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  • 1990-1994  (4,122)
  • 1985-1989  (4,011)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7,028)
  • Life Sciences (general)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Different methylated glucose derivatives and cellobiose were examined as the carbon sources for growth and cellulose formation by Acetobacter xylinum. HPLC studies were carried out to gain information about the kinetics of the utilization of the C sources used. The type and yields of the synthesized cellulose were described. Besides glucose, cellobiose was a substrate for the synthesis of this polysaccharide by the bacteria. Other methylated derivatives of glucose were not accepted for a comparable synthesis of this polymer. An estimation of citrate in an unmodified culture liquid (SH medium) showed utilization in a late phase of cultivation. The influence of this organic acid on the pH value, cellulose synthesis and growth is described. By the application of citric acid as a sole carbon source “gel-like” forms of cellulose were formed generally.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 274-274 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of ultrafiltration to fractionate dextran solutions in order to obtain fractions for the synthesis of dextran derivatives was investigated.Several experiments were carried out in two available commercial ultrafilters. The operation was evaluated by the recovery yield and process time.Dextran solutions can be fractionated being concentrated up to 9 fold in a PM30, but no more than double in a PM5 hollow fibre membrane cartridge.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five 4.02-1 UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors were continuously operated at 30°C under different hydrodynamic regimes for more than 120 days. The effect of the upflow liquid velocity (ULV) over the range of 0.25 to 2.0 m/h on the biological characteristics of the granules formed by treating vinasses (waste water of alcohol distilleries) from sugar cane molasses was investigated constantly maintaining the volumetric loading rate (VLR) (8 g COD/l · d). Granular sludge was found at all the ULV tested. The size, shape, etc., of the granules indicated that the ULV had a considerable effect on the sludge cultivated in this type of system, thereby acting as a selection process for the biomass. The best results in relation to the time of appearance, size, shape, consistence, stability, composition, and the accumulation were observed in the ULV range between 0.25 and 0.5 m/h.Microscopic studies of the granules using optical and epifluorescence microscopes and the scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed a heterogeneous biomass and revealed the cell characteristics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nocardia autotrophica was grown in a medium containing ferulic acid and 14C-ferulic acid, labelled in various parts of a particle as a main carbon source. After incubation, the products were analyzed by thin layer, high performance liqid and gas chromatography and by IR and NMR spectra methods. The products detected were caffeic acid, catechol, coniferyl alcohol, eugenol, guaiacol, hydrocaffeic acid, isoeugenol, isoferulic acid, isovanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and aldehyde, vanillic acid, and vinylguaiacol. A liberation of 14CO2 during cultivation was noticed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes the continuous aerobic cultivation of a Pseudomonas strain with toluene as the substrate in a closed chemostat with oxygen or air as the gas phase. Due to the constant supply of a nitrogen-saturated aqueous medium, nitrogen passes from the liquid phase of the chemostat into the gas phase (head space). This results in an increasing nitrogen content (asymptotic approach to 100%). The concomitant decrease in the partial pressure of the oxygen in the gas phase finally leads to an oxygen limitation for the bacteria in the medium and an incomplete toluene degradation. The critical nitrogen content of the gas phase at which oxygen limitation begins depends on the toluene concentration in the incoming medium. However, when the gas is continuously removed from the head space, the nitrogen content reaches a steady-state value of less than 100%, depending on the flow rate of the outgoing gas. The oxygen limitation and the associated incomplete toluene degradation can be prevented in this way. The method of gas removal from the head space to avoid oxygen limitation is also applicable when the reactor is supplied with air instead of oxygen. Waste waters contaminated with highly volatile pollutants can thus be biologically decontaminated under aerobic conditions, without shifting the pollution problem from the liquid to the gas phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimization studies were carried out for the production of L-lactic acid from the fermentation of beet molasses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii. A Central Composite Design was used to determine the optimum values of the process variables (temperature, pH, inoculum concentration, and initial sucrose concentration) for obtaining the maximum yield and the maximum volumetric productivity of lactic acid. Among the variables selected for study, it was found that all of them apart from the temperature significantly affected the responses (yield and volumetric productivity of lactic acid). The Central Composite Design also permitted formulating two second-order polynomial empirical models relating to the responses and the significant variables. From these models it was possible to determine the value of the variables giving the maximum yield of lactic acid production (87.8%) and the maximum volumetric rate of lactic acid biosynthesis (2.7 g/l · h). Finally, the dependence of the lactic acid yield and productivity on the model variables was investigated. All conclusions are restricted to the experimental range studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hypericin content of in vitro regenerated plants of Hypericum perforatum L. was determined by spectrophotometry. A significant variability of some of the morphological characters, of the biomass production and the hypericin formation was found within the somaclones of the same genetic origin and among the regerants of different genotypes. The concentration of BAP which promoted the shoot differentiation did not affect the hypericin content and the gland density. New information on the ultrastructure of hypericin-containing multicellular glands is presented here.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of the casing soil during mushroom cultivation was studied with respect to the composition of the microflora. The thermophilic bacteria became more numerous and the number of mesophiles was clearly enhanced. The casing soil had a protective action against antagonistic microflora. Interactions between the microflora and the mushroom were also studied.Moreover, lignocellulose degradation was evaluated by enzymatic measurements during cultivation and process, and was documented by an ultrastructural study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Magnesium and potassium ions are present in sugar cane molasses in a concentration of about 0.3% and 2.5%, respectively, which is high enough to support biomass production from Candida utilis. Culture broth with 40 g/l of total reducing substances supplemented by the addition of 1 ppm of Mg2+ leads to a higher yield (Y x/s) in batch fermentation experiments. The subsequent addition of Mg2+ up to 10 ppm decreases the yield coefficient from 0.53 to 0.42 without affecting the growth rate. Fermentation media supplemented with 1 to 10 ppm of K+ decreased both the yield coefficient and the specific growth rate. A Mg/K ratio of about 0.1 seems to be optimal for yeast biomass propagation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction of different plasmids reported here on the basis of a broad-host-range RSF1010 replicon allows an efficient expression of heterologous genes in the acidophilic methanol-assimilating bacterium Acetobacter methanolicus B58.The promoter-probe vector pRS201 was used for the identification and isolation of the promoter containing sequences derived from the DNA of the Acetobacter phage Acm1. Further, this plasmid was coupled with the Escherichia coli promoters tac and pr creating the expression vectors pRS201tac and pRS201pr, respectively. After the insertion of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene of the cloned promoters downstream, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was determined in a cell-free extract of both E. coli and A. methanolicus.Using E. coli promoters as well as promoters of the Acetobacter phage Acm1 arranged in tandem with the promoters of the heterologous genes to be expressed, the pectat lyase gene (ptlB) of Erwinia carotovora and the threonine A gene (thrA) of E. coli were successfully expressed in A. methanolicus.The stability of recombinant plasmids under various conditions in A. methanolicus strains was tested using antibiotic-free media.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, the oxygen mass transfer efficiency and power consumption in a non-biological system and an antibiotic biosynthesis process, using a modified RUSHTON turbine agitator, were investigated. It was demonstrated that a simple modification of the blades through the increase of the blade height, simultaneously with the discontinuation of the blade surface, could improve the oxygen transfer efficiency by about 30%.Experiments performed in stirred tank bioreactors with an overall volume of 20 m3, equipped with the modified RUSHTON turbine agitator, showed that the power consumption diminished by a factor of 1.18 to 1.6 during the fermentation processes of Streptomyces erithreus, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces noursei, and Nocardia mediaterranei, compared to the witness bioreactor.The use of the modified RUSHTON turbine for the antibiotic biosynthesis process may contribute to the decrease of the overall costs and the obtainment of better productivity, allowing an intensive utilization of power inputs for aeration and agitation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to improve the methionine yield of the isolate B. heali, attempts were made to isolate mutants resistant to the methionine analogue DL-ethionine after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethionine for B. heali was found to be 2 mM. After mutagenesis and screening, five mutants resistant to 50 mM of ethionine were isolated. The yield of the best ethionine resistant mutant, B. heali Br EthR250, was 13 mg/l of methionine medium under optimum cultivation conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 210-210 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 217-217 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 218-218 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus carbonarius NRC 401121 phytase was produced on canola meal in a solid-state fermentation process. A Km value of 0.345 mM and a vmax of 0.81 units were determined for sodium phytate. The optimum pH and temperature were 4.7 and 53°C, respectively. Activation of the enzyme occurred when it was preincubated at higher temperatures for a period of time. The energy of activation, the entropy and the enthalpy changes were evaluated to be 7,800 cal/mole, 74 cal/(mole · K) and 24,000 cal/mole for this enzyme, respectively.The effect of time and the extractant: solid state culture ratio upon the single step extraction of phytase from a solid-state culture were evaluated.Mathematical correlations which fit the experimental data reasonably well were proposed for some of the studied processes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Streptomyces rimosus Pfizer 18234-2 cells were immobilized in calcium alginate and used for the production of oxytetracycline. The influence of the incubation period, alginate concentration and storage in CaCl2 were investigated. From the results of the repeated batch fermentations of the shake flasks, a good level of antibiotic was maintained for a period of about 28 days using 4% calcium alginate. The cell leakage and cell concentration inside the beads were affected by the alginate concentration and storage in CaCl2 solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 311-311 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 315-335 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotechnology as a multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary field of science and engineering is regarded to be a key technology for the future, able to essentially contribute to sustainable development. In the first part of this paper, a critical analysis of the status quo in biotechnologies is given in the area of pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, and industrial biotechnology as well as food biotechnology. Here the general potential becomes clear, but also a series of disadvantages which are partly the result of the existing paradigm in science and technology and partly in direct connection to bioprocessing itself. Nevertheless, these biotechnologies will contribute to sustainable development, but mainly in a shallow sense of survival and livelihood.In the second part of this paper, another new dimension in bioprocessing is elucidated, which is in agreement with the new ecological, holistic world view. Here the so-called “eco-principles” are derived from a systems analysis of the ecosphere and represent the intelligence of nature as the result of evolution. The eco-principles will serve as guidelines for the general eco-restructuring of technology, being a drastic change within the next 2-5 decades. For the applying of eco-principles, a quantitative measure for sustainability in technology was developed (“sustainable process index”), which will enable us to design the new technology paradigm called “Eco Tech”. Ecological security and social equity, together with economic efficiency will define sustainable technology development in a deeper sense.Following this route, a completely new dimension of biotechnology will be reached, where the technosphere is fully embedded into the natural cycles of the ecosphere on a local basis.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to adapt a plant DNA preparation procedure for the isolation of biologically active DNA and DNA with a high molecular weight from the date palm and other related palms. Mature leaf tissue extractions of the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., the coconut tree, Cocos nucifera, and the Mexican Fan Palm, Washingtonia robusta, were characterized for total genomic DNA yield, purity, integrity, as well as restriction digestion and ligation capabilities. It is demonstrated here that the DNA isolation procedure, modified for use with various palm leaf tissues, met the criteria for simplicity and low costs, and yielded DNA of high molecular weight (∼50 Kbp) and of sufficient purity suitable for molecular studies.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the distribution of free and esterified fatty acids, including triterpenes and sterols, on the mycelial growth of the basidiomycete Inonotus obliquus (Pers. ex Fr.) Pilat in malt extract and solid supplemented mineral media was investigated. The amino acids DL-alanine. DL-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-leucine, L-methionine, and L-serine were added to the cultures at nitrogen concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 g/l, respectively. Differences in the average mycelial growth were distinct at concentrations of 0.5 g/l and 0.9 g/l. L-Methionine had the highest inhibitory effect on growth. At all concentrations, the amino acids reduced the production of lanosterol. The other identified triterpenes were inotodiol, 3β,hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-al, 3β,21-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-diene, trametenolic acid, and ergosterol peroxide. The main fatty acids were either C 16:0 or C 18:2 both free or in glycerides.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 13-26 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five new methods for determining the relations between kinetic data of fermentations are described and applied to an industrial antibotic fermentation process. The input data for these method are the elements of the distance matrix dij, which quantify the sum of the deviation squares between the time dependent kinetics x (t) of the fermentation runs i and j. For each measurable or calculable kinetic state variable, one n x n distance matrix must be calculated where n is the number of fermentation runs. All methods compare these distance matrices by statistical or graph-theoretical approaches. The algorithms obtained are universally applicable if enough kinetic data are available, especially from more than 10 comparable fermentation runs. The algorithms were developed for the use in knowledge acquisition modules of expert systems.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of the rheology of some antibiotic biosynthesis liquids produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens, Nocardia mediterranei and Penicillium chrysogenum on the volumetric liquid phase oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa, and gas holdup, εG, together with the influence of superficial gas velocity, were studied in a bubble column bioreactor, using samples of fermentation liquids taken from industrial stirred tank fermenters, at 30-hour intervals during fermentation batch.The results were compared to those of previous studies from literature on non-Newtonian homogeneous fluids, such as CMC-Na, xanthan and starch solutions, respectively.In the heterogeneous broths, εG and kLa decreased with increasing apparent viscosity of the broth and increased with increasing superficial velocity.The experimental data were correlated using non-linear regression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\varepsilon _{\rm G} } & = & {0.283v_{{\rm SG}}^{0.67} \eta _{{\rm eff}}^{ - 0.23} } \\\end{array}$$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {k_{\rm L} a} & = & {0.054v_{{\rm SG}}^{0.78} } \\\end{array}\eta _{{\rm eff}}^{ - 0.52} $$\end{document} with correlation coefficients above 0.85.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The batch propionic acid fermentation of sugar cane molasses by Propionibacterium acidi propionici PP-1 was studied at various pH values ranging from 5 to 7. The optimum pH range for cell growth was between 6 and 7, whereas the specific growth rate decreased with the pH in the acidic range down to 0.197 h-1 at pH 5.The propionic acid yield increased with decreasing pH; it changed from 22% (wt/wt) at pH 7 to 38% at pH 5. It has been obvious that this process is inhibited by the products of the fermentation and more severely in the acidic range where the acids are in an unionized state.A generalized equation of the non-competetive inhibition was adjusted for each pH value, and kinetic inhibition constants were estimated.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth inhibition of Candida utilis NRRL Y-660 took place in molasses stored at 60°C for 120 days. The specific growth rate (μmax) was reduced from 0.42 h-1 to 0.200 h-1 as a result of a lack of affinity from the microorganism to the substrate and the increasing maintenance necessities. The Ks values arose from 1.40 mg/ml to 4.28 mg/ml within the whole experiment. At the same time, the maintenance coefficient (m) increased from 0.250 to 3.80 mg/ml. In a continuous culture the “wash-out” conditions were reached at dilution rate values (D) close to 0.40 h-1. The process productivity decreased up to 15% from its original value in fresh molasses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of lysine plus threonine double auxotrophs have been isolated from a ethionine resistant methionine producing strain of Brevibacterium heali previously isolated from soil by mutagenesis with N-methyl N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in two steps. This strain excreted L-methionine in sufficient amounts. For the three potent mutants tested, the medium of ALFOLDI was judged to be the best. Biotin and ammonium nitrate were found to be optimal at 5 μg/l and at a 40 mM level, respectively. With such an optimal dose, the strain BhLT 27 yielded 25.5 g/l methionine in a flask culture containing methionine-analogue ethionine at a minimal inhibitory concentration.
