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  • 2000-2004  (57)
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-23
    Beschreibung: Die harmonische Integration der Navigation und Suche in lizenzierten Journalen und gleichzeitig in freien digitalen Dokumenten unter einer einheitlichen konsistenten Nutzeroberflache ist eines der ungelösten F&E-Probleme der Fachinformation. Hierfür sollen Elemente des Invisible Web und des Visible Web unter Berücksichtigung offener Standards nahtlos #I miteinander verbunden werden. Dem Projekt liegt ein Modell mit Internet-Index, Metasuche und Open Linking über verteilten heterogenen Speichern #I zu Grunde: Verschiedenste Server, digitale Referenzen in Artikeln und Dokumenten, Links in Datenbanken und auf Bestelldienste sollen unter Berücksichtigung von Standort-, Studien- und Lernbedingungen kooperativ miteinander vernetzt werden. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Modells soll in Pilotimplementierungen getestet und für eine breite Anwendung vorbereitet werden. Auf dieser Basis soll das Vorhaben Verteilter Zeitschriftenserver der AG der Verbundsysteme in eigenen Teilprojekten kooperativ initiiert werden, das jetzt in das Vorhaben Verteilter Dokumentenserver von vascoda integriert ist.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The mathematical modeling of a special modular catalytic reactor kit leads to a system of partial differential equation in two space dimensions. As customary, this model contains unconfident physical parameters, which may be adapted to fit experimental data. To solve this nonlinear least squares problem we apply a damped Gauss-Newton method. A method of lines approach is used to evaluate the associated model equations. By an a priori spatial discretization a large DAE system is derived and integrated with an adaptive, linearly-implicit extrapolation method. For sensitivity evaluation we apply an internal numerical differentiation technique, which reuses linear algebra information from the model integration. In order not to interfere the control of the Gauss-Newton iteration these computations are done usually very accurately and, therefore, very costly. To overcome this difficulty, we discuss several accuracy adaptation strategies, e.g., a master-slave mode. Finally, we present some numerical experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-06
    Beschreibung: Many real world problems can be mapped onto graphs and solved with well-established efficient algorithms studied in graph theory. One such problem is to find large sets of points satisfying some mutual relationship. This problem can be transformed to the problem of finding all cliques of an undirected graph by mapping each point onto a vertex of the graph and connecting any two vertices by an edge whose corresponding points satisfy our desired relationship. Clique detection has been widely studied and there exist efficient algorithms. In this paper we study a related problem, where all points have a set of binary attributes, each of which is either 0 or 1. This is only a small limitation, since all discrete properties can be mapped onto binary attributes. In our case, we want to find large sets of points not only satisfying some mutual relationship; but, in addition, all points of a set also need to have at least one common attribute with value 1. The problem we described can be mapped onto a set of induced subgraphs, where each subgraph represents a single attribute. For attribute $i$, its associated subgraph contains those vertices corresponding to the points with attribute $i$ set to 1. We introduce the notion of a maximal clique of a family, $\mathcal{G}$, of induced subgraphs of an undirected graph, and show that determining all maximal cliques of $\mathcal{G}$ solves our problem. Furthermore, we present an efficient algorithm to compute all maximal cliques of $\mathcal{G}$. The algorithm we propose is an extension of the widely used Bron-Kerbosch algorithm.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We present an integer linear programming model for the design of multi-layer telecommunication networks. The formulation integrates hardware, capacity, routing, and grooming decisions in \emph{any} n umber of network layers. Practical hardware restrictions and cost can accurately be taken into account for technologies based on connection-oriented routing protocols.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We introduce FreeLence, a lossless single-rate connectivity compression algorithm for triangle surface meshes. Based upon a geometry-driven traversal scheme we present two novel and simple concepts: free-valence connectivity encoding and entropy coding based on geometric context. Together these techniques yield significantly smaller rates for connectivity compression than current state of the art approaches - valence-based algorithms and Angle- Analyzer, with an average of $36\%$ improvement over the former and an average of $18\%$ over the latter on benchmark 3D models, combined with the ability to well adapt to the regularity of meshes. We also prove that our algorithm exhibits a smaller worst case entropy for a class of "'well-behaved"' triangle meshes than valence-driven connectivity encoding approaches.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 6
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-24
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: annualzib , doc-type:report
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-11
    Beschreibung: In this article, we present a mathematical model and an algorithm to support one of the central strategic planning decisions of network operators: How to organize a large number of locations into a hierarchical network? We propose a solution approach that is based on mixed-integer programming and Lagrangian relaxation techniques. As major advantage, our approach provides not only solutions but also worst-case quality guarantees. Real-world scenarios with more than 750 locations have been solved within 30 minutes to less than 1\% off optimality.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-11
    Beschreibung: This paper is concerned with UMTS radio network design. Our task is to reconfigure antennas and the related cells as to improve network quality. In contrast to second generation GSM networks, \emph{interference} plays a paramount role when designing third generation radio networks. A known compact formulation for assessing the interference characteristics of a radio network as coupling relations between cells based on user snapshots is generalized to statistical average load. This enables us to overcome the notorious difficulties of snapshot-based network optimization approaches. We recall a mixed-integer programming model for the network design problem that is based on user snapshots and contrast it with a new network design model based on the average coupling formulation. Exemplarily focusing on the important problem of optimizing antenna tilts, we give computational results for a fast local search algorithm and the application of a MIP solver to both models. These results demonstrate that our new average-based approaches outperform state-of-the-art snapshot models for UMTS radio network optimization.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-08-05
    Beschreibung: Constraint Programs and Mixed Integer Programs are closely related optimization problems originating from different scientific areas. Today's state-of-the-art algorithms of both fields have several strategies in common, in particular the branch-and-bound process to recursively divide the problem into smaller sub problems. On the other hand, the main techniques to process each sub problem are different, and it was observed that they have complementary strenghts. We propose a programming framework {\sffamily SCIP} that integrates techniques from both fields in order to exploit the strenghts of both, Constraint Programming and Mixed Integer Programming. In contrast to other proposals of recent years to combine both fields, {\sffamily SCIP} does not focus on easy implementation and rapid prototyping, but is tailored towards expert users in need of full, in-depth control and high performance.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-12-06
    Beschreibung: In this paper we describe the semantic analysis of differential equations given in the ubiquitous semi-structured formats MathML and OpenMath. The analysis is integrated in a deployed Web indexing framework. Starting from basic classifications for differential equations the proposed system architecture is amenable to extensions for further reconstruction of mathematical content on the Web. The syntactic analysis of mathematical formulae given in the considered formats must overcome ambiguities that stem from the fact that formula particles may have different encodings, which are in principle completely arbitrary. However, it turns out that the syntactic analysis can be done straightforward given some natural heuristic assumptions.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: A new method for noise removal of arbitrary surfaces meshes is presented which focuses on the preservation and sharpening of non-linear geometric features such as curved surface regions and feature lines. Our method uses a prescribed mean curvature flow (PMC) for simplicial surfaces which is based on three new contributions: 1. the definition and efficient calculation of a discrete shape operator and principal curvature properties on simplicial surfaces that is fully consistent with the well-known discrete mean curvature formula, 2. an anisotropic discrete mean curvature vector that combines the advantages of the mean curvature normal with the special anisotropic behaviour along feature lines of a surface, and 3. an anisotropic prescribed mean curvature flow which converges to surfaces with an estimated mean curvature distribution and with preserved non-linear features. Additionally, the PMC flow prevents boundary shrinkage at constrained and free boundary segments.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-29
    Beschreibung: A primal-dual interior point method for optimal control problems with PDE constraints is considered. The algorithm is directly applied to the infinite dimensional problem. Existence and convergence of the central path are analyzed. Numerical results from an inexact continuation method applied to a model problem are shown.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Die in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbundsysteme zusammengeschlossenen deutschen Verbundsysteme kooperieren zur Realisierung eines die Länder und Verbundregionen übergreifenden offenen Netzwerkes einer offenen digitalen Bibliothek, dem Verteilten Dokumentenserver (VDS). Wesentliche Bestandteile des VDS sind die in den lokalen Bibliotheken und Verbundsystemen verteilten Dokumentenspeicher. Beim Aufbau des VDS verfolgen die deutschen Verbundsysteme für ihre digitalen Ressourcen, Zeitschriften und Dokumente, folgende Ziele [AGV03]: \begin{itemize} \item{Erhalt und dauerhafte Sicherung einmal erworbener Rechte} \item{Bessere Erschließung und Integration in das eigene Angebot} \item{Nahtlose Navigation in lokalen Zeitschriften- und Dokumentenservern und zwischen digitalen Artikeln und Zeitschriften, Dokumenten und Servern} \item{Dauerhafte Sicherung des Zugriffs und perspektivisch Langzeitverfügbarkeit} \end{itemize} Die Verbundsysteme streben an, die Speicherung, Erschließung und das Angebot ihrer digitalen Materialien in einer nationalen Kooperation durchzuführen. Sie entwickeln und betreiben zu diesem Zweck Portal- und Querschnittstechnologien zur Integration ihrer dezentral gespeicherten digitalen Ressourcen mittels Internet-Technologien.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we present a novel approach to the congestion control and resource allocation problem of elastic and real-time traffic in telecommunication networks. With the concept of utility functions, where each source uses a utility function to evaluate the benefit from achieving a transmission rate, we interpret the resource allocation problem as a global optimization problem. The solution to this problem is characterized by a new fairness criterion, \e{utility proportional fairness}. We argue that it is an application level performance measure, i.e. the utility that should be shared fairly among users. As a result of our analysis, we obtain congestion control laws at links and sources that are globally stable and provide a utility proportional fair resource allocation in equilibrium. We show that a utility proportional fair resource allocation also ensures utility max-min fairness for all users sharing a single path in the network. As a special case of our framework, we incorporate utility max-min fairness for the entire network. To implement our approach, neither per-flow state at the routers nor explicit feedback beside ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) from the routers to the end-systems is required.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Wie findet man den optimalen Weg im U-Bahnnetz? Das Problem wird als Graph modelliert und dann eine Breitensuche durchgeführt. Will man Weglängen oder Fahrzeiten mitberücksichtigen, so braucht man den Algorithmus von Dijkstra für gewichtige Graphen. Beim Nachdenken über diese Algorithmen werden auch Fragestellungen der Graphentheorie berührt. In einem zweiten Abschnitt werden methodische Hinweise für den Unterricht in der Sekundarstufe I und II gegeben, insbesondere, wie man Lernende dazu bringen kann, ihre Ideen für Algorithmen präzise zu analysieren und zu Papier zu bringen.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The problem of clustering data can be formulated as a graph partitioning problem. Spectral methods for obtaining optimal solutions have reveceived a lot of attention recently. We describe Perron Cluster Cluster Analysis (PCCA) and, for the first time, establish a connection to spectral graph partitioning. We show that in our approach a clustering can be efficiently computed using a simple linear map of the eigenvector data. To deal with the prevalent problem of noisy and possibly overlapping data we introduce the min Chi indicator which helps in selecting the number of clusters and confirming the existence of a partition of the data. This gives a non-probabilistic alternative to statistical mixture-models. We close with showing favorable results on the analysis of gene expressi on data for two different cancer types.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we study the conflict-free assignment of wavelengths to lightpaths in an optical network with the opportunity to place wavelength converters. To benchmark heuristics for the problem, we develop integer programming formulations and study their properties. Moreover, we study the computational performance of the column generation algorithm for solving the linear relaxation of the most promising formulation. In many cases, a non-zero lower bound on the number of required converters is generated this way. For several instances, we in fact prove optimality since the lower bound equals the best known solution value.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-01
