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  • Electronic Resource  (1,480)
  • 1965-1969  (1,480)
  • 1890-1899
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,448)
  • Electron Microscopy  (32)
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  • Electronic Resource  (1,480)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's Disease ; Granulomatous Encephalitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 21 Fällen von Whipplescher Krankheit in der Sammlung des Armed Forces Institute of Pathology zeigten 4 Fälle neurologische Symptome mit besonders ausgeprägten Hirnläsionen. Lichtmikroskopisch bestanden die Herde aus knötchenförmigen Anhäufungen von Makrophagen, deren Cytoplasma mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin eine charakteristische schwachblaue und nach Durchführung der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion eine stark rote Färbung zeigte. Elektronenmikroskopisch fanden sich in den Hirnläsionen Bacillen, die morphologisch den im Darm beschriebenen glichen und die auch dieselben Degenerationserscheinungen aufwiesen. Die Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion färbt Kapselmaterial und Zellwände,die auch nach Untergang der Bacillen noch nachweisbar sind. Diese Beobachtungen werden als weiterer Beweis für die infektiöse Ätiologie der Whippleschen Krankheit angeführt.
    Notes: Summary Among the 21 autopsied cases of Whipple's disease on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 4 had neurological symptoms and prominent involvement of the central nervous system, By light microscopy the lesions were composed of nodular aggregates of macrophages having cytoplasm that stained a distinctive pale blue with hematoxylin-eosin and bright red with the periodic acid-Schiff technique. By electron microscopy the cerebral lesions revealed bacilli morphologically identical to and undergoing the same sequence of degenerative changes as those observed in the intestine. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction stains the walls and the capsular material that persists even after intact organisms disappear. These observations further support the infectious nature of Whipple's disease.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Dementia ; Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease ; Brain Biopsy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane ; Astroglia Dilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenoptische und histochemische Untersuchung von Biopsiematerial bei zwei Fällen subakuter Demenz ergab Neurone mit reichlich Lipofuscin-Depots sowie erhöhter saurer Phosphatase-Aktivität. Obwohl diese Veränderungen eine Nervenzellerkrankung anzeigen dürften, werden sie wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit sowie wegen des Vorliegens anderer, spezifischerer Zellveränderungen als Sekundärphänomene gedeutet. Im ersten Fall wird als primäre Läsion eine Verdickung der Basalmembran der Gefäße, im zweiten Fall eine Astrogliaschwellung angenommen. Da diese Strukturen wichtige Transportfunktionen haben dürften, könnten diese Anomalien leicht die neuronale Versorgung stören und dadurch die neuronalen Läsionen verursachen. Die Bedeutung des Glykogens in diesen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic and histochemical findings in biopsies of two cases of subacute dementia have revealed neurons containing numerous lipofuscin bodies and increased acid phosphatase. Although these changes are considered to indicate neuron disease, they are believed to represent a secondary process because of their similarity and because other more distinctive cell alterations are present. In the first case, the primary abnormality is believed to be thickening of the vascular basement membrane, while in the second case, astroglial dilatation is considered a primary change. Since these structures appear to have important transport functions, these abnormalities could easily impair the nutrient supply to neurons and, in this way, produce the neuronal alteration. The significance of glycogen in these tissues is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy, Chronical ; Hypertrophic Neuritis ; Schwann-Cell ; Onion Bulb ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Veränderungen bei dem mitgeteilten Fall von chronischer frühinfantiler Neuropathie bestehen in einer Modifikation der Schwann-Zellen, die zur Bildung eines konzentrischen Netzwerkes von Lamellen führt. Dieses wird durch eine doppelkonturierte Hülle der Basalmembran um zahlreiche große bemarkte und unbemarkte Fasern gebildet. Die Anomalien der Markscheiden sowie die Häufigkeit von Desmosomen sind bemerkenswert. Diese Besonderheiten unterscheiden diesen Fall von anderen, bisher beschriebenen chronischen Neuropathien. Trotzdem erscheint es derzeit nicht möglich, eine Aussage über die Spezifität der ultrastrukturellen Befunde am untersuchten Nerven zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary The principal lesion in this case of chronic early infantile neuropathy is a modification of the Schwann cell resulting in the formation of a concentric network of lamellae formed by a double-layered sheet of basement membrane around numerous, large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. The abnormalities in the myelin sheaths and the frequency of desmosomes are noteworthy. These peculiarities distinguish this case from other chronic neuropathies described up to now. Nevertheless, it is impossible to say at present whether the ultrastructural aspect of the nerve studied here is in any way specific.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Swayback of Lambs ; Electron Microscopy ; Corpus Callosum ; Myelogenesis ; Axonal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des Corpus callosum normaler Lämmer und von solchen mit „Swayback” (enzootische Ataxia) ergab den morphologischen Nachweis normaler Myelinentwicklung in beiden Tiergruppen. Von zwei Zellfortsätzen umgebene Axone wurden häufig beobachtet. Reaktive Veränderungen wurden in Axonen der „Swayback”-Lämmer gefunden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the corpus callosum of normal and swayback lambs has revealed morphological evidence of normal myelinogenesis in both groups of animals. Axons wrapped by two cell processes were frequently encountered. Reactive changes were found in axons in the swayback lambs. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Leucodystrophy, Metachromatic ; Enzyme Histochemistry, Electronmicroscopical ; Lysosomes ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la leucodystrophie métachromatique, les lipides anormaux s'accumulent dans les lysosomes des cellules gliales et des phagocytes. Les inclusions lipidiques les moins organisées sont les plus riches en phosphatases acides. Celles dont l'ultrastructure est prismatique ont une activité enzymatique très faible et semblent plus proches de corps résiduels que de lysosomes actifs. Il semble que l'absence d'arylsulfatase lysosomiale induise la persistance des sulfatides accumulés dans les lysosomes alors que les autres lipides provenant de la dégénérescence myélinique, seraient normalement catabolisés. Un remaniement progressif de l'ultrastructure du contenu des lysosomes en est la conséquence.
    Notes: Summary In metachromatic leucodystrophy abnormal lipids are stored within the lysosomes of the glial cells and phagocytes. The lipid inclusions which are the less structured are the richest in acid phosphatases. Those of which the ultrastructure is prismatic show a very low enzymatic activity and are more similar to residual bodies than to active lysosomes. It appears that the lack in lysosomal arylsulfatase leads to an accumulation of the sulfatide moiety of the stored lipids while the other lipids originating from the myelin breakdown, would be normally catabolized. This leads to a progressive transformation of the ultrastructure of the lysosome contents.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Tay-Sachs Disease ; Brain Subcellular Localization ; Hale Stain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von kolloidalem Eisen mit Sialomucinen (Hale stain) wurde zur elektronenmikroskopischen Darstellung der neuraminsäurehaltigen Ganglioside in den subcellulären Fraktionen des Gehirns angewandt. Zunächst wurde mit Hilfe tritiummarkierter Ganglioside überprüft, ob bei der Gewinnung subzellulärer Fraktionen Ganglioside nicht unspezifisch subcellulär adsorbiert werden. Eine nennenswerte Adsorption konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Das Verfahren wurde zuerst auf die aus Meerschweinchengehirnen isolierten Fraktionen angewandt. Da Nervenendigungen, Mitochondrien und Synapsenbläschen Hale-positiv reagierten, dienten Enzyminkubationen mit Neuraminidase und Hyaluronidase zur Differenzierung von anderen Hale-positiven sauren Substanzen. Schließlich wurde die Methode auf die cytoplasmatischen multilamellären Körperchen (MCB) übertragen, die aus Gehirnen an Tay-Sachs'scher Krankheit Verstorbener isoliert wurden. Aus den Versuchen konnte abgeleitet werden, a) daß die Hale-Färbung auch Ganglioside anfärbt, b) daß Ganglioside auf der Oberfläche der Membran von den multilamellären Körperchen und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch auf der Membran der Nervenendigungen lokalisiert sind, c) daß die Synapsenbläschen eine positive Reaktion ergeben, die jedoch nicht mit Sicherheit auf vorhandene Ganglioside zurückgeführt werden kann, d) daß die äußere Mitochondrienmembran Hale-positive Substanzen enthält, deren Natur unbekannt ist.
    Notes: Summary The reaction of colloidal ferric oxide with sialomucins (Hale stain) was applied to sialic acid-containing gangliosides in subcellular fractions of the brain, in order to investigate their localization by electron microscopy. Prior to all experiments, a check was made, by means of tritium-labeled ganglioside, to confirm that the ganglioside content in the subcellular particles was not the result of an unspecific adsorption during the isolating procedure. No considerable unspecific adsorption could be registered. Hale stain was first applied to subcellular fractions obtained from guinea-pig brains. Since nerve-endings, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles gave a positive staining reaction, incubations with neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were carried out in order to achieve a differentiation. Finally, the method was applied to the membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) which were isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay-Sachs disease. It was concluded that: a) Hale stain stains gangliosides also, b) gangliosides are localized in the membrane of membranous cytoplasmic bodies and also very probably in the membrane of nerve-endings, c) synaptic vesicles give a Hale-positive reaction which cannot with certainty be attributed to gangliosides, d) the outer membrane of mitochondria contains Hale-positive substances, the nature of which is not known.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Sodium Azide ; Electron Microscopy ; Ferritin ; Capillary Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle histotoxische Hypoxämie wurde in Ratten durch Natriumacid-Vergiftung erzeugt. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hirne ergab keine Veränderung, aber bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung fanden sich als Frühveränderungen in der Hirnrinde und im Subcortex eine Erweiterung der intercellulären Räume und eine Anschwellung der pericapillären Astrocytenfortsätze. Ferritinalbumin-Mischung, die als Indicator des Eiweißtransportes benutzt wurde, zeigte keine Vermehrung der Capillarpermeabilität. Es wird vermutet, daß Natriumacid den Wasserstoffwechsel beeinträchtigt, wobei es eine osmotische Ausgleichstörung im Gehirn erzeugt.
