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  • Electronic Resource  (487)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (487)
  • 1974  (487)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (468)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • pharmacokinetics
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Material
  • Electronic Resource  (487)
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (487)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short term effects and urinary excretion of the new diuretic, indapamide, in normal subjects (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560352
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butylbiguanide concentration in plasma, liver, and intestine after intravenous and oral administration to man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 433-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560356
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of mestranol in man in relation to its oestrogenic activity (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560348
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid after intravenous administration to normal volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic assessment of the reproducibility of phenazone plasma half-life in young healthy volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of unlabelled and14C-labelled pindolol in uraemia (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614386
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of the appetite stimulant pizotifen (BC 105) on the absorption of isonicotinylhydrazine (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614391
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of diphenylhydantoin in uraemic patients: Consequences of decreased plasma protein binding (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614387
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rifampicin in plasma and pleural fluid after single oral doses (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614390
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614385
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical significance of generic inequivalence of three different pharmaceutical preparations of phenytoin (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561325
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum concentration and half-life of rifampicin after simultaneous oral administration of aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560384
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of practolol in renal failure (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560339
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical estimations in pharmacokinetics (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 123-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; computer program ; NONLIN ; data weighting ; isoniazid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several important statistical aspects of pharmacokinetic analyses by digital computer are discussed. These include selection of appropriate equations, weighting of data, precision of parameter estimates, comparisons of parameters, analysis of weighted residuals, and criteria useful in the selection of particular models. Data obtained after administration of isoniazid and isonicotinuric acid to man are analyzed to illustrate the usefulness of the discussed methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061504
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of the hepatobiliary transport of bromphenol blue as a model of organic anionic compounds (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 495-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hepatobiliary transport ; rat ; bromphenol blue ; pharmacokinetics ; roles of liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z-binding proteins and T binder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new pharmacokinetic model is proposed to explain the hepatobiliary transport of a nonmetabolized sulfonic acid dye, bromphenol blue, which is actively transported from the bloodstream into bile. This model has the advantage of taking into account the roles of the liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z- binding proteins and T binder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01070944
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of digoxin: Comparison of a two- and a three-compartment model in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: digoxin ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment model ; three-compartment model ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment has been carried out in man designed to compare the fit of a two- and a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model to experimentally determined serum digoxin concentration-time data following rapid intravenous injection of 1.0 mg of the drug. Digoxin was administered to five healthy male volunteers, blood samples were withdrawn repetitively over a period of 72 hr, and samples were assayed using a 125 I radioimmunoassay. Appropriate equations describing two- and three-compartment open models were fitted to the experimental data using weighted nonlinear least squares regression analysis. It was demonstrated that the three-compartment fit resulted in a statistically significant reduction in residual error, a marked improvement in the randomness of scatter of the experimental data about the serum digoxin-time curve, and better agreement of the predicted serum concentration-time curve with experimental serum digoxin concentrations. Thus the three-compartment open model is the simplest pharmacokinetic model consistent with the data observed in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061404
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic studies on the selectiveβ 1-receptor antagonist metoprolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 347-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: metoprolol ; β-receptor antagonist ; pharmacokinetics ; disposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 3H-metoprolol, a new selective β 1-receptor antagonist, have been studied in healthy volunteers by following the plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of the unchanged compound and its total radioactive metabolites after oral and intravenous administration. The compound was rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration, and about 40% of the dose reached the systemic circulation. The estimated half-life of the absorption process was 10 min. Metoprolol was extensively distributed to extravascular tissues, with the half-life of the distribution phase close to 12 min. About 95% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 72 hr, mainly in metabolized form. The elimination halflife of the compound was close to 3 hr as was also the half-life of the total metabolites after oral administration. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life of the metabolites was raised to 5 hr, indicating that the route of administra tion might influence the metabolic pathways of the parent compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061407
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fine structure study of venom gland cells in globiferous pedicellariae from Stronglocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 411-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells in secretory glands of globiferous pedicellariae from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were studied with the electron microscope and subjected to preliminary light microscopic, histochemical analysis. Specimens for electron microscopic observation were fixed with chilled 2% glutaraldehyde in sea water postfixed in cold 1.33% osmic acid, and embedded in Araldite 502 epoxy resin Samples for histochemical analysis were fixed in the same manner, and then embedded in n-butylmethacrylate.Secretory cells line and fill partially bifurcated, muscular gland sacs located peripherally on each of three jaw elements comprising the pedicellarial head. Cells from venom glands are typically mucoid in appearance, possessing small volumes of basally displaced, vesiculated cytoplasm and an extensive system of vacuoles dominating the apical nine-tenths of each cell. These vacuoles enclose ground substances of various densities and staining affinities. Despite their extensive vacuolation, gland cells contain numerous cytomembrane complexes indicating metabolic activity just prior to fixation. Deciduous endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, large vacuoles, and various species of vesicles associated with these membrane systems are found in spatial proximity which indicates an apparent biosynthetic association.Preliminary histochemical tests on sections embedded in acrylic plastic indicate vacuolar products may consist of protein and nonsulfated acid mucosubstances.Gland cells are probably holocrine in function, releasing their vacuolar complement upon constriction of the muscular gland sac. There is no evidence indicating delivery of non-membrane bounded, granular secretion to an acellular lumen within the gland sac.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420405
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of calcitonin on fibroblasts and collagen formation in rabbits: An ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopic studySupported in part by N.I.H. General Aid grant and in part by Medical School Institutional Funds. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 447-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrate the stimulatory effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on the fine structure of fibroblasts and on collagen formation in cutaneous wounds experimentally induced in rabbits. Long-term administration of calcitonin enhances fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis. The fibroblasts hypertrophy and exhibit a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), several polyribosomes, large nuclei, hypertrophic Golgi complex, and many dense granules and lysosomes. Mitochondria are elongate and ramify; intracellular as well as extracellular synthesis of collagen increases. Fibrils appear tightly packed, in large heaps or spicula, with a characteristic periodicity and striation.Scanning electron micrographs of topography and relationships with collagen fibers and fibrils and cells surface changes demonstrate an extensive network of fine fibrils between collagen fibers, marked ruffling of cell membranes as well as numerous blebs on the cell surface. The latter are significant in collagen formation and egestion.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420407
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vas deferens of the spider crab, Libinia emarginataThis study was supported in part by a grant (F-70-UM-6 and 6A) from the Florida Division of the American Cancer Society.Contribution 241, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Evolution. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sperm enter the anterior vas deferens individually in the spider crab male. There they become surrounded by secretion products from the cells of the vas deferens, and are compartmentalized into spermatophores of varying size. The anterior vas deferens can be divided into three regions. The epithelium of the anterior vas deferens varies regionally from low to high columnar. The cytoplasm contains vast arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes but few mitochondria. Intercellular spaces contain septate junctions, gap junctions and vesicles.Once the spermatophores have been formed in the anterior vas deferens, they are moved posteriorly to the middle vas deferens where they are stored and surrounded by seminal fluids. The epithelial cells of the middle vas deferens contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles appear, forming at the cell surface and within the apical cytoplasm. Their suggested function is the resorption of secretion products of the anterior vas deferens which initiated compartmentalization of the spermatozoa into spermatophores.The posterior vas deferens functions primarily as a storage center for spermatophores until they are released at the time of copulation. Seminal fluid surrounding the spermatophores is produced in this region as well as in the middle vas deferens. The cells of this region contain vast arrays of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The cells are multinucleate. Microtubules are numerous throughout the length of the cells and appear to insert on the plasma membrane.
