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  • 1970-1974  (4,359)
  • 1965-1969  (3,600)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (4,404)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On different patterns of dendritic bundling in the cerebral cortex of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Apical dendrites ; Dendritic bundles ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In frontal, horizontal and sagittal paraffin sections through the cat's brain regional differences in the pattern of dendritic bundling have been investigated. It is shown that in the gyrus splenialis and suprasplenialis 2–5 apical dendrites of layer IV pyramids approach each other to form vertical bundles which run straight through layer IV. In the posterior sigmoid gyrus, on the other hand, most apical dendrites arising from the pyramidal cells bifurcate immediately above layer V and give rise to obliquely running branches which cross each other before turning upwards and joining other dendrites to take part in the formation of bundles. In this region the dendritic tree of the pyramidal cells seems to be characterized by an unexpectedly high degree of directional specialization.—In functional terms the findings can be summarized by stating that in the visual and sensorimotor regions of the cat's cerebral cortex basic differences exist in the relation between the apical dendrites of layer V pyramids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525764
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crossed reticulo-reticular projections in the medulla, pons and mesencephalon (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Crossed connections ; Autoradiography ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection of radioactive leucine in various regions of the brain stem reticular formation has revealed the presence of ample crossed reticulo-reticular connections in the cat. The terminal area for the crossed fibers are almost mirror images of the injected sites. The findings made is another example that hitherto unknown fiber connections can be demonstrated by axoplasmic protein tracing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525765
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution ultrastructurale du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341379
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur histogenese und cytogenese des tapetum lucidum cellulosum der katze (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tapetum lucidum cellulosum ; Cat ; Development ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des Tapetum lucidum cellulosum der Katze wird mit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Bereits am ersten postnatalen Tag sind im Bereich des prospektiven Tapetum zwei Zellarten voneinander zu unterscheiden: 1. mesenchymale Bindegewebszellen und 2. prospektive Tapetumzellen, die durch elektronendichte Tapetumstäbchen gekennzeichnet sind. Die Mesenchymzellen unterteilen als parallel zur Retinaoberfläche ausgebreitete Zellplatten in der Choriodea am hinteren Augenpol den weiten extracellulären Raum in 20–25 etwa 5 μm hohe Schichten. Die Tapetumzellen liegen zwischen den Mesenchymzellplatten und wachsen im Verlaufe der ersten vier postnatalen Wochen innerhalb der Schichten in die Breite, bis sie den extracellulären Raum vollständig ausfüllen und als polygonale Zellen direkt aneinander grenzen. Im weiteren Verlauf der Entwicklung werden die Mesenchymzellplatten rückgebildet, so daß bei der adulten Katze die Tapetumzellschichten direkt übereinander liegen und nur von Netzen elastischer und kollagener Fasern getrennt sind. Die von einer Elementarmembran umgebenen Tapetumstäbchen enthalten einen elektronendichten, in den ersten postnatalen Wochen mit einer Periode von 100 Å quergestreiften Kern. Zunächst nehmen sie an Zahl und Länge zu und füllen am Ende der vierten postnatalen Woche, zu Bündeln von parallel verlaufenden Stäbchen geordnet, das Cytoplasma der Tapetumzellen. Dann nehmen die Tapetumstäbchen an Dicke zu, und ihre Querstreifung wird von einem elektronendichten Material überlagert. Die Entwicklung der Tapetumstäbchen hat eine starke Ähnlichkeit mit der in der Literatur beschriebenen Entwicklung von Melanosomen in Melanocyten. Das Tapetum lucidum cellulosum wird als ein dichter Verband hochdifferenzierter extrakutaner Melanocyten angesehen.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the tapetum lucidum cellulosum of the cat was studied by light and electron microscopy. Already by the first postnatal day two cell types can be distinguished in the prospective tapeta area: 1. mesenchymal cells and 2. prospective tapetal cells, characterized by electron dense, membrane bound, rod-like inclusions. The flattened mesenchymal elements form 20–25 separate layers of cells, which are arranged parallel to the surface of the retina, subdividing the extracellular space of the chorioidea at the posterior pole of the eye into 5 μm high compartments. These compartments contain the tapetal cells which enlarge (in their longitudinal axis) during the first four weeks post partum until they occupy the extracellular space almost completely. At this stage, the tapetal cells are polygonal in shape and closely attached to each other. During the subsequent period of development there is a gradual involution of the mesenchymal cell plates. Thus, in adult cats the individual layers of tapetal cells are only separated from each other by networks of collagen and elastic fibers. The tapetal rods are bound by unit membranes and contain an electron dense core which, during the early postnatal weeks, exhibits a periodic cross-striation (100 Å). The tapetal rods increase in number and length during the first four weeks post partum; by the end of the fourth week, they occupy the whole cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. Parallelly arranged rods are grouped into individual bundles coursing inside the cytoplasm in different directions. Thereafter, the tapetal rods increase in thickness and their cross-striation becomes obscured by an electron dense material. This development of the tapetal rods closely resembles that of melanosomes. Thus the tapetum lucidum cellulosum can be regarded as a compact tissue made up of modified extracutaneous melanocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315591
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision II. Neurophysiology (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 507-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Transients ; Antagonistic inhibition ; Sensory storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses to interruptions of light stimuli were studied in 58 X-type and 7 Y-type LGN relay cells with intra- and extracellular recording techniques. The responses to interruption were then compared with responses to either appearing or disappearing light stimuli which had the same luminance and size as the interrupted stimulus. The extent to which responses to interruption differed from those to appearance and disappearance was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI), the duration of the stimulus before the interruption (t1) and after the interruption (t2). Responses to stimuli appearing after interruptions of up to 500 msec were weaker than those to appearance and disappearance. This difference decreased with increasing ISI. The difference between responses to appearance and interruption increased as t2 decreased, and decreased as t1 decreased. The reverse was true for the difference between responses to disappearance and interruption. Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation consistently reduced the difference between responses to appearance and disappearance compared with those to interruption for all stimulus conditions. These results are discussed in the context of the psychophysical study presented in the preceding paper. It is shown that the neuronal reactions are reflected in detail by the ability of humans to detect appearances and disappearances that occur during interruptions. EPSP sequences recorded from LGN relay cells and relay cell responses conditioned by reticular stimulation suggest that the differentiation of responses to interruption and change partially occurs already in the retina. This differentiation is subsequently enhanced by antagonistic inhibition in the LGN. It is proposed that these inhibitory interactions at peripheral sites of the visual pathway store visual information and serve to reduce the redundancy of responses to short interruptions of the visual input. Centrifugal modulation of LGN inhibition is proposed to control the trade off between temporal integration and temporal resolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236114
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflexes in postganglionic fibres within skin and muscle nerves after noxious stimulation of skin (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Cutaneous and muscle postganglionic neurones ; Noxious stimulation of skin ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somomato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to skin and muscle induced by noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The reflexes were elicited by mechanical damaging stimuli and by temperature stimuli of more than 45°C. 2. In most cutaneous units the spontaneous activity was depressed during noxious stimulation of skin. Some cutaneous units were excited or showed mixed responses. The depression of the spontaneous activity was maximal from the skin area which was innervated by the cutaneous postganglionic neurones and much weaker or not elicitable from other skin areas. 3. Most muscle units were excited during noxious stimulation of skin. This excitation could be elicited from all over the body surface. 4. The effective cutaneous afferent fibres which are involved in these reflexes are the Group III axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging stimuli and the Group IV axones which are excitable by mechanical damaging and/or by thermal noxious stimuli. 5. These investigations reveal that the somato-sympathetic reflexes have opposite organization in cutaneous and muscle postganglionic fibres. The reflex patterns are discussed in relation to a possible central organization of the sympathetic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234007
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of visual experience in the development of optokinetic response in kittens (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Selective rearing ; Maturation ; OKN ; Perception of motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Kittens reared in the dark from birth were exposed one hour a day between the 4th and the 10th week of age, to a visual environment which consisted exclusively of vertical edges moving horizontally at a constant speed, and always in the same direction. Total exposure time varied between 10 and 60 hours. 2. At the 12th week of age, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in response to displacements of the visual field, was tested. Displacements in the direction that the kittens had experienced during the exposure period elicited immediately an OKN, the frequency of which was related to the speed of the moving pattern. Displacements in the opposite direction elicited a poorer response, only for slowly moving edges. When the speed of the displacement was increased, OKN failed to adapt and finally disappeared. 3. These results suggest the existence, in this type of visuomotor behavior, of a component built up by early visual experience (adaptative component) overlying another component pre-existing visual experience (pre-programmed component).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238319
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attention in the cat: Electrophysiological and behavioural studies (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 67-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory transmission ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Visual cortex ; Attentive behaviour ; Vigilance ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of 6 cats was studied in a vigilance task. Each cat was trained to press a pedal on the floor of a training box. A waiting interval of fixed (FI) or variable (VI) duration then followed, after which a stimulus (S), a spot of light or a tone, was presented for a short period of time. The cat gave a correct response if, during this time, it pressed a panel. The animal was then rewarded with food. When an experiment had been completed using one S the cat was trained to respond to the other. The latency of response following the onset of S was measured for each waiting interval in the VI schedules. It was found that the longer latencies were associated with the shorter waiting intervals; that is, the cats responded more quickly to S as expectancy increased. Between the time the pedal and pand were pressed the optic tract (OT) was shocked not more than once and the response of the LGN and visual cortex recorded. The time at which the shock was delivered varied from 1 trial to the next. The responsiveness of the LGN and visual cortex did not vary during the waiting interval in either of the FI schedules or in the VI schedule in which S was a spot of light. However, in the VI schedule in which S was a tone, the responsiveness of the visual cortex to the thalamocortical input declined as the length of the waiting interval increased. No changes were observed at the LGN or in the presynaptic cortical response. These results contrast with those observed during changes in the level of arousal as assessed by the ECoG. When the ECoG passed from the synchronised to the desynchronised state there was an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic LGN response to the OT shock, but no change in the responsiveness of the cortex to the increased thalamocortical input. These changes in transmission in the visual pathways are discussed in relationship to the animal's behaviour and to the inferred state of attention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234258
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrotonic coupling between motoneurones in the abducens nucleus of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 139-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electrotonic coupling ; Antidromic responses ; Abducens motoneurone ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrical stimulation of the abducens nerve provokes the classical true antidromic invasion of the abducens motoneurone and a depolarization which is often capable of generating full action potentials in the impaled motoneurone. Experiments studying these depolarizations suggest the existence of electrotonic coupling between the abducens motoneurones of the cat. Intracellular activity of the abducens motoneurones was recorded following intracellular stimulation of the impaled neurone and antidromic stimulation of the abducens nerve. Collision between the outgoing action potential and the antidromic volley differentiated the true antidromic spike from the depolarizations which can induce or not action potentials. The latency of the depolarization ranged between 100 and 1200 μsec. Collision demonstrated that the depolarization and the true antidromic action potential have an independent origin. The depolarizations and action potentials which are not conveyed to the motoneurone by its own axon are interpreted to be generated by electrotonic coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234386
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral reticular nucleus in the cat I. Mossy fibre distribution in cerebellar cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 473-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Reticulocerebellar projection ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The areas of the cerebellar cortex receiving fibres from the mLRN (major portion of the lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) were determined by identifying the low-threshold spots on the cerebellar surface from which 286 mLRN neurones could be antidromically activated. 2. The mLRN fibres terminate bilaterally in the anterior lobe and pyramis, and ipsilaterally in the paramedian lobule. Some fibres terminate also in the rostral part of lobule VI but hardly any in other parts of the cortex. It follows that the mLRN projects almost exclusively to the classical spinal receiving areas. 3. Neurones in the parvi- and magnocellular parts project to similar cortical areas. 4. Two regions in the mLRN were distinguished on the basis of their different projection areas. Region A, a dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part, projects to the ipsilateral parts intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Region B, a ventral portion of the parvi- and magnocellular parts, projects bilaterally to the pars intermedia and vermis of the anterior lobe and sparsely to the pyramis. 5. Neurones throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts receive monosynaptic excitation from fibres ascending in the ventral part of the ipsilateral lateral funiculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237166