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  • 38
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the study of the behaviour of Amyloglucosidase covalently immobilized on acrylic supports in the maltodextrin hydrolysis process. The specific catalytic activity of the different immobilized Amyloglucosidase preparations critically depends on their protein content. The maltodextrin hydrolysis in the presence of the immobilized Amyloglusidase is a diffusion-controlled process. The simulated operational stability of the immobilized Amyloglucosidase tested by the specific activity and the substrate conversion proves the conservation of the catalytic enzymatic activity.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 40
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previously described model system for the treatment of harzardous chloroaniline-containing waste waters using immobilized bacterial cells in a bioreactor was enhanced in its degradation efficiency. This was achieved by the substitution of the calcium alginate heads by an inert polyurethane (PU)-carrier. The supply of chloroaniline-polluted waste waters with the PU-carrier (1.25% w/v) resulted in a distinct decrease of the pollutant concentrations in the solution due to the effects of adsorption. Nevertheless, the initially bound amounts of the chloroanilines were also degraded, which was proved by the chloride balance. In comparative batch-degradation experiments with the Pseudomonas acidovorans strain CA50 with and without the addition of the PU-carrier (1.25% v/w), respectively, the advantages of the PU-supplied treatment system were demonstrated; among others a marked shortening of the degradation periods was achieved. The advantage of the PU-carrier was also shown by using a bubble reactor. In this connection, it is particularly worth mentioning, that high degradation rates can be achieved for a long time even for strongly persistent pollutants.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 44
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 60-60 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antibiotic producing microorganisms Streptomyces rimosus PFIZER 18234-2 and Amycolatopsis mediterranei CBS 42575 were immobilized in glass wool for the production of oxytetracycline and rifamycins B and SV. The growth of the immobilized cells was dependent on the type of the microorganism and on the amount of glass wool as well. After 5 exchanges of the medium, 530 mg O.T.C., 2138 mg rifamycin B and 8672 mg rifamycin SV were maintained. The periodic batch culture was continued for 20 days.
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  • 46
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of tryptophan plus tyrosine double auxotrophic mutants isolated by the NTG treatment of a glutamate producing strain of Arthrobacter globiformis were found to excrete phenylalanine in a mineral salt medium. By controlling the pH of the medium to near neutrality, the active growth period could be extended up to 72 h and more phenylalanine was accumulated compared to the unregulated culture where the growth period took up to 48 h. Under optimum culture conditions, the best double auxotroph (TT-39) produced 3 g phenylalanine/l. Further improvement of phenylalanine production has been achieved by the step-by-step isolation of a mutant resistant to the phenylalanine analogues p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) and β-2-thienylalanine (TA) from the TT-39 strain. Under optimum culture conditions, the best double auxotrophic analogue resistant mutant TT-39 PTr-21 yielded 8.7 g/l phenylalanine.
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  • 47
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Despite the prevalence of starch-hydrolyzing enzymes in bacilli, relatively few have been studied in detail. In an attempt to isolate an effective α-amylase-producing strain, Bacillus globisporus BH-1b has been isolated. The strain requires few nutritional supplements and shows induction in the presence of galactose. 2% potassium nitrate and pH 7.2 emerged as optimum for the fermentation medium. The durability of the enzyme has also been tested at a low pH and a high temperature.
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  • 48
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The in vitro effect of fermented tempeh-like food on intensive flatulence caused by intestinal bacteria after consuming soybeans (Glycine max) was studied.Six fungi strains of Rhizopus and Actinomucor were tested. Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710 proved to have the highest antibacterial activity. In vitro tests vs. Clostridium perfringens 546 showed that the soybean extract from the food fermented with the fungi mentioned above in about 80% of the experiments slowed the bacterial growth rate remarkably. The homogenization of tempeh-like food increased its antimicrobial activity. Cultures of Rh. oligosporus NRRL 2710 grown on the brewery wort medium did not show any antibacterial activity.
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  • 49
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 115-115 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 51
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behaviour of thermophilic anaerobic sludge from the UASB process was investigated under suboptimal conditions.Stability studies, carried out during the normal operation of the reactors, showed that a short-term decrease in temperature had no influence on the behaviour of the process.Nevertheless, interruptions in feeding and a long-term decrease in temperatures can produce very drastic effects on the stability of the system.
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  • 52
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The immobilization of subtilisin, Novo type, on WHATMAN cellulose activated by the glutaraldehyde, diisocyanate, diazo-coupling, and S-triazine method, and on a dialdehyde derivative of cellulose has been studied. The best results of proteinase immobilization were achieved when cellulose was activated by hexamethylene diisocyanate. The preparations of a proteolytic activity of 70 PU/g of support and of an esterase activity of 2.3 EU/g of support were obtained with 14% and 38% yield, respectively.
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  • 53
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Monosporic isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were made from Punica grantum and one suitable isolate was selected for further work on carbon nutrition. Preliminary experiments showed that a pH value of 5, a temperature of 32°C and a period of 14 days were optimum conditions for the growth of this pathogen.Out of 41 carbon compounds tested, the pathogen showed excellent growth on starch, maltose, melibiose, dextrose, sucrose, raffinose, and dulcitol; good on tartaric acid, mannose, galactose, fructose, mannitol, and castor oil; fair on inulin, isopropyl alcohol, coconut oil, and pectin; poor on sorbose, n-butyl alcohol, arabionose, maleic acid, ethyl alcohol, succinic acid, citric acid, ribose, and malic acid, and no growth on the rest of the carbon compounds. In general, compounds which supported the best mycelial growth, yielded excellent or good sporulation of C. gloeosporioides and vice versa.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 234-234 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of the enzyme subtilisin DY for the synthesis of derivatives of DL-aspartic acid which are differently N and C-terminal protected and semiproducts of the peptide synthesis was investigated. The enzyme reaction was characterized by high yields and a comparatively short reaction time. Two of the substrates, Z-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 and PhAc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2, were hydrolyzed for about 15 min; the reaction time for Boc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 was 2.5 h. The values for the MICHAELIS constants obtained for Z-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 (Km = 0.576 mM) and PhAc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 (Km = 0.300 mM) showed a high affinity of the enzyme to the substrates. For Boc-D,L-Asp-(OMe)2 the affinity of the enzyme is considerable lower (Km = 14.07 mM).The results of these investigations can be effectively used for the separation of N-protected derivatives of D,L-aspartic acid and with a high probability also for other amino and racemic forms.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 58
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 355-366 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial aerobic decontamination of waste waters contaminated with highly volatile pollutants was experimentally investigated in a closed chemostat in [1]. The experiments, using a previously isolated Pseudomonas strain, were carried out with synthetic waste water containing toluene and saturated with either nitrogen or oxygen. A model for the interpretation of the experimentally determined process behaviour has been derived in this study. A comparison of the process curves obtained by simulation (numerical solutions of the model equations) with the experimentally determined results confirmed the model concepts. The model analysis supplied equations describing the process in a steady state as a function of the technical process parameters. These equations were used to draw conclusions for the practical operation of waste-water purification processes in closed chemostats.
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  • 59
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    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 367-378 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sweet sorghum was used as the raw material for the lactate production by a strain of Lactobacillus paracasei. The submerged conversion of sugar juice obtained from sweet sorghum by extraction could be accomplished with the same efficiency as observed in a control experiment with MRS-glucose medium (final lactate concentration of 88-106 g/l, lactate yield of 91-95%, duration of the fermentation of 24-32 h). Finely ground stalks of sorghum served as the substrate in the solid-state fermentation. The lactate accumulation in the solid medium and the lactate yield were optimized up to values comparable with the results from the submerged fermentation (final lactate concentration of 90 g/kg, lactate yield of 91-95%). However, the duration of the fermentation amounted to 120-200 h in the solid-state process. The data from a series of experiments performed at variable values of temperatures between 30°C and 36°C and initial sugar concentrations between 60 g/kg and 115 g/kg, and degrees of moisture between 78% and 82% was the basis of a polynomial multidimensional regression. As a result, simple three-dimensional model functions were obtained for the maximum productivity of lactate formation, the lactate yield and the time required for a 90% conversion.