    Notes: Summary Histotoxic hypoxia was experimentally produced in the rat brain by sodium azide intoxication. In spite of the absence of light microscopic alterations, electron micrographs showed the early changes in the cerebral cortex and subcortex which consisted of widening of the intercellular space and swelling of the pericapillary astrocytic end-feet. However, ferritin-albumin mixture, used for the tracer of protein transport, did not show any increase in the capillary permeability. Sodium azide was considered to disturb the water metabolism, producing osmotic unbalance in the brain.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methamphetamine Poisoning (Artificial Psychosis) ; Synapses ; Nerve Conduction and Transmission ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amphetaminchlorid in Mengen von 1 mg pro kg pro Tag wurde 8 männlichen Meerschweinchen ungefähr 1 Jahr lang täglich injiziert, um eine chronische Amphetaminvergiftung zu erzeugen. Bei jedem vergifteten Tier wurde die Feinstruktur des Gehirns elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Befunde waren folgende: 1. Verschmelzung der Membranen zwischen Axonen in den Nervenendigungen sowie zwischen Axonen und Dendriten wurden in der Großhirnrinde, im limbischen System, im Thalamus und Hypothalmus beobachtet; ferner wurde eine sich vom Cytoplasma bis zur Nervenendigung erstreckende Membranstruktur in diesen Hirnbereichen festgestellt. 2. Im Frontal-, Parietal-, Temporal- und Occipitalhirn sowie im limbischen System fanden sich vermehrt membranbegrenzte Vesikel im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen und verdicktes und vermehrtes ER in den Nervenfasern. In Anbetracht klinischer Symptome der Patienten mit Amphetaminvergiftung wurde angenommen, daß die Verschmelzung von Membranen zwischen Nervenfortsätzen und das Auftreten der Membranstrukturen in allen Teilen des Nervenzellcytoplasmas vom Perikaryon bis zur Nervenendigung die wichtigsten Befunde sind, die darauf hindeuten, daß die Vergiftungsvorgänge einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Leitungssystem der Nerven ausüben können.
    Notes: Summary In 8 male albino strain guinea pigs, 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine HCl was injected daily for 7 months to 1 year to produce chronic methamphetamine intoxication and to study the fine structure of the brain electron microscopically. The following results were obtained: 1. Coalescence of membranes, between axons at the nerve endings and between axons and dendrites, was found in the cortex of the cerebrum and limbic system, in the thalamus and hypothalamus. Membranous structures were found in all portions of the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. 2. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, coated vesicles were increased in number with hypertrophy and increase of endoplasmic reticulum within nerve fibres in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, and in the limbic system. In view of these findings, as well as the clinical neurological symptoms in patients with methamphetamine poisoning, the coalescence of membranes between nerve processes and the appearance of membranous structures in all portions of nerve cell cytoplasm from body to nerve endings appear to represent the most important findings, they probably produce a profound disturbance in the system of nerve conduction and transmission.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Marginal Siderosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin-Sheath-Like Structures ; Plaques Fibromyéliniques ; Gliosis, Perivascular, Subpial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen mit einer experimentell erzeugten Randzonensiderose des Zentralnervensystems konnten elektronenmikroskopisch in der Großhirnrinde eigentümliche Spiralstrukturen beobachtet werden. Diese Spiralen fanden sich vornehmlich im Bereich von subpialen und perivasculären Gliosen vor. Sie bestanden aus äußerst dünnen lamellären Astrocytenausläufern, welche um andere astrocytäre Zellfortsätze oder um Dendriten aufgewickelt waren. Die spiralisierten Astrocytenausläufer wiesen in ihrem Inneren feine Filamente mit einer ziemlich regelmäßigen Anordnung auf. In radiärer Richtung ließen die astrocytären Lamellenspiralen eine periodische Schichtung erkennen, welche etwas an die von echten Markscheiden erinnerte. Es wird in Betracht gezogen, daß sie das submikroskopische Äquivalent der sog. Plaques fibromyéliniques darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Peculiar spiral structures could be observed by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex of rabbits with an experimentally produced marginal siderosis of the central nervous system. These spirals were found predominantly within areas of subpial and perivascular gliosis. They consisted of extremely thin lamellar astrocyte extensions winding around other astroglial processes or dendrites. The spirally coiled astrocyte extensions exhibited within their interior fine filaments having a rather regular arrangement. In the radial direction, the astrocytic lamellae spirals showed a periodic stratification somewhat resembling that of true myelin-sheaths. They were considered to represent the submicroscopic equivalent of the socalled plaques fibromyéliniques.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Wallerian Degeneration ; Nodal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen in den Ranvierschen Knoten des N.suralis der Ratte im Laufe der Wallerschen Degeneration berichtet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten 12 und 120 Std nach einer örtlichen Quetschungsverletzung. Die ersten bemerkbaren Veränderungen finden sich im Axon. Nodale und paranodale Anhäufungen von Mitochondrien, multivesikulären und lamellären Körpern, wie auch kleinen blasen- und röhrenartigen Bildungen sind teilweise in den Knoten sichtbar und am deutlichsten nach 24–36 Std erkennbar. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Aufsplitterung der Neurofilamente und Neurotubuli, die ihre Liniengestaltung verlieren und sich zusammenballen. Die Zone der erhöhten Dichte gerade unterhalb des nodalen Axolemmas bleibt erhalten. Veränderungen im Myelin beginnen etwas später und bestehen in einem vesikulären Verfall der Endomyelinlamellen und einer Trennung der Endomyelinschlaufen vom Axolemma durch Schwannzellenfortsätze. Dieser Vorgang schien mit einem Zurückziehen des Myelins vom Knoten im Zusammenhang zu stehen. Schwannzellenfortsätze erstrecken sich auch so weit, daß sie das nodale Axon bedecken, wobei sie die nodalen Schwannzellenfortsätze vom Axolemma trennen. Das Endstadium ist die Unterbrechung des nodalen Axons und die Verschmelzung der Myelinenden als Teil der Ovoidbildung.
    Notes: Summary Observations are reported on the ultrastructural alterations at the nodes of Ranvier in the rat sural nerve during the course of Wallerian degeneration. These were examined between 12 and 120 hours after a localized crush injury. The earliest detectable changes are in the axon. Nodal and paranodal accumulations of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, lamellar bodies and small vesicular and tubular profiles are seen at a proportion of the nodes and are most evident at 24–36 hours. Concomitantly with this, the neurofilaments and neurotubulus fragment, lose their alignment and clump together. The zone of increased density just beneath the nodal axolemma is preserved. Changes in the myelin begin slightly later and consist of vesicular breakdown of the terminal myelin lamellae, and separation of the terminal myelin loops from the axolemma by Schwann cell processes. The latter event appeared to be associated with retraction of the myelin from the node. Schwann cell processes also extend to cover the nodal axon, separating the Schwann cell nodal processes from the axolemma. The final stage is the interruption of the nodal axon and the fusion of the ends of the myelin as part of ovoid formation.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oligodendroglioma ; Nuclear Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Ultrastruktur von intranucleären stabförmigen Gebilden bei einem Oligodendrogliom beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets in an oligodendroglioma is described.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration of the CNS ; Van Bogaert-Bertrand-Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Astrocytic Mitochondria ; Abnormal Cerebral Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen an Muskel-und Hirnbiopsien eines Falles von spongiöser Degeneration des ZNS berichtet. Die in der grauen und weißen Hirnsubstanz enthaltenen Vacuolen entsprechen a) Spalten in den Markscheiden infolge Aufsplitterung an der intraperiodischen Linie und b) geschwollenen Astrocytenperikaryen und-fortsätzen. Ungewöhnliche Mitochondrien mit Gehalt an kristallinem Material fanden sich nur in Astrocyten. Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde entsprechen denen des Hirnödems. Es wird angenommen, daß die Astroglia eine primäre Rolle in der Flüssigkeitsansammlung spielt, während die Markscheidenschwellung als eine Sekundärläsion aufgefaßt wird. Die mögliche Bedeutung abnormer Astrocyten-Mitochondrien wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy study of skeletal muscle and cerebral biopsies from a case of spongy degeneration of central nervous system is reported. The multiple vacuoles present in cerebral gray and white matter correspond to (a) clefts within myelin sheaths resulting from splitting at the intraperiod line and (b) swollen astrocytic perikarya and processes. Unusual mitochondria containing crystalline-like material were observed only in astrocytes. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with cerebral edema. It is suggested that the astrocytes play a primary role in the fluid accumulation while the myelin swelling is a secondary lesion. The possible role of the abnormal astrocytic mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dystrophia myotonica ; Electron Microscopy ; Sarcolemmal Nuclei ; Myofibrillar Material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In fünf Fällen von Dystrophia myotonica zeigte die elektronenoptische Untersuchung von bioptisch entnommenem Material zentrale und subsarkolemmale Kerne, die komplexe vacuoläre Areale um myofibrilläres Material enthalten. Diese bisher nicht beobachtete Veränderung könnte durch Verlagerung von myofibrillärem Material in den Kern während seiner Wanderung in das Faserzentrum durch Invagination, aber nicht Durchbrechung der Kernmembran bedingt sein.