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical organization in the visual cortex (area 17) in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 315-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex (area 17) ; Cat ; Columnar organization ; Retino-cortical scatter ; Intracortical connections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of cortical cells in the cat's area 17 (central and paracentral area), recorded successively during electrode penetrations perpendicular to the surface, were averaged (PSTH). All cells recorded during one penetration were stimulated with the same stimulus, a slowly moving light or dark slit oriented optimally for the first cell recorded. Comparisons between successively recorded cells were completed by simultaneous recordings from two neurones with the same microelectrode tip. Eye movements as an error were excluded by simultaneous recording of a geniculate cell throughout a cortical penetration. 2. The centers of excitatory receptive fields (ERFs) of simultaneously or successively recorded cells during a penetration may be separated by more than 4°. The mean scatter around a column average is 0.81±0.99° in both directions. The scatter is independent of the recording depth. Whereas the optimal orientation of cells recorded during one penetration was generally similar, the optimal direction (forward and backward movement of an optimally oriented stimulus) was variable. 3. The ERF diameters as determined from the PSTH were between 〈0.5° and 7.5°. During each penetration, cells with small (up to 3.0°) and large (〉3.0°) ERFs could be discriminated. The inhibitory fields (determined with the conditioning method of Bishop, Coombs and Henry, 1971) were between 2.0 and 8.5° along both the optimal and the non-optimal orientation axis of a cell. The borders of inhibitory fields of cells collected during one penetration were also scattered though overlapping. 4. Response analysis of simultaneously and successively recorded cells with different stimuli indicated that, in spite of considerable ERF-overlap, cells with small ERFs had separate excitatory inputs and that intracortical excitatory connections between cells recorded during one penetration were improbable. 5. The ERFs of cells with large ERFs covered a field approximately corresponding to the fields of cells with small ERFs. But a convergent input from many small ERF cells to single large ERF cells was excluded because of the incompatible functional properties of both types of cells, which correspond to some extent to simple and complex cells respectively. 6. It is concluded that cells within cortical cylinders are not connected through excitatory contacts with each other and that most cells in area 17 are excited by individual excitatory geniculate or cortical inputs. Inhibitory connections seem to be the most important intracortical connections. 7. In an Appendix it is shown that anatomical and physiological data do not support significant excitatory convergence of specific geniculate afferents on cortical neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235750
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The projection of the superior colliculus onto the reticular formation of the brain stem an experimental anatomical study in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Reticular formation ; Superior colliculus ; Cat ; Experimental anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following altogether 18 stereotactically placed lesions of different location and size in the superior colliculus the efferent fibres to the RF and their distribution were traced in silver impregnated, approximately serial sections (Nauta and Fink and Heimer methods), cut in the transverse, horizontal or sagittal plane. The projection to the mesencephalic RF was found to be almost completely ipsilateral, that to the pontomedullary RF largely contralateral. In the mesencephalic RF the fibres end in its dorsal half approximately. In the pons and medulla they supply only the medial 2/3 of the main RF, with two distinct maxima within the total field of termination. One maximum covers the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the adjoining part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, the other occupies the rostralmost part of the latter and the caudal part of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Of the precerebellar reticular nuclei the contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis receives a distinct component of tectal fibres in a small area dorsomedially. Some fibres end in a restricted part of the nucleus reticularis lateralis and in the paramedian reticular nucleus. The tectoreticular projection appears to be organized according to the same principles as other afferents to the RF. In the main RF the areas of termination of the tectoreticular fibres coincide more or less with the areas of termination of corticoreticular, fastigioreticular and vestibuloreticular fibres. These common terminal areas are those which give off the bulk of reticulospinal fibres. Some functional implications of the pattern of organization in the tectoreticular projection are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233392
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal activity during eye movements in a visual association area of cat cerebral cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 467-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Suprasylvian gyrus ; Cat ; Single neurons ; Eye movements ; Direction sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 270 single neurons from the anterior part of the middle suprasylvian gyrus (AMSS) were recorded in awake and non-paralyzed cats (Chronic preparation). 10% were unresponsive to visual stimulation, the remainder reacted well to moving visual stimuli. Half of the units tested were directionally selective. Horizontal, or downward preferred directions predominated. Most neurons were relative insensitive to changes of shape, orientation, contrast, and velocity of the visual stimulus. Some neurons preferred rapid (100°/sec) jerky movements, others required complex motions of irregular shapes, a few strongly preferred objects moving towards the animal in the midsagittal plane. 40% of neurons yielded phasic On-Off reaction to flashing stationary spots. Habituation to repeated stimulation was a common feature and occured in 50% of AMSS neurons. In 19% of neurons tested the discharge rate was not affected by saccadic eye movements, when the animal faced a patterned background. Among the remainder two types of saccade associated responses could be distinguished. Type I discharged prior to or simultaneously with the onset of saccades. This early response was usually associated with saccades of particular directions. Saccades in total darkness yielded weaker and less consistent responses. Type II discharged subsequent to the onset of the saccades after a latency of 40 msec (type IIa), 40–80 msec (type IIb) and 80 msec (type IIc). Responses of type IIa are probably consequences of the retinal effects of eye movements. The saccade associated responses of type Ia, IIb and IIc are tentatively interpreted as results of an eye movement-synchroneous subcortical input, which facilitates transmission in AMSS neurons. Presaccadic facilitation, which generates type Ia responses, may be functionally related to shifts of attention prior to eye movements. It is suggested that postsaccadic facilitation, which underlies the reactions of type IIb and IIc, may be a correlate of visual attention during the fixation period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236111
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The organization of projections from the cerebellar nuclei to the contralateral motor cortex in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 36-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Motor cortex ; Evoked potentials ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A topographical study of cerebello-cortical relations was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. The potentials evoked by punctate stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei were recorded at various sites in the contralateral motor cortex. A map of the cortical responses obtained by stimulating each of the cerebellar nuclei was established. For this purpose, the stimulation thresholds as well as the response amplitudes, polarity and latency were noted. 2. Local stimulation of each cerebellar nucleus evoked responses in particular regions of the contralateral motor cortex. When a stimulus was applied to the interpositus nucleus, short latency responses were recorded in the lateral part of the area 4. Dentate nucleus stimulation induced short latency responses in the medial part of area 4 and in area 6. Furthermore, late responses were also recorded laterally in area 4. 3. The interpositus nucleus was found to project to the portion of motor cortical area controlling the distal forelimb with only a fast conducting pathway. The fastigial nucleus seems to be connected with proximal and axial motor areas. The projection system of the dentate nucleus appears to have a temporal organization: a fast conducting pathway was found to project to the axial and proximal motor area while a slower one seems to transmit impulses to the motor area of the forelimb extremity. 4. The functional aspects suggested by the temporal organization of the cerebellocortical inputs and the distribution of each nucleus projections on the motor cortical areas are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233394
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of fixed order of recruitment in cat motoneuron pools (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Size principle ; Motoneurons ; Cat ; Recruitment ; Neurophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Henneman et al. have shown that a wide variety of stimuli activate motoneurons in the order of their sizes, though some reversals occur. It is not clear which motoneurons should be included in the “pool” from which recruitment by size takes place. The “pool” may consist of 1. all the motoneurons to a given muscle 2. all the motoneurons in a given ventral root or 3. all the motoneurons activated by a given stimulus. We have examined recruitment in the pool of fibers to a given muscle. A variety of mechanical stimuli to cat's legs were used to elicit bursts of activity in gastrocnemius motor units. In 30% of pairs of units, one unit had a consistently lower threshold, i.e. it always began and ended a burst. In the other 70%, either unit could start or end a burst. For 48% of motor unit pairs recorded in either the medial or lateral gastrocnemius, each unit of the pair had runs of firing of at least 10 spikes while the other was totally inactive. By the same criterion, 23% of pairs of temporalis units showed differential activity. During spontaneous breathing there was no consistent recruitment order in 24% of pairs of units in throat respiratory muscles. These data indicate that reversals of recruitment order are relatively common for motoneurons innervating the same muscle. We discuss the possibility that size principle may hold for motoneurons in a single ventral rootlet whose somas are anatomical neighbors (even though they innervate different muscles), but not for motoneurons that are anatomically distant in the cord (even though they innervate the same muscle).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234005
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of differential blocking of motor axons on antidromic activation of Renshaw cells in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Renshaw cell ; Antidromic activation ; Differential blocking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Attempts were made to study differences in the relative effectiveness of different size ranges of motor axons to Renshaw cells by differential blocking of larger fibers of the gastrocnemius nerve in cats anesthetized with Nembutal. 1. Differential blocking of larger fibers in the nerve was successfully obtained by applying trapezoid wave current to the nerve. 2. It was shown that more than half (58.1%) of the Renshaw cells receive homogeneous inputs from a motor axon collaterals, 25.8% of the cell receive collateral inputs from a certain group of fibers, and 12.5% of the Renshaw cells were activated by “γ range” fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234008
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflexes in postganglionic fibres within skin and muscle nerves after mechanical non-noxious stimulation of skin (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somato-sympathetic reflexes ; Postganglionic fibres to skin and muscle ; Natural stimulation of skin ; Hair-follicle receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Somato-sympathetic reflexes in postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and to muscle produced by mechanical non-noxious stimulation of skin were studied in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Most of the postganglionic fibres investigated were spontaneously active and had presumably vasoconstrictor function. 2. In 60% of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones stimulation of hairs induced predominantly excitation. This excitation was mostly followed by a slight depression of the spontaneous activity. In 30% of the neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed or predominantly depressed by these stimuli. 3. In most muscle postganglionic neurones the spontaneous activity was depressed by stimulation of hairs. 4. In both types of neurones the reflexes were produced by activity in hair follicle receptors with Group II afferents. Hair follicle receptors with Group III afferents most probably also contributed to this effect. Except for a slight depression of the spontaneous activity in some cutaneous postganglionic neurones by slowly adapting receptors, mechanical stimulation of other types of receptors with Group II afferents had no effect on the postganglionic neurones. 5. Reflexes in postganglionic neurones could be elicited by stimulation of hairy skin all over the body surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234006
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections thalamiques des noyaux vestibulaires: Etude histologique chez le chat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Thalamic projections ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrolytic lesions were placed into the left vestibular nuclei of 22 adult cats. Silver impregnation for degenerated terminal fibres of serial sections revealed the existence of a relay of the corticopetal vestibular pathway in the contralateral thalamus. Its main afferent fibres originate in the superior and medial vestibular nuclei. By crosschecking the results it was possible to demarcate a focus of vestibular projections in the ventro-caudal part of the thalamus, situated between the centre median, the ventro-basal group and the caudal segment of the ventro-lateral nucleus. The direct ascending afferents of this focus are relatively few in number. The functional significance of this vestibular relay with regard to the proprioceptive influx passing through this region of the thalamus is open to discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238317
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bilateral semicircular canal inputs to neurons in cat vestibular nuclei (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ampullary nerve ; Cat ; EPSP ; IPSP ; Vestibular neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The six ampullary nerves in both labyrinths were separately stimulated by electric pulses in anesthetized cats. Resulting responses in neurons in the vestibular nuclei were recorded intracellularly. Almost all the vestibular neurons showed an EPSP in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral ampullary nerve. These neurons were subclassified as A-, L-, and P-neuron receiving specific projections from the anterior, lateral and posterior canal, respectively. Three fourths of the vestibular neurons recorded from received an IPSP in response to stimulation of the contralateral ampullary nerve. Plane-specific contralateral inhibition was found in most of vestibular neurons; i.e. A-, L-, and P-neuron received IPSP from the contralateral posterior, lateral, and anterior ampullary nerve, respectively. Approximately two thirds of vestibular neurons exhibiting the plane-specific inhibition were recorded in the medial vestibular nucleus. A collision test of impulses in primary afferent fibers were performed during recording of ipsilateral EPSPs produced by strong stimulation of more than one ampullary nerve. No positive evidence was provided for the existence of neural convergence on single vestibular neurons from different ampullary nerves on the same side. It is suggested that the plane-specific contralateral inhibition increase the sensitivity of vestibular neurons during head rotation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238318