    Beschreibung: Operative planning in gas distribution networks leads to large-scale mixed-integer optimization problems involving a hyperbolic PDE defined on a graph. We consider the NLP obtained under prescribed combinatorial decisions---or as relaxation in a branch and bound framework, addressing in particular the KKT systems arising in primal-dual interior methods. We propose a custom solution algorithm using sparse local projections, based on the KKT systems' structual properties induced by the discretized gas flow equations in combination with the underlying network topology. The numerical efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm are investigated, and detailed computational comparisons with a control space method and with the multifrontal solver MA27 are provided.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-01
    Beschreibung: The topic of this paper is minimum cost operative planning of pressurized water supply networks over a finite horizon and under reliable demand forecast. Since this is a very hard problem, it is desirable to employ sophisticated mathematical algorithms, which in turn calls for carefully designed models with suitable properties. The paper develops a nonlinear mixed integer model and a nonlinear programming model with favorable properties for gradient-based optimization methods, based on smooth component models for the network elements. In combination with further nonlinear programming techniques (to be reported elsewhere), practically satisfactory near-optimum solutions even for large networks can be generated in acceptable time using standard optimization software on a PC workstation. Such an optimization system is in operation at Berliner Wasserbetriebe.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Im Rahmen von Problemstellungen der kombinatorischen Optimierung können Schülerinnen und Schüler lernen, Algorithmen selber zu entwickeln. Gleichzeitig lernen sie dabei moderne Mathematik in ihren Anwendungen kennen und erleben die Mathematik als lebendige Wissenschaft.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 21
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-12-15
    Beschreibung: Morse matchings capture the essential structural information of discrete Morse functions. We show that computing optimal Morse matchings is NP-hard and give an integer programming formulation for the problem. Then we present polyhedral results for the corresponding polytope and report on computational results.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we study the minimum converter wavelength assignment problem in optical networks. To benchmark the quality of solutions obtained by heuristics, we derive an integer programming formula tion by generalizing the formulation of Mehrotra and Trick (1996) for the vertex coloring problem. To handle the exponential number of variables, we propose a column generation approach. Computational experiments show that the value of the linear relaxation states a good lower bound and can often prove optimality of the best solution generated heuristically.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: The parameter contraction degeneracy -- the maximum minimum degree over all minors of a graph -- is a treewidth lower bound and was first defined in (Bodlaender, Koster, Wolle, 2004). In experiments it was shown that this lower bound improves upon other treewidth lower bounds. In this note, we examine some relationships between the contraction degeneracy and connected components of a graph, block s of a graph and the genus of a graph. We also look at chordal graphs, and we study an upper bound on the contraction degeneracy and another lower bound for treewidth. A data structure that can be used for algorithms computing the degeneracy and similar parameters, is also described.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: The Maximum Cardinality Search algorithm visits the vertices of a graph in some order, such that at each step, an unvisited vertex that has the largest number of visited neighbors becomes visited. An MCS-ordering of a graph is an ordering of the vertices that can be generated by the Maximum Cardinality Search algorithm. The visited degree of a vertex $v$ in an MCS-ordering is the number of neighbors of $v$ that are before $v$ in the ordering. The visited degree of an MCS-ordering $\psi$ of $G$ is the maximum visited degree over all vertices $v$ in $\psi$. The maximum visited degree over all MCS-orderings of graph $G$ is called its {\em maximum visited degree}. Lucena (2003) showed that the treewidth of a graph $G$ is at least its maximum visited degree. We show that the maximum visited degree is of size $O(\log n)$ for planar graphs, and give examples of planar graphs $G$ with maximum visited degree $k$ with $O(k!)$ vertices, for all $k\in \Bbb{N}$. Given a graph $G$, it is NP-complete to determine if its maximum visited degree is at least $k$, for any fixed $k\geq 7$. Also, this problem does not have a polynomial time approximation algorithm with constant ratio, unless P=NP. Variants of the problem are also shown to be NP-complete. We also propose and experimentally analyses some heuristics for the problem. Several tiebreakers for the MCS algorithm are proposed and evaluated. We also give heuristics that give upper bounds on the value of the maximum visited degree of a graph, which appear to give results close to optimal on many graphs from real life applications.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: A new and time efficient model to evaluate the free energy of solvation has been developed. The solvation free energy is separated into an electrostatic term, a hydrogen bond term, and a rest-term, combining both entropic and van der Waals effects. The electrostatic contribution is evaluated with a simplified boundary element method using the partial charges of the MMFF94 force field. The number of hydrogen bonds and the solvent excluded surface area over the surface atoms are used in a linear model to estimate the non-electrostatic contribution. This model is applied to a set of 213 small and mostly organic molecules, yielding an rmsd of 0.87kcal/mol and a correlation with experimental data of r=0.951. The model is applied as a supplementary component of the free energy of binding to estimate binding constants of protein ligand complexes. The intermolecular interaction energy is evaluated by using the MMFF94 force field.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-06
    Beschreibung: In this paper we describe a new algorithm for multiple semi-flexible superpositioning of drug-sized molecules. The algorithm identifies structural similarities of two or more molecules. When comparing a set of molecules on the basis of their three-dimensional structures, one is faced with two main problems. (1) Molecular structures are not fixed but flexible, i.e., a molecule adopts different forms. To address this problem, we consider a set of conformers per molecule. As conformers we use representatives of conformational ensembles, generated by the program ZIBMol. (2) The degree of similarity may vary considerably among the molecules. This problem is addressed by searching for similar substructures present in arbitrary subsets of the given set of molecules. The algorithm requires to preselect a reference molecule. All molecules are compared to this reference molecule. For this pairwise comparison we use a two-step approach. Clique detection on the correspondence graph of the molecular structures is used to generate start transformations, which are then iteratively improved to compute large common substructures. The results of the pairwise comparisons are efficiently merged using binary matching trees. All common substructures that were found, whether they are common to all or only a few molecules, are ranked according to different criteria, such as number of molecules containing the substructure, size of substructure, and geometric fit. For evaluating the geometric fit, we extend a known scoring function by introducing weights which allow to favor potential pharmacophore points. Despite considering the full atomic information for identifying multiple structural similarities, our algorithm is quite fast. Thus it is well suited as an interactive tool for the exploration of structural similarities of drug-sized molecules.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 27
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    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Molecular dynamics simulations of possible ligands for proteins yield large amounts of data in the form of trajectories which are further processed in order to find metastable conformations. These conformations can then be used for docking between ligand and protein. Around this core computation procedure lots of other data have to be managed. It should also be possible for external users not involved in program development to perform computations. As a paradigm for other fields where a similar constitution of program usage and data processing is found we present a software architecture for data generation, access and management. Requirements for this system include: Ease of use, graphical user interface, persistent storage of data concerning molecules, users, programs, program parameters, metadata, and results. A mere storage in the file system would render a quick overview of data more or less impossible. On the other hand, storing large amounts of binary data in a database doesn't yield any advantage concerning speed of access. Therefore, a hybrid approach combining file system and database is appropriate. The system should be easily extensible by inserting new applications which can be controlled and whose results can be collected and stored. The software system described here consists of different components, the presentation layer (graphical user interface), the business logic, the persistence layer (relational database plus file system), and an interface to the compute cluster (batch system for parallel processing). We will discuss the alternatives and take a closer look at the components.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: We propose an approach for transforming the sampling of a molecular conformation distribution into an analytical model based on Hidden Markov Models. The model describes the sampled shape density as a mixture of multivariate unimodal densities. Thus, it delivers an interpretation of the sampled density as a set of typical shapes that appear with different probabilities and are characterized by their geometry, their variability and transition probabilities between the shapes. The gained model is used to identify atom groups of constant shape that are connected by metastable torsion angles. Based on this description an alignment for the original sampling is computed. As it takes into account the different shapes contained in the sampled set, this alignment allows to compute reasonable average shapes and meaningful shape density plots. Furthermore, it enables us to visualize typical conformations.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-11
    Beschreibung: We present publicly available data sets related to research on wireless networks. The scenarios contain a wide range of data and are detailed in all aspects. To our knowledge, this is the most realistic, comprehensive, and detailed \emph{public} data collection on mobile networking. We indicate example uses of this data collection in applications related tu UMTS.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-12-15
    Beschreibung: The \emph{line planning problem} is one of the fundamental problems in strategic planning of public and rail transport. It consists of finding lines and corresponding frequencies in a public transport network such that a given travel demand can be satisfied. There are (at least) two objectives. The transport company wishes to minimize its operating cost; the passengers request short travel times. We propose two new multi-commodity flow models for line planning. Their main features, in comparison to existing models, are that the passenger paths can be freely routed and that the lines are generated dynamically.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: The aim of this paper is to give a survey of the known results concerning centrally symmetric polytopes, spheres, and manifolds. We further enumerate nearly neighborly centrally symmetric spheres and centrally symmetric products of spheres with dihedral or cyclic symmetry on few vertices, and we present an infinite series of vertex-transitive nearly neighborly centrally symmetric 3-spheres.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-05-10
    Beschreibung: We focus on the role of anisotropic elasticity in the simulation of the load distribution in a human mandible due to a lateral bite on the leftmost premolar. Based on experimental evidence, we adopt ``local''" orthotropy of the elastic properties of the bone tissue. Since the trajectories of anisotropic elasticity are not accessible from Computer Tomographic (CT) data, they will be reconstructed from (i) the organ's geometry and (ii) from coherent structures which can be recognized from the spatial distribution of the CT values. A sensitivity analysis comprising various 3D FE simulations reveals the relevance of elastic anisotropy for the load carrying behavior of a human mandible: Comparison of the load distributions in isotropic and anisotropic simulations indicates that anisotropy seems to ``spare''" the mandible from loading. Moreover, a maximum degree of anisotropy leads to kind of an load minimization of the mandible, expressed by a minimum of different norms of local strain, evaluated throughout the organ. Thus, we may suggest that anisotropy is not only relevant, but also in some sense ``optimal''.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-05-10
    Beschreibung: The paper extends affine conjugate Newton methods from convex to nonconvex minimization, with particular emphasis on PDE problems originating from compressible hyperelasticity. Based on well-known schemes from finite dimensional nonlinear optimization, three different algorithmic variants are worked out in a function space setting, which permits an adaptive multilevel finite element implementation. These algorithms are tested on two well-known 3D test problems and a real-life example from surgical operation planning.
