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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (677)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1810-1819
  • 1988  (677)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (639)
  • Human
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (677)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1810-1819
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 768-772 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Urine ; Human ; Renal disease ; Congestive heart failure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay to measure atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in urine has been established, and its clinical usefulness is presented. ANP in urine was stable at 4° C for several days and was easily measured by our radioimmunoassay. The average ANP excretion in 65 healthy persons was 25.0±1.4 ng/day (mean ± SEM) and the fractional excretion of ANP was 0.7±0.05%. In 14 patients with congestive heart failure, the average ANP excretion was 119.2±29.4 ng/day, which decreased to 53.3±11.0 after successful treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): ANP ; Human ; Kidney ; Receptor autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Specific binding sites for atrial natriuretic peptide (99–126) in different areas of normal human renal tissue were quantified by in vitro autoradiography. Our data represent the first characterization of ANP binding sites in different structures of the human kidney. Characterization of ANP binding revealed by Scatchard plot analysis a single class of high affinity binding sites in the glomeruli (K d 0.53±0.11 nM;B Max 74.4±17.86 fmol/mg protein), the vasculature (K d 0.18±0.014 nM;B Max 91.6±25.02 fmol/mg protein), and the medulla (K d 0.34±0.13 nM;B Max 106.0±30.61 fmol/mg protein). These sites may play a key role in the actions of the cardiac hormone in human kidney and in the ameliorating effects of ANP in the recovery from acute renal failure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 338 (1988), S. 332-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Magnesium ; Mg2+ transport ; Na+ transport ; Ion transport ; Antidepressant drugs ; Neurolepticdrugs ; Erythrocytes ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Iminodibenzyl-, iminostilbene-, dibenzocycloheptadiene-, dibenzooxepine- and dibenzothiepine-derivatives of tricyclic antidepressant drugs were able to inhibit Na+-stimulated Mg2+ efflux in human erythrocytes at concentrations of 10−5−10−3 mol/l. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs belonging to other chemical groups, non-tricyclic antidepressant drugs and phenothiazines were less potent inhibitors (IC50 of 10−4 mol/l or higher). Imipramine and dothiepine, the most potent compounds, inhibited the Mg" carrier with IC50 of 2.5 and 4 × 10−5 mol/1 respectively. These IC50 are of similar order of magnitude to those of some classical transport inhibitors (such as furosemide for the [Na+K+,Cl−]-cotransport system). In addition, these concentrations of imipramine and dothiepine were free of: i) side effects on other erythrocyte Na′ and K+ transport pathways (with the exception of a slight inhibition of Ca2+-sensitive K+-channels and [Na+,K+,Cl−]- and [K+,Cl−]-cotransport systems) and ii) toxic effects on the membrane leak for divalent or monovalent cations. Therefore, we selected imipramine as an useful tool for investigating fluxes catalyzed by the Na+-stimulated Mg2+ carrier. Imipramine was tested on the initial rate of ouabain and bumetanide-resistant net Na+ influx in Na+-depleted, Mg2+-loaded erythrocytes. The compound was able to inhibit a Na+ influx of about 300–500 μmol (l · cells × h)−1 with an IC50 of about 3 x 10−5 mol/1. This imipramine-sensitive Na+ influx was coupled with an imipramine-sensitive Mg2+ efflux in a stoichiometry of 3.03±0.34 (mean±SEM of 7 experiments).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 413 (1988), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Breast ; Human ; Pregnancy ; Proliferation ; Secretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In this study the proliferative and secretory activity of human pregnant and lactating breast has been examined. 17 cases of pregnant tissue were obtained, comprising 9 from first trimester, 6 from the second and 2 from the third, together with 3 cases of lactating breast. Proliferation, measured by 3H thymidine autoradiography, gave a constant Thymidine labelling index of approximately 6% during the first 20 weeks, with a reduction by 50% thereafter. Levels of 0.2% were seen during lactation. Morphological assessment showed a high frequency of both mitosis and apoptosis throughout gestation. Although mitotic frequency did reduce with time, values were more variable than thymidine labelling. The reduction in thymidine uptake halfway through pregnancy coincided with generalised morphological lactational differentiation and the major immunocytochemical expression of alpha-lactalbumin. However, cytoplasmic expression of the secretory component of IgA was generalised and marked even during the first trimester and was closely related to increased proliferation and general synthetic cellular activity. These and other observations support a complex relationship of autocrine and paracrine factors in addition to the customary endocrine ones for breast regulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1988), S. 535-537 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Astrocytosis ; Hyperplasia ; Quantitative analysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The number of astrocytes in an atrophic human brain was counted with the aid of immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Microscopically, astrocytosis was remarkable in the cerebral neocortex and white matter. Taking the cortical atrophy into consideration, however, the total number of astrocytes in the cortical layers II – VI was not increased. The number of astrocytes in the white matter was not increased either. It is indicated that astrocytosis does not always mean hyperplasia (net increase of total number) of astrocytes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 70 (1988), S. 351-360 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Neck ; Proprioception ; Vestibular ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Proprioception in the neck was investigated in normal human subjects. Three experiments studied rotation of the head about a vertical axis on the body. Accuracy of pointing, thresholds for detection of passive movement, and control of fine movement were tested. Comparison of the accuracy of pointing at the big toe with the nose and with the arm, showed a smaller scatter of angular misalignments when pointing with the arm. However, the arm pointed systematically off target. Pointing at the target toe by turning the head was not significantly more accurate than aligning the nose and toe by turning the chair and body with the head fixed. The highest threshold found for the detection of the direction of passive movement of the head relative to the body was 1.4° angular displacement. Thresholds were highest at the slowest angular velocity and dropped as angular velocity increased. When the head was turned on the body thresholds were lower than when the body was turned and the head held still. Control of fine angular movements of the head and of the distal phalanx of the right thumb were compared by measuring subjects' accuracy in guiding a cursor through a path on a computer screen by turning the head or moving the thumb. The thumb was found to be better controlled than the head.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 648-658 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Unexpected postural perturbations ; Electromyographic activity ; Muscle synergies ; Motor control ; Human ; Automatic postural responses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of the direction of unexpected horizontal perturbations of stance on the organization of automatic postural responses was studied in human subjects. We recorded EMG activity from eight proximal and distal muscles acting on joints of the legs and hip known to be involved in postural corrections, while subjects stood on an hydraulic platform. Postural responses to horizontal motion of the platform in 16 different directions were recorded. The amplitude of the EMG responses of each muscle studied varied continuously as perturbation direction was changed. The directions for which an individual muscle showed measurable EMG activity were termed the muscle's “angular range of activation”. There were several differences in the response characteristics of the proximo-axial muscles as opposed to the distal ones. Angular ranges of activity of the distal muscles were unipolar and encompassed a range of less than 180°. These muscles responded with relatively constant onset latencies when they were active. Proximo-axial muscles, acting on the upper leg and hip showed larger angular ranges of activation with bimodal amplitude distributions and/ or onset latency shifts as perturbation direction changed. While there were indications of constant temporal relationships between muscles involved in responses to perturbations around the sagittal plane, the onset latency relationships for other directions and the response amplitude relationships for all directions varied continuously as perturbation direction was changed. Responses were discrete in that for any particular perturbation direction there appeared to be a single unique response. Thus, while the present results do not refute the hypothesis that automatic postural responses may be composed of mixtures of a few elemental synergies, they suggest that composition of postural responses is a complex process that includes perturbation direction as a continuous variable.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 337 (1988), S. 595-601 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): [3H]5-HT binding ; Human ; Pig and calf brain ; 5-HT1A ; 5-HT1B ; 5-HT1C ; 5-HT1D sites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1) The binding characteristics of [3H]5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin) were investigated in membrane preparations of several regions from calf, pig and human brain in the presence of 100 nmol/l 8-OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2[di-n-dipropylamino]tetralin) and 100 nmol/l mesulergine in order to mask 5-HT1A and 5-HT1C sites. 2) [3H]5-HT bound rapidly, reversibly and stereo-selectively to a population of high affinity recognition sites in membranes from pig caudate, calf caudate and human cortex, caudate and substantia nigra. 3) Saturation experiments carried out with [3H]5-HT in the presence of 100 nmol/l 8-OH-DPAT and 100 nmol/l mesulergine revealed that non-5-HT1A non-5-HT1C sites represented from 50 to more than 90% of the total 5-HT1 sites (determined with [3H]5-HT in the absence of 8-OHDPAT and mesulergine), depending on the tissue source. 4) The pharmacological profile of these sites was characterized in competition experiments performed with a variety of ligands in membranes of calf, pig and human caudate membranes. Under these conditions, [3H]5-HT labelled a population of “5-HT1-like” sites which display nanomolar affinity for tryptamines (5-carboxamidotryptamine 〉 5-HT 〉- 5-methoxytryptamine 〉 tryptamine) and some ergolines (metergoline 〉 methysergide). In contrast, these sites showed low affinity for drugs with high affinity and/or selectivity for 5-HT1A (8-OH-DPAT, buspirone), 5-HT1B (21-009, RU 24969), 5-HT1C (mesulergine, mianserin) and 5-HT2 sites (ketanserin, cinanserin). 5) Non-5-HT1A non-5-HT1C sites from calf, pig and human caudate membranes displayed a closely similar affinity profile as illustrated by the statistically very significant correlation parameters obtained when they were compared to one another. The pharmacological profile of these sites is different from that of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 sites but is consistent with the pharmacology of a “5-HT1-like” receptor. It is very similar to that of the 5-HT1D site recently described in bovine brain by Heuring and Peroutka (1987). 6) The present findings demonstrate the presence and the pharmacological similarity of 5-HT1D sites in pig, calf and human brain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 188-193 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Benzodiazepine ; Triazolam ; Human ; Heart rate ; Respiratory rate ; Sleep ; Noise
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of triazolam on cardiac and respiratory activity of healthy male subjects was examined during nights disturbed by airplane noises and during undisturbed nights. Twenty-four subjects, divided into three groups of eight, slept in the laboratory for 7 nights (N0–N6). Following a double blind design, group A (control group) received a placebo every night. Group B received 0.25 mg triazolam and group C received 0.5 mg on nights N3, N4 and N5. On the other nights, they received a placebo. For all three groups, the nights N0, N3 and N5 were disturbed by 32 semi-randomly distributed airplane noises. Air and wall temperatures (20° C) and air humidity (10° C, 52%) were kept constant. Sleep measures, heart rate and respiratory rate were continuously recorded. Results showed that the largest dose of hypnotic drug produced an increase in tonic heart rate in the first part of each night throughout the treatment period (N3, N4, N5). When compared to baseline disturbed night N0, the phasic cardiac response to the noises was significantly attenuated on only the 1st treatment night (N3). Triazolam had no significant effect on nocturnal respiratory rate. No after-effects of the drug were observed for cardiac and respiratory activity on the withdrawal night (N6). The results suggest that, with regard to the drug action, there was either an increase in arousal threshold or a dissociation between long-lasting and short-lasting modifications of heart rate. Contrary to the single night attenuation of phasic cardiac responses, there was no drug tolerance for the hypnotic-related increase in tonic heart rate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 452-463 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Beta-CCE ; FG 7142 ; Anxiety ; Anxiogenic property ; Behavior ; Animal models ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine (BZP)-receptor partial inverse agonists, beta-CCE and FG 7142, are reviewed and the claim that these compounds possess “anxiogenic” properties is examined. Results obtained from human studies and global observations in animals, as well as those from experiments on aggression in animals or from studies of pentylenetetrazole discrimination cannot be considered conclusive. Contradictory findings have been obtained in studies using animal testing procedures derived from BZP-sensitive models of anxiety and in newer experimental situations and these are discussed from various theoretical perspectives: (1) the ability of the models to measure increased anxiety; (2) the possible ability of the drugs to reveal latent anxiety which generalizes from a punished to an otherwise non-fearful component of a testing procedure (“spreading anxiety”); (3) anxiety produced by a pro- or pre-convulsant state. Finally, several hypotheses are considered to account for the behavioral effects of beta-CCE and FG 7142 without assuming anxiogenic properties. These include the possible existence of different forms of anxiety, rate dependency, and drug-induced motivational changes. It is concluded that available data are insufficient to strongly support the notion that FG7142 and beta-CCE are the anxiogenic drugs “par excellence” they are often claimed to be.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 29-31 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Age-related changes ; Caffeine ; Drug effects ; Human ; Psychomotor performance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Twelve healthy subjects, six young and six elderly, of either sex, took part in this two-period crossover study. In each session, a dose of trial drug — either 200 mg caffeine or a matching placebo — was given orally at 0900 hours. A battery of psychomotor tests and visual analogue scales was administered before treatment and at 1, 2 and 3 h post-treatment. The objective tests showed a significant increase in tapping rate in the young, while the elderly showed improved attention, faster choice-reaction time, and greater body sway on caffeine. The visual analogue scales showed that the young subjects felt more alert, calmer, more interested, and steadier on caffeine, while no significant changes were seen in the elderly. These results show that caffeine produces changes predominantly in the direction of improved performance and feeling of well-being, and suggest that the elderly are more sensitive to the objective effects of the drug, while reporting less subjective effect than the young.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Age-related changes ; Mianserin ; Drug effects ; Human ; Postural hypotension ; Psychomotor performance ; Sedation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of single 10 mg oral doses of the antidepressant mianserin on psychomotor performance, subjective sedation and supine and standing blood pressure were compared in ten young and nine elderly healthy volunteers. Immediate and residual sedation following this subtherapeutic dose was readily detected in both groups. In contrast to previous studies with benzodiazepines, the sedation effect was not accentuated in the older subjects. Subjective awareness of sedation was significant in the young but not, however, in the elderly. “First-dose” postural hypotension, presumably due to post-synaptic alpha-blockade also occurred in young subjects only. Caution may be needed on initial dosage of mianserin in young individuals who drive or undertake skilled tasks and in the elderly who may be unaware of psychomotor impairment. The reported alpha2 receptor selectivity of mianserin might explain the lack of postural effects in the elderly, and might constitute a potentially useful characteristic in the development of new compounds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Alzheimer's disease ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; Human neurofilaments ; Paired helical filaments ; Virus-like particles ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Brains of nine early and four advanced Alzheimer patients have been investigated, utilizing three approaches to specify the threshold state of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive thin sectioning electron microscopy (EM) of frontal lobe biopsies, correlated with stringent clinical assessment, has demonstrated that the neuronal cytoskeleton undergoes specific transformations into paired helical filament-like (PHF-like) strands, which lead to the formation of the insoluble paracrystalline paired helical filaments (PHFs). The neurofilamentous network (NFN) transformation plays an important role in this process, whereby segregation, posttranslational modifications and reassembly of the modified components through autocrosslinking, and phase transition occur. According to our data, the threshold state can be defined as the state of irreversible segregation and posttranslational modification of the NFN and the microtubule-associated proteins. At this state, therapeutic intervention to reverse the disease process may be possible. The results indicate similarities between the formation of the paracrystals of the PHFs and the formation of the tropomyosin-like crystals of the Hirano bodies. Close relationships among PHFs and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane do exist. Enveloped virus-like particles have been observed in neurons containing PHFs. A possible role of these virus-like particles as an etiological agent for AD is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurofilaments ; Phase transition ; Paired helical filaments ; Paracrystals ; Alzheimer's disease ; Squid (Loligo pealei L.) ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Using electron microscopy (EM), optical diffraction and image reconstruction techniques, we have demonstrated polymorphism of neurofilamentous network (NFN) in vitro based on phase transitions of the protein assemblies. The specific polymorphic appearances depended upon a number of factors, such as K +, Mg2 +, Ca2+ ions, as well as the charge and hydration state of the molecules. Furthermore, modifications initiated by the state of phosphorylation of the sidearm proteins played an important role, especially in determining the sidearm disposition of the NFN. The Ca2 +-activated protease removed the sidearms. Other enzymes activated by Ca2 + may initiate new association patterns of the peptide remnants and the intercoiling of two smooth neurofilaments (NFs) into paired helical filament-like (PHF-like) strands. Prolonged storage of the isolated NFs in Rubinson-Baker solution resulted in autocrosslinking and intercoiling of modified NFN components. The in vitro polymorphism and phase transitions of squid NFN induced under controlled conditions have been compared to modifications of cytoskeleton observed by EM in frontal lobe biopsies of Alzheimer patients. We conclude that similar processes, as induced in vitro, do occur in neurons of Alzheimer patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endometrium ; Decidua ; Extracellular matrix ; Collagen types ; Immunofluorescence ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Changes in the organisation and composition of extracellular matrix in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy have been assessed by immunofluorescence. Amongst interstitial components, type-III and type V-collagens and fibronectin are present in endometrial stroma throughout the menstrual cycle as well as in first trimester decidua. Type V-collagen epitopes are masked early in the cycle, but become accessible in first trimester decidua. Type VI-collagen is abundant in endometrium in the proliferative phase, but is progressively lost in the secretory phase and decidua, in which it is retained only in blood vessel walls. Vitronectin is present in some blood vessels in decidua. Decidualising stromal cells also produce basement membrane components (type IV-collagen, laminin, heparan sulphate proteoglycan and a glycoprotein family recognised by monoclonal antibody G71) and these become organised into a pericellular aura.