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of cat vestibular neurons to sinusoidal roll tilt (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Tilt response ; Sinusoid ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were made in the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei of decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. The firing patterns of single units were studied using small amplitude sinusoidal roll tilts of from 0.01 Hz to 1.0 Hz. Three-fourths of the tilt-sensitive units showed greater modulation of their firing rates as the frequency of the sinusoidal tilt was increased. The responses of cells in both nuclei were similar. These responses were virtually unchanged in cats with chronically plugged semicircular canals, indicating a probable otolith origin for the dynamics of the tilt response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237380
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatosensory cortical involvement in responses to noxious stimulation in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 20 (1974), S. 363-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pain ; Somatosensation ; Cerebral cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiment examines the role of the cerebral cortex in regulating responses to noxious stimulation by studying the effects of cortical ablations in cats on escape from electric shock applied to the foot pads. The latency of escape as a function of shock intensity was measured before and after bilateral ablations of various portions of the cat's somatosensory cerebral cortex. Ablations of the second somatosensory cerebral cortex significantly increased the escape response threshold. If the sulci bordering this region were included in the ablation, the threshold increase was greater and longer-lasting. Ablations of the primary somatosensory cortex increased latencies at most intensities of electric shock, but did not change the response thresholds. Ablations of both primary and second somatosensory cortex increased response thresholds and response latencies. None of these ablations altered the responses, however, if the cat had been overtrained for six to seven months prior to surgery. The results suggest that the second somatosensory region and the sulci bordering the second somatosensory region in the cat cerebral cortex are involved in responses to noxious stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237381
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An intracellular study of neuronal organization in the visual cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 45-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Efferent cells ; Non-efferent cells ; Synaptic connection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal connections in the visual cortex of cat (areas 17 and 18) were studied with intracellular recording and electrical stimulation techniques under Nembutal anaesthesia. Four types of axonal projection were seen; 1. association efferent cells projecting to adjacent cerebral cortex on the ipsilateral side, 2. commissural efferent cells to visual cortex on the contralateral side, 3. corticofugal efferent cells to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus, and 4. non-efferent cells whose projection is confined within the visual cortex. Both association and commissural efferent cells were located in layer III, corticofugal efferent cells in layer V and non-efferent cells in layers II–VI. Upon these cells two types of synaptic actions were exerted by the specific visual afferents that originate from the lateral geniculate body; 1. type I, monosynaptic excitation plus disynaptic inhibition and 2. type II, disynaptic excitation plus trisynaptic inhibition. Type I effects were found in layers III–V, and type II in layers II and VI. In the border region between areas 17 and 18 monosynaptic excitation and disynaptic inhibition were produced also by the commissural efferents originating from the contralateral visual cortex. On the basis of these results, a possible neuronal circuitry in the visual cortex is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234257
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral reticular nucleus in the cat III. Organization of component activated from ipsilateral forelimb tract (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 501-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Spinoreticular tract ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The activation of neurones in the mLRN (major portion of lateral reticular nucleus comprising its parvi- and magnocellular parts) by two spinal tracts ascending through the ventral part of the lateral funiculus has been studied by recording from 277 neurones of which 187 could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the cerebellar surface. Forty-eight % of the neurones were activated by the bVFRT and described in a previous paper (Clendenin et al., 1975b) and 12% were activated by a previously unknown tract denoted the ipsilateral forelimb (iF) tract and described in the present paper. 2. The iF-tract is activated by stimulation of nerves in the ipsilateral forelimb only. The response consists of a train of impulses with a high initial frequency and an almost constant latency. Cutaneous afferents and high threshold muscle afferents contribute to the excitation which is mediated by interneurones. 3. The responses to stimulation of peripheral receptors were weak and difficult to classify. 4. The iF-tract activates neurones in the dorsolateral portion of the magnocellular part of the mLRN which projects to the ipsilateral pars intermedia of the anterior lobe and the ipsilateral paramedian lobule. 5. The possible information carried by the iF-tract is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237168
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Visual cortex ; Layer V-pyramids ; Clare Bishop area ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237905
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral reticular nucleus in the cat II. Organization of component activated from bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 487-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT) ; Spino-reticulo-cerebellar path ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Neurones in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) activated by the bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract (bVFRT-LRN neurones) were identified by their responses to stimulation of fibres descending in the contralateral ventral quadrant of the spinal cord which activate the bVFRT neurones monosynaptically. 2. Eighty-eight of the 134 bVFRT-LRN neurones encountered could be antidromically activated at a low stimulus strength from small areas of the cerebellar surface assumed to represent cortical termination points. 3. The bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred throughout the parvi- and magnocellular parts of the LRN and terminated bilaterally in the anterior lobe and sparsely in the ipsilateral paramedian lobule and in the pyramis. 4. The responses evoked in the bVFRT-LRN neurones on stimulation of the contralateral ventral quadrant at C5 and L1 made it possible to estimate the approximate spinal level from which the bVFRT fibres originated. On this basis the bVFRT-LRN neurones were divided into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar groups receiving bVFRT afferents from mainly one spinal level and a convergence group receiving bVFRT afferents from several levels. 5. The different bVFRT-LRN groups received excitation from different combinations of nerves in the four limbs. 6. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones occurred in successively more ventrolateral portions of the LRN. 7. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar groups of the bVFRT-LRN neurones terminated in successively more rostral areas of the anterior lobe. 8. The organization of the bVFRT-LRN path is compared with that of the ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts. The possible function of the bVFRT-LRN path is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237167
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effets de la stimulation des fibres et des mécanorécepteurs splanchniques sur l'activité unitaire du cortex somesthésique (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 348 (1974), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Splanchnic Afferents ; G.I. and Peritoneal Receptors ; Cortical Projections ; Microelectrode Technique ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiments were performed on cats anesthetized with chloralose or Nembutal. The unitary activity of cortical neurons was recorded in the SI and SII areas by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. The neurons showed frequently a spontaneous discharge (irregular or regular tonic discharge bursts of spikes). The electrical stimulation of contralateral splanchnic nerves produced different effects on a great number of the neurons: 1. early short activation, 2. late activation, 3. early and late complex activation, 4. partial or total inhibition of the spontaneous activity. These effects were obtained in the different cortical layers. Similar results have been observed by mechanical stimulation of the splanchnic receptors located in the gastro-intestinal tract and in the peritoneum. However in this case, the duration and the amplitude of inhibition and activation were generally weaker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586475
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 577-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Node of Ranvier ; Axonal-glial junctions ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paranodal zone of myelinated nerve fibers from the CNS of cats has been studied by means of the lanthanum technique and after freeze-etching. Special interest was given to the axonal-glial zones of contact in this region. Examination of the membranes of the paranodal pockets and the axolemma revealed that the membrane thickenings which occur between the adjacent membranes actually consist of bands. The bands show a specific pattern of diagonal running subunits 10 nm apart. These substructures of the axonal side of the membrane contacts protrude outwards, i.e. towards the glial membrane, where they fit into depressions on the glial membrane surface. This arrangement in form of a “zip-fastener” makes the whole structure very flexible. The subdivision of the bands was identified with both techniques. The different membrane aspects obtained by the freeze-etching technique are discussed in respect to the splitting theory, and a hypothetical model of this membrane specialization is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221941
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic investigation of synaptic organization of the trochlear nucleus in cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 409-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic organization ; Trochlear nucleus ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct types of neuron in the cat trochlear nucleus (one large, one small) are described, the α- and γ-motoneurons, respectively. Four types of terminals are observed which establish axo-dendritic synapses. Two of them (Types I and II) perform axo-somatic synapses as well. Terminals en passant (Types I and II) are predominant. The Type I terminal is long and slender with a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles and the unique feature of a relative narrowing of the synaptic cleft as compared to the width of the neighboring extracellular space. Its vesicle population is pleomorphic and a conspicuous glial barrier surrounds the synaptic zones. The Type II terminal differs slightly from Type I, revealing a wider synaptic cleft and lacking a characteristic distribution of the axoplasmic organelles. The type III terminal is rarely observed performing axo-somatic synapses, but is a common finding in the neuropil. Post-junctional dense bodies are often present in its axodendritic synapses. The Type IV nerve terminal performs axo-dendritic synapses and is characterized by a rich content of large granulated vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses are observed only very rarely. The synaptic organization of the feline trochlear nucleus is compared with the synaptic morphology of the oculomotor nuclei of inframammalian species (Waxman and Pappas, 1971). In addition to certain similarities (e.g., richness of synapses en passant), significant differences are encountered: the present study provides no morphological evidence for electrotonic transmission in the trochlear nucleus of cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220147
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    Some observations on the ultrastructure of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to re-examine the central nucleus of the cat in Nissl stained sections, to describe its fine structural characteristics, and to compare the lateral subdivision of this nucleus with the putamen. In Nissl preparations, it was observed that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus contains a fairly homogeneous population of small cells while the putamen contains both small and large cells. It is the presence of a few large cells at the lateral periphery of the lateral part of the central nucleus that makes the boundary between the two nuclei indistinct. Examination of the fine structure of the medial and lateral subdivisions of the central nucleus revealed the presence of many boutons containing flattened vesicles and fewer with spheroid vesicles. In contrast, most of the boutons in the putamen have spheroid vesicles. It is concluded that the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus may be distinguished from the putamen, except at its most lateral border, by its homogeneous population of small cells and its many boutons containing flattened vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222994
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytic membranes ; Cat ; Orthogonal particle-complexes ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed and unfixed astrocytic membranes from the CNS of the cat were studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. A variable number of gap junctions was detected in astrocytic membranes. They are characterized by the well known hexagonal composition of their subunits. Besides this type of highly ordered membrane-bound particles, a second one was found. It is composed of four single particles (diameter 5 nm) which form an orthogonal subunit with a side length of about 10 nm. These membrane-associated orthogonal particle complexes (MOPC) could be observed in different stages of aggregation and expansion. They reveal an accumulation in membranes of the marginal glia layers and in the perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Unfixed, glycerol treated membranes, however, do not show these structures. After glycerol treatment of the unfixed membranes by immersion, the MOPC disintegrate to single particles which form clusters of various extension. The clustering phenomenon is dependent on the length of the time of exposure to glycerol. Shortening of the glycerol treatment by intravasal perfusion of the cryoprotectant agent causes an decrease of the clusters. Fragments and transient forms of the MOPC become visible. By variation of different physico-chemical parameters of the washing solution a similar effect on the MOPC was not achieved. The discussion deals with probable functional aspects of the MOPC. They are considered to act as membrane-bound functional multienzyme complexes which a) might play a role in mediating transmembrane passage of metabolites, or b) are essential for CSF control mechanisms, or c) have a functional relation to the nexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209055
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve endings in the arteria centralis retinae (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteria centralis retinae ; Cat ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Terminal axons emerging from the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina reach the wall of the arteria centralis retinae, as revealed by electron microscopy. Numerous unusually large dense core vesicles (about 1000 Å in diameter), of different electron densities, occur in the varicosities of these axons. These observations may be compatible with the idea of an innervation of the central artery of the retina which is non-autonomic, possibly intrinsic in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220387