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We present formulae for the corner points of the multidimensional Hausdorff and Dale Polytopes and show how these results can be used to improve linear programming models for computing e.\,g.\ moments of exit distribution of diffusion processes. Specifically, we compute the mean exit time of twodimensional Brownian motion from the unit square and the unit triangle, as well as higher moments of the exit time of time space Brownian motion from a triangle.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 35
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: Normal graphs are defined in terms of cross-intersecting set families: a graph is normal if it admits a clique cover $\cal Q$ and a stable set cover $\cal S$ s.t.~every clique in $\cal Q$ intersects every stable set in $\cal S$. Normal graphs can be considered as closure of perfect graphs by means of co-normal products (Körner 1973) and graph entropy (Czisz\'ar et al. 1990). Perfect graphs have been recently characterized as those graphs without odd holes and odd antiholes as induced subgraphs (Strong Perfect Graph Theorem, Chudnovsky et al. 2002). Körner and de Simone observed that $C_5$, $C_7$, and $\overline C_7$ are minimal not normal and conjectured, as generalization of the Strong Perfect Graph Theorem, that every $C_5$, $C_7$, $\overline C_7$- free graph is normal (Normal Graph Conjecture, Körner and de Simone 1999). We prove this conjecture for a first class of graphs that generalize both odd holes and odd antiholes, the circulants, by characterizing all the normal circulants.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: It is known that the suspension of a simplicial complex can be realized with only one additional point. Suitable iterations of this construction generate highly symmetric simplicial complexes with a various interesting combinatorial and topological properties. In particular, infinitely many non-PL spheres as well as contactible simplicial complexes with a vertex-transitive group of automorphisms cab be contained in this way.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-10
    Beschreibung: This paper presents an automatic approach for segmentation of the liver from computer tomography (CT) images based on a 3D statistical shape model. Segmentation of the liver is an important prerequisite in liver surgery planning. One of the major challenges in building a 3D shape model from a training set of segmented instances of an object is the determination of the correspondence between different surfaces. We propose to use a geometric approach that is based on minimizing the distortion of the correspondence mapping between two different surfaces. For the adaption of the shape model to the image data a profile model based on the grey value appearance of the liver and its surrounding tissues in contrast enhanced CT data was developed. The robustness of this method results from a previous nonlinear diffusion filtering of the image data. Special focus is turned to the quantitative evaluation of the segmentation process. Several different error measures are discussed and implemented in a study involving more than 30 livers.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-08-05
    Beschreibung: Mixed integer programs are commonly solved with linear programming based branch-and-bound algorithms. The success of the algorithm strongly depends on the strategy used to select the variable to branch on. We present a new generalization called {\sl reliability branching} of today's state-of-the-art {\sl strong branching} and {\sl pseudocost branching} strategies for linear programming based branch-and-bound algorithms. After reviewing commonly used branching strategies and performing extensive computational studies we compare different parameter settings and show the superiority of our proposed newstrategy.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-09
    Beschreibung: This article proposes a Lagrangean relaxation approach to solve integrated duty and vehicle scheduling problems arising in public transport. The approach is based on the proximal bundle method for the solution of concave decomposable functions, which is adapted for the approximate evaluation of the vehicle and duty scheduling components. The primal and dual information generated by the bundle method is used to guide a branch-and-bound type algorithm. Computational results for large-scale real-world integrated vehicle and duty scheduling problems with up to 1,500 timetabled trips are reported. Compared with the results of a classical sequential approach and with reference solutions, integrated scheduling offers remarkable potentials in savings and drivers' satisfaction.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-05-10
    Beschreibung: Structural mechanics simulation of bony organs is of general medical and biomechanical interest, because of the interdependence of the inner architecture of bone and its functional loading already stated by Wolff in 1892. This work is part of a detailed research project concerning the human mandible. By adaptive finite element techniques, stress/strain profiles occurring in the bony structure under biting were simulated. Estimates of the discretization errors, local grid refinement, and multilevel techniques guarantee the reliability and efficiency of the method. In general, our simulation requires a representation of the organ's geometry, an appropriate material description, and the load case due to teeth, muscle, or joint forces. In this paper, we want to focus on the influence of the masticatory system. Our goal is to capture the physiological situation as far as possible. By means of visualization techniques developed by the group, we are able to extract individual muscle fibres from computed tomography data. By a special algorithm, the fibres are expanded to fanlike (esp. for the musc. temporalis) coherent vector fields similar to the anatomical reality. The activity of the fibres can be adapted according to compartmentalisation of the muscles as measured by electromyological experiments. A refined sensitivity analysis proved remarkable impact of the presented approach on the simulation results.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-01
    Beschreibung: Operative planning in gas networks with prescribed binary decisions yields large scale nonlinear programs defined on graphs. We study the structure of the KKT systems arising in interior methods and present a customized direct solution algorithm. Computational results indicate that the algorithm is suitable for optimization in small and medium-sized gas networks.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-05
    Beschreibung: Der Kooperative Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV) verzichtet auf eine einheitliche zentrale Verbunddatenbank zugunsten einer dezentralen, verteilten Struktur. In dieser Architektur erhält die Art der Indexierung der angesprochenen Online-Kataloge eine besondere Bedeutung. So werden sowohl Bibliotheksmitarbeiter als auch Bibliotheksbenutzer immer wieder mit der Recherche in fremden Katalogen konfrontiert, in denen unterschiedliche Indexierungsverfahren realisiert sein können. Ein abgestimmtes Indexierungskonzept verfolgt zwei grundsätzliche Ziele. Einerseits soll durch eine vereinheitlichte Indexierung die Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit der Rechercheergebnisse in der parallelen Suche in mehreren Katalogen über die KOBV-Suchmaschine erhöht werden. Gleichzeitig soll durch eine vereinheitlichte Indexierung die Akzeptanz von Suchen in entfernten Katalogen prinzipiell gesteigert und damit die Bedingungen für die gegenseitige Übernahme von Titeldaten erleichtert werden. Für die Indexierung muss zunächst die Art und der Umfang der im OPAC aufzubauenden Indices festgelegt werden. Aus Sicht des Nutzers entspricht diese Definition den möglichen Sucheinstiegen. Hat man dann entschieden, welche Indexterme aus welchen Feldern in die jeweiligen Indices einfließen sollen, muss bestimmt werden, nach welchen Regeln die Terme behandelt werden. Hier stellt sich insbesondere das Problem der Sonderzeichen wie Bindestriche, Apostrophe und Punkte oder Ziffern in Zeichenketten. Das vorliegende Konzept entstand in Zusammenarbeit der großen Universitätsbibliotheken in Berlin (der Freien Universität, der Humboldt-Universität, der Technischen Universität, der Universität der Künste) mit der KOBV-Verbundzentrale am ZIB.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We investigate a special class of quadratic Hamiltonians on $so(4)$ and $so(3,1)$ and describe Hamiltonians that have additional polynomial integrals. One of the main results is a new integrable case with an integral of sixth degree.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-16
    Beschreibung: We present a graph theoretical model for scheduling trains on a single unidirectional track between two stations. The set of departures of all possible train types at all possible (discrete) points of time is turned into an undirected graph $\Gneu$ by joining two nodes if the corresponding departures are in conflict. This graph $\Gneu$ has no odd antiholes and no $k$-holes for any integer $k\geq 5$. In particular, any finite, node induced subgraph of $\Gneu$ is perfect. For any integer $r\geq 2$ we construct minimal headways for $r$ train types so that the resulting graph $\Gneu$ has $2r$-antiholes and $4$-holes at the same time. Hence, $\Gneu$ is neither a chordal graph nor the complement of a chordal graph, in general. At the end we analyse the maximal cliques in $G$.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-01
    Beschreibung: Unnecessarily conservative behavior of standard process control techniques can be avoided by stochastic programming models when the distribution of random disturbances is known. In an earlier study we have investigated such an approach for tank level constraints of a distillation process. Here we address techniques that have accelerated the numerical solution of the large and expensive stochastic programs by a factor of six, and then present a refined optimization model for the same application.
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: We investigate the impact of hop-limited routing paths on the total cost of a telecommunication network. For different survivability settings (dedicated protection, link and path restoration), the optimal network cost without restrictions on the admissible path set is compared to the results obtained with two strategies to impose hop limits on routing paths. In a thorough computational study on optimal solutions for nine real-world based problem instances, we show that hop limits should be avoided if the technology allows it and network cost is a major planning issue. In this case, column generation should be employed to deal with all routing paths. If hop-limits are required, these should be defined for each demand individually and as large as possible.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Under high load, the automated dispatching of service vehicles for the German Automobile Association (ADAC) must reoptimize a dispatch for 100--150 vehicles and 400 requests in about ten seconds to near optimality. In the presence of service contractors, this can be achieved by the column generation algorithm ZIBDIP. In metropolitan areas, however, service contractors cannot be dispatched automatically because they may decline. The problem: a model without contractors yields larger optimality gaps within ten seconds. One way-out are simplified reoptimization models. These compute a short-term dispatch containing only some of the requests: unknown future requests will influence future service anyway. The simpler the models the better the gaps, but also the larger the model error. What is more significant: reoptimization gap or reoptimization model error? We answer this question in simulations on real-world ADAC data: only the new model ZIBDIP{\footnotesize dummy} can keep up with ZIBDIP.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: Edge contraction is shown to be a useful mechanism to improve lower bound heuristics for treewidth. A successful lower bound for treewidth is the degeneracy: the maximum over all subgraphs of the minimum degree. The degeneracy is polynomial time computable. We introduce the notion of contraction degeneracy: the maximum over all minors of the minimum degree. We show that the contraction degeneracy problem is NP-complete, even for bipartite graphs, but for fixed $k$, it is polynomial time decidable if a given graph $G$ has contraction degeneracy at least $k$. Heuristics for computing the contraction degeneracy are proposed and evaluated. It is shown that these can lead in practice to considerable improvements of the lower bound for treewidth, but can perform arbitrarily bad on some examples. A study is also made for the combination of contraction with Lucena's lower bound based on Maximum Cardinality Search (Lucena, 2003). Finally, heuristics for the treewidth are proposed and! evaluated that combine contraction with a treewidth lower bound technique by Clautiaux et al (2003).
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    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-13
    Beschreibung: \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{german} \parindent=0pt \begin{document} Der Kooperative Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV) hat in den Jahren 2001 bis 2003 im Rahmen des Entwicklungsprojektes ''KOBV-Informationsportal`` ein regionales Portal aufgebaut, in dem integrierte Informationsdienste fr die regionalen Bibliotheken zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Das ''KOBV-Portal - Digitale Bibliothek Berlin-Brandenburg`` wurde im Dezember 2003 in Betrieb genommen. Das KOBV-Portal bietet in seiner ersten Ausbaustufe den Nachweis über die in den großen Bibliotheken lizenzierten Ressourcen und elektronischen Zeitschriften, zudem die nahtlose Navigation mittels des Reference-Linking-Werkzeuges SFX zu verschiedenen Diensten wie Fernleihe, Subito und freien Volltexten im Internet sowie zu frei zugänglichen elektronischen Zeitschriften. Realisiert wurden ferner die Remote-Authentifizierung, mit der sich ein Nutzer, der online eine Fernleih-Bestellung aufgeben möchte, über das Internet in seiner Heimatbibliothek authentifizieren kann. Des weiteren ist der Zugriff auf lizenzierte Bestände im Campus einer Hochschule mittels IP-Checking möglich. Als weiteren wesentlichen Bestandteil des KOBV-Portals hat die KOBV-Zentrale mit den Bibliotheken einen Workflow für ein Metadata-Sharing abgestimmt und für die Adaption und Normalisierung lokaler Metadaten aus lokalen Bibliothekssystemen und -Portalen den KOBV-Metadaten-Austausch-Parser (KMA-Parser) entwickelt. Damit Bibliotheken, deren Metadaten bislang lediglich in unstrukturierter Form vorliegen, strukturierte Metadaten anlegen, liefern und nachnutzen können, hat die KOBV-Zentrale das mit einer Web-Katalogisierungsschnittstelle ausgestattete ''Metadata-Tool`` entwickelt. Die für das Metadata-Sharing entwickelten Komponenten und Module sollen den Bibliotheken die Mehrfacherfassung ersparen und ihnen die Möglichkeit der wechselseitigen Nachnutzung der Metadaten eröffnen. Der vorliegende Projekt-Abschlussbericht gibt einen Überblick über die während der Projektlaufzeit realisierten Dienste des KOBV-Portals. \end{document}
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Kürzeste Wege tauchen fast überall im Alltag auf. Daher eignet sich dieses Optimierungsproblem gut für den Unterricht. Modellierung und heuristische Vorgehensweisen werden geübt, um schließlich die klassischen kürzesten Wege-Algorithmen selbst zu erfinden. In diesem Artikel werden die Inhalte vorgestellt und konkrete Hinweise zum Unterricht in der Schule gegeben.