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    The auditory bulla in carnivora: An anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 21-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basicranial anatomy of mammalian carnivores is significant in the determination of carnivore evolution. One of the least understood yet most often studied features of the basicranium is the auditory bulla, a bony capsule enclosing the middle ear. Although previously believed to be formed by a tympanic bone alone, or by tympanic and entotympanic, it is shown here that the carnivore bulla is formed by three and in some cases four ontogenetic elements: tympanic, rostral entotympanic, caudal entotympanic(s). These elements in Carnivora appear to correspond to bulla elements discovered over 50 years ago by Van der Klaauw in representative species of several other orders of mammals.Increased auditory sensitivity appears to have been attained in various carnivore lineages by increase in the volume of the middle ear cavity, principally by hypertrophy of the caudal entotympanic, but also by different yet less common anatomical strategies such as invasion of the mastoid bone by the middle ear space. Five basic types of bulla among living Carnivora can be recognized, based largely on the relationship of the caudal entotympanic to the other bulla elements.Closely associated with the bulla in the auditory region are the median and promontory branches of the internal carotid artery. These branches exhibit a precise relationship to the bulla elements, particularly the rostral entotympanic. The promontory branch is much reduced or completely lacking in all living carnivores. Reduction or loss of the median branch is explained as the result of the development of arterial retia on the anastomotic artery in the orbital region. Reduction of the median branch is particularly characteristic of the aeluroid Carnivora, in which a greater proportion of the cerebral blood supply passes to the brain in the external carotid artery via the anastomotic branch, and is cooled in the orbital region by a countercurrent heat exchange mechanism formed by arterial retia closely associated with venous blood in surrounding sinuses. The arctoid and cynoid Carnivora are characterized by only rudimentary development of retia along the anastomotic artery, and the median branch is much better developed than in the aeluroids. Among arctoids, ursids parallel the aeluroids in the development of a countercurrent mechanism but employ the median branch of the internal carotid rather than the anastomotic branch of the external carotid artery.Bulla structure and nature of the carotid circulation in the auditory region can be determined from fossil Carnivora as well as for living forms. This study attempts to define basicranial anatomical patterns characteristic of living Carnivora which then can be used to trace the evolution of lineages in the fossil record.
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    The ultrastructure of Pyrsonympha and its associated microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 77-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The termite gut flagellates are of interest because of their unusual motile organelles, their ability to digest cellulose, and their symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes inhabiting the insect gut. This report provides a detailed ultrastructural description of Pyrsonympha from the hind-gut of Reticulitermes flavipes.The motile axostyle is composed of 2,000-4,000 microtubules connected by cross-bridges. At its anterior end, the axostyle is associated with a “primary row” of microtubules which is associated with a fibrous network. The “primary row” is embedded in a large mass of amorphous, electron-dense material occupying the furthest anterior end of the cell. The basal bodies of the eight flagella are also embedded in this presumptive microtubule-organizing center. The flagella are associated with the cell surface throughout their length. Isolation and reactivation of the axostyle has demonstrated that although ATP dependent motility is inherent in the structure of the axostyle, its proper control may be mediated by the attachment of the axostyle to structures at the anterior end of the cell.Pyrsonympha lacks morphologically distinguishable mitochondria and Golgi complexes. The cell surface is covered by unique, previously underscribed, tubular specializations. Symbiotic microorganisms are observed associated with the cell surface and within the cytoplasm.Wood particles are taken up from the gut fluid by large phagocytic vacuoles formed at the posterior end of the cell. Even during the process of breakdown, the wood is always enclosed within the membrane of the phagocytic vacuole.The Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes flavipes are not attached to the lining of the hind-gut and do not contain an attachment organelle, unlike the Pyrsonympha from other species of Reticulitermes.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430201
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430301
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    The lizard ear: Gekkonidae (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 121-165 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gecko ear was studied in 36 species belonging to 24 genera. This receptor has attained an advanced level of structure and performance in this group of lizards, but there are many variations among species. To a large extent these variations follow subfamily lines as represented in Kluge's system of classification.Brief consideration is given to features of the outer and middle ear, but chief concern is with inner ear structures and their relations to auditory sensitivity as represented by the cochlear potentials.The auditory papilla is segmented, with a dorsal portion whose hair cells have their ciliary tufts attached to a tectorial membrane, and a ventral portion in which these cells form tow assemblages, one with tectorial connections and the other with connections to a line of sallets.The dorsal segment varies greatly in length and in the form of ciliary orientation. In Eublepharinae and most Gekkoninae the ciliary orientation is unidirectional, and the degree of sensitivity relates to the length of this segment. In Diplodactylinae and Sphaerodactylinae the orientation is bidirectional, and this segment functionally hardly differs from the ventral segment.Auditory sensitivity as measured in terms of the cochlear potentials shows close relations with subfamily groupings, except for the Gekkoninae in which considerable diversity is found.The evidence from structural differentiation, along with that derived from the forms of the cochlear potential functions, leads to the suggestion that these ears possess a high degree of pitch discrimination and capability for the analysis of complex sounds.
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    Myelin movements in mature mammalian peripheral nerve fibersSupported by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the National Institutes of Health. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 167-185 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature mouse and cat peripheral nerve fibers have been examined in vitro by time-lapse photography. Some Schmidt-Lanterman clefts which were open at the start closed later; other were seen to open and then to close, some of them more than once. The implications of these movements are considered, especially in regard to the question of the passage of materials from the endoneurial connective tissue spaces to the axon.Myelin movements other than those occurring at the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts consisted primarily of the development and frequent regression of indentations of the myelin sheath. A single evagination was seen to develop and then to recede. These myelin movements suggest that previously described invaginations and evaginations of the myelin sheath, including flaps of “redundant myelin”, are not static but rather that they are in a state of movement, forming and regressing at intervals.The possible functional significance of the development and regression of myelin sheath indentations in relationship to axoplasmic flow is discussed.
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    The spermatozoon of arthropoda. XXIV. Sperm metamorphosis in the diplopod Polyxenus (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 187-245 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors describe the spermiogenesis of Polyxenus lagurus, a diplopod, in the male genital ducts and the transformations the spermatozoon successively undergoes in the spermatheca.The spermatozoon in the male genital ducts looks like a little barrel devoid of centriole and of any kind of rudimentary flagellum whatever. The organelles are markedly modified; cross sections present an elongated, flattened nucleus, an X-shaped body running parallel to it on the opposite side and two longitudinal mitochondrial strips interposed between them. The rest of this barrel-shaped spermatozoon is filled with peculiar Golgi formations, the spongy chambers, which open outwards through little vents.In the spermatheca the spermatozoon is quite different: it is shaped like a long ribbon. The basic structure of the spermatozoon is formed by the double folding of part of the cortical layer of the barrel-shaped spermatozoon. On the central part of this endo-skeleton are longitudinally ranged the nucleus and the acrosome flanked on both sides by a thread of mitochondria. Even in this phase the sperm has no flagellum.
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    Localization of some enzymes in the main venom glands of viperid snakes (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 247-257 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several secretory and nonsecretory enzymes were localized histochemically in the main venom gland of 13 viperid snakes. All secretory cells show the intracellular oxidative enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. The granular reactions obtained for both enzymes resemble mitochondria in distribution. Distinctive cells with a very high succinate dehydrogenase activity are dispersed among the secretory cells of all species except Atractaspis.Nonspecific acid phosphatase activity is found in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in species that do not secrete this enzyme and throughout the cytoplasm in snakes that secrete the enzyme. Nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity occurs in the secretory cells of those snakes whose venom shows this activity. Leucine amino peptidase (aryl amidase) activity is found in the venom and in the secretory cells of all the species.In Vipera palaestinae both the venom and the secretory cells of the main venom gland contain nonspecific esterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities. The localization of phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase do not show major differences between glands at different intervals from an initial milking.Adenosine-monophosphate phosphatase activity is localized in the supranuclear region of the secretory cells in the glands of Vipera palaestinae and Aspis cerastes. Its activity is found in the venom of Aspis only.
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    Fine structure of the dorsal ocellus of the worker honeybee (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 285-305 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three dorsal ocelli of worker honeybees have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Each ocellus has a single flattened spheroidal lens and about 800 elongated retinular cells. Retinular cells are paired and form a two-part plate-like rhabdom between their distal processes. Each rhabdomere comprises parallel microvilli projecting laterally from the apposed retinular cells. Primary receptor cell axons synapse within the ocellus with ocellar nerve fibers of two different calibers. Each ocellus has eight thick fibers ca 10 m̈m in diameter and several thinner ones less than 3 m̈m in diameter. Fine structural evidence suggests that retinular axons end presynaptically on both types of ocellar nerve fibers. Since all retinular cells apparently synapse repeatedly with the thick fibers this involves a convergence of about 100:1. Thick fibers always terminate postsynaptically within the ocellus while thin fibers terminate presynaptically on other thin fibers, thick fibers or retinular axons. Structural evidence for synaptic polarization indicates that retinular cells and thick fibers are afferent, thin fibers efferent. Thus complex processing of the ocellar visual input can occur before the secondary neurons of the three ocelli converge to form the single short ocellar nerve which runs to the posterior forebrain.