    Notes: Summary In five cases of dystrophia myotonica electron microscope preparations of muscle taken at biopsy showed both centrally placed and subsarcolemmal nuclei containing complex vacuolar areas enclosing myofibrillar material. It is suggested that this appearence, which has not been seen in any other condition, may be due to the forcing of myofibrillar material into the nucleus during its migration to the centre of the fibre invaginating but not breaching its membrane.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 118-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin Disintegration ; Cerebral Anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach experimenteller CO-Vergiftung fanden sich schwerere und ausgedehntere Läsionen in der weißen als in der grauen Hirnsubstanz. Zwischen akuter und chronischer CO-Vergiftung ergaben sich keine wesentlichen qualitativen Unterschiede der Hirnveränderungen. Die Läsionen nach chronischer Intoxikation waren jedoch schwerer als nach akuter Vergiftung. Die Nervenzellen zeigten leicht dilatiertes oder fragmentiertes EPR und Golgi-Komplexe, doch boten die Mitochondrien meist keine pathologischen Veränderungen. Bei chronischen Fällen fand sich gelegentlich eine deutliche Schwellung des EPR von Oligodendrogliazellen. Die Capillaren blieben intakt und die perivasalen Astrogliaendfüßchen waren nicht geschwollen. Im Mark kam es zu teilweisem Ausfall der normalen Markscheidenbestandteile. Die Marklamellen zeigten mäßige Exfoliation sowie eine Umwandlung in homogene oder strukturlose Substanz. Bemarkte Axone waren teilweise kontrahiert und zeigten auf Querschnitten unregelmäßige Form. Gelegentlich fand sich eine Vergrößerung der axonalen Mitochondrien und Zerstörung ihrer inneren Parallelstrukturen. Als Hauptfaktoren in der Pathogenese der Hirnveränderungen nach experimenteller CO_Vergiftung werden zerebrale Anoxie infolge CO-Hämoglobinbildung, cytotoxische Wirkung von CO auf das Hirngewebe und eine Störung der Blutzirkulation angenommen.
    Notes: Summary In experimental carbon monoxide poisoning, more marked and widespread pathological changes in the brain were seen in the white matter as compared with the gray matter. No essential difference, in the appearance of cerebral alterations, was detected between acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. It was confirmed that the changes resulting from chronic poisoning showed a higher degree of severity as compared with those resulting from acute poisoning. Nerve cells with slightly dilated or fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the gray matter were found infrequently. However, most mitochondria did not show any kind of abnormality in such cells. A remarkable dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes was sometimes seen in chronic cases. Capillaries remained intact and astrocytic perivascular foot-plates were not swollen. In the white matter, the normal constituents of the myelin sheath were partially lost and the myelin lamellae showed moderate exfoliation, or a change into homogenous or structureless substance. Myelinated axons were partially contracted and showed an irregularity in shape in transverse sections. Enlargement of occasional axonal mitochondria and the destruction of their internal parallel structures were observed. Cerebral anoxia caused by carboxyhaemoglobin, together with the cytotoxic action of carbon monoxide on the brain tissue and the disturbance of blood circulation in the brain are suggested as the chief factors in the pathogenesis of the cerebral alterations induced by experimental carbon monoxide poisoning.
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  • 16
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Cobalt Gelatine ; Plasmatic Infiltration ; Brain Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 25 erwachsenen Ratten wurde ein epileptogener Kobaltgelatineherd in einer Standardregion der Hirnrinde erzeugt. Die Tiere wurden am 1., 3., 5., 8., 14. 21. und 28. Tag nach der Operation getötet. Das Gebiet des epileptogenen Herdes wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die frühesten Veränderungen bestanden in ödem. Später traten Veränderungen der Astrocytenfortsätze auf, die sich an die Basalmembranen der Capillaren anlegten; die Intercellularräume erweiterten sich, füllten sich mit elektronenoptisch dichten Massen und entwickelten ein “plasmatisches Infiltrat”. Allmählich breitete sich dieses Exsudat weiter um die Capillaren aus; es trat an Orten auf, wo die Astrocytenfortsätze und die Dendriten schwer geschädigt waren und erfüllte die weiteren Intercellularräume des Neuropils. Die Nervenzellen zeigten eine auffallende Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber diesem pathologischen Prozeß. Manchmal waren sie umschlossen von Exsudatmassen und zum Teil oder ganz der zarten neuralen und Astrocytenfortsätze beraubt, von denen sie normalerweise umgeben sind. Unsere Befunde werden als das ultrastrukturelle Korrelat der Schols'schen “plasmatischen Infiltration” interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary In 25 adult rats an epileptogenic cobalt-gelatine focus was produced in a standard region of the cerebral cortex. The animals were killed successively on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after operation and the region of the epileptogenic focus was examined electron microscopically. The earliest changes were those of oedema. Later there occurred disturbances of the astrocytic processes which cling to the basement membranes of the capillaries; the intercellular spaces widened and filled with rather E. M. dense masses and a “plasmatic infiltrate” developed. Gradually this exudative substance spread even further from the capillaries. It appeared in places where the astrocytic processes were severely demaged and the dendrites were partly dissipated and it filled out the wide intercellular spaces of the neuropil. The nerve cells showed a striking resistance toward this pathological process. Sometimes they floated in the exudative masses but were partly or totally deprived of the fine neural and astrocytic processes which normally surround them. Our findings are interpreted as the ultrastructural correlate of Scholz's “plasmatic infiltration”.
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  • 17
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 250-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Congenital Myopathy ; Nemaline Myopathy ; Z-band Structure ; Sarcoplasmic Masses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale d'une observation de «Nemaline-Myopathy» a été centrée sur les rapports structurels entre bâtonnets et stries Z normales dans différentes conditions de fixation. L'aspect des stries Z, en section transversale, varie en effet avec la fixation: réseau de ponts «obliques» (par rapport à l'alignement quadratique régulier des terminaisons des filaments fins) après fixation osmiée, réseau de ponts «transversaux», isolé ou superposé au premier réseau, après fixation aldéhydique initiale. L'aspect des bâtonnets en section transversale varie également avec la fixation; la disposition quadratique des filaments constitutifs des bâtonnets est visible après l'une et l'autre fixation, mais un réseau quadratique régulier, de 75 Å de côté, n'est clairement apparent qu'après fixation aldéhydique. Le point important est que ce dernier aspect diffère complètement du réseau «oblique» des stries Z normales, et peut être rapproché au contraire du réseau «transversal» de la strie Z obtenu après fixation aldéhydique; l'hypothèse est ainsi soulevée de la constitution des ponts dans les bâtonnets aux dépens d'un seul des deux constituants morphologiques de la strie Z. La topographie des bâtonnets a été également étudiée: tantôt périphérique, au sein de masses sarcoplasmiques latérales, tantôt centrale, au sein de petits foyers de désintégration myofibrillaire. La structure des plaques motrices visibles dans les préparations était normale. La spécificité de la lésion élémentaire et l'autonomie de ce type de myopathie sont ensuite discutées.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural study of an observation of “Nemaline Myopathy” has been focused on structural relationships between rods and normal Z-bands in different conditions of fixation. The Z-band structure studied in transversal section, varies with the fixation: network of “oblique” (relative to the regular quadratic pattern of the thin filament endings) bridges after osmic fixation; network of “transversal” bridges, alone or associated to the first network, after aldehydic fixation. The rod structure, in transversal section, is also varying with the fixation: a quadratic disposal of the filamentary content is visible after both fixations, but a regular quadratic network, 75–85 Å side, is clearly appearent only after aldehydic fixation. This last network differs from the “oblique” network of the normal Z-band; it can be compared to the “transversal” one obtained in the Z-band after aldehydic fixation. The hypothesis that bridges in the rods are formed only by one of the two normal morphological components of the Z-band, is raised. Topography of the rods in muscle fibers has been studied: either in peripheral sarcoplasmic masses, or in small central-located foci of myofibrillar disintegration. The end-plates structure was normal. Specificity of the elementary lesion, and autonomy of that type of myopathy is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sodium Deposits ; Electron Microscopy ; Perfusion with Hydroxyadipaldehyde-Antimonate ; Extracellular Space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Modifikation der Methode zur ultrastrukturellen Darstellung von Natrium wird beschrieben, die eine Perfusion mit leicht alkalischer Mischung von Hydroxydipaldehyd, Phosphatpuffer und Kalium-Pyro-Antimonat verwendet. Im normalen Gehirn werden keine Natrium-Deposite angetroffen. Das spricht dafür, daß im Gehirn keine intraoder extracelluläre Konzentration über 150 mM vorliegt. Bei Vorliegen hoher NaCl-Konzentration sieht man ein großes, dichtes Präcipitat, das nach direkter Injektion in den extracellulären Räumen, Neuronen und Astrocyten lokalisiert werden kann. Im Mark der vergifteten Ratten findet sich ähnlich wie nach direkter Natrium-Injektion ein diskretes, gleichfalls als Natrium aufgefaßtes Präcipitat an der Oberfläche von Oligodendrogliazellen, aber nicht innerhalb dieser Zellen. Ein elektronendichtes Deposit unklarer Herkunft findet sich in den Myelinspalten, die nach akuter TET-Vergiftung auftreten. Der Wechsel in Charakter und Lokalisation dieser elektronendichten Partikel mahnt zur Vorsicht in ihrer Interpretation bei histochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden.
    Notes: Summary A modification of the technique for the ultrastructural demonstration of sodium is described which involves a perfusion with a slightly alkaline mixture of hydroxyadipaldehyde, phosphate buffer and potassium pyroantimonate. No sodium deposits are found in normal brain indicating that no intra or extracellular concentration exceeding 150 mM is present in the brain. In the presence of high concentration of NaCl, a large dense precipitate can be seen which after a direct injection can be localized to extracellular spaces, neurons and astrocytes. In the white matter of tin poisoned rats, as well as after the direct injection of sodium, a discrete precipitate, also believed to represent sodium, is noted at the surface of oligodendrocytes but not within these cells. An electron dense deposit of dubious origin is present in the myelin clefts which occur as a result of acute triethyltin intoxication. The variations in the character and localization of these electron dense particles emphasize the caution which is required in their interpretation following histochemical procedures.