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  • 60
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    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 14 (1994), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Yeast protein isolate with 85% of pure protein and 1.2% of nucleic acids in dry matter was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a procedure of two pre-treatment steps, acidic extraction and isoelectric precipitation. The application of this yeast protein isolate was limited by its functionality resulting from the partially extreme isolating conditions.An enzymatic partial hydrolysis with Thermitase to a degree of hydrolysis of 5% not only improved the solubility and foaming properties, but also the water binding capacity and the emulsifying properties. The hydrolysate was free of bitter taste and could be applied either in two fractions of different solubility after centrifugation or as a whole product in food systems to improve the physiological and functional quality. The yeast protein hydrolysate had the same or even better properties than conventional protein products.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bis(dimethylamino)boryl-tris(dimethylamino)silyl-tris(dimethylamino)titanylamin ; N,N′-Bis(tris(dimethylamino)-silyl)-1,1,3,3-tetrakis(dimethylamino)cyclobistitanazan, Trimethylsilyl-tris(dimethylamino)silyl-tris(dimethylamino)titanylamin ; Trimethylsilyl-tris(dimethylamino)-silylamin ; synthesis ; nmr spectra ; mass spectra ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N(B(NMe2)2)(Si(NMe2)3) (Ti(NMe2)3), [N(Si(NMe2)3)(Ti(NMe2)2)]2 und N(SiMe3)(Si(NMe2)3)(Ti(NMe2)3)  -  Synthesis and Characterization of New Molecular Single-source Precursors for Nitride and Carbonitride CeramicsSynthesis and spectroscopic data of the title compounds are reported. [N(Si(NMe2)3)(Ti(NMe2)2)]2 crystallizes in the space group P1, a = 8.406(7), b = 10.673(8), c = 10.872(6) Å, α = 68.45(4)°, β = 71.72(4)°, γ = 78.11(7)°, 2 877 diffractometer data (Fo ≥ 2σFo), R = 0.051. The compound is characterized by a planar four-membered Ti2N2-ring with exocyclic tris(dimethylamino)silyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms of the ring.
    Notes: Darstellung, kernresonanz- und massenspektroskopische Daten der Titelverbindungen werden mitgeteilt. [N(Si(NMe2)3)(Ti(NMe2)2)]2 kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P1 mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 8,406(7), b = 10,673(8), c = 10,872(6) Å, α = 68,45(4)°, β = 71,72(4)°, γ = 78,11(7)°. 2 877 Diffraktometerdaten (Fo ≥ 2σFo), R = 0,051. Die Verbindung besitzt einen planaren Ti2N2-Vierring mit exocyclischen Tris(dimethylamino)silylsubstituenten an den Stickstoffatomen des Rings.
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  • 63
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 377-384 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: One-pot reactions of tri-t-butoxychlorosilane, K-t-butanolate and substituted anilines. Crystal structure analyses of N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)-aniline, C18H33NO3Si ; N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-nitroaniline, C18H32N2O5Si ; N-Methyl-(N-tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-nitroaniline C19H34N2O5Si ; N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-cyanoaniline, C19H32N2O3Si ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation and Structures of N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)aniline CompoundsPara-substituted N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)anilines (t-BuO)3SiNRC4H4X-p, R = H, CH3, with substituents of high electron affinity (X = CN, NO2) were prepared by a one-pot reaction of tri-t-butoxychlorsilane, potassium t-butanolate and substituted anilines. Corresponding compounds with substituents of low electron affinity (X = OMe, H) preferably were prepared by metalation of anilines with sodium amide. Four crystal structures were determined. N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-nitro-aniline, N-methyl-(N-tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-nitroaniline and N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-cyanoaniline crystallize at 298 K monoclinically, N-(tri-t-butoxysilyl)aniline crystallizes orthorhombically.
    Notes: Derivate des para-substituierten N-(Tri-t-butoxysilyl)anilins (t-BuO)3SiNRC6H4X-p, R = H, CH3 mit Substituenten hoher Elektronenaffinität (X = CN, NO2) wurden nach einem neuen Eintopfverfahren aus Tri-t-butoxychlorsilan, Kalium-t-butanolat und dem entsprechend substituierten Anilin dargestellt. Für Substituenten niederer Elektronenaffinität (X = OMe, H) wird die Methode der Metallierung von Anilinen mit Natriumamid bevorzugt. Vier Kristallstrukturen wurden bestimmt. N-(Tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-nitroanilin, N-Methyl-(N-tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-nitroanilin und N-(Tri-t-butoxysilyl)-p-cyanoanilin kristallisieren bei 298 K monoklin, N-(Tri-t-butoxysilyl)anilin kristallisiert orthorhombisch.
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  • 65
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 385-388 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Density of melts ; system potassium fluoride/potassium molybdate/boron oxide ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dichte der Schmelzen des System KF/K2MoO4/B2O3Die Dichte der Schmelzen des Systems KF/K2MoO4/B2O3 wurden gemessen. Das Molvolumen des binären Systems KF/K2MoO4 weicht nur wenig vom idealen Verlauf ab, was die starke thermische Dissoziation des kongruent schmelzenden K3FMoO4 anzeigt. Im System KF/B2O3 führt die Bildung von KBF4 und K2B4O7 zur Volumenzunahme, wie auch im System K2MoO4/B2O3. In letzterem kann die Volumenzunahme durch die Bildung des Heteropolyanions [BMo6O24]9- beschrieben werden. Die deutliche Abweichung vom idealen Verhalten des Systems KF/K2MoO4/B2O3 weist auf eine ausgeprägte ternäre Wechselwirkung, wahrscheinlich auf die Substitution von Sauerstoff in der Koordinationssphäre des Heteropolyanions durch Fluor.
    Notes: The density of melts of the system KF—K2MoO4—B2O3 was measured. The molar volume in the binary system KF—K2MoO4 deviates only little from the ideal course, which indicates the extended thermal dissociation of the congruently melting additive compound K3FMoO4.In the KF—B2O3 binary system the formation of KBF4 and K2B4O7 leads to the volume expansion, like in the K2MoO4—B2O3 system, where the volume expansion may be described by the formation of the heteropolyanions [BMo6O24]9-. The significant deviation from the ideal behaviour in the ternary system KF—K2MoO4—B2O3 refers to the pronounced interaction, most probably due to the substitution of oxygen atoms in the coordination sphere of the heteropolyanion with the fluorine ones.
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  • 66
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 389-392 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Mercury antinionide iodide, Hg5Sb2I6 ; Preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Hg5Sb2I6Das Antimonid-Iodid von Quecksilber, Hg5Sb2I6, früher irrtümlich als Hg3Sb2I4 formuliert, wurde in Standardampullen synthetisiert. Einkristalle wurden mittels Transport über die Gasphase erhalten. Hg5Sb2I6: Raumgruppe Pc21n, Gitterparameter: a = 8,108(1), b = 10,702(1), c = 21,295(1) Å. Die Struktur (Einkristall) ist aus [HgSbI3]-Tetraedern und [HgSbI2]-Dreiecken aufgebaut. Alle Antimonatome sind paarweise zu Sb24--Hanteln verbunden. Die Struktur wird mit anderen Strukturen, die Sb24--Hanteln enthalten, verglichen.
    Notes: Mercury antimonide iodide, Hg5Sb2I6, previously and erroneously reported as Hg3Sb2I4 was synthesized using standard ampoule technique. A gas-phase transport reaction was applied for preparation of single crystals. Hg5Sb2I6 crystallizes in the space group Pc21n (No. 33) with unit cell dimensions: a = 8.108(1), b = 10.702(1), c = 21.295(1) Å. Crystal structure solved using single crystal X-ray data is built of [HgSbI3] tetrahedra and [HgSbI2] triangles. All antimony atoms are joined into Sb24- dumbbells. The structure is compared with ones containing similar Sb24- dumbbells.
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  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 405-417 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tris(1,2-dimethoxyethane-O,O′)lithium 2λ3-phosphaethynylsulfanide ; [P≡C—S]--anion ; [Li(dme)3]+-cation ; heteroatom-substituted λ3-phosphaalkynes ; nmr and ir data ; X-ray structure determination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkylidynephosphanes and -arsanes. I [P ≡ C—S]-[Li(dme)3]+ - Synthesis and StructureO,O′-Diethyl thiocarbonate and bis(tetrahydrofuran)-lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanide dissolved in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, react below 0°C to give ethoxy trimethylsilane and tris(1,2-dimethoxyethane-O,O′)lithium 2λ3-phosphaethynylsulfanide - [P≡C—S]- [Li(dme)3]+ - (1a). Apart from bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfane or carbon oxide sulfide, dark red concentrated solutions of λ3-phosphaalkyne 1 are also obtained from reactions of carbon disulfide with bis(tetrahydrofuran)-lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanide or with the homologous lithoxy-methylidynephosphane (2) [1]. The ir spectrum shows two absorptions at 1762 and 747 cm-1 characteristic for the P≡C and C—S stretching vibrations. The nmr parameters {δ(31P) - 121.3; δ(13C) 190.8 ppm; 1JCP 18.2 Hz} resemble much more values of diorganylamino-2λ3-phosphaalkynes than those of bis(1,2-dimethoxyethane-O,O′)lithoxy-methylidyne-phosphane (2a). As found by an X-ray structure analysis (P21/c; a = 1192.6(16); b = 1239.1(19); c = 1414.8(26) pm; β = 105.91(13)° at -100 ± 3°C; Z = 4 formula units; wR = 0.064) of pale yellow crystals (mp. + 16°C) isolated from the reaction with O,O′-diethyl thiocarbonate, the solid is built up of separate [P≡C—S]- and [Li(dme)3]+ ions. Typical bond lengths and angles are: P≡C 155.5(11); C—S 162.0(11); Li—O 206.4(17) to 220.3(20) pm; P≡C—S 178.9(7)°.
    Notes: O,O′-Diethylthiocarbonat setzt sich mit Bis-(tetrahydrofuran)lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanid in 1,2-Dimethoxyethan unterhalb 0°C zu Ethoxy-trimethylsilan und Tris(1,2-dimethoxyethan-O,O′)lithium-2λ3-phosphaethinylsulfanid - [P≡C—S]-[Li(dme)3]+ - (1a)1,2-Dimethoxyethan (dme); Tetrahydrofuran (thf); Bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether (diglyme). Den λ3-Phosphaalkinen P≡C—S—Li und P≡C—O—Li werden unabhängig vom Gehalt an koordinierendem Solvens und der Konstitution die Ziffern 1 und 2 zugeordnet; bei den röntgenstrukturanalytisch untersuchten Komplexen [P≡C—S]-[Li(dme)3]+ und P≡C—O—Li(dme)2 kommt das Suffix a hinzu. um. Das als dunkelrote, konzentrierte Lösung erhaltene λ3-Phosphaalkin 1 entsteht neben Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfan bzw. Kohlenstoffoxidsulfid auch bei den Umsetzungen von Kohlenstoffdisulfid mit Bis(tetrahydrofuran)lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanid oder dem homologen Lithoxy-methylidinphosphan P≡C—O—Li (2) [1]. Das IR-Spektrum weist die für eine P≡C- und C—S-Valenzschwingung charakteristischen Absorptionen bei 1762 und 747 cm-1 auf; die NMR-Parameter {δ(31P) - 121,3; δ(13C) 190,8 ppm; 1JCP 18,2 Hz} gleichen mehr den Werten der Diorganylamino-2λ3-phosphaalkine als des Bis(1,2-dimethoxyethan-O,O′)-lithoxy-methylidinphosphans (2a). Nach den Ergebnissen einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse (P21/c; a = 1192,6(16); b = 1239,1(19); c = 1414,8(26) pm; β = 105,91(13)° bei -100 ± 3°C; Z = 4 Formeleinheiten; wR = 0,064) an blaßgelben, aus einem Ansatz mit O,O′-Diethylthiocarbonat isolierten Kristallen (Schmp. + 16°C) liegen im Festkörper getrennte [P≡C—S]-- und [Li(dme)3]+-Ionen vor. Charakteristische Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: P≡C 155,5(11); C—S 162,0(11); Li—O 206,4(17) bis 220,3(20) pm; P≡C—S 178,9(7)°.
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  • 68
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 438-443 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Praseodymium(III) Acetate ; Synthesis ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pr(CH3COO)3, an Anhydrous Rare-Earth Acetate with a Network StructurePr(CH3COO)3 may be prepared by dehydration of Pr(CH3COO)3 · 1,5 H2O at 180°C as an amorphous green powder. Single crystals were grown from the powder by addition of (NH4)CH3COO as „mineralisator“ at 180°C in a sealed glass ampoule. The crystal structure (tetragonal, P421c (no. 114), Z = 24, a = 2106.5(3), c = 1323.6(1) pm, Vm = 147.39(3) cm3/mol, R = 0.055, Rw = 0.029) was determined from four-circle-diffractometer data. The Pr3+ ions occupy three crystallographically independent positions and are surrounded by 9 and 10 oxygen atoms, respectively. Acetate ions connect the cations to a complicated three-dimensional network.