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    Sprache: Deutsch
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-29
    Beschreibung: A primal interior point method for control constrained optimal control problems with PDE constraints is considered. Pointwise elimination of the control leads to a homotopy in the remaining state and dual variables, which is addressed by a short step pathfollowing method. The algorithm is applied to the continuous, infinite dimensional problem, where discretization is performed only in the innermost loop when solving linear equations. The a priori elimination of the least regular control permits to obtain the required accuracy with comparable coarse meshes. Convergence of the method and discretization errors are studied, and the method is illustrated at two numerical examples.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-11
    Beschreibung: In this article, strategical infrastructure planning problems in the design of large-scale telecommunication networks are discussed based on experiences from three projects with industrial partners: The access network planning of the German Gigabit-Wissenschaftsnetz (G-WiN) for DFN (Verein zur Förderung eines Deutschen Forschungsnetzes e.V.), the mobile network switching center location planning project for E-Plus Mobilfunk, and the fixed network switching center location planning project for TELEKOM AUSTRIA. We introduce a mathematical model for a hierarchical multi-commodity capacitated facility location problem, present adaptions of this basic model to the specific requirements within the different projects and discuss the individual peculiarities and model decisions made. Eventually, we present and discuss computational results of three associated case studies, illustrating '"how we did the job`` with mathematical methods.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10
    Beschreibung: Every lower bound for treewidth can be extended by taking the maximum of the lower bound over all subgraphs or minors. This extension is shown to be a very vital idea for improving treewidth lower bounds. In this paper, we investigate a total of nine graph parameters, providing lower bounds for treewidth. The parameters have in common that they all are the vertex-degree of some vertex in a subgra ph or minor of the input graph. We show relations between these graph parameters and study their computational complexity. To allow a practical comparison of the bounds, we developed heuristic algorithms for those parameters that are NP-hard to compute. Computational experiments show that combining the treewidth lower bounds with minors can considerably improve the lower bounds.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 54
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-29
    Beschreibung: The paper addresses primal interior point method for state constrained PDE optimal control problems. By a Lavrentiev regularization, the state constraint is transformed to a mixed control-state constraint with bounded Lagrange multiplier. Existence and convergence of the central path are established, and linear convergence of a short-step pathfollowing method is shown. The behaviour of the regularizations are demonstrated by numerical examples.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 55
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: In [7,8,12] homogenization techniques are applied to derive an anisotropic variant of the bio-heat transfer equation as asymptotic result of boundary value problems providing a microscopic description for microvascular tissue. In view of a future application on treatment planning in hyperthermia, we investigate here the homogenization limit for a coupling model, which takes additionally into account the influence of convective heat transfer in medium size blood vessels. This leads to second order elliptic boundary value problems with nonlocal boundary conditions on parts of the boundary. Moreover, we present asymptotic estimates for first order correctors.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-02-26
    Beschreibung: Our main result is that every $n$-dimensional polytope can be described by at most $2n-1$ polynomial inequalities and, moreover, these polynomials can explicitly be constructed. For an $n$-dimensional pointed polyhedral cone we prove the bound $2n-2$ and for arbitrary polyhedra we get a constructible representation by $2n$ polynomial inequalities.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-05
    Beschreibung: Das KOBV-Metadaten-Schema ist von der KOBV-Zentrale entwickelt worden, um Ressourcen im Sinn von Informationskollektionen wie Datenbanken oder Fachportale zu beschreiben. Es ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des KOBV-Portals, das die in der Region verf"ugbaren Ressourcen nachweist. Das KOBV-Metadaten-Schema dient den Bibliotheken zur Handreichung, um dem KOBV-Portal die Ressourcen mit den standardisierten und individuellen Angaben zu melden, so dass die Ressourcebeschreibungen einem austauschbaren Format entsprechen. Auf diese Weise k"onnen Ressourcebeschreibungen von anderen Bibliotheken mitgenutzt werden und ein Metadata-Sharing in der Region Berlin-Brandenburg praktiziert werden, um in diesem Bereich doppelte Arbeiten zu sparen.
    Schlagwort(e): ddc:000
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Materialart: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 225-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Atherosclerosis ; Apolipoprotein ; Gene expression ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Gene duplication ; Lipid binding ; DNA polymorphism ; Hypercholesterolemia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The plasma apolipoproteins can be classified into two subgroups: the soluble apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, A-IV, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E, and the apoBs including apoB-100 and apoB-48. The soluble apolipoproteins have very similar genomic structures, each having a total of three introns at the same locations; apoA-IV is an exception in that it has lost its first intron. Using the exon/intron junctions as reference points, we can obtain an alignment of the coding regions of all the soluble apolipoprotein genes. The mature peptide regions of the genes are almost completely made up of tandem repeats of 11 codons. The part of mature peptide region encoded by exon 3 contains a common block of 33 codons, whereas the part encoded by exon 4 contains a much more variable number of internal repeats of 11 codons. On the basis of the degree of homology of the various sequences, and the pattern of the internal repeats in these genes, an evolutionary tree has been proposed for the soluble apolipoprotein genes. ApoB-100 differs considerably from the soluble apolipoproteins. It is the largest apolipoprotein containing 4536 amino acid residues. Two types of internal repeats are identified in apoB-100: amphipathic α-helical repeats and proline-containing repeats with high β-sheet content. The apoB gene contains 29 exons and 28 introns. Its evolutionary relationship to the soluble apolipoprotein genes is unclear. The 3′ end of the apoB gene contains a region of variable number of tandem 12–16-base pair repeats. We have applied the polymerase chain reaction technique to characterize this highly polymorphic locus. The same technique can be used to accurately type other variable number of tandem repeats loci. Finally, apoB-48 was shown to be the product of an RNA editing mechanism involving an intestinal mRNA that has an in-frame UAA stop codon resulting from a C→U change in the codon CAA encoding Gln-2153 in apoB-100 mRNA. Using a molecular approach to apolipoprotein synthesis, structure and genetic analysis, we have generated information important to our understanding of lipoprotein metabolism; we also uncovered unexpected experimental results that are relevant to general cell and molecular biology and molecular evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; insulin gene ; DQβ gene ; fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (previously known as tropical pancreatic diabetes) is a rare cause of diabetes confined to countries within the tropical belt. The aetiology of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes is thought to be environmental although the agent(s) is unknown. We have investigated a possible genetic basis of this disease by looking for restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes implicated in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. Seventy-six Dravidian patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes were studied, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms obtained compared to racially matched control subjects (n=94), patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=87) and Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes (n=58). No association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene. Although no association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was found with polymorphism of the HLA DRα/DQα/DXα genes, an association was found with the Taq 1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the DQβ gene (DQβ T2/T6 present in 39% of patients with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes compared to 19% in control subjects; p=0.01; corrected p value=0.04) which is similar to that found in Type 1 but not Type 2 diabetes. An association of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes was also found with the hypervariable region in the 5-prime flanking region of the insulin gene; 40% of patients possessed the class 3 allele compared to 9.5% of control subjects p=0.0001; corrected p value=0.0008). In Type 2 diabetes, similar results were obtained with 33% subjects possessing the class 3 allele (p value compared to control subjects=0.0005; corrected p value=0.004). This study suggests that fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes has a genetic component in its aetiology. Furthermore, its origin might be related to an individual with part of the genetic predisposition to diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) who additionally has evidence of chronic calcific pancreatitis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 108-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; mountain lakes ; silica ; acidity ; sediment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Alpine lakes in siliceous catchments of Tyrol and Carinthia (Austria) show signs of acidification. About 9% of the studied lakes have no alkalinity, more than 20% are below pH 6. About two thirds of all lakes have acid neutralizing capacities below 100 μeq 1−1. In spite of moderate precipitation acidity, some lakes show considerable concentrations of dissolved reactive aluminum during or shortly after snowmelt. High altitude lakes of the Alps are definitely more acidic than high mountain lakes in remote areas. Large differences in water and soil chemistry of nearby situated lakes were attributed to heterogeneities of bedrock geology. Paleolimnological investigations on former pH values of five lakes, based on diatom assemblages in the sediment, showed different developments: recent and past acidification, stable conditions, and alkalinization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Logging disturbance ; Land gastropods ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Population
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Ecological and genetic properties of two North American terrestrial gastropods (Mesomphix spp.) were characterized in paired control and previously logged watersheds in two North Carolina forests (Coweeta and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park) of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster. Shell growth was greater in the control sites, but density and mortality were largely independent of prior logging history and forest reserve. Based on starch gel electrophoresis data, both species showed their highest levels of genetic diversity in the Coweeta forest, the component of the reserve cluster which had the most extensive and variable history of logging disturbance. M. subplanus also exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity in logged than in control watersheds, and M. andrewsae showed over twice as many rare alleles in disturbed sites as in control sites. F-statistic analysis depicted both excess levels of homozygosity and moderate genetic differentiation among the populations, reflecting the effects of small population size and perhaps drift and inbreeding. Estimated gene flow was relatively low. These results correspond to the recent finding by Bryant et al. (1987) and others on the effects of bottlenecks, and to the contrasting history of habitat instability of the two major study forests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol ; Bicuculline ; Picrotoxin ; Seizures ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The convulsant potency of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was shown to be greater in Short-Sleep (SS) mice than in Long-Sleep (LS) mice. LS mice, selectively bred for lengthy ethanol-induced narcosis, had longer latencies to myoclonus and clonus following administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin than did ethanol-resistant SS mice. SS mice were also more susceptible to pentylenetetrazol-induced myoclonus, but not clonus. F1 hybrids showed bicuculline seizure sensitivity intermediate to the two parent lines. Ethanol weakly inhibited bicuculline-induced myoclonus in both LS and SS mice. Clonus was clearly antagonized by ethanol in both lines, but to a similar degree. These data provide evidence for a GABAergic role in geno-type-dependent sensitivity to ethanol.