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  • 19
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 276-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex Virus ; CNS Tissue Culture ; Multiplication in vitro ; Cytopathic Alterations ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die häufig diskutierte, (Mit)beteiligung von Herpes simplex-Virus (HSV) bei bestimmten Alterationen im ZNS sowie der hohe Neutropismus des HSV führte zur Frage, inwieweit sich HSV auch in in vitro gezüchteten, spezifischen Zellen vom Nerven-system vermehren und züchten läßt, und ob sich hierbei licht-und elektronenmikroskopisch charakteristische Alterationen nachweisen lassen. Es zeigte sich, daß sich das HSV in allen verschiedenen angezüchteten spezifischen Zellen (von Plexus chorioideus des Rhesusaffen, Kaninchenspinalganglien, menschlichen Oligodendrogliomen, Meningeomen sowie fibrillären und protoplasmatischen Astrocytomen) kultivieren und vermehren läßt. Hierbei kommt es in den spezifischen Zellen nicht nur lichtmikroskopisch zu charakteristischen cytopathischen Veränderungen, sondern auch biologisch zu einer signifikanten Vermehrung des Virus in diesen Zellen. Auch elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich viele der charakteristischen Bildungs-, Reifungs- und Ausschleusungsstadien des Virus in den Kernen und im Cytoplasma der Zellen beobachten. Die Besonderheiten der elektronenmikroskopisch erhobenen ultrastrukturellen Befunde werden ausführlich beschrieben, und die sich daraus abzuleitenden Möglichkeiten werden im Hinblick auf die biologischen Eigenheiten des HSV bei in vivo-Infektionen, aber auch im Hinblick auf die Deutung lichtmikroskopisch histochemischer und immunhistologischer Befunde nach in vivo-Infektionen mit diesem Virus ausführlich diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The participation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in certain alterations of the CNS has been partially questioned and frequently discussed. Therefore, the question arose whether HSV can also be cultivated and multiplied in vitro in CNS specific cells, and if so, whether characteristic alterations and structures can be observed by means of light and electron-microscopic examinations. Our data demonstrate that HSV multiplies in all different specific cells originating from plexus chorioideus of rhesus monkeys, from spinal ganglia of rabbit, from human oligodendroglioma, meningeoma as well as from fibrillar and protoplasmatic astrocytoma. Characteristic cytopathic alterations of these specific cells and significant multiplication of the virus in these cells are to be found. Many of the characteristic forms of formation, maturation and release of HSV can be seen by electronmicroscopic examinations. The particular ultrastructural data observed by electron microscopy are described in detail and the resulting possibilities are broadly discussed not only with regard to the biologic particularity of HSV in in vivo infection but also in view of the interpretations, deriving from histochemical and immunohistological data obtained by light microscopy after in vivo infection.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 301-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningiomas ; Electron Microscopy ; Endotheliomatous, Fibromatous Type ; Light Cells ; Dark Cells ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 17 chirurgisch entfernte Meningiome vom endotheliomatösen und 5 vom fibromatösen Typ wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Unterschiede im Entwicklungsgrad der cytoplasmatischen Fortsätze und der Beziehungen zwischen den Plasmamembranen der Tumorzellen wurden in den endotheliomatösen Meningeomen beobachtet. In 4 fibromatösen Tumoren sind die zelligen Areale von bindegewebigen Räumen umgeben. Auch wenn die meisten Tumorzellen helle Zellen sind und sich nicht wesentlich von den Tumorzellen der endotheliomatösen Meningiome unterscheiden, ist die histologische Anordnung der fibromatösen klar von derjenigen der endotheliomatösen Meningeome zu trennen. Ausschlaggebend dafür ist die starke Entwicklung des Bindegewebes. Die Dunkelzellen lassen sich in zwei Typen gliedern: Typ I wird in vier Tumoren mit stark ausgebildetem Bindegewebe angetroffen. Die Analyse der inneren Zellstruktur sowie das Vorliegen von Übergängen zwischen hellen und dunklen Zellen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß diese nur verschiedene Typen einer einzigen Ursprungszelle darstellen. Die Bedeutung dieser verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der Meningiomzellen wird diskutiert. Die Ultrastruktur der Tumorzellen ähnelt derjenigen der normalen arachnoidalen Zellen. Rückschlüsse auf die blastodermale Herkunft der normalen und tumoralen meninigalen Zellen auf Grund ihrer ultrastrukturellen Merkmale erscheinen verfrüht.
    Notes: Summary Seventeen surgically removed meningiomas of the endotheliomatous and five of the fibromatous type were investigated with an electron microscope. Differences of the development of cytoplasmic processes and the relations between plasma membranes of blastomatous cells were observed in endotheliomatous meningiomas. In four of the fibromatous tumors the cell groups were surrounded by spaces of connective tissue. Although most of the tumor cells were light cells and are not essentially different from the tumor cells of the endotheliomatous meningiomas, the histological structure of fibromatous meningiomas is clearly distinguished from the endotheliomatous type, because of the greater amount of connective tissue. The dark cells may be divided into two types: the first was found in those four tumors, where the connective tissue is well developed, while the second one only occurred in one of the tumors. The analysis of the inner cell structure as well as the presence of interstages between dark and light cells makes it probable that dark and light cells are different types of one original cell. The cause of this different appearance of the menigioma cells is discussed. The fine structure of the tumor cells showed a great similarity with that of normal arachnoidal cells. Conclusions on the blastodermic origin of normal and blastomatous meningial cells on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics, however, seem to be premature.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Leucoencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Tubular Inclusions ; Inclusion Bodies (Cristalline Rods, Fibrillar Bundles, Nuclear Bodies, Osmiophilic Particles)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs rapportent 4 observations caractéristiques de LESS: L'analyse ultra-structurale montre: 10 — des inclusions tubulaires intra-nucléaires neuronales ou gliales et intra-axonales de morphologie superposable à celle des nucléocapsides des myxo-virus, de la rougeole en particulier. 20 — des formations non spécifiques: corps nucléaires, faisceaux cristallins et fibrillaires traduisant un trouble métabolique nucléaire, particules osmiophiles liées à une hyperactivité cellulaire. Les inclusions tubulaires virales sont présentes quelque soit la durée de la maladie (3 mois à 5 ans) indiquant l'absence d'autostérilisation virale dans le S.N.C. La LESS apparaît liée au virus rougeoleux mais le mécanisme indirect immunitaire ou métabolique de cette action est inconnu.
    Notes: Summary Four cases of S.S.L.E are reported. The electron microscopy findings show: 1. Tubulary inclusion bodies: They appear in three cases out of four, either in neuronal and glial nucleus or in axis cylinders. Their morphological features are similar to the nucleocapsides of myxoviruses and particularly measles-virus. 2. Other different types of nonspecific inclusions: nuclear bodies, cristalline-like rods and fibrillar bundles which may be considered as the result of a nuclear metabolic disorder, osmiophilic particles which may be seen as the result of a cellular intracytoplasmic hyperactivity. The tubules are found whatever the duration of the disease (3 months up to 5 years) may be. This might indicate that there is no autosterilization of the virus in the C.N.S. during the course of S.S.L.E. According to the most recent papers, such a disease might be interpreted as an infection indirectly induced by measles-virus with an unknown immunologic or metabolic mechanism.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 197-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral Nerves ; Axons ; Myelin Sheaths ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine kombinierte licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung am normalen N. suralis von 7 Menschen im Alter von 15–59 Jahren wurde vorgenommen. Qualitative und quantitative Beobachtungen an Schwann-Zellen und Fibroblasten, markhaltigen und marklosen Fasern wurden an isolierten Faszikeln durchgeführt. Schwannzellen überwiegen gegenüber Fibroblasten im Verhältnis von etwa 9:1. Die meisten Schwannzellen (etwa 80%) liegen an marklosen Fasern. Die Faktoren, welche die Dichte dieser Zellen pro Querschnittsareal beeinflußen, werden diskutiert. Einige ultrastrukturelle Befunde an bemarkten Fasern werden beschrieben und ihre Zahl pro mm2 sowie die Häufigkeitsverteilung ihrer Dicke wird angegeben. Eine indirekte Methode zur Bestimmung der mittleren Internodienlänge für jede der Markfasergrößenpopulationen an Querschnitten von Faszikeln normaler Nerven durch Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der markhaltigen Fasersegmente zu ihrer Kernzahl wird vorgeschlagen. Die Ultrastruktur der marklosen Nervenfaern wird beschrieben und die Identifizierung dieser Axone mit extremen Durchmessern diskutiert. Ihre Dichte und Größenfrequenzhistogramme sind die ersten, die am Menschen durch systematische elektronenoptische Untersuchungen veröffentlicht werden. Das mittlere Verhältnis von marklosen zu bemarkten Fasern ist etwa 3,7:1 und schwankt in den Faszikeln der Einzelindividuen.
    Notes: Summary A combined light and electron microscope study of the normal sural nerve in 7 people aged 15–59 years is reported. Qualitative and quantitative studies of the Schwann cells and fibroblasts, myelinated and unmyelinated fibres are made in isolated fascicles. Schwann cells predominate over fibroblasts in the ratio of about 9-1. Most Schwann cells, almost 80%, are attached to unmyelinated fibres. Factors influencing the densities of these cells per cross sectional area are discussed. Some ultrastructural features of the myelinated fibres are described and their numbers per sq.mm and frequency distribution of their sizes are produced. An indirect method is proposed for assessing the mean internodal length for earch of the myelinated fibre size populations in cross sections of fascicles of normal nerves by estimating the proportion of myelinated segments cut through their nucleus. The ultrastructure of unmyelinated fibres is described and the identification of axons of extreme diameter is discussed. Their densities and size frequency histograms are the first to be reported in man by systematic electron microscope studies. The average ratio of unmyelinated to myelinated fibre density is about 3.7:1 though it varies in the fascicles of the different individuals. The implications of axonal diameter in the presence of myelin are commented on.