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 565-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central myelin ; Junctions ; Cat ; Freeze-etching ; Lanthanum impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In male and female cats central myelin was studied using the freeze-etching technique, and after impregnation with lanthanum as a tracer. The freeze-fractured and etched faces of the myelin reveal membrane formations which in many respects resemble tight junctions. The formations consist of parallel rows of particles on one half of the membranes matched by corresponding furrows on the other membrane half. These structures occur across the width of the myelin sheath and are most common in that part of the myelin underlying the external cytoplasmic loop. They are interpreted as correlates of the radial component of the i-line which occurs in cross-sections of central myelin after potassium permanganate staining. In the paranodal zone the lanthanum-impregnated myelin displays punctate fusions between the outer leaflets of the oligodendrocytic membranes. These findings strongly suggest that tight junctions are a common feature in the central myelin. The arrangement of the membrane fusion in relation to the elements of the lamellar complex and their functional significance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221940
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    Hypothalamic projections to the amygdala in the cat (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 499-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limbic system ; Cat ; Amygdaloid body ; Hypothalamus ; Stereotaxic lesions ; Light and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to determine the origin of the hypothalamo-amygdaloid connections in the cat, small lesions were placed at various rostro-caudal levels of the hypothalamus. The animals were sacrificed after a period of 4, 8 or 11 days and the brains stained with the Nauta (1957), Fink and Heimer (1967) or Wiitanen (1969) method for the demonstration of degenerating axons and their terminals. It was observed that the anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends a small projection to the medial subdivision of the central nucleus and to the basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala. The lateral preoptic area sends a larger projection to the anterior amygdaloid area, both subdivisions of the central and basal nuclei, and to the lateral and medial nuclei. No degeneration was observed in the amygdala following lesions in the medial preoptic area, the ventromedial nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area caudal to the anterior hypothalamic area. In a series of animals with lateral preoptic lesions, the site of termination of degenerating boutons on neurons of the amygdaloid nuclei was determined and the course of the degenerative process followed over a period ranging from 2 to 15 days. Many of the boutons, especially in the earlier stages of degeneration, appeared to be of the B3 type, containing flattened vesicles and forming symmetrical synaptic contacts with dendrites or somata. With longer post-operative survival times, however, they became increasingly electron dense and shrunken, so that the bouton type could not be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222995
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    A fine structure study of venom gland cells in globiferous pedicellariae from Stronglocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 411-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells in secretory glands of globiferous pedicellariae from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were studied with the electron microscope and subjected to preliminary light microscopic, histochemical analysis. Specimens for electron microscopic observation were fixed with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde in sea water postfixed in cold 1.33% osmic acid, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy resin Samples for histochemical analysis were fixed in the same manner, and then embedded in n-butylmethacrylate.Secretory cells line and fill partially bifurcated, muscular gland sacs located peripherally on each of three jaw elements comprising the pedicellarial head. Cells from venom glands are typically mucoid in appearance, possessing small volumes of basally displaced, vesiculated cytoplasm and an extensive system of vacuoles dominating the apical nine-tenths of each cell. These vacuoles enclose ground substances of various densities and staining affinities. Despite their extensive vacuolation, gland cells contain numerous cytomembrane complexes indicating metabolic activity just prior to fixation. Deciduous endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, large vacuoles, and various species of vesicles associated with these membrane systems are found in spatial proximity which indicates an apparent biosynthetic association.Preliminary histochemical tests on sections embedded in acrylic plastic indicate vacuolar products may consist of protein and nonsulfated acid mucosubstances.Gland cells are probably holocrine in function, releasing their vacuolar complement upon constriction of the muscular gland sac. There is no evidence indicating delivery of non-membrane bounded, granular secretion to an acellular lumen within the gland sac.
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    Effect of calcitonin on fibroblasts and collagen formation in rabbits: An ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopic studySupported in part by N.I.H. General Aid grant and in part by Medical School Institutional Funds. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 447-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrate the stimulatory effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on the fine structure of fibroblasts and on collagen formation in cutaneous wounds experimentally induced in rabbits. Long-term administration of calcitonin enhances fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis. The fibroblasts hypertrophy and exhibit a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), several polyribosomes, large nuclei, hypertrophic Golgi complex, and many dense granules and lysosomes. Mitochondria are elongate and ramify; intracellular as well as extracellular synthesis of collagen increases. Fibrils appear tightly packed, in large heaps or spicula, with a characteristic periodicity and striation.Scanning electron micrographs of topography and relationships with collagen fibers and fibrils and cells surface changes demonstrate an extensive network of fine fibrils between collagen fibers, marked ruffling of cell membranes as well as numerous blebs on the cell surface. The latter are significant in collagen formation and egestion.
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    The vas deferens of the spider crab, Libinia emarginataThis study was supported in part by a grant (F-70-UM-6 and 6A) from the Florida Division of the American Cancer Society.Contribution 241, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Evolution. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sperm enter the anterior vas deferens individually in the spider crab male. There they become surrounded by secretion products from the cells of the vas deferens, and are compartmentalized into spermatophores of varying size. The anterior vas deferens can be divided into three regions. The epithelium of the anterior vas deferens varies regionally from low to high columnar. The cytoplasm contains vast arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes but few mitochondria. Intercellular spaces contain septate junctions, gap junctions and vesicles.Once the spermatophores have been formed in the anterior vas deferens, they are moved posteriorly to the middle vas deferens where they are stored and surrounded by seminal fluids. The epithelial cells of the middle vas deferens contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles appear, forming at the cell surface and within the apical cytoplasm. Their suggested function is the resorption of secretion products of the anterior vas deferens which initiated compartmentalization of the spermatozoa into spermatophores.The posterior vas deferens functions primarily as a storage center for spermatophores until they are released at the time of copulation. Seminal fluid surrounding the spermatophores is produced in this region as well as in the middle vas deferens. The cells of this region contain vast arrays of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The cells are multinucleate. Microtubules are numerous throughout the length of the cells and appear to insert on the plasma membrane.
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    The auditory bulla in carnivora: An anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 21-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basicranial anatomy of mammalian carnivores is significant in the determination of carnivore evolution. One of the least understood yet most often studied features of the basicranium is the auditory bulla, a bony capsule enclosing the middle ear. Although previously believed to be formed by a tympanic bone alone, or by tympanic and entotympanic, it is shown here that the carnivore bulla is formed by three and in some cases four ontogenetic elements: tympanic, rostral entotympanic, caudal entotympanic(s). These elements in Carnivora appear to correspond to bulla elements discovered over 50 years ago by Van der Klaauw in representative species of several other orders of mammals.Increased auditory sensitivity appears to have been attained in various carnivore lineages by increase in the volume of the middle ear cavity, principally by hypertrophy of the caudal entotympanic, but also by different yet less common anatomical strategies such as invasion of the mastoid bone by the middle ear space. Five basic types of bulla among living Carnivora can be recognized, based largely on the relationship of the caudal entotympanic to the other bulla elements.Closely associated with the bulla in the auditory region are the median and promontory branches of the internal carotid artery. These branches exhibit a precise relationship to the bulla elements, particularly the rostral entotympanic. The promontory branch is much reduced or completely lacking in all living carnivores. Reduction or loss of the median branch is explained as the result of the development of arterial retia on the anastomotic artery in the orbital region. Reduction of the median branch is particularly characteristic of the aeluroid Carnivora, in which a greater proportion of the cerebral blood supply passes to the brain in the external carotid artery via the anastomotic branch, and is cooled in the orbital region by a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism formed by arterial retia closely associated with venous blood in surrounding sinuses. The arctoid and cynoid Carnivora are characterized by only rudimentary development of retia along the anastomotic artery, and the median branch is much better developed than in the aeluroids. Among arctoids, ursids parallel the aeluroids in the development of a countercurrent mechanism but employ the median branch of the internal carotid rather than the anastomotic branch of the external carotid artery.Bulla structure and nature of the carotid circulation in the auditory region can be determined from fossil Carnivora as well as for living forms. This study attempts to define basicranial anatomical patterns characteristic of living Carnivora which then can be used to trace the evolution of lineages in the fossil record.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    The ultrastructure of Pyrsonympha and its associated microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 77-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The termite gut flagellates are of interest because of their unusual motile organelles, their ability to digest cellulose, and their symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes inhabiting the insect gut. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural description of Pyrsonympha from the hind-gut of Reticulitermes flavipes.The motile axostyle is composed of 2,000-4,000 microtubules connected by cross-bridges. At its anterior end, the axostyle is associated with a “primary row” of microtubules which is associated with a fibrous network. The “primary row” is embedded in a large mass of amorphous, electron-dense material occupying the furthest anterior end of the cell. The basal bodies of the eight flagella are also embedded in this presumptive microtubule-organizing center. The flagella are associated with the cell surface throughout their length. Isolation and reactivation of the axostyle has demonstrated that although ATP dependent motility is inherent in the structure of the axostyle, its proper control may be mediated by the attachment of the axostyle to structures at the anterior end of the cell.Pyrsonympha lacks morphologically distinguishable mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cell surface is covered by unique, previously underscribed, tubular specializations. Symbiotic microorganisms are observed associated with the cell surface and within the cytoplasm.Wood particles are taken up from the gut fluid by large phagocytic vacuoles formed at the posterior end of the cell. Even during the process of breakdown, the wood is always enclosed within the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole.The Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes flavipes are not attached to the lining of the hind-gut and do not contain an attachment organelle, unlike the Pyrsonympha from other species of Reticulitermes.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430201
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430301
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    The lizard ear: Gekkonidae (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 121-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gecko ear was studied in 36 species belonging to 24 genera. This receptor has attained an advanced level of structure and performance in this group of lizards, but there are many variations among species. To a large extent these variations follow subfamily lines as represented in Kluge's system of classification.Brief consideration is given to features of the outer and middle ear, but chief concern is with inner ear structures and their relations to auditory sensitivity as represented by the cochlear potentials.The auditory papilla is segmented, with a dorsal portion whose hair cells have their ciliary tufts attached to a tectorial membrane, and a ventral portion in which these cells form tow assemblages, one with tectorial connections and the other with connections to a line of sallets.The dorsal segment varies greatly in length and in the form of ciliary orientation. In Eublepharinae and most Gekkoninae the ciliary orientation is unidirectional, and the degree of sensitivity relates to the length of this segment. In Diplodactylinae and Sphaerodactylinae the orientation is bidirectional, and this segment functionally hardly differs from the ventral segment.Auditory sensitivity as measured in terms of the cochlear potentials shows close relations with subfamily groupings, except for the Gekkoninae in which considerable diversity is found.The evidence from structural differentiation, along with that derived from the forms of the cochlear potential functions, leads to the suggestion that these ears possess a high degree of pitch discrimination and capability for the analysis of complex sounds.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    Myelin movements in mature mammalian peripheral nerve fibersSupported by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the National Institutes of Health. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 167-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature mouse and cat peripheral nerve fibers have been examined in vitro by time-lapse photography. Some Schmidt-Lanterman clefts which were open at the start closed later; other were seen to open and then to close, some of them more than once. The implications of these movements are considered, especially in regard to the question of the passage of materials from the endoneurial connective tissue spaces to the axon.Myelin movements other than those occurring at the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts consisted primarily of the development and frequent regression of indentations of the myelin sheath. A single evagination was seen to develop and then to recede. These myelin movements suggest that previously described invaginations and evaginations of the myelin sheath, including flaps of “redundant myelin”, are not static but rather that they are in a state of movement, forming and regressing at intervals.The possible functional significance of the development and regression of myelin sheath indentations in relationship to axoplasmic flow is discussed.
