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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (329)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1979  (329)
  • Engineering General  (228)
  • Cat
  • Rat
  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Cat ; electrical stimulation ; serotonin ; splanchnic nerves ; substance P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood levels of serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) in the portal vein were studied after splanchnic nerve stimulation in the cat. The portal levels of both substances were studied before, during and after splanchnic nerve stimulation. There was a twofold increase in 5-HT during stimulation whilst the SP concentration remained unchanged. These results suggest that the nervous control of the amine release into the portal stream and the mechanism that regulates the release of the polypeptide is not the same.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Rat ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α-OH-D3)on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1α-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1α-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 201-215 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intrahypothalamic connections ; Deafferentation ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal degeneration within the hypothalamus was studied by electron microscopy 1 or 2 days (1) after carefully placed microlesions in the arcuate, anterior periventricular, ventromedial, premammillary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and (2) after microlesions placed in the hypothalamus deafferented 3 weeks earlier. In the median eminence terminal degeneration was found after each of these lesions. Projections from the ventromedial nucleus reach the arcuate, suprachiasmatic, and anterior periventricular nuclei. Projections from the arcuate nucleus terminate in the medial preoptic, anterior periventricular, and ventromedial nuclei. After lesioning the premammillary nuclei degeneration was found in the supraoptic, arcuate, anterior hypothalamic and ventromedial nuclei.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Fusimotor efferents ; Pinna stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pinna stimulation has long been known to evoke reflex changes of discharge in γ efferents to the hind limb and hence changes in muscle spindle discharges. The present experiments were made in the rat to determine the involvement of the static and dynamic fusimotor systems in the pinna reflex. We first observed fusimotor activity indirectly, by recording spindle responses to various length changes with and without concurrent pinna stimulation. Afferent responses were clearly influenced by static fusimotion during the reflex; evidence for dynamic fusimotion was sought but not found. Ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli appeared equally effective in evoking this static fusimotion. The magnitudes of afferent responses differed markedly between muscles. Observations were made simultaneously on activities recorded directly from γ efferents to peroneal and soleus muscles. Several γ efferents were spontaneously active in each nerve; pinna stimulation usually enhanced their activities and aroused also several others, previously quiescent. The frequencies of discharge in γ efferents to peroneus were usually higher than in those to soleus. This must in part be responsible for differences in afferent responses. The spontaneously active and activated fibres together formed about one quarter to one third of the total γ motoneurone pool and had conduction velocities restricted to the lower end of the conduction velocity spectrum for γ fibres.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 273-286 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Stimulus velocity ; Single cell responses ; LGN ; Area 17 ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli were recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and area 17 of cats. Response duration (DE), number of spikes (NT), and mean frequency (FM) were estimated from the response histograms and analysed for their dependence on stimulus velocity. In the LGN, for about 2/3 of cells these response parameters changed monotonically with velocity up to about 100 °/s. In 1/3 of the cells, the response frequency was tuned to velocity. The speed at which individual cells reached a peak or plateau firing rate was correlated with their receptive field size. In area 17, most neurones were tuned to velocity. Nine out of 59 cells were insensitive to stimulus speed in that they responded equally well at stimulus velocities up to about 10 °/s. The results suggest that at higher levels in the nervous system information about velocity is represented in discrete groups of neurones. It is pointed out that different response parameters may be relevant for different perceptual phenomena associated with movement. The significance of integrational properties and lateral inhibition of nerve cells for the development of complex response properties is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thermoreceptors ; Gastro-intestinal tract ; Vagal nerve ; C Fibres ; Cat ; Thermorecepteurs ; Tractus gastro ; Intestinal ; Nerf vague ; Fibres amyéliniques ; Chat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des chats anesthésiés, des décharges sensitives vagales ont été enregistrées dans le ganglion plexiforme à l'aide d'électrodes extracellulaires en verre. Nous avons trouvé au niveau de l'antre et du duodénum, des récepteurs toniques, activés par des solutions chaudes (38–51 ° C avec un optimum à 46–49 ° C) ou froides (36–10 ° C avec un optimum à 12–10 ° C). Ces récepteurs ne répondent ni aux stimulus mécaniques (compression et distension des viscères), ni aux stimulus chimiques (perfusion avec des solutions glucosées ou acides). Ces récepteurs n'appartiennent donc pas au groupe des récepteurs polymodaux, mais ils doivent être considérés comme de véritables thermorécepteurs spécifiquement sensibles au chaud ou au froid. Les thermorécepteurs de la région gastro-duodénale sont connectés à des fibres vagales amyéliniques (vitesse de conduction: 0,8–1,4 m/s). Par ailleurs, le rôle éventuel des thermorécepteurs vagaux de la région gastro-duodénale dans la régulation de la motilité digestive a été recherché. En dérivant simultanément l'EMG en plusieurs points du tractus gastro-duodénal, il a été possible de démontrer que les stimulations froides et chaudes du duodénum, qui mettent en jeu les thermorécepteurs, provoquent une inhibition de l'activité électrique de l'antre. Les modifications persistent apèrs bisplanchnectomie, mais disparaissent complètement après bivagotomie. A partir de ces faits, nous en avons conclu que les thermorécepteurs vagaux sont impliqués dans la régulation nerveuse de la motilité gastro-duodénale.
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, sensory vagal units were recorded in the nodose ganglion by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. In the antrum and the duodenum we have found receptors tonically activated by warm (38–51 ° C with an optimum at 46–49 ° C) or cold (36–10 ° C with an optimum at 12–10 ° C) solutions. These receptors did not respond to mechanical stimuli (compression and distension of the viscera) and to chemical ones (perfusion with glucose and acid solutions). Thus they did not belong to polymodal type, but they must be considered as true thermoreceptors, specifically sensitive to warm or cold stimulations. The gastro-duodenal thermoreceptors were connected to non-medullated vagal fibres (conduction velocity: 0.8–1.4 m/s). On the other hand, the role of the gastro-duodenal vagal thermoreceptors in the regulation of the digestive motility was studied. By using several electromyographic recordings, it was possible to show that the cold and warm stimulations of the duodenum which elicited thermoreceptor responses, induced an inhibition of the electrical activity of the antrum. The changes persisted after bisplanchnectomy, but disappeared completely after bivagotomy. From these facts it was concluded that the vagal thermoreceptors were involved in the nervous regulations of the gastro-duodenal motility.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cooling ; Ventrolateral thalamic nucleus ; Pyramidal system ; Reaction time ; Ballistic movement ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cats were trained to perform a forelimb ballistic flexion on a reaction time paradigm including an upper limit of about 400 ms for reinforcement (food pellets). They were implanted with a cyrogenic probe thermically insulated, except at the tip, by a vacuum jacket (outer diameter, 1.1 mm). Four cats had the probe inserted into the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL), contralateral to the moving limb. During cooling they showed increased reaction times, which remained constant throughout daily sessions performed during many weeks, independent of the foreperiod but varying from 25 to 100 ms according to the subject. The temperatures used to upset the reaction times varied from +10 ° C to −8 ° C, depending on the localisation of the probe and on the insulation of the silver tip used to prevent nervous tissue reaction, but for each subject the reaction times always increased when the temperature was lowered. The fifth cat, with a probe inserted between VL and the Centre Median, showed a decrease of reaction times on cooling to 0 ° C and an increase of the reaction times for a cooling at −10 ° C. For one of the four cats with a probe properly inserted into the VL, strain-gauges were stuck on the lever to measure the latency of the decrease of the pressure exerted by the subject when the subject initiated the forelimb flexion in response to the CS. Reaction times and latencies of pressure changes were closely correlated with the movement onset, and they were equally delayed during cooling. This result demonstrates that it is not by slowing down movement velocity that reaction times are upset during VL cooling but by delaying the movement onset.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retractor bulbi motoneurones ; Accessory abducens nucleus ; 6th nerve ; Oculomotricity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motoneurones innervating the retractor bulbi muscle in the cat have been identified by retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase, by intracellular recording and by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. Their somata are found in an accessory abducens nucleus, analogous to that described in some other species, which consists of a narrow column of cells situated in the lateral tegmental reticular field, above the superior olive and medial to the facial nerve. This column of cells extends over approximately 1.5 mm from P 5.5 to P 7. The retractor bulbi motoneurones number from 80 to 120 and have large, elongated somata which give rise to five or six major dendrites. Their axons cross the reticular formation in a dorso-medial direction to pass through the principal abducens nucleus before turning to leave the brain stem in the 6th nerve. Antidromic latencies ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ms. Some retractor bulbi motoneurones could also be activated antidromically by stimulation of the lateral rectus muscle nerve.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal ganglion cells ; Cat ; Contrast reversal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A contrast reversal (alternating phase) stimulus was used to study the responses of 150 retinal ganglion cells from 15 adult cats. Because the majority of the cells did not show perfect linear spatial summation, a ratio of the firing rates at two time periods was used to express the degree of nonlinearity. Y-cells showed a high degree of nonlinearity, and their mean null ratio was significantly lower than that of X-cells. With the stimulus at the null position, X-cells had an unmodulated discharge rate which was significantly higher than maintained activity, while the firing rate of Y-cells was lower than maintained activity. With the stimulus placed at an eccentric position in the receptive field, X-cells responded in a sustained manner, while Y-cells respond transiently. Because of these observations, we conclude that X-cells correspond to the sustained cells, while Y-cells correspond to the transient cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 161-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Superior colliculus ; Cat ; Horseradish peroxidase method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retrograde labeling of cortical neurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the morphological features of neurons in various cortical areas projecting to the superior colliculus in the cat. Corticotectal cells were found to be labeled in layer V of the entire cerebral cortex. The number of labeled cells and their locations varied according to the sites of injections of HRP in the colliculus. Most of the Corticotectal cells identified in the present study were small (9–20 μm in diameter, 66%) and medium (20–40 urn, 30%) pyramidal neurons and only 4% of them were large (more than 40 μm). The labeled cells, 261 in total number, had somal diameters of 20.8±8.0 μm (mean and SD). The range of sizes of the labeled neurons was different in different cortical areas. For example, the labeled neurons in the Clare-Bishop area had a greater proportion of large diameter cells than in other areas. The present findings are largely in agreement with the previous data of anterograde degeneration methods with respect to the topographical correlation of the Corticotectal projections. However, in some cortical areas, e.g., the sensorimotor and the first visual (area 17) cortex of the lateral surface of the hemisphere, relatively small numbers of Corticotectal neurons appear to have been labeled by retrogradely transported HRP. The sparsity of the labeled neurons in certain cortical areas may reflect the existence of Corticotectal neurons with axon collaterals supplying brain structures other than the superior colliculus.