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    The functional anatomy of the forelimb of some african viverridae (Carnivora) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 307-335 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional morphology of the forelimbs of the following African Viverridae was studied, Atilax paludinosus, Bdeogale crassicauda, Civettictis civetta, Genetta genetta, G. tigrina, Helogale parvula, Herpestes ichneumon, H. sanguineus, Ichneumia albicauda, Mungos mungo, Nandinia binotata. Their locomotory behaviour has been previously studied and described and is related to morphological differences. The osteology of all the species and the myology of three species is described. The species have been assigned to primary locomotor categories on the basis of their locomotion. These are 1, climbing, arboreal walking; 2, arboreal and terrestrial walking and jumping; 3, general terrestrial walking and scrambling; and 4, trotting. In the climbing arboreal walking category the most distinctive morphological adaptations are powerful flexors and extensors as well as a flexible plantigrade manus with retractile claws. In the arboreal and terrestrial walking category the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints are flexible and the manus has retractile claws, though the flexor and extensor musculature is insufficiently developed for controlled climbing. The trotting category is characterised by a high humero-radial index and a rigid antibrachium. The foot is digitigrade with the claws short and stout. Species in the general walking and scrambling category show many differences in the morphology of their feet, even though the proximal parts of the forelimb appear similar. Due to the restricted nature of the adaptations, these species have been assigned to secondary locomotor categories. Morphological characters typical of the locomotor categories are summarized in the discussion.
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    The gastric mucosa of two monotremes: The Duck-billed platypus and echidna (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastric mucosa of both the echidna and platypus is aglandular and the lining epithelium is stratified squamous. The latter exhibits three principle layers: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum. The cytoplasm of cells composing the first two strata of both species shows bundles of tonofibrils and numerous free ribosomes. Cells of the stratum spinosum in the platypus also show numerous dense granules limited to the peripheral cytoplasm. The stratum spinosum of both species is comprised of fusiform-shaped cells whose adjacent cell membranes show extensive interlocking. The stratum spinosum of the echidna in addition shows numerous intercellular bridges. Cells of the stratum corneum become flattened and elongate and in the echidna nuclei near the surface appear to degenerate. Cells comprising the stratum corneum of the platypus exhibit well preserved nuclei and contain scattered large granules of varying electron density. Prior to sloughing, cells near the surface of both species show a separation of adjacent cell membranes. True keratinization is not found in the gastric lining epithelium of either species and the epithelium lining of the stomach of the echidna more closely represents a form of parakeratosis. Delicate papillae containing capillaries extend considerable distances into the overlying epithelium of both species and are thought to contribute to its nutrition.
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    An ultrastructural analysis of the cuticle, epidermis and esophageal epithelium of Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 301-319 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epidermis of Eisenia is covered by a cuticle and rests on a basement lamella. The cuticle, which is resistant to a variety of enzymes, is composed of non-striated, bundles of probable collagen fibers that are orthogonally oriented and are embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The basement lamella consists of striated collagen fibers with a 560 Å major periodicity. Proximity and morphology suggest that the epidermis may contribute to both the cuticle and the basement lamella  -  that is, the single tissue may synthesize at least two types of collagen. The epidermis is a pseudostratified epithelium containing three major cell types (columnar, basal and gland) and a rare fourth type with apical cilia. The esophagus is lined by a simple cuticulated epithelium composed predominantly of a single cell type, which resembles the epidermal columnar cell. Rare gland cells occur in the esophageal epithelium, but basal cells are lacking.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420401
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    Comparative ultrastructural study on tris 1-aziridinyl phosphine oxide prefixed cuticles of some oligochaetes (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 143-165 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticle of five species of Oligochaeta, chosen to represent differences in size and a variety of biotopes, was studied electron microscopically after fixation with the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method. Five distinct layers in the cuticle of all studied species were found. Staining with lead and uranyl ions or with silver proteinate visualized basically the same structural components of the cuticle, but the degree of electron opacity and the distribution of the electron-opaque stain in these components differed according to the staining method used. Since the acrolein-TAPO-osmium tetroxide method visualized the cuticular zones preferentially stained by Thiéry's silver proteinate method, it was concluded that the TAPO method may be considered suitable for the visualization of polysaccharides. Staining with phosphotungstic acid provided some information on the composition of the cuticle of Oligochaeta not obtained by staining ultrathin sections with lead and uranyl ions nor with silver proteinate. The conclusion is that phosphotungstic acid binds to polysaccharides which do not contain vicglycol groups nor active sites responsible for the positive reaction with lead and uranyl salts. Structural components in the cuticle of the oligochaetes studied were characteristic for each species. The taxonomic value of such components, however, must be confirmed by examination of a larger number of species of oligochaetes.
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    Histology and histochemistry of developing outgrowths of Corvomeyenia carolinensis harrison (Porifera: Spongillidae)Part of this investigation is based upon portions of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of South Carolina in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Laboratory-reared outgrowths of the freshwater sponge Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison were examined using histological and histochemical techniques, supplemented by phase contrast observations of cellular behavior. The tissue and cellular components of the spongillid outgrowth region were defined in terms of function and morphogenic state. Archeocytes differ considderably, in both histochemical and morphological characteristics, from other cell types of the adult sponge, being histochemically similar to stem cells reported from a variety of developmental series. Archeocytes exhibit cytological characteristics of unspecialized cells capable of high levels of synthetic activity while other cell types of C. carolinensis, for the most part, can be characterized as fully differentiated cells displaying more restricted synthetic capabilities but often accumulating neutral mucoproteins. The presence of aggregates of amebocytes, not identifiable as archeocytes and possibly engaged in gemmule formation, is discussed in terms of current concepts of gemmulation and cellular developmental capabilities in sponges.
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    Announcement (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430308
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    Evaluation of some morphological characteristics of spores of two species of microsporida by scanning electron microscope and freeze-etching techniques (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy revealed spores of Nosema apis and Thelohania fibrata to be egg-shaped, but only the mature spore of T. fibrata was shown to possess a horseshoe-like concavity at the posterior pole. Freezeetched preparations indicated that this concavity was due to a thin area of the spore coat. Freeze-etching studies also show spores of N. apis do possess an umbrella-shaped polaroplast, and a polar filament which is arranged in a double layer with over 30 coils. The spore of T. fibrata contains a pear-shaped arrangement of the polaroplast membrane, and a polar filament arranged in a single layer of 22 coils.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 143 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051430401
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    The development of gill arches and gill blood vessels of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 351-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10°C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    A comparative ultrastructural and behavioral study of the antennal sensory sensilla of the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps (hymenoptera:Braconidae)Approved for publication as TA 10689 by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the U.S.D.A. Supported in part by a grant-in-aid of research of the Society of the Sigma Xi and Cotton Incorporated CI-71-599. The authors wish to thank Dr. E. L. Thurston, coordinator of the Electron Microscopy Center at Texas A&M University for his advice and use of the facilities during this study. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 329-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies were conducted on the antennal sensory sensilla of the hymenopteran parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, of the family Braconidae. Distinct morphological differences were found between the chemoreceptors of the male and female. Curved, non-fluted, thin-walled sensilla were found to be very abundant on the male and restricted in location and number on the female. Trichoid, placoid and fluted basiconic sensilla were numerous on the antennal flagella of both sexes. Smooth basiconic sensilla were restricted in number to one per flagellar segment in both sexes. Behavioral data suggest that bent-tipped, thick-walled sensilla unique to the female are involved in detecting a chemical(s) emitted from the host, Heliothis virescens (Fab.).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420308
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    Horny cell formation in the epidermis of Rana pipiensThis investigation was supported by grant 14693, National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, United States Public Health Service. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 365-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Well preserved transitional cells were found between differentiated cells and horny cells of the frog epidermis, thus facilitating the study of the sequential events involved in horny cell formation. Autolysosomes appear to play an important role in the formation of horny cells. These structures preferentially digest those cytoplasmic components which are not necessary constituents of the terminal horny cell. The release of the contents of the small mucous granules into the intercellular spaces is one of the initial events in horny cell formation. Filaments and large mucous granules seem to be resistant to the lytic digestion and contribute to the bulk of the horny cell. Loss of fluids through the plasma membrane and consolidation of the remaining constituents, results in a flattened horny cell. The appearance of a thickened membrane around the horny cell signifies the completion of the transformation process.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420101
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    Comparative cardiac anatomy of the reptilia. II. A critique of the literature on the Squamata and RhynchocephaliaWe are indebted to a Commonwealth Scholarship (to G. J. W. Webb) and to the National Heart Foundation of Australia (grant No. G838) for financial aid, to Louise Wissman and Alex Stock for assisting in the translation of foreign literature, to J. P. Kennedy and W. E. Adams for providing papers not otherwise available, to Harry Wadleigh and Harry Spencer for technical aid, to Pam O'Hara, Elizabeth Cherry and Audry Heatwole for typing and to Malcolm Mackinnon for suggestions and criticism. E. T. B. Francis drew our attention to the significance of Acolat's ('35) paper. (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051420102
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    Neuronal connections and the function of the corpora pedunculata in the brain of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)Based on portions of a dissertation submitted to the Department of Zoology, The University of Michigan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Weiss, '70). (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 142 (1974), S. 21-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fiber constituents and connections of the calyces  -  the input-receiving regions  -  of the corpora pedunculata (“mushroom bodies”) were studied in reduced silver preparations from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). In the outer synaptic layer of the calyces five fiber classes were distinguished, the first three of which arise outside the mushroom body. (1) Four highly similar neurons with somata near the optic lobe branch into different parts of the ipsiateral protocerebrum, including both calyces. Their fibers are highly constant in arrangement and position and contain small nucleus-like bodies. (2) The tractus olfactorio-globularis (sensu lato) emits fiber groups which course along the calycal walls as “calycal tracts” before ultimately dissipating into the synaptic layer. Variability within these tracts is described. (3) Fibers of undertermined origin outside the mushroom body radiate from the calycal center outwards through the synaptic layer. (4) From the inner calycal layer of neurites belonging to intrinsic mushroom-body neurons, perpendicular collaterals enter the synaptic layer. (5) Intrinsic-neuron somata near the calycal rim emit fibers which course tangentially within the synaptic layer from calycal rim to center. These fibers form a special peripheral zone in the pedunculus.The predominant presumably afferent calycal fiber class is that derived from the tractus olfactorio-globularis. No evidence was found for tracts from optic lobe to calyces. On this basis, and in light of the experimental and comparative anatomical literature, it is suggested that the corpora pedunculata of P. americana and other pterygotes are fundamentally second-order antennal sensory processing centers.Conflicting observations in earlier reports are critically discussed.