    Notes: Pr(CH3COO)3 entsteht beim Entwässern von Pr(CH3COO)3 · 1,5 H2O bei 180°C als amorphes Pulver. Einkristalle konnten daraus mit Hilfe von (NH4)CH3COO als „Mineralisator“ ebenfalls bei 180°C in einer geschlossenen Glasampulle gezüchtet werden. Die Kristallstruktur (tetragonal, P421c (Nr. 114), Z = 24, a = 2106,5(3), c = 1323,6(1) pm, Vm = 147,39(3) cm3/mol, R = 0,055, Rw = 0,029) wurde anhand von Vierkreis-Diffraktometerdaten bestimmt. Pr3+-Ionen besetzen drei unterschiedliche kristallographische Positionen und sind von 9 bzw. 10 Sauerstoffatomen umgeben. Acetationen verbinden die Kationen auf unterschiedliche Weise zu einem komplizierten dreidimensionalen Netzwerk.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chlorides ; lanthanides ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; X-ray absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chlorides Na3xM2-xCl6 (M = La—Sm) and NaM2Cl6 (M = Nd, Sm): Derivatives of the UCl3-Type of Structure. Synthesis, Crystal Structure and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XANES)Single crystals of the derivatives of the UCl3-type structure Na3xM2-xCl6 (M = La/x = 0.364(4); Ce/0.349(5); Pr/0.318(8); Nd/0.305(5); Sm/0.246(4)) and NaSm2Cl6 were grown by different methods generally under reducing conditions. They are addition [Na(Sm2)Cl6] and addition/substitution variants [Na2x(NaxM2-x)Cl6] of the UCl3 structure type [□(U2)Cl6]. X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XANES) at the LIII edge characterizes NaSm2Cl6 and NaNd2Cl6 as mixed-valence compounds with valences of +2 and +3 in statistical distribution (approximately 1:1) for Sm and Nd, respectively.
    Notes: Einkristalle der Derivate des UCl3-Typs Na3xM2-xCl6 (M = La/x = 0,364(4); Ce/0,349(5); Pr/0,318(8); Nd/0,305(5); Sm/0,246(4)) sowie von NaSm2Cl6 wurden auf unterschiedlichen Wegen, im allgemeinen unter reduzierenden Bedingungen erhalten. Sie sind Additions- [Na(Sm2)Cl6] bzw. Additions- / Substitutionsvarianten [Na2x(NaxM2-x)Cl6] des UCl3-Strukturtyps [□(U2)Cl6]. Röntgenabsorptionsspektren (XANES) an der Lm-Kante charakterisieren NaSm2Cl6 und NaNd2Cl6 als gemischtvalente Verbindungen mit Valenzen von +2 und +3 in statistischer Verteilung (etwa 1:1) für Sm bzw. Nd.
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  • 70
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 451-456 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Silicates ; crystal structure ; europium ; luminescence ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese, Strukturen und Lumineszenz von zwei neuen Europium(II)-silicat-chloriden, Eu2SiO3Cl2 und Eu5SiO4Cl6Eu2SiO3Cl2 und Eu5SiO4Cl6 wurden durch Erhitzen von EuCl2 mit EuSiO3 bzw. Eu2SiO4 gewonnen, Sr2SiO3Cl2:Eu2+ aus einem Gemenge von SrCO3, Eu2O3, SrCl2 · 6H2O und SiO2 unter reduzierenden Bedingungen. Die Kristallstrukturen von Eu2SiO3Cl2 [a = 1118,7(5), c = 952,6(1) pm, tetragonal, I4/m, Z = 8, R = 3,3, Rw = 3,0%] und Eu5SiO4Cl6 [a = 900,4(1), b = 1401,7(2), c = 1112,3(2) pm, β = 103,51(1)°, monoklin, C2/c, Z = 4, R = 3,6, Rw = 2,6%] wurden aus Einkristall-Vierkreisdiffraktometer-Daten bestimmt und mit verwandten Verbindungen verglichen. Die Lumineszenzeigenschaften wurden bei 300 K und bei 4,2 K untersucht; sämtliche Verbindungen zeigen eine intensive blaugrüne Photolumineszenz. Sr2SiO3Cl2:Eu2+ zeigt Thermolumineszenz.
    Notes: Eu2SiO3Cl2 and Eu5SiO4Cl6 were prepared by reaction of EuCl2 with EuSiO3 and Eu2SiO4, respectively, Sr2SiO3Cl2: Eu2+ from mixtures of SrCO3, Eu2O3, SrCl2 · 6H2O and SiO2 under reducing conditions. The crystal structures of Eu2SiO3Cl2 [a = 1118.7(5), c = 952.6(1) pm, tetragonal, I4/m, Z = 8, R = 3.3, Rw = 3.0%] and Eu5SiO4Cl6 [a = 900.4(1), b = 1401.7(2), c = 1112.3(2) pm, β = 103.51(1)°, monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, R = 3.6, Rw = 2.6%] were determined from four-circle diffractometer data and compared with related compounds. The luminescence properties were investigated at 300 K and at 4.2 K; all compounds show intense bluish-green photoluminescence. Sr2SiO3Cl2:Eu2+ shows thermoluminescence.
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  • 71
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Organomolybdenum-bismuth halide complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen zur Synthese und Struktur von Organomolybdän-Bismuthalogenid-KomplexenDie Reaktionen von BiBr2Ph mit Na/K[Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)], von [BiPh{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2] mit BiBr2Ph oder BiBr3 und BiPh3 mit [Bi{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}3] ergeben den Komplex [BiBrPh{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}] 1, der röntgenographisch charakterisiert worden ist. Der Komplex 1 besteht aus einem Bismutzentrum mit einem Bromatom, einer Phenylgruppe und einer Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)-Einheit. Eine intermolekulare Wechselwirkung besteht zum Bromatom eines benachbarten Moleküls, wodurch sich eine eindimensionale polymere Struktur ergibt. Bei der Umsetzung mit einer Bromidabgebenden Verbindung wird zunächst der anionische Komplex [BiBr2Ph{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2]- 3- und bei längerer Reaktion [BiBr2{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2]- 5- gebildet, das als [Ph4P]+-Salz röntgenographisch charakterisiert wurde. Der Komplex 5-, der am Bi zwei Br und zwei Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)-Einheiten enthält, liegt in einer Struktur zwischen unvollständig trigonal-pyramidal und tetraedrisch vor. Der Komplex [PPN]2[Bi2Cl6{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2] 8 wurde ebenfalls dargestellt und röntgenographisch charakterisiert. Es liegt ein dimeres Anion vor, das aus zwei quadratischen Pyramiden mit einer gemeinsamen Kante besteht, in denen die Chloratome in der Basisebene und die zwei Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)-Einheiten sich an den Spitzen in gegenüberliegenden Positionen befinden.
    Notes: The reactions between either BiBr2Ph and Na/K[Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)], [BiPh{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2] and BiBr2Ph, or BiBr3 and BiPh3 and [Bi{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}3] afford the complex [BiBrPh{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}] 1 which has been characterised by X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 comprises a bismuth centre bonded to a bromine atom, a phenyl group and a Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5) fragment together with a longer secondary intermolecular interaction between a bromine from an adjacent molecule which results in a one-dimensional polymeric structure. Addition of a source of bromide anion to 1 affords the anionic complex [BiBr2Ph{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}]- 3- although prolonged reaction results in the complex [BiBr2{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2]- 5- which was characterised by X-ray crystallography as its [Ph4P]+ salt. Complex 5- comprises a mononuclear bismuth centre bonded to two bromine atoms and two Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5) fragments in a geometry which lies between equatorially vacant trigonal bipyramidal and tetrahedral. The complex [PPN]2[Bi2Cl6{Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5)}2] 8 has also been synthesised and characterised by X-ray crystallography. A dimeric dianion is observed which can be viewed as two edge-shared square-based pyramids with chlorine atoms in the basal planes and Mo(CO)3(η—C5H5) fragments in the apical positions on opposite sides of the Bi2Cl6 plane.
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  • 72
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 467-470 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: MoSn2 ; crystal structure ; Pauli paramagnetism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Molybdän-Stannid MoSn2Die Titelverbindung wurde durch Tempern von Molybdän-Pulver mit einem Überschuß von Zinn hergestellt. Einkristalle wurden durch Auflösen der zinnreichen Matrix in Salzsäure erhalten. Sie sind Pauli-paramagnetisch. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus Einkristall-Röntgen-Diffraktometer-Daten bestimmt: P6222, a = 548,8(1) pm, c = 1417,1(2) pm, Z = 6, R = 0,036 für 18 variable Parameter und 389 Strukturfaktoren. MoSn2 ist erst der zweite Vertreter der hexagonalen Mg2Ni-Struktur. Die Beziehung der Struktur zum CuAl2-Typ wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The title compound was prepared by annealing molybdenum powder with an excess of tin. Single-crystals were obtained by dissolving the tin-rich matrix in hydrochloric acid. They are Pauli paramagnetic. The crystal structure was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: P6222, a = 548.8(1) pm, c = 1417.1(2) pm, Z = 6, R = 0.036 for 18 variable parameters and 389 structure factors. MoSn2 is only the second representative of the hexagonal Mg2Ni-type structure. The relation of the structure to the CuAl2-type is discussed.
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  • 73
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 625-631 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bis(dichloromethyl)mercury ; Dichloromethylmercuryalkyles ; synthesis ; NMR, vibrational spectra ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Spectroscopic and X-Ray Structural Investigations on Dichloromethyl Mercury CompoundsBis(dichloromethyl)mercury, Hg(CHCl2)2, and mixed alkyl compounds RHgCHCl2 (with R = CH3, C2H5) have been synthesized by known methods from CH2Cl2, lithium butanide and HgCl2, CH3HgCl or C2H5HgCl, respectively. The 1H-, 13C-NMR as well as the IR and Raman spectra of the liquid alkyls RHgCHCl2 and the high melting Hg(CHCl2)2 have been measured and assigned. According to the X-ray structure determination Hg(CHCl2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with 4 non-symmetric molecules per unit cell (R = 0.046).
    Notes: Bis(dichlormethyl)quecksilber, Hg(CHCl2)2, und die gemischten Alkylverbindungen RHgCHCl2 (mit R = CH3, C2H5) werden nach bekannten Vorschriften aus CH2Cl2, Lithiumbutanid und HgCl2 bzw. CH3HgCl oder C2H5HgCl synthetisiert. Die 1H- und 13C-NMR- sowie die IR- und Ramanspektren der flüssigen Alkyle RHgCHCl2 und des hochschmelzenden Hg(CHCl2)2 werden registriert und ausgewertet. Nach der Röntgenstrukturanalyse kristallisiert Hg(CHCl2)2 in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit 4 azentrischen Molekülen in der Elementarzelle (R = 0,046).
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: μ-Sulfurdisulfonium salts ; preparation ; single crystal X-ray structure ; Raman, NMR spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of μ-Sulfurdisulfonium Salts [(CH3)2S—Sx—S(CH3)2]2+2A- (x = 1-3, A- = AsF6-, SbF6-, SbCl6-). On the Analogy of the Reactivity of Sulfanes and Sulfonium SaltsThe preparation of the μ-sulfurdisulfonium salts [(CH3)2S—Sx—S(CH3)2]2+(A-)2 with x = 1-3 and A- = AsF6-, SbF6-, SbCl6- is reported. The salts are formed by reaction of (CH3)2SH+A- and (CH3)2SSH+A- with SCl2 and S2Cl2, resp. They are characterized by vibrational spectroscopic measurements. [(CH3)2S—S2—S(CH3)2]2+(SbF6-)2 crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 1 884.5(7) pm, b = 1 302.8(5) pm, c = 1 477.2(5) pm, β = 98.62(3)° und Z = 8.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung der μ-Schwefeldisulfoniumsalze [(CH3)2S—Sx—S(CH3)2]2+ (A-)2 mit x = 1-3 und A- = AsF6-, SbF6-, SbCl6- berichtet. Die Salze werden durch Kondensationsreaktionen von (CH3)2SH+A- und (CH3)2SSH+A- mit SCl2 bzw. S2Cl2 gebildet. Ihre Charakterisierung erfolgt schwingungsspektroskopisch. Das [(CH3)2S—S2—S(CH3)2]2+(SbF6-)2 kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe C2/c mit a = 1 884,5(7) pm, b = 1 302,8(5) pm, c = 1 477,2(5) pm, β = 98,62(3)° und Z = 8.
