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  • 1995-1999  (726)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1920-1924
  • 1998  (296)
  • 1996  (430)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (408)
  • Human
  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 312-323 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Recombination ; Gene conversion ; Allele ; MHC ; HLA ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Some alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have a reticulate pattern of evolution, probably resulting from the exchange of segments by gene conversion or recombination. Here we compare the extent and patterns of reticulate evolution among the classical class I and class II loci of the human MHC using the recently developed compatibility and partition matrix methods. A complex pattern is revealed with substantial differences among loci in the extent and pattern of reticulation. Extremely high levels of reticulation are observed at HLA-B and HLA-DPB1, high levels at HLA-A and HLA-DRB1, moderate levels at HLA-C and HLA-DQB1, and low levels at HLA-DQA1. The reticulate events are concentrated in the exons encoding the highly variable, peptide-binding domains, suggesting that the sequence combinations produced by these events are maintained by natural selection.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Stroke recurrent ; Diffusion-weighted imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We performed MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging, in 15 patients with recurrent strokes with acute ischaemia and at least one old lesion according to the clinical history and/or CT. Routine MRI showed similar signal intensity changes in both situations. Diffusion-weighted images, however, were positive in all acute or subacute infarcts. The high signal of acutely disturbed diffusion due to intracellular oedema could also be identified in small brain stem lesions. Spatial resolution was increased by applying separate gradients in each axis instead of creating anisotropy-independent trace images.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Prion disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Dementia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To ascertain whether increased grey matter signal intensity on T2-weighted images in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) corresponds to the stage and severity of this disease, we correlated MRI findings in four of our own and previously reported patients with sporadic CJD with the clinical variants, neuropathological changes at autopsy, duration of the disease and survival time after MRI examination. Of 15 patients with the extrapyramidal type of CJD, 10 showed increased signal in the basal ganglia on T2-weighted images. One of seven patients with the Heidenhain variant had increased signal in the occipital cortex. Patients without increased grey matter signal intensity had a longer overall duration of CJD (P = 0.035). Although the interval between onset of neurological symptoms and MRI was not different, patients without increased grey matter signal also survived longer after MRI examination (P = 0.022).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pituitary ; Adenohypophysitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report the skull radiograph, CT and MRI findings in three patients with lymphocytic adenohypophysitis mimicking pituitary adenoma. All cases were associated with pregnancy. CT demonstrated a pituitary mass but did not differentiate lymphocytic adenohypophysitis from pituitary adenoma. The skull radiographs showed either a normal sella turcica or minimal abnormalities; they did not show ballooning or destruction. The MRI appearances were distinctive: relatively low signal on T1-weighted images; preservation of the bright posterior pituitary lobe despite the presence of a relatively large pituitary mass, less common in macroadenomas; marked contrast enhancement compared with pituitary macroadenomas; and dural enhancement adjacent to a pituitary mass.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 126-127 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Lyme disease ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a child with Borrelia burgdorferi meningoradiculitis. This entity, also known as Bannwarth syndrome, is rare and its presentation with low back pain only is even more unusual. The MRI findings can suggest the diagnosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 158-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Methanol ; intoxication ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Putaminal necrosis ; Putaminal haemorrhage ; Toxic encephalopathy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Methanol, a highly toxic substance, is used as an industrial solvent and in automobile antifreeze. Acute methanol poisoning produces severe metabolic acidosis and serious neurologic sequelae. We describe a 50-year-old woman with accidental methanol intoxication who was in a vegetative state. MRI showed haemorrhagic necrosis of the putamina and oedema in the deep white matter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 107
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 ; Cerebellar cortical atrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We describe the MRI findings in three Japanese patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) in which a polymorphic CAG repeat was identified in the gene encoding the α1A voltage-dependent P/Q-type Ca2+ channel subunit (CACNL1A4). All showed slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and mild pyramidal signs. Neuroradiologically, they had moderate cerebellar atrophy, most prominently in the superior vermis, whereas the brain stem appeared to be spared. No abnormal signal intensity was identified.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Leiomyoma ; brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present a case of intracranial parenchymal leiomyoma in a 20-year-old woman with a chief complaint of numbness and a painful sensation over the right limbs for several years. CT and MRI revealed an intensely enhancing calcified mass. The patient was well, without recurrence, 2 years after surgery.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 255-257 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Behçet's disease ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI demonstrated well-defined areas of signal change and moderate contrast enhancement in the thoracic spinal cord of a patient with Behçet's disease presenting with subacute myelopathy. The patient improved after intravenous steroids, and MRI 5 months later showed a normal spinal cord.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Central nervous system diseases ; Temporal bone ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Siderosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present a 50-year-old man who was investigated for sensorineural hearing loss. On MRI of the brain superficial siderosis of the central nervous system was seen, while MRI of the spine revealed an ependymoma of the cauda equina. This case illustrates the importance of performing T2-weighted imaging of the brain and posterior fossa when sensorineural hearing loss is present. Spine imaging is mandatory when superficial siderosis of the brain is diagnosed without identification of a bleeding source in the brain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 734-738 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Unilateral megalencephaly ; Myelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We reviewed the MRI of 17 patients with hemimegalencephaly to investigate abnormal myelination in this condition. On images of seven patients aged 18 months or less, the white matter on the affected side suggested advanced myelination for the age. On T1-weighted images of three patients aged 1 month, the anterior limb of the internal capsule in the affected hemisphere was myelinated, and T1 shortening was not clearly seen in the pre- and postcentral gyri. The cortical grey matter and subcortical white matter was isointense in two patients. Images of two patients aged 4 to 5 months and of five patients aged 8–18 months showed myelination that extended more peripherally in the white matter of the affected hemisphere.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain metastases ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetisation transfer ; Contrast enhancement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Our purpose was to compare prospectively the sensitivity of contrast-enhanced magnetisation transfer (MT) MRI and gradient-echo (GE) T1-weighted images in metastatic disease of the brain. We studied 52 patients with brain metastases, using conventional T1-weighted GE and MT spin-echo (SE) images after the same standard dose of gadolinium. Axial 5-mm reconstructions of GE data were compared with 5-mm MT images in the same plane. Metastases were counted independently by two neuroradiologists. In 12 patients (23 %) MT imaging showed more metastases than GE images (P = 0.03). We detected 68 more metastases with the former technique.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report assessment of a new three-dimensional fast spin echo (3D FSE) sequence in ten patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis, comparing it with standard 2D FSE, and in ten normal controls. We saw 29 focal lesions on the 2D images and 53 on the 3D FSE imgages (P = 0.05); none were seen in controls. Lesion length was significantly smaller on the 3D FSE than on to the 2D FSE images (3D: 1.36; 2D 2,0; P = 0.03). This may relate in part to separation into several lesions on the 3D images of confluent abnormal signal seen on 2D and in part to detection of small lesions missed by the thicker 2D FSE slices (3 mm compared to 1.5 mm). The 3D FSE sequence looks promising in improving spinal cord imaging.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Radiation injury ; Optic chiasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a case of radiation-induced optic neuropathy in a 32-year-old man with Cushing's disease and a recurrent tumour of the left cavernous sinus. The patient experienced rapid, painless loss of vision 4 years after treatment without recurrence of tumour or other visual disorder. MRI showed enlargement and contrast enhancement of the optic chiasm. A year later the patient was almost blind and MRI showed atrophy and persistent contrast enhancement of the chiasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 452-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Sinuses ; dural ; Epidermoid cyst ; skull ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tinnitus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report an intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the skull responsible for transverse sinus compression and presenting with nonpulsatile tinnitus. Plain films and CT both demonstrated the tumour. Cerebral angiography showed best the degree of narrowing of the right transverse sinus, accompanied with turbulent flow probably leading to tinnitus. MRI demonstrated accurately both the tumour and the dural sinus compression. The tumour was totally removed, cranioplasty was performed, and the patient was discharged free of symptoms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 477-482 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain ; anatomy ; Brain ; white matter ; Brain ; oedema ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI was obtained in eight normal volunteers and seven patients with brain oedema around the trigone. In addition to the conventional sequences, diffusion-weighted and intravoxel-incoherent-motion images using motion-proving anteroposterior and/or lateral direction gradients were obtained to show the white matter pathways better. Coronal proton-density-weighted images showed three thin relatively high-intensity layers in addition to the tapetum and the internal and external sagittal strata. Although they have not been confirmed anatomically, the thin layer between the internal and the external sagittal strata was corroborated by diffusion-weighted and intravoxel-incoherent-motion images, and by characteristics of the spread of oedema into the sagittal stratum. We propose that this layer be named the central sagittal lamina. The other two layers medial and lateral to the sagittal stratum were outside, but in contact with the medial and lateral parts of the sagittal stratum, respectively. We provisionally named them medial and lateral sagittal laminae; they were not evident on any other images. The low-intensity layer on T2-weighting was the internal sagittal stratum. The optic radiation, comprising the external sagittal stratum, appeared as an intermediate to slightly high-intensity layer on T2-weighted images and a low-intensity layer on T1-weighted images as did the corticospinal tract in the posterior internal capsule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Vascular dementia ; Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Previous cross-sectional studies in patients with subcortical vascular encephalopathy (SVE) have shown little or no correlation between brain lesion load and clinical disability, which could be due to the low specificity of T2-weighted MRI. Recent studies have indicated that T1-weighted MRI may be more specific than T2-weighted MRI for severe tissue destruction. We studied 37 patients with a diagnosis of SVE and 11 normal controls with standardised T1- and T2-weighted MRI. All patients underwent detailed clinical assessment including a neuropsychological test battery and computerised gait analysis. Both the T2- and T1-weighted total MRI lesion loads different between patients and controls different, particularly T1. The ratio of T2-/T1-weighted lesion load was lower in controls than in patients. There was no overall correlation of T1- or T2-weighted lesion load with clinical disability, but group comparison of patients with severe and mild clinical deficits showed different lesion loads. We suggest that T1- and T2-weighted MRI lesion loads demonstrate relevant structural abnormality in patients with SVE.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 512-515 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Behçet's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Meninges