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    Pharmacolinetics of methindione, a new anticonvulsant (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1150-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: methindione ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of the new anticonvulsant, methindione, carbon-labeled in the carbonyl and N-methyl groups, was studied in experiments on rats. Methindione is quickly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and passes easily through tissue barriers. The highest concentration of methindione in the brain is observed 15–30 min after administration. The metabolism of methindione and its elimination from the tissues take place rapidly. In most tissues only 6–23% of its maximal concentration still remains after administration of the drug. Metabolites of methindione, labeled in the carbonyl group, are excreted mainly through the kidneys, but metabolites labeled in the N-methyl group are excreted chiefly through the lungs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804622
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    The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1379-1381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: fluorouracil ; pharmacokinetics ; radiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the concentration of radioactivity in the blood serum, organs, and urine was investigated after intravenous injection of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 into rats. The preparation is rapidly absorbed from the blood into the tissues in which it accumulates rapidly in high concentrations and it is excreted quickly from the body. The half-elimination period of 5-fluorouracil in the blood is 15 min. It is excreted chiefly by extrarenal routes.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780101
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    Fine structure of the urinary bladder of the bullfrog, (Rana catesbiana)With the financial aid of U.S.P.H.S., National Heart and Lung Institute, grant HL 06285 and NIAMD grant AM 13659. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 15-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The urinary bladder of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Three epithelial cell types were found: (1) granular cells, (2) mitochondria-rich cells, and (3) basal cells. The structure of the Rana catesbiana bladder differs from that of the toad Bufo marinus, in several respects: it lacks a mucous (goblet) cell type, its granular cells do not contact the underlying basement membrane, it has specialized, smooth-muscle cell-basal epithelial cell contacts, not previously described in amphibian bladders, and its mucosa is richly innervated. Mitochondria-rich cells within the bullfrog bladder epithelium were occasionally observed touching the basement membrane. The specialized smooth muscle-basal cell contacts provide anatomical evidence for how regulatory vasoactive substances such as neurohypophyseal peptides might alter epithelial geometry. Many nerve endings invest the mucosa just beneath the epithelial basement membrane in proximity to mitochondriarich cells and basal cells. The possible role of neural regulation in epithelial transport was discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780104
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    Maturation of nonmyelinated fiber bundles in a strain of dwarf (Snell's) MiceSupported in part by grant HD 00024 and Developmental Biology grant, HD 00020-10, from the National Institutes of Health and grant 67-135 from the Ford Foundation. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 103-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Postnatal maturation of nonmyelinated fiber bundles (Schwann bundles) was studied in the sciatic nerves of Snell's dwarf mice. The homozygous recessive of this strain has been previously shown to be characterized by multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and secondary hypothyroidism.In the normal littermates a reduction occurred between 10 and 14 days in the number of fibers per fascicle, or subdivision, of each Schwann bundle, and by 26 days nearly all of the axons were separately embedded in cytoplasmic furrows of their associated Schwann cells. Only a few large fascicles were seen in normal sciatic nerve specimens at 26 and 50-53 days. In contrast, fiber bundle fascicles in the mutant nerves were still represented, even at 50-53 days, by numerous tightly-packed axons, as seen in the immature nerves at 10-12 days post-partum.On the basis of the dwarf's physiological background, these results suggest an involvement of the endocrine system during later stages of peripheral nerve maturation. The possible mechanisms affected by postnatal endocrine deficiency and thereby leading to delayed segregation of nonmyelinated fibers within Schwann bundles are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780109
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    Quantitative aspects of follicular development in the untreated and PMS-treated cyclic hamster (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hamsters injected at 0900 on day 1 of the cycle (metestrus) with either 0, 5 or 15 IU pregnant mare's serum (PMS) were killed at 1500 of days 1 to 4 of the cycle and the ovaries prepared for light microscopy and for a quantitative evaluation of follicular development. In the untreated cyclic hamster, the maximal number of preantral follicles with eight or more layers of granulosa cells occurred between the afternoon of day 4 (proestrus) and day 1, coinciding with the highest blood levels of FSH and LH. It is concluded that the elevated preovulatory levels of gonadotropins not only induce the ovulation of the mature antral follicles but at the same time recruit the next set of follicles for development during the new cycle.By the afternoon of day 1, treatment with either 5 or 15 IU PMS recruited more follicles into large preantral and incipient antral stages than in the untreated hamsters. However, by day 2 the pattern of follicular distribution was similar between the 5 IU PMS and untreated group whereas considerably more antral follicles had differentiated in the animals given 15 IU PMS. The ability of 15 IU PMS to elicit superovulation therefore depends on the levels being initially high enough to mature more follicles at critical stages of their development; the prolonged biological half life of PMS then sustains these follicles throughout the cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780112
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    Stimulation of acinar cell proliferation by isoproterenol in the postnatal rat submandibular gland (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During the postnatal development of the submandibular gland, the stimulation of DNA synthesis and mitosis by a single injection of isoproterenol, measured as the percentage of labeled cells in radioautographs, was dependent on the age of the rat. The drug had no effect on the proliferative activity in two day old rats, but stimulated DNA synthesis in older (7-42 day old) animals. In general, the degree of stimulation was directly related to the proportion of acinar cells and inversely related to the proliferative activity in the gland of control rats. An analysis of various cell types revealed that the stimulation of DNA synthesis in the gland was essentially restricted to the acinar cells in rats older than 14 days of age. In seven day old rats, the acinar cells were not stimulated, but their precursors, the proacinar cells, the terminal tubule cells and the intercalated duct cells were stimulated to synthesize DNA by isoproterenol. This suggested that isoproterenol had an effect on the transformation of precursor cells to acinar cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780205
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    Cyclical changes in the vaginal epithelium of the rat seen by scanning electron microscopyPublication 669 of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. This study was supported by NIH grant HD-04971 to the author and NIH grant RR-00163 to the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Keratinization or mucification of the epithelium of the rat vagina is related to the hormonal state of the animal. During the normal cycle and after the administration of exogenous hormones (estrogen and progestin) to spayed animals, the surface characteristics and topography of the vaginal epithelium were studied with the scanning electron microscope. During estrus and under the influence of estrogen, the superficial cells were keratinized, overlap each other like shingles, and are continuously sloughed off. Like the surface of other keratinizing epithelia, theirs has a characteristic microridge pattern. In ovariectomized animals, the apical surface is covered with microvilli instead of microridges, and the cells resemble hexagonally shaped units, tightly bound instead of overlapping each other. At the boundary between the cells, a ridge demarcates the cells. The surface configurations of progestin-treated, progestin plus estrogen-treated, and diestrous animals are the same as in spayed animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780302
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    Editorial Announcement (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780102