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neuronal markers ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Heart innervation ; Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The innervation and myocardial cells of the human atrial appendage were investigated by means of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques using both tissue sections and whole mount preparations. A dense innervation of the myocardium, blood vessels and endocardium was revealed with antisera to general neuronal (protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin) and Schwann cell markers (S-100). The majority of nerve fibres possessed neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and were found associated with myocardial cells, around small arteries and arterioles at the adventitial-medial border and forming a plexus in the endocardium. Subpopulations of nerve fibres displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In whole-mount preparations of endocardium, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivities were found to coexist in the same varicose nerve terminals. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of numerous varicose terminals associated with myocardial, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was localised to large electron-dense secretory vesicles in nerve terminals which also contained numerous small vesicles. Atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity occurred exclusively in myocardial cells where it was localised to large secretory vesicles. The human atrial appendage comprises a neuroendocrine complex of peptidecontaining nerves and myocardial cells producing ANP.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Entorhinal cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Interstitial neurons ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and processes throughout the human entorhinal region and subjacent white matter was examined either by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method or by the avidin-biotin method. The brain slices were obtained at autopsy with a short post-mortem delay. The majority of somatostatin immunoreactive nerve cells was found in the inner principal layer and subjacent white matter. In addition, individually scattered immunoreactive neurons were observed in both the outer principal layer and lamina dissecans. The immunoreactive perikarya varied in shape and ranged in size from 10 to 30 μm. Without exception the neurons could be classified as belonging to the group of non-pyramidal neurons. Each neuron gave rise to a few thick dendrites and a thin axon with a beaded appearance. In the adult human brain, the pattern formed by lipofuscin granules deposited in the nerve cells can be considered characteristic for the type of the neuron. Therefore, immunoreactive perikarya were documented, destained of chromogen and restained to demonstrate lipofuscin pigment and basophilic substance. It became evident from these studies that the previously immunoreactive cells were characterized by a large rounded and eccentrically located nucleus, sparse basophilic substance and, in most cases, a lack of lipofuscin granules. A few of the immunoreactive cells were laden with coarse pigment granules. The findings permit classification of entorhinal somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons as either non-pigmented or pigment-laden non-pyramidal neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Penis erection ; Perivascular nerve fibers immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Neuropeptide Y 1–36 (IR-NPY) immunoreactive nerve-fiber processes have been observed in tunicae of veins and arteries and in smooth muscles of the human penis taken at autopsy or during surgery by use of light-and electron-microscopic immunohistochemical techniques. Numerous IR-NPY nerve fibers were mostly concentrated in the inner part of the adventitia close to the media of the arterial and venous vessels and among the intracavernous smooth muscle cells. IR-NPY nerve fibers were less abundant in veins than in arteries. Positive somata were not observed in the penises. At the ultrastructural level, IR-NPY were localized exclusively in large, dense granules of nerve terminals by means of the postembedding immunogold technique. In the deep dorsal vein, IR-NPY nerve fibers were also located in the media formed by an outer circular and an inner longitudinal layer. In the intracavernous and dorsal arteries, they showed the highest density in the inner part of the adventitia. In the corpora cavernosa and in the corpus spongiosum, IR-NPY nerve processes were intermingled between the smooth-muscle fibers around the sinusoid spaces. IR-NPY nerve fibers were present in the cavernous nerves close to the central arteries. The urethra did not show any IR-NPY-positive nerve fibers. This peculiar distribution of IR-NPY nerve fibers suggested that they could participate in regulating arterial and venous blood flow and intracavernous smooth-muscle tone. NPY may therefore be of importance in some of the mechanisms of penile erection especially during detumescence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Odontoblast ; Calbindin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Teeth ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The presence of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts was studied by use of specific antibodies raised against chick duodenal 28 kDa calbindin, in immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase, and electron-microscopic labelling experiments. The calbindin-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of odontoblast cell bodies, in their processes and occasionally in their nuclei. Correspondingly, at the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive material was associated with the cytosol, microfilaments and cilia. These findings suggest that human odontoblasts express a 28 kDa vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, unlike those of rats and mice in which ameloblasts are the only cells immunoreactive for the protein.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 31-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Testis ; Estrogen therapy ; Sertoli cells ; Leydig cells ; Spermatogonial stem cells ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The present investigation is concerned with the morphological changes observed in human testicular tissue following prolonged estrogen administration. Testicular material obtained from 11 transsexual patients who had been submitted to long-term estrogen treatment prior to sex-reversal surgery was studied by means of light- and electron microscopy. The testes of all patients examined present a more or less uniform appearance: There are narrow seminiferous cords surrounded by an extensively thickened lamina propria. They contain Sertoli cells and spermatogonia exclusively. There is no evidence of typical Leydig cells. The persisting spermatogonia show the characteristic features of pale type-A spermatogonia, whereas dark type-A spermatogonia are almost completely eliminated from the epithelium. In view of the fact that spermatogonia that survived radiotherapy and treatment with various noxious agents have recently been regarded as the stem cells of the human testis, it is suggested that also the majority of those spermatogonial types that are less sensitive to disturbances of the endocrine balance may consist of stem cells. The present results, therefore, corroborate the concept that the stem cells of the human testis may be derived from pale type-A spermatogonia or the variants of this cell type. Sertoli cells display two types of ovoid nuclei. In contrast to untreated material the nuclei lie adjacent to the basal lamina, and organelles and telolysosomes are confined to the apical cytoplasm. The apico-basal differentiation of mature cells, therefore, is not observed. Moreover, typical organelles and inclusions of mature cells are absent, as are the junctional specializations. Thus, Sertoli cells have transformed into immature cells, resembling precursors prior to puberty. Fibroblast-like cells in the interstitial tissue, which display strongly lobulated nuclei, a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and numerous inclusions are assumed to represent dedifferentiated Leydig cells. Since after estrogen treatment serum testosterone and gonadotropin levels are known to be reduced, it appears that the morphological changes correlate well with the endocrine status.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 581-587 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Normal resting breast ; Ultrastructure ; Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The parenchyma of the normal “resting” human breast was examined by electron microscopy to characterize the cells undergoing mitosis and the mechanism by which the normal tissue architecture is maintained during this process. In this study of 112 mitotic cells, it was found that the mitotic cells were luminally positioned, polarised epithelial cells with no evidence of myoepithelial cell division. Ultrastructurally, the nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were consistent with previous reports of mitosis in other tissues. However, unlike all previous reports, two specific orientations of the nuclear spindle and thus the planes of cytokinesis were observed. In a few cases the spindle formed parallel to the lumen and division resulted in two luminally positioned daughter cells. However, in the majority of mitotic cells the spindle was approximately at right angles to the lumen and this orientation resulted in a luminally and a basally positioned daughter cell. It is proposed that the abnormally positioned basal daughter cell could develop into a myoepithelial cell or undergo deletion (apoptosis). Thus the two orientations of mitosis may explain the mechanism by which the epithelial and myoepithelial cell populations were maintained by a single progenitor cell without disrupting the integrity of the tissue architecture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nerve fibers ; Digital skin ; Silver impregnation ; Classification of nerves ; Numerical density of nerves ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Intraepidermal nerve fibers of human glabrous digital skin were investigated using a new silver impregnation method. Nerves were observed to enter the epidermis without regional preference, and to extend into the stratum granulosum. They are non-varicose (smooth) or varicose and range from less than 0.2 μm to approximately 2 μm in diameter, with varicosities up to 3 μm in diameter. Some axons branch profusely within the epithelium, giving off fine branches of differing diameters, while others appear to remain unbranched. At least some intraepidermal axons are fine branches of larger axons taking a horizontal course below the epithelial layer. Others are, at least topically, closely associated with Meissner's corpuscles. At 57 nerves per mm2 surface area, the density of intraepidermal nerves found in this investigation is much greater than that reported in recent publications, and agrees closely with values given in several older studies.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 659-670 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Periodontal ligament cells ; Cementum ; Cell culture ; Regeneration ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This study was performed to improve currently employed in vitro models for the study of periodontal regeneration by using a porous filter upon which periodontal ligament cells were grown. Periodontal ligament cells were harvested and 0.3 mm root discs cut from three partially erupted and extracted third molar teeth of one patient. Experimental culturing was performed by seeding periodontal ligament cell suspensions on Puropor-200 filters supported by wire-mesh grids in Grobstein Petri dishes. The following day, an interdental space of 0.1 to 0.3 mm was created by gently placing two dental root discs upon the filter. Cultures were terminated after 42, 56, 112 and 124 days, and processed for light- and electron microscopy. Collagen fibril diameters were measured. Adjacent and often attached to large areas of cementum-lined root discs, a dense fiber fringe developed. This fiber fringe was not found on dentinlined root discs. Although less organized, older cultures demonstrated a similar disc-culture interface, which depended upon the presence or absence of original root cementum. Collagen fibrils of early cultures had a mean diameter of about 42 nm, while in older cultures the diameters ranged from 47 to 68 nm. It is concluded that the fibrous matrix attached to cementum-lined root discs somewhat resembles the initial stages of the formation of dental root cementum in vivo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 657-663 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Stratum corneum ; Endogenous lectin ; Cell adhesion ; Glycoproteins ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The stratum corneum can be dissociated into single squames by homogenization in ether. We have reaggregated the free corneocytes into a multilayered lamellar structure resembling an intact stratum corneum. The reconstituted stratum corneum reacts with fluorescein-conjugated lectins, unlike the intact tissue. We infer that the lack of binding in the intact tissue is due to masking of saccharide sites by lipids (which are extracted by the ether). In an extension of the procedure, the ether is removed and replaced by acetone. This system permits us to modulate corneocyte reaggregation by the addition of appropriate agents. We have used this system to corroborate our hypothesis that a 40 kD cell-surface glycoprotein (an endogenous lectin specific for amino sugars), which we have isolated from the stratum corneum, is instrumental in adhesion of corneocytes by cross-linking with amino sugar sites on adjacent cells. The reaggregation is inhibited by the antibody to the 40 kD glycoprotein. It is also inhibited by either the addition of amino sugars which bind to the endogenous lectin, or the addition of exogenous lectins specific for amino sugars which bind to the ligand.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lysozyme (muramidase) ; Paneth cell ; Gastric gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of lysozyme in normal gastric and duodenal mucosa was studied by light- and electronmicroscopic immunocytochemical techniques (direct enzyme-labeled antibody method). In the duodenal mucosa, lysozyme was found in the Paneth cells and the epithelial cells of Brunner's glands. Electron-microscopically, lysozyme was found in rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spaces, which were assumed to be protein-synthesizing organelles, and also in the secretory granules of Paneth cells. Additionally, lysozyme was detected in the stomach in mucinous granules and in some parts of the rough endoplasmic reticulum within the epithelial cells of the pyloric glands, the mucous neck cells of the fundic glands, and in several surface epithelial cells of the plyoric and fundic regions. This suggests that some quantity of lysozyme in gastrointestinal secretion originates from the gastric and duodenal glands, and that it acts as a defense mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Monocytes ; Macrophages ; Macrophage antigens ; Macrophage heterogeneity ; Macrophage differentiation ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Terminal maturation of human macrophages is an important step for creation of cell diversity amongst site-specific subpopulations and their functional competence in situ. As monocytes undergo differentiation in vitro, they start to express lineage-restricted antigens specific for differentiation stages beyond the blood monocyte level as detected by monoclonal antibodies of the MAX series. We have analyzed the expression of MAX.1, MAX.2, MAX.3 and MAX.11 on exudate-type macrophages from pleural and peritoneal cavity and the alveolar space, as well as on resident and activated tissue macrophages in cryostat sections of spleen, lymph node, tonsil, liver, gut mucosa, skin, placenta, kidney and bone. It was found that “free” macrophages in serous cavities expressed MAX antigens in a heterogenous pattern, whereas none of the organ-specific tissue macrophages subsets did so (with the exception being the weak label of MAX.2 on Kupffer cells). Only during allograft rejection were infiltrating macrophages found to express MAX antigens but not at sites of “nonspecific” inflammation or granuloma formation. However, Cyclosporin A treatment seems to suppress the induction of MAX antigen expression on intragraft macrophages. In addition, freshly harvested MAX-negative exudate macrophages converted to the complete Max+ phenotype on further cultivation. Isolated Kupffer cells were able only to express the MAX.2 antigen in culture but still did not react with the MAX.1 and MAX.3 monoclonal antibodies. Some MAX antigens are co-expressed on glomerular mesangial cells, dendritic reticulum cells and placental cells (MAX.1/. 11) as well as on capillary endothelium within tissues of active immune response (MAX.2). These results add to the knowledge of the phenotypic heterogeneity within the macrophage system as a result of site-specific influences and modulation during a cell-mediated immune response. They also give evidence for a major difference between “free” exudate-type macrophages and resident tissue macrophages.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thymic epithelial cells ; Cytokeratins ; Thymomas ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Two monoclonal antibodies respectively recognizing cytokeratins (CK) 18 and 19 were applied to the human thymic epithelium (in vivo and in vitro) in normal and pathological conditions, including 12 thymomas. We observed that in both normal and hyperplastic thymuses (from patients with myasthenia gravis) virtually the entire epithelial network was CK19-positive as were the majority of cells growing in culture. In four thymomas, however, the expression of cytokeratin 19 was not detected by immunofluorescence. On the other hand, CK18 was expressed by a discrete subset of medullary thymic epithelial cells in normal and in hyperplastic thymuses. Among the thymomas a large majority was either negative or contained few isolated CK18-positive cells scattered within the tumour. Conversely, in the two undifferentiated epithelial thymomas, virtually all the tumoral network was strongly labeled with the anti-CK18 monoclonal antibody. The present investigation thus not only defines the human thymic epithelial cell subset on the basis of differential cytokeratin expression but also indicates that anti-CK antibodies with single cytokeratin specificities can be regarded as useful tools to study the heterogeneity of thymomas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Prolactin ; Corpus luteum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Luteal cells ; Luteotropic function ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Six human corpora lutea (day 17–25) of the menstrual cycle and 4 ovarian stromal tissues from 7 cycling women were examined for the presence of the hormone, prolactin, by immunohistochemistry using the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. After mounting tissue sections of 4 μm, endogenous peroxidases were removed with hydrogen peroxide and the sections were incubated for l h at room temperature followed by 16 h at 4° C with a highly specific antisera for human prolactin, nonimmunized normal rabbit serum for a control reaction, or antiserum preadsorbed with excess human prolactin for specificity determination. Following the reaction with the second antibody (goat antirabbit IgG) for l h at room temperature, prolactin was localized using peroxidase anti-peroxidase and 3.3′-diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Prolactin was present and could be localized in the luteal cells of all 6 corpora lutea, but not in any of the ovarian stroma studied. Human adenohypophysis served as a positive tissue control for prolactin immunopositive staining. The localization of immunoreactive prolactin in the corpus luteum demonstrates directly the presence of this hormone in the human ovary, adding further evidence for its role in luteal function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cilia ; Oral-gingival epithelium ; Vaginal epithelium ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Serial sections of human vaginal and keratinized oral-gingival epithelia were investigated for ciliary structures. Most melanocytes of the gingival epithelium lacked cilia, whereas almost all basal keratinocytes of the deeper portion of the epithelial ridges possessed one cilium each. In the suprabasal layers of the ridges only a few keratinocytes exhibited a single cilium. In the basal layer, at the top of the connective tissue papillae, approximately every second keratinocyte displayed a single cilium. In the suprabasal layers above the ridges no ciliated keratinocytes were observed. The basal cells of the vaginal epithelium were endowed with cilia, while cilia were absent from the suprabasal cells. In the human forearm epidermis most melanocytes and keratinocytes are supplied with a single cilium; it has been suggested that they may play a role in light reception. However, the widespread occurrence of 9 + 0 cilia in epithelial cells of internal epithelia and their coincidence with the sites of renewal of keratinocytes suggests that a relationship may exist between solitary cilia and mitotic activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 671-675 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Mitochondria ; Desmosome ; Ciliary epithelium ; Secretory epithelium ; Human ; Monkey ; Rabbit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the normal ciliary epithelia of the rhesus monkey, owl monkey, albino rabbit, and human eye, a previously unreported relationship exists between mitochondria and certain desmosomes. At these sites, two mitochondria appear like “sentinels” attached to the cytoplasmic surfaces of their respective sides of a desmosome. In other instances, only one side of the junction may be afforded an associated mitochondrion. In each case the cytoplasmic filaments of the desmosome are seen to blend with the outer membrane of the mitochondrion. The relationship between desmosomes and mitochondria in the ciliary epithelium is unique among ocular tissues. A survey of ocular epithelia in the various species examined, failed to give any evidence of similar junctional/organelle complexes. Various functional roles for this relationship are discussed including the possibility that the mitochondria could control the cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration in the microenvironment of their associated desmosomal junctions.