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Behçet's disease is a multisystem disease that involves the central nervous system up to half of cases. Presentation with neurologic symptoms occurs in 5 % of cases and cerebral venous thrombosis is one of its major manifestations. A feature not previously reported is progressive meningeal thickening with involvement of both optic nerves. We report a patient with cerebral venous thrombosis, meningeal thickening and contrast enhancement on MRI. This patient had two other unusual features: positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and later development of central diabetes insipidus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 583-586 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain ; Calcification ; perivenous ; Lupus erythematosus ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present a case of neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus with granular calcification in the basal ganglia and cerebral white matter on CT. Histopathologically, these were identified as perivenous necrotising lesions, with loss of axons and myelin sheaths and prominent dystrophic calcification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dysequilibrium syndrome ; Osmotic demyelination syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Haemodialysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Neurological disorders may be seen in end-stage renal disease patients due to uraemia or to complications of dialysis. A dysequilibrium syndrome may be seen, usually soon after or towards the end of haemodialysis. This group of patients has no particular findings on MRI. On the other hand, the osmotic demyelination syndrome has definitive MRI findings, not to date reported with the dysequilibrium syndrome. We report a patient with end-stage renal disease and the dysequilibrium syndrome who showed findings of osmotic demyelination on MRI. The patient had a convulsion after a first haemodialysis, with quadriparesis and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and bilateral Babinski signs. The upper motor neurone signs lasted for a week. Meanwhile, he was also dysarthric and had dysphagia. He recovered neurologically without any residuum following appropriate treatment and there was improvement on MRI.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Choroid plexus ; infection ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Four cases of choroid plexitis of the brain (two with cryptococcosis and two with tuberculosis) are presented. The four patients showed either unilateral enlargement (3) or bilateral enlargement (1) and dense enhancement of the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles (4) and fourth ventricle (1) in association with clinical findings of leptomeningitis. All patients had unilateral cystic dilatation of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle presumably secondary to entrapment of the temporal horn and extensive oedema around the ipsilateral ventricle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 374-376 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Neurenteric cyst ; Posterior cranial fossa ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Neurenteric cysts are cystic masses lined by a columnar epithelium of endodermal origin. They are rare in the central nervous system. We report two neurenteric cysts in the posterior cranial fossa and describe their neuroradiological features. The lesions were of low density on CT and more accurately delineated on MRI. They gave the same signal as cerebrospinal fluid on all sequences. There was no contrast enhancement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 383-384 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brucellosis ; intracranial ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a rare case of neurobrucellosis in a 25-year-old woman with visual impairment, bilateral hearing loss, hyperprolactinaemia and meningitis. MRI revealed a sellar and suprasellar mass with enlargement of the optic chiasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain ; basal ganglia ; Pituitary gland ; Manganese ; Parenteral nutrition ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Hypermanganesaemia is reported in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition. Deposition of manganese, giving high signal on T1-weighted images, may involve the basal ganglia. MRI in nine patients (mean age 51 years, range 31–75 years) on long-term parenteral nutrition (mean duration 30 months, range 6–126 months), demonstrated high signal in the anterior pituitary gland on T1-weighted sagittal and coronal images. The gland appeared normal on T2-weighted images. Signal intensity in the basal ganglia on T1-weighted images was increased in all patients. Endocrine assessment showed no significant abnormality. Neurological examination showed a mild parkinsonian movement disorder in one patient. Hypermanganaesemia was present in all nine (1.3–2.8 μmol/l, mean 1.87 μmol/l). The high signal in the anterior pituitary gland was probably related to deposition of paramagnetic substances, especially manganese.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 359-363 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cervical spine ; trauma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Children
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We carried out a retrospective analysis of imaging and clinical findings in 52 children with a history of cervical spinal trauma. No patient had evidence of a fracture on plain films or CT. All had MRI at 1.5 T because of persistent or delayed symptoms, unexplained findings of injury or instability, or as further assessment of the extent of soft-tissue injury. Clinical follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3.5 years. MRI was evaluated for its influence on therapy and outcome. MRI was positive in 16 (31 %) of 52 patients. Posterior soft-tissue or ligamentous injury was the most common finding in the 10 patients with mild to moderate trauma, while acute disc bulges and longitudinal ligament disruption, each seen in one case, were uncommon. MRI was superior to CT for assessment of the extent of soft-tissue injury and for identification of spinal cord injuries and intracanalicular hemorrhage in the six patients with more severe trauma. MRI specifically influenced the management of all four patients requiring surgery by extending the level of posterior stabilization. No patients with normal MRI or any of the 10 with radiographically stable soft-tissue injury on MRI, developed delayed clinical or radiographic evidence of instability or deformity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 126
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We compared the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence with conventional spin-echo (SE) imaging for detection of involvement of the central nervous system in five patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD). The diagnosis was made based on clinical features and DNA analysis. All patients showed abnormal high-intensity lesions in the white matter on T2-weighted images, although these were more clearly visible using FLAIR.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Spontaneous intracranial hypotension ; Headache ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radionuclide cisternography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an unusual syndrome of postural headache and low cerebrospinal fluid pressure without an established cause. We present four cases, analyze those previously reported in the literature, examine the MRI, CT, angiographic and cisternographic finding and discuss the clinical picture, proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms and potential treatment.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Inner ear ; Aqueduct ; vestibular ; Endolymphatic duct ; Hearing loss ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied ten inner ears of five patients with a bilateral large vestibular aqueduct syndrome, using CT and MRI. Although the large vestibular aqueduct varied in size, a markedly dilated endolymphatic sac extending to the sigmoid sinus was demonstrated bilaterally on MRI in all patients. The cause of hearing loss in this syndrome is unclear. However, it is suggested that reflux of the protein-rich, hyperosmolar endolymph from the enlarged endolymphatic sac (EES) into the cochlea through a widely patent endolymphatic duct may damage the neuroepithelium. CT density and spin-echo MRI signal intensity of the endolymph in EES were markedly higher than those of CSF in eight inner ears of four patients. Increased density and high signal may indicate protein-rich, hyperosmolar endolymph. In some patients with sensorineural hearing loss and EES, the vestibular aqueduct may not appear dilated on CT. MRI is therefore necessary for correct diagnosis of this syndrome, which should more correctly be termed “large endolymphatic duct and sac syndrome”. Prominent EES may predict poor prognosis in this syndrome.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Aneurysm intracranial ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Embolisation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To determine when and how intracranial aneurysms causing mass effect change following endovascular treatment, we used MRI to assess patients for 2–3 years after the interventional procedure. Nine patients who had aneurysms compressing the surrounding structures underwent endovascular treatment. Proximal occlusion of the parent artery was performed in seven cases, and in two the aneurysm was embolised with microcoils. After embolisation, signal intensity within aneurysms tended to be high on both T1- and T2-weighted images. When there was rapid reduction in size high-signal zones within aneurysms became isointense or gave low signal on T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images, isointense or low-signal foci appeared within high-signal areas in the aneurysm, giving mixed intensity. In typical cases, the mean volume of the aneurysm fell to approximately 30 % of its initial value 2–12 months after treatment. After this, no additional reduction was observed. The aneurysms which showed little signal intensity change tended to shrink more slowly and to a lesser degree than the more typical cases. Aneurysms which gave high signal on both T1- and T2-weighted images early following embolisation shrank more quickly than those showing little signal change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyloid ; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Congophilic angiopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The case of a 70-year-old woman with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is presented. MRI of the head showed widespread miliary foci of haemorrhage within the cerebrum and cerebellum, with some additional linear lesions within the cerebral cortex and patchy lesions in the white matter. This is in contrast to the more usual pattern of intracranial haemorrhage in CAA, i. e., a lobar haematoma.
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 401-403 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyloidosis ; larynx ; Laryngocele ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A case of laryngeal amyloidosis associated with a laryngocele is reported. Preoperative CT showed diffuse thickening of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and false vocal cords with well-defined calcific foci. MRI revealed contrast enhancement and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Intellectual impairment ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neuropathology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied 12 patients with myotonic dystrophy using MRI and the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), to see it specific MRI findings were associated with intellectual impairment. We also compared them with the neuropathological findings in an autopsy case of MD with intellectual impairment. Mild intellectual impairment was found in 8 of the 12 patients. On T 2-weighted and proton density-weighted images, high-intensity areas were seen in cerebral white matter in 10 of the 12 patients. In seven of these, anterior temporal white-matter lesions (ATWML) were found; all seven had mild intellectual impairment (MMSE 22–26), whereas none of the four patients with normal mentation had ATWML. In only one of the eight patients with intellectual impairment were white-matter lesions not found. Pathological findings were severe loss and disordered arrangement of myelin sheaths and axons in addition to heterotopic neurons within anterior temporal white matter. Bilateral ATWML might be a factor for intellectual impairment in MD. The retrospective pathological study raised the possibility that the ATWML are compatible with focal dysplasia of white matter.
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 398-400 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Spine ; Cervical spinal cord ; Posterior column ; Subacute combined degeneration ; Vitamin B12 deficiency ; Degenerative process ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The specific spinal cord lesion caused by vitamin B12 deficiency is known as subacute combined degeneration (SCD). Neuropathological studies of SCD show lesions mainly in the posterior and lateral columns, involving the cortico-spinal and spino-cerebellar tracts. We report a case of SCD in a 19-year-old man who presented with 4 weeks history of gradually progressing tingling in both hands. MRI of the cervical spine demonstrated symmetrical areas of T2 signal abnormality involving the dorsal columns of the cervical cord from the C2 through C5 levels associated with spinal cord expansion. He was treated with vitamin B12 supplements and experienced gradual improvement in his clinical symptoms. Repeat MRI of the cervical spine after 2 months revealed slight decrease in the area of abnormal signal.
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 462-465 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Temporal bone ; abnormalities ; CHARGE association ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We reviewed the CT examinations of the temporal bone, performed with 1-mm-thick contiguous sections, of seven patients with the CHARGE association. We found abnormalities of the incus and stapes, with ossicular chain fixation, absence of the stapedius muscle and oval window, hypoplasia or dysplasia of the vestibule and absence of the semicircular canals in all ears. The pyramidal eminence and tympanic sinus were absent and there were anomalies of the cochlea in 13 of 14 ears. Absence of the semicircular canals is the most specific change in patients with the CHARGE association.
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  • 135
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 507-511 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Germ-cell tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We reviewed the MRI findings of germinomas originating from the basal ganglia, thalamus or deep white matter in 13 patients with 14 germinomas, excluding those in the suprasellar or pineal regions. Ten cases were confirmed as germinomas by stereotaxic biopsy, three by partial and one by total removal of the tumour. Analysis was focussed on the location and the signal characteristic of the tumour, haemorrhage, cysts within the tumour and any other associated findings. Thirteen of the tumours were in the basal ganglia and one in the thalamus. Haemorrhage was observed in seven patients, while twelve showed multiple cysts. Associated ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy was seen in three patients. The signal intensity of the parenchymal germinomas was heterogeneous on T1- and T2-weighted images due to haemorrhage, cysts and solid portions. We also report the MRI findings of germinomas in an early stage in two patients.