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  • 23
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 329-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myopathy ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; Glycogen, Muscular
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen wurden an Muskelbiopsien von 4 Fällen hypokaliämischer periodischer Paralyse durchgeführt. Die frühesten Veränderungen betreffen nach Meinung der Verfasser das sarkoplasmatische Reticulum: Vacuolisierung des Längssystems und vermutlich Multiplikation des Quersystems. Es wird vermutet, daß die Vacuolenbildung die Folge einer Fusion der Vesikeln des Quersystems darstellt. Destruktion von Myofibrillen und Vergrößerung der, interfibrillären Räume treten erst in späteren Phasen des Krankheitsprozesses auf. Ausdehnung und Intensität dieser Veränderungen bedingen das typische histologische Bild myogener Läsionen bei Fällen m klinisch fixierten Symptomen der Myopathie.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron-microscopic studies were performed on the muscles taken from 4 cases with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The authors conclude that the earliest changes concern the sarcoplasmic reticulum: vacuolisation of the longitudinal system and probably, multiplication of the transverse system. It is suggested, that vacuoles are formed as a result of fusion of the vesicles of the transverse system. Destruction of myofibrilles and enlargement of the interfibrillar spaces appear at a later period of the disease process. Extensive and intensive changes of that kind present a typical appearance of myogenic changes in histological study observed in the cases with clinically fixed symptomes of myopathy.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Physiologic ; Phosphonic Acids ; Phosphates ; Crystallization ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la formation de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium cristallin à partir de solutions d'ions de calcium et de phosphate et l'inhibition de la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium au moyen de polyphosphonates et de polyphosphates. Les polyphosphonates, éthane hydroxy-1-diphosphonate-1,1 de disodium et dichlorométhanediphosphonate de disodium, sont inhibiteurs efficaces contre la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium. Les polyphosphates sont aussi inhibiteurs efficaces contre la croissance de cristaux de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium tant que le niveau exigé de polyphosphate intact est présent dans le système. Cependant, à cause de leur instabilité hydrolytique, qui est soulignée par une température élevée, valeur de pH basse, et certaines enzymes, la concentration du polyphosphate diminue avec le tempsin vitro, et son activité comme inhibiteur est perdue. Au contraire aux polyphosphates, les polyphosphonates sont hydrolytiquement stables. Les polyphosphonates sont chimiosorbés sur la surface des microcristallites de l'hydroxyapatite de calcium, ainsi empêchant l'occurrence d'autre croissance de cristaux semblable à l'action d'autres poisons connus de croissance de cristaux. On propose l'extension de cette action sur la formation de l'apatite et cette stabilité des polyphosphonates aux applications médicales et dentaires concernant le metabolisme pathologique de calcium et de phosphate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bildung des kristallinen Calciumhydroxyapatit aus Lösungen, welche Calcium- und Phosphationen enthalten, und die Hemmung der Bildung von kristallinen Calciumhydroxyapatit durch Polyphosphonate und Polyphosphate wurden untersucht. Polyphosphonate, Dinatriumäthan-1-hydroxyl-1,1-diphosphonat und Dinatriumdichloromethandiphosphonate verhindern das Kristallwachstum des Calciumhydroxyapatits. Die Polyphosphate verhindern ebenfalls das Kristallwachstum des Calciumhydroxyapatits, solange die notwendige Konzentration des nicht hydrolysierten Polyphosphats vorhanden ist. Wegen ihrer hydrolytischen Unbeständigkeit, die durch hohe Temperatur, niedrige pH und bestimmte Enzyme erhöht wird, vermindert sich jedoch die Konzentration des Polyphosphats allmählichin vitro, und ihre Hemmungsaktivität geht verloren. Im Gegensatz zu den Polyphosphaten sind die Polyphosphonate hydrolytisch beständig. Die Polyphosphonate werden an der Oberfläche der Mikrokristallite des Calciumhydroxyapatits chemisorbiert und verhindern, wie andere bekannte Kristallwachstumsgifte, auf diese Weise weiteres Kristallwachstum. Die Beständigkeit der Polyphosphonate und ihre Chemisorption an dem Apatit empfehlen ihren Gebrauch in der ärztlichen und zahnärztlichen Praxis, soweit sie den pathologischen Calcium- und Phosphatstoffwechsel betreffen.
    Notes: Abstract The formation of crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite from solutions of calcium and phosphate ions and the inhibition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth by polyphosphonates and polyphosphates have been studied. The polyphosphonates, disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and disodium dichloromethane diphosphonate, are effective inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth. The polyphosphates are also effective inhibitors of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth as long as the required level of intact polyphosphate is present in the system. However, because of their hydrolytic instability, which is enhanced by high temperature, low pH, and certain enzymes, the concentration of the polyphosphate decreases with timein vitro, and its activity as an inhibitor is lost. In contrast to the polyphosphates, the polyphosphonates are hydrolytically stable. The polyphosphonates are chemisorbed on the surface of the microcrystallites of calcium hydroxyapatite and, in the manner of other known crystal growth poisons, thus prevent further crystal growth. The stability of the polyphosphonates and their chemisorption on apatite suggest their use in medical and dental applications involving pathological calcium and phosphate metabolism.
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  • 25
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 18-24 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effects of pore diffusion in the catalytic oxidation of ethylene on copper oxide-alumina have been studied by varying the catalyst size and maintaining constant the ratio of the tube to the pellet diameter. Hydrocarbon analysis was determined with a flame ionization detector; infrared analyzers were used to determine carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations. Other reaction products were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Curvature of the Arrhenius plots and increase in reaction order with temperature indicated a transition region between kinetic control at lower temperatures and pore diffusion control at higher temperatures. A calculation procedure which was developed to predict the conversion considering pore diffusion effects provided satisfactorily agreement between calculated and experimental results.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of attrition of a catalyst sample, of a single particle size, can be expressed by a simple function of initial diameter and time. The initial rate is a function of initial diameter, whereas the decrease in attrition rate of a catalyst of a given size as it ages depends only on time.The attrition equation for a single size of particles is introduced into the particle size distribution function and, through mathematical analyses, yields a relationship for the attrition of a full size-range catalyst. The form of this relationship, which includes terms for attritability and severity of attrition conditions, is verified by laboratory and commercial attrition data on two full-range catalysts. The size distribution of an attrited sample is not expressible in simple analytical form, but is readily obtained by numerical analysis.
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 94-100 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Process design computations are represented by directed graphs whose edges correspond to streams of information flow between computational units. Algorithm I-R extends existing algorithms for finding the minimal sized blocks of units between which no recycle exists. Algorithm II-R orders the sequence of unit computations within a block to minimize the number of recycle parameters. Algorithm III-R uses the concept of indexing to order computations which evade algorithm II-R. This work is directed toward the evolution of efficient programs for computer-aided process design.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The permeation of carbon dioxide through polyethylene membranes has been studied at pressures up to 54.4 atm. and at temperatures above and below the critical temperature of the gas (31.0°C.). The permeability coefficient is independent of pressure at the highest experimental temperature (61.0°C.), but becomes increasingly pressure-dependent as the temperature is lowered. The principle of corresponding states can be used to correlate the solubility of both gases and vapors in polyethylene over a wide range of temperatures. This principle can also be invoked to obtain an upper limit for the penetrant pressure above which the permeability coefficient becomes pressure-dependent. The effect of pressure on the permeability, solubility, and diffusivity of gases and vapors in polyethylene is discussed in some detail.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 146-149 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differently shaped bubbles were observed growing during nucleate boiling of water at atomspheric pressure. The surface temperature beneath the bubbles was measured simultaneously with a fast response surface thermocouple. The evaporation from the base necessary to account for the observed cooling was calculated. A comparison of the ratio of vapor volume formed at the base to the total volume of the bubble shows a dependency on bubble shape. The ratio is smallest for spherical bubbles, largest for hemispherical and intermediate for oblate bubbles.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilities and diffusivities of various gases (helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon, krypton, and monochlorodifluoromethane) in molten or thermally softened polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, and polymethylmethacrylate) have been correlated with structural characteristics, temperature, and pressure. Temperature dependence of both Henry's Law constants and diffusivities were of the Arrhenius equation form. No appreciable effect of pressure was found for either Henry's Law constants or diffusivities up to 300 atm. Earlier correlations for Henry's Law constants in solid polymer systems were found to be inapplicable for molten and thermally softened polymers. New correlations were developed individually for the latter systems. The correlating factor used was the gas Lennard-Jones force constant. Existing correlations for diffusivities were also found not to apply to molten and thermally softened systems. New correlations were again developed on an individual polymer basis. These related diffusivity to gas Lennard-Jones collision diameter or molecular diameter. Generalized correlations were also developed that held for a number of polymers. These were for both Henry's Law constants and diffusivities.
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  • 34
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 303-305 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 276-281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a numerical procedure for optimizing a large set of interconnected systems with respect to a given index of performance. The method automatically constructs the vector differential equation of the complete system from (a) the vector differential equations describing the behavior of the components of the system and (b) the manner of their interconnection. A hill-climbing method is then used to select optimum values of the system's parameters to maximize a given index of performance. An example of the procedure applied to a high order system is included.
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 442-449 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An absolute rate theory based on a plausible model of the activated state, was developed for the interfacial kinetics of crystal growth from the melt. Except for liquid metals the theory predicts the growth rates of pure materials within about an order of magnitude. A microinterferometric technique was employed to observe liquid compositions near the faces of crystals growing from binary melts. For the simple eutectic system composed of salol and thymol, the theory represents the composition and temperature dependence of the growth rate.