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lymph node ; Extracellular matrix ; Reticular fibers ; Basement membrane ; Mouse ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Lymph nodes contain an extensive array of extracellular matrix fibers frequently referred to as “reticular fibers” because of their reticular pattern and positive reaction with silver stains. These fibers are known to contain primarily type-III collagen. In the present study, frozen and plastic-embedded sections of mouse and human lymph nodes were subjected to immunostaining with a panel of monospecific antibodies directed against type-IV collagen, type-III collagen, laminin, entactin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that, in addition to being uniformly stained with antibodies to type-III collagen, these fibers also stained positively with antibodies to type-IV collagen and to other basement-membrane-specific components. Furthermore, the basement-membrane-specific antibodies stained the outer surface of individual fibers. These same type-III collagen-rich fibers were distinct from blood vascular basement membranes since they did not react with antibodies to factor VIII-related antigen, an endothelial-cell-specific marker. The role of these basement-membrane-specific components associated with the reticular fibers of lymphoid tissue is unknown. However, it is possible that the ligands promote attachment of reticular fibroblasts as well as macrophages and lymphocytes to the extracellular matrix fibers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 419-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Rathke's cysts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytokeratin ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Vimentin ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies revealed the presence of cytokeratins in epithelial cells of Rathke's cysts in the pars intermedia of the human pituitary gland. With monoclonal antibodies specific for individual cytokeratins, the expression of CK 18, CK 8, CK 7, and CK 19 could be shown in these cells. Within the hypophysis, CK 19 and CK 7 were restricted to Rathke's cysts and a few epithelial cell clusters in the pars tuberalis, whereas other cytokeratins were also present in endocrine cells of the pars distalis. Furthermore, vimentin and, focally, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected in the cystic epithelia. By double labelling, coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin, GFAP and cytokeratin, and GFAP and vimentin could be demonstrated. Compiled data of all known cases of coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin in normal cells reveal physiological correlations and suggest a functional significance of this rare type of coexpression of intermediate filament proteins.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Epidermis ; Desmosomes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Fine structure ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cultured human epithelial cells stained with antibody to desmosomal proteins by indirect immunofluorescence showed linear arrays of desmosomes en face between stratified cells. To confirm that an extensive linear pattern existed on the cell surface, subconfluent cultures were viewed using scanning electron microscopy. Aligned arrays of blunt protrusions lying parallel to each other and extending in the direction of the long axis of the cell were observed on the surface of groups of superficial cells in intact cultures. That this pattern was indeed related to desmosomal distribution was verified by transmission microscopy of thin sections cut in a plane between the upper and lower surfaces of flattened stratified cells to view desmosomes directly. A similar arrangement of desmosomes was seen in intact tissue, using epidermal sheets separated from newborn foreskin. The same pattern found in flattened cells was sometimes apparent in more rounded basal cells where the cytoplasm was beginning to extend. Since desmosomal plaques are associated with keratin filaments, the alignment of desmosomes must occur in association with cytoskeletal changes as cells become flattened toward the distal epithelial surface. The primary initiation of desmosomal alignment remains to be investigated. However, the present findings demonstrate an increasingly regular membrane-cytoskeletal spatial interaction as stratified epithelial cells of skin mature.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 462-466 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Reduced frequency breathing ; Hypoventilation ; Lactate removal ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The purpose of the present study was to investigate the blood lactate (LA−) responses to hypoventilation induced by reduced frequency breathing (RFB) during recovery from exercise. Five male subject performed 16 4 min cycling bouts alternating with 16 min rest periods. Exercise intensities were chosen at power outputs corresponding to 30% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ at 2mMLA−, $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ at 4 mMLA−, and 90% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ in each subject. Breathing frequency was voluntarily controlled starting 10 s before each 3rd min of exercise and maintained throughout the rest of the exercise period. Four different breathing patterns at each exercise intensity were used: normal breathing (NB), breathing every 4 s, breathing every 8 s, and maximal RFB. Except for the NB trials, subjects held their breath at functional residual capacity during each breathing interval. The concentration difference of LA− between the 3rd min sample and the 4th min sample was defined as the lactate change during exercise (Δ LA−ex), and that between the 4th min sample and the sample at the 3rd min after the end of the exercise as the lactate change during recovery (Δ LA−rec). An ANOVA showed significant (p〈0.05) differences in breathing procedures only in ΔLA−rec. ΔLA−rec seemed to increase as compared to NB only at $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ at 4 mMLA− and 90% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ , while ΔLA−ex remained unchanged as compared to NB in spite of reduced ∵V A. These results might indicate that RFB inhibited lactate removal from working muscles during exercise.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 415-419 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Electromyography ; Human ; Mean power frequency ; Muscular contraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This study investigated how position in the range of motion influences the power spectral density function during static shoulder forward flexion. 23 healthy females (20–30 years) volunteered as subjects. They performed maximum static shoulder forward flexions in three positions: 45, 65 and 90° of shoulder flexion. An isokinetic dynamometer was used and the subjects were seated in a specially constructed chair to enable adequate fixation. The elbow was extended and the hand pronated. Electromyographic (EMG) signals (using surface electrodes) were obtained from the descending part of the right trapezius, the anterior portion of the right deltoid, the right infraspinatus and the common belly of the right biceps brachii. The four EMG-signals and the torque and shoulder angle were analyzed by computer. For each 256 ms, mean power frequency, root mean square value and mean torque were calculated. At each of the three positions four 256 ms periods were analyzed and the data are presented as their means. In the trapezius and the biceps brachii the mean power frequency did not change between the three positions. Deltoid and infraspinatus had significantly higher mean power frequencies at 90° than at 45° of flexion. Different factors behind the change in mean power frequency are discussed. The need to standardize the range of motion when studying dynamic fatiguing contractions is emphasised.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 606-610 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Human ; Exercise transitions ; Anaerobic threshold ; Neural drive ; Central neural reverberation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Transitions from rest to exercise and vice versa are reported to be associated with instantaneous changes in minute ventilation and the changes in the off-transitions are thought to be the reverses of those in the on-transitions. Such changes have been observed mainly in mild-moderate exercise and their extrapolation to heavy exercise above anaerobic threshold is unwarranted. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the changes in ventilation in the transition from heavy exercise above anaerobic threshold to rest. Five healthy volunteers ran on a motor-driven treadmill at a constant work-load corresponding to 80% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ and above anaerobic threshold. Changes in minute ventilation and end-tidal $$P_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } $$ in the on- and off-transitions were determined breath by breath by starting and stopping the treadmill abruptly. The results indicate that, contrary to what is reported for mild-moderate exercise, an instantaneous drop in ventilation is absent in the off-transition of heavy exercise above anaerobic threshold. The gradual decline in minute ventilation may be due to a sustained respiratory drive from a central neural reverberatory mechanism, blood-borne respiratory stimuli and/ or a peripheral neurogenic drive originating in the so-called metaboloreceptors.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Human ; Heat acclimatization ; Circadian rhythms ; Body temperatures ; TSH
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Seven volunteers (3 females and 4 males; 3 Caucasians and 4 Africans) participated in two 24 h sessions during the cool dry (CD) and the hot dry (HD) seasons of the sahelian tropical climate. Body temperatures were taken on portable cassette recorders for 24 h. Rectal (T re) and mean skin (¯T sk) temperatures decreased in the HD compared to the CD conditions, meeting one of the criteria for adaptation to heat. No ethnic differences in thermal responses were found. Males and females differed in their body temperature rhythms and in their reactions to heat. Body temperatures were higher in females than in males. Males reacted to heat with a decrease in T re, without change in the T re-¯T sk gradient. Females showed a decrease in both T re and ¯T sk, more marked for ¯T sk, with an increase in the T re-¯T sk gradient. It was concluded that males showed seasonal acclimatization to heat via a decrease in metabolism confirmed by a decrease in plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the HD condition. Females showed a mixed metabolic and thermolytic type of acclimatization, with an absence of variation in plasma TSH levels. In conclusion, the steady rise in temperature between the CD and HD conditions was sufficient to trigger an acclimatization to heat similar in Caucasian and African subjects, although exposure to the external climate differed widely.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Formation fo Diastereomeric Zireconiooxycarbene Complexes by Treating of Bis (tert-butyl-Cp)2Zr(butadiene) with hexacarbonyltungstenReaction of (η4-butadiene)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium (95:5 s-cis-/s-trans-5 equilibrium mixture) with hexacarbonyltungsten yields the zirconiooxycarbene complex (6), that crystallizes in space group P1 (X-ray analysis). The chiral central metallacyclic ring system and the chiral preferred conformation of the Cp-substituted bent metallocene unit leads to the formation of diastereomeric zirconiooxycarbene complexes 6 and 6′. X-ray structural analysis as well as the 13C CP/MAS spectrum indicate the presence of an 80:20 mixture of the two diastereomeric carbene complexes in the solid state. The existence of equilibrating diastereomers in solution was derived from the temperature dependent NMR spectra of the dissolved carbene complex.
    Notizen: Die Reaktion von (η4-Butadien)bis(η-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium (95:5-s-cis-/s-trans-5-Gleichgewichtsgemisch) mit Hexacarbonylwolfram liefert den Zirconiooxycarbencomplex (6), der in der Raumgruppe P1 kristallisiert (Röntgenstrukturanalyse). Aufgrund des chiralen zentralen metallacyclischen Ringsystems und der chiralen Vorzugskonformation des Cp-substituierten gewinkelten Metallocensystems werden diastereoisomere Zirconiooxycarbenkomplexen 6 und 6′ gebildet. Röntgenstrukturanalyse und 13C-CP/MAS-Spektrum deuten auf das Vorliegen eines 80:20-Gemisches dieser diastereomeren Carbenkomplexe im Festkörper hin. Die temperaturabhängigen NMR-Spektren des Carbenkomplexes in Lösung werden mit einem Gleichgewicht der Diastereomeren interpretiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1045-1057 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Aminoiminoboranes as Synthons for the Preparation of Three- and Four-membered Rings with the Ring-Atom Sequence BNE, BNBE, BNSiE, and NBNE (E = P, Partly also B, Si, Ge, As)Dihalides AHal2 add to the iminoborane iPr2NBNtBu (1a) to give diaminoboranes iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)-AHal (2j); by the substitution of Hal by NiPr2 or Me in 2e, f, j the derivatives 2k-m are formed. With the aid of alkali metal, the diaminoboranes 2a, c, d, m are dehalogenated to the three-membered ring compounds [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—] with A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr)2 (5), whereas the dechlorination of 2a, c with Li2EPh (E = P, As) yields the four-membered ring products [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] with A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9). Dichlorides ACl2 are added to the iminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b) to give either the diaminoboranes Me3Si(tBu)NB(Cl)N(tBu)— ACl (2n-w) or the four-membered rings [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] with A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a), Me3SiCl being a second product. The same type of ring compound with A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) is formed from 2n-s during the elimination of Me3SiCl by the action of the solvent chloroform at room temperature. The Cl atom in these ring compounds can be substituted by alkyl, amino, or alkoxy groups to give 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. The configuration and conformation of the products in solution and the structure of 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in the solid state are discussed on the basis of NMR and X-ray data, respectively.
    Notizen: Die Addition von AHal2 an das Iminoboran iPr2NBNtBu (1a) ergibt die Diaminoborane iPr2NB(Hal)N(tBu)—AHal (2a-i) und das Triaminoboran (iPr2N)2BN(tBu)—AsBr2 (2j); der Austausch von Hal in 2e, f, j gegen NiPr2 bzw. Me führt zu den Produkten 2k-m. Durch Enthalogenierung von 2a, c, d, m mit Alkalimetall gelangt man zu den Dreiringverbindungen [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)-;A-] mit A = B(NiPr2) (3), SiR2 (4a, b), P(NiPr2) (5), während sich mit Li2EPh (E = P, As) aus 2a,c Vierringverbindungen des Typs [—B(NiPr2)N(tBu)—A—E(Ph)—] mit A = B(NiPr2) (6, 7), SiMe2 (8, 9) bilden. Addiert man ACl2 an das Iminoboran Me3Si(tBu)NBNtBu (1b), so entstehen entweder die Diaminoborane Me3Si(tBu)NBN(tBu)—ACl (2n-w) oder unter Abspaltung von Me3SiCl die Vierring verbindungen [—N(tBu)B(Cl)N(tBu)—A—] mit A = GeMe2 (12), PX (13a-e), AsCl (14a). Denselben Typ von Vierringverbindungen mit A = BX (10a-d), SiX2 (11a, b) erhält man neben Me3SiCl bei der Einwirkung von Chloroform auf 2n-s. Durch Austausch des an das B-, P- oder As-Atom in jenen Vierringen gebundenen Cl-Rests gegen Alkyl-, Amino- und Alkoxygruppen kommt man zu den Derivaten 10e, f, 13f-h, 14b-j. Die Konfiguration aller Produkte in Lösung wird anhand der NMR-Spektren und die Struktur von 3, 6, 7, 12, 14b in festem Zustand anhand röntgenographischer Untersuchungen diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preparation and Properties of, and Reactions with, Metal-Containing heterocycles, LIX.  -  Synthesis and Properties of ηn2-Thiophosphinito complexes of CobaltThe η2-thiophosphinito complexes (OC)2(R2R12P)Co(η2-PR32S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n) are obtained by reaction of ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] with the secondary phosphane sulfides R32HP=S in the presence of Et(iPr)2N. The Me2PS und Et2PS compounds 3a,b,d oligomerize easily to form [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Upon exchange of PR12R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m by PPh2Me, PPhMe2, and PMe3 in addition to the η2-thiophosphinito complexes 3f,g,l the dimeric species [(OC)2(R2R12P)Co(μ-PR32S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o) are formed. The dimerization tendency depends on the steric demand of the substituents R1, R2, and R3. The substituents R1 and R2 in 5f,g are responsible for energetically preferred preferred rotamers, which are indicated in the 31P{1H}-NMR spectra. The barrier of rotation is calculated to give ΔG≠ = 42 kJ/mol. According to X-ray structural analysis (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co-(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c), and [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) crystallize in the space group P21/c, P1 and P21/c with Z = 4, 2, and 2, respectively.
    Notizen: Durch Umsetzung von ICo(CO)2(PR3)2 (1, 2) [R = Ph (1), Cy (2)] mit den sekundären Phosphansulfiden R23HP = S erhält man in Gegenwart von Et(iPr)2N die η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexe (OC)2(R2R21P)Co(η2-PR23S) (3a,b,d,e,i,j,k,m,n). Die Me2PS und Et2PS-Verbindungen 3a,b,d oligomerisieren leicht unter Bildung von [(OC)2(R2R21P)Co(μ-PR23S]n (4a,b,d) (n 〉 2). Beim Austausch von PR21R2 (R1 = R2 = Ph) in 3a,d,j,m durch PPh2-Me, PPhMe2 und PMe3 entstehen neben den η2-Thiophosphinito-Komplexen 3f,g,l die dimeren Spezies [(OC)2(R21P) Co(μ-PR23S)]2 (5c,f,g,h,o). Die Dimerisierungstendenz hängt von dem sterischen Anspruch der Substituenten R1, R2 und R3 ab. Die Substituenten R1 und R2 in 5f,g sind für energetisch bevorzugte Rotamere verantwortlich, die sich in den 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektren zu erkennen geben. Die Rotationsbarriere berechnet sich zu ΔG≠ = 42 kj/mol. Nach Röntgenstrukturanalysen kristallisieren (OC)2(Cy3P)Co(η2-PEt2S) (3e), [(OC)2(Me3P)Co(μ-PMe2S)]2 (5c) und [(OC)2(Ph2MeP)Co(μ-PEt2S)]2 (5f) in der Raumgruppe P21/c, P1 bzw. P21/c mit Z = 4, 2 bzw. 2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1085-1091 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Organic Syntheses via transition Metal Complexes, 28.  -  3- and 4-Imino-2-azetidinones from Isocyanides and Manganese Carbene Complex(CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reacts stepwise with two equivalents of isocyanides R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In the first step ketenimine complexes 3 are obtained. These have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically. 3 reacts with 2. An addition of bulky 2a to 3a leads to the disengagement of N-cyclohexyl ketenimine 7. In contrast, 2b,c on reaction with 3b,c form isomeric 4- and 3-imino-2-azetidinylidene complexes 4 and 5, resp. By a consecutive incorporation of two different isocyanides it could be demonstrated that products 4 are obtained by a [3 + 1] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the side opposite to the metal) but 5 is formed by a [2 + 2] cycloaddition (attack of 2 from the metal side) in a competition process. The formation of 5 is favoured on higher reaction temperatures. 4 and 5 on decomposition with KMnO4 in a two-phase system ether/water give good yields of 4-imino- 9 and 3-imino-2-azetidinones 10, resp.