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 519-521 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Toluene ; Organic solvents ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Iron ; brain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI may be helpful in showing brain toxicity associated with chronic toluene inhalation. We report clinical and MRI findings over 3 years in a man with gradual neurologic decline secondary to toluene abuse. Cerebral atrophy most prominently involved the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis. On T2-weighted images, loss of gray-white matter contrast, diffuse supratentorial white matter high-signal lesions, and low signal in the basal ganglia and midbrain were seen. In addition, MRI showed abnormal labor cortical low signal on T2-weighted images, most prominent in the primary motor and visual cortex. This cortical T2 shortening, not previously described in this condition, may reflect iron deposition.
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 524-526 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Haemangioma ; sacral ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a 55-year-old woman with coccydynia due to a sacral mass. The histological diagnosis was haemangioma. The MRI findings and the unusual location of this lesion are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 716-719 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Degeneration subacute combined ; Spinal cord ; Brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vitamin B12 deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Subacute combined degeneration is a rare cause of demyelination of the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord and even more rarely of the pyramidal and spinocerebellar tracts and cerebellum. We present the initial and follow-up MRI appearances in a patient with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum, due to vitamin B12 deficiency. The lesions in these structures were demonstrated clearly as pathologically high-signal areas on T2-weighted images. These lesions, except those of the brain stem and cerebellum, disappeared 4 months after therapy. MRI 14 months after the patient's discharge on vitamin B12 therapy showed the same picture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Congenital muscular dystrophy ; Merosin ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present the MRI findings in five patients with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) and merosin (laminin α 2) deficiency, which was total in one and partial in four. In one patient with partial merosin deficiency, MRI was normal. The other four patients had supratentorial white matter abnormalities. In three, T2-weighted images revealed subcortical, deep lobar and periventricular high signal in white matter, while in the other there were only small peritrigonal areas of increased signal. On T1-weighted images, there was slightly low signal. Cortical abnormalities were absent. None of these changes were accompanied by symptoms or signs of central nervous system involvement. White matter abnormalities in a patient with CMD should prompt investigation of merosin.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Angiography ; Treatment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied three patients with aneurysmal malformations of the vein of Galen: all underwent embolisation followed by MRI and conventional angiography; two also underwent postembolisation magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRI was performed before treatment in two patients, MRA in only one, diagnosed prenatally. Two patients had normal appearances on follow-up MR studies and were completely cured by embolisation. However, the last patient, after two embolisations, despite the stabilisation of the clinical condition, underwent surgery and died. We think MRI is mandatory before endoarterial treatment, to assess the conditions of the brain. Angiography is mandatory only at the time of endovascular treatment, while MRA and MRI have a role in follow-up. Endoarterial embolisation remains the treatment of choice, and surgery is not advisable.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Heterotopic greymatter ; Brain ; developmental anomalies ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report unusual MRI patterns in patients with grey matter heterotopia. Standard T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo and inversion-recovery sequences were used in 22 patients presenting with seizures or developmental delay. The images were reviewed for signal change surrounding white matter and for atypical size, morphology or topography. We found 10 cases of subependymal heterotopias 11 of focal subcortical heterotopia and of diffuse subcortical heterotopia. On clinical or MRI grounds, 8 cases were considered unusual: 2 of the subependymal type, 2 of focal subcortical heterotopia with white matter abnormalities, 2 of focal subcortical heterotopia with no clinicoradiological correlation 1 of extensive hemispheric subcortical heterotopia and 1 of diffuse subcortical heterotopia confined to the frontal lobe. The classical classification of heterotopia enables easy radiological diagnosis even in cases with unusual patterns. In some cases, heterogeneity and high signal in surrounding white matter can be found. Cortical dysplasia is the most frequent associated malformation.
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Limbic system ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Volume measurements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The limbic system comprises the hippocampal formation, fornix, mamillary bodies, thalamus, and other integrated structures. It is involved in complex functions including memory and emotion and in diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy. Volume measurements of the amygdala and hippocampus have been used reliably to study patients with temporal lobe epilepsy but have not extended to other limbic structures. We performed volume measurements of hippocampus, amygdala, fornix and mamillary bodies in healthy individuals. Measurements of the amygdala, hippocampus, fornix and mamillary bodies revealed significant differences in volume between right and left sides (P 〈 0.001). The intraclass coefficient of variation for measurements was high for all structures except the mamillary bodies. Qualitative image assessment of the same structures revealed no asymmetries between the hemispheres. This technique can be applied to the study of disorders affecting the limbic system.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ear ; neoplasms ; Temporal bone ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report the use of MRI in the diagnosis, follow-up and therapeutic management of three cases of intralabyrinthine Schwannoma. The diagnosis was based on the history and initial and follow-up MRI findings. The main feature suggesting the diagnosis was a nodular intralabyrinthine mass of low signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and high or isointense signal on T1-weighted images (relative to cerebrospinal fluid), which showed contrast enhancement. Follow-up imaging showed growth of the tumour in one patient. One patient underwent surgery for severe tinnitus. To detect these lesions, MRI should be focussed on the inner ear, using thin-section T2-weighted and T1-weighted images before and after contrast medium. MRI allowed informed surgical planning.
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Thyroid ; lingual ; Goitre ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present the CT and MRI findings in a 75-year-old woman with a huge pathologically proven lingual thyroid which underwent goitrous degeneration. CT and MRI showed a midline, tongue-based, exophytic mass with areas of necrosis and heterogeneous contrast enhancement, as seen in large goitres in the normal thyroid gland.
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 364-366 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Incontinentia pigmenti ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Incontinentia pigmenti is an uncommon neurocutaneous syndrome characterised by skin lesions, dental and ocular abnormalities and central nervous system involvement. We report the cranial MRI findings in two sisters with this condition. These include hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, enlargement of the lateral ventricles and periventricular white-matter lesions. One girl also had unilateral microphthalmia and rostral agenesis of the corpus callosum, a feature not previously described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 377-379 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ganglioglioma ; Neuronal tumours ; Brain ventricles ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a case of ganglioglioma located in the body and frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle. The lesion was found in a 71-year-old man who suffered from recurrent episodes of right hemicranial headache. CT and MRI showed a heterogeneous intraventricular tumour with multiple microcysts that suggested a diagnosis of subependymoma or central neurocytoma, but the pathological findings were consistent with ganglioglioma. Although the most frequent intracranial location of ganglioglioma is the temporal lobe, any location in the central nervous system may be seen. Nevertheless an exclusively intraventricular location is exceptional. To our knowledge this is the first complete radiological report of a purely intraventricular ganglioglioma.
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain embolism ; Endocarditis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We describe the findings on CT or MRI in five patients with neurological symptoms and underlying infective endocarditis (IE). We noted the size, number, and distribution of lesions, the presence or absence of haemorrhage, and contrast enhancement patterns. The number of lesions ranged from 4 to more than 10 in each patient. Their size varied from punctate to 6 cm; they were distributed throughout the brain. The lesions could be categorized into four patterns based on imaging features. A cortical infarct pattern was seen in all patients. Patchy lesions, which did not enhance, were found in the white matter or basal ganglia in three. Isolated, tiny, nodular or ring-enhancing white matter lesions were seen in three patients, and parenchymal haemorrhages in four. In addition to the occurrence of multiple lesions with various patterns in the same patient, isolated, tiny, enhancing lesions in the white matter seemed to be valuable features which could help to differentiate the neurological complications of IE from other thromboembolic infarcts.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Glioblastoma ; necrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In a previous study, we found that the extent of necrosis was the only radiological feature which correlated significantly with survival in patients with glioblastoma. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the variability and prognostic value of the extent of the necrotic area as seen on contrast-enhanced MRI and CT in a larger series. We studied 72 patients who underwent surgical removal of supratentorial glioblastomas and had CT and/or MRI with contrast medium before surgery; 38, all undergoing the same treatment (surgery plus radiotherapy), were followed clinically. Necrosis within the tumour varied greatly, ranging from none (only 1 case) to involvement of 76 % of the tumour. Survival data in the subgroup suggested that only patients with a small area of necrosis (less than 35 % of the tumour) had a significantly longer survival time. When necrosis involved more than 35 % of the mass, patients had a shorter survival time, without any further correlation with the extent of necrosis.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Arachnoid granulations ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance venography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report MRI and angiographic findings of an unusual giant arachnoid granulation in the left sigmoid sinus in a boy with headache. Its signal intensity was lower than that of cerebral cortex on T1-weighted images and higher on T2 weighting, mimicking dural sinus thrombosis.
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Head and neck ; neoplasms ; Sarcoma ; synovial ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present the CT and MRI findings of a histologically proven synovial sarcoma arising in the left parapharyngeal space of a 21-year-old man. CT was useful for confirming the presence of calcification within the tumour, which may be a favourable prognostic sign, and in excluding involvement of cortical bone. The CT and MRI findings were, however, nonspecific. MRI was superior to CT for assessing the topographical relationships of the tumour to the vessels and the invasion of neighbouring structures.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain diseases ; Arteriovenous fistula ; Myelopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Diagnosis of an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with spinal perimedullary venous drainage is challenging because the presenting symptoms are usually related to dysfunction of the spine, not of the brain. Repeated spinal angiograms are usually performed before the diagnosis is finally made by cerebral angiography. We report two cases of intracranial DAVFs with spinal perimedullary venous drainage. In both cases contrast-enhanced cervical MRI demonstrated dilated lower brainstem and upper spinal veins, which, we believe, is a good indicator of the existence of such drainage. We suggest that, in cases with perimedullary serpentine enhancement on thoracic or lumbar MR images, additional Gd-enhanced cervical spinal MR imaging should be performed. The simple process of tracing the veins upwards may avoid a lot of unnecessary examinations and delay in the diagnosis.