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  • 38
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 308-311 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 327-333 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The laminar boundary layers on a moving continuous flat surface in non-Newtonian fluids characterized by the power law model are investigated using exact and approximate methods. Both pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids are considered. Numerical solutions of the boundary-layer equations are obtained for values of the parameter n in the power law model ranging from 0.1 to 2.0. An integral solution of the momentum equation, which can be used to obtain values of the dimensionless shearing stress that are in good agreement with the exact values, is developed. An integral solution to the energy equation is also presented.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Forced convection heat transfer from vertical cylinders normal to an air-water spray flow stream was measured over an air velocity range from 60 to 140 ft./sec. and a water spray density range from 0.03 to 0.50 lb.m/(min.) (sq. in.). Local heat transfer coefficients were determined at 15 deg. intervals around the circumference of both a 1.5 and a 1.0 in. diam. cylinder. It was found that the addition of 0.426 lb.m/(min.) (sq. in.) of water spray to a 133 ft./sec. air stream raised the stagnation point heat transfer coefficient from 45 to 1,650 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.) (°F.). Similar intensification was found for other angles around the cylinder circumference; however, the magnitude decreased with increasing distance from the stagnation point. Local heat transfer coefficients were normalized with respect to their corresponding stognation point values and plotted parametrically as a function of angle and air velocity. These profiles showed that the normalized heat transfer coefficients decreased with increasing air velocity at angles other than the stagnation point. Average cylinder heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the air-water data and two correlations were obtained relating these coefficients to the air and the water spray Reynolds number.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the radiolytic oxidation of cyclohexane in aqueous solution by using cobalt 60 gamma radiation. In the presence of dissolved oxygen gas the reaction proceeds irreversibly with the formation of a number of oxidation products. Those identified were cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and hydrogen peroxide. Trace quantities of carbon dioxide were also detected in the liquid phase. Using a constant dose rate of 15 × 104 rad./hr. in all runs, radiation yields were G(C6H11OH) = 0.49, and G(C6H10O) = 1.08. When molecular oxygen was excluded from the system, neither cyclohexanol nor cyclohexanone was formed on irradiation. A simplified kinetic model based on competition by the various solutes in the system for a single primary radical species produced by radiolysis of the solvent molecules is developed. Results generated using the mathematical model are compared with the experimental data. Excellent agreement between the observed and computed trends is noted at radiation doses up to 50 × 104 rad.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 414-418 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal unsteady control of a jacketed tubular reactor with and without heat generation due to chemical reaction in response to a step disturbance in the feed stream concentration is computed. More rigorous control action was found to be necessary for the case with heat generation than without heat generation. Convergence of the method was also investigated with fixed and free final time.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 434-441 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is performed of the strongly coupled heat and mass transfer processes which result from sublimation of mass from the walls of a duct into a flowing gas, the latent heat being provided solely by convective transfer from the gas. The flow is assumed to be laminar and hydrodynamically developed. Results are given for the streamward variations of the bulk and wall temperatures and mass fractions, of the heat and mass transfer rates, and of the local heat transfer coefficient. Representative temperature and mass fraction profiles are also presented. Entrance lengths characterizing the near approach to fully developed conditions are tabulated. Comparisons are made of the present results (based on a parabolic velocity profile) with those based on a slug flow velocity profile. A subsidiary analysis using the Lévěque model is also performed and the results compared with those of the principal solution.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 712-715 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The liquid that moves along the duct walls in the annular regime observed in gas-liquid flows often consists of a series of flow surges (roll waves) moving over a thin liquid film (base film). At a given gas velocity there is a critical flow rate of the liquid below which roll waves are not present. Measurements of the height and wall stress are presented to support the notion that the conditions in the base film are close to those which exist at the critical liquid flow rate.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 727-733 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data are reported for heat transfer from water to melting ice spheres and for mass transfer in the case of dissolving spheres of pivalic acid suspended in water agitated in a stirred vessel. The transport coefficients are found to depend on agitator power input but not on agitator design, in agreement with the Kolmogoroff theory. These experimental results are used with others in the literature to develop a correlation involving Nusselt and Prandtl or Schmidt numbers together with a dimensionless group involving agitation power. The correlation is essentially independent of solid-liquid density ratio in the range 0.8 to 1.25, and in this range the gravity group also appears to be unimportant.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 592-596 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and pressure drop data were taken on commercial plate heat exchange equipment. Nusselt and Euler correlations were determined for each of the six commercial heat exchangers investigated. These correlations were combined to establish a single heat transfer-pressure drop relationship for any plate type of heat exchanger channel.The results of this investigation were tested by using the correlations developed in Part I of this series to predict pressure drop data for the commercial unit based on their channel geometries. These predicted pressure drops were then used with the results of this part of the series to predict and compare heat transfer data.The correlations developed in this work allow one to determine the heat transfer characteristics in a ribbed rectangular channel from the pressure drop characteristics of the channel in question.
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 615-617 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 829-836 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized approach to reverse osmosis process design is presented for solution-membrane-operating systems characterized by the dimensionless parameters γ, θ, and λ defined in terms of the pure water permeability constant A, solute transport parameter (DAM/Kδ), mass transfer coefficient k on the high pressure side of the membrane, and the properties of the solution. Analytical expressions are derived, in terms of dimensionless quantities, for the change of volume of solution, concentration of the bulk solution and that of the concentrated boundary solution on the high pressure side of the membrane, the change in the permeating velocity of solvent water through the membrane, solute separation, and the other related quantities, at any instance, as a function of concentration of the product solution on the atmospheric pressure side of the membrane, or time from the start of the operation for reverse osmosis systems specified by γ, θ, and λ. The equations are applicable to membranes for which (DAM/Kδ) is independent of solute concentration and feed flow rate, and for aqueous feed solutions whose molar density can be assumed constant and whose osmatic pressure is proportional to mole fraction. The equations are developed first for the case of batch-by-batch operation, and their applicability to the flow case is then indicated.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 861-865 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The final stages of condensation polymerization are characterized by a rapid rise in molecular weight, as the condensation product is formed and diffuses out of the polymer. The process occurring is one of desorption accompanied by a chemical reaction. The penetration theory equations for a generalized condensation polymerization reaction have been solved and some solutions are presented. The penetration theory solution, obtained by finite-difference computations, is compared with an analytical solution for the special case of no diffusional resistance.
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 933-935 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 815-822 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations were developed for evaluating the laminar flow behavior of high-solids suspensions from the physical properties of the liquid and solid components. A technique was developed for calculating suspension flow rates as a function of pressure drop. The technique is applicable to the design of pipe lines. Flow measurements were made in pipe-line viscometers of a unique design that minimized entrance and exit effects. Experimental flow data were obtained for suspensions consisting of nickel, alumina, copper, or glass solids in sodium, xylene, or glycerine vehicles with solids concentrations of 28 to 55 vol. %. The basis for the correlation of the data was an analytical investigation of the flow behavior that considered the particle-particle interaction that takes place in a settled suspension. The correlation equations fit all systems investigated. They take into account the effects of liquid viscosity, liquid and solid densities, particle size, size distribution, particle surface area, volume fraction of solids in the suspension, and volume fraction of solids at maximum settled conditions.
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 853-860 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A realistic CSTR model was developed and verified experimentally. The reaction studied was the exothermic, base sodium hydroxide catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The model was used to evaluate the usefulness of the following stability analyses: steady state analysis, local linearization and Liapunov's direct method through Krasovskii's theorem. The effect of control valve hysteresis on the system was also investigated.
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 866-872 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The local volume average of the equation of motion is taken for an incompressible fluid flowing through a porous structure under conditions such that inertial effects may be neglected. The result has two terms beyond a pressure gradient: g, the force per unit volume which a flowing fluid exerts on a porous structure, and the divergence of the local volume-averaged extra stress tensor (viscous portion of the stress tensor).Constitutive equations for g are examined with the aid of the principle of material indifference. When g is assumed to be a function of the velocity of the fluid relative to the solid as well as various scalars, the usual results for a nonoriented (isotropic) porous structure are obtained. When g is assumed to be a function of the local porosity gradient as well, we derive a new expression for g applicable to oriented (anisotropic) porous structures.For a Newtonian fluid with a constant viscosity, the divergence of the local volume-averaged extra stress tensor is proportional to the Laplacian of the averaged velocity vector. Boundary conditions for the averaged velocity vector are discussed. Three problems are solved for the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a nonoriented permeable medium. These solutions, as well as an order-of-magnitude analysis, suggest that we may often neglect both the Laplacian of average velocity and the boundary conditions for the tangential components of averaged velocity at an impermeable wall.Two specific constitutive equations for g are proposed for the flow of incompressible Noll simple fluids in nonoriented porous structures. Flow through a porous medium bounded by an impermeable cylindrical surface is solved for these two constitutive equations, and the results are compared with previously available experimental data.
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 3-155 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 4-10 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dye tracer technique was utilized to measure the residence time distribution of the drops in a spray column, operating with a dispersed or a dense packing of drops, for a wide range of flow rates, in a 15 cm.in diameter, 150 to 160 cm. long column proper.For dispersed packing of drops and for flow rates below the onset of coalescence, the flow of the drops was approximately plug flow, with a variance of the residence time distribution of 0.095. For flow rates above the onset of coalescence within the column, the variance increased sharply to 0.55 and decreased at higher flow rates.For dense packing of drops the variance of the residence time distribution was in the range of 0.1 to 0.5. This variance is attributed to the effect of bypassing water and kerosene near the wall of the column. A mathematical model based on this effect showed reasonable fit with the experimental results. This model predicts an approach to plug flow of the drops for large diameter columns.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 57-63 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sensitivity matrix is defined as a measure of trajectory deviations to small parameter variations of both open and closed loop controlled nonlinear parabolic and first-order hyperbolic systems. In general the parameters may enter through the system equations or the boundary conditions and may be time or spatially dependent. The introduction of a positive measure of the sensitivity, the norm of the sensitivity matrix, into the performance index is shown to be effective in limiting the trajectory deviations due to the parameter variations. The open and closed loop control of a double pipe heat exchanger is analyzed with the open loop problem solved by an approximate procedure. The sensitivity reformulation is successful in reducing trajectory sensitivity, however at the cost of decreased overall performance.
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  • 57
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Axial dispersion was studied experimentally for turbulent flow through a 1 1/4-in. piping system containing 90 deg. elbows. The Reynolds number range was 15,400 to 96,555. The imperfect pulse tracer technique was used with the axial dispersion numbers being obtained from the difference in variances of concentration-time curves observed at two points in the system.Elbows interconnected by short lengths of pipe with each succeeding one reversed so as to cause a change in the direction of flow, increased axial dispersion by 35 to 61% over that expected for straight pipe, while the same elbows turned so as to form a helix decreased the dispersion substantially; however, the amount of axial dispersion was still 8 to 22% greater than that observed for straight pipe.The equivalent lengths of the elbows depend upon both their arrangement and the Reynolds number. Closely placed, helically arranged elbows required equivalent lengths of from 2.9 to 5.1 diam., while a reversed arrangement required 6.9 to 11.6 diam. Elbows separated by a developing length and randomly arranged yielded an equivalent length range of 3.6 to 10.6 diam. The geometical l/d ratio of the elbows used was 2.05.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 100-105 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A region into which particles arrive in a random manner, remain a random amount of time, and then leave is considered. This model is used in penetration theories of heat and mass transfer. From observations of the number of particles present at any time, it is desired to estimate arrival and exit statistics, residence time statistics, and average rates of transfer across the region. Assuming arrival is a Poisson process, equations governing the above statistics are derived. Some problems in spectral analysis arising from the use of nondifferentiable stochastic processes are solved. Estimators for important parameters are discussed, and it is shown that generally they are biased. A derivation linking the rate of transfer across the region with the rates of transfer of particles is obtained and compared with other such results.