    Notizen: (CO)2(MeC5H4)Mn=C(OEt)Ph (1) reagiert stufenweise mit zwei äquivalenten Isocyanid R—NC 2 (R = a: c-C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In der ersten Stufe entstehen Keteniminkomplexe 3, die isoliert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Sie bilden mit Isocyaniden  -  abhängig von deren Raumbedarf  -  unterschiedliche Produkte. 3a addiert sperriges 2a am Metall unter Verdrängung von N-Cyclohexylketenimin 7. 3b,c hingegen addieren 2b,c am Keteniminliganden zu isomeren 4- und 3-Imino-2-azetidinyliden-Komplexen 4 bzw. 5. Markierungsexperimente durch stufenweisen Einbau zweier unterschiedlicher Isocyanide ergaben, daß 4 durch [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition von 2 and 3 auf der vom Metall abgewandten Seite, 5 durch [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition auf der Metallseite entsteht. Mit steigender Reaktionstemperatur verschiebt sich das Konkurrenzverhältnis 4:5 zugunsten von 5. 4 und 5 lassen sich mit KMnO4 im Zweiphasensystem Ether/Wasser glatt in 4-Imino- 9 bzw. 3-Imino-2-azetidinone 10 umwandeln.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1119-1121 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Alkali Triazaphosphininolates  -  synthesis and ReactionsThe alkali triazaphosphininolates 2, 3, 4, and 6 are obtained by the reaction of 2,2-difluoro- or 2,2-dichloro-4,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinine (1 and 5) with NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2, or KOCMe3 and LiOSiMe3. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reacts with 1 in a molar ratio 1:1 or 2:1 to give the siloxy-substituted compounds 8 and 92). The 2-fluoro-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 72) is formed in the reaction of 4 with HF. 7 reacts with KOH to yield 2. The reaction of the sodium triazaphosphininolate 3 with ClSiMe3 leads to the formation of the siloxytriazaphosphinine 10. The N-lithiotriazaphosphinine-2-amines 13 and 14 are obtained from the aminofunctional compounds 11 and 12 and LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reacts with ClSiMe3 to give LiCl and 15.
    Notizen: Die Alkali-triazaphosphininolate 2, 3, 4 und 6 werden durch Reaktion von 2,2-Difluor- bzw. 2,2-Dichlor-4,6-bis(trifluormethyl)-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinin (1 bzw. 5) mit NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2 oder KOCMe3 sowie mit LiOSiMe3 erhalten. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reagiert mit 1 im molaren Verhältnis 1:1 bzw. 2:1 zu den Siloxyverbindungen 8 und 9. Das 2-Fluor-triazaphosphinin-2-ol 7 entsteht aus 4 und HF. 7 kann mit KOH in 2 übergeführt werden. Natrium-triazaphosphininolat 3 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zum Siloxy-triazaphospininolat 10. Die N-Lithio-triazaphosphinin-2-amine 13 und 14 entstehen aus den aminofunktionellen Verbindungen 11 und 12 mit LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zu LiCl und 15.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1115-1118 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Insertion of Alkynes into Organonickel Functions as a Synthesis of Vinylnickel CompoundsThe diamagnetic vinylnickel compounds trans-Ni(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) are formed by insertion of diphenyl-ethyne and 1-phenylpropyne into methyl- or phenylnickel moieties as Z isomers, that are thermally equilibrated with their E isomers. 1-Phenylethyne and 1-phenylpropyne selectively produce (1-phenylvinyl)nickel compounds. Exchange of halide gives bromides 1b, 2b, 4b and iodides 1c, 2c, 4c, and a cyanide 1d. Action of LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) on 1a followed by reductive elimination yields olefins RR1C=CR2R3 while mineral acids or iodine cleave the Ni—C bonds of 1a to give the corresponding olefins (R = H, I). A high-yield synthesis of chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphane)nickel is also described.
    Notizen: Die diamagnetischen Vinylnickel-Verbindungen trans-Ni-(CR1=CR2R3)Cl(PMe3)2 (1a: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3; 2a: R1 = C6H5, R2 = R3 = CH3; 3a: R1 = R2 = CH3, R3 = C6H5; 4a: R1 = R2 = R3 = C6H5) und Ni(CR1=CR2R3)(acac)(PMe3) (5: R1 = R2 = C6H5, R3 = CH3) bilden sich durch Einschiebung von Diphenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin in Methyl- oder Phenyl-nickel-Einheiten als Z-Isomere, die thermisch mit ihren E-Isomeren ins Gleichgewicht gebracht werden. 1-Phenylethin und 1-Phenylpropin ergeben selektiv (1-Phenylvinyl)nickel-Verbindungen. Austausch von Halogen liefert die Bromide 1b, 2b, 4b, die Iodide 1c, 2c, 4c und ein Cyanid 1d. Einwirken von LiR (R = Me, C≡CCMe3) auf 1a mit anschließender reduktiver Eliminierung ergibt Olefin RR1C=CR2R3, während Mineralsäuren oder Iod die Ni—C-Bindungen von 1a spalten und die entsprechenden Olefine (R = H, I) erzeugen. Eine ergiebige Synthese von Chloro(phenyl)bis(trimethylphosphan)nickel wird ebenfalls beschrieben.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1133-1136 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Hydrogen transfer Reactions, 111).  -  The Disproportionation of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene by Colloidal NickelThe disproportionation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene catalysed by colloidal nickel is a multistep reaction. The dehydrogenation occurs strictly cis selectively. Before the hydrogenation step, the hydrogen loses its molecular identity. Thus the direct H-transfer between two molecules of 1,4-cyclohexadiene2) is excluded.
    Notizen: Die Disproportionierung von 1,4-Cyclohexadien an kolloidalem Nickel läuft als mehrstufige Reaktion ab, bei der die Dehydrierung cis-selektiv erfolgt. Der Wasserstoff verliert vor der Addition seine molekulare Identität, so daß eine direkte H-Übertragung zwischen den Molekülen2) ausgeschlossen ist.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1123-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Enatioselective catalysis, 5.  -  New Ligands with four Stereogenic Centers. Synthesis and Separation of the Separation of the three Diastereomeric [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′(R,S]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)-pyrrolidinesFrom (3R,4R)-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidine (1a) or the N-benzyl derivative 1b [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) resp. its N-benzyl derivative 2b-* were prepared as diastereomeric mixture. From 2a-* isomerically pure (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) was prepared. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*), obtained from 2a-*, was a mixture of the three possible diastereomers. This mixture could be separated through the palladium complexes of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivatives 8c-*. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) and for comparison [(3R,4R)-1-benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) pyrrolidine-P,P′](1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (11) were characterised by X-ray crystallography.
    Notizen: Ausgehend von (3R,4R)-3,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (1a), bzw. dem N-Benzyl-Derivat 1b wurden [P(R,S),3R,4R,P′-(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(phenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (2a-*) und dessen N-Benzyl-Derivat 2b-* als Diastereomerengemische hergestellt. Aus 2a-* wurde isomerenreines (PR,3R,4R,P′S)-3,4-Bis(benzylphenyl-phosphino)pyrrolidin (3a-3) dargestellt. [P(R,S), 3R,4R, P′(R,S)]-3,4-Bis(methylphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin (4a-*) wurde aus 2a-* als Diastereomerengemisch erhalten, dessen Auftrennung über die Palladiumkomplexe der N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Derivate 8c-* gelang. [(PS, 3R4R,P′S)-1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3,4-bis(methylphenylphosphino) pyrrolidin-P,P′]diiodopalladium(II) (8c-1) und zum Vergleich [(3R,4R)-1-Benzyl-3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolidin-P,P′] (1,5-cyclooctadien)rhodium(I)-tetrafluoroborat (11) wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1143-1146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: heterotricycles via,/Intramolecular 1,4-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Alkenyl-Substituted 3,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-1-pyrimidinium-4-olatesThe synthesis of the title compounds of type 5 and 10 as well as their intramolecular cycloaddition reactions which form the products 4 or 12, respectively, are described.
    Notizen: Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen vom Typ 5 und 10 sowie ihre intramolekularen Cycloadditionen zu den Produkten 4 bzw. 12 werden beschrieben.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Aliphatic Liquid Crystals, 8.  -  Bi-and Tercyclohexyl Derivatives by Claisen RearrangementClaisen rearrangement of the acrylic esters 7 and 21 transfers the configuration of the cyclohexenols trans-2 and trans-17 to the aldehydes 11 and 23. Robinson annelation converts the latter to the title compounds 15a and 27a. The synthetic sequence is designed to be iterative via 14a, b. Two esters of the all-trans-tercyclohexyl alcohol 27a with broad smectic phase ranges are described.
    Notizen: Durch Claisen-Umlagerung der Acrylsäureester 7 und 21 wird die Konfiguration der Cyclohexenole trans-2 und trans-17 auf die Aldehyde 11 und 23 übertragen. Robinson-Anellierung führt von dort zu den Titelverbindungen 15a und 27a. Die Aufbaufolge ist über 14a, b iterativ angelegt. Zwei Ester des all-trans-Tercyclohexylalkohols 27a mit breiten smektischen Phasenbereichen werden beschrieben.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Very Soluble and Photostable Perylene Fluorescent DyesThe synthesis of perylene dyes 2 with two terminal alkyl groups is described. Long-chain alkyl groups do not increase, but diminish solubility. Cycloalkyl substituents give a minimum of solubility with medium sized rings and a maximum with the cyclotetradecyl derivative (2p). Very high solubility in organic solvents is attained by substitution with secondary alkyl residues having two long chains. One of them, the dye with the 1-hexylheptyl substituent (2v), exhibits a solubility of more than 100 g/l in most solvents, a fluorescent quantum yield of about 100%, and a very high photostability, thus making it suitable for special applications.
    Notizen: Die Synthese von Perylenfarbstoffen 2 mit terminalen Alkylgruppen wird beschrieben. Langkettige n-Alkylgruppen führen nicht zu einer Erhöhung der Löslichkeit, sondern zu einer Erniedrigung. Cycloalkyl-Reste bewirken ein Minimum an Löslichkeit im Bereich der mittleren Ringe und ein Maximum beim Cyclotetradecyl-Rest (2p). Starke Löslichkeitserhöhungen bewirken sekundäre Alkylreste mit zwei langen Ketten. Von diesen ist der Farbstoff 2v mit zwei 1-Hexylheptyl-Resten mit einer Löslichkeit von über 100 g/l in den meisten Lösungsmitteln, einer Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute von ca. 100% und einer ausgesprochen hohen Lichtechtheit auch für Spezialanwendungen geeignet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: (Phthalocyaninato)cobalt(III) Adducts with Nitrogen Bases(Phthalocyaninato)cobalt dichloride, PcCoCl2, does not react with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), pyrazine (pyz), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) to form phthalocyaninato complexes [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) containing Co3+ as the central metal atom. Instead the mixed complexes PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl) are obtained exclusively, which are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notizen: (Phthalocyaninato)cobaltdichlorid, PcCoCl2, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L = Pyridin (py), Pyrazin (pyz), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy) nicht zu Phthalocyaninato-Komplexen [PcCoL2]+ Cl- (1, X = Cl) mit Co3+ als Zentralatom. Es entstehen ausschließlich die gemischten Komplexe PcCo(L)Cl (3, X = Cl), die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis of (Phthalocyaninato)rhodium(III) ComplexesChloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reacts with the nitrogenous bases L = pyridine (py), 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy), 2-methylpyrazine (mepyz), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) as well as with cyclohexyl isocyanide (c-hxNC) to form the mixed complexes PcRh(L)Cl. These are characterized by their IR, FIR, and UV/VIS spectra and their thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) data.
    Notizen: Chloro(phthalocyaninato)rhodium, PcRhCl, reagiert mit den Stickstoffbasen L [L = Pyridin (py), 4,4′-Bipyridin (bpy), 2-Methylpyrazin (mepyz) und 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (dabco)] sowie mit L = Cyclohexylisocyanid (c-hxNC) zu den gemischten Komplexen PcRh(L)Cl, die durch ihre IR-, FIR- und UV/VIS-Spektren und durch Thermogravimetrie (TG/DTA) charakterisiert werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 253-269 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Elektron-Transfer-Photochemie von Benzocyclobutenen. - Stereospezifische elektrocyclische Reaktionen ihrer Kation-RadikaleDie leichte Aktivierung von cis- und trans-1,2-Diphenylbenzocyclobuten (DBC) entweder durch Bestrahlung der Charge-transfer-Verbindung mit Tetracyanethylen oder durch Photosensibilisierung mit Chloranil führt zu einer Serie schneller [4 + 2]-Cycloadditionen. Die Rolle des Kationradikals DBC+. als reaktives Zwischenprodukt, das eine stereospezifische conrotatorische Cycloreversion eingeht, wird vorwiegend über „Kontakt“- oder „Lösungsmittel-getrennte“ Ionen-Paare erklärt. Solche Cycloadditionen, die durch einen Elektronentransfer eingeleitet werden, werden im Zusammenhang mit einer thermischen Valenztautomerie von DBC diskutiert, wie sie früher von Huisgen, Quinkert und Mitarbeitern begründet wurden.
    Notizen: The facile activation of cis- and trans-1,2-diphenylbenzocyclobutene (DBC) either by charge-transfer irradiation of the electron donor-acceptor complex with tetracyanoethylene or by chloranil photosensitization leads to a series of rapid [4 + 2] cycloadditions. The role of the cation radical DBC+. as the reactive intermediate which undergoes a stereospecific, conrotatory cycloreversion is delineated, especially with regard to “contact” and “solvent-separated” ion pairs. Such cycloadditions induced by electron transfer are discussed in the context of the thermal valence tautomerization of DBC previously established by Huisgen, Quinkert, and co-workers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Metal Complexes with Biologically Important Ligands, XLIV. - Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) as Amino Protecting Groups. Metal Complexes with Silyl Esters and Acid Chlorides as Ligands and Peptide Synthesis at the ComplexThe cleavage of the chelate ring of platinum(II) and palladium(II) glycinate, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), by trialkylchlorosilanes results in the formation of the complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1). Treatment of 1 or of cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2, respectively, with oxalyl chloride and DMF gives the α-amino acid chloride complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) from which - using N-(trimethylsilyl)-α-amino acid esters - a series of dipeptide complexes cis-, trans-MCl2(dipeptideOR)2 (R = H, alkyl, SiMe3) (3) has been obtained. trans-Palladium complexes of type 3 and of type cis-Pd-Cl2(HisNHCHRCO2Et) (4) are also formed form the corresponding α-amino acid complexes and α-amino acid ester with a watersoluble carbodiimide.
    Notizen: Der Chelatring von Platin(II)- und Palladium(II)-glycinat, cis-, trans-M(NH2CH2COO)2 (M = Pt, Pd), läßt sich mit Trialkylchlorsilanen unter Bildung der Dichlorobis(glycin-silylester)-Komplexe, cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CH2CO2SiR3)2 (1), öffnen. Aus 1 oder den Komplexen MCl2(NH2CHRCO2H)2 werden mit Oxalylchlorid und DMF die α-Aminosäurechlorid-Verbindungen cis-, trans-MCl2(NH2CHRCOCl)2 (2) erhalten, welche mit N-(Trimethylsilyl)-α-aminosäureestern die Dipeptid-Komplexe cis-, trans-MCl2(DipeptidOR)2 (R = H, Alkyl, SiMe2) (3) liefern. trans-Palladium-Komplexe vom Typ 3 und vom Typ cis-PdCl2(His-NHCHRCO2Et) (4) entstehen auch aus den entsprechenden α-Aminosäure-Komplexen und dem α-Aminosäureester mit einem wasserlöslichen Carbodiimid.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Properties of Tellurium-Tellurium Bonds, VI.  -  Structure and Barrier of Interconversion of Enantiomeric Conformations of Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellaneOxidation of lithium (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)telluride provides red and strong refractive needles of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-ditellane (1) which crystallize monoclinically in the space group C2/c. The bond distance d(Te-Te), the bond angle at the Te atoms, and the torsion angle at the Te-Te bond were found to be 271.3 pm, 100.6°, and 92.1°, respectively. The C2 symmetry of the molecule gives rise to different chemical surroundings for both tert-butyl groups in ortho position belonging to the aryl groups. This effect can also be observed in solution at low temperatures. For the first time, dynamic NMR spectroscopy succeeded in determination of the barrier of rotation about a Te-Te bond. This barrier was found to be 40.9 kJ · mol-1 and is 20% less than that in the corresponding diselane.