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    The spermatozoon of arthropoda. XXIV. Sperm metamorphosis in the diplopod Polyxenus (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 187-245 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors describe the spermiogenesis of Polyxenus lagurus, a diplopod, in the male genital ducts and the transformations the spermatozoon successively undergoes in the spermatheca.The spermatozoon in the male genital ducts looks like a little barrel devoid of centriole and of any kind of rudimentary flagellum whatever. The organelles are markedly modified; cross sections present an elongated, flattened nucleus, an X-shaped body running parallel to it on the opposite side and two longitudinal mitochondrial strips interposed between them. The rest of this barrel-shaped spermatozoon is filled with peculiar Golgi formations, the spongy chambers, which open outwards through little vents.In the spermatheca the spermatozoon is quite different: it is shaped like a long ribbon. The basic structure of the spermatozoon is formed by the double folding of part of the cortical layer of the barrel-shaped spermatozoon. On the central part of this endo-skeleton are longitudinally ranged the nucleus and the acrosome flanked on both sides by a thread of mitochondria. Even in this phase the sperm has no flagellum.
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    Localization of some enzymes in the main venom glands of viperid snakes (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several secretory and nonsecretory enzymes were localized histochemically in the main venom gland of 13 viperid snakes. All secretory cells show the intracellular oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. The granular reactions obtained for both enzymes resemble mitochondria in distribution. Distinctive cells with a very high succinate dehydrogenase activity are dispersed among the secretory cells of all species except Atractaspis.Nonspecific acid phosphatase activity is found in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in species that do not secrete this enzyme and throughout the cytoplasm in snakes that secrete the enzyme. Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity occurs in the secretory cells of those snakes whose venom shows this activity. Leucine amino peptidase (aryl amidase) activity is found in the venom and in the secretory cells of all the species.In Vipera palaestinae both the venom and the secretory cells of the main venom gland contain nonspecific esterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities. The localization of phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase do not show major differences between glands at different intervals from an initial milking.Adenosine-monophosphate phosphatase activity is localized in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in the glands of Vipera palaestinae and Aspis cerastes. Its activity is found in the venom of Aspis only.
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    Fine structure of the dorsal ocellus of the worker honeybee (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 285-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three dorsal ocelli of worker honeybees have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Each ocellus has a single flattened spheroidal lens and about 800 elongated retinular cells. Retinular cells are paired and form a two-part plate-like rhabdom between their distal processes. Each rhabdomere comprises parallel microvilli projecting laterally from the apposed retinular cells. Primary receptor cell axons synapse within the ocellus with ocellar nerve fibers of two different calibers. Each ocellus has eight thick fibers ca 10 m̈m in diameter and several thinner ones less than 3 m̈m in diameter. Fine structural evidence suggests that retinular axons end presynaptically on both types of ocellar nerve fibers. Since all retinular cells apparently synapse repeatedly with the thick fibers this involves a convergence of about 100:1. Thick fibers always terminate postsynaptically within the ocellus while thin fibers terminate presynaptically on other thin fibers, thick fibers or retinular axons. Structural evidence for synaptic polarization indicates that retinular cells and thick fibers are afferent, thin fibers efferent. Thus complex processing of the ocellar visual input can occur before the secondary neurons of the three ocelli converge to form the single short ocellar nerve which runs to the posterior forebrain.
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    The functional anatomy of the forelimb of some african viverridae (Carnivora) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 307-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional morphology of the forelimbs of the following African Viverridae was studied, Atilax paludinosus, Bdeogale crassicauda, Civettictis civetta, Genetta genetta, G. tigrina, Helogale parvula, Herpestes ichneumon, H. sanguineus, Ichneumia albicauda, Mungos mungo, Nandinia binotata. Their locomotory behaviour has been previously studied and described and is related to morphological differences. The osteology of all the species and the myology of three species is described. The species have been assigned to primary locomotor categories on the basis of their locomotion. These are 1, climbing, arboreal walking; 2, arboreal and terrestrial walking and jumping; 3, general terrestrial walking and scrambling; and 4, trotting. In the climbing arboreal walking category the most distinctive morphological adaptations are powerful flexors and extensors as well as a flexible plantigrade manus with retractile claws. In the arboreal and terrestrial walking category the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints are flexible and the manus has retractile claws, though the flexor and extensor musculature is insufficiently developed for controlled climbing. The trotting category is characterised by a high humero-radial index and a rigid antibrachium. The foot is digitigrade with the claws short and stout. Species in the general walking and scrambling category show many differences in the morphology of their feet, even though the proximal parts of the forelimb appear similar. Due to the restricted nature of the adaptations, these species have been assigned to secondary locomotor categories. Morphological characters typical of the locomotor categories are summarized in the discussion.
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    The gastric mucosa of two monotremes: The Duck-billed platypus and echidna (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastric mucosa of both the echidna and platypus is aglandular and the lining epithelium is stratified squamous. The latter exhibits three principle layers: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum. The cytoplasm of cells composing the first two strata of both species shows bundles of tonofibrils and numerous free ribosomes. Cells of the stratum spinosum in the platypus also show numerous dense granules limited to the peripheral cytoplasm. The stratum spinosum of both species is comprised of fusiform-shaped cells whose adjacent cell membranes show extensive interlocking. The stratum spinosum of the echidna in addition shows numerous intercellular bridges. Cells of the stratum corneum become flattened and elongate and in the echidna nuclei near the surface appear to degenerate. Cells comprising the stratum corneum of the platypus exhibit well preserved nuclei and contain scattered large granules of varying electron density. Prior to sloughing, cells near the surface of both species show a separation of adjacent cell membranes. True keratinization is not found in the gastric lining epithelium of either species and the epithelium lining of the stomach of the echidna more closely represents a form of parakeratosis. Delicate papillae containing capillaries extend considerable distances into the overlying epithelium of both species and are thought to contribute to its nutrition.
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    An ultrastructural analysis of the cuticle, epidermis and esophageal epithelium of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 301-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermis of Eisenia is covered by a cuticle and rests on a basement lamella. The cuticle, which is resistant to a variety of enzymes, is composed of non-striated, bundles of probable collagen fibers that are orthogonally oriented and are embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The basement lamella consists of striated collagen fibers with a 560 Å major periodicity. Proximity and morphology suggest that the epidermis may contribute to both the cuticle and the basement lamella  -  that is, the single tissue may synthesize at least two types of collagen. The epidermis is a pseudostratified epithelium containing three major cell types (columnar, basal and gland) and a rare fourth type with apical cilia. The esophagus is lined by a simple cuticulated epithelium composed predominantly of a single cell type, which resembles the epidermal columnar cell. Rare gland cells occur in the esophageal epithelium, but basal cells are lacking.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420401
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    Comparative ultrastructural study on tris 1-aziridinyl phosphine oxide prefixed cuticles of some oligochaetes (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 143-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticle of five species of Oligochaeta, chosen to represent differences in size and a variety of biotopes, was studied electron microscopically after fixation with the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method. Five distinct layers in the cuticle of all studied species were found. Staining with lead and uranyl ions or with silver proteinate visualized basically the same structural components of the cuticle, but the degree of electron opacity and the distribution of the electron-opaque stain in these components differed according to the staining method used. Since the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method visualized the cuticular zones preferentially stained by Thiéry's silver proteinate method, it was concluded that the TAPO method may be considered suitable for the visualization of polysaccharides. Staining with phosphotungstic acid provided some information on the composition of the cuticle of Oligochaeta not obtained by staining ultrathin sections with lead and uranyl ions nor with silver proteinate. The conclusion is that phosphotungstic acid binds to polysaccharides which do not contain vicglycol groups nor active sites responsible for the positive reaction with lead and uranyl salts. Structural components in the cuticle of the oligochaetes studied were characteristic for each species. The taxonomic value of such components, however, must be confirmed by examination of a larger number of species of oligochaetes.
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    Histology and histochemistry of developing outgrowths of Corvomeyenia carolinensis harrison (Porifera: Spongillidae)Part of this investigation is based upon portions of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of South Carolina in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Laboratory-reared outgrowths of the freshwater sponge Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison were examined using histological and histochemical techniques, supplemented by phase contrast observations of cellular behavior. The tissue and cellular components of the spongillid outgrowth region were defined in terms of function and morphogenic state. Archeocytes differ considderably, in both histochemical and morphological characteristics, from other cell types of the adult sponge, being histochemically similar to stem cells reported from a variety of developmental series. Archeocytes exhibit cytological characteristics of unspecialized cells capable of high levels of synthetic activity while other cell types of C. carolinensis, for the most part, can be characterized as fully differentiated cells displaying more restricted synthetic capabilities but often accumulating neutral mucoproteins. The presence of aggregates of amebocytes, not identifiable as archeocytes and possibly engaged in gemmule formation, is discussed in terms of current concepts of gemmulation and cellular developmental capabilities in sponges.
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    Announcement (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430308
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    Evaluation of some morphological characteristics of spores of two species of microsporida by scanning electron microscope and freeze-etching techniques (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy revealed spores of Nosema apis and Thelohania fibrata to be egg-shaped, but only the mature spore of T. fibrata was shown to possess a horseshoe-like concavity at the posterior pole. Freezeetched preparations indicated that this concavity was due to a thin area of the spore coat. Freeze-etching studies also show spores of N. apis do possess an umbrella-shaped polaroplast, and a polar filament which is arranged in a double layer with over 30 coils. The spore of T. fibrata contains a pear-shaped arrangement of the polaroplast membrane, and a polar filament arranged in a single layer of 22 coils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430306
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430401
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    The development of gill arches and gill blood vessels of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10°C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    A comparative ultrastructural and behavioral study of the antennal sensory sensilla of the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps (hymenoptera:Braconidae)Approved for publication as TA 10689 by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the U.S.D.A. Supported in part by a grant-in-aid of research of the Society of the Sigma Xi and Cotton Incorporated CI-71-599. The authors wish to thank Dr. E. L. Thurston, coordinator of the Electron Microscopy Center at Texas A&M University for his advice and use of the facilities during this study. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 329-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies were conducted on the antennal sensory sensilla of the hymenopteran parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, of the family Braconidae. Distinct morphological differences were found between the chemoreceptors of the male and female. Curved, non-fluted, thin-walled sensilla were found to be very abundant on the male and restricted in location and number on the female. Trichoid, placoid and fluted basiconic sensilla were numerous on the antennal flagella of both sexes. Smooth basiconic sensilla were restricted in number to one per flagellar segment in both sexes. Behavioral data suggest that bent-tipped, thick-walled sensilla unique to the female are involved in detecting a chemical(s) emitted from the host, Heliothis virescens (Fab.).