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 269-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Cat ; Horseradish peroxidase method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in various portions of the cat pontine nuclei resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in layer V of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Corticopontine neurons, pyramidal in type, have been found to be labeled in the entire cortex, confirming the previous findings of anterograde degeneration studies. Most (91%) of the labeled cells were 14–26 μm in diameter (mean 19.4±4.5 μm SD). Small (10–20 μm) and medium (20–40 μm) cells represent 51.5% and 47.7%, respectively, of the total number of the labeled neurons. The populations of the neurons of various sizes were almost identical in different cortical areas, and were different from the populations of corticoreticular and corticospinal cells. Corticopontine cells were well labeled in experimental cases of 3-days' survival time, confirming the topographical organization established previously by degeneration studies for this projection system. However, in cases of shorter survival time (20–27 h), the number of labeled neurons was very small. The relative paucity of labeled Corticopontine neurons in the sigmoid and lateral gyri is discussed with reference to other cortical descending neurons (e.g., the corticotectal, corticoreticular and corticospinal) which have hitherto been identified morphologically as well as physiologically.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus ; Spinal projection neuron ; Hypophyseal projection neuron ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of labeled neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was studied following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the spinal cord (C8 to T1) or the hypophysis in the rat. Injections were also made in the spinal cord in another group of animals, which were subjected to water deprivation for a period of 3 days, and the PVN of these animals was examined with the electron microscope. Spinal projection neurons (paraventriculospinal tract, PVST, neurons) formed two groups; the dorsal and the ventral groups. They were located within the parvocellular part of the PVN and fused into one at the caudal level. The neurons of the dorsal group were well assembled whereas those of the ventral group were intermingled with paraventriculohypophyseal tract (PVHT) neurons, which were concentrated in the magnocellular part. Electron microscopic observations revealed that HRP-labeled neurons after spinal injections did not contain neurosecretory granules and that they were not affected by water deprivation. On the other hand, neurons containing a number of neurosecretory granules displayed a significant degree of dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum as the result of water deprivation. These neurons contained no HRP granules. The present findings suggest that the PVST neurons are distinct from the PVHT neurons and that the neuronal groups of both systems form different cell columns within the nucleus.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 395-406 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Spinal cord ; Phrenic motoneurons ; Neuron geometry ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cat phrenic motoneurons, labeled by intradiaphragmatic injection of horseradish peroxidase, formed a tight cluster in the most ventral portion of the ventral horn in lamina IX of the lower cervical cord. Cell counts were symmetrically distributed for 17 to 21 mm along the longitudinal axis of the cord with a unimodal peak at the junction of segments C5 and C6. The phrenic nucleus was bilaterally organized on either side of the cord with anatomical symmetry and in no case was there evidence for the crossing of phrenic axons in the cord. Assessment of cellular geometry and intercellular relationships demonstrated that phrenic cell diameters approximated a normal distribution with a single peak at 26 μm while longitudinal cell lengths averaged 76 μm. Cells of different size were mixed randomly at all levels of the nucleus. The minimum distance between cells was about 10 μm and the maximum cell packing density approached 2 cells per 106 μm3. The results confirm the location of the cat phrenic nucleus, extend the knowledge of phrenic motoneuronal geometry, and provide an anatomical basis for the understanding of recruitment and synchronization phenomena within the phrenic nucleus.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Receptive fields ; Conduction velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The receptive field properties and responses to electrical stimulation of 126 P-cells recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were studied in the hooded rat. 2. Eighty-five cells had a concentric (Kuffler, 1953) receptive field organisation (46 off-centre on-surround; 39 on-centre off-surround). Of the remaining cells 29 had co-extensive on/off excitatory discharge regions, nine had on-centres with suppressive surrounds and two cells gave on-responses but had no suppressive surround. One cell was identified as suppressed-by-contrast. 3. On the basis of the battery of tests developed for the identification of cell types in the cat's retina and LGNd, 35 of the cells with a Kuffler-type receptive field organisation were identified as Y-like. The majority of the remaining cells, both concentric and others, reminded us of the different subclasses of W-cells of the cat. Nine concentric cells in most of the tests exhibited X-like properties. 4. All of the Y-like cells were driven by relatively fast conducting retinal ganglion cell axons, comprising the t1 conduction velocity group. The majority of the remaining cells were driven by slower axons comprising t2 or t3 conduction velocity groups. 5. Thus, in the rat, as in other mammalian species studied so far, there is a correlation between the conduction velocity groups in the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway and the functional groups based on the cells’ receptive field properties. There seem to be functional equivalents of the cat's Y- and W-cell classes but evidence for a distinct X-like class of cells is lacking.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 465-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Monkey ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Visual nondominant suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the suppression of firing in single LGN cells of cat and monkey in response to visual stimulation of the nondominant eye. In the cat LGN most of the cells of each of the main laminae show this nondominat suppression. X cells having their dominant input from the ipsilateral eye were suppressed to a significantly greater degree than any other cell type in the cat LGN. In the monkey LGN nondominant suppression was absent in all 19 X-like cells studied, whereas 6 of 21 Y-like cells showed nondominant suppression. Thus nondominant suppression is present in the magnocellular laminae of the monkey LGN, where the Y-like cells are found, but appears to be absent from the parvocellular laminae, where the X-like cells are found.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 479-494 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thermosensitivity ; Lesions ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavioural thermosensitivity of cat paws was examined before and/or after restricted uni- and/or bilateral lesions had been made in the spinal cord between the first and fifth cervical segments. Unilateral lesions of the lateral funiculus, which involved at least its whole width at the level of the central canal, reproducibly were found to interfere with the contralateral sensitivity for temperature increases and/or decreases. No corresponding thermosensory deficiencies were found after unilateral lesions involving the ventral spinal quadrant or the dorsal funiculus. Various bilateral and combined lesions were made, but no cat ever developed thermoanaesthesia. The bilateral lesions included bilateral transections of: the middle parts of the lateral funiculi, the dorsal halves of the lateral funiculi, the dorsal funiculi, and the ventral spinal half. Most of our knowledge about peripheral behavioural thermosensitivity after spinal cord injury is based on observations of human patients, especially after anterolateral chordotomies. The present finding of contralateral thermosensory deficiencies after lesions of the middle part of the lateral funiculus fits with some of the clinical reports. The present failure to cause thermoanaesthesia, on the other hand, is inconsistent with the theory of a single ascending spinal pathway for behavioural thermo-sensitivity, which has emanated mainly from the clinical observations.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 495-510 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pretectal nuclei ; Superior colliculus ; Visual response pattern ; Retinal input types ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit recordings from 220 units were obtained from the nuclei praetectalis anterior (NPA) and posterior (NPP) of 30 immobilized, anesthetized cats. Quantitative analysis of pretectal (PT) visual activity was mainly based on recordings from the NPP. For comparison, 160 collicular (CS) neurons were studied. A strong sensitivity for moving objects was evident in both samples. The following main types of PT activity were categorized: (A) slow movement, direction-selective units (21%); (B) slow movement, nondirection-selective units (19%); (C) units nonselective for stimulus velocity and direction (24%); (D) jerk movement selective, nondirection-selective units (36%). Latency measurements following single shocks to optic chiasm (OX) and tract (OT) showed mainly slow conducting fiber input to the PT and CS which can be divided into two different groups by conduction properties and synaptic delay: direct W-input and delayed W-input. Fast Y-fiber input of both types, direct and indirect, was recorded at both sites, PT and CS.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Second axotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The left hypoglossal nerve of adult male albino rats was prevented from regenerating to the tongue after a distal axotomy by implanting the proximal stump into normally innervated left sternomastoid muscle. Eighty-four days after implantation, the hypoglossal nerve was transected again and its regeneration to the tongue unimpeded. From 8 to 70 days after this second axotomy the left hypoglossal nuclei were processed for quantitative ultrastructural analysis. The first aim of this study was to compare regeneration success in the hypoglossal nucleus after second axotomy with that accompanying outgrowth of the hypoglossal nerve into denervated sternomastoid muscle. During quantitative analysis a second aim developed, of elucidating bouton/glial relationships. The second axotomy induced loss and return of subsurface cisterns, dispersal and reassembly of Nissl substance, increase and decrease of microglial numbers, slight further loss and partial return of boutons with clear spherical vesicles and symmetrical synapses, slight increase and decrease of boutons with clear flat vesicles and symmetrical synapses, regrowth of retracted dendrites and restoration of their synapses, and gradual diminution of numbers of electron-dense neurones and dendrites. Astrocytes remained hypertrophied throughout. When compared with events in the hypoglossal nucleus accompanying innervation of denervated sternomastoid muscle by the hypoglossal nerve, the results suggest (1) that regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve to its own tongue muscle instead of to a foreign muscle caused no acceleration of recovery in the hypoglossal nucleus, and (2) that the microglial response is dependent on nerve integrity and not on bouton behaviour.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 191-194 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hypercomplex cells ; Area 18 ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit recording has revealed the same orientation sensitive cell classes in cat area 18 as are to be found in area 17. These include particularly the various types of hypercomplex cell belonging to the S, C, and B cell families.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Micro application ; Drugs ; Nervous tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for localized microapplication of drugs into nervous tissue of freely moving rats. Fairly constant release of material was observed over a period of more than three weeks. The amount of substance released was small because the rate of release was determined largely by diffusion rather than by mass movement of solution.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 285-300 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: VL nucleus ; Single units ; Reaction time ; Movement initiation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unrestrained cats performed ballistic forelimb flexion movements triggered by an auditory stimulus (CS) on a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. During the variable foreperiod the subject was required to hold down a lever and to release it on presentation of the CS. The RTs ranged from 200 to 300 ms. The activity of single neurons of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) was recorded bilaterally. More than 40% of the 166 units recorded in the VL contralateral to the performing limb presented, after the CS, changes of activity with a latency less than 100 ms and were classified into three types: (1) Twenty-five units had a short latency transient increase of activity 10 to 30 ms after the CS, followed by a longer increase or decrease in activity. Short latency increase as well as subsequent increase of the firing rate were not correlated to the RTs. (2) Twenty-nine units showed a 40–60 ms latency increase of activity which lasted long enough to continue during the forelimb movement. These units displayed a correlation between the RTs and the mean firing rate measured in the 40–100 ms period after the CS. The more the cells were activated, the shorter the RTs. (3) Fifteen units presented a reciprocal pattern of discharge with respect to the type (2) units. The firing rate decreased with latencies ranging from 20 to 90 ms after the CS. Only 14,5% of the 96 units recorded in the VL ipsilateral to the performing limb presented changes of activity starting in the 100 ms period following the CS. Background firing levels as well as phasic activity were rather low compared to those observed contralaterally. Sixteen units showed burst activity while the cat was performing but burst pattern was not time-related to the task. In an unconditioned animal, a very low level of activity and an absence of modulations were observed in both VLs.