    Notizen: Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)ditellan (1) wird durch Oxidation von Lithium-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)tellurid in Form roter, stark lichtbrechender Kristalle erhalten. 1 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c. Der Bindungsabstand d(Te-Te) beträgt 271.3 pm, der Bindungswinkel an den Te-Atomen 100.6° und der Torsionswinkel an der Te-Te-Bindung 92.1°. Durch die C2-Symmetrie besitzen die beiden ortho-ständigen tert-Butylgruppen der Substituenten unterschiedliche chemische Umgebung, die auch in Lösung bei tiefen Temperaturen erkennbar wird. Aus NMR-spektroskopischen Daten gelang erstmals die Bestimmung der Rotationsbarriere um eine Te-Te-Bindung; sie beträgt 40.9 kJ · mol-1. Dieser Wert ist um 20% kleiner als für das entsprechende Diselan.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Chinolepoxide des p-Kresols und Östrons mittels Photooxygenierung und Titan(IV)- oder Vanadium(V)-katalysiertem SauerstofftransferWenn 4-Hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-on (1) und 10β-Hydroperoxy-1,4-östradien-3,17-dion (3), die durch Photooxygenierung von p-Kresol bzw. Östron leicht zugänglich sind, mit Ti(OiPr)4 behandelt werden, entstehen die Chinolepoxide 5 bzw. 6a, b. Es werden dabei auch signifikante Mengen der Chinole 2 bzw. 4 gebildet, welche durch Sharpless-Oxidation mit tert-Butylhydroperoxid und Ti(OiPr)4 oder VO(acac)2 als Katalysatoren in hohen Ausbeuten in 5 bzw. 6a, b übergeführt werden konnten. Epoxidierung des Chinols 4 mit m-CPBA ergab durch Bayer-Villiger-Umlagerung bevorzugt das Lacton 7, was den Vorzug der jetzigen synthetischen Methode unterstreicht.
    Notizen: On treatment with Ti(OiPr)4, 4-hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (1) and 10β-hydroperoxy-1,4-estradiene-3,17-dione (3), readily available by photooxygenation of p-cresol and estrone, respectively, were converted to the corresponding epoxy quinols 5 and 6a, b. Also significant amounts of the respective quinols 2 and 4 were obtained, which could be transformed in high yields into 5 and 6a, b by Sharpless oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide using Ti(OiPr)4 or VO(acac)2 as catalysts. Epoxidation of the quinol 4 with m-CPBA led preferentially to the lactone 7 by Bayer-Villiger rearrangement, showing the advantage of the present synthetic method.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dehalogenation of Geminal Dihalocyclopropanes, α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones, and Haloketones by Means of Magnesium Anthracene·3THF1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane (1a), 7,7-dichloro-, and 7,7-dibromonorcarane (1b) react with magnesium anthracene·3THF (2) under stepwise radical reduction to give 9a, b, 11a, b and 10, carbene products 6a, a′, b and 7a, b, and the alkylation products 4a, b and 5a, b, respectively. The distribution of the reaction products is strongly dependent upon the substrate and upon the reaction conditions: for instance, 1a in toluene undergoes a highly selective reduction to yield 9a, whereas in THF at low temperature 4a and 5a predominate. The reaction course proposed for the reaction of 1a with 2 is supported by deuteration experiments. α,α-Dichlorocyclobutanones 12a-e can be reduced with 2 to give α-chlorocyclobutanones 13a-e in moderate to good yields; 12d is thereby converted in high purity into endo-13d. The reduction of 2-haloketones 15a-f with 2 in THF to the ketones 16a-f is possible only in low or moderate yields.
    Notizen: 1,1-Dichlor-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropan (1a), 7,7-Dichlor- und 7,7-Dibromnorcaran (1b) reagieren mit Magnesiumanthracen·3THF (2) unter stufenweiser radikalischer Reduktion zu 9a, b bzw. 11a, b und 10, zu Carbenprodukten 6a, a′, b und 7a, b sowie zu Alkylierungsprodukten 4a, b und 5a, b. Die Verteilung der Reaktionsprodukte ist in starkem Maße vom Substrat und von den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängig: 1a wird beispielsweise in Toluol mit hoher Selektivität zu 9a reduziert, während in THF bei tiefer Temperatur 4a und 5a Überwiegen. Der für die Reaktion von 1a mit 2 vorgeschlagene Reaktionsablauf wird durch Deuterierungsversuche unterstützt. α,α-Dichlorcyclobutanone 12a-e lassen sich mit 2 in THF in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten zu α-Chlorcyclobutanonen 13a-e reduzieren, 12d liefert dabei in hoher Reinheit das endo-13d. Die Reduktion von 2-Halogenketonen 15a-f mit 2 in THF zu den Ketonen 16a-f ist nur in geringen bis mäßigen Ausbeuten möglich.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Addition of Lithium Alkanides to IminoboranesIn the presence of tmeda, lithium methanide, LiMe, can be added to the iminoboranes XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) in a molar ratio of 2:1; the products are the cyclobutene-type azaboraazoniaborata ring compounds 3a-c. In solutions of 3a-c, the Li(tmeda) group undergoes a fluctuation from one N-atom to the other. The X-ray analysis shows that the Li(tmeda) group in crystalline 3a is bonded to one distinct N-atom; the 4 BN bond lengths in the nonplanar ring structure of 3a are found in a range between 142.5 and 163.3 pm; the structure is illustrated by the determination of the X-X-deformation electron density. The more stable iminoboranes 1d, e [X = tBu, N(tBu)-SiMe3], partly 1c, too, are alkylolithiated by LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) in a regio- and stereospecific way to give the crystalline aminoboranes R-(X)B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda); a facile exchange of the Li(tmeda) group by electrophiles is observed. tBu2B=N-(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with a relatively short BN double bond of 138.3 pm.
    Notizen: Die Iminoborane XB≡NtBu 1a-c (X = Me, Et, Bu) addieren in Gegenwart von tmeda Lithiummethanid LiMe im Verhältnis 2:1 unter Ausbildung der Cyclobuten-homologen Azaboraazoniaborata-Ringverbindungen 3a-c. In Lösungen von 3a-c fluktuiert die Li(tmeda)-Gruppe zwischen den Ring-N-Atomen. Die röntgenographische Bestimmung der Struktur von 3a ergibt eine an ein Ring-N-Atom fixierte Li(tmeda)-Gruppe und einen nicht planaren Vierring mit 4 ungleichen BN-Abständen zwischen 142.5 und 163.3 pm; die Beschreibung der Struktur wird durch die Bestimmung von Deformationselektronendichten ergänzt. Die stabileren Imonoborane 1d, e [X = tBu) N(tBu)-SiMe3], z. T. auch 1c, addieren die Lithiumalkanide LiR (R = Me, Bu, tBu) regio- und stereospezifisch zu den kristallinen Aminoboranen R-(X)-B=N(tBu) -Li(tmeda) mit einer elektrophil leicht austauschbaren Li(tmeda)-Gruppe. Die Verbindung tBu2B=N(tBu)-Li(tmeda) (2g) kristallisiert monoklin mit einem für eine relativ kurze BN-Doppelbindung typischen Abstand von 138.3 pm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 5-Oxazolone, II. - 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone: Synthese und säurekatalysierte Umwandlung in 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 2 wurden durch Arylierung der entsprechenden 5(4H)-oxazolone 1 mit 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzol-Derivaten unter Phasentransfer-Bedingungen dargestellt. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolone 5 wurden ähnlich aus den entsprechenden Derivaten 1 und 2-Chlor-3,5-dinitropyridin erhalten. Durch Reaktion mit Methanol und p-Toluolsulfonsäure lagerten die Oxazolone 2 in die entsprechenden 1-Hydroxy-1H-indazol-Derivate 8 um. Unter denselben Bedingungen lieferten die Oxazolone 5 eine Mischung der entsprechend substituierten 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine 7 und der substituierten Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine 12. In allen Fällen trat als Konkurrenzreaktion Solvolyse zu substituierten Glycinestern 9 und 11 auf. Reaktionswege werden diskutiert.
    Notizen: 2,4-Diaryl-4-(2,4-dinitroaryl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 2 were prepared by arylation of the corresponding 5(4H)-oxazolones 1 under phase-transfer conditions with the corresponding 1-halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes. 2,4-Diaryl-4-(3,5-dinitro-2-pyridyl)-5(4H)-oxazolones 5 were obtained similarly from the corresponding 1 and 2-chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine. On reaction with methanol and p-toluenesulfonic acid, oxazolones 2 rearranged to the corresponding 1-hydroxy-1H-indazole derivatives 8. Under the same conditions oxazolones 5 afforded a mixture of the correspondingly substituted 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridines 7 and substituted imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines 12. In all cases the solvolysis reaction, yielding substituted glycine esters 9 and 11, was competitive with the rearrangement. Reaction paths are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Radical Type Cyclisation of Dienes, II. - The Regio-and Stereoselectivity of Radical Cyclopentane Synthesis from Dienes via Alkenylmercury SaltsWhen ethyl 8-methoxy-2,7-octadienoate (1) is treated with mercury(II) acetate in the presence of calcium oxide and methanol followed by reduction with NaBH4 a mixture of ethyl cis- and trans-[2-(dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]acetate (cis-2 and trans-2) is obtained regioselectively in 90% yield. Under analogous conditions ethyl (1′S,2′S3′R,4′R)-[3-(dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetate (4a) is obtained exclusively in a regio- and stereoselective manner from ethyl (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propenoate (3) in 70% yield. This proves radical type cyclisations of optically active derivatives of 1 to proceed not only regioselectively but also with high stereoselectivity.
    Notizen: Bei der Umsetzung von 8-Methoxy-2,7-octadiensäure-ethylester (1) mit Quecksilber(II)-acetat in Gegenwart von Calciumoxid und Methanol und anschließender NaBH4-Reduktion wird regioselektiv in 90proz. Ausbeute ein Gemisch von cis- und trans-[2-(Dimethoxymethyl)cyclopentyl]essigsäure-ethylester (cis-2a und trans-2a) erhalten. Unter analogen Reaktionsbedingungen entsteht aus (1′S,3′S)-3-[3-(2-Methoxyethenyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl]propensäure-ethylester (3) regio- und stereoselektiv in 70 proz. Ausbeute nur (1′S,2′S,3′R,4′R)-[3-(Dimethoxymethyl)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]essigsäure-ethylester (4a). Damit ist sichergestellt, daß die radikalische Cyclisierung von optisch aktiven Derivaten von 1 unter den angegebenen Reaktionsbedingungen nicht nur regioselektiv, sondern auch mit hoher Stereoselektivität verläuft.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Das Thermolyseverhalten von C5H8-Kohlenwasserstoffen.  -  Gasphasen-Thermolyse von Cuncan, ein neues Beispiel für die Freisetzung hoher SpannungsenergieDie Kinetik der Gasphasenthermolyse von Cunean2) (1) wurde im Temperaturbereich von 180-220°C untersucht. Es handelt sich um eine Reaktion erster Ordnung, die zu zwei C8H8-Isomeren führt, zu Semibullvalen (2) und Cyclooctatetraen (3). Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante ist abhängig von der Temperatur entsprechend der Arrhenius-Gleichung log(k/s-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. Die Arrheniusparameter stimmen mit einem biradikalischen Mechanismus überein, der zur Bildung von Semibullvalen (2) führt. Die Produktverteilung ist druckabhängig. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß das zuerst gebildete Semibullvalen (2) hoch schwingungsangeregt (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) ist und zu Cyclooctatetraen (3) weiterreagiert.
    Notizen: The kinetics of thermal decomposition of cuneane2) (1) in the gas phase have been investigated in the temperature range 180-220°C. The reaction is a clean first-order homogeneous process leading to the formation of two C8H8 isomers, viz., semibullvalene3) (2) and cyclooctatetraene (3). The rate constant varies with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation log(k/S-1) = (13.82 ± 0.09) - (37.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1)/RT In10. The Arrhenius parameters are consistent with a biradical mechanism leading to the formation of semibullvalene (2). The product proportions are pressure-dependent which strongly suggests that semibullvalene (2) is initially formed with high vibrational energy content (ca. 74 kcal mol-1) and can react further to give cyclooctatetraene (3).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Trapping Reactions for Unstable [1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl] Dialkyl PhosphitesThe reaction of ClP(OR)2 1a-d (R = Me, Et; R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) with hexafluoroacetone yields the thermally unstable phosphites ClC(CF3)2OP(OR)2 4a-d besides other products. Trimethyl phosphite converts 4a-d into the phosphates (MeO)2P(O)OC(CF3)2P(OR)2 (R = Me, Et) 5a and b and the phosphonates (MeO)2P(O)C(CF3)2OP(OR)2 (R-R = CH2CH2, CMe2CMe2) 5c and d, Compounds formed in an Arbuzov reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A New Method for the Formation of P—P Bonds  -  Synthesis of Cyclic Diphosphane MonosulfidesAttempts to synthesize the silyl ester of dimethylthiophosphorous acid Me2P—S—SiMe3 by treating diemthylphosphane sulfide Me2P(S)H with Me2N—SiMe3 almost quantitatively lead to the diphosphane monosulfide Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) besides (Me3Si)2S. If disecondary phosphane sulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)MeH are employed instead of Me2P(S)H the monosulfides of the 1,2-diphospholanes or 1,2-diphosphinanes 7a and 7b, respectively, are obtained. Oxidative addition of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone to 7a or 7b affords oxyphosphoranes with λ4P—λ5P bonds.
    Notizen: Beim Versuch, Dimethylphosphansulfid Me2P(S)H durch Umsetzung mit Me2N—SiMe3 in den Silylester der Dimethylthiophosphorigen Säure Me2P—S—SiMe3 zu überführen, wurde neben (Me3Si)2S ausschließlich das Diphosphanmonosulfid Me2P—P(S)Me2 (3b) erhalten. Die Übertragung dieses Reaktionsprinzips auf die disekundären Phosphansulfide MeH(S)P—[CH2]n—P(S)-MeH (n = 3,4; 6a, b) macht die Monosulfide der 1,2-Diphospholane bzw. 1,2-Diphosphinane 7a bzw. 7b zugänglich. Oxidative Addition von Tetrachlor-o-benzochinon an 7a bzw. 7b liefert Oxyphosphorane mit λ4P—λ5P-Strukturelementen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 397-406 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions with (R)-and (S)-2-Hydroxy-1,2,2-triphenylethyl Acetate and Related Glycol Monoacetates1)The enolate 7a, formed by double deprotonation of the ester 5a, is added to aldehydes. The influences of the enolate gegenion, of the solvent, and of the reaction temperature on the ratio of the isomeric products 9:10 are studied. The highest degrees of diastereoselectivity are obtained, when the magnesium enolate 7a (M = MgX) is used. The basic hydrolysis of the adducts 9/10 affords β-hydroxycarboxylic acids in corresponding optical purity. Thereby, the chiral auxiliary reagent, triphenylglycol (6a), is recovered. The aldol reaction of the doubly deprotonated esters 5b-f points to the structural parameters, which might be responsible for the high diastereoselectivity of the acetate 5a. In the mass spectra of the diol 6a and of the esters 5a, 5b, 5d, and 9a-c, unusual rearrangements are observed.
    Notizen: Das durch zweifache Deprotonierung des Esters 5a erzeugte Enolat 7a wird an Aldehyde addiert. Dabei werden die Einflüsse von Enolat-Gegenion, Lösungsmittel und Reaktionstemperatur auf das Verhältnis der isomeren Produkte 9:10 untersucht. Die höchsten Diastereoselektivitäten lassen sich mit dem Magnesiumenolat 7a (M = MgX) erzielen. Alkalische Hydrolyse der Addukte 9/10 führt unter Rückgewinnung des chiralen Hilfsmittels Triphenylglycol (6a) zu β-Hydroxycarbonsäuren 11 mit entsprechender optischer Reinheit. Die Aldolreaktionen der zweifach deprotonierten Ester 5b-f liefern erste Hinweise auf die Strukturparameter, die für die hohe Diastereoselektivität des Acetats 5a ausschlaggebend sein könnten. Ungewöhnliche Umlagerungen treten in den Massenspektren des Diols 6a sowie der Ester 5a, 5b, 5d und 9a-c auf.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthese und Struktur von Cp3U=CHPMe3: Eine Verbindung mit U=C-MehrfachbindungGrünes, kristallines Cp3U=CHPMe3 wurde durch Umsetzung von Cp3UCl mit Li[CH2]2PMe2 oder H2C=PMe3 dargestellt. Seine Kristallstruktur wurde durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse an Einkristallen bestimmt. Der kurze U=CH-Abstand von 2.274(8) Å und der große Winkel U—C—P von 143.5(5)° deuten Uran-Kohlenstoff-Mehrfachbindungscharakter an. Die 1J (13C1H)-Kopplungskonstanten in den CH-Gruppen zwischen Uran und Phosphor von Cp3U=CHPMe3 (95 Hz), Cp3U=CHPMe2Ph (100 Hz) und Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (113 Hz) sind auffallend klein. Den Strukturdaten kann aber keine agostische UCHP-Wechselwirkung entnommen werden.