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  • 75
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 638-641 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Stibiumtrichlorodifluoride ; Crystal Structure ; Raman Spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Reaction of HCl with HF/SbF5 and the Crystal Structure of SbCl3F2The reaction of HCl in HF/SbF5 solution at -78°C yields H2F+SbClF5-. At -40°C formation of SbCl3F2 was observed, which crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I-4 with a = 1 281.6(5) pm, c = 758.1(6) pm with 8 formula units per unit cell. The structure contains cis-fluorine-bridged tetramers, in which Sb has a distorted octahedral coordination.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von HCl mit einer HF/SbF5 Lösung ergibt bei -78°C H2F+SbClF5-. Bei -40°C wird die Bildung von SbCl3F2 beobachtet. Es kristallisiert in der tetragonalen Raumgruppe I-4 mit a = 1 281,6(5) pm, c = 758,1(6) pm und Z = 8. Die Struktur enthält cis-Fluor-verbrückte Tetramere, in denen Antimon eine verzerrt oktaedrische Koordinationssphäre hat.
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  • 76
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 642-646 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Copper, rare earth, tungsten, oxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Chemistry of Copper Rare-Earth Oxotungstates: (I): triclinic-α-CuTbW2O8, (II): monoclinic-CuInW2O8 and (III): monoclinic-CuYW2O8Single crystals of (I), (II) and (III) were prepared by recrystallisation in closed systems and examined by X-ray technique. (I): space group Cil—P1, a = 7.3080, b = 7.8945, c = 7.1476 Å, α = 115.23, β = 116.21, γ = 56.98°, Z = 2; (II): space group C2h6—C2/c, a = 9.6576, b = 11.6496, c = 4.9863 Å, β = 91.17°, Z = 4; (III): space group C2h4—P2/n, a = 10.0504, b = 5.8214, c = 5.0224 Å, β = 94.23°, Z = 2. The crystal structures are discussed with respect to calculations of the coulombterms of lattice energy and possible valence states of Cu2+ and Mo5+.
    Notes: Einkristalle von (I), (II) und (III) wurden durch Rekristallisation in geschlossenen Systemen dargestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Die kristallographischen Daten lauten: (I): Raumgruppe Cil—P1, a = 7,3080, b = 7,8945, c = 7,1476 Å, α = 115,23, β = 116,21, γ = 56,98°, Z = 2; (II): Raumgruppe C2h6—C2/c, a = 9,6576, b = 11,6496, c = 4,9863 Å, β = 91,17°, Z = 4; (III): Raumgruppe C2h4—P2/n, a = 10,0504, b = 5,8214, c = 5,0224 Å, β = 94,23°, Z = 2. Die Kristallstrukturen werden mit Blick auf Berechnungen der Coulombterme der Gitterenergie und mögliche Ladungen von Cu2+ und Mo5+ diskutiert.
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 651-654 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Barium, copper, arsenic, oxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Crystal Structure of Barium-Copper-Orthoarsenate BaCu2(AsO4)2Single crystals of BaCu2(AsO4)2 were prepared above 1 000°C by CO2-LASER technique and investigated by X-ray structure determination. The light blue crystals show monoclinic symmetry, space group C2h5—P21/n, a = 4.752; b = 8.506; c = 8.945 Å; β = 93.49°, Z = 2. BaCu2(AsO4)2 represents a hitherto unknown structure type with Cu2+ in trigonal bipyramidal coordination. Ba2+ shows an 8 + 2 surrounding by O2- and As5+ is tetrahedrally coordinated. The crystal structure is discussed with respect to related orthophosphates and vanadates.
    Notes: Mit CO2-LASER-Technik wurden bei ca. 1 000°C Einkristalle der Verbindung BaCu2(AsO4)2 dargestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Die blaßblauen Kristalle haben monokline Symmetrie, Raumgruppe C2h5—P21/n, mit a = 4,752; b = 8,506; c = 8,945 Å; β = 93,49°, Z = 2. BaCu2(AsO4)2 repräsentiert einen neuen Strukturtyp, der Cu2+ in trigonal bipyramidaler Koordination zeigt. Ba2+ ist 8 + 2-fach und As5+ tetraedrisch von Sauerstoff umgeben. Die Kristallstruktur wird unter Bezug auf verwandte Orthophosphate und -vanadate diskutiert.
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  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 655-658 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Decachloroditechnetate(IV) ; Decabromoditechnetate(IV) ; Synthesis ; Raman, IR Spectra ; Normal Coordinate Analysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation, Vibrational Spectra and Normal Coordinate Analysis of Decahalogenoditechnetates(IV), [Tc2X10]2-, X = Cl, BrThe reaction of [TcX6]2-, X = Cl, Br, with trifluoroacetic acid yield at room temperature the edge-sharing bioctahedral anions [Tc2X10]2-, which IR and Raman spectra are assigned according to point group D2h. Using the crystal data of isostructural osmium complexes a normal coordinate analysis based on a general valence force field has been performed for [Tc2X10]2-, revealing a good agreement of the calculated frequencies with the bands observed in the IR and Raman spectra. The stronger bonding of the terminal as compared to the bridging ligands is shown by the valence force constants, fd(TcXt) 〉 Fd(TcXb).
    Notes: [TcX6]2-, X = Cl,Br, reagiert bei Raumtemperatur mit Trifluoressigsäure unter Bildung der kantenverknüpften Dioktaederanionen [Tc2X10]2-, deren IR- und Raman-Spektren entsprechend der Punktgruppe D2h zugeordnet werden. Basierend auf den kristallographischen Daten isostruktureller Osmiumkomplexe und unter Verwendung des allgemeinen Valenzkraftfeldes, werden für Decachloro- und Decabromodi-technetat(IV) Normalkoordinatenanalysen durchgeführt, die eine gute Übereinstimmung der berechneten Frequenzen mit den beobachteten Banden aus den IR- und Raman-Spektren ergeben. Die festere Bindung terminaler im Vergleich zu verbrückenden Liganden spiegelt sich in den Valenzkraftkonstanten wider: fd(TcXt) 〉 fd(TcXb).
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 659-664 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tantalate Li7[TaO6] ; Single Crystals ; Crystal Structure ; MAPLE ; Charge Distribution ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Tantalates ‘rich in Cations’ On Li7[TaO6]For the first time, colourless single crystals of Li7[TaO6] were grown by annealing intimate mixtures of Li2O and Ta2O5 (Li:Ta = 7,7:1) in closed Ni-cylinders (1 000°C, 156 d). [Trigonal-rhomboedral with a = 535.8(1) pm, c = 1 507.3(3) pm, c/a = 2.81/Guinier-Simon-powder data; Z = 3. Space group R3 for the part Li(1)6TaO6 and presumably P3 for Li7TaO6, including Li(2)].The crystal structure was solved by four-cycle-diffractometer data [Mo—Kα, 331 from 331 Io(hkl), R = 1.99%, Rw = 1.96%], parameters see text.The positions of anions correspond to the motif of a hexagonal closest packing of spheres, obviously deformed (with MEFIR of O2- space filling corresponds to 69.8% instead of expected 73.2%. 1/3 of the octahedron holes are ordered occupied by Ta and Li(2), 1/2 of the tetrahedral holes likewise ordered by Li(1). All polyhedra of coordination of the anions are trigonal prisms.The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN, these calculated via Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, as well as charge distribution ‘CHARDI’ are calculated and discussed.
    Notes: Erstmals wurden farblose Einkristalle von Li7[TaO6] durch Tempern inniger Gemenge von Li2O und Ta2O5 (Li:Ta = 7,7:1) in einem verschlossenen Ni-Zylinder (1 000°C, 156 d) dargestellt trigonal-rhomboedrisch; a = 535,8(1) pm, c = 1 507,3(3) pm, c/a = 2,81/Guinier-Simon-Pulverdaten; Z = 3. Raumgruppe R3 für den Li(1)6TaO6-Teil; vermutlich P3 für Li(1)6Li(2)1[TaO6].Die Kristallstruktur wurde mittels Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten [Mo—Kα, 331 von 331 Io(hkl), R = 1,99%, Rw = 1,96%] bestimmt, Parameter siehe Text.Es liegt bezüglich der Anionen im Prinzip das Motiv einer hexagonal-dichtesten Kugelpackung vor; die Verzerrung ist deutlich mit MEFIR(O2-) = 154,3 pm beträgt die Raumerfüllung 69,8% statt ideal 73,2%). Es sind 2 der 6 Oktaeder- (mit Ta bzw. Li(2)) und 6 der 12 Tetrederlücken mit Li(1) besetzt. Alle Koordinationspolyeder um O sind trigonale Prismen.Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, und Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, diese über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, sowie die Ladungsverteilung ‘CHARDI’ wurden berechnet und diskutiert.
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  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 665-671 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cerium(III) chloride hydrates ; Synthesis ; Solution enthalpies ; Crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrates of Cerium(III) ChlorideThe thermal dehydration of CeCl3 · 7 H2O to CeCl3 gives four definite intermediates: CeCl3 · 6 H2O, CeCl3 · 3 H2O, CeCl3 · 2 H2O, CeCl3 · H2O. In the hexahydrate monomeric [CeCl2(H2O)6]+ units exist. A structure analysis of CeCl3 · 3 H2O gave an orthorhombic unit cell (S.G. Pnma; Z = 4) with a = 1 242.7(4) pm; b = 881.8(8) pm, c = 693.4(5) pm. The structure consists of [CeCl4/2Cl(H2O)3] chains, where two Ce3+ ions are connected via two chloride ions, forming bent chains in the [010] direction. The trihydrates LnCl3 · 3 H2O (Ln = Pr—Tb) are isotypic, also one modification of LaCl3 · 3 H2O. The structures of the di- and mono-hydrate are not yet known. Molar volumina and solution enthalpies in water vary linearly with the number of H2O molecules per formula unit.
    Notes: Der thermische Abbau von CeCl3 · 7 H2O zu CeCl3 verläuft über die präparativ faßbaren Hydrate CeCl3 · 6 H2O, CeCl3 · 3 H2O, CeCl3 · 2 H2O und CeCl3 · H2O. CeCl3 · 6 H2O kristallisiert isotyp zu PrCl3 · 6 H2O mit monomeren [CeCl2(H2O)6]+-Einheiten. Eine Strukturbestimmung von CeCl3 · 3 H2O Pnma; Z = 4; a = 1 242,7(4) pm; b = 881,8(8) pm, c = 693,4(5) pm ergab das Vorliegen von [CeCl4/2Cl(H2O)3]-Einheiten, die über je zwei Chlorid-Doppelbrücken zu gewinkelten Ketten in [010]-Richtung verknüpft sind. Die Trihydrate LnCl3 · 3 H2O (Ln = Pr—Tb) sind isotyp, ebenfalls eine Modifikation von LaCl3 · 3 H2O. Die Strukturen des Di- und Monohydrats sind noch unbekannt. Die Molvolumina und Lösungsenthalpien in Wasser ändern sich linear mit dem Hydratationsgrad.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemical transport ; In2(SO4)3 ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions on the Thermal Behaviour of Sulfates XII. The Chemical Vapour Transport of In2(SO4)3 with Cl2 and HCl. Experimental Results and CalculationsBy means of CVT (T1 between 500°C and 825°C; ΔT = 50°C), well shaped crystals of anhydrous In2(SO4)3 can be grown in the less hot region of a closed silica ampoule. We investigated the dependence of the deposition rate on the variation of the concentration of the transport agent (system In2(SO4)3/Cl2) and on the variation of the transport temperature (In2(SO4)3/Cl2 as well as In2(SO4)3/HCl).A comparison of the experimental results with thermodynamical calculations shows a satisfying agreement. The influence of the variation of some additional parameters (H2O from the wall of the ampoule; ΔBH2980(In2(SO4)3)) on the deposition rate is discussed.