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    Horny cell formation in the epidermis of Rana pipiensThis investigation was supported by grant 14693, National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, United States Public Health Service. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 365-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Well preserved transitional cells were found between differentiated cells and horny cells of the frog epidermis, thus facilitating the study of the sequential events involved in horny cell formation. Autolysosomes appear to play an important role in the formation of horny cells. These structures preferentially digest those cytoplasmic components which are not necessary constituents of the terminal horny cell. The release of the contents of the small mucous granules into the intercellular spaces is one of the initial events in horny cell formation. Filaments and large mucous granules seem to be resistant to the lytic digestion and contribute to the bulk of the horny cell. Loss of fluids through the plasma membrane and consolidation of the remaining constituents, results in a flattened horny cell. The appearance of a thickened membrane around the horny cell signifies the completion of the transformation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420402
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420101
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    Comparative cardiac anatomy of the reptilia. II. A critique of the literature on the Squamata and RhynchocephaliaWe are indebted to a Commonwealth Scholarship (to G. J. W. Webb) and to the National Heart Foundation of Australia (grant No. G838) for financial aid, to Louise Wissman and Alex Stock for assisting in the translation of foreign literature, to J. P. Kennedy and W. E. Adams for providing papers not otherwise available, to Harry Wadleigh and Harry Spencer for technical aid, to Pam O'Hara, Elizabeth Cherry and Audry Heatwole for typing and to Malcolm Mackinnon for suggestions and criticism. E. T. B. Francis drew our attention to the significance of Acolat's ('35) paper. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Neuronal connections and the function of the corpora pedunculata in the brain of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)Based on portions of a dissertation submitted to the Department of Zoology, The University of Michigan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Weiss, '70). (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 21-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fiber constituents and connections of the calyces  -  the input-receiving regions  -  of the corpora pedunculata (“mushroom bodies”) were studied in reduced silver preparations from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). In the outer synaptic layer of the calyces five fiber classes were distinguished, the first three of which arise outside the mushroom body. (1) Four highly similar neurons with somata near the optic lobe branch into different parts of the ipsiateral protocerebrum, including both calyces. Their fibers are highly constant in arrangement and position and contain small nucleus-like bodies. (2) The tractus olfactorio-globularis (sensu lato) emits fiber groups which course along the calycal walls as “calycal tracts” before ultimately dissipating into the synaptic layer. Variability within these tracts is described. (3) Fibers of undertermined origin outside the mushroom body radiate from the calycal center outwards through the synaptic layer. (4) From the inner calycal layer of neurites belonging to intrinsic mushroom-body neurons, perpendicular collaterals enter the synaptic layer. (5) Intrinsic-neuron somata near the calycal rim emit fibers which course tangentially within the synaptic layer from calycal rim to center. These fibers form a special peripheral zone in the pedunculus.The predominant presumably afferent calycal fiber class is that derived from the tractus olfactorio-globularis. No evidence was found for tracts from optic lobe to calyces. On this basis, and in light of the experimental and comparative anatomical literature, it is suggested that the corpora pedunculata of P. americana and other pterygotes are fundamentally second-order antennal sensory processing centers.Conflicting observations in earlier reports are critically discussed.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780101
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    Fine structure of the urinary bladder of the bullfrog, (Rana catesbiana)With the financial aid of U.S.P.H.S., National Heart and Lung Institute, grant HL 06285 and NIAMD grant AM 13659. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 15-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The urinary bladder of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Three epithelial cell types were found: (1) granular cells, (2) mitochondria-rich cells, and (3) basal cells. The structure of the Rana catesbiana bladder differs from that of the toad Bufo marinus, in several respects: it lacks a mucous (goblet) cell type, its granular cells do not contact the underlying basement membrane, it has specialized, smooth-muscle cell-basal epithelial cell contacts, not previously described in amphibian bladders, and its mucosa is richly innervated. Mitochondria-rich cells within the bullfrog bladder epithelium were occasionally observed touching the basement membrane. The specialized smooth muscle-basal cell contacts provide anatomical evidence for how regulatory vasoactive substances such as neurohypophyseal peptides might alter epithelial geometry. Many nerve endings invest the mucosa just beneath the epithelial basement membrane in proximity to mitochondriarich cells and basal cells. The possible role of neural regulation in epithelial transport was discussed.
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    Maturation of nonmyelinated fiber bundles in a strain of dwarf (Snell's) MiceSupported in part by grant HD 00024 and Developmental Biology grant, HD 00020-10, from the National Institutes of Health and grant 67-135 from the Ford Foundation. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 103-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Postnatal maturation of nonmyelinated fiber bundles (Schwann bundles) was studied in the sciatic nerves of Snell's dwarf mice. The homozygous recessive of this strain has been previously shown to be characterized by multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and secondary hypothyroidism.In the normal littermates a reduction occurred between 10 and 14 days in the number of fibers per fascicle, or subdivision, of each Schwann bundle, and by 26 days nearly all of the axons were separately embedded in cytoplasmic furrows of their associated Schwann cells. Only a few large fascicles were seen in normal sciatic nerve specimens at 26 and 50-53 days. In contrast, fiber bundle fascicles in the mutant nerves were still represented, even at 50-53 days, by numerous tightly-packed axons, as seen in the immature nerves at 10-12 days post-partum.On the basis of the dwarf's physiological background, these results suggest an involvement of the endocrine system during later stages of peripheral nerve maturation. The possible mechanisms affected by postnatal endocrine deficiency and thereby leading to delayed segregation of nonmyelinated fibers within Schwann bundles are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780109
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    Quantitative aspects of follicular development in the untreated and PMS-treated cyclic hamster (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hamsters injected at 0900 on day 1 of the cycle (metestrus) with either 0, 5 or 15 IU pregnant mare's serum (PMS) were killed at 1500 of days 1 to 4 of the cycle and the ovaries prepared for light microscopy and for a quantitative evaluation of follicular development. In the untreated cyclic hamster, the maximal number of preantral follicles with eight or more layers of granulosa cells occurred between the afternoon of day 4 (proestrus) and day 1, coinciding with the highest blood levels of FSH and LH. It is concluded that the elevated preovulatory levels of gonadotropins not only induce the ovulation of the mature antral follicles but at the same time recruit the next set of follicles for development during the new cycle.By the afternoon of day 1, treatment with either 5 or 15 IU PMS recruited more follicles into large preantral and incipient antral stages than in the untreated hamsters. However, by day 2 the pattern of follicular distribution was similar between the 5 IU PMS and untreated group whereas considerably more antral follicles had differentiated in the animals given 15 IU PMS. The ability of 15 IU PMS to elicit superovulation therefore depends on the levels being initially high enough to mature more follicles at critical stages of their development; the prolonged biological half life of PMS then sustains these follicles throughout the cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780112
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    Stimulation of acinar cell proliferation by isoproterenol in the postnatal rat submandibular gland (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During the postnatal development of the submandibular gland, the stimulation of DNA synthesis and mitosis by a single injection of isoproterenol, measured as the percentage of labeled cells in radioautographs, was dependent on the age of the rat. The drug had no effect on the proliferative activity in two day old rats, but stimulated DNA synthesis in older (7-42 day old) animals. In general, the degree of stimulation was directly related to the proportion of acinar cells and inversely related to the proliferative activity in the gland of control rats. An analysis of various cell types revealed that the stimulation of DNA synthesis in the gland was essentially restricted to the acinar cells in rats older than 14 days of age. In seven day old rats, the acinar cells were not stimulated, but their precursors, the proacinar cells, the terminal tubule cells and the intercalated duct cells were stimulated to synthesize DNA by isoproterenol. This suggested that isoproterenol had an effect on the transformation of precursor cells to acinar cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780205
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    Cyclical changes in the vaginal epithelium of the rat seen by scanning electron microscopyPublication 669 of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. This study was supported by NIH grant HD-04971 to the author and NIH grant RR-00163 to the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Keratinization or mucification of the epithelium of the rat vagina is related to the hormonal state of the animal. During the normal cycle and after the administration of exogenous hormones (estrogen and progestin) to spayed animals, the surface characteristics and topography of the vaginal epithelium were studied with the scanning electron microscope. During estrus and under the influence of estrogen, the superficial cells were keratinized, overlap each other like shingles, and are continuously sloughed off. Like the surface of other keratinizing epithelia, theirs has a characteristic microridge pattern. In ovariectomized animals, the apical surface is covered with microvilli instead of microridges, and the cells resemble hexagonally shaped units, tightly bound instead of overlapping each other. At the boundary between the cells, a ridge demarcates the cells. The surface configurations of progestin-treated, progestin plus estrogen-treated, and diestrous animals are the same as in spayed animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780302
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    Editorial Announcement (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780102
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    The arterial supply to the lumbo-sacral spinal cord in the monkey: A comparison with man (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report compares the arterial supply of the lumbo-sacral spinal cord in the monkey with that of man. The arterial supply to the lumbo-sacral cord of 100 monkeys (82 Rhesus and 18 Mangabey) was demonstrated by perfusion techniques. We tabulated the level and side of origin of the great anterior medullary artery. Previous authors have shown that in man the peak incidence of the great anterior medullary artery is at T-10. The peak incidence in the monkey is at L-1. There are other features of the arterial supply to the lumbo-sacral cord of the monkey that are different from man.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the fimbriae and ampullae of rabbit oviductsThis investigation was supported by U.S.P.H.S. grants HD-03752 and HD-06161, and contract 70-2141. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 83-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An initial study of the effects of long-term ovariectomy on fimbrial and ampullar epithelia from rabbit oviducts has been made with the scanning electron microscope. Several of the rabbits were given estradiol benzoate before they were killed. These observations were compared with those of epithelial cells from similar oviductal segments from post-ovulatory rabbits that served as controls.Fimbriae from oviducts of control animals were densely ciliated, partially concealing the bulbous processes of the secretory cells. In the ampullae the processes of the secretory cells were the predominant structure, their bulbous apices rising frequently above the tips of the cilia.When rabbits had been spayed for 16-18 months, the epithelial cells of both fimbriae and ampullae showed a remarkable change. A few cilia in small clumps were scattered among the secretory cells. The free surface of the secretory cells had become flattened and hexagonal in shape. Their microvilli were short, and from the center of each cell a thick, stubby central cilium protruded.Estrogen given the long-term spayed rabbits caused almost complete reciliation as well as restoration of the bulbous processes of the secretory cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780108
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    The effect of cyclophosphamide on the morphogenesis of the cerebellum in chick embryos (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphogenesis of cerebellum has been studied in 6-19 day old chick embryos after a single injection of 0.05 mg of cyclophosphamide into the yolk sacs on the fifth day of incubation. Besides degeneration of Purkinje cells, rate of development was markedly retarded as evidenced by late appearance of the fissures and folia of the cerebellum. Purkinje cells remained disorganised up to 18 days of incubation, though in controls they were arranged in a single line by the fifteenth day. The thickness of the external granular layer increased and persisted for a longer period in the treated embryos. The cytoarchitecture returned to normal on nineteenth day of incubation, but the size of the cerebellum was significantly smaller than that of controls (P 〈 0.001). Such transient disorganisation of the morphogenetic events in the neural tube may lead to inadequate and defective induction of surrounding mesenchyme, thereby resulting in defective skull formation through which the brain can herniate, i.e., exencephaly as reported in our earlier studies after cyclophosphamide administration in chicks (Singh et al., '71; Singh and Gupta, '72) and rats (Singh et al., '72).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780111
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    Cell population changes during acinus formation in the postnatal rat submandibular gland (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The postnatal differentiation of acini in the submandibular glands of 2-42 day old rats given 3H-thymidine was studied by using radioautographs prepared from Epon-embedded, PAS and iron hematoxylin stained sections. The changes in morphology, population size and proliferative activity of various cell types in the gland were analyzed. At two days of age, rudimentary secretory units, designated as terminal tubules, were located at the end of the duct system and consisted of three cell types: (1) terminal tubule cells (30.7%) with darkly-stained granules, (2) proacinar cells (23.6%) with large, lightly-stained granules, and (3) acinar cells (1.6%) with PAS-positive granules. The proacinar cells, which underwent mitosis, disappeared within the first two weeks of life. The terminal tubule cells increased in number between 2 and 14 days of age, but became less numerous thereafter and disappeared by six weeks. Concomitantly, the number of acinar cells increased linearly with age and at a much greater rate than that of intercalated duct cells. Yet the rate of proliferation of acinar cells was comparable to that of intercalated duct cells. The overall proliferative activity in the gland decreased with age, and was inversely correlated with the relative frequency of acinar cells in the gland. On the basis of above data, it is postulated that, during the formation of acini from terminal tubules, acinar cells have a dual origin: they arise from proacinar cells during the first one to two weeks and from terminal tubule cells between two and six weeks of age.