    Notizen: Green, crystalline Cp3U=CHPMe3 has been synthesized by the reaction of Cp3UCl with Li[CH2]2PMe2 or CH2=PMe3. Its crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The short U=CH bond distance, 2.274(8) Å, and large U—C—P angle, 143.5(5)°, indicate uranium-carbon multiple bond character. The 1J(13C1H) coupling constants within the CH group between uranium and phosphorus in Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (95 Hz), Cp3U=CHPMe2Ph (100 Hz), and Cp3U=CHPPh2Me (113 Hz) are surprisingly small, but no agostic interaction UCHP can be derived from the structural data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Stereoselective Alkylation of Arenes with Threonine TrifluoromethanesulfonatesN-Phthaloylthreonine and -allothreonine methyl esters 3 react with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride/pyridine in dichloromethane to give threonine and allothreonine, respectively, trifluoromethanesulfonates 4 in quantitative yields. Arenes can be alkylated with compounds 4 to yield β-methyl-N-phthaloylphenylalanine methyl esters 6 without any racemization at C-2 of the amino acids. With respect to C-3 of the amino acids, the threonine derivatives 4b (2R,3S) and 4c (2S,3R) react to give 6e (2R,3R) and 6f (2S,3S) with almost complete retention of configuration, whereas the allothreonine derivatives 4e, f suffer from extensive racemization. The unexpected stereoselectivity of the alkylation with compounds 4b, c is explained by steric hindrance of rotation and simultaneous shielding of the backside of the intermediate carbocation by the phthaloyl group.
    Notizen: Umsetzung der N-Phthaloylthreonin- oder -allothreonin-methyl-ester 3 mit Trifluormethansulfonsäureanhydrid/Pyridin in Dichlormethan führt in quantitativer Ausbeute zu Threonin- bzw. Allothreonin-trifluormethansulfonaten 4, mit denen sich Aromaten in Gegenwart von Trifluormethansulfonsäure unter Erhaltung der Konfiguration an C-2 der Aminosäuren zu β-Methyl-N-phthaloylphenylalanin-methylestern 6 alkylieren lassen. Bezüglich der Konfiguration an C-3 der Aminosäuren reagieren die Threonin-Derivate 4b (2R,3S) und 4c (2S,3R) unter fast vollständiger Retention zu 6e (2R,3R) und 6f (2S,3S), während mit den Allothreonin-Derivaten 4e (2R,3R) und 4f (2S,3S) weitgehend Racemisierung erfolgt. Die überraschende stereoselektive Aromatenalkylierung mit den Verbindungen 4b, c wird durch Rotationshinderung bei gleichzeitiger Rückseitenabschirmung des intermediären Carbokations durch die N-Phthaloylgruppe gedeutet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 431-441 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cycloadditions, 12.  -  Influence of Aromatic Alkyl Groups on the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Aryl Allenecarboxylates and of AllenecarboxanilidesThe aryl allenecarboxylates 4a-o and the allenecarboxanilides 9a,b,e,h, and 1, which differ from one another only by the number or by the size of the alkyl groups attached to the arene, are synthesized by the ylide method via the appropriately substituted 2-halo-, 2-phosphonio-, and 2-phosphoranylideneacetic acid derivatives (1→2→3→4 and 6→7→8→9, resp.). By refluxing in xylene they are transformed into the tricyclic compounds 5 and 10; the rates and their differences are discussed.
    Notizen: Die Allencarbonsäure-arylester 4a-o und die Allencarboxanilide 9a,b,e,h und 1, die sich jeweils lediglich durch die Anzahl oder die Größe der am Aromaten befestigten Alkylgruppen unterscheiden, werden auf dem Ylidweg über entsprechend substituierte 2-Halogen-, 2-Phosphonio- und 2-Phosphoranylidenessigsäure-Derivate (1→2→3→4 bzw. 6→7→8→9) hergestellt und in siedendem Xylol in die tricyclischen Verbindungen 5 bzw. 10 übergeführt. Die Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede bei dieser Intramolekularen Diels-Alder-Reaktion werden diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Triple-Decker Sandwich Complexes with cyclo-P6 as Middle DeckThe cothermolysis of white phosphorus (P4) and [(η5-C5Me5)2-(CO)nW2] (1; n = 4, 6) as well as [(η5-C5Me4R)V(CO)4] (3) affords the triple-decker sandwich complexes [{η5-C5Me5)W}2(μ,η6-P6)] (2) and [{η5-C5Me4R)V}2(μ,η6-P6)] (4a, R = CH3; 4b, R = C2H5). 2 and 4b have been characterized by X-ray structure analyses, 2 and 4a as well as A and B by electrochemical, ESR, and electronic spectroscopy measurements. An empirical valence-electron rule for triple-decker complexes is derived.
    Notizen: Die Cothermolyse von weißem Phosphor (P4) und [(η5-C5Me5)2-(CO)nW2] (1; n = 4, 6) sowie [(η5-C5Me4R)V(CO)4] (3) ergibt die Tripeldecker-Sandwichkomplexe [{η5-C5Me5)W}2(μ,η6-P6)] (2) und [{η5-C5Me4R)V}2(μ,η6-P6)] (4a, R = CH3; 4b, R = C2H5). 2 und 4b wurden kristallstrukturanalytisch, 2 und 4a sowie A und B elektrochemisch, ESR- und elektronenspektroskopisch charakterisiert. Es wird eine empirische Valenzelektronenregel für Tripeldecker-Komplexe abgeleitet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1595-1600 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cross-Conjugated Polychlorinated Derivatives of Cycloheptatriene from Octachlorocycloheptatriene and HexachlorotroponeA new convenient synthesis of hexachlorotropone (6) and some condensation reactions of 6 are described, yielding novel polychlorinated cross-conjugated derivatives of cycloheptatriene. Treatment of octachlorocycloheptatriene (5) with benzene/CF3SO3Ag and phenylmalononitrile (28) leads to the first stable [1.6.7]quinarenes 19 and 29, respectively. The structure of 19 is proved by X-ray diffraction and a mechanism is proposed for the reaction. The influence of polychlorination on stability and electronic spectra is discussed.
    Notizen: Wir beschreiben eine neue, ergiebige Synthese von Hexachlortropon (6) und einige Kondensationsreaktionen von 6 zu neuen polychlorierten, gekreuzt konjugierten Cycloheptatrienderivaten. Umsetzungen von Octachlorcycloheptatrien (5) mit Benzol/CF3SO3Ag bzw. mit Phenylmalononitril (28) führen zu ersten stabilen [1.6.7]Chinarenen 19 und 29. Die Struktur von 19 wird mit Hilfe einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen und ein Bildungsweg vorgeschlagen. Der Einfluß der Polychlorierung auf Stabilität und Elektronenspektren wird diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1617-1623 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Bequemer Zugang zu 2-Nitrophenylsulfen -(NPS-) iminen durch Oxidation von NPS-geschützten Aminen und Aminsäurederivaten2-Nitrophenylsulfenimine 2 von großer Strukturvielfalt werden durch Oxidation von 2-Nitrophenylsulfenamiden 1 entweder auf direktem und indirektem elektrochemischen Wege oder durch Umsetzung mit stöchiometrischen Mengen eines Triarylamin-Radikalkation-Salzes leicht zugänglich. Wegen der bequemen Reaktionsführung und der einfachen Aufarbeitung ist der direkten elektrochemischen Methode meist der Vorzug zu geben. Die inter- und intramolekulare Addition von Nucleophilen an die C — N-Doppelbindung gelingt und wird an zwei Beispielen demonstriert.
    Notizen: 2-Nitrophenylsulfenimines 2 of large structural variety are easily available from 2-nitrophenylsulfenamides 1, by direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation or by using stoichiometric amounts of a triarylamine radical cation salt. In most cases the direct electrochemical method is to be preferred, because of the convenient reaction procedure and the simple workup of the products. Inter- and intramolecular addition of nucleophiles to the C — N double bond is possible as shown by two examples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Tetrahydrofurans and Lactones, I. - Synthesis and Reactions of Chiral 2,5-Bridged Tetrahydrofurans - A New Approach to Optically Active γ-Lactones and γ-BislactonesDiels-Alder reaction of 3,4-hexamethylenefuran with acrylic acid gives the carboxylic acid 1a with high endo selectivity. 1a was separated into the enantiomers via the α-phenylethylammonium salts. Comparison of the CD spectra of (-)-1a and (-)-3 and the X-ray structural analysis of the camphanoyl derivative (-)-4b lead to the 1R,2S,4S configuration of (-)-1a as well. The 2,5-bridged tetrahydrofuran (-)-5 with all-cis and RSS configuration is obtained by ozonolysis of the ester (-)-1b. (-)-5 can be oxidized to the γ-lactone (2R,3S)-(-)-6 with sodium metaperiodate/potassium permanganate in 22% yield. Hydride reduction of (-)-6 under various conditions leads to the γ-bislactones (-)-8 and (-)-9 or to the bislactol (-)-10. (-)-8 has the same absolute configuration as the naturally occuring (-)-canadensolide.
    Notizen: Diels-Alder-Reaktion von 3,4-Hexamethylenfuran mit Acrylsäure führt mit hoher endo-Selektivität zur Carbonsäure 1a, die über ihre α-Phenylethylammonium-Salze in die Enantiomere getrennt wurde. Sowohl der Vergleich der CD-Spektren von (-)-1a und (-)-3 als auch die Röntgenstrukturanalyse des Camphansäureesters 4b legen die 1R,2S,4S-Konfiguration von (-)-1a fest. Ozonolyse des Esters (-)-1b liefert das 2,5-überbrückte, all-cis- und RSS-Konfigurierte Tetrahydrofuran (-)-5, das sich in 22proz. Ausb. mit Natriummetaperiodat/Kaliumpermanganat zum γ-Lacton (2R,3S)-(-)-6 oxidieren läßt. Die Hydridreduktion von (-)-6 unter verschiedenen Bedingungen ergibt die optisch aktiven γ-Bislactone (-)-8 und (-)-9 bzw. das Bislactol 10. (-)-8 besitzt die gleiche absolute Konfiguration an allen Chiralitätszentren wie das natürlich vorkommende Bislacton (-)-Canadensolid.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 803-804 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Preparation and Characterisation of Hexakis(trifluoromethyl)digermachalcogenanesReactions of (CF3)3GeI (2a) with HgS or Ag2Se and of (CF3)3GeCl (2b) with (t-BuMe2Si)2Te (3) lead to new compounds of the type [(CF3)3Ge]2E (E = S, Se, Te) (1b-d). 19F-, 13C-, and 77Se-NMR as well as IR- and MS data of the compounds are presented and discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 795-797 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis and Structure of Manganese(II) L-Aspartate Trihydrate, Mn(L-Asp)· 3H2OManganese L-aspartate chloride, Mn(L-AspH)Cl, has been prepared from equimolar quantities of MnCl2 and Mn(L-AspH)2 in water. This material can be converted into the title compound by treatment with aqueous KOH, and crystallized as a trihydrate from solutions kept at pH = 7.85. The compound has been characterized by elemental analysis and by single crystal X-ray structure determination. In the crystal, the aspartate dianion functions as a facially tridentate ligand to the Mn(II) center whose octahedral coordination sphere is completed by two water molecules and a carboxylate oxygen atom from a neighboring complex in trans position to the amino group. The stereochemistry of this coordination mode is different from that in the analogous magnesium compound, but similar to that in the cobalt(II) and zinc(II) analogues. The third water molecule is a hydrogen-bonded crystal water.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 811-813 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Arene(Phosphane)metal complexes, XIV.  -  Synthesis of η5-Cyclohexadienyl- and η4-Cyclohexa-1,3-diene Osmium Complexes from [C6H6Osl(PR3)2]PF6The reaction of [C6H6OsI(PR3)2]PF6 (1,4) with NaBH4 in ethanol leads almost quantitatively to the formation of the η5-cyclohexadienyl complexes (η5-C6H7OsI(PR3)2 (5: R = Me; 6: R = Ph). Reduction of 5 with Na in THF gives the highly reactive [(η5-C6H7)Os(PMe3)2]- anion which reacts with NH4PF6 in the presence of iodide to produce the compounds (η5-C6H7OsH(PMe3)2 (8) and (η4-C6H8)OsHI(PMe3)2 (9).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1177-1186 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Oligomere Ketten mit 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-Einheiten durch CarbanionalkylierungDie Deprotonierung des 9,10-Dihydroanthracens (2) liefert das Monoanion 6, welches der Alkylierung mit mono- und bifunktionellen Elektrophilen unterworfen wird. Zentrale Zwischenprodukte der von 6 ausgehenden Synthesen sind das 1,3-Di(9-anthryl)propan 9 und 9-(3-Brompropyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracen (7). Sie eröffnen den Zugang zu linearen Oligomeren, in denen 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-Einheiten durch Trimethylengruppen verknüpft sind. Die Alkylierungsreaktionen dieser Verbindungen können auf das strukturverwandte Polymer 4 übertragen werden. Regio- und Stereoselektivität der Alkylierungsreaktionen werden 1H- und 13C-NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht.
    Notizen: Deprotonation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (2) affords the monoanion 6 which is subjected to alkylation reactions with mono and bifunctional electrophiles. Crucial intermediates in syntheses using 6 are 9-(3-bromopropyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (7) and 1,3-bis(9,10-dihydro-9-anthryl)propane (9) since they provide access to linear oligomers in which 9,10-dihydroanthracene units are linked by trimethylene groups. The alkylation processes of these species can be extended to the structurally related polymer 4. The regio- and stereoselectivity of the alkylation reactions are investigated by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 843-851 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Photochromism of Simple 1,8a-Dihydroindolizines and 1,8a-Dihydro-5-azaindolizinesIn this paper we report on the synthesis of new photochromic 1,8a-dihydroindolizines and 1,8a-dihydro-5-azaindolizines 19 and betaines 18 as well as their precursors 3,3-diphenyl-3H-pyrazoles 13 and cyclopropenes 15. The structures of the betaines 18 are proved for the first time by X-ray analysis of 181. The last part of this paper deals with Hammett correlations of the rate constant of the 1,5-electrocyclisation and MINDO/3 calculations of the thermal ring closure 18→19.
    Notizen: In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über die Synthese neuer photochromer 1,8a-Dihydroindolizine (DHI) bzw. 1,8a-Dihydro-5-azaindolizine 19 und Betaine 18 sowie über die Darstellung der als Vorstufen benötigten 3,3-Diaryl-3H-pyrazole 13 bzw. der Cyclopropene 15. Die Struktur der Betaine 18 wird durch die Kristallstrukturanalyse von 181 erstmals eindeutig gesichert. Im letzten Teil wird eine Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehung der UV-spektroskopisch bestimmten Cyclisierungsgeschwindigkeiten mit Hammett-Parametern vorgenommen und Studien zum Mechanismus des thermischen Ringschlusses 18→19 durch MINDO/3-Rechnungen an einem Modellsystem beschrieben.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Transition Metal-Substituted Diphosphenes, XIII.  -  On the Synthesis of (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) and (η5 C5Me5)(CO)(NO)[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2.4.6)Compound (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReBr (3), generated from [η5-C5Me5)(CO)2-(NO)Re]BF4 and (Bu4N)Br, reacts with LiP(SiMe3)2 to give the disilylphosphido complex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReP(SiMe3)2 (4). Complex 4 is converted into the diphosphenyl complex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (5) by treatment with 2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2PCl2. The reaction of 5, which is only stable in solution, with [(Z)-cyclooctene]Cr(CO)5 affords stable (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (7). For comparison, the complexes (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Mn[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (9) and (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2Fe[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (10) were synthesized as well. Compound 10 was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis.
    Notizen: (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReBr (3), hergestellt aus [η5-C5Me5)(CO)2-(NO)Re]BF4 und (Bu4N)Br, reagiert mit LiP(SiMe3)2 zum Disilylphosphidorheniumkomplex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)ReP(SiMe3)2 (4). Komplex 4 wird von 2,4,6-(tBu)3C6H2PCl2 in den nur in Lösung stabilen Diphosphenylkomplex (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re—P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (5) übergeführt. Behandlung von 5 mit [(Z)-Cycloocten]Cr(CO)5 liefert das stabile Pentacarbonylchromderivat (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Re[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (7). Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden die Komplexe (η5-C5Me5)(CO)(NO)Mn[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (9) und (η5-C5Me5)(CO)2Fe[Cr(CO)5]P=P—C6H2(tBu)3-(2,4,6) (10) synthetisiert. Von 10 wurde eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse durchgeführt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 865-869 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Oligophosphane Ligands, XXVIII.  -  C—H Activation of Benzene and Alkylated Arenes bY (Chelate-Phosphane)ruthenium(0) FragmentsThe reduction of RuCl2(pp3) [pp3 = P(CH2CH2CH2PMe2)3] with sodium amalgam in benzene and toluene as well as in o- and m-xylene, respectively, yielded the arylruthenium derivatives RuH(C6H5)(pp3) (1), RuH(C6H4Me-3)(pp3) (2), RuH(C6H3Me2-3,4)(pp3) (3) and RuH(C6H3Me2-3,5)(pp3) (4). Complex 2 was isolated as a mixture of two isomers containing the meta-methyl substituent oriented away from (2a), or in direction of (2b), the Ru—H linkage. The molecular structures of 2a, 2b, 3, and 4 were determined by X-ray diffraction.