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 420-423 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ; Polyradiculitis ; Semple vaccine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract I reviewed MRI findings in five patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination with Semple antirabies vaccine. MRI in two patients with encephalitis features showed multiple white matter lesions in the cerebrum, cerebellar peduncles and brain stem. Two patients who had features of cord involvement showed signal alterations in the cord extending over a few segments. Asymptomatic lesions in the cerebrum were seen in two patients. In a patient with encephalomyelitis MRI 50 days later showed resolution of the lesions. The white matter lesions described were indistinguishable from those seen in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following other infections.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words volume measurement ; hippocampus ; epilepsy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied the intra- and interobserver variability of volume measurments of the hippocampus (HC) and the amygdala as applied to the detection of HC atrophy in patients with complex partial seizures (CPE), measuring the volumes of the HC and amygdala of 11 normal volunteers and 12 patients with presumed CPE, using the manual ray-tracing method. Two independent observers performed these measurements twice each using home-made software. The intra- and interobserver variability of the absolute volumes and of the normalised left-to-right volume differences (δV) between the HC (δVHC), the amygdala (δVA) and the sum of both (δVHCA) were assessed. In our mainly right-handed normals, the right HC and amygdala were on average 0.05 and 0.03 ml larger respectively than on the left. The interobserver variability for volume measurements in normal subjects was 1.80 ml for the HC and 0.82 ml for the amygdala, the intraobserver variability roughly one third of these values. The interobserver variability coefficient in normals was 3.6 % for δVHCA, 4.7 % for δVHC and 7.3 % for δVA. The intraobserver variability coefficient was 3.4 % for δVHCA, 4.2 % for δVHC amd 5.6 % for δVA. The variability in patients was the same for volume differences less than 5 % either side of the interval for normality, but was higher when large volume differences were encountered, is probably due to the lack of thresholding and/or normalisation. Cutoff values for lateralisation with the δV were defined. No intra- or interobserver lateralisation differences were encountered with δVHCA and δVHC. From these observations we conclude that the manual ray-tracing method is a robust method for lateralisation in patients with TLE. Due to its higher variability, this method is less suited to measure absolute volumes.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pituitary gland ; Cavernous sinus ; Dura mater ; Anatomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We compared MRI studies of the sellar area and embryological and adult histological studies of the cavernous sinuses and pituitary fossa. MRI studies were performed in 50 normal subjects with coronal sections using a fast inversion-recovery sequence to demonstrate the dural walls of the cavernous sinus and pituitary fossa. With this sequence, dura mater appears as a high-signal linear structure. The lateral and superior walls of the cavernous sinus was easily identified on all studies, but demonstration of a dural wall separating the cavernous sinus from the pituitary fossa was not possible. These results correlated well with embryological and adult histological studies obtained from 14 specimens. The absence of a strong separation between the pituitary fossa and the cavernous sinus explains the high incidence of extension of pituitary tumours to the cavernous sinuses and vice versa.
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 675-683 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cortical dysplasia ; focal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied nine cases of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) by MRI, with surface-rendered 3D reconstructions. One case was also examined using single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (MRS). The histological features were reviewed and correlated with the MRI findings. The gyri affected by FCD were enlarged and the signal of the cortex was slightly increased on T1-weighted images. The gray-white junction was indistinct. Signal from the subcortical white matter was decreased on T1- and increased on T2-weighted images in most cases. Contrast enhancement was seen in two cases. Proton MRS showed a spectrum identical to that of normal brain.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Neurocysticercosis ; Subarachnoid space ; Spinal ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present a patient with neurocysticercosis with spinal subarachnoid spread who presented with lower back pain and progressive numbness and weakness of the left leg. MRI of the spine simulated metastasis. MRI of the brain demonstrated a “bunch of grapes” appearance in the basal cisterns, characteristic of cysticercosis.
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 743-747 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Meningioma ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Meningiomas are rare tumours in children and lumbar lesions are exceptional. We report a clear-cell meningioma (CCM) of the cauda equina in a 10-year-old girl. The tumour was diagnosed by MRI, showing an enhancing intradural mass extending from L1 to L4. Pathology and immunohistochemical study demonstrated a CCM. The patient had a recurrence 6 months after the operation requiring further surgery. CCM are rare lesions, characterised by abundant cytoplasmic glycogen particles. Complete surgical removal is necessary because, despite their benign histological appearance, CCM are potentially aggressive and may recur, spread locally and even metastasize.
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 173-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain ; cortical malformations ; Lissencephaly ; Miller-Dieker syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Although imperfect, MRI is the best way of distinguishing type 1 lissencephaly from other, less classical lissencephalic malformations. We reported a case in which correlation of MRI and neuropathology was possible. Besides the classical radiological features of lissencephaly, i. e., agyria and excessive thickness of the cortex, an additional sign was observed: a thin cortical band, which gave high signal on T2-weighted images, represented a paucicellular and partially myelinated band, 1500 μm thick, lying under the true superficial cortex. This MRI feature could be characteristic of the particular cortical lamination observed in true type 1 lissencephaly.
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 332-334 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Microcephalia vera ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract CT and MRI findings in three patients, two of them siblings, with microcephalia vera are presented. In this rare entity, a very small brain with an extremely thin, smooth cortex and increased surrounding cerebrospinal fluid are observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 390-392 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Echinococcosis ; Spinal ; Hydatid disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A rare case of pathologically proven primary intraspinal extradural hydatid disease of the thoracic region with spinal cord compression is reported. The diagnosis was established preoperatively on the basis of the MRI findings. The patient underwent surgery and recovered completely.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Blindness ; congenital ; Cortex ; visual ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI was used to study possible morphological changes in the visual system in 12 patients suffering from congenital blindness of peripheral (ocular) origin. While their optical pathways showed degeneration, hypoplasia or atrophy in 7 out of 12 cases, the occipital cortex appeared normal in all cases. This dissociation between afferent pathways and the cortex is contrary to the assumption that visually deprived cortex may undergo degeneration. The finding is congruent with evidence that the occipital cortex is used for other, nonvisual functions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 162
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Echinococcosis ; brain ; Hydatid disease ; brain ; Albendazole ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a case of cerebral hydatid disease demonstrated by CT and MRI, treated with albendazole. Follow-up showed complete dissapearance of the cysts with residual focal calcification on CT and presumed gliosis on MRI.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Secretory meningioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Secretory meningioma is a rare entity which may be characterised by imaging features unusual for other subtypes of meningoma, such as low attenuation on CT, high (fat-tissue equivalent) signal intensity on T1-weighted MRI, marked surrounding oedema, and irregular contrast enhancement. We report a case of secretory meningioma and review the literature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 669-672 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Spinal cord ; infarcts ; Cauda equina ; contrast enhancement ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report two cases of infarcts of the spinal cord with contrast enhancement of the cauda equina on MRI. As enhancement of the infarcted spinal cord waned, that of cauda equina was definite. These appearances suggest disruption of the blood-tissue barrier and possibly hyperaemia of cauda equina following infarcts of the spinal cord.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Lyme disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a 7-year-old boy with neuroborreliosis presenting with headache and bilateral facial nerve palsy. MRI demonstrated tentorial and bilateral facial and trigeminal nerve enhancement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Visual evoked potentials ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied the relationship between abnormalities shown by MRI and functional disturbances in the visual pathway as assessed by the visual evoked potential (VEP) in 25 patients with established multiple sclerosis (MS); only 4 of whom had a history of acute optic neuritis. Optic nerve MRI was abnormal in 19 (76 %) and is thus useful in detecting subclinical disease. Optic nerve total lesion length and area on the STIR sequence was found to correlate significantly with prolongation of the VEP latency. This may reflect a predominantly demyelinating rather than inflammatory origin for the signal change in the optic nerve.
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Leptomeninges metastases ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We compared high-dose (0.3 mmol/kg) and standard-dose (0.1 mmol/kg) gadolinium-enhanced MRI for diagnosis of meningeal metastases in 12 patients with suspected meningeal metastases. They were imaged with both standard-dose and high-dose gadolinium. All patients with abnormal meningeal enhancement underwent at least one lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, while patients with normal meningeal enhancement were followed clinically. All patients with negative CSF cytology also were followed clinically. A single observer reviewed all the images, with specific attention to the enhancement pattern of the meninges. Abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement was present in three cases, and abnormal pachymeningeal enhancement in three other patients. All of these patients had abnormal CSF analyses. In two of the three cases of abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement the disease was more evident on high-dose than on standard-dose imaging; in one case the abnormal enhancement was visible only on high-dose imaging. In one of the three cases with abnormal pachymeningeal enhancement, the disease was evident prospectively only with high-dose imaging.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 45-47 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ventriculus terminalis ; Conus medullaris ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report the MRI findings in two patients with cystic dilatation of the ventriculus terminalis. The latter is usually a tiny ependyma-lined cavity of the conus medullaris. In both cases the markedly dilated ventriculus terminalis was seen as a rounded cavity with regular margins, the content of which gave the same signal as cerebrospinal fluid with all MR pulse sequences. No contrast enhancement was seen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 161-163 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Histiocytosis ; Langerhans cell ; Histiocytosis X ; Brain stem ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Central nervous system involvement is uncommon in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The suprasellar region is more frequently affected. There have been few reports of involvement of the brain parenchyma shown on CT or MRI. We present a case of involvement of the pons, showing marked contrast enhancement on MRI.
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Moya-moya disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diffusion ; Magnetisation transfer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI in two children with moya-moya demonstrated low signal on T2-weighted images in the acute and subacute phases of ischaemia. Gradient-echo sequences, more sensitive to magnetic susceptibility, demonstrated these abnormalities better. Signal loss, due to temporary accumulation of iron, decreases progressively and disappears in the chronic stage of the disease. Diffusion-weighted MRI allows early detection of ischaemic lesions and can be used to monitor progressive spreading of the lesions. Magnetisation transfer maps provide sharp contrast, useful for demonstrating cortical atrophy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 171
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences ; Echo-planar imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We used five MRI sequences in six patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): conventional spin-echo (CSE) with 5-mm slices; 2D fast spin-echo (FSE) with 2-mm slices; multishot T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI) with 5-mm slices; fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (fFLAIR) with 2-mm slices; and 3D fast spin-echo with 1.5-mm-thick slices. A total of 225 lesions were detected on CSE, 274 on 2D FSE, 137 on EPI, 385 on fFLAIR and 320 on 3D FSE. The EPI sequence was clearly the least sensitive and susceptibility artefact was a problem, particularly in the brain stem and temporal lobes. Fast FLAIR displayed a much higher number of supratentorial lesions (380) than 3D FSE (297), 2D FSE (264) or CSE (211). However, in the posterior cranial fossa 3D FSE was the most sensitive sequence (23 lesions), followed by CSE (14) and 2D FSE (10), while fFLAIR (5) was extremely insensitive.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 455-458 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Spinal cord ; Infection pyogenic ; Heroin abuse ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Spinal cord abscesses are extremely rare, even in intravenous drug abusers. They usually have a poor prognosis unless diagnosed and treated promptly. MRI is the best imaging modality for diagnosis and follow-up. We report a 42-year-old man, an active intravenous drug user, HIV negative, who developped subacute tetraplegia from an intramedullary abscess caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Immediate decompressive surgery and antibiotic treatment led to progressive recovery.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 173
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain ; blood flow ; Cerebral blood volume ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Acetazolamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstracts The acetazolamide (ACZ) test is performed to evaluate the decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) by investigation of vasomotor reactivity (VMR). Our aim was to study cerebral blood flow and blood volume changes induced by the ACZ test in healthy control subjects using dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced gradient-echo MRI (DSC-MRI). A FLASH sequence was used to produce susceptibility-weighted images during an intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA). After the first dynamic study, 1 g acetazolamide was given intravenously and 10 min later a second bolus of Gd-DTPA was injected. Using the indicator-dilution theory, relative cerebral blood volume and relative cerebral blood flow were estimated. In healthy subjects the ACZ test induced a significant increase in relative blood volume (from 80.5 ± 10.7 to 113.4 ± 11.9) and relative blood flow (from 5.73 ± 0.96 to 7.5 ± 0.97), symmetrically in the cerebral hemispheres. This approach might be promising in the understanding of cerebral haemodynamics in patients with vascular disorders.