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Locomotor activity ; CNS depression ; Cocaine ; Mice ; Behavior ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cocaine produces several behavioral effects, most notably locomotor stimulation. Biochemically, cocaine is known to inhibit reuptake at the three monoamine transporter sites, and may have highest affinity at the serotonin transporter. Serotonin augmentation has been associated with decreases in behavioral activity, but cocaine has not been reported to produce behavioral depressant effects except at high doses which cause stereotypy and disruption of behavior. This study examined the effects of relatively low doses of cocaine, in the range of 0.1–10 mg/kg, on locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. A biphasic dose-response curve was seen for both strains. At the lowest doses, activity was depressed. As the dose of cocaine increased, activity returned to baseline, and at the highest doses, increases in locomotor activity were found. DBA/2J mice were depressed at a lower dose of cocaine than were C57BL/6J mice; however, C57BL/6J mice showed locomotor depression over a broader range of doses. Activity was maximally depressed at 0.1 mg/kg for DBA/2J mice, and maximally depressed at 0.3 mg/kg for C57BL/6J mice. Thus, low doses of cocaine are shown to produce significant decreases in locomotor activity in two strains of mice. It is postulated that these low doses of cocaine which depress locomotor activity do so via inhibition of serotonin uptake, resulting in potentiation of serotonergic activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 518-523 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two lines of mice, selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the soporific effects of ethanol (ETOH), were administered GABAergic drugs in an effort to evaluate a role for GABA in ETOH sensitivity. ETOH sensitive Long-Sleep mice (LS) showed potentiated ETOH sedation when administered bicuculline, muscimol and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). ETOH-insensitive SS mice exhibited reduced ETOH sedation in the presence of the antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and potentiated sedation in the presence of muscimol and AOAA. These changes in narcosis duration were interpreted as central effects, since blood ethanol levels at waking from ETOH sedation varied with GABAergic drug treatment. Picrotoxin antagonized pentobarbital-induced nacrosis in both lines, but to a greater extent in SS mice. These and other experiments with a genetically heterogeneous stock suggest GABA involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity, but do not support a simple role of GABA receptor involvement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 549-555 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol (ETOH) ; GABA ; Bicuculline ; Sedation ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic influences on the interaction between ethanol (ETOH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter systems were eveluated with a survey of responses to coadministration of ETOH and a GABA antagonist, bicuculline, in a battery of inbred mouse strains. The selectively bred ETOH-sensitive Long-Sleep (LS) mice, the relatively ETOH-resistant Short-Sleep (SS) mice, and a genetically heterogeneous stock (GHS) were also evaluated. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-induced sedation, hypothermia, and blood ethanol content upon recovery from sedation was assessed. Inheritance of these responses was also examined using F1 hybrids. The effect of bicuculline on ETOH-produced narcosis varied widely among stocks and included antagonism, potentiation, and no effect. Changes in ETOH-induced narcosis produced by bicuculline were accompanied by changes in blood ethanol concentrations consistent with an hypothesis of altered central nervous system sensitivity to ETOH. Knowledge of a strain's seizure susceptibility to the GABA antagonist or of its sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ETOH were of no predictive value in estimating the outcome of coadministration studies, suggesting at least partially separate genetic influences on each phenotype. In cross-breeding studies there was commonly dominance toward a profile of bicuculline antagonism of ETOH narcosis but different patterns of dominance were observed for seizure susceptibility, again inicating separate genetic control. The results suggest considerable complexity of GABAergic involvement in genotype-dependent ETOH sensitivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 335-341 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Plasmids ; CO dehydrogenase subunits ; N-terminal sequences ; Oligonucleotides ; Hybridization ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The 17 (S), 30 (M) and 87 kDa (L) subunits of CO dehydrogenases from the CO-oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena and Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 were isolated and purified. The N-terminal sequences of same subunits from different bacteria showed distinct homologies. Dot blot hybridization employing oligonucleotide probes derived from the sequences of the S-subunit of P. carboxydovorans OM5 and the M-subunit of P. carboxydohydrogena and DNA of the plasmid-containing CO-oxidizing bacteria Alcaligenes carboxydus, Azomonas B1, P. carboxydoflava, P. carboxydovorans OM2, OM4 and OM5 indicated that all genes encoding these subunits reside on plasmids. That in P. carboxydovorans OM5 CO dehydrogenase structural genes are located entirely on plasmid pHCG3 was evident from the absence of hybridization employing DNA from the cured mutant strain OM5-12. CO dehydrogenase structural genes could be identified on the chromosome of the plasmid-free bacteria Arthrobacter 11/x, Bacillus schlegelii, P. carboxydohydrogena and P. carboxydovorans OM3. There was no example of a plasmid-harboring carboxydotrophic bacterium that did not carry CO dehydrogenase structural genes on the plasmid. The N-terminal sequences of CO dehydrogenase structural genes were found to be conserved among carboxydotrophic bacteria of distinct taxonomic position, independent of the presence of plasmids. It is discussed whether this might be the consequence of horizontal gene transfer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 239 (1989), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Schizophrenia ; Eye movements ; Genetics ; Twins ; Latent trait
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Eye movement dysfunctions have been found in a large number of schizophrenic patients and in about half of their first-degree relatives. The distribution of these traits within the families of schizophrenic patients suggests a model of genetic transmission that fits an autosomal dominant model, which we have called the “genetic latent trait model.” The model, with seven parameters, was fitted to a U.S. population and the model was cross-validated on an independent Norwegian sample. Although the model does not invalidate other, more conventional solutions to the puzzle of schizophrenic transmission, such as multifactorial transmission, the latent trait model does more easily permit linkage studies and therefore will allow refutation or support from the use of molecular genetics techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Five isozyme systems were genetically investigated. The different separation techniques, the developmental expression and the use as marker system in sugar beet genetics and breeding is discussed. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was controlled by two genes. The gene products form inter- as well as intralocus dimers, even with the gene products of the Icd gene in B. procumbens and B. patellaris. Adenylate kinase was controlled by one gene. Three different allelic forms were detected, which were active as monomeric proteins. Glucose phosphate isomerase showed two zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic. Three allelic variants, active as dimers, were found. Phosphoglucomutase also showed two major zones of activity. One zone was polymorphic and coded for monomeric enzymes. Two allelic forms were found in the accessions studied. The cathodal peroxidase system was controlled by two independent genes, of which only one was polymorphic. The gene products are active as monomers. Linkage was found between red hypocotyl color (R) and Icd 2. Pgm 1, Gpi 2, Ak 1 and the Icd 2-R linkage group segregated independently.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum ; Genetics ; Breeding ; Plant appearance ; Economy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In 1985, 1986 and 1987, 600 clones were visually assessed at harvest on plant appearance. The clones were harvested 80 days after planting in the first year, in the following years after approximately 80 days as well as after 145 days. The correlation coefficients between years and between harvest times were low to medium. Simulating different selection intensities using the performance of these 600 clones in two successive years, the relation between selection pressure in the first year and the retained proportion of well performing clones in the second year was described. Including the costs of testing, the most economic selection procedure was calculated. This procedure consisted in testing 1,579 first-year clones and 499 second-year clones for every 100 third-year clones required. The optimal period of the main evaluation in the second clonal year is at ware potato harvest time. This selection procedure also provides good selection possibilities for underwater weight and foliage maturity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 385-391 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Myogenesis ; Muscle regeneration ; Genetics ; Autoradiography ; Tritiated thymidine ; Mouse (Swiss;BALBc)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Muscle precursor replication in Swiss mice, in which muscle regeneration is exceptionally vigorous, was compared with previous data for regeneration in BALBc mice. The tibialis anterior muscles of 23 male and 15 female inbred Swiss SJL/J mice were crush injured, and tritiated thymidine injected into mice at various times after injury to label replicating muscle precursors. Lesion samples were taken 10 days after injury, processed for autoradiography, and grain counts of myotube nuclei analysed. Muscle regeneration was more vigorous in male compared with female Swiss mice, and in both was strikingly greater than that in BALBc mice in which there was extensive fibrous connective tissue throughout the lesions. Autoradiographic analysis showed that muscle precursor replication started at 24 hours in Swiss mice, 6 hours earlier than the onset at 30 hours in BALBc mice. Muscle precursor replication appeared to be more active 96 hours after injury in female Swiss compared with male BALBc and male Swiss mice respectively, although numbers of precursor cells replicating at other times were similar. It is not known whether the slight difference in onset of muscle precursor replication can alone account for the more complete muscle regeneration seen in Swiss mice. Similar studies were carried out in 11 male and 10 female F1 hybrid (SJL/J x BALBc) mice. Analysis of labelled myotube nuclei showed that muscle precursors did not synthesise DNA prior to 30 hours after injury, and regeneration resembled that of the parental BALBc strain.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Aspergillus ; Genetics ; Transformation ; trpC lacZ gene fusion ; Gene replacement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Aspergillus niger tryptophan auxotrophic mutants have been isolated after UV irradiation of conidiospores. The mutants belong to two different complementation groups, trpA and trpB, which complement each other in heterokaryons. Neither of the mutations could be complemented with the cloned A. niger trpC gene. To obtain A. niger trpC mutants in a direct way, gene inactivation by cotransformation was performed. For this purpose an in-frame gene fusion between the A. niger trpC and Escherichia coli lacZ genes was constructed and shown to be functionally expressed after introduction into A. niger by cotransformation with the pyrA gene as selective marker. Among the β-galactosidase expressing cotransformants, obtained with either circular or linearized vectors, no trpC mutants were detected, even after enrichment. Such mutants, however, could be obtained by cotransformation of A. niger with specific fragments of the fusion gene. Biochemical analysis of the cotransformants indicated that in nearly all cases the fusion gene had replaced the wild-type trpC gene. Genetic analysis showed that the trpC mutation is not linked to any of the A. niger loci described so far. The trpC mutants can be complemented by the cloned A. niger trpC gene as well as by the A. nidulans trpC gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In this part properties and efficiency of the developed model1,2 are discussed. A variation of the parameters shows that vigorous effects are caused by the effective aggregation. All calculations show that at low conversion there are little temporal steps between the sequential aggregation steps. In the range of 5% to 20% conversion the velocity of aggregation decreases and the aggregative stability agrees with experiences given in the literature. It is shown that the calculated results are in agreement with the experimental results and therefore the presented model is a suitable possibility to describe the formation of some PVC-morphology properties.
    Notizen: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften des früher1,2 entwickelten Modells untersucht und diskutiert. Die Variation der Modellparameter zeigt einen großen Einfluß der Aggregationsprozesse auf die Subkornmorphologie. Bei niedrigen Monomerumsätzen ist das Zeitintervall zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Aggregationsschritten sehr klein, so daß für das Teilchenwachstum die Geschwindigkeit der Aggregation der Unterstrukturen entscheidend ist. Im Bereich zwischen 5% und 20% Monomerumsatz sinkt die Aggregationsgeschwindigkeit sehr stark, so daß für das Teilchenwachstum zunehmend die Polymerisationsreaktion an Bedeutung gewinnt. Aggregative Stabilität wird nach dem Modell für einen Teilchengrößenbereich erhalten, der sich in Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Daten aus der Fachliteratur befindet. Die berechneten Teilchengrößen entsprechen ebenfalls den in der Literatur publizierten experimentellen Werten, so daß das Modell eine gute Grundlage für die Beschreibung einiger morphologisch bestimmter Polymereigenschaften bildet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurden unidirektionale Verbundwerkstoffe aus Novolakharz mit Kohlenstoff-Fasern gemäß der Prepreg-Methode verarbeitet. Das Novolakharz wurde durch Polymerisation von Phenol mit Formaldehyd (Mol-Verhältnis 1 : 0,82) und Oxalsäure als Katalysator (1,5 Gew.-% von Phenol) hergestellt. Die Härtung des Novolakharzes wurde mit Hexamethylentetramin (Hexa) durchgeführt, während das geeignete Verhältnis durch die IR-Spektroskopie bestimmt wurde.Es wurden Proben aus Novolak/Hexa (Gew.-Verhältnis 14: 1), verstärkt mit kommerziellen Kohlenstoff-Fasern, unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (z. B. verschiedene thermische Programme und verschiedene Verhältnisse von Novolakharz : Kohlenstoff-Fasern) hergestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der hergestellten Proben (wie Biegefestigkeit, Zugfestigkeit, usw.) wurden bestimmt, und ihre Struktur wurde mit Hilfe der Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht.Mit zunehmendem Volumenverhältnis der Kohlenstoff-Fasern werden nicht nur alle mechanischen Eigenschaften des verstärkten Materials verbessert, sondern auch sein Nutzungsgrad nimmt zu, und die Herstellungsbedingungen üben einen größeren Einfluß aus. Die mit dem gleichen Verhältnis von Kohlenstoff-Fasern (z. B. 15 Vol.-%) hergestellten Proben weisen mit zunehmendem Härtungsgrad des Novolaks verbesserte mechanische Eigenschaften auf. Der Häirtungsgrad des Novolaks während der Anfangsphase (Gel-Zeit) als auch während der Endphase (Nachhärtung) kann mit Hilfe der IR-Spektren des härtenden Novolaks verfolgt werden, während der Härtungsgrad der Zwischenphase nur indirekt aus den Werten der mechanischen Eigenschaften der entsprechenden Proben bestimmt werden kann.Aus der Korrelation zwischen den Herstellungsparametern und den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Proben ergeben sich optimale Bedingungen für die Verarbeitung in der Wärmepresse zur Herstellung von mit Kohlenstoff-Fasern verstärkten Novolakharzen (1. Phase: T1 = 125-145°C, t1 = 20 min - 1 h, ohne Druck; 2. Phase: T2 = 180-195°C, t2 = 40 min, P2 ≃ 1,5 kN /cm2).