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 343-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Early stimulation ; Rat ; Brain chemistry ; Evoked potentials ; Learning and memory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A complex stimulation regimen (visual, auditory, and somesthetic-kinesthetic with forced movements, 30 times for 30 min each within 14 days) increased significantly the amplitudes of visual cortical evoked potentials (EPs) in adult rats if applied during the second postnatal fortnight. The EP increase after stimulation during the first 14 days after birth was not significant. Visual stimulation alone was compared with complex stimulation (visual plus forced movements) during the 2nd postnatal fortnight. More specific local changes in the visual cortex were revealed in brain biochemistry (lower DNA concentration, more RNA and protein per cell) and cortical electrogenesis (enhanced visual EPs) after visual stimulation alone, whereas complex stimulation induced more diffuse changes and rather profoundly influenced higher nervous functions (viz., memory retrieval — improved 24-h retention). Involvement of both specific and nonspecific mechanisms in the aftereffects of early stimulation is indicated.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Boutons ; Glia ; Bungarotoxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatic bouton frequencies, and percent coverage of perikaryal circumference by boutons, microglia, astrocytes, or other structures, were measured on electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats after injections, into the left side of the tongue, of either α-bungarotoxin or β-bungarotoxin in a buffered saline solution (PBS). Control rats were injected with PBS alone. Values from bungarotoxin-treated rats were compared statistically with those from controls and normal rats. Somatic bouton frequencies and percent coverage of perikarya by boutons, were reduced in all the β-bungarotoxin-treated rats when compared with control or normal values. The control values were normal. In α-bungarotoxin-treated rats somatic bouton frequencies were reduced in four of the six rats, and percent coverage of perikarya by boutons in three of the six rats. A few microglia (up to 3.1% coverage) were present in β-bungarotoxin-treated rats, but none were found in α-bungarotoxin-treated rats, controls, or normals. Percent coverage of perikarya by astrocyte was significantly much higher than normal in bungarotoxin-treated rats, and higher than normal in the controls. Conversely, percent coverage by other structures was reduced in bungarotoxin-treated rats and controls. It is suggested that boutons and glia respond to different stimuli, and that the behaviour of the microglia is dependent on the condition of the hypoglossal nerve and not on bouton behaviour.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; dLGN ; Retinal afferents ; X- and Y-channel ; Geniculo-cortical relay cells ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) two types of retino-geniculate axon terminals have been visualized electron microscopically in adult and juvenile material as well as in Golgi-Kopsch and Golgi-Rapid impregnated sections. The two types differ in size and number of boutons. 2a-terminals have large, sparse boutons, mainly connected with branching zones of geniculo-cortical relay cells (GCR cells). 2b-terminals bear numerous small boutons forming simple contacts with more distal segments of GCR cell dendrites. We are not able to give any information about participation of either type in complex synaptic zones. After horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection in the superior colliculus optic tract fibres and lateral fibre bundles in the dLGN are labelled with reaction product. Besides these tracts the terminal branching zones of retino-tectal fibre collaterals in the dLGN also show reaction product. As a result of the good visualization of these retinal terminals by the HRP-method they are identified as 2a-terminals. We conclude that 2a-terminals may represent the Y-channel projecting from the retina to both the superior colliculus and the dLGN.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye alignment ; Cat ; Visual experience ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the developing kitten, the alignment of the pupils changes from strongly divergent to almost parallel. The visual axes, however, seem to stay almost parallel throughout this period. The influence of early visual experience on this development is examined in the present study. The results suggest that the development of eye alignment is not controlled by visual experience, but depends on maturational processes, and that normal visual input serves only to halt these processes at the appropriate time.
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  • 26
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    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Autoradiography ; Abducens nucleus ; Primary vestibular fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary vestibular projections to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus were found in cats by injecting anterograde tracer substances (radioactive proline and fucose) into Scarpa's ganglion. Labelling was observed in the rostral and middle portion of the abducens nucleus.
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  • 27
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    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 405-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje Cells ; Splanchnic mechanoreceptors ; Cat ; Cervelet ; Cellules Purkinje ; Mécanorécepteurs splanchniques ; Chat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les activités simple et complexe de cellules de Purkinje du cervelet du Chat (zone vermienne des lobules V et VI) ont été enregistrées au moyen de microélectrodes extracellulaires. Ces réponses étaient obtenues par stimulation de différents types de mécanorécepteurs du tractus gastro-intestinal: récepteurs musculaires connectés à des fibres C, récepteurs péritonéaux de mouvement connectés à des fibres Aγδ ou B, corpuscules de Pacini connectés à des fibres Aβ. Les caractéristiques des fibres splanchniques projetant sur cette aire cérébelleuse ont été définies. Des convergences splanchno-somatiques, splanchno-viscérales et splanchno-corticales ont été mises en évidence.
    Notes: Summary Climbing and mossy fibre activity in Purkinje cells of cat cerebellum (vermis part of lobules V and VI) were recorded by means of extracellular microelectrodes. Responses were obtained by stimulation of different types of mechanoreceptors in the gastro-intestinal tract: muscular receptors connected with C fibres, peritoneal movement receptors connected with Aγδ or B fibres, Pacinian corpuscules connected with Aβ fibres. The characteristics of the splanchnic fibre projections on this cerebellar area were defined. Splanchno-somatic, splanchno-visceral, and splanchno-cortical convergences were demonstrated.
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  • 28
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    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 609-613 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Orientation subunits ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The orientation domain in the cortical visual areas of anesthetized cats has been investigated by employing the 14C-Deoxyglucose technique (Sokoloff et al., 1977). Orientation subunits (OS) are seen in the first (V1), the second (V2) and the third visual area (V3) as well as in the visual areas of the suprasylvian sulcus. In the latter regions OS are less elaborated than in V1, V2, and V3. The OS are continuous through all cortical layers; in V1 however, only weak label is detected in layer 4C. In V1, V2, and V3 the width of the OS is about 0.4 mm and the average distance between two OS centers is 0.9 mm. The spatial pattern of the OS seems to be more regular in the visual field periphery than in regions representing the vertical meridian.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol ; Withdrawal syndrome ; Rat ; Bipolar depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of clonidine withdrawal on the brain norepinephrine system was studied in the rat. Clonidine suppresses brain total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) significantly and no tolerance to this effect was observed up to 21 days. Cessation of clonidine treatment resulted in an elevation in the level of brain total MHPG. The suitability of the clonidine withdrawal syndrome as a model of bipolar depression is discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Naloxone ; Potentiation ; DMT ; LSD ; FR4 operant behavior ; Rat ; Brain ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The narcotic antagonist naloxone was tested to determine its possible interaction with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) in adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio four schedule (FR4), i.e., every fourth press earned a reward of 0.01 ml sugar sweetened milk. LSD (0.1 mg/kg) or increasing doses of DMT (1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg) were administered i.p. to disrupt food-rewarded fixed ratio bar pressing in a dose related fashion. Pretreatment (5–10 min) with behaviorally ineffective doses of naloxone (1.0–5.6 mg/kg) dramatically enhanced the effects of DMT and LSD. The content of DMT in the brain and liver of rats injected with DMT alone (10 mg/kg) and with a 5 min pretreatment of naloxone (3.2 mg/kg) was determined by radiochemical analysis at 30 and 90 min after 14C-DMT injection. There was no significant difference for either brain or liver 14C-DMT levels when control DMT rats were compared with the naloxone pretreated rats. These results seem to rule out interference by naloxone with the metabolism of DMT as a mechanism of the observed behavioral potentiation.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Met-enkephalin ; Brain ; Prostaglandins ; Rat ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An enhanced prostaglandinlike activity is shown in homogenates of brain from rats treated intracerebroventricularly with 100 μg of metenkephalin. The increase is significantly reduced by naloxone pretreatment. A relationship is proposed between generation of prostaglandins in the brain following met-enkephalin administration and hyperthermic effect of the opiatelike factor in the rat. Normalization of prostaglandinlike activity following chronic administration of met-enkephalin in the rat may also account for the development of tolerance to its thermic effect.
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  • 32
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    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Tryptophan ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of synaptosomal tryptophan accumulation has been determined in five regions of the rat brain. For tryptophan concentrations ranging from 2.5–20 μM, we found an active uptake in all the structures studied, i.e.: Corpus striatum, midbrain, brainstem, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex + hippocampus. The Vm of tryptophan uptake was highest in the cortex, followed in descending order by corpus striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem, while the Km was highest in the cortex, then in descending order corpus striatum, brainstem, midbrain and hypothalamus. In spite of the possible nonspecific high affinity tryptophan uptake into serotoninergic neurons, we found a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the different results in the literature concerning uptake and release of serotonin. These observations might indicate a correlation between the Vm of tryptophan uptake and the functional activity of serotonergic neurons.
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  • 33
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    Psychopharmacology 66 (1979), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Conflict ; Avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethanol on avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior were examined, utilizing a 3-×-3 factorial design in which rats were trained and tested after drinking sugar-water solutions containing 0,3, or 6% ethanol. Avoidance tendencies were established by initially training rats to escape from electric shock fy running in one direction in a white alley, and in the opposite direction in a black alley. In subsequent shock free conflict tests, the rats were placed into an alley with one black wall and one white wall, an environment in which incompatible tendencies to avoid both ends of the alley were aroused. During training, ethanol decreased the speeds with which rats escaped shock. In the subsequent avoidance-avoidance conflict tests, rats that previously received shock escape training after drinking ethanol ran more slowly, and exhibited lower total movement and oscillation range scores than did animals trained after drinking plain sugar-water. Administration of ethanol just prior to the conflict tests resulted in dose-related increases in running speeds, total movement scores, and oscillation ranges. These results suggest that moderate doses of ethanol increased responding by differentially weakening conflicting avoidance tendencies.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: β-Endorphin ; Morphine ; Enkephalin ; Catalepsy ; Antinociception ; Thermoregulation ; Rat ; Golden hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral effects of β-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphine were investigated in golden hamsters and in rats. In golden hamsters, β-endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin induced loss of righting reflex, whereas morphine caused no such effect. Both opiate peptides and morphine caused the inhibition of tail-flick response and catalepsy in rats. β-Endorphin was the most potent, followed by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and then by morphine. The catalepsy induced in rats by [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin was different from that of β-endorphin and morphine in that it produced catalepsy without muscular rigidity. β-Endorphin and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin caused hypothermia in golden hamsters; morphine was less active in altering the body temperature. β-Endorphin caused hypothermia at high doses and hyperthermia at low doses in rats. These heterogenous behavioral responses indicate that multiple types of receptors mediate the effects of opiates in the central nervous system.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: cAMP ; Calcium metabolism ; Parathyroid hormone ; Ion-exchanger ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats received a diet containing a Cabinding ion exchanger at a dose of 30 and 90 g/kg diet, respectively. Following 10 days of oral administration there was a dose dependent increase in urinary cAMP excretion. However, after 20 days treatment the measured cAMP content in the urine was no longer different from control values. The results suggest that urinary cAMP excretion in the rat is only of value as an indication of acute changes in PTH-activity.