    Notes: Chemische Transportexperimente im Temperaturgradienten (500°C ≤ T1 ≤ 825°C; T2 〉 T1; ΔT = 50°C) ermöglichten es, gut ausgebildete Kristalle von wasserfreiem In2(SO4)3 in der weniger heißen Zone einer geschlossenen Quarzampulle phasenrein abzuscheiden. Der Einfluß einer Variation der Transportmittelkonzentration (C(Cl2)) (Cl2 eingesetzt als PtCl2)) sowie der mittleren Transporttemperatur (T̄ = 0,5 · (T2 + T1)) auf die Transportrate wurde untersucht. Weiterhin wurden Experimente mit dem Transportmittel HCl bei unterschiedlichem T̄ durchgeführt.Die Beobachtungen lassen sich durch thermodynamische Modellrechnungen befriedigend wiedergeben. Der Einfluß einer Variation weiterer Parameter (H2O aus der Ampullenwand; ΔBH2980(In2(SO4)3) auf die berechneten Transportraten wird diskutiert.
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  • 82
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 691-696 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Magnesium complexes ; diazadiene ligands ; radical anions ; endiamides ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Properties and Crystal Structures of Magnesium Diazadiene ComplexesReactions of phenyl-substituted 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes (DAD) RN=CPh—CPh=NR (R = C6H5) 1a, C6H4-4-CH3 1b, C6H4-4-OCH3 (1c) with magnesium in dimethoxyethan lead to complexes of the type [Mg(DAD)2(DME)] 2a-c, with DAD ligands in form of radical anions. Furthermore, highly reactiv complexes of the composition [Mg(DAD)(DME)2] 3a-c could be obtained. The crystal structures of 2a, 3a and 3c were determined.
    Notes: Die Reaktion phenylsubstituierter 1,4-Diaza-1,3-butadiene (DAD) RN=CPh—CPh=NR (R = C6H5 1a, C6H4-4-CH3 1b, C6H4-4-OCH3 1c) mit Magnesium in Dimethoxyethan (DME) führt zu Verbindungen des Typs [Mg(DAD)2(DME)] 2a-c, in denen die DAD-Liganden als Radikalanionen gebunden sind. Außerdem enstehen äußerst reaktive Komplexe der Zusammensetzung [Mg(DAD)(DME)2] 3a-c. Die Kristallstrukturen von 2a, 3a und 3c wurden aufgeklärt.
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  • 83
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 682-690 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phthalocyanines ; MnII complex ; Uv-vis-n.i.r., m.i.r., f.i.r., resonance Raman, ESR spectra ; magnetism ; cyclovoltammetry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: High Spin Manganese(II) Phthalocyanines: Preparation and Spectroscopical Properties of Acidophthalocyaninatomanganate(II)Acidophthalocyaninatomanaganese(III) is reduced by boranate, thioacetate or hydrogensulfide to yield acidophthalo-cyaninatomanganate(II) ([Mn(X)Pc2-]-; X = Cl, Br, NCO, NCS) being isolated as tetra(n-butyl)ammonium salt. In the cyclovoltammogram of [Mn(NCO)Pc2-]- the halv-wave potential for the redoxcouple MnII/MnIII is at -0.13 V, that of the first ring reduction at -0.99 V. The magnetic moments are indicative of high-spin 6A1 ground states: μMn = 5.84 (NCO), 5.78(Cl), 5.65 (Br), 5.68 μB (NCS). A Curie-like temperature dependence of μMn is observed in the region 300-30 K. Below 30 K an increase in μMn occurs due to weak intermolecular ferromagnetic coupling. The ESR spectra confirm the S = 5/2 ground state with a strong g = 6 resonance observed (AMn = 80 G) as expected for an axially distorted ligand-field. Besides the typical π-π* transitions of the Pc2--ligand several weak bands are observed in the Uv-vis-n.i.r. spectra at ca. 7.5, 9.1, 14.0 and 19.0 kK that are assigned to trip-multiplet transitions. In resonance with the band at 19.0 kK the Mn—X stretching vibration (v(MnX)) is resonance Raman enhanced: X = NCO: 319, Cl: 286, SCN: 238, Br: 202 cm-1. These vibrational frequencies are confirmed by the f.i.r. spectra. In the case of the thiocyanato-complex probably both forms of bonding of the ambident NCS-ligand are present (v(Mn—NCS): 274 cm-1). The frequencies of the vibrations of the inner (CN)8 ring are reduced by up to 20 cm-1 as compared with those of low spin MnII phthalocyanines.
    Notes: Acidophthalocyaninatomanagan(III) wird mittels Boranat, Thioacetat oder Hydrogensulfid zum Acidophthalocyaninatomanganat(II) ([Mn(X)Pc2]; X = Cl, Br, NCO, NCS) reduziert und als Tetra(n-butyl)ammoniumsalz isoliert. Im Cyclovoltammogramm von [Mn(NCO)Pc2-]- liegt das Halbstufenpotential für das Redoxpaar MnII/MnIII bei -0,13 V, das der ersten Ringreduktion bei -0,99 V. Die magnetischen Momente der Komplexe weisen auf einen high-spin 6A1-Grundzustand hin: μMn = 5,84 (NCO), 5,78 (Cl), 5,65 (Br), 5,68 μB (NCS). Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der magnetischen Suszeptibilität μMn zeigt zwischen 300 und 30 K Curie-Verhalten. Unterhalb von 30 K steigt μMn wegen schwacher intermolekularer ferromagnetischer Kopplungen an. Die ESR-Spektren bestätigen den S = 5/2-Grundzustand mit einem starken g = 6 Resonanzsignal (AMn = 80 G), wie es für ein axial verzerrtes Ligandenfeld erwartet wird. In den UV-VIS-NIR-Spektren treten neben den typischen π-π*-Übergängen des Pc2--Liganden weitere schwache Banden bei ca. 7,5, 9,1, 14,0 und 19,0 kK auf, die Trip-Multiplett-Übergängen zugeordnet werden. In den Resonanz-Raman-Spektren werden in Resonanz mit der Bande bei 19,0 kK bevorzugt die Mn—X-Valenzschwingungen (v(MnX)) angeregt: X = NCO: 319, Cl: 286, SCN: 238, Br: 202 cm-1. Die Schwingungsfrequenzen stimmen mit entsprechenden FIR-Absorptionen gut überein. Im Falle des Thiocyanato-Komplexes sind eventuell beide Bindungsformen des ambidenten NCS-Liganden präsent (v(Mn—NCS): 274 cm-1). Die Schwingungsfrequenzen des inneren (CN)8-Ringes liegen um bis zu 20 cm-1 tiefer als die von low-spin MnII-Phthalocyaninen.
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  • 84
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 53-57 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dilithium trihydrogen orthoperiodate ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Li2H3IO6, a New Variant of the Molybdenite StructureLi2H3IO6 crystallizes in P61 (a = 529.70(8), c = 2 759.6(5) pm; Z = 6). The crystals are twinned by merohedry, described by m ‖ [001] and 2 ⊥ [001]. According to the results of an X-ray structure determination (2 778 diffractometer data, Rw = 0.047), Li2H3IO6 exhibits a layer structure, with oxygen forming a distorted variant of the sulfur partial structure in molybdenite (MoS2), however, with iodine and lithium in the more (Li) or less (I) distorted octahedral holes. The Li2IO6 packages are connected via strong hydrogen bonds along the edges of distorted trigonal prisms.
    Notes: Li2H3IO6 kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P61 (a = 529,70(8), c = 2 759,6(5) pm; Z = 6). Die Kristalle sind merohedrisch verviellingt, beschrieben durch m ‖ [001] und 2 ⊥ [001]. Nach der Röntgenstrukturanalyse (2 778 unabhängige Reflexe, Rw = 0,047) liegt eine Schichtstruktur vor, in der die Sauerstoffatome eine verzerrte Variante der Schwefelteilstruktur von Molybdänit (MoS2) ausbilden, die Kationen besetzen die mehr (Li) oder weniger (I) verzerrten Oktaederlücken. Die Li2IO6-Schichtpakete werden entlang der Kanten der verzerrten trigonalen Prismen durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen miteinander verknüpft.
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  • 85
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 703-706 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: SmIII dimeric complex ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Reaction of Dilithiumbiphenyl with SmBr3. The Crystal Structure of [(C24H16)SmBr(thf)2]2 · [C24H14]In THF SmBr3 forms with [(biph)Li2] the dimeric complex [(quaph)SmBr(thf)2]2 · [C24H14]. The structure was characterized by X-ray single crystal structure analysis (space group P1 (No. 2), Z = 1, a = 943.3(6) pm, b = 1 350.3(1) pm, c = 1 599.9(9) pm, α = 64.99(5)°, β = 89.02(5)°, γ = 73.02(6)°). The Sm iones are bridged by two Br iones. Coordination by one quaph and THF ligands leads to distorded octahedra coordination of the Sm iones. Additionally crystallizes one molecule dibenzonaphthacene.
    Notes: SmBr3 reagiert mit [(biph)Li2] in THF zu dem zweikernigen Komplex [(quaph)SmBr(thf)2]2 · [C24H14]. Der Aufbau konnte durch eine Kristallstrukturanalyse geklärt werden (Raumgruppe P1 (Nr. 2), Z = 1, a = 943,3(6) pm, b = 1 350,3(1) pm, c = 1 599,9(9) pm, α = 64,99(5)°, β = 89,02(5)°, γ = 73,02(6)°). Die Sm-Ionen werden durch zwei Br-Ionen verbrückt. Durch zusätzliche Koordination eines quaph- und zweier THF-Liganden ist jedes Sm-Ion verzerrt oktaedrisch koordiniert. Zusätzlich kristallisiert ein Molekül Dibenzonaphthacen mit aus.
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 716-722 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)ferrocenylimidate ; E,Z-(Ferrocenyl-trimethylsiloxymethyliden)trimethylsilylphosphane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and Structures of functional substituted FerrocenesSubstituted ferrocenes have been prepared using carbonic acid chloride of ferrocene. New pathways have been found reacting the acid chloride with sodium hexamethyldisilazane and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphane, respectively. The compounds FecC(OSiMe3)N(SiMe3) (Fec = C5H5FeC5H4) 1 and FecC(OSiMe3)P(SiMe3) 2 have been obtained and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure analysis. Experiments for the preparation of FecCP 3 are reported.
    Notes: Zur Synthese funktionell substituierter Ferrocene wurde Ferrocencarbonsäurechlorid mit Natriumhexamethyldisilazan und Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphan umgesetzt und das Imidat FecC(OSiMe3)N(SiMe3) (Fec = C5H5FeC5H4) 1 und das Phosphaalken FecC(OSiMe3)P(SiMe3) 2 erhalten. Versuche zur Darstellung von FecCP 3 werden mitgeteilt. Von den Verbindungen 1 und 2 konnten Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalysen angefertigt werden.
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  • 87
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 730-732 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Alkyl esters of selenodithioallophanic acid ; synthesis ; electron absorption spectra ; infrared spectra ; nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Chalcogenolates. 203. Derivatives of Selenodithioallophanic Acid. 2. Preparation and Properties of Alkyl EstersSynthesis and properties of selenodithioallophanic acid esters H2N—CSe—NH—CS—SR where R = CH3, C2H5 as well as their characterization by means of electron absorption, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are described.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften von Alkylestern der Selendithioallophansäure H2N—CSe—NH—CS—SR mit R = CH3, C2H5 sowie deren Charakterisierung durch Elektronenabsorptions-, Infrarot- und kernmagnetische Resonanzspektren werden beschrieben.