    Notizen: Unidirectional composite materials of novolac resin with carbon fibers were fabricated according to the prepreg method. Novolac resin was prepared by polymerization of phenol with formaldehyde (mole ratio 1 : 0.82) in the presence of oxalic acid as catalyst (1.5 wt.-% to phenol). The curing of novolac resin was performed with hexamethylenetetramine (hexa), while the appropriate proportion was determined by using the IR-spectroscopy.Specimens of novolac/hexa (weight ratio 14:1) reinforced with carbon fibers commercially available were fabricated under different conditions (e.g. different thermal programs and different proportions of novolac/carbon fibers). The mechanical properties of the fabricated specimens (like flexural strength, tensile strength, etc.) were determined and their structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy.By increasing the volume proportion of carbon fibers, not only all mechanical properties of the composite material were increased, but also their degree of utilization was increased and also the production conditions had greater influence. Concerning the specimens produced by the same proportion of carbon fibers (e.g. 15 vol.-%) their mechanical properties were improved by increasing the curing of novolac. The degree of curing of novolac during the initial phase (gel time) and during the ultimate phase (post-curing) can be followed with the aid of IR-spectra of the cured resin, while the degree of curing for the intermediate phase can be obtained only indirectly from the values of the mechanical properties of the corresponding specimens.From the correlation between the production parameters and the mechanical properties of the samples the optimal conditions for processing of the thermopress for the manufacture of carbon fiber reinforced novolac were concluded (1. phase: T1 = 125-145°C, t1 = 20 min - 1 h, without pressure; 2. phase: T2 = 180-195°C, t2 = 40 min, P2 ≃ 1,5 kN/cm2).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In dieser Arbeit interessieren wir uns für den Einfluß von Konzentration und Temperatur auf den elektrischen Widerstand eines Butyl-Kautschuks (IIR), der mit zwei Typen von Ruß (Hoch-Abrasion-Schmelzofen-Ruß (HAF) und Schnell-Extrusion-Hochofen-Ruß (FEF)) versetzt ist. Ergebnis war, daß die Leitfähigkeit bei niedrigem Rußgehalt hauptsächlich durch thermische Aktivierung der Ladungsträger erreicht wird. Bei mittleren Konzentrationen überwiegt der Tunnel-Mechanismus bei niedriger Temperatur, gefolgt von der thermischen Aktivierung bei relativ hoher Temperatur. Dies gilt für beide Rußarten. Das metallartige Verhalten bei Gemischen mit hoher Rußkonzentration kann sowohl der thermischen Ausdehnung der Tunnelwege zwischen Kohlenstoff-Agglomeraten als auch dem Zusammenbruch der Kohlenstoff-Agglomerate bei steigender Temperatur zugeschrieben werden.
    Notizen: In this study we are interested in the effect of concentration and temperature on the electrical resistivity of butyl rubber (IIR) loaded with two types of carbon black, (namely, high abrasion furnace black (HAF), and fast extrusion furnace black (FEF)). It was found that the conductivity at low carbon black concentrations is mainly achieved by thermal activation of carriers. Tunneling mechanism at low termperature followed by thermal activation at relatively high temperature is found to be predominant for moderate concentrations for both carbon blacks. The metal-like behaviour which was observed in highly loaded compounds was attributed to both, the thermal expansion of the tunneling paths between carbon-carbon agglomerates and the breakdown of carbon agglomerates with temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese von Halogenderivaten des Phenylglycidylethers und die Möglichkeiten der Verwendung von diesen Komponenten als Flammverzögerer und reaktive Verdünnungsmittel für Epoxidharze.Mit Hilfe der Nelder-Mead-Simplexmethode wurden die besten Reaktionsbedingungen gefunden. Die so hergestellten Produkte zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Qualität aus und wurden mit einem niedermolekularen Epoxidharz gemischt und mit Diaminodiphenylmethan gehärtet.Die Viskosität von Harzgemischen und die Brennbarkeit der gehärteten Systeme wurden untersucht. Mit dem erhöhten Gehalt an Halogen (Chlor oder Brom) steigt die Viskosität, und die Brennbarkeit der Epoxide wird reduziert.
    Notizen: This study deals with the synthesis of halogenated derivatives of phenyl glycidyl ether and with possibilities of their use as flame retardants and reactive diluents of epoxy resin.The best reaction conditions optimized by Nelder-Mead simplex method were found. The products of very high quality were prepared. They were mixed with a lowmolecular epoxy resin and cured by diamino diphenyl methane.The viscosity of the resin mixtures and limiting oxygen index of cured systems were determined. It was found that a higher content of halogen, both chlorine and bromine, causes increasing viscosity and reduced flammability of the epoxides.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Durch Messungen von Tg, Tm und Tc (Trübungspunkt) wurden Phasendiagramme der vier verträglichen Polymermischungen von chlorierten isotaktischen Polypropylenen (Chlorgehalt 39,2 (CPP-40) und 49,8 Gew.-% (CPP-50)) mit Poly(ethylen-co-vinylacetat)en (Vinylacetatgehalt 40 (EVA-40) und 45 Gew.-% (EVA-45)) untersucht. Von den vier Mischungspaaren war die Mischung von CPP-50 mit EVA-40 am besten verträglich.
    Notizen: By measuring Tg, Tm and Tc (cloud point) phase diagrams for the four miscible blends of chlorinated isotactic polypropylenes (chlorine content 39.2 (CPP-40) and 49.8 wt.-% (CP-50)) with Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)s (vinyl acetate contents 40 (EVA-40) and 45 wt.-% (EVA-45)) were investigated. The blend of CPP-50 with EVA-40 was the most compatible of the four blend pairs.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Kationenaustauschmembranen aus PE-PS-DVB-Interpolymeren für die Elektrolyse von Borax-Lösung zur Erzeugung von Borsäure und Natronlauge wurden durchgeführt und mit den Eigenschaften von im Handel erhältlichen Membranen („Nafion 324“ und „Permaplex C-20“) verglichen.
    Notizen: The synthesis and the characterization of the PE-PS-DVB interpolymer cationexchange membranes in the electrolysis of borax solutions to produce boric acid and sodium hydroxide simultaneously was carried out. The characterization of the teflon based “Nafion 324” and polystyrene-DVB based “Permaplex C-20” membranes was also performed in the same system for comparison.The DVB contents were varied between 3 - 12% (by wt. in total monomers) and the increase of the cross-links resulted in the decrease of the water contents and ionexchange capacities of the membranes. The PE present in the membrane acted as a barrier for electroosmotic water transport. The membranes with high DVB contents showed better electrolysis performance due to their low water contents and low electroosmotic water transport properties. The use of the interpolymer membrane containing 11.6% DVB resulted in high current efficiency and high sodium cation dynamic transport number and worked satisfactorily at the process conditions of borax electrolysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Aus Rizinusöl und difunktionellen Säuren, wie Oxal-, Malon-, Bernstein-, Glutar-, Adipin-, Suberin- und Sebacinsäure, wurden Prepolyester hergestellt. Diese Prepolyester (PPE) wurden anschließend mit Methylmethacrylat und 1% Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat als Vernetzer interpenetriert. Die Polymerisation wurde radikalisch mit Benzoylperoxid gestartet. Die neuen PPE/Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA)-interpenetrierenden Netzwerke wurden als Pulver erhalten. Sie wurden durch ihr Löseverhalten, IR-Spektroskopie und ihr thermisches Verhalten charakterisiert.
    Notizen: Prepolyesters were obtained from castor oil and dibasic acids, viz oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, suberic and sebacic acid. These prepolyesters (PPE) were subsequently interpenetrated with methyl methacrylate containing 1% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker by radical polymerization initiated with benzoyl peroxide. The novel PPE poly(methyl methacrylate) PPE/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were obtained as powder. They were characterized by solubility behaviour, IR spectral study and thermal behaviour.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 2,4-Ionen, ein polymeres quartäres Ammoniumsalz, wurde auf einem makroporösen chlormethylierten Poly(Styrol-co-Divinylbenzol)-Harz (XAD-2) immobilisiert. Der Ionen-Gehalt des Harzes, der durch CHN-Elementaranalyse bestimmt wurde, betrug 50,2 g/kg Harz. Der wichtigste Nebeneffekt des modifizierten Harzes, das Ausbluten des Katalysators 2,4-Ionen, kann durch eine spektrophotometrische Methode, die extrem geringe Konzentraionen an freiem Ionen an der Oberfläche des Harzes messen kann, ermittelt werden.Die Aktivität der immobilisierten 2,4-Ionen/Kobalt(II)-phthalocyanin-tetranatriumsulfonat-Komplexe in bezug auf die oxidative Kupplung von Thiolen ist viel niedriger als im homogenen Fall, aber noch beträchtlich höher als im polymerfreien System. Die beobachtete Abnahme der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit resultiert nicht aus Behinderungen des Massentransports, sondern vorzugsweise aus den Katalysatoreigenschaften wie z. B. einem sehr niedrigen N+/Co-VerhtUtnis. Die aktiven Zentren scheinen nur in der äußeren Hiille der Harzpartikel vorhanden zu sein.
    Notizen: A poly(quaternary ammonium) salt, 2,4-ionene, has been immobilized on a macroporous chloromethylated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin (XAD-2). The ionene content of the resin, determined by CHN elemental analysis, was 50.2 g/kg resin. The most important side effect of the modified resin, catalyst (2,4-ionene) bleeding, can be detected by a spectrophotometric method capable of determining extremely low concentrations of free ionene in the supernatant of the resin.The activity of these immobilized 2,4-ionene/cobalt(II)phthalocyanine-tetrasodiumsulfonate (CoTSPc) complexes towards the oxidative coupling of thiols is much lower than in the homogeneous case, but still considerably higher than for the polymer free system. The observed decrease in reaction rate does not originate from the considerable mass transfer resistances but predominantly from catalyst properties like a very low local N+/Co ratio. The active sites appear to be present in the outer shell of the resin particles only.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 163-181 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Röntgendiffraktometrische Untersuchungen und DSC-Messungen an Blend-Filmen, die aus Lösungen von PEEK und PES hergestellt wurden, zeigen eine Phasenseparation bei den Filmen, die bei 340°C hergestellt wurden. Das Kristallisationsverhalten von Filmen, die bei 340°C hergestellt, anschließend abgeschreckt und bei 180°C getempert wurden, ist identisch mit dem von PEEK. Filme, die bei 300°C hergestellt wurden, kristallisierten erst durch Tempern bei 250°C. Blockcopolymere, die aus Oligomeren von PEEK und PES erhalten wurden, unterscheiden sich in dieser Hinsicht von Blends der gleichen Zusammensetzung. Die Glastemperatur von Copolymeren mit einem PEEK-Gehalt von mehr als 50% liegt höher als die von PEEK selbst, während der Schmelzpunkt dieser Copolymeren niedriger als der von PEEK ist.