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  • 36
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    Research in experimental medicine 176 (1979), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; CO2-laser ; Surgery ; Ultrastructure ; Rat ; Skelettmuskelfaser ; CO2-Laser ; Chirurgie ; Ultrastruktur ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zustand der dorsalen Haut und des darunterliegenden Muskelgewebes der Ratte wurde unmittelbar nach CO2-Laser-Schnitten mit Hilfe von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. In der subkutanen Skelettmuskelschicht konnte eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit des Gewebes festgestellt werden, die in einer ausgeprägten Abfolge von Zellveränderungen ihren Ausdruck findet. Diese Schädigungen werden hauptsächlich den thermischen Effekten der Laserstrahlung zugeschrieben. Die Bedeutung dieser Untersuchungsergebnisse in Hinblick auf die Verwendung von Laser in der Chirurgie wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The immediate effect of CO2-laser incision to the dorsal skin and underlying muscular tissue of rats was studied by light and electron microscopical methods. In the subcutaneous layer of skeletal muscle cells an increased susceptibility was found, resulting in distinct zones of cellular changes which are attributed mainly to thermal effects of the laser beam. The importance of these findings for the surgical application of lasers is discussed.
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  • 37
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    Anatomy and embryology 157 (1979), S. 311-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Development ; Pyramidal neurons ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of neuronal perikarya in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of perfusion-fixed albino rats, 12 h to 180 days old, has been studied by electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to cells in photographic montages of 75μm wide strips extending through the full depth of the occipital cortex, cut from 100 μm vibratome sections of the brain. At birth, and during the first few postnatal days, most of the neurons present in the cortex are small, tightly packed ‘indifferent’ cells with scanty cytoplasm containing mitochondria and chiefly free ribosomes; a few presumptive pyramidal cells with a developing apical dendrite and more voluminous cytoplasm can be recognized in deep cortex. Non-pyramidal cells can be identified on postnatal day 6, when although scarce and with immature cytoplasmic features, they already display a more electron opaque chromatin pattern than developing pyramidal cells and receive axo-somatic contacts of Gray's type I. During the second postnatal week there are conspicuous increases in the maturity of the cells, which acquire a rich complement of cytoplasmic organelles: in general cells situated in the deep cortical plate are larger and better differentiated than those in the superficial plate, and non-pyramidal cells are less well differentiated than the associated pyramidal cells. By the end of the second week, differences in cytoplasmic maturity between superficial and deep, and between pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells are less evident. Maturation proceeds during the third postnatal week; both types of cells acquire an adult complement of axo-somatic synapses and their mature nuclear and cytoplasmic features, and by day 24 are indistinguishable from their adult counterparts. In keeping with previous Golgi studies of this same cortex, the non-pyramidal cells did not acquire mature ultrastructural features significantly later than the pyramidal cells. A possible correlate of particularly active synaptogenesis and plasticity in the population of nonpyramidal, cells during the third postnatal week (immediately after eyeopening), was that at this time these cells contained very prominent accumulations of granular reticulum, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus, and appeared hypertrophic.
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  • 38
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    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Permeability ; Peripheral nerve ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Autoradiography ; Albumin ; Peroxidase ; Protein deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability properties of the perineurium in sciatic nerves of 12-week-old rats were studied. The penetration of125I-labeled albumin and horseradish peroxidase into the perineurium was investigated electronmicroscopically 10, 30, and 120 min after the local extraneural application of the tracers. The autoradiographic study included age-matched protein-deprived rats. It was concluded that the perineurium acted as a diffusion barrier but also permitted a slow passage of the macromolecules into the endoneurium. The result indicates that this penetration to some extent is due to vesicular transport across the perineurial cells. The significance of these barrier and transport properties of the perineurium is discussed. No obvious differences in perineurial permeability between normal and protein-deprived rats were obtained.
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  • 39
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    Anatomy and embryology 155 (1979), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the maturation of non-pyramidal cells in layers II–VI of the visual cortex of albino rats from birth to maturity, using Golgi-Cox and rapid Golgi preparations. At birth, non-pyramidall cells are sparse, immature and concentrated in the deep part of the cortical plate: their number increases towards the end of the first week but they remain sparse and immature in the upper part of the cortical plate. During the second postnatal week, the number, size and extent of dendritic and axonal branching of these cells undergo considerable increases and the cells become conspicuous in layer IV and apparent in the supragranular layers: this “growth spurt’ occurs just after (and may be related to) the arrival and establishment in the cortex during the second half of the first postnatal week, of extrinsic afferents. During the third postnatal week, most of the cells complete their maturation. At the end of this week, the number of spinous cells is greater and the spine density of some cells is higher than in the adult, falling to adult values during the fourth postnatal week. It is noteworthy that the non-pyramidal cells appear to reach maturity at about the same time in all the layers studied, and at the same time as the pyramidal cells with which they are associated. These observations are not in accord with the prevalent view that non-pyramidal cells complete their differentiation much later than pyramidal cells.
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  • 40
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    Anatomy and embryology 155 (1979), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Telencephalon ; Choroid plexus ; Lateral ventricle ; Blood vessels ; Micro Corrosion cast ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corrosion casts of the complete vascular network of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle in the cat brain were studied in SEM using the injection-replication method. The villi of this plexus are located only on its supero-anterior and infero-posterior parts, being most densely packed in the former region, close to the interventricular foramen. The capillaries of the villi display small nodular thickenings, which suggest the presence of small, sinusoidal dilatations. The main vessel supplying the plexus with blood is the anterior choroidal artery. The plexus is also characterized by a particularly rich venous network, which is drained by a prominent (main) choroid vein. The vascular organization of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle in cat is compared to that of the corresponding plexuses in other mammals.
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  • 41
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    Anatomy and embryology 156 (1979), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Prenatal catecholamines ; Extraneuronal catecholamine localization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Catecholamines were found histochemically in the visceral yolk sac of the rat from embryonic day (ED) 10, i.e. before the amines become detectable in peripheral or central neurons of the fetus. Formaldehydeinduced fluorescence was confined to the apical part of the yolk sac epithelial cells. The specificity of histofluorescence has been confirmed by borohydride reduction, microspectrofluorimetry revealing an emission peak at 480 nm and administration of reserpine. The catecholamines present were identified by mass fragmentography using N,O-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. At ED 13 both dopamine and norepinephrine were present, while only dopamine was detected at ED 181/2. Maternal circulation or the epithelial cells themselves appear as possible sources of these catecholamines. The occurrence of amines in the yolk sac epithelium may reflect an intracellular role of these compounds, a barrier function of the epithelium or a step in a transport to the fetus where the amines might assume regulatory functions.
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  • 42
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    Archives of dermatological research 264 (1979), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Biorheology ; Mechanical parameters ; Step phenomenon ; Low extension ; Skin ; Rat ; Biorheologie ; mechanische Parameter ; Stufenphänomen ; geringe Dehnung ; Haut ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei eingehenden Untersuchungen der Biomechanik der Haut von Ratten zeigte sich ein eigenartiges Verhalten, das sowohl bei konstanter Abzugsgeschwindigkeit (Kraftdehnungsexperimente) als auch bei konstanter Belastung (Kriechexperimente) auftrat. Bei konstanter Dehnung nahm die Spannung nicht kontinuierlich zu, sondern fiel 2 oder 3 mal partiell ab, bevor der steile Teil der Kraftdehnungskurve einsetzte. Dieses Verhalten, das als Stufenphänomen bezeichnet wird, wird bei geringen bis mittleren Dehnungen und relativ geringen Belastungen ausgelöst. In den meisten Fällen wurden 2, manchmal auch 3 Stufen beobachtet. Die Möglichkeit von Artefakten wurde ausgeschlossen. Das Phänomen trat hauptsächlich an Proben der Rückenhaut von Ratten, die quer zur Körperrichtung ausgestanzt waren, auf. Es kann dadurch erklärt werden, daß im Fasernetzwerk der Haut bestimmte Bindungen reißen und damit eine momentane zusätzliche Verlängerung eintritt, bis andere Bindungselemente die Zugkräfte aufnehmen. Da frühere Untersuchungen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf Alterung und Reifung sowie von desmotropen Substanzen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften beim A briß, wie z. B. Reißfestigkeit, Elastizitätsmodul und Dehnung bis zum Abriß, gezeigt haben, lag es nahe, auch das Stufenphänomen unter diesen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Bei den Kraftdehnungsexperimenten wurden die meisten Stufen in einem Alter von 2 bis 4 Monaten gefunden. Der den Stufen zuzurechnende, aufsummierte Spannungsverlust und der aufsummierte Energieverlust waren am höchsten in einem Alter von 4 Monaten. Wenn jedoch diese Werte als Prozentsatz der Werte beim Abriß berechnet wurden, so wurden die höchsten Zahlen bei jungen Tieren gefunden. Die auf die Stufen zurückzuführende Dehnungszunahme zeigte ebenfalls ein Maximum zur Zeit der Reifung, also nach 4 Monaten. Ähnliche Befunde wurden in den Kriechexperimenten erhoben, wenn mit einer mittleren Belastung von 200 g gearbeitet wurde. Nach Behandlung mit Prednisolonazetat wurden mehr und nach Behandlung mit d-Penicillamin weniger Stufen beobachtet. In den Kraftdehnungsexperimenten waren der aufsummierte Spannungsverlust und der aufsummierte Energieverlust bei Prednisolon-behandelten Ratten mehr als doppelt so hoch als bei den Kontrollen und etwa nur die Hälfte nach d-Penicillamin-Behandlung. Wenn diese Werte als Prozentsatz der Werte beim Abriß berechnet wurden, so verschwanden die Unterschiede, da die Veränderungen von Reißfestigkeit und Gesamtenergieaufnahme gleichgerichtet waren. Jedoch die auf die Stufen zurückzuführende Dehnungszunahme, die durch d-Penicillamin signifikant erniedrigt und durch Prednisolonacetat statistisch nicht signifikant erhöht war, zeigte diese Veränderungen auch, wenn sie als Prozentsatz der Dehnung beim Abriß berechnet wurde. Unter allen hier geprüften Bedingungen beeinflußte das Stufenphänomen hauptsächlich die Dehnungsparameter. Die hier berichteten Befunde bestätigten frühere Beobachtungen, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften bei geringer Belastung oder geringer und mittlerer Dehnung zumindest teilweise ein verschiedenes Verhalten zeigen, sowohl unter dem Einfluß der Reifung und der Alterung als auch nach Behandlung mit desmotropen Substanzen, als es für die mechanischen Eigenschaften beim Abriß der Proben gefunden wurde.