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain ; anatomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; threedimensional ; Virchow-Robin spaces
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We performed a histopathological study of two human brains to look at dilated Virchow-Robin (V-R) spaces in the anterior perforated substance and putamen. We measured the diameter of 74 arteries in 54 dilated V-R spaces. In 28 patients without neurological deficits we ascertained the characteristic location of dilated V-R spaces in the anterior perforated substance and basal ganglia on MRI, measuring the distance from 64 foci of cerebrospinal fluid signal intensity to the centre of the mamillary body on 1 mm thick images. In the histopathological study, the mean diameter of the arteries was 39.0 ± 36.0 μm. Dilatation of the V-R space was observed from the end of the indentation of the pial membrane towards the brain surface along the perforating artery. In the MR images, the mean distance from the dilated V-R space to the mamillary body was 10.0 ± 4.5 mm. The V-R space was confined to a fixed level in the lower part of the basal ganglia, and not found near the brain surface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 175
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Schwannoma Malignant ; Leptomeningeal metastasis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A malignant retroperitoneal schwannoma in a patient without von Recklinghausen's disease is reported. Ossification in the tumour, shown on CT and MRI in this previously untreated patient is exceptional. MRI demonstration of spinal leptomeningeal metastases supports the hypothesis of haematogenous metastatic spread of systemic malignant tumours to the leptomeningeal spaces.
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 651-655 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pituitary adenoma ; Suprasellar tumour ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present five proven giant pituitary adenomas studied by CT and MRI, and review the clinical and imaging findings. Our aim was to examine the radiologic appearances and to search for criteria useful in distinguishing these tumors from other sellar and suprasellar tumours, mainly craniopharyngioma. The main differences from small adenomas were high prevalence of macrocysts, a more invasive behaviour and a clinical picture dominated by mass effect rather than endocrine disturbance. Factors supporting the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma in a giant intra- and suprasellar mass include: infrasellar extension, absence of calcification and presence of low-signal cysts on T1-weighted images.
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 771-777 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Brain infarction ; Contrast enhancement ; Cortical laminar necrosis ; FLAIR images ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To examine the chronological changes characteristic of cortical laminar necrosis caused by brain infarction, 16 patients were repeatedly examined using T1-, T2-weighted spin-echo, T2*-weighted gradient echo, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and contrast enhanced T1-weighted images at 1.0 or 1.5 T. High intensity cortical lesions were visible on the T1-weighted images from 2 weeks after ictus and became prominent at 1 to 3 months, then became less apparent, but occasionally remained at high intensity for 2 years. High intensity cortical lesions on FLAIR images became prominent from 1 month, and then became less prominent from 1 year, but occasionally remained at high intensity for 2 years. Subcortical lesions did not display high intensity on T1-weighted images at any stage. On FLAIR images, subcortical lesions initially showed slightly high intensity and then low intensity from 6 months due to encephalomalacia. Cortical lesions showed prominent contrast enhancement from 2 weeks to 3 months, but subcortical lesions were prominent from 2 weeks only up to 1 month. T2*-weighted images disclosed haemosiderin in 3 of 7 patients, but there was no correlation with cortical short T1 lesions. Cortical laminar necrosis showed characteristic chronological signal changes on T1-weighted images and FLAIR images. Cortical short T1 lesions were found not to be caused by haemorrhagic infarction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 178
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Paraganglioma ; Intrasellar neoplasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A 76-year-old woman presented with an intrasellar and suprasellar mass which caused deterioration of visual acuity and bitemporal visual field defects. Trans-sphenoidal and transcranial partial resection revealed a primary chemodectoma. This tumour is very rare in the sellar area, where there are normally no paraganglionic cells. We review the literature and discuss possible mechanisms for the development of this tumour.
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 516-518 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Agammaglobulinaemia ; congenital ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract MRI in a 17-year-old boy with known congenital agammaglobulinaemia (CA) demonstrated signs of chronic leptomeningeal inflammation with thickened, enhancing meninges. Furthermore, high signal was found symmetrically on T2-weighted images in the frontal and parietal white matter. The patient presented with severe general brain dysfunction and recent cerebellar ataxia. Extensive investigation did not reveal a causal agent. This case shows that MRI can be helpful in establishing the presence of pathological changes in cases where laboratory results are negative.
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 40 (1998), S. 577-579 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Fibroma ; chondromyxoid ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Only a smal proportion of cases of this rare neoplasm occur in the skull. We present an unusually extensive tumour in a young man.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Pyelonephritis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children remains a clinical challenge. We assessed the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection of pyelonephritis in four pediatric patients and compared the results with renal cortical scintigraphy. MRI revealed areas of high signal intensity in the kidney that coincided with photon-deficient regions in the radionuclide scans in two children with acute pyelonephritis. These findings confirm work in experimental animals and indicate that MRI can accurately detect acute pyelonephritis in children.
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 824-831 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Koloskopie ; Spiral-CT ; Elektronenstrahltomographie ; MRT ; virtuelle Realität ; Key words Spiral computed tomography ; Electron beam tomography ; EBT ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; MRI ; Colonoscopy ; Virtual reality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Purpose: To evaluate experimentally and in patients the sensitivity and effective dose of virtual electron-beam tomography (EBT) colonoscopy for detecting small colon tumors and to compare the methods and results with virtual colonoscopy using spiral CT and MR imaging in a review of the literature. Materials and methods: Six polyps with diameters between 3 and 12 mm were created and randomly placed in resected pig colon. After distension with air, the pig colon was scanned with continous volume scanning (CVS, 3 mm collimation) and a pitch of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5. Twenty patients positive for the fecal blood test were examined after rectal CO2 insufflation and i. v. administration of 1 mg glucagon. A 13 s CVS scan was used to cover the entire colon within one breathhold. 3D volume-rendered fly-throughs were evaluated by two independent radiologists. Effective dose equivalent was estimated using an Alderson phantom equipped with thermoluminescence dosimeters. Results: In the tumor model, all polyps were detectable at a pitch of 1.5. A further reduction of the pitch ratio did not improve the conspicuity of the polyps. In patient studies, all tumors (n = 4) and polyps (n = 3) were correctly identified on 3D fly-throughs. Two false positive results were obtained. Effective dose equivalent was calculated at 3.2 mSv per scan. Conclusions: Our preliminary results indicate that virtual EBT colonoscopy holds promise for fast screening for colon polyps. The best technique for virtual colonoscopy (Spiral CT, EBT, MRI) has not yet been determined and the future role of virtual colonoscopy must still be defined.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Ziel: Als virtuelle Koloskopie bezeichnet man eine neue Methode, die aus Bilddaten der radiologischen Schnittbildverfahren, CT, Elektronenstrahl-CT (EBT) und MRT mittels computerunterstützter Bildnachverarbeitung simulierte dreidimensionale (3D-), endoskopieähnliche Bilder des Kolons erzeugt. Ziel unserer Untersuchung war die Bestimmung der Wertigkeit der virtuellen EBT-Koloskopie zum Nachweis von kolorektalen Polypen und Tumoren in vitro am Tumormodell und in Patientenstudien. Anhand publizierter Studien der virtuellen Koloskopie mit Spiral-CT und MRT sollen die verschiedenen Untersuchungstechniken dargestellt und verglichen werden. Material und Methode: 6 Polypen mit einem Durchmesser von 3–12 mm wurden nach Abheben und Umstechen der Mukosa in Schweinekolon gebildet. Nach Distension mit Raumluft wurde dieses Tumormodell mit EBT im „continuous volume scanning (CVS)-Mode” mit 3-mm-Kollimation und 3 verschiedenen Pitchverhältnissen (0,4; 0,8; 1,5) gescannt; 20 Patienten mit positivem Hämocculttest wurden nach rektaler CO2-Insufflation und i. v.-Gabe von 1 mg Glucagon in Atemanhaltetechnik mit einem den ganzen Kolonrahmen abdeckenden CVS-Scan (13 s Untersuchungsdauer) untersucht. Endoskopische 3D-Durchflugsrekonstruktionen wurden von 2 unabhängigen Radiologen hinsichtlich des Vorliegens von Polypen oder Tumoren beurteilt. Die zu erwartende effektive Dosis für die EBT-Koloskopie wurde über Messungen mit einem Alderson-Phantom, welches mit Thermolumineszenzdosimetern bestückt war, berechnet. Ergebnisse: Schon bei einem Pitch von 1,5 wurden alle Polypen im Tumormodell erkannt. Die Reduzierung des Pitch auf 0,8 oder 0,4 verbesserte nicht die Erkennbarkeit der Polypen auf den endoskopischen 3D-Rekonstruktionen. Alle Tumoren (n = 4) und Polypen (n = 3) der Patientenuntersuchungen wurden korrekt identifiziert. 2 falsch-positive Befunde wurden erhoben. Die effektive Dosis pro Scan errechnete sich zu maximal 3,2 mSv. Schlußfolgerungen: Unsere vorläufigen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die virtuelle EBT-Koloskopie eine vielversprechende Methode zum Nachweis von kolorektalen Tumoren ist. Der Stellenwert der verschiedenen Techniken der virtuellen Koloskopie (Spiral-CT, EBT, MRT) muß erst noch bestimmt werden.