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    A cephalometric investigation of the sagittal growth of the second-trimester fetal faceSupported in part by a Rotary Foundation Fellowship. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has often been reported that facial proportions remain constant throughout the fetal period. Such conclusions, however, have been based largely on the erroneous assumption that two dimensions are growing isometrically if one bears a statistically significant linear relation to the the other. In order to test the hypothesis that proportion is independent of time, sagittal histologic sections from 32 human fetuses (12-25 weeks) were analyzed cephalometrically. The linear regression on head length (HL) and the associated coefficient of correlation were calculated for each of a variety of craniofacial measures. In addition, all linear dimensions were transformed so that the size of the anterior cranial base was held constant throughout the series. It was assumed that if shape be constant, all Y-intercepts should be zero, and angular and transformed linear dimensions should show no statistically significant linear correlation with HL. These three criteria were met uniformly by facial and anterior cranial base dimensions, but not by measurements which involved the posterior cranial base. It is concluded, therefore, that in the sagittal plane the second trimester mandible, midface, and anterior cranial base grow isometrically, while the posterior cranial base becomes relatively smaller.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780401
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    The postnatal development of blood vessels in the substantia gelatinosa of rat cervical cord  -  an ultrastructural studySupported in part by grants from Medical Research Council of Canada, National Cancer Institute of Canada and University of Manitoba-Grant-in-Aid. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 691-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light microscopy of semithin sections revealed an increase in blood vessel profiles between one and three weeks postnatal. Ultrastructurally, at birth, there were few patent vessels, but endothelial cells enclosing a slit-like lumen were numerous. The endothelial cells contained a high concentration of free ribosomes and pinocytotic vesicles. Pseudopod projections of the endothelial cells into the vascular lumen were often present. The nuclei were very irregular and dense with clumped chromatin. The basal lamina varied in thickness. During the period between one and three weeks the nuclei of endothelial cells became less dense; the lumen became patent and the endothelial wall progressively thinner. The periphery of the vessel became completely surrounded by glial end feet and the basal lamina was regular and prominent. By three weeks, most blood vessels resembled blood vessels observed in a mature animal. Pericytes were present at all stages of development. The extracellular space which was quite conspicuous at birth was greatly reduced by the third week.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780404
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    Cytochemical studies of the maternal surface of the syncytiotrophoblast of human early and term placentaThis research was supported by N.I.H. grants AM-10956 and AM-11028; N.C.I. grant CA-08056-07 and American Cancer Society Institutional Research grant IN-101. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 769-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light microscopic studies using a battery of basic dye stains combined with sialidase and hyaluronidase digestions indicated that the extensive basophilia of the maternal surface of the placental syncytium largely results from the presence of a non-sulfated mucosubstance specifically identified as hyaluronic acid. Ultrastructural examination of dialyzed iron (DI) stained specimens revealed that DI-positive filaments observed along the syncytial surface were removed by hyaluronidase digestion. Staining with the lectins, Concanavalin A or lentil bean hemagglutinin produced an intense and periodic pattern of staining that was not enzyme labile. Incubation of tissue sections in the enzyme solutions or control buffers allowed the lectins to penetrate the syncytial plasma membrane and stain material within the endoplasmic reticulum presumed to be human chorionic gonadotropin. The maternal surface exhibited essentially no reactivity for acid phosphatase but showed strong alkaline phosphatase activity with a periodic staining pattern. With each of the techniques used there was variability in the intensity of staining in different regions along the maternal surface, suggesting that functionally different zones may be identified cytochemically. Only minor differences were observed in the cytochemical reactivity of early compared with term placenta.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780408
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    Evidence for a retinohypothalamic pathway in the golden hamsterThis work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-04969).The authors are grateful for the excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Gladys Barton and Mrs. Ilona Ormsby. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Evidence for a direct neural projection from the retina to the hypothalamus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is presented. In 25 blinded animals degeneration was followed in sections prepared according to the Wiitanen ('69) silver impregnation method. Degenerative axons were found in the optic tract, chiasm, and nerve, terminating in the lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus. A large collateral bundle of degenerating axons was observed curving medially and dorsally to enter the hypothalamus at the level of the mamillary body. This bundle turned diffusely rostrally and terminated on neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.It is proposed that two alternate pathways exist for the effect of photoperiodicity on the reproductive cycle in the hamster, one involving the pineal gland directly and the hypothalamus indirectly, and the other a direct retino-hypothalamic projection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790105
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  • 77
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790201
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  • 78
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    Ultrastructural organization of the sensory fibers innervating the Golgi tendon organ (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The organization of the sensory innervation of Golgi tendon organs (GTO) from E. carpi ulnaris of the cat is described. The large Ib afferent fiber gives rise to small myelinated branches which become oriented longitudinally in a neural compartment of the GTO capsule lumen. The latter give rise to smaller, unmyelinated branches which further arborize among loosely packed collagen bundles. The unmyelinated fibers form numerous varicosities and small terminal branches which have portions of the axolemma covered only by basal lamina which intervenes between the collagen bundles and the axolemma. In places, the axon's surface may lack all investments and nerve and collagen come into intimate association. The large unmyelinated branches and their varicosities have different axoplasmic characteristics compared with the small unmyelinated terminal portions. The latter contain few or no mitochondria, vesicles, neurotubules, and neurofilaments. In addition to the description of the terminals, the similarities and differences of the innervation of the GTO, compared with other mechanoreceptors, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790202
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  • 79
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    Ultrastructural changes in vaginal epithelium of mice neonatally treated with estrogen and prolactinThis investigation was supported by N.I.H. Grant CA-05388 and by University of California cancer research funds. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The vaginal epithelium of the normal estrous mouse shows narrow intercellular spaces, many cytoplasmic fibrils and a continuous basal lamina. At 100 days of age, the vaginal epithelium of mice which had received 5 or 20 μg estradiol-17β, 20 μg ovine prolactin, or 5 μg estradiol-17β + 20 μg prolactin within the first few days of postnatal life, shows wider intercellular spaces in the middle epithelial layers than occur in normal estrous mice. In addition, the mice receiving 20 μg estradiol-17β show prominent intercellular spaces in the basal cell layer and interruptions in the basal lamina, which permit penetration of cytoplasmic processes into the subjacent connective tissue. The relevance of these findings to vaginal carcinogenesis is considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790206
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  • 80
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790301
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  • 81
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    Uptake of exogenous protein by the preimplantation rabbitThis investigation was supported by grant 2 RO1 HD04962 from The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 311-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of the uptake of exogenous proteins, peroxidase, ferritin, and myoglobin by rabbit blastomeres of different developmental stages was undertaken to determine some of the means by which these stages ingest protein. Exposure of embryos in preimplantation stages, ranging from fertilized ovum to late blastocyst, was carried out in vitro with selected in vivo controls. Blastomeres of early cleavage stages up to the morula show little uptake of peroxidase. However, the endocytosis of peroxidase greatly increases with the morula stages and continues at an elevated level through the blastocyst stages. The uptake of the tracer is initially accomplished via micropinocytotic vesicles and tubules and can have several subsequent fates. The tracer can pass into larger vacuoles and be transported into the cavity of the blastocyst, or can pass into multivesicular bodies where it is presumably degraded by the lysosomal system for cellular use. The use of myoglobin at selected blastocyst stages yielded results similar to those obtained with peroxidase. However, the response by the blastomeres to ferritin is different. Endocytosis of ferritin is scant at all preimplantation stages, even though the ferritin has no difficulty reaching the surface of the blastomeres. The experiment with mechanically denuded blastocysts indicated that ferritin did not adsorb to the cell surface.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790304
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  • 82
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800201
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  • 83
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    Electromyography of pectineus muscle (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 281-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using bipolar fine-wire electrodes, we investigated the function of the pectineus muscle. Electromyography revealed that the main function of pectineus muscle is flexion, adduction and medial (not lateral) rotation of the hip joint. These functions suggest that the spasm of this muscle may be important in the cause of deformities in cerebral palsy.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800203
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    An electron microscopic investigation of the surface coat of visceral yolk sac endoderm cells in the guinea pigThis investigation was supported by grant 5R01 HD06734 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Guinea pig visceral yolk sac endoderm cells are known to absorb proteins from the uterine lumen by the process of pinocytosis. Since previous studies have shown that the first step in protein absorption is the binding of the protein to an extracellular material on the surface of pinocytotic invaginations, it was thought that the surface coat might possess receptor sites for molecules which are subsequently absorbed. This study investigates the nature of the surface coat of the endoderm cells using ruthenium red, alcian blue/cetylpyridynium chloride-lanthanum and concanavalin A-peroxidase procedures. Results using these methods showed the presence of a surface coat on both the microvilli and pinocytotic invaginations. The coat on the pinocytotic invaginations was thicker than that on the microvilli. Concanavalin A receptor sites were separated from one another on the cell surface. Since only those pinocytotic invaginations which were open to the surface at the time of fixation would be “stained” by these methods, the procedures also show that the numerous tubules and vesicles in the apical cytoplasm do not all form an intercommunicating labyrinth open to the surface, even though most of them are part of a related functional system. The results indicate that the surface coat contains mucopolysaccharide components. In addition, concanavalin A receptor sites are present which are probably oligosaccharides associated with a glycoprotein component of the apical cell membrane.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800205
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    Structural and functional homologies of the accessory reproductive glands of two species of sciurids, Cynomys ludovicianus and Citellus tridecemlineatus (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) have been studied. In addition, the glands of a 5 cm fetal prairie dog have been described. Adult and fetal prairie dogs and adult ground squirrels have so-called seminal vesicles folded dorsally over the dorsal prostate with ducts leading directly to the urethra lateral to, but in the region of, the entrance of both the dorsal prostatic ducts and the deferent ducts. Histological studies of the seminal vesicles of both prairie dogs and ground squirrels showed that they were tubuloalveolar glands and were similar in structure to the dorsal prostates of each species. The fructose concentrations of the dorsal prostate and seminal vesicles of out-of-season prairie dogs were similar, and both glands accumulated fructose with the onset of the breeding season or with injection of testosterone propionate but the seminal vesicles accumulated more fructose than the prostate. On the basis of histological structure, anatomical relationships, accumulation of fructose and possible function as a coagulating gland it is proposed that the proper name for the so-called seminal vesicles in these species is craniodorsal prostate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800207
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  • 86
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800301
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  • 87
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    Fine structure of the adrenal gland in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants to J. Cronshaw (GB 12371) and W. N. Holmes (GB 20806). (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 385-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adrenal glands of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) were fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde for light and electron microscopical examination. Each gland is encapsulated by a layer of connective tissue and consists of two major secretory cell types, the interrenal cells and the medullary cells. In section, the medullary cells appear as islands of tissue dispersed throughout the gland. The interrenal cells are characterized by numerous lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria having mainly tubular cristae. They have an extensive Golgi apparatus, moderate amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a lesser amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid droplets and mitochondria in interrenal cells were seen frequently in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Adjacent interrenal cells had numerous regions of pentalaminar fusion and intermediate junctions.Medullary cells were characterized by a large population of electron opaque neurosecretory granules. These cells contained fewer mitochondria and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum than the interrenal cells. In many cases the medullary cells and interrenal cells were closely juxtaposed and were separated by a thin band of extracellular matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800212