    Notes: Summary Comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of rat skin revealed the “step phenomenon”. This particular observation was made after constant strain rate (analysis of stress strain curves) as well as after constant load (creep experiments). Relative low extensions or low loads were necessary to provoke the steps. In most cases two, sometimes three steps were observed. The step phenomenon was found mainly in skin strips punched out perpendicularly to the body axis. Probably some bonds in the fibrous network are broken giving way to additional elongation whereafter stronger links take over the stress. Since earlier studies demonstrated a pronounced influence of age and of desmotropic drugs on mechanical properties at ultimate load, e.g., tensile strength, ultimate modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strain, also the step phenomenon was studied under these conditions. In stress-strain experiments most of the steps were found at the ages of 2 and 4 months. Total stress loss and total work loss due to the steps were the highest at the age of 4 months. If, however, these values were calculated as percentage of ultimate values, the highest figures were found in young animals. Elongation gain due to the steps also showed a maximum at time of maturation, e.g., 4 months. Similar findings were achieved in creep experiments at medium load (200 g). After treatment with prednisolone acetate more steps and after treatment with d-penicillamine fewer steps were observed. In stress-strain experiments total stress loss and total work loss due to steps were more than twice as high than controls after prednisolone treatment and only one half after d-penicillamine. If calculated as percentage of ultimate stress or percentage of work input, these changes disappeared because of similar changes at ultimate load. However, elongation gain due to steps, which was not significantly influenced by prednisolone acetate but significantly decreased by d-penicillamine, showed the same changes when calculated as percentage of ultimate strain. Under all conditions the step phenomenon mainly influenced the extension parameters. The data presented here confirm earlier observations that mechanical properties at low loads or low and medium extensions show at least to some extent a different pattern under the influence of maturation and age and after treatment with desmotropic drugs compared to the mechanical parameters at ultimate load.
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  • 43
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    Acta neuropathologica 48 (1979), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafora-like bodies ; Morphogenesis ; Glycogen metabolism ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lafora-like bodies in an 8-year-old cat were studied light and electron microscopically and histochemically. In addition to Lafora-like bodies composed of branching filaments, glycogen granules and electron-dense materials, abnormal accumulations of glycogen granules attracted attention. The most remarkable features were the developmental processes of the branching filaments originating directly from glycogen granules. Lafora-like bodies in the present study showed ultrastructural, histochemical, and enzymatic similarities to those described in the previous reports in Lafora's disease, glycogenosis and other cases. From these results, a certain disturbance of the glycogen metabolism is considered to be probably related to the productive mechanism of Lafora-like bodies.
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  • 44
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    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Protein deprivation ; Neocortex ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the neocortical area 18 of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. For control rats the specific length, the specific surface and the volume fraction of vessels increased rapidly between 7 and 20 days of age. Thereafter, only a minor increase was seen. In protein-deprived rats there was no increase in the specific length of vessels between 7 and 10 days of age and this variable was still reduced at 30 days of age compared to controls. This reduction was due to a decrease in the specific length of thin vessels (Ø〈8.25 μ) whereas the specific length of wider vessels was not affected by the protein deprivation. There were no significant differences in the specific surface or volume fraction of vessels between control and protein-deprived rats. These findings indicate an adaptive increase in luminal diameter of vessels in the protein deprived rats during postnatal development. At 90 days of age no significant differences between vascular variables of control and protein-deprived rats were seen.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Protein deprivation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Diphtheria toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphtheria toxin was locally administered around the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats aged 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks in order to investigate the permeability of the barriers enveloping the nerves. At all ages the rats developed a reversible hind limb paralysis linked to a severe segmental demyelination, indicating passage of the toxin into the endoneurium. From 6 weeks of age the pattern of reaction differed between the protein deprived and control rats. The differences are discussed and interpreted as being partly dependent on less efficient protective barriers of the sciatic nerves of the protein deprived rats.
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  • 46
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    Acta neuropathologica 46 (1979), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Rat ; Chloroquine ; Chlorphentermine ; Lipidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several cationic amphiphilic drugs, each of which is known to induce generalized lipidosis in rats, were compared with respect to their cytological effects on rat choroid plexus epithelium. Chloroquine induced large cytoplasmic vacuoles, whereas the other drugs (quinacrine, 4,4′-diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, chlorphentermine, iprindole, 1-chloro-amitriptyline, clomipramine) caused formation of lamellated or crystalloid inclusions as usually seen in drug-induced lipidosis. The ultrastructure of the chloroquine-induced vacuoles suggested storage of water-soluble materials (polar lipids and/or non-lipid materials) in addition to non-water-soluble polar lipids.
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  • 47
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    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pexid (perhexiline maleate) ; Abnormal inclusions ; Retina ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three morphologically distinct kinds of cytoplasmic inclusion (lamellar, reticular and crystalloid) developed in the retinal cells of suckling rats treated with Pexid (300 mg/kg/day). Lamellar inclusions were most abundant and they were seen in all types of retinal cells. This variety of inclusion was especially numerous in the ganglion cells. Reticular inclusions were encountered less commonly than the lamellar type and their distribution did not show any particular cellular predilection. Crystalloid inclusions were observed only in the pigment epithelial cells. The mechanism of formation of the three types of inclusion is not known, nor is the reason why certain types of inclusion occur most commonly in a particular kind of cell. One can speculate, however, that the dissimilarity of form may reflect differences in the metabolism and physicochemical properties of the various retinal cells.
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  • 48
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    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Cerebellar cortex ; Protein deprivation ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the cortex of vermis cerebelli folium IX of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. The rate of increase in specific length of vessels seem to parallel the functional maturation of neurons in all cortical layers. From the first postnatal week there is a higher specific length of vessels in the Purkinje cell layer than in the adjoining parts of the molecular and granular layers. The results indicate that such differences are present also after the period of rapid vascular growth. Protein deprivation appears to affect the postnatal increase in specific length of vessels less in the Purkinje cell layer than in the granular and molecular layer where a significant reduction compared to controls was seen for the interval 7–20 days of age. At 90 days of age no significant differences were seen between control and protein-deprived rats.
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  • 49
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 42 (1979), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Non-protein sulfhydryl concentration ; Liver ; Lung ; Kidney ; Blood ; Rat ; Human ; Glutathione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentration of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NPSH) were measured at various times of the day in rat blood, liver, lung, and kidney as well as in human blood. In each of these cases, there was a significant (p 〈 0.05) 24 h concentration variation. The variation in rat liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentration, with a maximum around the noon-time period and a minimum around midnight, appeared to be related to food intake. Blood, lung, and kidney concentrations were not similarly related to food intake. No simple, linear correlation could be shown between tissue non-protein sulfhydryl concentration among the four rat tissues. Thus, rat blood NPSH does not predict rat tissue NPSH concentrations. In seven normal human volunteers, four males and three females, significant 24 h variations in blood NPSH concentrations were observed.
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  • 50
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    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Claustrum ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Visual cortex, including areas 17, 18, and sometimes 19, was injected with tritiated leucine. Terminal labelling could be detected by autoradiography in the dorsocaudal part of the ipsilateral claustrum in all cases.
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  • 51
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    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 241-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locomotion ; Central generator ; Cat ; Deafferentation ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A central network of neurones in the spinal cord has been shown to produce a rhythmic motor output similar to locomotion after suppression of all afferent inflow. The experiments were performed mainly in acute spinal cats (th. 12), which had received DOPA i.v. and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor Nialamide. In some preparations all dorsal roots supplying the spinal cord were transected, in others phasic afferent activity was suppressed by curarization. The activity was recorded as neurograms from nerve filaments or as electromyograms. It is concluded that: 1. alternating activity between flexors and extensors of foot, ankle, knee, and hip of one limb can still occur 2. the duration of the flexor discharges vary less with the cycle duration than the extensor discharges 3. different flexor muscles may retain individual patterns 4. the activity at different joints can be dissociated 5. there is at least one network for each limb 6. the coordination between the two hindlimbs can be alternating as in walking or be more closely spaced as in galloping 7. alternating activity in the ankle remains even when only segments L6, L7 and S1 are intact.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal absorption ; Vascular perfusion ; Drugs ; Urea ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The absorption of antipyrine, salicylic acid, and urea was measured in vascularly perfused segments of rat intestine. The results were compared with absorption in segments of intestine which were prepared in an identical manner, but not perfused with blood. 2. Compared to in situ results obtained earlier, the absorption of antipyrine and salicylic acid increased 3-fold; the absorption of urea, 2-fold. The absorption of the drugs in the unperfused segments was reduced 60%; however, the absorption of urea remained unchanged. Blood flow apparently limits drug absorption, but not urea absorption. 3. A certain amount of the drugs permeated into the serosal bath in the blood-perfused segments of intestine: approximately 20% of the antipyrine and urea, but only 2% of the salicylic acid. This accounts for the difference between the disappearance rate and the venous appearance rate. 4. Histological examination revealed no morphological alterations in the blood-perfused segments when compared with control specimens. The water and glucose absorption rates were within the range obtained in earlier in vivo investigations. 5. The glucose consumption of the tissue was increased in the non-vascularly perfused intestine; apparently the oxygen supply was insufficient. The histological alterations may be the result of insufficient oxygen supply or water storage within the tissue.