    Notizen: Polymer blends of PEEK with PES were prepared by the solution blending method. Copolymers composed of PEEK and PES components were synthesized from these oligomers. The formation conditions exerted an influence over the molecular aggregation and the crystallization behaviors of the blend films and block copolymers which were examined by X-ray diffractometry and DSC analysis. As a result, phase-separation in the blend films was found when the formation temperature was high. The blend films formed at 340°C, quenched and annealed at 180°C, exhibited the same crystallization behavior as those of PEEK. In the case of the blend films formed at 300°C, the annealing of the films at 250°C was required to crystallize the blend films. The Tg of a copolymer with a PEEK component content of more than 50% tends to shift toward a higher temperature than the Tg of PEEK itself, and the Tm of the copolymer toward a lower temperature than that of PEEK ist.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Das Reaktionsprodukt eines Cyclohexanon-Formaldehyd-Harzes mit dem Säurechlorid des Radikalinitiators 4,4′-Azo-bis(4-cyanopentansäure) wurde als Initiator für die Styrolpolymerisation eingesetzt, um ein Cyclohexanon-Formaldehyd-Harz/Polystyrol-Copolymeres zu bilden. Das Copolymere zeigte ähnliche Löslichkeit wie Polystyrol.
    Notizen: The reaction product of cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin with an acid chloride of a radical initiator, 4,4′-azo-bis(4-cyano pentanoic acid) was used as initiator for styrene polymerization to form a cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin/polystyrene copolymer. The copolymer showed similar solubility as polystyrene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Entgegengesetzte Ladungen wurden durch tertiäre Amin- und Carboxylgruppen in Polyurethan (PU) und Polystyrol (PS) eingeführt, um durch gemeinsame Massepolymerisation ein interpenetrierendes PU/PS Polymernetzwerk (IPN) zu erhalten. Vier IPNs wurden hergestellt: ein Voll-IPN, zwei Semi-IPNs und ein lineares Blend. Die Wirkung der geladenen Gruppen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Morphologie der vier Polymermischungen wurde untersucht.Es wurde gefunden, daß PU/PS IPNs mit geladenen Gruppen keine Phasenseparation und somit homogene Verteilung aufweisen, was durch elektronenmikroskopische (SEM) Aufnahmen nachgewiesen wurde. Dynamisch-mechanische Messungen zeigen, daß die Übergangspeaks des Verlust-Moduls E″ in die Mitte zwischen den beiden Übergangspeaks der beiden Komponenten ohne geladene Gruppen liegen. Dies ist von der Zunahme des Gehaltes an geladenen Gruppen abhängig. Gleichzeitig nimmt der Speichermodul E′ in einer Stufe ab, was im Gegensatz zu der zweistufigen Abnahme bei Proben ohne Ladungsträger steht.Die Zugfestigkeit nimmt in allen vier Polymermischungen mit der Zunahme an Acrylsäure (AA) in Poly(Styrol-Acrylsäue) PSAA zu, was in dem PU/PSAA Voll-IPN besonders deutlich wird.
    Notizen: Opposite charges, namely tertiary amine and carboxyl groups, were introduced into polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS), respectively, to prepare PU/PS interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) by means of simultaneous bulk polymerization. Four IPNs were synthesized: a full-IPN, two semi-IPNs and a linear blend. The effect of charge groups on the mechanical properties and morphology of the four polymer alloys was investigated.It is found that the PU/PS IPN which was incorporated with charge groups is free of any phase-separation, and sufficiently uniformly distributed, as can be seen from the corresponding scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that the transition peak of the loss modulus E″ will move towards the centre between the two transition peaks of both components in the absence of charge groups, as a function of an increase in the contents of the opposite charge groups. Meanwhile the storage modulus E′ will decrease in a single-stage way from the previous two-stage mode.The tensile strength in all the four polymer alloys increased markedly along with an increase in the contents of acrylic acid (AA) in the poly(styrene-acrylic acid) (PSAA), which clearly can be seen for the PU/PSAA full-IPN.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Pyrolysis behaviour and coke characteristics of different precursors for carbon processing: thermosetting resins (resol, novolak), hydrolytic lignin, pitch, tar as well as their blends were studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The blends novolak-pitch, resol-tar and resol-hydrolytic lignin show a higher coke yield after carbonisation up to 1000°C compared to the corresponding individual substances. A good correlation between the integral procedural decomposition temperature T*A of the investigated precursors and their coke yield is found.
    Notizen: Mittels Thermo- und Röntgenstrukturanalyse wird eine vergleichende Untersuchung des Pyrolysevorganges und der Mikrostruktur des aus zwei Gruppen organischer Bindemittel und deren Mischungen gewonnenen Koksrückstandes durchgeführt. Gruppe I umfaßt reine und mit Hydrolyselignin gefüllte Resol- und Novolak-Phenol-Formaldehydharze und Gruppe II Steinkohlenpech und -teer. Es wird festgestellt, daß sich die Mischungen Novolakharz-Pech, Resolharz-Teer und Resolharz-Hydrolyselignin beim Erhitzen nicht wie mechanische Gemische verhalten und eine erhöhte Ausbeute an Koksrückstand liefern. Weiterhin wird gefunden, daß die integrale Endtemperatur der Pyrolyse (T*A) dieser Substanzen als quantitatives Maß für die Ausbeute an Koksrückstand im Anschluß an die Carbonisierung der Proben dienen kann.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The paper describes the successful synthesis of silicon containing bismaleimide resin 4,4′-carbo(4,4′-bismaleimido phenoxy)diphenyl silane. The char yield of the bismaleimide resin in N2 atmosphere was found to be 55% at 800°C. Chain extension of bismaleimide with 4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone reduced the char yield and thermal stability.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: As hard blocks in polyether block amides, polyamides are used whose length is intensively regulated by dicarboxylic acids. Since, with regard to melting and crystallization behaviour, this acid constitutes an interfering structural unit in the chain, and in the case of a completely converted product each chain contains one acid molecule, it is essential to know where in the chain incorporation will occur. As opposed to monofunctional chain regulators which always form a chain end, a bifunctional chain regulator can a priori also be randomly incorporated into the inner part of the chain. This leads to a far greater interference than occurs if the chain regulator molecule and the chain end, which acts as an interfering unit in any case, coincide with each other.By means of adipic acid-regulated oligoamides based on lauryl lactam, the incorporation of the chain regulator was examined by NMR spectroscopy and compared with model calculations. This resulted in a close match only if it was presupposed that the incorporation was carried out randomly with the same degree of probability at any point whatsoever between two lauryl lactam structural units or at the chain end.Further calculations illustrate the effects of the incorporation of the chain regulator on the size of the amorphous portion.
    Notizen: Als Hartblöcke in Polyetherblockamiden werden durch Dicarbonsäuren stark geregelte Polyamide eingesetzt. Da die Säure in Hinblick auf das Schmelz- und Kristallisationsverhalten einen Störbaustein in der Kette darstellt und bei einem ausgeregelten Produkt jede Kette ein Säuremolekül enthält, ist es von Bedeutung zu wissen, wo in der Kette der Einbau erfolgt. Anders als bei monofunktionellen Reglern, wo der Regler stets ein Kettenende bildet, kann ein bifunktioneller Regler a priori auch statistisch im Inneren der Kette eingebaut werden. Dies führt zu einer viel stärkeren Störung, als wenn das Reglermolekül und das sowieso als Störstelle wirkende Kettenende zusammenfallen. Anhand adipinsäuregeregelter Oligoamide auf Basis von Laurinlactam wird kernresonanzspektroskopisch der Einbau des Reglers untersucht und mit Rechnungen verglichen. Es ergibt sich nur dann gute Übereinstimmung, wenn vorausgesetzt wird, daß der Einbau statistisch erfolgt und dabei mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit für jede beliebige Stelle zwischen zwei Laurinlactambausteinen oder am Kettenende abläuft. Weitere Rechnungen verdeutlichen den Einfluß des Reglereinbaus auf die Größe des amorphen Anteils.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Auf Grund von mikroskopischen Beobachtungen wurde festgestellt, daß unter dem Einfluß von UV-Strahlung die Oberfläche von PVC-Filmen einer Formveränderung unterliegt. Auf der Oberfläche erscheinen Bläschen und Löcher. Die sich absondernden Gasprodukte der Polymerfotodestruktion verursachen die Bildung dieser Bläschen und Löcher. Größere Oberflächenänderungen wurden in Filmen mit einem Zusatz von 1-5% eines MMA/MA-Copolymeren beobachtet. Das weist auf eine in diesem Modifikator stattfindende Photoabbaureaktion hin, deren Ergiebigkeit größer ist als in reinem PVC. Dieser Modifikator wird in PVC eingeführt, um die Filmoberfläche zu verbessern, beschleunigt allerdings ihre Zerstörung unter dem Einfluß von UV-Strahlung. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Cyclohexanonspuren in den Proben den Photoabbau von MMA/MA retardieren, diesen Prozeß in PVC aber beschleunigen.
    Notizen: By means of microscopic observation, the deformation of the surface of PVC films caused by 253.7 nm UV radiation was investigated. Numerous blisters and holes were formed by the gaseous photodecomposition products of the polymer.More apparent deformation of the films containing MMA/MA suggests that the photodecomposition of this modifier occurs with higher efficiency than that of PVC.MMA/MA copolymer is introduced into PVC films to improve the smoothness of their surface, but this modifier accelerates the deformation of this surface under UV irradiation. It was also found that traces of cyclohexanone in samples retard the photodecomposition of MMA/MA and accelerate this process in PVC.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 170 (1989), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eine Anzahl von Harzen wurde durch gemeinsame Kondensation von p-Aminoacetophenon (p-AAph), substituierten Benzoesäuren wie m-Tolylsäure (m-TA), o-Tolylsäure (o-TA), Phthalsäure (PhA), p-Nitrobenzoesäure (p-NBA), p-Chlorbenzoesäure (p-CIBA) und Formaldehyd (F) in Gegenwart von verschiedenen Säuren und Basen als Katalysatoren hergestellt. Die Harze wurden IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Die Löslichkeitsparameter wurden gemäß Small's Gruppenbeteiligung berechnet; sie stimmen gut mit den experimentellen Werten überein. Das thermische Verhalten und die bakteriologischen Eigenschaften der Harze wurden auch untersucht.