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 723-729 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dimethyltin dithiosquarate benzene solvate ; Dimethyltin dithiosquarate-dimethylsulfoxide adduct ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dimethyltin Dithiosquarate: The Crystal Structure of the Benzene Solvate and of the Dimethylsulfoxide Adduct(CH3)2SnS2C4O2 · 1/3 C6H6 (I) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma. a = 14.393(2), b = 21.668(3), c = 10.424(1) Å, Z = 12.(CH3)2SnS2C4O2 · (CH3)2SO (II) is monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 9.918(5), b = 12.028(6), c = 12.223(6) Å, β = 108.82(3)°, Z = 4.In I there are two independent dimethyltin dithiosquarate molecules. But in both molecules the Sn atoms display weak coordinative bonds to two O atoms of adjacent dithiosquarate groups. The distances amount 2.873 Å (2×), resp. 2.678 and 2.831 Å. The coordination number of tin becomes 6 and the structure gets connected in three dimensions.In II dimethylsulfoxide is bound with the O atom to Sn (2.345 Å) and the result is a distorted trigonal bipyramid. There a more distant O atom (2.944 Å) leads to a connection of the molecules to a ribbon. The changes of the geometrical parameters are described, which result from the progressive approach of the one O atom.
    Notes: (CH3)2SnS2C4O2 · 1/3 C6H6 (I) kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pnma; a = 14,393(2); b = 21,668(3); c = 10,424(1) Å; Z = 12.(CH3)2SnS2C4O2 · (CH3)2SO (II) ist monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n; a = 9,918(5); b = 12,028(6); c = 12,223(6) Å; β = 108,82(3)°; Z = 4.In I liegen zwei kristallographisch unabhängige Dimethyl-zinndithioquadratat-Moleküle vor. Bei beiden weisen jedoch die Sn-Atome schwache koordinative Bindungen zu zwei O-Atomen benachbarter Dithioquadratat-Gruppen auf. Die Abstände betragen 2,873 Å (2×) bzw. 2,678 und 2,831 Å. Dadurch erhält Zinn die Koordinationszahl 6, und es ergibt sich eine dreidimensional vernetzte Struktur.In II ist Dimethylsulfoxid über das O-Atom an Sn gebunden (2,345 Å), und es liegt eine verzerrte trigonale Bipyramide vor. Ein weiter entferntes O-Atom (2,944 Å) bewirkt hier die Vernetzung der Moleküle zu einem Band. Die Veränderungen der geometrischen Parameter als Folge der fortschreitenden Annäherung des einen O-Atoms werden beschrieben.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chromium bromide ; chemical vapor transport ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Chemical Transport and Sublimation of CrBr3  -  Experiments and Model CalculationsThe migration of CrBr3 in the presence of high concentrations of bromine (for example D(Br2) = 0,05 mmol/ml; closed silica ampoules) in the investigated temperature range (T̄ = 625°C to 875°C; T̄ = 50°C) is a result from the endothermic reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{(1)} & {{\rm CrBr}_{{\rm 3,s}} + 1/2{\rm Br}_{{\rm 2,g}} = {\rm CrBr}_{4,{\rm g}}}\end{array} $$\end{document} The chemical transport of CrBr3 is superimposed with the sublimation. With low concentrations of D(Br2) and high temperatures T̄ is the sublimation decisive participated. This is a result of the homogenous equilibrium between CrBr3,g and CrBr4,g (2a) \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{(2)} & {{\rm CrX}_{{\rm 4,g}} = {\rm CrX}_{{\rm 3,g}} + 1/2\,{\rm X}_{{\rm 2,g}},} & {({\rm a)\,X} = {\rm Br,}} & {{\rm (b)\,X} = {\rm Cl}}\end{array} $$\end{document} The reaction (2a) in comparison with the chemical transport of CrCl3 with Cl2 (Gl. (2b)) is more shifted to CrBr3,g.
    Notes: CrBr3 wandert in einer geschlossenen Ampulle bei hohen Transportmitteldichten (z. B. D(Br2)  -  0,05 mmol/ml) im untersuchten Temperaturbereich (T̄ = 625°C bis 875°C; T̄ = 50°C) von der heißeren (T2) in die weniger heiße Zone (T1) über das endotherme Transportgleichgewicht \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{(1)} & {{\rm CrBr}_{{\rm 3,s}} + 1/2{\rm Br}_{{\rm 2,g}} = {\rm CrBr}_{4,{\rm g}}}\end{array} $$\end{document} Der chemische Transport von CrBr3 wird von einer Sublimation überlagert, die bei niedrigeren Transportmitteldichten D(Br2) und höherer Temperatur T̄ maßgeblich beteiligt ist, wie die Lage des homogenen Gasphasengleichgewichts (2a) zwischen CrBr3,g und CrBr4,g zeigt. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{(2)} & {{\rm CrX}_{{\rm 4,g}} = {\rm CrX}_{{\rm 3,g}} + 1/2\,{\rm X}_{{\rm 2,g}},} & {({\rm a)\,X} = {\rm Br,}} & {{\rm (b)\,X} = {\rm Cl}}\end{array} $$\end{document} Gleichgewicht (2a) liegt im Vergleich zum chemischen Transport von CrCl3 mit Cl2 (Gl. (2b)) mehr auf der Seite von CrBr3,g.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nb3Br8 ; electronic structure ; molecular orbitals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Electronic Structure of Nb3Br8The bonding in Nb3Br8 was investigated with the aid of extended Hückel and molecular orbital calculations to gain some understanding concerning stability and possible chemical altering. Seven electrons occupy metal - metal bonding states of a Nb3Br8 unit. Six of them are responsible for strong σ bonds within the Nb3 cluster. One to two additional electrons may be incorporated to occupy a1 orbitals, which slightly increase the bonding in a Nb3 cluster, rather than between adjacent clusters.
    Notes: Die Bindungsverhältnisse in Nb3Br8 werden mittels Extended-Hückel- und Molekülorbital-Rechnungen untersucht, um hieraus Hinweise auf die Stabilität und mögliche chemische Modifizierbarkeit zu erhalten. Sieben Elektronen sind den Metall - Metall-bindenden Zuständen einer Nb3Br8-Einheit zuzurechnen. Sechs davon sind für starke σ-Bindungen in den Nb3-Clustern verantwortlich. Ein bis zwei zusätzliche Elektronen können in den a1-Orbitalen untergebracht werden, die sich innerhalb eines Nb3-Clusters schwach bindungsverstärkend auswirken, nicht aber zwischen benachbarten Clustern.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dichalcogenolenchelates ; conducting materials ; x-ray ; EPR ; dmit isologues ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and Properties of Molecular Conductors based on dmit isologous Chelates. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tetramethylammonium-bis-[bis(1,3-dithiole-2-selone-4,5-diselenolato)nickelate]; [(CH3)4N] [Ni(dsise)2]2Syntheses and properties of dichalcogenolate chelates of the general type [(CH3)4N]n[ML2] (n ≤ 2; M = Ni, Pd, Pt); L = dmit (1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate), dmise (1, 3-dithiole-2-selone-4,5-dithiolate), dsit (1, 3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-diselenolate), dsise (1, 3-dithiole-2-selone-4,5-diselenolate), dsis (1, 3-diselenole-2-selone-4,5-diselenolate) are reported. The effects of the chalcogen atom variation in these chelates are discussed by using UV/VIS, IR, EPR, cyclovoltammetric and conductivity data. The x-ray structure of [(CH3)4N][Ni(dsise)2]2 (space group Pccn, a = 7.427(1), b = 39.144(5), c = 11.836(1) Å) and the conductivity of the crystal (12 S cm-1 at room temperature) are given.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften von Dichalkogenolat-Chelaten vom Typ [(CH3)4N]n[ML2] mit n ≤ 2; M = Ni, Pd, Pt und L = dmit (1, 3-Dithiol-2-thion-4,5-dithiolat), dmise (1,3-Dithiol-2-selon-4,5-dithiolat), dsit (1,3-Dithiol-2-thion-4,5-diselenolat), dsise (1,3-Dithiol-2-selon-4,5-diselenolat) und dsis (1, 3-Diselenol-2-selon-4, 5-diselenolat) werden beschrieben. Anhand von UV/VIS-, IR-, EPR-, cyclovoltammetrischen und Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen werden die Auswirkungen der Chalkogenvariation in den Chelaten diskutiert. Die röntgenkristallographischen Daten von [(CH3)4N] [Ni(dsise)2]2 (Raumgruppe Pccn, a = 7,427(1), b = 39,144(5), c = 11,836(1) Å) und die Kristalleitfähigkeit (12 S cm-1, Raum-temperatur) werden vorgestellt.
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Praseodymium ; Reduced Chlorides ; Synthesis ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Na2[Pr4O2]Cl9 and K2[Pr4O2]Cl9, the First Reduced Quaternary Praseodymium Chlorides with Anti-SiS2 Analogous [Pr4/2O] ChainsThe compounds A2[Pr4O2]Cl9 (A = Na, K) are the first reduced quaternary praseodymium chlorides with anti-SiS2 analogous [Pr4/2O] chains. Synthesis took place in the temperature range from 900 to 600°C in silica-jacketed niobium containers from Pr metal, PrCl3, PrOCl and NaCl (KCl) as starting materials. The X-ray structure analysis of a single crystal of Na2[Pr4O2]Cl9 (monoclinic, P21/m (No. 11), Z = 2, a = 812.2(2) pm, b = 1 134.1(2) pm, c = 937.6(2) pm, β = 106.51(2)°, R = 0.048, Rw = 0.037) exhibits trans-edge connected chains of [Pr4/2O] tetrahedra running along [001] which are connected by surrounding common chloride ions forming layers parallel to (001). These layers are connected by further chloride ions to a three-dimensional network. The sodium ions surrounded by a heavily distorted octahedron of chloride ions are placed between the layers. The X-ray structure analysis of a single crystal of the otherwise isotypic K2[Pr4O2]Cl9 (monoclinic, P21/m (No. 11), Z = 2, a = 820.6(2) pm, b = 1 133.2(4) pm, c = 949.2(3) pm, β = 103.94(2)°, R = 0.073, Rw = 0.054) shows that potassium is coordinated by nine chloride ions.
    Notes: Erstmals erhalten wurden reduzierte quaternäre Praseodymchloride mit anti-SiS2-analogen [Pr4/2O]-Ketten vom Typ A2[Pr4O2]Cl9 (A = Na, K). Die Synthese erfolgt im Temperaturbereich von 900 bis 600°C in quarzglasummantelten Niobampullen aus Pr-Metall, PrCl3, PrOCl und NaCl bzw. KCl. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse an einem Einkristall von Na2[Pr4O2]Cl9 (monoklin, P21/m, Z = 2, a = 812,2(2) pm, b = 1 134,1(2)pm, c = 937,6(2)pm, β = 106,51(2)°, R = 0,048, Rw = 0,037) zeigt, daß die entlang [010] verlaufenden, über gemeinsame transständige Pr—Pr-Kanten zu Ketten verknüpften [Pr4/2O]-Tetraeder in der (001)-Ebene über umgebende, gemeinsame Chloratome zu Schichten verknüpft sind, die ihrerseits über Chloratome zu einer dreidimensionalen Struktur verbunden sind. Zwischen den Schichten befindet sich Na+, stark verzerrt oktaedrisch von Cl- umgeben. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse an einem Einkristall des ansonsten isotypen K2[Pr4O2]Cl9 (monoklin, P21/m (Nr. 11), Z = 2, a = 820,6(2)pm, b = 1 133,2(4)pm, c = 949,2(3)pm, β = 103,94(2)°, R = 0,073, Rw = 0,054) zeigt, daß K+ dort von 9 Cl- umgeben ist.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium phenoxide ; CO2 transfer ; carboxylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: CO2 Transfer by Metal Phenoxides: N-Methyl-ε-caprolactam/Sodium Phenoxide as a Selective Reagent for Carboxylation ReactionsCarboxylation reaction of aceton and other substrates with active C—H bonds can be carried out selectively by complexes of sodium phenoxide with N-methyl-ε-caprolactam („NMC“) and CO2. With aceton 3-keto-glutaric acid is formed in 85% yield upon hydrolysis. X-Ray structural analysis of the tetrameric [(NMC)Na(OPh)]4 shows that sodium- and oxygen ions of the phenoxide occupy the positions of a cubus. NMC acts as monodendate ligand, the oxygen atoms of the phenoxide are tridendate bridging ligands. The lithium compound has a similar structure. The complex solved in NMC takes up 0.5 mol CO2 per mol Natrium which at room temperature and normal pressure is transformed to aceton.