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    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Emotional reactivity ; Open field ; Heart rate ; Atropine ; Propranolol ; Autonomic nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown in male rats of two albino strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley, that differences in emotional reactivity were related to physiological differences (Bernet and Denimal, 1978). Particularly the resting heart rate was slower in the more emotionally reactive rats. It has been suggested that emotional reactivity is linked with a certain neurovegetative balance. This possibility was investigated in twelve rats of each strain by means of differential blockade of the autonomic nervous system by atropine and propranolol. The heart rate response of the emotionally reactive strain to propranolol was statistically smaller than that of the non reactive strain. On the other hand, the heart rate increase resulting from atropine treatment was more elevated in the same rats. The calculated sympathetic and parasympathetic tones (as % of intrinsic heart rate) were 8% and 30% respectively in the reactive rats. However, both of the tones were 14% in the non reactive rats. In conclusion, the high defecating rats in the open-field exhibit a lower sympathetic tone linked with a higher parasympathetic tone.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Alcohol ; Withdrawal ; Audiogenic seizure ; Cholinergic enzymes ; Nucleus caudatus ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The enzymes of the cholinergic system have been investigated in discrete brain areas in alcohol-dependent rats, which were still intoxicated or were undergoing withdrawal. The ethanol intoxication resulted in a slight, but significant increase in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in the caudate nucleus both 1 and 7 h after the last dose of ethanol. We also found a significant decrease in CAT activity in the temporal limbic cortex while rats were highly intoxicated. All other brain regions investigated, e.g., cerebellum, pons-medulla, frontoparietal cortex, hypothalamus and septum showed unchanged CAT activity. Rats were also analysed immediately following the onset of a withdrawal-induced audiogenic convulsive seizure where, in addition to the striatum, depressed CAT activity was observed in the hippocampus. In all the analysed situations acetylcholinesterase activity remained unchanged. These results show that ethanol intoxication leads to a perturbation in the synthetic capacity of acetylcholine in certain defined brain structures and that this may have some correlation to the observed behavioural impairments.
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    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Prostaglandins ; Behavior ; Hyperthermia ; Hypertension ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten days after administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, which causes degeneration of central serotoninergic neurons, the depressive behavioral effects of PGF2α and PGE2 were evidently inhibited. Central chemical serotoninectomy abolished the hyperthermic and hypertensive effects of PGF2α, but only slightly affected those of PGE2. It is concluded that serotoninergic neurons mediate the depressive behavioral action of both PGF2α and PGE2. They also mediate the hyperthermic and hypertensive action of PGF2α but not of PGE2. This suggests that these prostaglandins have different central modes of action.
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    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Male sexual behavior ; Rat ; Monoamines ; Thioridazine ; Chlorimipramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thioridazine (3 mg/kg) and chlorimipramine (1.5–6.0 mg/kg) prolonged the ejaculation latency and increased the number of mounts but did not change the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. Blockade of peripheral and central noradrenaline receptors by phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine respectively resulted in a suppression of all aspects of the sexual behavior with increasing doses. dl-5-HTP (25–100 mg/kg) in combination with an inhibitor of peripheral 5-HTP decarboxylase (benserazide, 25 mg/kg) produced, like chlorimipramine and thioridazine, a prolongation of ejaculation latency and an increase in the number of mounts preceding ejaculation. Selective inhibition of 5-HT reuptake however, by zimelidine (0–20 mg/kg) or alaproclate (0–20 mg/kg) did not affect the mating behavior. At higher doses of these drugs some animals failed to initiate sexual activities. There was an increase in the postejaculatory interval but no change in the ejaculatory latency. It is concluded that the prolonged ejaculation latencies observed following treatment with thioridazine or chlorimipramine is not due to a blockade of central or peripheral adrenergic α-receptors.
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    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Behavioral tolerance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The roles of both reward and the amount of reinforced practice on the development of behavioral tolerance to ethanol were studied in 32 hooded rats in a Skinner-box situation. The effects of ethanol were evaluated on two aspects of the bar-press response (FR15): latency to complete 15 bar presses and proficiency to earn rewards. Results showed that the behavioral tolerance, as indicated by diminishing effects of ethanol on performances over repeated exposures, developed rapidly. The extent of the developed tolerance was greater and more stable in animals which had reinforced practice while under the influence of ethanol than in animals which had non-reinforced practice. Animals which were exposed to the same amount of ethanol but practiced the response in a nondrug state showed little sign of tolerance to ethanol. These findings give further support to a previous view that learning processes may be involved in acquisition of behavioral tolerance to ethanol.
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    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 311-312 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Spontaneous motor activity ; Stereotypy ; Behavioral interactions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effect of a single administration of a dose (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of cocaine hydrochloride on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST), and interactions between these behaviors were investigated in rats. SMA showed peak increases within 10 min and at 120 min after cocaine injection. Drug-induced stereotypy was maximal during the interval between these two peaks in SMA. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the interactions between SMA and ST.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Renal hypertension ; Unclipping ; Redipping ; Reactivity of blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Moderate or severe hypertension was induced in rats by application of a clip 0.25 or 0.20 mm internal diameter) to the left renal artery leaving the contralateral kidney intact. Removal of the clip 6, 13 or 24 days after the induction of the hypertension was followed by a rapid decrease in blood pressure. A near normotensive level was reached after 2–6 h. Reapplication of the clip to the unclipped renal artery after 1 day caused an enhanced blood pressure response. The preoperative hypertensive levels were reached within 2 h. This enhanced response was related to the level of blood pressure before the removal of the clip. Lengthening the interval between removal and reapplication of the clip gradually reduced the enhanced response of blood pressure, which had disappeared 8 days after the removal of the clip. Reapplication of the clip to the contralateral renal artery was not followed by an enhanced response in rats with previous moderate or severe hypertension.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion ; Loop of Henle ; Stop-flow pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of the feedback mechanism, that causes glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate to decrease when tubule fluid flow rate through the loop of Henle of the same nephron is increased, was examined in rats before and during isotonic extracellular fluid volume expansion. The loop of Henle was perfused from the late proximal tubule at either 10 or 40 nl/min while proximal fluid was collected to measure single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), while proximal stop-flow pressure (PSF) was measured, or while fluid was collected from the early distal tubule to assess reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes by the loop of Henle. During control periods increasing loop perfusion caused SNGFR to decrease 37%, PSF to decrease 19%, and absorption of fluid, sodium and chloride by the loop of Henle to increase. After 1 h of infusion of isotonic NaCl solution the same change in loop flow causes a 19% decrease in SNGFR and an 8% decrease in PSF. Fluid absorption by the loop of Henle did not increase with increased loop perfusion. Increases in Na and Cl absorption were similar to the increases in control periods. The smaller decreases in SNGFR and PSF indicate that acute volume expansion decreases the sensitivity of the feedback response. The mechanism of this decrease in gain could involve interference with local generation or action of angiotensin, or a change in the composition or pressure of interstitial fluid tending to dilate the pre-glomerular resistance vessels.
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    Pflügers Archiv 382 (1979), S. 51-55 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebellectomy ; Vestibuloocular reflex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cerebellectomy on the semi-circular canal evoked responses recorded from individual vertical and oblique eye muscles were studied in cats anesthetized with Ketamine. The phase lag relative angular acceleration of the electromyographic response was consistantly smaller over the frequency range tested (0.02–1.0 Hz) in cerebellectomized than in intact animals. This finding indicates that the time constant of the central, neural integrator was shifted towards smaller values by the lesion. This was also suggested when the vertical eye movements generated by rotation about the pitch axis were recorded in the fully alert animal. In addition, the EOG data show that the phase of the VOR in the low frequency range was not altered following cerebellectomy suggesting that the macular influences were still present. When the EMG responses of the superior oblique (SO) and superior rectus (SR) muscles were studied in their presumed main mode, i.e. roll-canal and pitch-canal, respectively, no difference was noted in hemicerebellectomized animals when compared to intact control animals. However, when SO and SR were studied in pitch-canal and roll-canal rotation, respectively, dramatic changes in the response pattern were noted in lesioned animals.
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    Pflügers Archiv 380 (1979), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Heart rate ; Rat ; Sex difference ; Body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In unanesthetized Sprague Dawleys, SPF, of both sexes, housed indl 12:12 (110 lux), at a temperature of 18–23°C and a hygrometry of 60–75%, the measurements of heart frequencies during most part of their life point out a continuous decrease with age and an always higher (40–20 c. min−1) heart rate in females than in males. Significant correlations between rate and body weight can account for these heart which corresponds to the growth period, a linear relationship was established between Log heart rate (y;c. min−1) and Log body weight (x; gram); for males: Logy=−0.122 Logx+Log 938 and for females: Logy=−0.166 Logx+Log 1217. After the age of 600 days, which corresponds to senescence, decreases in heart rate as well as in body weight were observed in both sexes.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Foetal kidney ; Ammoniagenesis ; Gluconeogenesis ; Acidosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ammoniagenesis and gluconeogenesis have been studied in foetal rat kidneys during the five last days of gestation by measuring in vitro NH3 and glucose productions from glutamine and by assaying activities of soluble phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). These studies were carried out in normal (mean blood pH: 7.30) and acidotic (pH: 7.12) foetuses. In normal foetuses, NH3 production by kidney cortex slices remains constant throughout the studied period of development, at a level 10-fold lower than the maternal one. On day 20 of gestation, a low glucose production (20-fold lower than the maternal one) appears for the first time. This may be related to an increase of PEPCK and G6Pase activities which occurs between day 19 and 20. In 20 days old foetuses, NH4Cl induced acidosis stimulates NH3 production but has no effect on PEPCK activity and glucose production. A response of gluconeogenesis to acidosis is observed one day later (day 21).
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    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Discriminative stimulus properties ; Psychomotor stimulants ; Cat ; d-Amphetamine ; Clozapine ; Cocaine ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cats were trained to choose between two levers of an operant chamber using interoceptive cues provided by d-amphetamine or saline as the discriminative stimuli. Following training, stimulus generalization was observed to additional doses of d-amphetamine and cocaine, but not to morphine. Clozapine blocked the generalization of the drug discrimination response to d-amphetamine, but had no effect on generalization to cocaine. These data indicate that discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants, previously described in rats, are similar in cats.