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    The arterial supply to the lumbo-sacral spinal cord in the monkey: A comparison with man (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report compares the arterial supply of the lumbo-sacral spinal cord in the monkey with that of man. The arterial supply to the lumbo-sacral cord of 100 monkeys (82 Rhesus and 18 Mangabey) was demonstrated by perfusion techniques. We tabulated the level and side of origin of the great anterior medullary artery. Previous authors have shown that in man the peak incidence of the great anterior medullary artery is at T-10. The peak incidence in the monkey is at L-1. There are other features of the arterial supply to the lumbo-sacral cord of the monkey that are different from man.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the fimbriae and ampullae of rabbit oviductsThis investigation was supported by U.S.P.H.S. grants HD-03752 and HD-06161, and contract 70-2141. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 83-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An initial study of the effects of long-term ovariectomy on fimbrial and ampullar epithelia from rabbit oviducts has been made with the scanning electron microscope. Several of the rabbits were given estradiol benzoate before they were killed. These observations were compared with those of epithelial cells from similar oviductal segments from post-ovulatory rabbits that served as controls.Fimbriae from oviducts of control animals were densely ciliated, partially concealing the bulbous processes of the secretory cells. In the ampullae the processes of the secretory cells were the predominant structure, their bulbous apices rising frequently above the tips of the cilia.When rabbits had been spayed for 16-18 months, the epithelial cells of both fimbriae and ampullae showed a remarkable change. A few cilia in small clumps were scattered among the secretory cells. The free surface of the secretory cells had become flattened and hexagonal in shape. Their microvilli were short, and from the center of each cell a thick, stubby central cilium protruded.Estrogen given the long-term spayed rabbits caused almost complete reciliation as well as restoration of the bulbous processes of the secretory cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780108
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    The effect of cyclophosphamide on the morphogenesis of the cerebellum in chick embryos (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphogenesis of cerebellum has been studied in 6-19 day old chick embryos after a single injection of 0.05 mg of cyclophosphamide into the yolk sacs on the fifth day of incubation. Besides degeneration of Purkinje cells, rate of development was markedly retarded as evidenced by late appearance of the fissures and folia of the cerebellum. Purkinje cells remained disorganised up to 18 days of incubation, though in controls they were arranged in a single line by the fifteenth day. The thickness of the external granular layer increased and persisted for a longer period in the treated embryos. The cytoarchitecture returned to normal on nineteenth day of incubation, but the size of the cerebellum was significantly smaller than that of controls (P 〈 0.001). Such transient disorganisation of the morphogenetic events in the neural tube may lead to inadequate and defective induction of surrounding mesenchyme, thereby resulting in defective skull formation through which the brain can herniate, i.e., exencephaly as reported in our earlier studies after cyclophosphamide administration in chicks (Singh et al., '71; Singh and Gupta, '72) and rats (Singh et al., '72).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780111
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    Cell population changes during acinus formation in the postnatal rat submandibular gland (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The postnatal differentiation of acini in the submandibular glands of 2-42 day old rats given 3H-thymidine was studied by using radioautographs prepared from Epon-embedded, PAS and iron hematoxylin stained sections. The changes in morphology, population size and proliferative activity of various cell types in the gland were analyzed. At two days of age, rudimentary secretory units, designated as terminal tubules, were located at the end of the duct system and consisted of three cell types: (1) terminal tubule cells (30.7%) with darkly-stained granules, (2) proacinar cells (23.6%) with large, lightly-stained granules, and (3) acinar cells (1.6%) with PAS-positive granules. The proacinar cells, which underwent mitosis, disappeared within the first two weeks of life. The terminal tubule cells increased in number between 2 and 14 days of age, but became less numerous thereafter and disappeared by six weeks. Concomitantly, the number of acinar cells increased linearly with age and at a much greater rate than that of intercalated duct cells. Yet the rate of proliferation of acinar cells was comparable to that of intercalated duct cells. The overall proliferative activity in the gland decreased with age, and was inversely correlated with the relative frequency of acinar cells in the gland. On the basis of above data, it is postulated that, during the formation of acini from terminal tubules, acinar cells have a dual origin: they arise from proacinar cells during the first one to two weeks and from terminal tubule cells between two and six weeks of age.
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    A cephalometric investigation of the sagittal growth of the second-trimester fetal faceSupported in part by a Rotary Foundation Fellowship. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has often been reported that facial proportions remain constant throughout the fetal period. Such conclusions, however, have been based largely on the erroneous assumption that two dimensions are growing isometrically if one bears a statistically significant linear relation to the the other. In order to test the hypothesis that proportion is independent of time, sagittal histologic sections from 32 human fetuses (12-25 weeks) were analyzed cephalometrically. The linear regression on head length (HL) and the associated coefficient of correlation were calculated for each of a variety of craniofacial measures. In addition, all linear dimensions were transformed so that the size of the anterior cranial base was held constant throughout the series. It was assumed that if shape be constant, all Y-intercepts should be zero, and angular and transformed linear dimensions should show no statistically significant linear correlation with HL. These three criteria were met uniformly by facial and anterior cranial base dimensions, but not by measurements which involved the posterior cranial base. It is concluded, therefore, that in the sagittal plane the second trimester mandible, midface, and anterior cranial base grow isometrically, while the posterior cranial base becomes relatively smaller.
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780401
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    The postnatal development of blood vessels in the substantia gelatinosa of rat cervical cord  -  an ultrastructural studySupported in part by grants from Medical Research Council of Canada, National Cancer Institute of Canada and University of Manitoba-Grant-in-Aid. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 691-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light microscopy of semithin sections revealed an increase in blood vessel profiles between one and three weeks postnatal. Ultrastructurally, at birth, there were few patent vessels, but endothelial cells enclosing a slit-like lumen were numerous. The endothelial cells contained a high concentration of free ribosomes and pinocytotic vesicles. Pseudopod projections of the endothelial cells into the vascular lumen were often present. The nuclei were very irregular and dense with clumped chromatin. The basal lamina varied in thickness. During the period between one and three weeks the nuclei of endothelial cells became less dense; the lumen became patent and the endothelial wall progressively thinner. The periphery of the vessel became completely surrounded by glial end feet and the basal lamina was regular and prominent. By three weeks, most blood vessels resembled blood vessels observed in a mature animal. Pericytes were present at all stages of development. The extracellular space which was quite conspicuous at birth was greatly reduced by the third week.
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    Cytochemical studies of the maternal surface of the syncytiotrophoblast of human early and term placentaThis research was supported by N.I.H. grants AM-10956 and AM-11028; N.C.I. grant CA-08056-07 and American Cancer Society Institutional Research grant IN-101. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 769-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light microscopic studies using a battery of basic dye stains combined with sialidase and hyaluronidase digestions indicated that the extensive basophilia of the maternal surface of the placental syncytium largely results from the presence of a non-sulfated mucosubstance specifically identified as hyaluronic acid. Ultrastructural examination of dialyzed iron (DI) stained specimens revealed that DI-positive filaments observed along the syncytial surface were removed by hyaluronidase digestion. Staining with the lectins, Concanavalin A or lentil bean hemagglutinin produced an intense and periodic pattern of staining that was not enzyme labile. Incubation of tissue sections in the enzyme solutions or control buffers allowed the lectins to penetrate the syncytial plasma membrane and stain material within the endoplasmic reticulum presumed to be human chorionic gonadotropin. The maternal surface exhibited essentially no reactivity for acid phosphatase but showed strong alkaline phosphatase activity with a periodic staining pattern. With each of the techniques used there was variability in the intensity of staining in different regions along the maternal surface, suggesting that functionally different zones may be identified cytochemically. Only minor differences were observed in the cytochemical reactivity of early compared with term placenta.