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Angiographie ; Koronare Bypässe ; Myokardszintigraphie ; Echokardiographie ; Elektronenstrahl-Tomographie ; Spiral-Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Angiography ; Coronary artery bypass grafts ; Myocardial scintigraphy ; Echocardiography ; Electron beam tomography ; Spiral computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Purpose: Electron beam tomography (EBT) permits acquisition of images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The value of EBT and other imaging modalities for the depiction of patent coronary artery bypass grafts (ACVB, IMA) are compared to coronary angiography and an overview of current results is given. Material and methods: Graft patency can be evaluated with indirect methods stress, such as echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, myocardial scintigraphy, positron-emission tomography (PET) and direct imaging modalities, such as Doppler/2D echocardiography, EBT, spiral computed tomography (SCT) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Results: With indirect methods graft patency can be evaluated with sensitivity of 64–100% and specificity of 73–100%. EBT and SCT are equivalent in sensitivity (=94%) in the assessment of open venous grafts and specificity is up to 100%, but EBT is superior in the diagnosis of patent IMA grafts (sensitivity 100% vs 89%). Visualization of high-grade venous bypass stenosis seems possible with EBT. MRA with gradient echo technique is highly accurate in the assessment of patent venous grafts (sensitivity 77–93%) but has limited value in the evaluation of IMAs (sensitivity=53%). Promising are ultrafast 3D-MRA methods which permit high accuracy (sensitivity=94–96%) in assessing venous and arterial grafts. Discussion: Indirect imaging methods cannot differentiate between an occluded bypass, progression of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. EBT and SCT are equivalent in the diagnosis of open and occluded venous grafts, but EBT is superior in the assessment of patent IMA grafts. Visualization of high-grade venous bypass stenosis seems possible with EBT. MRA techniques, especially ultrafast 3D-MR methods, are highyly accurate in the assessment of patent venous and arterial grafts but are still limited to scientific research.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Die Elektronenstrahl-Tomographie (EBT) erlaubt es, Einzelschichtbilder mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung zu erzeugen. Der Stellenwert der EBT in der Diagnostik venöser und arterieller Bypässe soll anderen bildgebenden Verfahren gegenübergestellt werden. Material und Methoden: Die Beurteilung der Durchgängigkeit von Bypässen erfolgt mit indirekten und direkten Methoden. Indirekte Methoden umfassen die Streßechokardiographie sowie nuklearmedizinische Techniken wie die Radionuklidventrikulographie, Myokardszintigraphie und Positronen- Emissions-Tomographie (PET). Zu den direkten Verfahren zählen die Doppler-/2D-Echokardiographie, die Spiral-Computertomographie (SCT), Magnetresonanz-Angiographie (MRA) und die EBT. Ergebnisse: Mit nuklearmedizinischen Methoden gelingt die Beurteilung der Bypassdurchgängigkeit mit einer Sensitivität von 64%–100% bei einer Spezifität von 73%– 100%. Bei der Echokardiographie liegt die Sensitivität bei 83%–93%. EBT und Spiral-CT weisen vergleichbare Sensitivitäten (bis 94%) in der Beurteilung venöser Bypässe auf, die Spezifität wird mit bis zu 100% angegeben. In der Diagnostik arterieller Bypässe zeigt die EBT dagegen eindeutige Vorteile (Sensitivität bis 100%) gegenüber der SCT (Sensitivität bis 89%). Die morphologische Beurteilung hochgradiger venöser Bypass-Stenosen scheint nur mit der EBT möglich zu sein. Mit Gradienten-Echo-Techniken der MRA können angiographisch offene venöse Bypässe mit einer Sensitivität von 77%–93% als durchgängig bewertet werden, für die Diagnostik arterieller Grafts sind sie nicht geeignet (Sensitivität=53%). Vielversprechend sind moderne kontrastverstärkte 3D-MRA Methoden, die auch eine genaue Beurteilung von arteriellen Bypässen gestatten (Sensitivität=96%). Ob eine morphologische Beurteilung von Bypass-Stenosen mit Navigator-Echo-Technik möglich ist, muß noch untersucht werden. Zusammenfassung: Mit indirekten bildgebenden Verfahren ist eine Differenzierung zwischen Bypassverschluß, Progression der koronaren Herzerkrankung oder stattgehabten Myokardinfarkt nicht möglich. EBT und Spiral-CT sind gleichwertig in der Beurteilung der Durchgängigkeit venöser Bypässe. Die EBT besitzt Vorteile in der Diagnostik arterieller Bypässe und der morphologischen Beurteilung hochgradiger venöser Bypass-Stenosen. Die MRA, vor allem ultraschnelle kontrastverstärkte 3D-Methoden, weisen eine hohe diagnostische Aussagekraft in der Beurteilung der Durchgängigkeit venöser und arterieller Grafts auf, ihr Einsatz bleibt aber vorerst wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen vorbehalten.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 184
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 913-923 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Zerebrale Lymphome ; Hirntumoren ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key words Cerebral lymphomas ; Brain tumours ; Computer tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The incidence of primary cerebral lymphomas has risen continuously during the past years. The neuroradiological signs, which are decisive for the differential diagnosis of cerebral lymphomas, are worked up and discussed in this study. Thirty CT and 27 MR investigations of a total of 32 patients (14 males, 18 females, age 60±15 years) with histopathologically proven cerebral lymphomas were analysed retrospectively. Multiple cerebral lymphomas were detected in 10/32 patients (31%). The cerebral lymphomas appeared on CT scans as hyperdense masses in 28/30 cases (93%). On T2-weighted MR scans 14/27 (52%) lymphomas were slightly hyperintense compared to white matter and 9/27 (33%) inhomogeneously isointense to poorly hyperintense. These were clearly T2-hypointense compared to T2-hyperintense perifocal oedema. In these cases CT density and T2-weighted signal intensity looked like grey matter. All cerebral lymphomas except one case took up contrast medium. An ependymal infiltration or a contact to the ventricle’s wall were found in 24/32 cases and an infiltration or a contact to the leptomeningeal space in 15/32 cases. One should consider a cerebral lymphoma as a possible differential diagnosis when a cerebral mass shows the following signs: (1) in CT scans as a hyperdense mass, and on T2-weighted MR images hyperintense compared to white matter and hypointense compared to perifocal edema; (2) clear contrast enhancement and (3) infiltration or broad contact with the ependyma and/or the leptomeningeal space.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Inzidenz der primär zerebralen Lymphome hat in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich zugenommen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die neuroradiologischen Kriterien, die für die Differentialdiagnose zerebraler Lymphome entscheidend sind, erarbeitet. Hierzu wurden 30 CT- und 27 MRT-Untersuchungen von 32 Patienten (14 Männer, 18 Frauen, mittleres Alter 60± 15 Jahre) mit einem neuropathologisch verifiziertem zerebralem Lymphom retrospektiv ausgewertet. Bei 10/32 (31%) Patienten wurden multiple zerebrale Lymphomherde diagnostiziert. In der CT stellten sich nativ bei 28/30 Patienten (93%) die Lymphome mäßig hyperdens dar. Auf T2-gewichteten Spin-Echo-Aufnahmen waren in 14/27 Fällen (52%) die Lymphome im Vergleich zur weißen Substanz mäßig hyperintens und in 9/27 (33%) inhomogen iso- bis hyperintens. Im Vergleich zum T2-hyperintensen perifokalen Ödem kamen sie hypointens zur Darstellung. CT-Dichte und T2-Signalintensität entsprach in diesen Fällen der der Hirnrinde. Bis auf einen Fall nahmen alle zerebralen Lymphommanifestationen deutlich Korntrastmittel auf. In 24/32 Fällen fand sich eine Infiltration des Ependyms oder ein Kontakt zu den Ventrikelwänden. Eine Infiltration oder Kontakt zum leptomeningealen Raum lag in 15/32 Fällen vor. Bei einer intrakraniellen Raumforderung sollte differentialdiagnostisch an ein zerebrales Lymphom gedacht werden, wenn diese 1. im CT hyperdens und auf T2-gewichteten Aufnahmen im Vergleich zum perifokalen Ödem hypointens ist, 2. ein deutliches Kontrastmittelenhancement besteht und 3. eine Infiltration oder ein breiter Kontakt zum Ependym und/oder zum leptomeningealen Raum vorliegt.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 185
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Samenblasenzysten ; Nierenagenesie ; Langzeitverlauf ; Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Seminal vesicle cysts ; Renal agenesis ; Long-term results ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Congenital seminal vesicle cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia are rare malformations. Even though they are more often diagnosed today due to the introduction of advanced, sectional imaging techniques as CT and MRI, no reliable data about the prevalence of this malformation are available. This study reports seven consecutive cases, with long-term follow-up in five cases (26–119 months, mean 52 months). All patients underwent sonography, excretory urography, CT and MRI. Only two of seven patients presented nonspecific symptoms of the lower urinary tract; five were asymptomatic. In all cases sonography revealed the cystic character of the retrovesical enlargement. The anatomy of the lower pelvis was most accurately shown on MRI, which depicted the ectopic insertion of the ureter into the seminal vesicle in five cases. Cysts demonstrated high signal intensities in T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo images. In five cases the CT density was over 40 HU. Whereas one patient (15 years) presented significant enlargement of the cysts 10 years after primary diagnosis with compression of the urinary bladder, four patients showed no changes of their malformation in the follow-up examinations. The present data therefore support the concept of treating only symptomatic patients.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Kongenitale Samenblasenzysten mit ipsilateraler Nierenagenesie oder -dyplasie sind seltene angeborene Mißbildungen. Seit Einführung moderner Schnittbildverfahren werden sie jedoch zunehmend häufiger diagnostiziert. Dennoch fehlen bislang genaue Angaben über die Prävalenz dieses Mißbildungsmusters. Diese Studie berichtet über 7 konsekutive Fälle und dokumentiert in 5 Fällen Langzeitbeobachtungen (26–119 Monate, Mittel 52 Monate). Von allen Patienten liegen Ultraschalluntersuchungen, Ausscheidungsurographien sowie Computer- und Kernspintomographien vor. Nur 2 von 7 Patienten wiesen unspezifische Symptome des unteren Harntraktes auf, alle anderen waren asymptomatisch. Von allen bildgebenden Verfahren zeigte die Kernspintomographie am genausten die Veränderungen im kleinen Becken und ihre Beziehungen zum Urogenitalsystem. Die Zysten wiesen eine hohe Signalintensität in T1- und T2-gewichteten Spin-Echo-Sequenzen auf. Computertomographisch fanden sich in 5 Fällen Dichtewerte über 40 HE. Während ein Patient (15 Jahre alt) 10 Jahre nach Erstdiagnose eine erhebliche Vergrößerung der Zysten mit Verdrängung der Harnblase aufwies, zeigten 4 Patienten bei der Nachuntersuchung keine Veränderung der Fehlbildung. Die vorliegenden Daten stützen somit das Konzept, nur symptomatische Patienten zu therapieren.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 135 (1998), S. 82-92 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsClassical conditioning ; Eyeblink ; Skin conductance ; Heart rate ; Caffeine ; Arousal ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two experiments (n = 48 and n = 45) investigated the effects of caffeine-induced arousal on differential classical conditioning of eyeblink (experiment 1) and autonomic (experiment 2) responses. Three groups of human subjects received double-blind administration of 0, 2, and 4 mg/kg oral caffeine (groups 0, 2, and 4, respectively). Twenty minutes after caffeine administration, a differential classical conditioning procedure was in effect. Physiological and subjective arousal was assessed by readings of blood pressure, skin conductance level, and a questionnaire, administered before caffeine administration, and after the conditioning procedure. The results showed increased indexes of physiological arousal in groups 2 and 4. In experiment 1, differential classical eyeblink conditioning was observed in groups 0 and 4, whereas no differential conditioning was seen in group 2. In experiment 2, differential classical conditioning was seen in group 0, whereas caffeine-induced arousal masked acquisition of conditioned skin conductance responses in group 4. This group displayed increased resistance to extinction compared to the other groups. Group 2, which had an intermediate level of arousal, did not display differential conditioning in either experiment. Taken together, the results indicate that small increases in arousal may be detrimental to learning, and larger increases in arousal may reverse this effect.