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    Protein secretion in the rat ventral prostate and the relation of Golgi vesicles, cisternae and vacuoles, as studied by electron microscope radioautographySupported by contract N01-HD-1-2506 with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 427-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proteins, including enzymes such as acid phosphatase, are among a variety of substances secreted into semen by the prostate gland. The formation, intracellular transport, and discharge of protein components of prostatic secretion were studied in the rat ventral prostate following an injection of leucine-3H. Samples were prepared for light and electron microscope radioautography at intervals ranging from four minutes to two hours after the injection. In samples prepared four or ten minutes after administration of the precursor, most of the silver grains overlay the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning 30 minutes after the injection, while label associated with the endoplasmic reticulum was declining, the proportion of grains over the Golgi apparatus began to increase, reaching a maximum in one-hour samples. Secretory vacuoles at the apical ends of the cells became heavily labeled two hours after administration of the leucine-3H. Labeling of secretions in the lumen of the prostatic alveoli was observed in samples taken two hours after the injection. These results indicate that secretory proteins in the prostate are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, transported to the Golgi apparatus, and packaged into secretory vacuoles, which move to the apical ends of the cells and release their contents to the lumen. Additional analysis of the pattern of labeling of different elements of the Golgi apparatus suggests that some protein is transported sequentially from Golgi vesicles to stacks of cisternae and finally into Golgi vacuoles. Radioactive secretory proteins move through prostatic cells more slowly than through the seminal vesicle epithelium of the same animals. The main mode of protein secretion in the prostate appears to be a merocrine type, since apical protrusions such as have been suggested to participate in an apocrine form of secretion were observed infrequently and did not become heavily labeled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800303
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    Selective histochemical staining of cartilage matrix by RivanolR (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 481-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: RivanolR, a fluorescent ethoxy derivative of acridine, interacts at different pH's with both glycosaminoglycans and proteins. The present study utilizes the specific interaction of RivanolR with acidic substances of the ground substance for histochemical studies of the cartilage matrix. This stain was applied to newborn mouse epiphyseal cartilages which were either unextracted or dissociatively extracted by graded concentrations of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) from 0.5-3.0 M for four days at 25°C. Routinely prepared sections were then stained (0.1% solution) for two minutes at pH's ranging from 2.2-11.2. Stainability of the interterritorial matrix as well as the inner halo zone and outer corona zone of the lacunar matrix varied with pH. Whereas the interterritorial matrix decreased in stainability with rising pH, the halo and corona persisted in stainability up to pH 10.7. Dissociative extractions using GuHCl revealed the unextractable nature of the inner halo zone as well as the extractable nature of the corona above 1.0 M GuHCl concentration. Anionic sites on polyelectrolytes such as glycosaminoglycans are known to stoichiometrically bind many cationic dyes. The precise localization of stain-reactive glycosaminoglycans or proteoglycans in the region of the perichondrocytic matrix by RivanolR supports prior observations using other cationic stains. Our data demonstrates that RivanolR enables one to visualize the unique perichondrocytic matrix which may be interpreted to be both chemically and morphologically a “matrix within a matrix”.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800307
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    Comparative analysis of surface charges on luminal epithelial membranes of urinary bladders from toad, frog, turtle, and tortoiseWith the financial aid of U.S.P.H.S., National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, Grant AM 13659, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Grant HL 06285. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cationized ferritin was used to analyze the surface charges on the luminal epithelial cell membranes of urinary bladders from toad (Bufo marinus), bullfrog (Rana catesbiana), turtle (Pseudemys scripta and Clemmys caspica), and tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria and Testudo graeca). The labeling, done at a physiological pH on fixed or unfixed bladders, revealed differences in the distribution and density of negative charges along the luminal membrane surfaces. The epithelial surface of toad bladder did not label with cationized ferritin. Frog bladder labeled lightly and the labeling pattern varied between cell types. The epithelial membrane surfaces of reptile bladders were heavily labeled, in contrast to amphibian bladders. Luminal surfaces from fresh water turtles were not as heavily labeled as those from land tortoises. The degree of labeling varied from cell type to cell type in all reptile bladders except Pseudemys scripta. An analysis of the degree and pattern of labeling by cationized ferritin in bladders of all species studied might reflect a difference in the nature of the glycocalyx of a particular membrane, the presence or absence of negative surface charges or their availability (i.e., interference by mucus), and/or the nature of the chemical groups comprising the surface structure of the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800310
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800401
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    Ultrastructural demonstration of cilia in the adult human ependymaThis investigation received financial support from the World Health Organization. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 547-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ependyma from random sites of lateral, third and fourth ventricles including the aqueduct in five adult human brains was examined by transmission electron microscopy. In all the specimens studied, cilia were present in variable numbers in the ependymal cells. Our study thus establishes that there is widespread presence of cilia in the ependymal cells of the ventricular system in the adult human brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800313
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    Some morphological features of the myoneural junctions in certain normal muscles of the rat (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 605-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In frozen sections and whole mount preparations of the normal soleus, diaphragm, or intercostal muscles of the rat, myoneural junctions of different AChE and silver staining intensities were regularly observed. Muscle fibers of different diameters showed end-plates of varying staining intensities. No correlation was found between a certain staining intensity and diameter of the end-plates or between muscle fiber diameters and the ratio of pale to strongly stained end-plates. There was, however, a tendency for the smaller muscle fibers to have end-plates of smaller mean diameter than those in the larger muscle fibers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800407
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    The effect of proteolytic enzymes and hyaluronidase on the intracellular β- and γ-metachromatic granules and the matrix of rat epiphyseal cartilageThis work was supported by Grant AM 05921 from the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 617-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pronase, cartilage protease and hyaluronidase on the staining of fresh epiphyseal cartilage in 0.01% toluidine blue at pH 4 was studied. Treatment with these enzymes resulted in a loss of the β- and γ-metachromatic granules in the cells, and an intensification of the staining in the matrix of the lower hypertrophic zone. Treatment with collagenase also resulted in a loss of the β- and γ-metachromatic granules, but did not appreciably intensify the staining of the matrix. Carboxypeptidase A, ribonuclease and bovine serum albumin, globulins, and globin had little or no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800408
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  • 95
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    Lighting regimen dominates interacting meal schedules and synchronizes mitotic rhythm in mouse corneal epithelium (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three groups of mice were standardized to a light-dark cycle with light from 0600 to 1800. One group was fed ad lib; but the other two had access to food for only four hours a day, one during the first part of the light phase and the other beginning at its middle. Two other groups were subjected to a reversed light-dark cycle (light from 1800 to 0600); one of these had access to food for four hours during the first part of the dark phase and the other for four hours beginning at its middle. All the mice previously had been adjusted gradually over a three-week period to these feeding schedules, and then they were maintained on the precise routine described for an additional two weeks. After standardization was completed, subgroups of mice were killed at three-hour intervals over a single 24-hour period. Corneas were removed and prepared, and the mitotic index in the epithelium was evaluated.In all five groups a high-amplitude circadian rhythm was found for the mitotic index, but in all cases this rhythm remained synchronized to the light-dark cycle; only small changes in the phasing of the rhythm resulted from the restricted feeding. These results are contrary to what has been found for a number of other rhythmic variables which do synchronize to such feeding schedules.The findings dispel the misconception that all body functions react in the same fashion to different synchronizors and emphasize that one must not generalize about the effects of feeding or lighting.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800106
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  • 96
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    Human muscle spindles: Microfilaments in the group IA sensory nerve endingsSupported in part by a grant from the ALS Foundation, St. Paul, Minnesota. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the group IA sensory nerve endings from normal human muscle spindles was studied in transverse and longitudinal sections. Two arrangements of microfilaments, approximately 75 Å in diameter, were found in each of ten spindles examined. The first was a central aggregate of densely packed filaments. The aggregates were partly surrounded by mitochondria, and were oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sensory ending as it encircled the intrafusal muscle fiber. Individual aggregate filaments of glycerinated endings appeared to react with heavy meromyosin. The second arrangement was a filamentous network in the periphery of the sensory ending profiles. These microfilaments approached and appeared to merge with the surface membrane. They resembled the microfilaments that others have described in growth cones of cultured neurons. Both types of microfilaments are thought to be involved in changing the shape of the sensory endings during stretch and relaxation of the spindle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800311
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  • 97
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    Fine structure of the agranular cytoplasmic tubules in the lamprey chloride cells (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The chloride cells of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica, have been studied by electron microscopy. The most characteristic feature of the chloride cells in lamprey is that the cytoplasm is filled with a large number of mitochondria and numerous agranular cytoplasmic tubules arranged as bundles or as branched reticular networks. These tubules are frequently continuous with the plasma membrane. They are also characterized by a coating on the cisternal surfaces with a dense material which appears ridge-like at high magnification. These ridges are oriented spirally along the cisternal surface of the tubule. They are regularly spaced at an interval of about 160 Å and have a pitch of about 45°. The functional significance of the cisternal coat is unknown. Sometimes, intracisternal tubules are observed to be contained within the lumina of the agranular cytoplasmic tubules. These intracisternal tubules are considered to be formed by an intracisternal deflection of only one leaflet of the unit membrane of the agranular cytoplasmic tubules. Membrane fusion is observed to occur between closely associated agranular cytoplasmic tubules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780106
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pineal influence on the Harderian glands of female golden hamsters (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of blinding on cellular structure and porphyrin pigment content were studied in Harderian glands of pinealectomized and non-pinealectomized adult female golden hamsters. Uterine weights were used as a criterion for pineal activity. Five weeks post-operatively, no significant changes were observed in the Harderian glands or in the uterine weights of animals in either group. Eleven weeks post-operatively, the blinded hamsters with intact pineal glands had significantly lowered uterine weights and Harderian glands that exhibited diminished amounts of porphyrin pigments and cellular characteristics of the male hamster. Harderian glands and reproductive organs from the 11-week blinded-pinealectomized hamsters did not differ from those of untreated controls.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780110
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    Cytochemical evidence for cation fluxes in parotid acinar cells following stimulation by isoproterenolThis research was supported by N.I.H. grants AM-10956 and AM-11028. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The use of potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide as a combined fixative and cation-capture agent has permitted the observation of finestructural changes in cation distribution in rat parotid acinar cells following administration of isoproterenol (IPR). During the secretory phase of the response, there is a diminution of antimonate-precipitable cation in the cytoplasm combined with an increase along the plasma membrane and on secretory channels. At four hours after IPR, cytoplasmic precipitates return but deposits disappear along the membrane. Membrane deposits return slowly at later times after the stimulus. Decreased antimonate-precipitable cation was observed in nuclear heterochromatin between 4 and 20 hours after IPR. This may be related to the induction of cell replication by the drug. During the DNA synthetic phase of the response to IPR, an unusual patchy osmiophobia was observed in nuclei. Mitotic chromosomes contained heavy antimonate deposits. Some of the early changes in cation distribution observed after isoproterenol administration mimicked changes seen in damaged cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780202
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    The popliteal node assay for graft-versus-host interaction in mice. I. Location and proliferation of donor and host cells within the popliteal nodeThis work supported by USPHS grants GM-00136 and AI-08910 from the National Institutes of Health. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A parental (CBAT6T6) lymph node cell suspension was injected into the hind footpad of F1 (CBA × C57BLKs) recipients. The resulting increase in the recipient's popliteal lymph node weight was linearly related on double log plots to the number of parental lymph node cells injected. The node weight response was biphasic including an initial rise, a maximum weight gain at seven to nine days and a gradual decline to normal weight. When the long-lived small lymphocyte population of the donor was labeled with 3H-thymidine, the location, morphology and mitotic activity of labeled cells was followed by radioautography. These cells were most frequently observed in the mid- and deep cortex and the medullary cords of the host node. Very few labeled blast cells were observed in sections or smears and radioautographs of chromosome spreads confirmed the infrequency of donor long-lived small lymphocyte transformation and proliferation. Of the proliferating cells in the host node at the peak of the response, 60-85% were of host origin. These observations and others are discussed, and it is proposed that the host short-lived small lymphocyte accounts for the majority of mitotic cells in the node at the peak of the response.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790103
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