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    Evidence for a retinohypothalamic pathway in the golden hamsterThis work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-04969).The authors are grateful for the excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Gladys Barton and Mrs. Ilona Ormsby. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Evidence for a direct neural projection from the retina to the hypothalamus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is presented. In 25 blinded animals degeneration was followed in sections prepared according to the Wiitanen ('69) silver impregnation method. Degenerative axons were found in the optic tract, chiasm, and nerve, terminating in the lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus. A large collateral bundle of degenerating axons was observed curving medially and dorsally to enter the hypothalamus at the level of the mamillary body. This bundle turned diffusely rostrally and terminated on neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.It is proposed that two alternate pathways exist for the effect of photoperiodicity on the reproductive cycle in the hamster, one involving the pineal gland directly and the hypothalamus indirectly, and the other a direct retino-hypothalamic projection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790105
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790201
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    Ultrastructural organization of the sensory fibers innervating the Golgi tendon organ (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The organization of the sensory innervation of Golgi tendon organs (GTO) from E. carpi ulnaris of the cat is described. The large Ib afferent fiber gives rise to small myelinated branches which become oriented longitudinally in a neural compartment of the GTO capsule lumen. The latter give rise to smaller, unmyelinated branches which further arborize among loosely packed collagen bundles. The unmyelinated fibers form numerous varicosities and small terminal branches which have portions of the axolemma covered only by basal lamina which intervenes between the collagen bundles and the axolemma. In places, the axon's surface may lack all investments and nerve and collagen come into intimate association. The large unmyelinated branches and their varicosities have different axoplasmic characteristics compared with the small unmyelinated terminal portions. The latter contain few or no mitochondria, vesicles, neurotubules, and neurofilaments. In addition to the description of the terminals, the similarities and differences of the innervation of the GTO, compared with other mechanoreceptors, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790202
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    Ultrastructural changes in vaginal epithelium of mice neonatally treated with estrogen and prolactinThis investigation was supported by N.I.H. Grant CA-05388 and by University of California cancer research funds. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The vaginal epithelium of the normal estrous mouse shows narrow intercellular spaces, many cytoplasmic fibrils and a continuous basal lamina. At 100 days of age, the vaginal epithelium of mice which had received 5 or 20 μg estradiol-17β, 20 μg ovine prolactin, or 5 μg estradiol-17β + 20 μg prolactin within the first few days of postnatal life, shows wider intercellular spaces in the middle epithelial layers than occur in normal estrous mice. In addition, the mice receiving 20 μg estradiol-17β show prominent intercellular spaces in the basal cell layer and interruptions in the basal lamina, which permit penetration of cytoplasmic processes into the subjacent connective tissue. The relevance of these findings to vaginal carcinogenesis is considered.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790206
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790301
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    Uptake of exogenous protein by the preimplantation rabbitThis investigation was supported by grant 2 RO1 HD04962 from The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 311-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of the uptake of exogenous proteins, peroxidase, ferritin, and myoglobin by rabbit blastomeres of different developmental stages was undertaken to determine some of the means by which these stages ingest protein. Exposure of embryos in preimplantation stages, ranging from fertilized ovum to late blastocyst, was carried out in vitro with selected in vivo controls. Blastomeres of early cleavage stages up to the morula show little uptake of peroxidase. However, the endocytosis of peroxidase greatly increases with the morula stages and continues at an elevated level through the blastocyst stages. The uptake of the tracer is initially accomplished via micropinocytotic vesicles and tubules and can have several subsequent fates. The tracer can pass into larger vacuoles and be transported into the cavity of the blastocyst, or can pass into multivesicular bodies where it is presumably degraded by the lysosomal system for cellular use. The use of myoglobin at selected blastocyst stages yielded results similar to those obtained with peroxidase. However, the response by the blastomeres to ferritin is different. Endocytosis of ferritin is scant at all preimplantation stages, even though the ferritin has no difficulty reaching the surface of the blastomeres. The experiment with mechanically denuded blastocysts indicated that ferritin did not adsorb to the cell surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790304
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800201
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    Electromyography of pectineus muscle (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 281-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using bipolar fine-wire electrodes, we investigated the function of the pectineus muscle. Electromyography revealed that the main function of pectineus muscle is flexion, adduction and medial (not lateral) rotation of the hip joint. These functions suggest that the spasm of this muscle may be important in the cause of deformities in cerebral palsy.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800203
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    An electron microscopic investigation of the surface coat of visceral yolk sac endoderm cells in the guinea pigThis investigation was supported by grant 5R01 HD06734 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Guinea pig visceral yolk sac endoderm cells are known to absorb proteins from the uterine lumen by the process of pinocytosis. Since previous studies have shown that the first step in protein absorption is the binding of the protein to an extracellular material on the surface of pinocytotic invaginations, it was thought that the surface coat might possess receptor sites for molecules which are subsequently absorbed. This study investigates the nature of the surface coat of the endoderm cells using ruthenium red, alcian blue/cetylpyridynium chloride-lanthanum and concanavalin A-peroxidase procedures. Results using these methods showed the presence of a surface coat on both the microvilli and pinocytotic invaginations. The coat on the pinocytotic invaginations was thicker than that on the microvilli. Concanavalin A receptor sites were separated from one another on the cell surface. Since only those pinocytotic invaginations which were open to the surface at the time of fixation would be “stained” by these methods, the procedures also show that the numerous tubules and vesicles in the apical cytoplasm do not all form an intercommunicating labyrinth open to the surface, even though most of them are part of a related functional system. The results indicate that the surface coat contains mucopolysaccharide components. In addition, concanavalin A receptor sites are present which are probably oligosaccharides associated with a glycoprotein component of the apical cell membrane.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800205
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    Structural and functional homologies of the accessory reproductive glands of two species of sciurids, Cynomys ludovicianus and Citellus tridecemlineatus (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) have been studied. In addition, the glands of a 5 cm fetal prairie dog have been described. Adult and fetal prairie dogs and adult ground squirrels have so-called seminal vesicles folded dorsally over the dorsal prostate with ducts leading directly to the urethra lateral to, but in the region of, the entrance of both the dorsal prostatic ducts and the deferent ducts. Histological studies of the seminal vesicles of both prairie dogs and ground squirrels showed that they were tubuloalveolar glands and were similar in structure to the dorsal prostates of each species. The fructose concentrations of the dorsal prostate and seminal vesicles of out-of-season prairie dogs were similar, and both glands accumulated fructose with the onset of the breeding season or with injection of testosterone propionate but the seminal vesicles accumulated more fructose than the prostate. On the basis of histological structure, anatomical relationships, accumulation of fructose and possible function as a coagulating gland it is proposed that the proper name for the so-called seminal vesicles in these species is craniodorsal prostate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800207
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800301
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    Fine structure of the adrenal gland in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants to J. Cronshaw (GB 12371) and W. N. Holmes (GB 20806). (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 385-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adrenal glands of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) were fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde for light and electron microscopical examination. Each gland is encapsulated by a layer of connective tissue and consists of two major secretory cell types, the interrenal cells and the medullary cells. In section, the medullary cells appear as islands of tissue dispersed throughout the gland. The interrenal cells are characterized by numerous lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria having mainly tubular cristae. They have an extensive Golgi apparatus, moderate amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a lesser amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid droplets and mitochondria in interrenal cells were seen frequently in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Adjacent interrenal cells had numerous regions of pentalaminar fusion and intermediate junctions.Medullary cells were characterized by a large population of electron opaque neurosecretory granules. These cells contained fewer mitochondria and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum than the interrenal cells. In many cases the medullary cells and interrenal cells were closely juxtaposed and were separated by a thin band of extracellular matrix.