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 140 (1998), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Flunitrazepam ; Psychomotor sedation ; Attention ; Working memory ; Explicit memory ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Flunitrazepam was administered to volunteers in three different oral doses. The effects on psychomotor sedation, attention, working memory and explicit memory were then assessed at various intervals after dosing and compared with levels of the drug in the plasma. Three groups of 12 healthy males with similar levels of education were given placebo or flunitrazepam (1, 2 or 4 mg) in a double-blind, random-sequence study. Volunteers completed a battery of tests at night, 3.5h after taking the drug and in the morning, 10h afterward. Blood samples were collected for drug analysis before and after the nocturnal tests and before morning tests. At night, only the highest dose of flunitrazepam (4 mg) induced significant changes in psychomotor sedation, attention, working memory, and prose immediate recall. Doses of 2 and 4 mg flunitrazepam significantly reduced the mean scores of explicit memory (morning tests). Z-scores, calculated from differences between flunitrazepam and placebo, revealed that 2 mg flunitrazepam impaired memory but not alertness or attention. Linear regression analysis of the relationship between plasma levels of flunitrazepam and its effects (Z-scores) indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between peak levels of flunitrazepam at night and impairment of night attention and explicit memory, i.e. delayed recall of prose (r =0.59, P 〈0.01) and trigrams (r =0.55, P 〈0.01). However, memory and attention Z-scores as a function of plasma levels fitted with non-linear regression analysis to the Emax model had higher correlation coefficients. To produce an effect equal to 50% of the maximum effect for memory impairment, concentrations (EC50) were 6.1 and 6.4 ng/ml for prose and trigrams delayed recall; but for attention they were much higher, at 13.2 ng/ml. The overall results indicate that higher concentrations were needed to impair attention than were required to impair memory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 140 (1998), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Codeine ; Morphine ; Analgesia ; Oral ; Opiate ; Opioid ; Subjective ; Mood ; Psychomotor ; Pain ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of analgesic doses of oral codeine and morphine were examined in 12 healthy volunteers. Subjects ingested placebo, morphine 20 or 40 mg, or codeine 60 or 120 mg in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. The smaller and larger doses of each drug were putatively equianalgesic, and the cold-pressor test was included to test this assumption. Codeine and morphine increased ratings of “feel drug effect” but had little effect on other subjective measures, including the Addiction Research Center Inventory, visual analog scales, and adjective checklists. The few subjective effects that were observed were modest and were dose-related for morphine but not for codeine. The drugs did not affect performance on Maddox-Wing, digit-symbol substitution, coordination, auditory reaction, reasoning, and memory tests. Dose-related decreases in pupil size (miosis) were observed following codeine and morphine. Ratings of pain intensity decreased in a dose-related manner for morphine but not for codeine. Plasma codeine and morphine levels varied as an orderly function of dose. These results suggest that oral codeine and morphine are appropriate drugs for outpatient pain relief because they are effective analgesics at doses that have only modest effects on mood, produce few side effects, and do not impair performance. The results also suggest a possible ceiling effect of codeine on analgesia and subjective effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 189
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsD-Cycloserine ; LH ; Cortisol ; Human ; Schizophrenia ; NMDA ; Glutamate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract D-Cycloserine, a partial agonist of the glycine recognition site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, may serve as a probe for human cerebral NMDA receptor function. Since NMDA receptors are involved in neuroendocrine secretion, changes in pituitary secretion in response to D-cycloserine administration could serve as a model for NMDA receptor activity. The effects of an oral dose of 500 mg D-cycloserine were assessed in a neuroendocrine challenge paradigm in 20 healthy male volunteers, using a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled crossover design. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and cortisol secretion was studied, since preclinical studies indicate that these hormones increase in response to NMDA receptor stimulation. Furthermore, plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) secretion was studied, as NMDA receptors are suggested to be involved in the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. D-cycloserine was readily absorbed and did not induce side-effects or changes in vital signs and mood scores. D-Cycloserine stimulated LH secretion and induced a significant rise of the area under the plasma concentration time curve of LH. D-Cycloserine did not stimulate cortisol or plasma HVA secretion. These neuroendocrine effects suggest that D-cycloserine may be used to assess human NMDA receptor function in cerebral disorders, such as schizophrenia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Calcium channels ; Human ; Modulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Human adrenal medullary chromaffin cells were prepared and cultured from a cystic tumoral adrenal gland whose medullary tissue was unaffected. Adrenaline-containing and noradrenaline-containing cells were identified using a confocal fluorescence microscope and antibodies against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Current/voltage (I/V) curves performed with the voltage-clamped cells bathed in 10 mM Ba2+ (holding potential, V h=–80 mV) revealed the presence of only high-threshold voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels; T-type Ca2+ channels were not seen. By using supramaximal concentrations of selective Ca2+ channel blockers, the whole-cell I Ba could be fractionated into various subcomponents. Thus, I Ba had a 25% fraction sensitive to 1 µM nifedipine (L-type channels), 21% sensitive to 1 µM ω-conotoxin GVIA (N-type channels), and 60% sensitive to 2 µM ω-agatoxin IVA (P/Q-type channels). The activation of I Ba was considerably slowed down, and the peak current was inhibited upon superfusion with 10 µM ATP. The slow activation and peak current blockade were reversed by strong depolarizing pre-pulses to +100 mV (facilitation). A drastic facilitation of I Ba was also observed in voltage-clamped human chromaffin cell surrounded by other unclamped cells; in contrast, in voltage-clamped cells not immersed in a cell cluster, facilitation was scarce. So, facilitation of Ca2+ channels in a voltage-clamped cell seems to depend upon the exocytotic activity of neighbouring unclamped cells, which is markedly increased by Ba2+. It is concluded that human adrenal chromaffin cells mostly express P/Q-types of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (60%). L-Type channels and N-type channels are also expressed, but to a considerably minor extent (around 20% each). This dominance of P/Q-type channels in human chromaffin cells clearly contrasts with the relative proportion of each channel type expressed by chromaffin cells of five other animal species studied previously, where the P/Q-type channels accounted for 5–50%. The results also provide strong support for the hypothesis that Ca2+ channels of human chromaffin cells are regulated in an autocrine/paracrine fashion by materials co-secreted with the catecholamines, i.e. ATP and opiates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 78-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Bimanual rhythmic movement ; Interlimb coordination ; Coordination dynamics ; Polyrhythmic tapping ; Nonlinear oscillators ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Rhythmic interlimb coordination is characterized by attraction to stable phase and frequency relations. Sudden, unintended transitions between such coordination patterns have been observed in iso- and multifrequency tasks when movement frequency was gradually increased. These transitions have been accounted for by modeling the two limbs as nonlinearly coupled oscillators. The prevailing form of the coupling function is based on time derivatives, but an alternative formulation can be derived by incorporating time delays. These time delays may be related to the neurophysiological delays associated with the use of kinesthetic afferences. The two ways of deriving coupling functions for interlimb coordination allow for different predictions with respect to the effects of movement frequency and amplitude on the strength of interaction between the limbs. In the current experiment, the effects of amplitude and frequency were dissociated experimentally, so as to arrive at an empirically motivated choice between the two ways of formalizing interlimb coupling. Subjects tapped the polyrhythm 2:3 at five different frequencies under three amplitude conditions. Whereas no effects of amplitude were observed, the strength of interaction between the hands decreased with increasing movement frequency. These results support the time-delay version of the model, in which differential (loss of) stability of coordination modes results from differential dependence on movement amplitude, but overall coupling strength is related reciprocally to movement frequency squared. This version of the model was related tentatively to three proposed aspects of interlimb coordination: (1) neurophysiological delays associated with the use of kinesthetic afferences; (2) rate-dependent decrease in pattern stability; and (3) differential entrainment influences of kinesthetic signals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Motor control ; Hand muscles ; Stretch reflex ; Gating ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The reflex responses to brisk, ramp stretch perturbations of the human flexor pollicis longus muscle (FPL) were recorded during isometric and slow concentric or eccentric contractions at similar levels of muscle excitation. The subjects flexed their thumb to push down against a thumb-rest, whose position was controlled by a servo-controlled motor. In different runs, the stretch perturbations were imposed when the thumb-rest was stationary (isometric) or was flexing or extending the interphalangeal joint of the thumb at a constant velocity, i.e. during concentric or eccentric contractions of FPL. The latency of the most prominent component of the electromyographic reflex in the isometrically contracting muscle was about 60 ms, measured from the command signal. The amplitude of this response was sharply reduced during the non-isometric contractions. While not dependent on the direction, this modulation of the reflex response increased with the speed of active movement of the interphalangeal joint (flexion or extension). The response was greatly reduced during concentric or eccentric movements as slow as 1.6 mm·s–1 (approximately 5°·s–1 at the joint). When the force rather than the position of the thumb-rest was servo-controlled, the stretch response to perturbation again diminished with speed in a self-paced flexion task, compared with an isometric “hold” condition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 131-134 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Touch ; Finger ; Spatial perception ; Texture ; Hyperacuity ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  We investigated intermanual transfer and long-term retention of practice-related perceptual learning in the domain of tactile hyperacuity. Subjects discriminated a row of three dots in which the central dot was offset laterally from a row without such offset. Performance at the right index fingerpad improved with practice. Practice effects transferred essentially completely to the left index fingerpad. When tested some months later at the right index fingerpad, long-term retention of learning was limited and further practice was required to stabilize discrimination thresholds. Intermanual transfer of tactile learning appears to be a general phenomenon, while long-term retention appears to be limited in hyperacuity tasks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 121 (1998), S. 471-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Posture ; Posturography ; Balance ; Vision ; Psychophysics ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The present study investigates the efficacy of visual stabilisation of posture for different spatial frequencies of a visual stimulus. Circular sine wave gratings were used to analyse the correlation between perception of motion in depth and stabilisation of fore-aft sway by the mechanism of detecting changes in target size. Body sway was recorded by a force-measuring platform (series A) and, in addition, by simultaneous tracking of infrared markers fixed to the subject’s body (series B). Mean velocity and amplitude (RMS) of body sway were calculated in both sagittal (a–p) and lateral (l–r) planes. Sagittal sway was of least magnitude when viewing contrast gratings with lowest thresholds, whereas higher thresholds resulted in increasing sway parameters. As intended by the design of the stimuli, sagittal sway was correlated closer with the stabilising effect exerted by the different stimuli than was lateral sway. Sway velocity was reduced more efficiently, however, with a lower correlation with the psychophysical transfer function, than was RMS sway. Since sway velocity measured by the platform is suggested to depend to a greter extent on dynamic muscle forces generated at each individual body site the results indicate that visual information can be used to reduce and thereby optimise dynamic muscle action (sway velocity) even though static body sway is either not or less reduced. A comparable economisation of sway velocity but not of RMS sway was also seen at the end of posture investigations, indicative of positive training effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 195