    Notizen: A number of resins has been prepared by condensing p-amino-acetophenone (p-AAph) with substituted benzoic acid such as m-toluic acid (m-TA), o-toluic acid (o-TA), phthalic acid (PhA), p-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA), p-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CIBA) and formaldehyde (F) in presence of some acids and bases as catalysts. The resins were characterized by infrared spectra of the characteristic groups. The solubility parameters were calculated from Small's group contribution which agreed well with the experimental values. The thermal behaviour and the bacteriological properties of the resins have also been investigated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Notwithstanding their more common beginnings, liquid crystals and molecular biology developed mainly parallel and independently during the last one hundred years.Molecule-phase relationships on the one and complex static-dynamic treatments on the other hand seem to forward mutually integrative views in our days.Biomesogen approaches will deepen our insights into the spatio-temporal coherences of biological systems. They might contribute significantly to the understanding of life processes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Recent studies on ionic distribution in solutions and in suspensions were reviewed. Suspensions of latex particles, which were large enough to be seen under an ultramicroscope, were investigated by the 2-D Fourier transformation. The micrograph showing ordered structures gave discrete scattering spots, whereas those of disordered arrangements displayed no spots or halos. The two-state structure gave a limited number of halo, confirming our previous conclusion that the very frequently observed single, broad scattering peak was reminiscent of some kind of ordering of solute species. By using an image data analyser, the crystallization process was shown to follow the Ostwald ripening mechanism. The concurrent study by the quasi elastic light scattering method and by the Fourier analysis gave consistent scattering profiles, which indicated that the ordering phenomena took place in the entire volume of suspensions. The scattering intensity (correctly the lattice factor) was calculated for cubic systems with paracrystalline distortion. The peak intensity was lowered by enhanced distortion, while the peak position itself was not affected. This justifies our previous treatment of the single, broad peak in terms of the Bragg equation. The experimentally found scattering curve was compared with this theoretical calculation; the degree of distortion was evaluated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases of cellulose derivatives were explored as an analytical tool. Molar mass dependent measurements of the helicoidal cholesteric pitch of a cellulose tricarbanilate/solvent system may be used to determine the molar mass of this derivative by optical means. The compatibility of a ternary liquid crystalline system can be adequately investigated by a study of the supermolecular structure with spectroscopic measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The application of carotenoids as natural additives in various water-based or water-compatible formulations for the pigmentation of foods and feeds is seriously hampered by their insolubility in aqueous systems.Therefore, in order to develop the full potential of colour strength and to achieve a high degree of bioavailability during gastro intestinal passage, the coarse crystalline material has to be transformed into a microdisperse state.Exemplified with β-carotene, a novel non-mechanical process is described that transforms the carotenoids into a colloidal hydrosol characterized by an average particle size of about 0.1 μm.The process is based on the preparation of a transient high temperature solute state of the carotenoid in a water-miscible solvent, coupled with succeeding rapid aqueous precipitation in the presence of a stabilizing polymer colloid. The obtained hydrosols are characterized by photon-correlation-spectroscopy(size), and microelectrophoresis(colloidal stabilization).The bioavailability was tested by monitoring plasma levels of β-carotene in veal calves.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polymer science is mature enough to allow one to think about tailor-making macromolecular compounds aimed at interacting purposely with living systems. Reasons for developing bioresorbable polymers for temporary therapeutic applications are discussed with respect to property adjustments and economical factors. The field of the applications is first described and guidelines for tailor-making multimeric macromolecules with desired properties are presented. The approach led to focuss investigations on poly(α-hydroxy acids) and functional poly(β-hydroxy acids) derived from natural hydroxy acids, namely lactic, glycolic and malic acids. Physical, mechanical and biological properties of some corresponding polymers and copolymers are presented. Last but not least, examples of applications currently investigated are recalled.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: When blood comes into contact with an artificial surface, a number of events occur which include protein adsorption, platelet activation and the activation of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. With the increased application of blood containing artificial devices, there is a great demand to develop new biomaterials which retard thrombus formation. Our new approach to solving this problem is to mimic the non-thrombogenic surface of natural biological membranes at least in a simple form. We have developed a polymerisable phospholipid and polyesters based on the major phospholipid polar head group present on the erythrocyte outer membrane surface. The coagulation of blood exposed to these polymers was examined by the technique of Material Thrombelastography, a relatively simple test for the in vitro screening of polymer thrombogenicity. We present results which indicate that the polymerised phospholipid and polyesters show reduced thrombogenicity, and may therefore have potential for future biomaterials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: After implantation a stable bond between the implant and the surrounding tissue is required. Therefore a high cell adhesion of the polymer surface of the implant must be achieved. Depending on the treatment time of a polydimethylsiloxane foil with oxygen plasma, the cell adhesion can be improved. FT-IR spectroscopy and ESCA analysis were used to characterize the surface modification. The cell spreading and cell adhesion increase with increasing hydrophilic character of the polymer surface after plasma treatment. A pronounced correlation was found between the efficiency of DNA and protein content, characterizing cell growth, and the spreading of the cells.Polydimethylsiloxane, Glow-Discharge, Surface Modification, Cell Adhesion, Cell Proliferation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: We have used synthetic polymers as tools to probe endocytosis and lysosome function. Their particular value lies in their well-defined chemical constitution and in the possibility to custom-synthesize molecules with desired characteristics. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Percoll and polystyrene beads have been 125I-labelled and used to explore the borderland of pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Derivatized poly(aspartamide), poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) and a polylysine-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer have been used to investigate the effects of hydrophobic moieties and sugar residues on substrate-selection in pinocytosis. The effect of cationic moieties has been studied using vinylpyrrolidone-vinylamine copolymers.Poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) with certain oligopeptide side---chains have been shown to be susceptible to lysosomal peptidases. Ethylene glycol oligomers are being used to study the basal permeability of the lysosome membrane.Soluble macromolecules have considerable potential in targeted drug-delivery. Drugs attached to appropriate polymers by covalent links that are susceptible to lysosomal enzymes can deliver drug to target cells and avoid unwanted sideeffects. Synthetic macromolecules have several advantages over their natural counterparts: they are chemically more robust, less immunogenic, and easier and cheaper to prepare in bulk.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Diagnostics are e. g. reagents or combinations of reagents or measure bloodcomponents down to concentrations of 10-15 mol/1 in reproducable form. To achieve this target diagnostics have to fullfill special requirements in purity, uniformity, producibility and reproducibility. These requirements are also valid for integrated polymers and plastics. Examples of the application of polymers and plastics in diagnostics are e. g. materials for the blood-plasma-separation, the stabilization of proteins, solid phases in immunoassays as reagent tubes, microtiterplates and latexparticles.Reciprocal actions between polymers, plastics, polymer additives, blood and bloodsubstances like proteins in diagnostic tests can be seen as indications to similar effects by the intracorporeal applications of plastics in surgery and in general for contacts of natural materials with plastics, as usual in the foodpacking.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Using Eupergit, a synthetic resin, as an example, the necessary characteristics of a support for high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) are demonstrated. To such a support different ligands can be immobilized and used for the separation of biopolymers.From the range of possible applications a few examples are chosen. Immunoglobulins are isolated in one step by protein A-HPAC, the purified antibodies are immobilized and applied to immunoaffinity-HPLC for the isolation of corresponding antigens. Concanavalin A-HPAC of membrane proteins was chosen to represent chromatography with immobilized lectins. Antithrombin could be isolated from human plasma by the use of immobilized heparin. HPAC has the advantage of affinity chromatography, which is above all highly specific. As the support is resistant to high pressure and has well defined microparticles with a particular pore size, it provides a much higher yield at considerable flow rates. The handling of materials like this is simpler, the separation of the sample is quicker and can be reproduced more easily.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 166 (1989), S. 257-272 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Controlled polyelectrolyte adsorption can be used to render phospholipid bilayer membranes sensitive to physical and chemical signals. We describe in this paper the design and construction of macromolecular switches for bilayer membranes, which can be used to create lipid vesicles that release their contents rapidly and quantitatively in response to changes in pH, temperature, light intensity or glucose concentration. The kinetics and mechanisms of the molecular switching processes observed in such systems are also discussed.
    Notizen: Kontrollierte Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten kann ein wirksames Werkzeug im Design von dünnen molekularen Filmen sein. Man kann erwarten, daß die Adsorption von Polyelektrolytketten das empfindliche Kräftegleichgewicht erheblich beeinflußt, das die strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften von geordneten Strukturen wie Einzel-, Doppel- und Mehrfachschichten bestimmt. Andererseits ist die Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten außerordentlich sensitiv auf Umgebungsparameter, z.B. pH, Temperatur oder lonenstärke. Kontrollierte Adsorption kann daher zu Sensitivität auf bestimmte chemische oder physikalische Stimuli führen, sodaß auf diese Weise ein molekularer Schaltmechanismus entworfen werden kann. Durch Umsetzen dieser ldee in reale Systeme gelang es uns, molekulares Schalten in Mischungen von Poly(2-ethylacrylsäre) mit natürlichen oder synthetischen Phosphatidylcholinen zu bewirken. Insbesondere haben wir Phosphatidylcholinvesikel hergestellt, die ihren lnhalt nach einer Änderung von pH, Temperatur, Glukosekonzentration oder nach Bestrahlung mit Licht schnell und quantitativ freisetzen. Die Entwicklung und die Herstellung von Doppelschichtmembranen, die auf solche Änderungen reagieren, sowie die Kinetik und der Mechanismus des damit verbundenen molekularen Schaltprozesses werden im vorliegenden Artikel diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Enzymes can be immobilized by gel entrapment, by microencapsulation, by physical or ionic adsorption, by covalent binding to inorganic or organic carriers, or by whole cell immobilization. Of particular interest is the large number of chemical reactions developed for the covalent binding of enzymes via their nonessential functional groups to inorganic carriers such as glass, ceramics and iron, to natural polymers such as cellulose and Sepharose, and to synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyacrylamide, and other vinyl polymers and copolymers possessing reactive chemical groups. The stability of certain enzymes is markedly increased on their immobilization. It was thus possible to transform the biologically active polymer derivatives into active enzyme beads, enzyme capsules, enzyme columns and enzyme membranes and these enabled the construction of enzyme reactors such as the batch-stirred tank reactors, the continuous packed bed reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. So far mainly immobilized hydralases and isomerases are being used in industry on a large scale. It seems likely, however, that once adequate techniques become available for cofactor recycling, the use of immobilized enzymes will be extended to other organic reactions, particularly those involving stereospecific synthesis of simple or complex organic molecules. Among the industrial processes in which immobilized enzymes are being used, it is worth mentioning the industrial-scale continuous production of fructose enriched syrup from glucose by immobilized glucose-isomerase, the batch process for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) from penicillin G with the aid of immobilized penicillin amidase; the production of aspartame from aspartic acid and phenylalanine by immobilized thermoase; the large scale production of optically active amino acids with immobilized amino acid acylase; and the large scale production and application of immobilized lactase for the hydrolysis of lactose. The recently developed process for acrylamide production using immobilized nitrilase containing microbial cells should also be referred to. The successful use of an NAD-polyethylene glycol conjugate (NAD-PEG) as a nondialyzable water-soluble coenzyme derivative in the enzymic synthesis of leucine from α-ketoisocaproic acid and ammonia, in a membrane-enclosed reactor containing L-leucine dehydrogenase, NAD-PEG, formate and formate dehydrogenase, illustrates the new possibilities opened up by making use of cofactor-polymer conjugates. The use of enzyme-polymer conjugates in analytical and clinical is also illustrated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The genetic make-up of living systems especially of isolated cells can be altered by a variety of methods including chemical or light-induced mutation. More modern procedures are the in vitro recombination of nucleic acids and the cell-cell fusion.The new methods are especially useful to reprogram microorganisms to produce valuable proteins or other natural products in excess quantties. In the following we will elucidate the importance of the new techniques by describing the bacterial production of glucose dehydrogenase, of the proteinase inhibitor stefin A and by outlining the methods and promisses of substractive cloning. Although the economic value of genetic engineering techniques still awaits justification, the importance of the methodology for basic biological research is well documented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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