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    Protein secretion in the rat ventral prostate and the relation of Golgi vesicles, cisternae and vacuoles, as studied by electron microscope radioautographySupported by contract N01-HD-1-2506 with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 427-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proteins, including enzymes such as acid phosphatase, are among a variety of substances secreted into semen by the prostate gland. The formation, intracellular transport, and discharge of protein components of prostatic secretion were studied in the rat ventral prostate following an injection of leucine-3H. Samples were prepared for light and electron microscope radioautography at intervals ranging from four minutes to two hours after the injection. In samples prepared four or ten minutes after administration of the precursor, most of the silver grains overlay the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning 30 minutes after the injection, while label associated with the endoplasmic reticulum was declining, the proportion of grains over the Golgi apparatus began to increase, reaching a maximum in one-hour samples. Secretory vacuoles at the apical ends of the cells became heavily labeled two hours after administration of the leucine-3H. Labeling of secretions in the lumen of the prostatic alveoli was observed in samples taken two hours after the injection. These results indicate that secretory proteins in the prostate are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, transported to the Golgi apparatus, and packaged into secretory vacuoles, which move to the apical ends of the cells and release their contents to the lumen. Additional analysis of the pattern of labeling of different elements of the Golgi apparatus suggests that some protein is transported sequentially from Golgi vesicles to stacks of cisternae and finally into Golgi vacuoles. Radioactive secretory proteins move through prostatic cells more slowly than through the seminal vesicle epithelium of the same animals. The main mode of protein secretion in the prostate appears to be a merocrine type, since apical protrusions such as have been suggested to participate in an apocrine form of secretion were observed infrequently and did not become heavily labeled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800303
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    Selective histochemical staining of cartilage matrix by RivanolR (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 481-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: RivanolR, a fluorescent ethoxy derivative of acridine, interacts at different pH's with both glycosaminoglycans and proteins. The present study utilizes the specific interaction of RivanolR with acidic substances of the ground substance for histochemical studies of the cartilage matrix. This stain was applied to newborn mouse epiphyseal cartilages which were either unextracted or dissociatively extracted by graded concentrations of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) from 0.5-3.0 M for four days at 25°C. Routinely prepared sections were then stained (0.1% solution) for two minutes at pH's ranging from 2.2-11.2. Stainability of the interterritorial matrix as well as the inner halo zone and outer corona zone of the lacunar matrix varied with pH. Whereas the interterritorial matrix decreased in stainability with rising pH, the halo and corona persisted in stainability up to pH 10.7. Dissociative extractions using GuHCl revealed the unextractable nature of the inner halo zone as well as the extractable nature of the corona above 1.0 M GuHCl concentration. Anionic sites on polyelectrolytes such as glycosaminoglycans are known to stoichiometrically bind many cationic dyes. The precise localization of stain-reactive glycosaminoglycans or proteoglycans in the region of the perichondrocytic matrix by RivanolR supports prior observations using other cationic stains. Our data demonstrates that RivanolR enables one to visualize the unique perichondrocytic matrix which may be interpreted to be both chemically and morphologically a “matrix within a matrix”.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800307
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    Comparative analysis of surface charges on luminal epithelial membranes of urinary bladders from toad, frog, turtle, and tortoiseWith the financial aid of U.S.P.H.S., National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, Grant AM 13659, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Grant HL 06285. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cationized ferritin was used to analyze the surface charges on the luminal epithelial cell membranes of urinary bladders from toad (Bufo marinus), bullfrog (Rana catesbiana), turtle (Pseudemys scripta and Clemmys caspica), and tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria and Testudo graeca). The labeling, done at a physiological pH on fixed or unfixed bladders, revealed differences in the distribution and density of negative charges along the luminal membrane surfaces. The epithelial surface of toad bladder did not label with cationized ferritin. Frog bladder labeled lightly and the labeling pattern varied between cell types. The epithelial membrane surfaces of reptile bladders were heavily labeled, in contrast to amphibian bladders. Luminal surfaces from fresh water turtles were not as heavily labeled as those from land tortoises. The degree of labeling varied from cell type to cell type in all reptile bladders except Pseudemys scripta. An analysis of the degree and pattern of labeling by cationized ferritin in bladders of all species studied might reflect a difference in the nature of the glycocalyx of a particular membrane, the presence or absence of negative surface charges or their availability (i.e., interference by mucus), and/or the nature of the chemical groups comprising the surface structure of the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800310
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800401
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    Ultrastructural demonstration of cilia in the adult human ependymaThis investigation received financial support from the World Health Organization. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 547-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ependyma from random sites of lateral, third and fourth ventricles including the aqueduct in five adult human brains was examined by transmission electron microscopy. In all the specimens studied, cilia were present in variable numbers in the ependymal cells. Our study thus establishes that there is widespread presence of cilia in the ependymal cells of the ventricular system in the adult human brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800313
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    Some morphological features of the myoneural junctions in certain normal muscles of the rat (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 605-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In frozen sections and whole mount preparations of the normal soleus, diaphragm, or intercostal muscles of the rat, myoneural junctions of different AChE and silver staining intensities were regularly observed. Muscle fibers of different diameters showed end-plates of varying staining intensities. No correlation was found between a certain staining intensity and diameter of the end-plates or between muscle fiber diameters and the ratio of pale to strongly stained end-plates. There was, however, a tendency for the smaller muscle fibers to have end-plates of smaller mean diameter than those in the larger muscle fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800407
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    The effect of proteolytic enzymes and hyaluronidase on the intracellular β- and γ-metachromatic granules and the matrix of rat epiphyseal cartilageThis work was supported by Grant AM 05921 from the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 617-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pronase, cartilage protease and hyaluronidase on the staining of fresh epiphyseal cartilage in 0.01% toluidine blue at pH 4 was studied. Treatment with these enzymes resulted in a loss of the β- and γ-metachromatic granules in the cells, and an intensification of the staining in the matrix of the lower hypertrophic zone. Treatment with collagenase also resulted in a loss of the β- and γ-metachromatic granules, but did not appreciably intensify the staining of the matrix. Carboxypeptidase A, ribonuclease and bovine serum albumin, globulins, and globin had little or no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800408
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    Lighting regimen dominates interacting meal schedules and synchronizes mitotic rhythm in mouse corneal epithelium (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three groups of mice were standardized to a light-dark cycle with light from 0600 to 1800. One group was fed ad lib; but the other two had access to food for only four hours a day, one during the first part of the light phase and the other beginning at its middle. Two other groups were subjected to a reversed light-dark cycle (light from 1800 to 0600); one of these had access to food for four hours during the first part of the dark phase and the other for four hours beginning at its middle. All the mice previously had been adjusted gradually over a three-week period to these feeding schedules, and then they were maintained on the precise routine described for an additional two weeks. After standardization was completed, subgroups of mice were killed at three-hour intervals over a single 24-hour period. Corneas were removed and prepared, and the mitotic index in the epithelium was evaluated.In all five groups a high-amplitude circadian rhythm was found for the mitotic index, but in all cases this rhythm remained synchronized to the light-dark cycle; only small changes in the phasing of the rhythm resulted from the restricted feeding. These results are contrary to what has been found for a number of other rhythmic variables which do synchronize to such feeding schedules.The findings dispel the misconception that all body functions react in the same fashion to different synchronizors and emphasize that one must not generalize about the effects of feeding or lighting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800106
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    Human muscle spindles: Microfilaments in the group IA sensory nerve endingsSupported in part by a grant from the ALS Foundation, St. Paul, Minnesota. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the group IA sensory nerve endings from normal human muscle spindles was studied in transverse and longitudinal sections. Two arrangements of microfilaments, approximately 75 Å in diameter, were found in each of ten spindles examined. The first was a central aggregate of densely packed filaments. The aggregates were partly surrounded by mitochondria, and were oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sensory ending as it encircled the intrafusal muscle fiber. Individual aggregate filaments of glycerinated endings appeared to react with heavy meromyosin. The second arrangement was a filamentous network in the periphery of the sensory ending profiles. These microfilaments approached and appeared to merge with the surface membrane. They resembled the microfilaments that others have described in growth cones of cultured neurons. Both types of microfilaments are thought to be involved in changing the shape of the sensory endings during stretch and relaxation of the spindle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800311