    Notizen: Die Reduktion von RuCl2(pp3) [pp3 = P(CH2CH2CH2PMe2)3] mit Natriumamalgam in Benzol und Toluol sowie in o-bzw. m-Xylol ergab die Arylruthenium-Derivate RuH(C6H5)(pp3) (1), RuH(C6H4Me-3)(pp3) (2), RuH(C6H3Me2-3,4)(pp3) (3) und RuH(C6H3Me2-3,5)(pp3) (4). Komplex 2 wurde als Gemisch zweier Isomere erhalten, in denen der meta-Methylsubstituent Positionen besetzt, die von der Ru—H-Einheit abgewandt (2a) oder ihr zugewandt (2b) sind. Die Molekülstrukturen von 2a, 2b, 3 und 4 wurden röntgenographisch ermittelt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cycloaddition Reactions of Organometal Complexes, X.  -  Addition of Nitrenes ot the Rh=C Bond of C5H5Rh-(=C=CHR)p(iPr)3. Formation of Five-Membered Metalla-Heterocycles and a Ketenimine Rhodium Complex2)The complexes C5H5Rh(=C=CHR)P(iPr)3 (1,3,5) react with benzoyl azide almost quantitatively to produce the metalla-heterocycles (2, 4, 6). For 6 (R = Me), but not for 4 (R = Ph), the formation of E/Z isomers has been observed, the ratio of which is solvent-dependent. The protonation of 4 and 6-E/6-Z with CF3CO2H in presence of NH4PF6 leads via attack of the proton at the ring nitrogen atom to the PF6 salts of the cationic complexes 7 and 8 which also form E/Z isomers. On reaction of 3 with phenyl azide first the Z isomer of the ketenimine complex C5H5Rh(C,N-η2-PhN=C=CHPh)P(iPr)3 (9) is formed which in solution smoothly rearranges to give a 1:1 mixture of the Z and E isomers.
    Notizen: Die Komplexe C5H5Rh(=C=CHR)P(iPr)3 (1,3,5) reagieren mit Benzoylazid nahezu quantitativ zu den Metalla-Heterocyclen (2, 4, 6). Für 6 (R = Me), nicht jedoch für 4 (R = Ph), ist die Bildung von E/Z-Isomeren nachweisbar; ihr Verhältnis ist solvensabhängig. Die Protonierung von 4 und 6-E/6-Z mit CF3CO2H in Gegenwart von NH4PF6 führt unter Angriff des Protons am Ring-Stickstoffatom zu den PF6-Salzen der Komplexkationen 7 und 8, die ebenfalls E/Z-Isomere bilden. Bei der Reaktion von 3 mit Phenylazid entsteht zunächst die Z-Form der Ketenimin-Verbindung C5H5Rh(C,N-η2-PhN=C=CHPh)P(iPr)3 (9), die in Lösung relativ rasch eine Umlagerung zu dem E-Isomeren (bis zu einem Verhältnis 9-Z:9-E = 1:1) eingeht.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1359-1361 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Syntheses of Pyrazolo-1,2,4-triazine Derivatives of 1,6-Methano [10] annuleneCoupling reactions of the diazonium betains 3, 4, 5 with 3-tert-butoxy-1,6-methano[10]annulene (2) under mild reaction conditions lead to elimination of tert-butyl alcohol with formation of the methano-bridged triazine dye stuffs 6a-c. For comparison by coupling reactions of 3-5 with β-naphthol followed by cyclisation reactions the triazine dye stuffs 8a-c are obtained. Their spectroscopic properties were compared with 6a-c.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1371-1372 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Contributions of the Chemistry of Boron, 192. - Reactions of Mercury Dihalides and Mercury Dicyanide with an AminoiminoboraneThe aminoiminoborane 1 reacts with HgCl2 and Hg(CN)2 with insertion into the HgCl and HgC bond, respectively. Mercury amides of type 2 are obtained. In contrast, HgBr2 and HgI2 yield 1:1 adducts of the allene type 3. The new compounds were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1393-1398 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Highly Substituted 1-tert-Butyl-1-silacyclohexadienesSilacyclohexadienes with bulky ligands and good leaving groups are of interest for experiments concerning the synthesis of kinetically stabilized silabenzene derivatives. Here we describe the synthesis of 1-tert-butyl-1-silacyclohexadienes, which are substituted in 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-position. From lithiated precursors, the trialkylsilyl- or tert-butyl-substituted silacyclohexadienes 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15 are formed by substitution reactions. The methoxysilane 1 is transferred with LiAlH4 to the hydrosilane 2. Si—H or C—H bond cleavage with N-bromosuccinimide results in the formation of the silacyclohexadienes 3 and 5, brominated in 1- and/or 4-position. In some substitution reactions isomerisation of the diene system is observed. The new compounds are characterized by their 1H-, 13C-, and 29Si-NMR spectra and by their MS data.
    Notizen: Mit sperrigen Liganden und guten Abgangsgruppen versehene Silacyclohexadiensysteme sind für Versuche zur Darstellung von kinetisch stabilisierten Silabenzolderivaten von Interesse. Wir berichten hier über Synthesen von in 1-, 2-, 4- und 6-Stellung substituierten 1-tert-Butyl-1-silacyclohexadienen. Aus lithiierten Vorstufen entstehen durch Substitutionsreaktionen die Trialkylsilyl- bzw. tert-Butyl-substituierten Silacyclohexadiene 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 und 15. Das Methoxysilan 1 wird mit LiAlH4 in das Hydridosilan 2 übergeführt. Si—H- bzw. C—H-Spaltung mit N-Bromsuccinimid führt zur Bildung der in 1- und/oder 4-Stellung bromierten Silacyclohexadiene 3 und 5. Bei einigen Substitutionsreaktionen wird eine Isomerisierung des Diensystems beobachtet. Die erstmals beschriebenen Verbindungen sind durch ihre 1H-, 13C- und 29Si-NMR-Spektren sowie durch MS-Daten charakterisiert.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1399-1401 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Pentamethylcyclopentadinelyl-Substituted Cyclophosphanes as a Source for Px units in Transition-Metal ComplexesTris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cyclotriphosphane, (Me5C5P)3 (2), reacts with complexes of the type M(CO)3L3 (M = Cr, Mo, W; L = CH3CN) (1a-c) to give the cyclotriphosphorus complexes (η5-Me5C5)M(CO)2 -η3-P3 (3a-c). The complexes 3a and 3c are also formed in the reaction of the bicyclic hexaphosphane P6(C5Me5)4 (5) with 1a and 1c, respectively. In case of the molybdenum compound 1b the cyclotriphosphorus complex 3b or a mixture of 3b, [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo}2 (μ-η6-P6)] (6), and [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo(CO)2} 2(μ-η2-P2)] (7) is formed, depending on the reaction conditions. By irradiation the complex 3b is transferred nearly quantitatively to the tripeldecker complex 6. The reactions described open a new access to transition-metal complexes with naked phosphorus units as ligands.
    Notizen: Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cyclotriphosphan, (Me5C5P)3 (2), reagiert mit Komplexen des Typs M(CO)3L3 (M = Cr, Mo und W; L = CH3CN) (1a-c) zu den Cyclotriphosphor-Komplexen η5-Me5C5)M(CO)2 -η3-P3 (3a-c). Die Komplexe 3a bzw. 3c entstehen auch bei der Umsetzung des bicyclischen Hexaphosphans P6(C5Me5)4 (5) mit 1a bzw. 1c. Im Fall der Molybdän-Verbindung 1b erhält man je nach Reaktionsführung den Cyclotriphosphor-Komplex 3b oder ein Gemisch aus 3b, [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo}2 (μ-η6-P6)] (6) und [{(η5-Me5C5)Mo(CO)2} 2(μ-η2-P2)] (7). Unter Bestrahlung läßt sich der Komplex 3b nahezu vollständig in den Tripeldecker-Komplex 6 überführen. Die beschriebenen Reaktionen eröffnen einen neuen Zugang zu Übergangsmetallkomplexen mit nackten Phosphor-Einheiten als Liganden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1417-1420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, XLVI1.- Platinum (II) Complexes with Precursors of Unsaturated π-Amino Acidsα-Amino acid ester complexes cis-Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2Et)2 (R = H, Me, CH2CHMe2) react with tert-butyl hypochlorite to give N-chloro-α-amino acid ester complexes trans-Cl2Pt[NH(Cl)CHR-CO2Et]2. Dependent on the substituents 4-alkylidene-1,3-oxazolidine-2,5-dione is added to (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) by the C=C or the NH bond, respectively. The structure of the hydrido imido complex trans-(Ph3P)2(H)Pt— (4c) has been determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notizen: Die α-Aminosäureester-Platinkomplexe cis-Cl2Pt(NH2CHRCO2-Et)2 (R = H, Me, CH2CHMe2) setzen sich mit tert-Butylhypochlorit zu den N-Chlor-α-aminosäureester-Verbindungen trans-Cl2Pt[NH(Cl)CHRCO2Et]2 um. 4-Alkyliden-1,3-oxazolidin-2,5-dion wird an (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) in Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten über die C—C-Doppel- oder die NH-Bindung addiert. Die Struktur des Hydrido-imido-Komplexes trans-(Ph3P)2(H)Pt—(4c) wurde durch Kristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1427-1433 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: GeH3-Substituted Carbonyl Metallates and carbonyl (cyclopentadienyl) Metallates with V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Co, and Ni. - Preparative and X-Ray InvestigationsKGeH3 reacts with different metal carbonyls and cyclopentadienyl-metal carbonyls with substitution of one CO group and formation of GeH3-substituted carbonyl metallates [M(CO)3(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ [M: V (1), Nb (2)], [M(CO)5GeH3]⊖ [M: Cr (3), Mo (4), W (5)], [Re(CO)2(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ (6), [Ni(CO)3-GeH3]⊖ (7), [Ni(CO)2(PPh3)GeH3]⊖ (8), and [Co(CO)(η5-C5R5)-GeH3]⊖ [R: H (9), Me (10)]. The K salts thus obtained are very air-sensitive and in most cases rather thermolabile. Reaction with [PPh4]Br in aqueous solution yields the somewhat more stable and better crystallizable phosphonium salts. They have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR, 1H-NMR), and X-ray methods in the cases of 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Their short Ge-metal distances are remarkable, although disorder problems prevented a higher precision in most cases.
    Notizen: KGeH3 reagiert mit verschiedenen Metallcarbonylen und Cyclopentadienylmetallcarbonylen unter Substitution einer CO-Gruppe und Bildung von GeH3-substituierten Metallaten [M(CO)3(⊖5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ [M: V (1), Nb (2)], [M(CO)5GeH3]⊖ [M: Cr (3), Mo (4), W (5)], [Re(CO)2(η5-C5H5)GeH3]⊖ (6), [Ni(CO)3GeH3]⊖ (7), [Ni(CO)2(PPh3)GeH3]⊖ (8) und [Co-(CO)(η5R5)GeH3]⊖ [R: H (9), Me (10)]. Die so gebildeten K-Salze sind sehr luftempfindlich und meist ziemlich thermolabil. Umsetzung mit [PPh4]Br in wäßriger Lösung ergibt die etwas stabileren und besser kristallisierenden Phosphonium-Salze. Sie wurden elementaranalytisch und spektroskopisch (IR, 1H-NMR) charakterisiert und im Falle von 1, 4, 5, 7 und 8 auch röntgenographisch untersucht. Auffallend sind ihre kurzen Ge-Metall-Abstände, obgleich wegen Fehlordnungsproblemen meist keine große Genauigkeit erreichbar war.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1449-1450 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: (PPh3)2Pt(μ-CS2)Pt(PPh3)2 (1) and (dpmb)Pt(μ-CE2)Pt(PPh3)2 (2: E = S; 3: E = Se) on heating at 40-70°C give the complexes Pt(CS)(PPh3)2 (4) and Pt(CE)(dpmb)(5: E = S; 6 E = Se), which are the first mononuclear thio- and selenocarbonyl complexes of platinum(0).
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1455-1456 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis of Bis(cyclopentadienyl)-1-metalla-3-phosphaindenes (M= Titanium, Zirconium)The title compounds 7a, b were synthesised by heating the bis(cyclopentadienyl)diphenylmetal complexes 4a, b to 80°C in the presence of an excess of 2-tert-butyl-1-phosphaacetylene (6). The structure of 7a, b was determined by spectroscopic methods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1469-1474 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Hochalkylierte Cyclohexane. - Röntgenstrukturanalyse, Kraftfeld-Berechnungen und Konformationen von cis/trans-1,4-disubstituierten Cyclohexan-IsomerenDie Struktur von mesyliertem cis- und trans-Tetramethylshisool cis-2 und trans-2 wurde durch Einkristall-Röntgenmethoden aufgeklärt. In cis-2 nimmt die Isopropenylgruppe im Kristall eine axiale Stellung ein, und die erhaltenen Strukturdaten stehen in gutem Einklang mit Kraftfeldberechungen. In trans-2 wurden zwei Rotamere, die durch Rotation der Isopropenylgruppe entstehen, durch NOE-Messungen zugeordnet. Der Vergleich der spektroskopischen Daten mit denen anderer Tetramethyllimonenderivate zeigt, daß diese in Verbindungen mit bevorzugt äquatorialer und bevorzugt axialer Lage der Isopropenylgruppe eingeordnet werden können.
    Notizen: The structures of mesylated cis- and trans-tetramethylshisool cis- 2 and trans-2 have been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray techniques. In cis-2 the isopropenyl group adopts an axial position in the crystal, and the structural data obtained are in good agreement with those from force-field calculations. In trans-2 the two rotamers arising from rotation of the isopropenyl group were assigned by NOE measurements. Comparison of the spectroscopic data with those of other tetramethyllimonene derivatives showed that these can be classified into compounds with preferred equatorial and preferred axial position of the isopropenyl group.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1367-1369 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Polyynes, 8. - Synthesis of Amino and Bisamino Derivatives of OctatetrayneThe (7,8,8-trichloro-7-octene-1,3,5-triynyl)amines 4a,b, formed by the reaction of the corresponding lithium 4-aminobutadiynides 3 with perchlorobutenyne 1, are dechlorinated by butyllithium to give the lithium 8-aminooctatetraynides 5a,b. The latter react with chloromethyldiphenylsilane or with cyclohexanone to give the silylated and hydroxyalkylated compounds 6a,b and 7b, respectively. The unsymmetrically substituted octatetraynediamines 9a,b are obtained by treatment of the lithium compounds 5 with cyanogen bromide and by treatment of the formed bromoacetylenes 8 with piperidine or morpholine.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1373-1375 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: cis- 1,2-Diphenylcyclopropane; Molecular Structure and Attempted Chelate Complexation of Gallium (I)In an attempt to design a chelating bis(arene) ligand for metals in an s2 electron configuration, the synthesis of cis-1,2-diphenylcyclopropane (1) from ω-benzylideneacetophenone and hydrazine hydrate (followed by pyrolysis) has been optimized. The crystal structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction [orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 5.823(1), b = 11.962(2), c = 15.727(3) Å, Z = 4]. The molecules have the expected geometry and dimensions and appear to be ideally suited for complexation of cations like Ga+, as judged from the geometries encountered with non-chelating bis(arene) complexes. 71Ga-NMR spectra of solutions of equimolar quantities of 1 and Ga[GaX4] (X = Cl, Br) in benzene indeed indicate the presence of complexes with monoalkylated arenes, but no crystalline products could be isolated.