    Notes: Carboxylierungsreaktionen von Aceton und anderen Substraten mit aktiven C—H-Bindungen können selektiv mit Komplexen des Natriumphenolats mit N-Methyl-ε-caprolactam („NMC“) und CO2 durchgeführt werden. Mit Aceton entsteht in 85% Ausbeute nach Hydrolyse 3-Ketoglutarsäure. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse des tetrameren Komplexes [(NMC)Na(OPh)]4 zeigt, daß Natrium- und Phenolatsauerstoffionen die Ecken eines Würfels besetzen.Na1 hat die Koordinationszahl 4. NMC fungiert als einzähliger Ligand, die Sauerstoffatome des Phenolats sind dreizählige Liganden. Die Lithiumverbindung hat eine vergleichbare Struktur. Der Komplex nimmt pro Mol Natriumion in NMC 0,5 Mol CO2 auf, das bei Raumtemperatur und Normaldruck auf Aceton übertragen wird.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tetrameric copper(II) complex ; μ2-oxo ligand ; 1-phenyltriazenido-2-phenyltriazeno benzene ligand ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cu4[PhN3C6H4N3(H)Ph]4(μ2-O)2, a Tetranuclear Copper(II) Complex with 1-Phenyltriazenido-2-phenyltriazeno-benzene as LigandCu4[PhN3C6H4N3(H)Ph]4(μ-O)2 (1) results from the reaction of an aqueous solution of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ with 1,2-bis(phenyltriazeno)benzene in ether. 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pba2 with the lattice parameters a = 1661.5(5), b = 1914.7(7), c = 1269.2(5) pm; Z = 2. In the tetrameric complex with the symmetry C2 the Cu2+ cations form a tetrahedron (Cu—Cu: 298.3(1)-337.1(1) pm). The μ2-oxo ligands occupy the twofold axis and bridge two opposite edges of the Cu4 tetrahedron (Cu—O: 190.0(3) and 192.5(4) pm). The 1-phenyltriazenido-2-phenyltriazeno benzene anions bridge two Cu2+ ions chelating one metal ion and coordinating monodentate the neighbouring one (Cu—N: 191.0(5)-204.1(4) pm).
    Notes: Cu4[PhN3C6H4N3(H)Ph]4(μ-O)2 (1) entsteht bei der Umsetzung einer wäßrigen Lösung von [Cu(NH3)4]2+ mit 1,2-Bis(phenyltriazeno)benzol in Ether. 1 kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pba2 mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 1661,5(5); b = 1914,7(7); c = 1269,2(5) pm; Z = 2. Im tetrameren Komplex mit der Symmetrie C2 bilden die Cu2+-Ionen ein Tetraeder (Cu—Cu: 298,3(1)-337,1(1) pm). Die μ2-Oxoliganden liegen auf der C2-Achse und überbrücken zwei gegenüberliegende Tetraederkanten (Cu—O: 190,0(3) und 192,5(4) pm). Die 1-Phenyltriazenido-2-phenyltriazeno-benzol-Anionen verbrücken benachbarte Cu2+-Ionen, die sie einerseits chelatisierend und andererseits einzähnig koordinieren (Cu—N: 191,0(5)-204,1(4) pm).
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  • 95
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: X-ray crystallography ; sulfur-sulfur bonds ; tetra-sulfides ; dicyanosulfanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kristall- und Molekülstruktur von Dicyanotetrasulfan S4(CN)2S4(CN)2 kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit den im Abstract angegebenen Parametern. Die Moleküle besetzen allgemeine Lagen, sind aber ungefähr von C2-Symmetrie. Die Konformation ist all-trans mit den Torsionswinkeln CSSS = 74,6° und 81,7° sowie SSSS = 84,8°. Die mittlere SS-Bindung (201,7 pm) ist viel kürzer als die äußeren (Mittelwert 206,8 pm). Die intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen sind vom van-der-Waals-Typ.
    Notes: S4(CN)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 885.7 pm, b = 794.2 pm, c = 1032.6 pm, β = 109.0° (at 173 K). The molecules occupy general sites but are of approximate C2 symmetry. The conformation of the molecules is all-trans with torsional angles CSSS = 74.6° and 81.7° and SSSS = 84.8°. The central SS bond (201.7 pm) is much shorter than the terminal SS bonds (av. 206.8 pm). There are no stronger than van-der-Waals type intermolecular interactions.
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  • 96
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 112-116 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bis(trimethylsilyl)-, bis(trimethylgermyl)carbodiimide ; substitution compounds ; chloro- and dimethylmetal(III) derivatives ; syntheses ; vibrational spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Substitution Reactions of Bis(trimethylelement)carbodiimides of Silicon and Germanium with Metal Chlorides and Dimethylmetalchlorides of Sb, Al, Ga, and InThe reaction of Me3Ge—N=C=N—GeMe3 (Me=CH3) with SbCl5 in a 1 : 1 molar ratio forms dimeric Cl4SbNCNGeMe3 in high yields. The corresponding compounds (X2MNCNSiMe3)2-3 (with X=Cl, Me and M = Al, Ga), formed by reactions of X2MCl and Me3SiNCNSiMe3, are less stable and tend to condensations, eliminating Me3SiX. The carbodiimide derivates (Me2MNCNEMe3)2-3 (with E = Si, Ge) are also available in aprotic solvents from polymeric LiNCNEMe3 and Me2MCl (M = Al, Ga, In). According to the IR and Raman spectra the low associated substitution products consists of cyclic ring skeletons and asymmetric 〉 N—C≡N—EMe3 units with cyanamide conformation.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von Me3Ge—N=C=N—GeMe3 (Me=CH3) mit SbCl5 im Molverhältnis 1 : 1 entsteht in hoher Ausbeute dimeres Cl4SbNCNGeMe3. Die entsprechend aus X2MCl und Me3SiNCNSiMe3 dargestellten Verbindungen (X2MNCNSiMe3)2-3 (mit X = Cl, Me und M = Al, Ga) sind weniger beständig und neigen zu Kondensationen unter Abspaltung von Me3SiX. Carbodiimidderivate der Form (Me2MNCNEMe3)2-3 (mit E = Si, Ge) sind auch aus polymerem LiNCNEMe3 und Me2MCl (M = Al, Ga, In) in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln zugänglich. Die IR- und Ramanspektren der Verbindungen werden aufgenommen und diskutiert, danach weisen die niedrig assoziierten Produkte ein cyclisches Ringgerüst und unsymmetrische 〉N—C≡N—EMe3 Einheiten mit Cyanamidkonformation auf.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dithionite decomposition ; polythionate reduction ; thiosulfate decomposition ; ion-pair chromatography ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Zersetzung von Dithionit in Wasser und seine Reaktionen mit Polythionaten SnO2-6 (n = 3-5)  -  eine Untersuchung mittels IonenpaarchromatographieDithionit hydrolysiert in Wasser bei 20°C und pH-Werten nicht weit von 7,0 zu Thiosulfat und Sulfit, aus denen dann Trithionat entstehen kann. Zugabe von Thiosulfat beschleunigt die Hydrolysereaktion nur bei pH 〈 6. Diese pH-Abhängigkeit wird durch die Bildung des Ions HS2O3- erklärt, das durch Dithionit zu Sulfid und Sulfit reduziert wird. Sulfidionen zerstören Dithionit durch nucleophile Spaltung, wobei wahrscheinlich primär Sulfoxylat und Thiosulfit entstehen. Die Polythionate SnO62- (n = 3-5) werden von Dithionit bei 20°C und pH = 7,0 reduziert (Gleichung siehe Abstract), wobei die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Kettenlänge n rasch ansteigt. In Sekundärreaktionen baut Sulfit die Polythionationen unter Bildung von Thiosulfat ab.
    Notes: Aqueous dithionite decomposes at 20°C and pH values not far from 7.0 to give thiosulfate and sulfite from which trithionate may form. Addition of thiosulfate accelerates this reaction only at pH 〈 6. The pH dependence is explained by formation of HS2O3- ions which are reduced by dithionite to HS- and SO2-3. Sulfide destroys dithionite by nucleophilic cleavage, probably with formation of sulfoxylate and thiosulfite ions. The polythionates SnO2-6 (n = 3-5) are reduced by dithionite at pH = 7.0 and 20°C according to SnO2-6 + S2O2-4 + 2 H2O→S2O32- + Sn-3SO32- + 4H1 + 2SO32- The reaction rate rapidly increases with the number n of sulfur atoms. In secondary reactions sulfite attacks SnO62- ions with thiosulfate formation.
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  • 98
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 771-776 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tetrahydroxoaluminate chloride, Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Sodium Tetrahydroxoaluminate Chloride Na2[Al(OH)4]ClThe hitherto unknown compound Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl was prepared by crystallisation from a NaCl containing sodium aluminate solution. According to the X-ray single crystal investigation (tetragonal, space group P4/nmm, a = 7.541 Å, c = 5.059 Å, Z = 2) the compound represents the first example of a crystalline hydroxoaluminate with monomeric [Al(OH)4]- anions. Cl- shows a quadratic anti prismatic coordination to 4 Na+ and over hydrogen bonds to 4 O2- while Na+ is octahedrally coordinated by 4 O2- and 2 Cl- (axial). The results of the crystal structure analysis are confirmed by 27Al and 23Na MAS NMR investigations. Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl decomposes at about 200°C without intermediates under formation of β-NaAlO2 and NaCl.
    Notes: Die bisher unbekannte Verbindung Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl wurde durch Kristallisation aus mit NaCl versetzter Natriumaluminatlösung erhalten. Entsprechend der Röntgenstrukturanalyse an einem Einkristall (tetragonal, Raumgruppe P4/nmm, a = 7,541 Å, c = 5,059 Å, Z = 2) liegt mit dieser Verbindung erstmals ein Beispiel für ein kristallines Hydroxoaluminat mit monomeren [Al(OH)4]--Anionen vor. Cl- ist quadratisch antiprismatisch mit 4 Na+ sowie über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit 4 O2- koordiniert, während Na+ oktaedrisch von 4 O2- und 2 Cl- (axial) umgeben ist. Die Ergebnisse der Kristallstrukturanalyse werden durch 27Al- und 23Na-MAS-NMR-Messungen bestätigt. Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl zersetzt sich ohne Zwischenprodukte bei 200°C zu β-NaAlO2 und NaCl.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 955-958 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Template Reactions ; Benzoylhydrazine ; Hydrazide Ligands ; Molybdenum Complexes ; Crystal Structure ; Triphenylphosphane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Template Reactions of Bis(acetylacetonato)-dioxo-molybdenum(VI) with Benzoylhydrazine and TriphenylphosphaneBy reaction of MoO2(acac)2 with C6H5—CO—NH—NH2 in the presence of P(C6H5)3 Mo(NNCOC6H5)((CH3)2CNNCOC6H5)(P(C6H5)) was obtained besides MoO(acac-NNHCOC6H5)(NNHCOC6H5). The earlier compound was characterized by X-ray structural analysis. Crystallographic data see „Inhaltsübersicht“.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von MoO2(acac)2 mit C6H5—CONH—NH2 in Gegenwart von P(C6H5)3 wurde neben MoO(acac-NNHCOC6H5)(NNHCOC6H5) als weitere Substanz Mo(NNCOC6H5)(NNHCOC6H5)((CH3)2CNNCOC6H5) · (P(C6H5)3) erhalten, welche Benzoylhydrazidoliganden in verschiedenen Bindungsformen aufweist. Die Verbindung wurde durch Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.Raumgruppe P 21/c, Z = 4, 2 632 beobachtete unabhängige Reflexe, R = 5,9%, Gitterabmessungen bei 19°C: a = 1 583,6(2) pm, b = 1 485,0(2) pm, c = 1 656,1(2) pm, β = 100,79(1)°C.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
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