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 126-127 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differential equations were derived to describe the system characterized by a rapid, irreversible reaction of a fluid species in a flowing fluid with a fixed bed of solids in which the reaction rate was controlled by mass transfer of the reacting fluid from the bulk fluid to the reaction site in the solid. Two kinds of mass transfer resistances were assumed, external or film diffusion resistance, and internal pore diffusion resistance. The set of differential equations were solved by a finite-difference method for both the generalized case and for the specific case of reaction of hydrogen in a stream of helium with fixed beds of copper oxide pellets.The hydrogen-copper oxide reaction is one step in a proposed method for removal of hydrogen as a contaminant in the helium coolant of nuclear reactors. This reaction was experimentally investigated in tests with both differential and deep beds of copper oxide in the temperature range of 400 to 600°C., at pressures of 10.2 to 30.0 atm., with gas mass flow rates of 0.0050 to 0.050 g./sq.cm.-sec, and with inlet hydrogen concentrations of 0.0008 to 1.21 vol. %. These tests showed that the system could be described by the two rate-limiting steps: film and pore diffusion of hydrogen. Differential-bed tests were used to establish hydrogen transport properties within the porous copper oxide pellets, and tests with deep beds were used to establish external mass transport properties.Generalized breakthrough curves were determined by a computer solution of the mathematical model. These curves can be the basis for design of fixed-bed copper oxide oxidizers for gas-cooled, nuclear reactor purification systems and for design of any fixed-bed system which follows the assumed reaction mechanism.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 133-135 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 136-137 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 144-146 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liapunov's direct method is used to establish a finite region of asymptotic stability for nonlinear systems with an arbitrary number of state variables. The procedure is a geometric one in multidimensional space which uses the Fletcher-Powell minimization technique to find the maximum time derivative of the Liapunov function on the closed Liapunov hypersurface. Three detailed examples are presented, the first being the classical 2-variable CSTR with heat transfer and the third being a 32-variable 16-stage model of an adiabatic tubular reactor with axial diffusion.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 194-199 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A shell progressive kinetic model is used to determine the temperature rise in a spherical pellet for a gas-solid diffusion controlled reaction. The effects of heat and mass transfer resistances in the gas film as well as inside the pellet are investigated. The predicted temperature rise may be severe enough to cause sintering to catalyst pellets in which reactions such as combustion of coke occur.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 220-226 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 208-214 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments have been carried out to measure the permeation of tritium-labeled toluene through polyethylene films fully swollen with chlorobenzene, mesitylene, cumene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cyclohexane, tetrahydronaphthalene, and decahydronaphthalene. The results show characteristic Arrhenius temperature dependence over the range 25 to 40°C. The permeation of toluene through the films appears to be enhanced by increased solubility of the swelling agent (estimated from the work of others) in the film and there also appears to be a rough correlation between permeability of toluene and the boiling points and vapor pressures of the swelling agents. The range of permeabilities measured at 25°C. is 2.09 × 10-7 to 0.51 × 10-7 sq.cm./sec., the extremes of measured permeation activation energy, Ep, are 11.41 to 16.68 kcal./mole, and the pre-exponential factor, Po, falls within the interval 36.59 to 1.29 × 105 sq.cm./sec. A very definite linear relationship or compensation effect is evident between Po and Ep. Except as mentioned above, none of these quantities appears to correlate uniformly with the following properties of swelling solvent: molecular weight, dipole moment, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, heat of vaporization, critical temperature, viscosity, surface tension, molar volume, molecular area or other molecular dimensions.
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxidation-reduction rates have been determined in stirred liquid-liquid systems wherein tetravalent cerium ions in a continuous aqueous phase were reduced by tetrachlorohydroquinone contained in dispersed organic droplets. Kinetic data obtained (using low volume fractions (〈0.06) of dispersed organic phase) indicate that the rate of reduction of ceric cerium is proportional to the extent of the interfacial area of the stirred liquid-liquid system. Two possible rate-limiting mechanisms are discussed to explain the observed kinetic behavior.This liquid-liquid electron exchange system might find potential use as a chemical tool for measuring changes in interfacial area as influenced by various mixing parameters.
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  • 71
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure-temperature data were obtained along isenthalps for nitrogen, methane, and three ternary nitrogen-methane-ethane mixtures. These data were differentiated to obtain Joule-Thomson coefficients over the temperature range from ambient to 200°K. and at pressures from 165 atm. to about 5 atm. Data for nitrogen was obtained down to 140°K.The resulting Joule-Thomson coefficients were compared with predictions based on the Beattie-Bridgeman and Benedict-Webb-Rubin equations of state and on the virial equation of state truncated after the third virial coefficient. These comparisons show that the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation could predict the data with a deviation averaging 1.7%. The Beattie-Bridgeman predictions were highly dependent upon the mixture rules used, with the best set of mixture rules giving an absolute average deviation of 4.8%. Predictions using the virial equation with virial constants obtained from the Lennard-Jones potential energy function using a geometric mean minimum potential energy deviated from the experimental data by 5%.In all of these comparisons, the virial coefficients of ethane appear to be in greatest uncertainty, and the predictions of mixture data high in ethane least satisfactory. Thus it appears that improved data on the pure components, particularly ethane, are vital to any satisfactory evaluation of mixture properties.
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  • 72
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 281-288 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of ultrasonic vibrations on heat transfer to water and methanol by natural convection and by boiling were measured at three ultrasonic energy levels with frequency ranging from 20.6 to 306 kcycles/sec., using electrically heated platinum wires of diameters 0.007 and 0.010 in. Up to an eight-fold increase in heat transfer coefficient was obtained in natural convection, but the effects diminished with increased temperature difference and became negligible in the well-developed nucleate boiling region. High-speed photographs showed that the increase was due to the motion of cavitation bubbles on the wire surface. The heat transfer results were correlated by local cavitation activity values measured by a technique developed for this work.
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 301-303 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 475-476 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laser doppler flowmeter is used to obtain velocity profiles in circular glass tubes downstream from a plug composed of brass screens. The apparatus for measuring point velocities of particles suspended in a fluid is described. Measurements were made very close to the plug at Reynolds numbers of 16.5, 47, and 274, and the flow development followed down the tube. The results show that the entrance flow development is dependent on the inlet profile shape and the Reynolds number for Reynolds numbers below 300.The flow development at Reynolds numbers less than 300 was considerably slower than that predicted by the boundary-layer solution of the equations of motion starting with a flat profile.
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 339-350 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a porous solid is penetrated by a reactive fluid which changes the pore geometry, the macroscopic properties of that porous material may be greatly changed. A model is proposed in which the matrix is visualized as being a number of short cylindrical pores dispersed randomly throughout the solid. The change in the distribution of these cylindrical pores is then represented by a integrodifferential equation which is solved for two special cases.The evolution of the pore size distribution is determined by the particular way in which the solid-liquid boundary takes place. The case considered here is that of a surface reaction which dissolves the solid thus continuously enlarging the pores. The rate of reaction is calculated theoretically using a laminar flow diffusion model and this growth rate expression is then taken as the basis for numerical calculations relating to the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on limestone.A comparison is made with experimental results and it is found that the model behaves in much the same way as the real system although the observed rate of pore growth was two to three times that predicted by the diffusion model. Several possible explanations for this discrepancy are being tested.An exact solution of the integrodifferential equation for highly retarded reaction rates has been found with the change in permeability being given in terms of the change in porosity. This result will permit a prediction of the stimulation that can be achieved in acidizing oil wells with retarded acids.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of high speed laminar Newtonian jets is studied as a function of ambient air pressure. For Weber numbers less than 5.3 (based on air density) air pressure has no effect on stability. Ambient viscosity, through the effect of shear stresses acting on the jet surface, gives rise to the maximum in the breakup curve. For large Weber numbers ambient pressure effects can alter, and eventually control, the appearance of the maximum.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 393-400 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gradient technique and Lagrange multiplier are used to obtain the optimum of complex chemical plants. The advantage of this approach is its ability to handle nearly all types of complex stages in a natural way. This approach is used to solve a heterogeneous complex chemical process with recycle. It is shown that although there are many different iteration loops, the convergence rate is fast even with rough starting values and only 0.3 minute is needed to obtain the optimum operating conditions.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 410-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The necessary conditions for optimization of a system governed by a nonlinear vector first-order partial differential equation with two (space and time) independent variables, such as governs the unsteady behavior of tubular flow reactors, are derived. Rather general objective functionals and boundary conditions, such as the recycle of unconverted reactant with an appropriate time delay for separation and a free choice of final time, are allowed. A gradient technique in control space is formulated, and it is shown that distinct computational advantages can accrue from the use of the method of characteristics.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 426-434 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis based on the Townsend-Bakewell model of the eddies in the wall regions of turbulent shear flows shows that viscoelastic fluid properties must lead to significant reductions in the rate of production of turbulent energy. This analysis in turn leads to the proper form of the similarity laws for drag reducing fluids, heretofore deduced empirically.Measurements of the axial and radial turbulence intensities for flow through smooth round tubes are reported, as are measurements of the time-averaged velocity profiles and the drag coefficients. These indicate that for solutions exhibiting drag reduction at all Reynolds numbers the flow may be transitional to Reynolds numbers of the order of 105. This transitional flow consists of alternating patches of laminar and turbulent fluid, within each of which the flow characteristics are approximately similar to those of Newtonian fluids. At high Reynolds number conditions with the turbulent field fully developed the velocity profile in the core is flatter under drag-reducing conditions than for turbulent Newtonian fluids, a change dependent on the increased isotropy of the turbulent field of the drag-reducing fluid. These effects appear to be a result of increases in the time scales of the radial fluctuations caused by the fluid properties.Design calculations based upon the present results suggest that in large diameter pipelines, or in boundary layers on large objects, drag reduction may not be attainable under conditions of practical interest until fluids having relaxation times an order of magnitude larger than those presently available, but with comparable viscosity levels, are developed or, alternately, until fluids exhibiting Weissenberg numbers which do not change with deformation rate, can be found.