    Notizen: Im Zuge von Bemühungen um einen Bis(aren)-Liganden, der in der Lage ist, s2-konfigurierte Metalle zu chelatisieren, wurde die Synthese von cis-1,2-Diphenylcyclopropan (1) aus ω-Benzylidenacetophenon und Hydrazin mit nachfolgender Pyrolyse optimiert und die Kristallstruktur dieses Kohlenwasserstoffs bestimmt [orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe P212121, a = 5.823(1), b = 11.962(2), c = 15.727(3) Å, Z = 4]. Die Moleküle besitzen die erwartete Geometrie mit den im voraus abgeschätzten Dimensionen und sollten speziell für die Chelatisierung von Ga(I) geeignet sein. 71Ga-NMR-Daten von Lösungen äquimolarer Mengen 1 und Ga[GaX4], X = Cl, Br, in Benzol zeigen in der Tat die erwartete Komplexbildung an monoalkylierte Aromaten an, es konnten aber keine kristallinen Produkte isoliert werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1403-1406 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Benzamidinato Complexes of Main Group and Transition Metals - Crystal Structures of PhC(NSiMe3)2TiCl2 and PhC3)2MoO2PhC(NSiMe3)2Li (3b) reacts with SiCl4, SnCl4, Me2SnCl2, Ph2SnCl2, TiCl4, ZrCl4, MoO2Cl2, and WO2Cl2 with formation of LiCl to yield the new amidinato complexes 4a-f, 5a and 5b. The X-ray structure analyses of 4e and 5a are reported.
    Notizen: PhC(NSiMe3)2Li (3b) reagiert mit SiCl4, SnCl4, Me2SnCl2, Ph2SnCl2, TiCl4, ZrCl4, MoO2Cl2 und WO2Cl2 unter Bildung von LiCl zu den Amidinatokomplexen 4a-f, 5a und 5b. Von 4e und 5a wird die Röntgenstrukturanalyse mitgeteilt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1413-1416 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: coupling of a Fluoromethylidyne Ligand with Alkynes and Formation of a CF—CR—CR Ligand. Synthesis of Fe3(CO)8(μ3-CF)(μ3-CF—CR—CR)Nonacarbonyl-bis(μ3-fluoromethylidyne)triiron (4) reacts with alkynes R—C≡C—R (2a-e) and carbon-carbon bond formation to diferra-allyl clusters Fe3(CO)8(μ3-CF)(μ3-CF—CR—CR) (5a-e). The spectroscopic data of the compounds proof the existence of a μ3-fluoromethylidyne and a CF—CR—CR ligand in the molecules. The structure of Fe3(CO)8(μ3-CF)(μ3-CF—CH—CH) 5a is established by an X-ray crystal structure determination.
    Notizen: Nonacarbonyl-bis(μ3-fluormethylidin)trieisen (4) reagiert mit Alkinen R—C≡C—R (2a-e), unter C—C-Bindungsknüpfung zu Diferra-Allyl-Clustern Fe3(CO)8(μ3-CF)(μ3-CF)(μ3-CF—CR—CR) (5a bis e). Die spektroskopischen Daten der Verbindungen belegen die Anwesenheit eines μ3-Fluormethylidin- und eines μ3-CF—CR—CR-Liganden. Die Struktur von Fe3(CO)8(μ3-CF)(μ3-CF—CH—CH) 5a wird durch eine Kristallstrukturuntersuchung gesichert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1435-1439 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Amine-Stabilized Sulfenes, their Synthesis and StructureThe synthesis of quinuclidine-stabilized sulfenes of the type XCH2—SO2—C(Y)=SO2←N(CH2CH2)3CH (3a-d, X = Y = H, Cl, Br/H, CF3) is described, and a first insight into structural relations of sulfenes could be obtained by X-ray structure analysis of 3d. Hydrolysis affords the ammonium salts XCH2—SO2—CHY—SO-3 [HN(CH2CH2)3CH]+ (5a-d), whereas the corresponding methyl quinuclidinium salts (6a, b) are formed under methanolysis.
    Notizen: Die Synthese Chinuclidin-stabilisierter Sulfene des Typs XCH2—SO2—C(Y)=SO2←N(CH2CH2)3CH (3a-d, X = Y = H, Cl, Br/H, CF3) wird beschrieben, und ein erster Einblick in die Bindungsverhältnisse von Sulfenen konnte durch Röntgenstrukturuntersuchung von 3d erhalten werden. Hydrolyse ergibt die Ammoniumsalze XCH2—SO2—CHY—SO-3 [HN(CH2CH2)3CH]+ (5a-d), während bei der Methanolyse die entsprechenden Methylchinuclidinium-Salze (6a, b) gebildet werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1441-1444 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zinc (II) Bis-L-pyroglutamate through Cyclization of L-Glutamic Acids in the Presence of Zinc OxideFrom aqueous solutions of Zn(NO3)2 and two mol-equivalents of potassium L-hydrogenglutamate K(L-GluH) the water-insoluble zinc bis-L-hydrogenglutamate Zn(L-GluH)2 is precipitated as pentahydrate. Heating of aqueous solutions of L-glutamic acid in the presence of ZnO, however, affords the isomeric zinc bis-L-pyroglutamate dihydrate Zn(L-pGlu)2(H2O)2. This unexpected cyclization is easily recognized in the NMR spectra. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of the product shows discrete molecules of crystallographic C2 symmetry with tetracoordinate zinc atoms surrounded by two water molecules [Zn—O4 = 1.988(2) Å] and two L-pyroglutamate anions [each connected through one of the carboxylate oxygen atoms at a distance Zn—O1 = 1.929(1) Å]. The molecules are linked by a network of hydrogen bonds, where, except for O1, all oxygen atoms and the NH group are involved.
    Notizen: Aus wäßrigen Lösungen von Zn(NO3)2 und zwei Moläquivalenten Kalium-(L-hydrogenglutamat K(L-GluH) entsteht Zink-bis-L-hydrogenglutamat Zn(L-GuH)2 als in Wasser schwerlösliches Pentahydrat. Beim Erhitzen von ZnO mit der entsprechenden Menge L-Glutaminsäure bildet sich dagegen das isomere Zink-bis-L-pyroglutamat-dihydrat Zn(L-pGlu)2(H2O)2. Diese unerwartet leichte Cyclisierungsreaktion ist in den NMR-Spektren erkennbar. Die Kristallstrukturanalyse durch Röntgenbeugung zeigt diskrete Moleküle mit kristallographischer C2-Symmetrie, in denen vierfach koordiniertes Zink von zwei Wassermolekülen [Zn—O4 = 1.988(2) Å] und zwei Pyroglutamat-Anionen [mit Kontakten zu je einem Carboxylat-Sauerstoffatom Zn—O1 = 1.929(1) Å] gebunden ist. Die Moleküle sind über zahlreiche Wasserstoffbrücken miteinander verknüpft, an denen mit Ausnahme von O1 alle Sauerstoffatome (O2, O3, O4) und die NH-Gruppe beteiligt sind.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1791-1794 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Azahexamethine Neutrocyanines with a Diaminocyclopropenylidene AuxochromeBy ring opening of the N-(2,3-diaminocyclopropenylio)pyridinium salt 1 with the anions of malononitrile, dimedone, or Meldrum's acid the protonated polymethines 5a-c are formed, which yield the neutral dyestuffs 6a-c on deprotonation. In solution, 5a, b are transformed slowly into the triafulvenes 3a, b. Analogously, polymethine 10 is obtained from the diaminochlorocyclopropenylium salt 8, pyridine, and malononitrile, although the equilibrium of formation of the presumed intermediary pyridinium salt 9 lies far on the side of the components.
    Notizen: Durch Ringöffnung des N-(2,3-Diaminocyclopropenylio)pyridinium-Salzes 1 mit den Anionen von Malononitril, Dimedon oder Meldrums Säure entstehen die protonierten Polymethine 5a-c, die sich zu den neutralen Farbstoffen 6a-c deprotonieren lassen. In Lösung entstehen aus 5a, b langsam die Triafulvene 3a, b. Aus dem Diaminochlorcyclopropenylium-Salz 8, Pyridin und Malononitril bildet sich analog das Polymethin 10, obwohl das intermediär anzunehmende Pyridinium-Salz 9 in Lösung nur in einem weit auf die Seite seiner Komponenten verschobenen Gleichgewicht vorhanden ist.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1931-1940 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Insertion of Coordinated Olefins into the Organyl-Metal Bond of CpNi(organyl)(η2-olefin) ComplexesThe CpNiR(η2-CH2=CH2) complexes 1-13 react with insertion of the coordinated ethylene into the Ni—R bond. In the cases where R = Ph (5) and p-C6H4X [X = Me (6), CMe3 (7), SiMe3 (8), OMe (9), F (11), Cl (12), Br (13)], the primary reaction products D can be trapped at -50 to -10°C by complexation to ethylene, to give, e.g., CpNi(p-CH2CH2C6H4X)(η2-CH2=CH2), 22 and 23, or to [D4]ethylene to give 24. Rearrangement to the (1,2,7-η3-benzyl)NiCp complexes 14-21 occurs in the absence of excess ethylene. The rate of insertion of the complexed ethylene increases (relative to the CpNiPh compound 5) in the presence of donor substituents in the p-Ph position and decreases in the presence of acceptor groups. The complexes Cp*Ni(p-C6H4X)(η2-CH2=CH2) 25-27 are less reactive; they require temperatures ca. 30°C higher than their Cp analogues to form the ethylene complexes of their insertion products. The η2-butadiene compounds CpNiR(1-2-η2-CH2=CHCH=CH2) [R = Ph (31), p-p-C6H4Me (32), p-C6H4CMe3 (33)] react above -60°C with insertion of the coordinated C=C bond to give the anti-(1-benzyl-η3-allyl)NiCp compounds 35b-37b, and these rearrange at 60°C to the thermodynamically more stable syn isomeres a. The reactivity of the Cp(organyl)Ni(η2-olefin) complexes with respect to olefin insertion into the organyl-Ni bond decreases in the order: CpNi-(p-C6H4X)(butadiene) 〉 CpNi(p-C6H4X)(C2H4) 〉 Cp*Ni(p-C6H4X)(C2H4) 〉 CpNi(alkyl)(C2H4) (alkyl = Me, Et 〉 Pr, Bu).
    Notizen: CpNiR(η2-CH2=CH2)-Komplexe 1-13 reagieren mit Insertion des koordinierten Ethylens in die R—Ni-Bindung. Bei R = Ph (5) und p-C6H4X [X = Me (6), CMe3 (7), SiMe3 (8), OMe (9), F (11), Cl (12), Br (13)] lassen sich zwischen -50 und -10°C die primären Reaktionsprodukte D durch Komplexierung an Ethylen z.B. als CpNi(p-CH2CH2C6H4X)(η2-CH2=CH2), 22 bzw. 23, oder mit [D4]Ethylen als 24 abfangen. Bei Abwesenheit überschüssigen Ethylens lagern sie sich in die (1,2,7-η3-Benzyl)NiCp-Komplexe 14-21 um. Verglichen mit der CpNiPh-Verbindung 5 beschleunigen Donorsubstituenten und verzögern Akzeptorgruppen in p-Ph-Stellung die Insertion komplexierten Ethylens. Entsprechende Cp*Ni(p-C6H4X)(η2-CH2=CH2)-Komplexe 25-27 sind weniger reaktiv und bilden erst bei um ca. 30°C höherer Temp. mit überschüssigem Ethylen die Ethylen-Komplexe der Insertionsprodukte. Aus den η2-Butadien-Verbindungen CpNiR(1-2-η2-CH2=CHCH=CH2) [R = Ph (31), p-C6H4Me (32), p-C6H4CMe3 (33)] werden bereits oberhalb - 60°C durch Insertion der koordinierten C=C-bindung die anti-(1-Benzyl-η3-allyl)NiCp-Komplexe 35b-37b erhalten, die sich bei 60°C in die thermodynamisch stabileren syn-Isomeren a umlagern. Die Reaktionsfähigkeit der Cp(organyl)Ni(η2-olefin)-Komplexe zur Olefin-Insertion in die Organyl-Ni-Bindung sinkt in der Reihe: Cp-Ni-(p-C6H4X)(butadien) 〉 CpNi(p-C6H4X)(C2H4) 〉 Cp*Ni(p-C6H4X)(C2H4) 〉 CpNi(alkyl)(C2H4) (alkyl = Me, Et 〉 Pr, Bu).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 1955-1966 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Organosubstituted 2,5-Dihydro-1,2,5-selenasilaboroles - Preparation, Characterization, and π-ComplexationThe dichloro compounds ClB(C2H5)CC2H5)=C(R)Si-(CH3)2Cl [A: R = CH3; B: R = C(CH3)=CH2] react with Na2Se to form the five-membered cycic compounds [1a: R = CH3; 1b: R = C(CH3)=CH2]. A and Na2Se2 yield 1a and [(CH3)2SiSe]3 (2). 1a is also formed from [(3a)2] and Se in addition to (C6H5P)n [(4)n with n = 4-6] and (C6H5P)4Se (5). - (3a)2 reacts with S8 to give the compounds (7a), (4)n (n = 4, 5), and (C6H5P)4S (6). - 1a reacts with CH3OH under climination of H2Se to form the intramolecularly associated (8). From 1a and acetylacetone (9) und C5H7-O2B(C2H5)SeSi(CH3)2C(CH3)=CH(C2H5) (10) are obtained. 1:1 Adducts are synthesised from 1a or b with Lewis acids (1a-AlCl3, 1b-AlCl3) and with Lewis bases (Py-1a, Py-1b, TMP-1a). - 1a and b react thermally or photochemically with (ligand)transition metal(0) compounds [Fe(CO)5, Ru3(CO)12, CDT-Ni] or with (ligand)transition metal(I) compounds [C5H5Co(C2H4)2] to from η4-π-complexes [(OC)3Fe-η4-1a, (OC)3Ru-η4-1a, Ni(η4-1a)2 (X-ray structure analysis), C5H5Co-η4-1a, (OC)3Fe-η4-1b, (OC)3Ru-η4-1b, Ni(η4-1b)2, C5H5Co-η4-1b]. - The MS and NMR data (1H, 11B, 13C, 29Si, 77Se) of the new compounds are compared with those of other C2SiElB ring compounds (El = O, S, N, P).
    Notizen: Aus den Dichlor-Verbindungen ClB(C2H5)C(C2H5)=C(R)Si-(CH3)2Cl [A: R = CH3; B: R = C(CH3)=CH2] erhält man mit Na2Se die Fünfring-Verbindungen [1a: R = CH3; 1b: R = C(CH3)—CH2]. Aus A und Na2Se2 bilden sich 1a und [(CH3)2SiSe]3 (2). 1a entsteht auch aus [(3a)2] und Se neben (C6H5P)n [(4)n mit n = 4-6] und (C6H5P)4Se (5). - Mit S8 erhält man aus (3a2 die Verbindungen (7a), (4)n (n = 4, 5) und und (C6H5P)4S (6). - 1a reagiert mit CH3OH unter H2Se-Abspaltung zum intramolekular assoziierten (8). 1a und Acetylaceton bilden (9) und C5H7O2B(C2H5)SeSi(CH3)2C(CH3)=CH(C2H5) (10). 1:1-Additionsverbindungen entstehen aus 1a bzw. b mit Lewis-Säuren (1a-AlCl3, 1b-AlCl3) oder mit Lewis-Basen (Py-1a, Py-1b, TMP-1a). - 1a und b reagieren mit (Ligand)Übergansgmetall(0)-Verbindungen [Fe(CO)5, Ru3(CO)12, CDT-Ni] bzw. (Ligand)Übergangsmetall(I)-Verbindungen [C5H5Co(C2H4)2] thermisch oder photochemisch unter Bildung von η4-π-Komplexen [(OC)3Fe-η4-1a, (OC)3Ru-η4-1a, Ni(η4-1a)2 (Röntgenstrukturanalyse), C5H5Co-η4-1a, (OC)3Fe-η4-1b, (OC)3Ru-η4-1b, Ni(η4-1b)2, C5H5Co-η4-1b]. Die MS- und NMR-Daten (1H, 11B, 13C, 29Si, 77Se) der neuen Verbindungen werden mit denen anderer C2SiElB-Verbindungen (El = O, S, N, P) verglichen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 2007-2012 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Enehydrazines, 39. - Some Stable 1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methylpyridazine-3,4,5,6-tetracarboxylic Esters with Axial Ester GroupsThe title compounds 2a,b, 3a,b, 4a,b and 7a,b are prepared from methylhydrazine and acetylenedicarboxylic esters. In 3a,b the ester group at C-6, in 2a,b the two ester groups at C-4 and C-6, and in 4a,b and 7a,b the three ester groups at C-4 to C-6 are axially orientated. These findings derived from the NMR spectra are confirmed for the crystalline state by structure analyses of 2b and 7a.
    Notizen: Aus Methylhydrazin und Acetylendicarbonsäureestern werden die Titelverbindungen 2a,b, 3a,b, 4a,b und 7a,b dargestellt. In 3a,b steht die Ester-Gruppe an C-6, in 2a,b stehen die beiden Ester-Gruppen an C-4 und C-6 und in 4a,b und 7a,b die drei Ester-Gruppen an C-4 bis C-6 axial. Die aus den NMR-Spektren abgeleiteten Befunde werden für den kristallinen Zustand an 2b und 7a durch Strukturanalysen bestätigt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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