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  • 65
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    Psychopharmacology 65 (1979), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Physical dependence ; Addiction ; Reinforcement ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Groups of naive rats were offered morphine sulfate for self-administration in doses of 0.0032–10 mg/kg for 6 days. On day 7 saline was substituted for morphine. Loss of weight was taken as physiological evidence of dependence. Rats that did not lose weight formed a single population whose mean injection rate did not differe from control rats receiving only saline injections. Injection rates for rats losing weight were log-normally distributed, and the mean of the logarithms of the injection rates was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose. Mean daily injection rates averaged 12 for controls, 23 at 10 mg/kg, and 411 at 0.01 mg/kg. A transient increase in morphine intake after an injection of nalorphine was taken as behavioral evidence of dependence. Nalorphine increased morphine intake when rats were self-injecting 0.32 and 1.0 mg/kg of morphine, but not 0.032 or 0.1 mg/kg. The reinforcing property of morphine may occur without behavioral evidence of dependence.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 2-Chloroethylnitrosoureas ; Leukemia L 5222 ; Rat ; 2-Chlorethylnitrosoharnstoffe ; Leukämie L 5222 ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Aktivität der vier neusynthetisierten Nitrosoharnstoffe 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso(3-methylencarboxamido)-harnstoff (Acetamido-CNU), 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(4-morpholino)-harnstoff (Morpholino-CNU), 1-(2-Chlorethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(1-piperidino)-harnstoff (Piperidino-CNU) und 2-[3-(2-Chlorethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-ethylmethansulfonat (Ethylmethansulfonato-CNU) wurde an der präterminalen Rattenleukämie L 5222 mit der Wirkung von BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, Chlorozotocin und Hydroxyethyl-CNU verglichen. MeCCNU war den anderen Substanzen im Hinblick auf den breiten Dosisbereich, in dem eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen bewirkt wurde, überlegen. Chlorozotocin dagegen bewirkte als einzige Substanz in dieser Versuchsanordnung keine Heilungen. Von den neu vorgestellten Substanzen waren die wasserlöslichen Verbindungen Acetamido-CNU und Morpholino-CNU im Hinblick auf die Breite des Dosisbereiches, in dem eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen erzielt wurde, annähernd dem CCNU vergleichbar. Piperidino-CNU und Ethylmethansulfonato-CNU bewirkten auch Heilungen; jedoch wurde nur mit einer Dosierung von Piperidino-CNU eine mediane Überlebenszeit von 〉90 Tagen erreicht.
    Notes: Summary The newly synthesized nitrosoureas 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(methylenecarboxamido)-urea (Acetamido-CNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(4-morpholino)-urea (Morpholino-CNU), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(1-piperidino)-urea (Piperidino-CNU), and 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-ethylmethanesulfonate (Ethylmethanesulfonato-CNU) were compared in their chemotherapeutic activity against preterminal rat leukemia L 5222 with BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU, Chlorozotocin, and Hydroxyethyl-CNU. With respect to the dose range effecting a median survival time of more than 90 days, MeCCNU was superior to the other substances. Chlorozotocin, on the other hand, was the only substance which achieved no cures in this experimental arrangement. From the four newly introduced substances the water-soluble substances Acetamido-CNU and Morpholino-CNU were approximately comparable to CCNU with regard to the dose range effecting a median survival time of 〉90 days. Piperidino-CNU and Ethylmethanesulfonato-CNU also effected cures; however, only Piperidino-CNU in one dosage effected a median survival time of 〉90 days.
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  • 67
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 95 (1979), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 2-Chloroethylnitrosoureas ; Carcinogenesis ; Rat ; 2-Chloroethylnitrosoharnstoffe ; Carcinogenese ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Heilung der akuten Rattenleukämie L 5222 bei 79 BD IX Ratten mit einmaligen Dosen von 1,3-bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoharnstoff (BCNU) oder 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoharnstoff (Hydroxyethyl-CNU) entwickelten sich bei insgesamt 9 Tieren (∼ 11%) sekundäre Malignome.
    Notes: Summary After cure of rat leukemia L 5222 in 79 BD IX rats by single doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (Hydroxyethyl-CNU) a total of 9 rats (11%) developed secondary malignomas.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Adrenal medulla ; Embryonic induction ; Adrenocortical hormones ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (or dopa decarboxylase, DDC), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the adrenal medulla of adult rats and rat fetuses (14th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 21st day) was examined. In the prenatal stages the medullary blastema and an adjacent part of the primitive sympathetic trunk were also investigated. Tissues were fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Cryostat sections (10 μm in thickness) were stained by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Rabbit antibodies to TH (isolated from human pheochromocytoma), DDC, DBH and PNMT (the latter three isolated from bovine adrenal medulla) were used. Sections incubated with serum of non-immunized rabbits were used as controls. In the adult adrenal medulla, two cell types can be distinguished. One cell type contains only TH, DDC and DBH. The other cell type contains PNMT in addition. It is concluded that these cells correspond to the noradrenaline-(NA-) and adrenaline-(A-)storing cells respectively. In all prenatal stages TH, DDC and DBH are found in the primitive sympathetic trunk, in the medullary blastema, and in the medullary cells which have migrated into the cortical “anlage”. PNMT is observed for the first time on the 18th day. Moreover, PNMT could only be demonstrated inside the adrenal gland. From these observations it is concluded that the capacity to synthesize NA is developed even before the “medullary” cells have reached the cortical “anlage”. On the contrary, the capacity to synthesize A seems to be acquired only after this contact is established. The hypothesis is put forward that this phenomenon might indicate the induction of PNMT by glucocorticoids secreted by the fetal cortex.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Cytogenesis ; Synaptogenesis ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphogenesis of the arcuate nucleus of the rat from the 15th fetal day to the 6th postnatal day was investigated light and electron microscopically. The arcuate neurons exhibit a gradual development after the 15th fetal day. All cytoplasmic constituents are present in these nerve cells already during the last days of gestation. Nevertheless, they are not fully differentiated at birth. The first synapse-like structures (presynapses) were observed in 17 day-old, the first synapses in 18 day-old fetuses. During the early postnatal period the number of presynapses decreases, but at the same time there is a gradual increase in the number of the relatively mature synapses. This process starts already during the last days of prenatal life. Although all structural elements of the arcuate nucleus of the adult rat appear to be present at birth, the extent of the neuropil area and the number of the presynapses indicate that the arcuate nucleus is still in a fairly undeveloped stage during the first postnatal days.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Axon terminals ; Tanycytes ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these “axo-tanycytic” endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal organ ; Membrane particles ; Cell contacts ; Freeze-etching ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free surfaces and cell contacts in the epithelia of the vomeronasal organ of the rat were investigated by freeze-etching. The microvilli of receptor cells show a lower density of intramembranous particles (IMP) than the microvilli in the receptor-free epithelium. The ratio between the IMP on P and E-face is approximately 11∶1 in the receptor terminals, and 3.5∶1 in the cilia and microvilli of the receptor-free epithelium. Although atypical in length and only poorly equipped with rootlet fibers, the cilia of the receptor-free epithelium are furnished with typical ciliary necklace structures of up to 10 rows of membrane particles. Differences in the density of IMP on the P-faces of different cilia are probably due to continual ciliogenesis and also due to the different age of cilia in the receptor-free epithelium. Zonulae occludentes show different configurations in the neuroepithelium and in the receptor-free epithelium. In the former, they show a tendency to cross-link and form facet-like patterns, reflecting a constant morphology and relative stability for this apical region. In the receptor-free epithelium the junctional rows of zonulae occludentes display only loosely interconnected networks and a tendency to orient parallel to each other and to the free surface. In addition to zonulae occludentes, typical square aggregations of IMP are observed in the receptor-free epithelium. They are not exclusively restricted to the zone of intensive cell contacts by means of fine interdigitating cell processes, and their function has yet to be identified experimentally.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cells ; Entero-endocrine cells ; Rat ; Cell isolation ; Pylorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A technique has been developed to obtain viable, isolated and enriched populations of gastrin cells (G-cells) from the rat stomach. Restricted tissue samples from a small area of the pyloric antrum known to be particularly rich in G-cells, were sequentially digested with pronase followed by mechanical agitation, to remove the epithelial cells. This technique resulted in a significant enrichment of G-cells (3–4 fold) since the surface epithelial cells and upper portions of the glands were discarded before the initial G-cell fraction was collected. These cells in suspension were then isolated from each other by gentle pipetting in a DNase containing solution and designated the crude preparation (CP). The G-cells were then purified further by separating the cells according to size by velocity sedimentation. The greatest concentration of G-cells (15–25 %) was found in the fraction containing cells with diameters of 10 to 12 μm. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by counting G-cells as identified by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence and assessing gastrin activity by radioimmunoassay. All three methods indicated that cell separation by gravity velocity sedimentation enriched the G-cell population 15–20 fold over their concentration in the CP. The combined techniques of selective pronase digestion followed by gravity velocity sedimentation resulted in an isolated cell preparation containing a 50–100 fold increase of G-cells over their normal distribution in the intact gastric mucosa. Since these isolated G-cells retain features indicating viability, their usefulness for in vitro studies is suggested.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular neurosecretory system ; Activation ; Rat ; Vasopressinergic neurons ; Oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Hypothalamic deafferentation ; Synaptic plasticity ; Estrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the effect of estrogen on the synaptic structures in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN), semi-quantitative studies were performed by counting synapses in an 18,000 μm2 area in the middle part of the ARCN in each brain. In ovariectomized female rats injected with 2 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) for three weeks, the mean numbers of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were not significantly different from those in the intact and ovariectomized controls. When the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) including the ARCN was isolated by use of a Halász knife (MBH island), the mean number of axodendritic synapses was decreased to about half of the controls. However, EB treatment for three weeks from the day of surgery effectively restored the axodendritic synaptic population of the deafferented ARCN. This may suggest that estrogen has a facilitatory effect on axodendritic synapse formation in the deafferented ARCN, presumably by stimulating axonal sprouting and synaptic regeneration of intact axons in the MBH island.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Rat ; Seminiferous tubule ; Transitional zone ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study was made on the structure of the testicular transitional zone (TZ) in the adult rat. The TZ proper consists of modified Sertoli cells, with only a few spermatogonia and macrophages, surrounding distally a very narrow lumen. The TZ Sertoli cells have nuclei with a somewhat coarser matrix and more peripheral heterochromatin than Sertoli cell nuclei of the nearby seminiferous tubules, and the electron density of the cytoplasm varies from cell to cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant, but usually there are also scattered ribosomal rosettes and an occasional profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules are very numerous in the columnar portion of the cell, and laminar structures seemingly joining the cell surfaces are sometimes seen. Lipid droplets and lysosomal structures are frequent cellular components in proximal TZ Sertoli cells. Empty intracellular vacuoles are abundant, sometimes arranged around areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, membrane-limited fine granules and vacuoles are seen within Sertoli cells and also in the TZ lumen, suggesting a possible secretory activity by these cells. The apical processes of the Sertoli cells form large vacuolar structures, and in the basal parts of the epithelium vacuoles with capillary-like appearance are frequently seen. Phagocytosis of germinal cells by the Sertoli cells occurs in the proximal region of the TZ. Round waste bodies in contact with the Sertoli cell apices protruding into the tubulus rectus, are also common. The tunica propria of the TZ is thickened and somewhat wrinkled, and in the proximal region the myoid cell layer loses its continuity and is replaced by fibroblasts. The epithelium of the tubulus rectus adjacent to the TZ consists of several overlapping epithelial cells. The typical junctional complexes between TZ Sertoli cells appear to be impermeable to the lanthanum tracer.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Golgi-impregnation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferent connections to the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the thalamus were studied by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and by the Golgi-method. After HRP-injection into the VB, peroxidase-positive cells were observed contralaterally in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), in the trigeminal nuclei and in the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), and ipsilaterally in the somatosensory I (SI) and II (SII) cortical areas. Labeled cells of different shape and size were compared with neurons impregnated by the Golgi-technique. On the basis of HRP-labeling it is concluded that cells projecting to the VB are different in size and shape even within one region and that they correspond to the relay or efferent neurons observed in the Golgimaterial.