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 460-460 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 482-636 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 483-489 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study concerns rates of evaporation and mass transfer of water vapor from a heated salt solution through a water repellent porous membrane to a cooled water condensate. This transfer is a result of temperature differences and corresponding vapor pressure differences across the membrane. Three groups of experiments were carried out which indicate that the major factor influencing the rates of transfer is diffusion through a stagnant gas in the membrane pores. However, an equation considering film heat transfer coefficients, membrane thermal conductivity, and an empiricial correction based on temperature driving force appears to be necessary for representing all the data. The empirical correction appears to be related to internal condensation and possibly diffusion along surfaces.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 515-520 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results for the adsorption of the binary gas mixtures oxygen-nitrogen, oxygen-carbon monoxide and nitrogen-carbon monoxide on two synthetic zeolites are reported. In all of these experiments the temperature was -200°F. and the total pressure was 1 atm. Also reported are the isotherms for the three pure gases on the two zeolites at -200°F. The results indicate that these zeolites have a surface selectivity which is independent of any sieving effect based on the size of the adsorbed molecules. It does not appear that the strong separations obtained can be explained in terms of the van der Waals forces which are generally believed to be dominant in physical adsorption. The available methods of predicting binary adsorption data from the pure gas isotherms have been examined.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 533-547 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of a trace quantity of a surface-active agent on creeping flow past a bubble or droplet are investigated. The equations describing mass and momentum transfer are simultaneously solved by a perturbation technique, consistent with the jump mass and momentum balances at the phase interface. The stream function for the velocity distribution is evaluated as an infinite series of spherical harmonics. Galerkin's method, which reduces the partial differential equation of continuity to a set of ordinary differential equations, is used to evaluate the concentration distribution of surfactant.A sample calculation is carried out for relative motion between an air bubble and an infinite body of water which contains a trace of isoamyl alcohol. The relative velocity of the water at an infinite distance from the bubble is found to be highly sensitive to small changes in surfactant concentration from zero, although the bubble varies imperceptibly from a spherical shape.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 560-564 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partial removal of dissolved or absorbed solvent from polymers can be accomplished during the process of screw extrusion. This paper shows how two simple transport models based either on an effective diffusivity or on an empirical mass transfer coefficient can be combined with the fluid mechanical equations which describe polymer flow during screw extrusion. In this way, the drying of solvent from a polymer during extrusion can be correlated in terms of the design and operating parameters of the extruder screw and a mass-transfer coefficient or an effective diffusivity. This approach is illustrated employing data obtained by using two extruders of different size and two different solvent-polymer systems. Furthermore, it is pointed out how the results can be used to predict the extent of drying during screw extrusion as well as how modifications in extruder-screw design can permit more extensive drying of polymers during the extrusion process.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plexiglas models of rectangular channels were fabricated with various rib shapes to determine the effects of rib and channel geometry on the pressure drop. Pressure drops in twenty-four individual variations of channel geometry were investigated using plexiglas models.From this investigation, an empirical correlation for the pressure drop across the ribbed section of the channel was determined as a function of the linear fluid velocity and the geometric characteristics of the channels. This empirical correlation involves functions of seven geometric parameters of rib pattern and channel geometry.Ribbed section pressure drops for commercial plate heat exchanger channels were predicted using the geometric characteristics of the commercial plates with the empirical correlations developed from the plexiglas channel studies. The total pressure drop for commercial channels was predicted by adding an average entrance and exit pressure drop to the predicted ribbed section pressure drop.The correlations developed in this work allow one to determine the pressure drop in a ribbed rectangular channel from the geometric characteristics of the ribs and the channel in question.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 612-614 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 624-624 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 631-634 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 643-653 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear stress and first normal stress difference data are presented for several polymer solutions undergoing steady shear rates from 1.0 to 100,000 sec.-1. The steady shear response is divided into three regions as a function of increasing shear rate. These are the diffusion controlled linear region, a moderate shear rate region where shear controls the entanglement-disentanglement process, and a high shear rate region where aggregation of polymer molecules occurs. The transitions between the three regions are clearly illustrated by using a group designated as the rotation rate function.A molecular model is derived for the shear controlled region that allows prediction of the first normal stress difference from the viscosity function and one additional constant that depends only on the molecular species. The White-Metzner equation is found to adequately describe the aggregation region at high shear rates.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 670-679 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state multiplicity in an adiabatic loop reactor was studied in experiments employing the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution. The steady state characteristics of the loop reactor were predicted by a method which utilized batch reactor data of temperature vs. time directly. The method was based on the assumption of plug flow with negligible axial dispersion and on a single-step chemical kinetic model. Experimental results verify the existence of multiple steady states on ranges of feed flow rates and recycle ratios and demonstrate the capability of the simple model for predicting the qualitative and quantitative features of the reactor steady state.Some observations were made of the effect of large disturbances on the stability of the reactor while operating in a multiple state region. Results for such cases illustrate reactor instability in the sense that a transition to a new steady state takes place provided the disturbance is sufficiently large.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 707-711 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Red blood cell damage and destruction are important problems in the use of artificial valves, heart-lung machines, and other devices which pump or process blood. An experimental study has been made on the mechanism of cell damage. Damage was defined by three types of observations on blood which had been subjected to trauma: (a) release of hemoglobin from cells (hemolysis), (b) morphological changes observed microscopically, and (c) red cell life span studies in rabbits using a Cr51 tagging technique.Three types of physical forces which might be injurious to red cells were studied; shearing stress (of known, constant magnitudes from a concentric cylinder viscometer), pressure variations (from studies in a static pressure cell), and direct impact of solid surfaces (from studies in a device which simulates the seating action of artificial heart valves).The study shows that high shearing stress may be primarily responsible for mechanical cell damage under certain important circumstances. There is a critical shearing stress above which cell damage increases markedly. Much of the cell damage does not appear as an immediate release of hemoglobin. Many cells undergo morphological changes and exhibit shortened average life span in vivo. The morphological changes due to shearing stress are very similar to the changes observed in patients who have hemolytic anemia associated with artificial valves.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 733-735 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relatively simple, reliable means is described for measuring particle diffusivity in a particlefluid system in the core of a duct. Particles are injected into the midstream of the duct from a line source positioned normal to the direction of fluid flow. Particle diffusivity is calculated from measurements of the standard deviations of the particle concentration profiles at various downstream distances from the injector. At an air velocity of 10 ft./sec. under room conditions, 1μ oil droplets are found to exhibit a diffusivity of about half that of air alone under the same conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 750-758 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinematics of converging velocity fields such as those found in flows from a large duct or reservoir into a small tube are especially simple in the case of viscoelastic materials as they may be approximated by means of a diagonal deformation rate tensor. This result is shown to be valid in the present study in which aqueous polymeric solutions were utilized and is inferred as having been valid under the experimental conditions employed by Bagley in studies of molten polymers. It is suggested that asymptotic approximations based upon the diagonality of the deformation rate tensor may be of general use in analysis of flows of viscoelastic materials, that is, they could represent, potentially, simplifying approximations comparable in utility to the boundary layer approximations employed commonly in the analysis of flows of Newtonian fluids.An interesting prediction of the present analysis is that for flows from a large duct into a small one a plot of isotropic pressure vs. axial position exhibits a minimum near the inlet to the smaller duct. Experimental results are presented in partial support of this unusual behavior. The analysis also suggests that an orfice jet thrust technique for measurement of normal stresses, closely related to recent independent studies by Middleman and by Fabula, may be an indirect but especially simple and sensitive tool for measurement of material properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 785-785 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 809-814 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental and analytical study was made to determine how well the material functions, derived from the Spriggs four-constant viscoelastic model, could describe the rheological properties of polymer melts. Viscosity and elasticity of selected polymer melts were experimentally determined in the rotational and oscillatory modes using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The Spriggs model was chosen for study because of its success in describing experimental data for polymer solutions and because of its uniqueness in combining results from molecular theory with results from the theories associated with continuum mechanics. It was found that the model provides a good description of the rheological data for polymer melts and that some of the model parameters depend upon the molecular characteristics of the polymer. Since this model contains a small number of well defined constants, it should be useful in developing dimensionless engineering correlations for the complex flows encountered in processes of industrial importance. Deviations between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed and deficiencies of the model noted.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 843-853 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is derived for the design of stirred tank reactors for homogeneous reactions. A simple mixing model proposed previously by Curl (4) is used to compute the effects of finite mixing time on complex chemical reactions. It is also shown how the parameters of the model can be obtained by tracer experiments, or estimated theoretically by the assumption of isotropic turbulence. It is shown that in many practical cases the assumption of ideal mixing is a good approximation. However, the effects of imperfect mixing are more likely to be felt in a large reactor than in a pilot plant. Some quantitative examples are discussed. Methods are derived to compute the average outlet concentration for complex systems such as autothermic reactions, polymerization, crystallization, etc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 15 (1969), S. 885-889 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results on the laminar-nonlaminar transition of aqueous solutions of hydroxyethyl cellulose in axial, isothermal flow in annuli are presented. For each polymer solution the end of the laminar regime is observed to occur at different flow rates at different axial distances from the entrance of the test section. For some polymer solutions in nonlaminar motion, the pressure gradient is not constant over the length of the test section.These data on transition in annuli are compared with predictions made using Hanks' transition criterion where only viscous contributions are considered and where viscous effects are considered and elastic effects accounted for approximately. Predictions where both viscous and elastic properties of the fluids are considered are in fair agreement with experiments. Predictions using purely viscous theory are less accurate than the viscoelastic predictions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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