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Regional cerebral blood flow ; Pre-supplementary motor area ; Prefrontal ; Intraparietal ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to identify the brain regions activated in relation to oculomotor sequence learning. Nine healthy subjects participated in the study, which consisted of three positron emission tomography scans. In the initial learning task, subjects were instructed to track a sequence of seven successive positions of visual targets and to memorize the order of the targets as well as their spatial locations. In the saccade task, subjects were instructed to track visual targets presented at random locations. In the control task, subjects were instructed to gaze at a fixation point. Fields showing significant regional cerebral blood flow change were determined from task-minus-control subtraction images. We determined that fields in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), the intraparietal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex were activated not only in the learning-minus-control images but also in the learning-minus-saccade images. Although prefrontal and parietal activations were bilateral, pre-SMA activation was confined to the left hemisphere. The results indicate that these fields function as a part of the neural network involved in the learning of sequential saccadic eye movements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 121 (1998), S. 478-494 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Vestibulospinal reflexes ; Proprioceptive reflexes ; Balance control ; Peripheral vestibular loss ; Visual modulation of postural responses ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Interactions between proprioceptive and vestibular inputs contributing to the generation of balance corrections may vary across muscles depending on the availability of sensory information at centres initiating and modulating muscle synergies, and the efficacy with which the muscle action can prevent a fall. Information which is not available from one sensory system may be obtained by switching to another. Alternatively, interactions between sensory systems and the muscle to which this interaction is targeted may be fixed during neural development and not switchable. To investigate these different concepts, balance corrections with three different sets of proprioceptive trigger signals were examined under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions in the muscles of normal subjects and compared with those of subjects with bilateral peripheral vestibular loss. The different sets of early proprioceptive inputs were obtained by employing three combinations of support surface rotation and translation, for which ankle inputs were nulled, normal or enhanced, the knees were either locked or in flexion, and the trunk was either in flexion or extension. Three types of proprioceptive and vestibulospinal interactions were identified in muscles responses. These interactions were typified by the responses of triceps surae, quadriceps, and paraspinal muscles. The amplitudes of stretch responses at 50 ms after the onset of ankle flexion in triceps surae muscles were related to the velocity of ankle stretch. The amplitude of balance-correcting responses at 100 ms corresponded more with stretch of the biarticular gastrocnemius when the knee was re-extended at 60 ms. Absent stretch reflexes at 50 ms in triceps surae with nulled ankle inputs caused a minor, 12-ms delay in the onset of balance-correcting responses in triceps surae muscles. Vestibular loss caused no change in the amplitude of balance-correcting responses, but a negligible decrease in onset latency in triceps surae even with nulled ankle inputs. Stretch responses in quadriceps at 80 ms increased with the velocity of knee flexion but were overall lower in amplitude in vestibular loss subjects. Balance-correcting responses in quadriceps had amplitudes which were related to the directions of initial trunk movements, were still present when knee inputs were negligible and were also altered after vestibular loss. Stretch and unloading responses in paraspinals at 80 ms were consistent with the direction of initial trunk flexion and extension. Subsequent balance-correcting responses in paraspinals were delayed 20 ms in onset and altered in amplitude by vestibular loss. The changes in the amplitudes of ankle (tibialis anterior), knee (quadriceps) and trunk (paraspinal) muscle responses with vestibular loss affected the amplitudes and timing of trunk angular velocities, requiring increased stabilizing tibialis anterior, paraspinal and trapezius responses post 240 ms as these subjects attempted to remain upright. The results suggest that trunk inputs provide an ideal candidate for triggering balance corrections as these would still be present when vestibular, ankle and knee inputs are absent. The disparity between the amplitudes of stretch reflex and automatic balance-correcting responses in triceps surae and the insignificant alteration in the timing of balance-correcting responses in these muscles with nulled ankle inputs indicates that ankle inputs do not trigger balance corrections. Furthermore, modulation of balance corrections normally performed by vestibular inputs in some but not all muscles is not achieved by switching to another sensory system on vestibular loss. We postulate that a confluence of trunk and upper-leg proprioceptive input establishes the basic timing of automatic, triggered balance corrections which is then preferentially weighted by vestibular modulation in muscles that prevent falling. The organisation of balance corrections around trunk inputs portrayed here would have considerable advantage for the infant learning balance control, but forces balance control centres to rely on limited sensory information related to this most unstable body segment, the trunk, when triggering balance corrections.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 122 (1998), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Arm movement ; EMG modification ; Rapid movement inhibition ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Subjects made a fast elbow extension movement to designated target in response to a go signal. In 45% of trials a stop signal was presented after the go signal, to which subjects were asked to stop the movement as rapidly as possible. The interstimulus interval (ISI), or time interval between the go and stop signals, was randomly varied between 0 and 200 ms. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Subjects could sometimes completely inhibit initiation of the movements when the ISI was 0 ms, but could rarely do so when the ISI exceeded 100 ms. For responses that were initiated but stopped on the way, the amplitude of the movement decreased linearly as the time interval (=modification time) from the stop signal to EMG onset increased. The peak velocity increased linearly as the movement amplitude increased. This tendency was similar to those previously reported in step-tracking movements with various amplitudes. In spite of the similarity in the kinematics of the movement, the EMG pattern was different from that of step-tracking movement. While the initial agonist burst (AG1) decreased linearly after the modification time exceeded 100 ms, the antagonist burst (ANT) increased compared with the go trial for the modification time from 0 to 200 ms and decreased after the modification time exceeded 300 ms. This change of activation is analogous to functional modification of middle-latency reflex EMG response to load, or cutaneous perturbation. In conclusion, it is suggested that adaptive mechanisms, which would functionally modify the reflex responses, are also continuously working during voluntary movements in response to sudden changes in environmental information.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 122 (1998), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Hand ; Fingers ; Grip ; Force sharing ; Motor redundancy ; Voluntary movement ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The goal of the study was to investigate force-sharing patterns in multi-finger tasks. Maximal normal force (MNF) as well as the force-time curves produced by individual fingers were measured in 10 young male subjects in three tasks: (1) holding an instrumented handle in a pad opposition with the thumb at seven different locations, from opposing the index finger (L0) to opposing the little finger (L6); (2) holding the handle in a pad opposition with the thumb at an individually selected comfortable location; and (3) pressing with the four fingers against the same handle fixed to the external support. We found that: (1) The moment due to the normal finger forces changed systematically when the thumb position varied from L0 to L5 /L6, and it was equal to zero at a certain middle position of the thumb, the neutral position. At this position, the shear force produced by the fingers was zero. (2) The total MNF changed in an ascending-descending manner when the thumb position varied from L0 to L5 /L6. The highest value of the maximal total normal force was produced at a position of the thumb that was preferred as the most comfortable position in the grip task. (3) In the press task, the neutral line – the line with respect to which the moment generated by the four fingers equals zero – was at the same location as the preferred thumb position in the grip tasks. (4) Larger total normal force corresponded to smaller total shear forces. (5) In grip tasks, with the thumb in a comfortable position, the force-force relationships among fingers were approximately linear. Hence, in these thumb positions, the force-sharing pattern was established at the beginning of the trial. At the extreme positions of the thumb, irregular patterns of the force-force relationships were observed. (6) In trials with different thumb locations, a significant correlation was found between the maximal force produced by the index and small fingers. (7) Peak force exerted by individual fingers in the multi-finger tasks was much smaller than the maximal force displayed by the same fingers in the single-finger tasks. The peak force depended on the thumb position and varied from 11.3% to 65.2% of the maximal force exerted by the same finger in the single-finger task. With the thumb in the comfortable position, the relative peak force for all fingers was approximately at the same level, 50–55%. The data are in agreement with the hypothesis that the total force is shared among individual fingers, minimizing the moment with respect to the functional hand axis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 120 (1998), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cerebellum ; Serial reaction time task ; Procedural memory ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Prior studies have shown that procedural learning is severely impaired in patients with diffuse cerebellar damage (cortical degeneration) as measured by the serial reaction time task (SRTT). We hypothesize that focal cerebellar lesions can also have lateralized effects on procedural learning. Our objective was to assess the effects of focal cerebellar lesions in procedural learning as measured by the SRTT. We studied 14 patients with single, unilateral vascular lesions in the territory of the posterior-inferior or superior cerebellar artery, who were compared with ten age- and sex-matched controls in a one-handed version of the SRTT. Patients with lesions at any other level of the brain or posterior fossa were excluded by cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Our results show that patients do not acquire procedural knowledge when performing the task with the hand ipsilateral to the lesion, but show normal learning with the contralateral hand. No correlation was found with the side, size, or vascular territory of the lesion. We conclude that procedural learning is impaired in hemispheric cerebellar lesions and involves only the hand ipsilateral to the lesion, which suggests a critical role for the cerebellum and/or crossed cerebellar-prefrontal connections in this type of learning.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 120 (1998), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Reach to grasp ; Perturbation ; Kinematics ; Motor control ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  This study assessed the reach to grasp movement and its adaptive response to a simultaneous perturbation of object location and size. The aim was to clarify the means by which integration between the neural pathways modulating transport and manipulation is achieved. Participants (n = 11) were required to reach 30 cm to grasp a central illuminated cylinder of either small (0.7 cm) or large (8 cm) diameter. For a small percentage of trials (20/100) a visual perturbation was introduced unexpectedly at the onset of the reaching action. This consisted of a shift of illumination from the central cylinder to a cylinder of differing diameter (large in session A; small in session B) that was positioned 20° to the left (n = 10 trials) or to the right (n = 10) of the central cylinder. The subject was required to grasp the newly illuminated cylinder. Movement duration for these “double” (position and size) perturbed trials was much longer than those of control trials to the central cylinder (session A: by an average of 250 ms; session B: 180 ms), and the increased values were much greater than those reported previously in “single” perturbation studies where either size or location of the object was perturbed. Initial signs of a response to the “double” perturbation were seen almost simultaneously in the transport parameter of peak arm deceleration and in the manipulation parameter of maximum grip aperture, but these changes were not evident until more than 400 ms after movement onset, a response onset much later than that found in “single” perturbation studies. It is proposed that the visual change resultant from the double perturbation activates integration centres that at first gate the flow of information to the parallel channels of transport and manipulation. Following processing of this information, these centres act to instigate a synchronised and coordinated response in both components. These results add support to the existence of neural centres dedicated to the integration of parallel neural pathways, and which exercise flexibility in the degree to which these components are “coupled” functionally.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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