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subsurface cisterns ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. They appeared as cytoplasmic organelles consisting most often of stacks of parallel cisterns apposed to the neuronal plasmalemma. These SSC's were located in the interneurons of the parvocellular system, but not in neurosecretory cells and glial cells. SSC's were seen at zones of cytoplasm apposed to neuronal or glial cell processes, showing in some instances specific relationships with synaptic areas. The morphological features of these SSC's are described, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Ontogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 377-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Nerve tracts ; Regional organization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (β1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the β1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the β1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cell ; Gonadotrophs ; Culture ; Cell lines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine fluorescence ; Microfluorometry ; Computer-assisted correction ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a circumscribed area of the preoptic periventricular nucleus of a male rat, formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorophores modified by treatment with HCl vapors were investigated microfluorometrically (measurement of excitation peak ratio 370∶320 nm) in all fluorescent terminals and preterminals. Microfluorometric recordings of an individual fluorescent structure were performed without UV irradiation of neighboring fluorophores. Recorded data were sampled and corrected by a microcomputer (WangPCS II). 19 neuronal processes (axons) contained noradrenaline fluorophores; 11 contained dopamine fluorophores; 6 exhibited uncharacteristic excitation peak ratios; and in 9 recordings technical problems did not allow identification of the fluorophore content.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Normal bone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of vesicles in the extracellular matrix of alveolar bone of normal young rats was demonstrated by both ultrastructural and enzymatic studies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant vesicles in the matrix. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals, both within the vesicles and in the matrix, was affiliated with rupture of the vesicular membrane. Calcifying nodules were scarce. High levels of both specific and total activities of alkalineand pyrophosphatases were found in the fraction of isolated vesicles. This fraction also showed activities of different ATPases and acid phosphatase.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin containing structures in the median eminence of the rat have been studied by quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography following intraventricular infusion of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. One hour after injection of the tracer the highest density of silver grains was recorded in the ependymal and external zones, especially in the lateral palisade zone. The proportion of labelled neurosecretory terminals was also larger in the lateral palisade zone (29%) as compared with the medial palisade zone (13%), although the mean number of developed silver grains per one terminal was higher in the latter. On the average, 16% of neurosecretory terminals sequestered radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan in the external zone of the rat median eminence. It is suggested that serotonin, like catecholamines, is discharged from neurosecretory terminals localized in the external zone and via the portal circulation affects the function of the anterior pituitary. The sites of origin of serotoninergic structures of the median eminence as well as the possible role of monoamine (catecholamine and indolamine) neurohormones in a dual peptidergic and monoaminergic control of anterior pituitary functions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 222 (1979), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Brain-stem electric response (BSER) ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early auditory evoked responses have been studied in bilaterally hearing cats, and in animals with hereditary unilateral anacusis. Cross-over stimulation of the hearing ear occurs at an interaural attenuation of 50-50 dB, and all six waves of the responsare present at supra-threshold stimulus levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 225 (1979), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Kallikrein ; Parotisspeichel ; Ratte ; experimenteller Hoch-druck ; Kallikrein ; Parotid saliva ; Rat ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A technique for continuous and quantitative collection of parotid saliva — including salivary flow rate determination — for in vivo experiments in rats is described. Excretion of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of rats with various forms of arterial hypertension (genuine, renovascular and DOCTMA-salt hypertension) was studied. Kallikrein excretion was measured by its esterolytic activity. The levels of kallikrein-like activity in parotid saliva of normotensive control rats ranged between 2.5–4.0 mU/min during salivary flow stimulation with pilocarpine. In all forms of experimental hypertension salivary excretion of kallikrein-like activity was increased 2–4 fold. This increase was not related to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben für die fortlaufende, quantitative Untersuchung des Parotisspeichels von Ratten unter Berücksichtigung der Flußrate. Bei verschiedenen Formen des arteriellen Hochdruckes (genuiner, renovaskulärer, DOCTMA-Hochdruck) konnte so die Konzentration des Kallikreins im Parotisspeichel bestimmt werden. Die Kallikrein-Sekretion wurde gemessen an ihrer esterolytischen Aktivität. Die Exkretion des Kallikreins lag bei normotensiven Kontrolltieren zwischen 2,5 und 4,0 mU/min während einer durch Pilokarpin ausgelösten Stimulation der Drüsenfunktion. Bei allen Formen des arteriellen Hochdrucks war die Sekretion von Kallikrein um das zwei- bis vierfache erhöht. Dieser Anstieg hatte keine Beziehung zur Aktivität des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1851-1863 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary control problem of optimal heating of an infinitely long slab with tempertue-dependent thermal conductivity, subjected to a convection and radiation boundary condition, is analysed by numerical methods.In order to reformulate the optimal control problem of distributed parameter systems as a mathematical programming problem of finite dimension, a space, co-ordinate is discretized by use of the finite element method, while the Runge-Kutta method is utilized for time integrations. Finally, the performance index of the optimal control problem is minimized by the conjugate gradient method of optimization.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 1879-1879 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 37-50 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 11-35 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element equivalents of the equations governing shearing and buoyancy driven flows are derived, and reduced to upwind forms suitable for the solution of problems in which the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers are large. A modification to the central difference iterative method is studied which increases the Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers for which a central difference form may be used. A comparison is made between the results obtained using the central and upwind forms of the finite element method and those predicted by finite difference methods in the case of flow in a cavity. A mesh refinement study is made. The upwind forms of the finite element equations are applied to the solution of a complex flow problem involving the flow of glass in a throated furnace in the case of constant- and temperature- dependent viscosity and conductivity.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 51-68 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The 18 degree-of-freedom flat triangular shell element is reformulated by combining the well-known bending triangle with a plane stress triangle incorporating in-plane rotations at each vertex. Both elements are displacement formulated. The plane stress element's displacement interpolation is incomplete and hence convergence to exact solutions is precluded. Comprehensive test results are presented for several types of problem including plane stress, thin shells and folded plates. The results indicate that the element does produce rapidly convergent answers. However these answers are not the correct ones, although they may be acceptable engineering approximations in many applications. Further, the element seems to provide reasonably good results even for relatively coarse element grids.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 81-102 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper considers the finite element analysis of the free, undamped and the forced damped vibrations of rotationally periodic structures. Associated with every natural frequency (except for those for which the deflection is the same at corresponding points on every substructure) there are a pair of orthogonal mode shapes, with eigenvectors {u} and {ü}. The complex vector {z}={u}+i{ü} is also an eigenvector of the equations of motion, and represents a rotating normal mode. The deflection of one substructure has the same amplitude as, and a constant phase difference from the deflection of the preceding substructure. It is therefore possible to analysse the complete structure by considering only one substructure, and applying appropriate complex constraints at its boundary with the following substructure, so as to and applying appropriate complex constrainsts at its boundary with the following substructure, so as to impose this phase difference. The method has been implemented in a computer program and is illustrated by analyses of an alternator end winding, a cooling tower with legs, and a wheel of turbine blades.For forced vibration, it is shown that any arbitrary oscillatory force can be decomposed into a series of rotating forces. For any one of these rotating components, there is a fixed relationship between the amplitude and phase of the force acting on one substructure, and that acting on an adjoining substructure. This relationship, which does not involve any approximation, can be used to enable a series of calculations of the response of one substructure to be performed instead of one on the whole structure. A series of calculations on an individual substructure normally requires much less computer time and storage than a single calculation on the complete structure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Load-free notch surfaces of bodies made of a linear-elastic, homogeneous, isotropic material are optimized within given variation domains by means of an interation procedure so that the occurring maximum tangéntial stress is reduced to a minimum. The hypothesis of a constant tangential stress distribution for obtaining minimal notch stresses proposed by R. V. Baud has been confirmed by means of the Fade-away Law of the notch stress theory. The finite element method is applied for calculating the displacement and stress field of the styructure. An increment procedure is used for determing the displacement field after every iteration step, which permits the calculation of the displacement quantities with sufficient accuracy in a single step. Numerical solutions and their comparison with analytical solutions and stress results obtained with the aid of photo-elasticity confirm the usefulness of this procedure. The known optimization methods1,2 differ from those used in the present paper.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 317-336 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a novel integral-equation technique for solving the steady-state wave-resistance problem. The free-surface condition is linearized, but the body condition is satisfied exactly. An integral relation describing the flow inside an arbitrarily truncated internal region is first obtained by applying Green's Theorem, using only the simple source function for an infinite fluid. The internal flow is next matched with eigen expansions in the upstream and downstream outer regions. The radiation condition can be satisfied exactly simply by a proper choice of the solution form in these outer regions. The method is applied to investigate flows about both lifting and non-lifting two-dimensional bodies. Agreement with existing results is excellent. The present formulation provides a simple yet rational basis for tackling the practical three-dimensional ship-wave problem, in which past workers have encountered considerable difficulties using a complicated free-surface Green function.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 379-408 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we present an algorithm for adaptively computing smooth piecewise polynomial approximations using restricted range uniform approximations on a finite point set. We also present several numerical examples and offer suggestions for the effective use of this algorithm. We have found the algorithm to be effective for approximating a wide class of functions, either with or without significant levels of noise. Furthermore, since the user of this algorithm actually defines tolerance bands within which the approximation will lie, the algorithm allows the user a great deal of flexibility and control over the shape of the resulting approximations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979), S. 337-357 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of contacting components such as gear teeth in mesh and shrink-fitted shafts is very common in engineering practice. This paper deals with the development of a theoretical method which gives a solution for non-linear contact problems with irreversibility resulting from stick-slip phenomenon.The method is based on the finite element method and load incremental theory. The geometrical and the statical boundary conditions on contact surfaces are treated as additional conditions being independent of stiffness equations. As a result, the algorithm of calculation is simplified and only a part of the simultaneous equations related to the contact surfaces is required to be solved instead of the overall stiffness equations at each step. Furthermore, the magnitude of load causing a change in a contact condition of one contact nodepair is taken as a load increment, in analogy with the incremental iterative procedure for elastic-plastic problems. Therefore, the method provides a general and efficient method for analysis and design of such problems.As illustrative examples, the stick-slip behaviour of turbo-alternator end-bells and other problems are discussed. The calculated results show a reasonable agreement with experimental data and other solutions.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 14 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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