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency, predisposing factors and clinical consequences of haemorrhagic infarcts and damaged blood-brain barrier as shown by contrast enhancement (CE) in ischaemic cerebral infarcts are controversial. We prospectively compared the sensitivity of CT and MRI to haemorrhagic transformation (HT) and CE. We also wished to investigate the clinical significance of HT and factors possibly associated with it. We studied 36 patients with acute ischaemic infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory during the first 2 weeks after the ictus. After CT and rating of the neurological deficit on admission, serial examinations with clinical neuromonitoring, contrast-enhanced CT and MRI were done on the same day. The occurrence and severity of HT were correlated with CE, stroke mechanism, infarct size, development of neurological deficits and antithrombotic treatment. The frequency of HT detected by MRI was 80 %. CE usually preceded HT or was seen simultaneously. MRI had a higher sensitivity than CT to HT and CE. Severity of HT was positively correlated with infarct size (P 〈 0.01). HT had no influence on patient's neurological status. Neither the type of antithrombotic treatment nor the stroke mechanism was associated with the severity of HT. No parenchymal haemorrhage occurred.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Infarct ; cerebral ; Phaeohyphomycosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Phaeohyphomycosis is an uncommon disorder caused by a variety of saprophytic fungi having distinctive morphologic features. Central nervous system infection typically occurs in the absence of predisposing factors and usually manifest symptoms and signs of abscess formation. We describe an otherwise healthy young man whose presentation with cerebral phaeohyphomycosis was subacute meningitis and stroke. Neuroimaging studies revealed multiple parenchymal lesions having the characteristics of recent infarcts; several vascular territories were involved. The nature of these lesions was confirmed histologically at autopsy. To our knowledge, such radiologic appearances have not previously been reported in this condition.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; Schwannoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intramedullary spinal schwannomas are uncommon. We report a solitary cervical intramedullary schwannoma shown by MRI and treated surgically, and review 12 previous cases with MRI. MRI findings and pathogenesis are discussed.
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  • 100
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 346-351 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Epilepsy ; Mesial temporal sclerosis ; Thalamus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the preoperative images of 28 patients with pathologically proven mesial temporal sclerosis, to assess thalamic asymmetry and signal change. A further 25 nonsurgical patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and unequivocal, unilateral changes of mesial temporal sclerosis, and 20 controls, were also reviewed. None of the control group had unequivocal asymmetry of the thalamus. There was an ipsilateral asymmetrically small thalamus in five (18 %) of the surgical group and in three (12 %) of the nonsurgical patients. In four cases there was thalamic signal change. In three patients with thalamic volume loss there was ipsilateral hemiatrophy. All patients with an asymmetrically small thalamus had an asymmetrically small fornix and all but one a small ipsilateral mamillary body.
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