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    Fine structure of the agranular cytoplasmic tubules in the lamprey chloride cells (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The chloride cells of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica, have been studied by electron microscopy. The most characteristic feature of the chloride cells in lamprey is that the cytoplasm is filled with a large number of mitochondria and numerous agranular cytoplasmic tubules arranged as bundles or as branched reticular networks. These tubules are frequently continuous with the plasma membrane. They are also characterized by a coating on the cisternal surfaces with a dense material which appears ridge-like at high magnification. These ridges are oriented spirally along the cisternal surface of the tubule. They are regularly spaced at an interval of about 160 Å and have a pitch of about 45°. The functional significance of the cisternal coat is unknown. Sometimes, intracisternal tubules are observed to be contained within the lumina of the agranular cytoplasmic tubules. These intracisternal tubules are considered to be formed by an intracisternal deflection of only one leaflet of the unit membrane of the agranular cytoplasmic tubules. Membrane fusion is observed to occur between closely associated agranular cytoplasmic tubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780106
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  • 84
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    Pineal influence on the Harderian glands of female golden hamsters (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of blinding on cellular structure and porphyrin pigment content were studied in Harderian glands of pinealectomized and non-pinealectomized adult female golden hamsters. Uterine weights were used as a criterion for pineal activity. Five weeks post-operatively, no significant changes were observed in the Harderian glands or in the uterine weights of animals in either group. Eleven weeks post-operatively, the blinded hamsters with intact pineal glands had significantly lowered uterine weights and Harderian glands that exhibited diminished amounts of porphyrin pigments and cellular characteristics of the male hamster. Harderian glands and reproductive organs from the 11-week blinded-pinealectomized hamsters did not differ from those of untreated controls.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780110
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    Cytochemical evidence for cation fluxes in parotid acinar cells following stimulation by isoproterenolThis research was supported by N.I.H. grants AM-10956 and AM-11028. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The use of potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide as a combined fixative and cation-capture agent has permitted the observation of finestructural changes in cation distribution in rat parotid acinar cells following administration of isoproterenol (IPR). During the secretory phase of the response, there is a diminution of antimonate-precipitable cation in the cytoplasm combined with an increase along the plasma membrane and on secretory channels. At four hours after IPR, cytoplasmic precipitates return but deposits disappear along the membrane. Membrane deposits return slowly at later times after the stimulus. Decreased antimonate-precipitable cation was observed in nuclear heterochromatin between 4 and 20 hours after IPR. This may be related to the induction of cell replication by the drug. During the DNA synthetic phase of the response to IPR, an unusual patchy osmiophobia was observed in nuclei. Mitotic chromosomes contained heavy antimonate deposits. Some of the early changes in cation distribution observed after isoproterenol administration mimicked changes seen in damaged cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780202
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    The popliteal node assay for graft-versus-host interaction in mice. I. Location and proliferation of donor and host cells within the popliteal nodeThis work supported by USPHS grants GM-00136 and AI-08910 from the National Institutes of Health. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A parental (CBAT6T6) lymph node cell suspension was injected into the hind footpad of F1 (CBA × C57BLKs) recipients. The resulting increase in the recipient's popliteal lymph node weight was linearly related on double log plots to the number of parental lymph node cells injected. The node weight response was biphasic including an initial rise, a maximum weight gain at seven to nine days and a gradual decline to normal weight. When the long-lived small lymphocyte population of the donor was labeled with 3H-thymidine, the location, morphology and mitotic activity of labeled cells was followed by radioautography. These cells were most frequently observed in the mid- and deep cortex and the medullary cords of the host node. Very few labeled blast cells were observed in sections or smears and radioautographs of chromosome spreads confirmed the infrequency of donor long-lived small lymphocyte transformation and proliferation. Of the proliferating cells in the host node at the peak of the response, 60-85% were of host origin. These observations and others are discussed, and it is proposed that the host short-lived small lymphocyte accounts for the majority of mitotic cells in the node at the peak of the response.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790103
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    Distribution of 125I-labeled human growth hormone in immature, hypophysectomized rats pretreated with ACTH or unlabeled human growth hormoneSupported by NIH grant DE-02668 and Faculty Research grant VB084. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Whole-body autoradiograms were prepared from intact and hypophysectomized (Hypox) rats after receiving 125I-HGH iv. In addition, some hypox rats received unlabeled HGH or ACTH six minutes before receiving the 125I-HGH. Hypox rats had greater concentrations of radioactive material in the renal cortex, adrenal cortex, liver and submandibular gland than was present in blood. Pretreatment with ACTH increased the radioactive material in the inner zones of the adrenal cortex; liver and renal cortex contained more radioactive material than blood; and the submandibular gland contained an amount equal to that in blood. Pretreatment with unlabeled HGH greatly suppressed uptake of radioactivity in liver and adrenal cortex and slightly increased the uptake in the renal cortex. Radioactivity could not be detected in the renal medulla or urine of any of the rats. No concentration of radioactive material greater than that seen in blood was present in any other organ or tissue in any of the groups. In the intact rats, the kidney and the adrenal cortex had the greatest concentrations of radioactivity, while the concentration in the liver was equal to that in blood. Autoradiograms were also prepared from sections from untreated hypox rats that were dipped in 125I-HGH solutions. These confirmed the presence of binding sites in the adrenal cortex and liver for 125I-HGH. No binding of radioactive material was seen in the kidney.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790108
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    The role of nerves in the regeneration of minced skeletal muscle in adult anuransSupported in part by a Rackham Fellowship grant from the University of Michigan.Reported earlier in abstract form (Hsu, '70) (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 119-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The course of reinnervation and the effects of denervation and immobilization on muscle development were examined during the regeneration of minced muscle in anurans. Reinnervation occurs in the second week, at the time of myotube formation and differentiation. At the end of thirty days, nerves are plentiful and extensively distributed within the regenerating muscle. Cholinesterase activity within the regenerated muscle cannot be demonstrated at this time. Denervated regenerates develop normally during the first two weeks, but, thereafter, the young muscle fibers exhibit signs of degeneration and retarded growth. Denervated regenerates become fibrotic and contain few muscle fibers at the end of four weeks. Regenerates from muscles denervated prior to mincing show an accelerated appearance of presumptive myoblasts in the first week, but despite this precocious development, these denervated regenerates become regressive. On the other hand, the effect of disuse on muscle regeneration is not detrimental; the fibers of reinnervated but immobilized regenerates develop normally and do not become degenerative. These results suggest that nerves are unnecessary for the early myogenic processes of proliferation and fusion, but are essential to later stages of growth, maturation and maintenance of the regenerated muscle fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790110
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    The sheep heart: Coronary and conduction system anatomy with special reference to the presence of an os cordisFrom the Department of Cardiopulmonary Disease, Mercy General Hospital, Sacramento, California. Mr. Merrick is a premedical student at the University of California, Davis, California. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Sacramento-Yolo-Sierra Heart Association. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Each of the major coronary arteries of 25 fresh sheep hearts was injected with a different colored barium gelatin mass. Histologic sections were made of the AV node and His bundle in nine hearts. The blood supply to this region was traced radiographically, photographically and histologically. X-rays of the upper ventricular septum were taken before and after coronary injection to demonstrate an os cordis.The sinus node is always supplied by a branch of the right coronary artery. The crux of the heart, and subsequently the AV node, is always supplied by the circumflex artery. The unbranched His bundle, unusually long in sheep, receives a dual blood supply from both the anterior septal branches and the AV node artery. The proximal part of the left and right bundle branches is supplied by the anterior septal branches in the majority of hearts. Intercoronary anastomoses are present in the majority of hearts, particularly in the upper ventricular septum.An os cordis, deep in the atrial septum and directly adjacent to the AV node, was found in all 25 hearts. Occasionally, a second bone was found in the anterior part of the left atrioventricular ring.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790204
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    Subsurface cisterns in mouse hepatocytes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Extensive subsurface cisterns were commonly found beneath the apposed plasmalemmas of adjoining hepatocytes in young and adult mice. The cisterns were of two types: (1) flat cisterns, often with ribosomes on their deep surface, and (2) flattened, highly fenestrated smooth surfaced saccules, some of which were in continuity with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Despite their frequent occurrence, the subsurface cisterns were always absent from the regions of gap or tight junctions, as well as from the periphery of bile canaliculi and cell surfaces bordering the space of Disse. The function of these cisterns remains undetermined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790209
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  • 91
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    Epithelial cell proliferation during organogenesis of rat colon (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Between the 16th to the 20th day of gestation, the mucosa of the colon of fetal rats changes from a simple tube with a tiny lumen lined by stratified epithelium to a much more complex structure with a large lumen and well-developed crypts lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium. Autoradiographic studies with 3H-thymidine show that cell proliferation is present throughout the stratified epithelium but becomes confined to the lower half of colonic crypts immediately on their formation. The number of epithelial cells shown to be proliferating after exposure to a single pulse of 3H-thymidine is high during this period of organogenesis but decreases rapidly after the 20th day of gestation once the adult mucosal pattern has formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790303
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    Phagocytosis of supernumerary spermatozoa by two-cell mouse embryosThis study was supported by a U.S.P.H.S. Research Grant (RO1HD05725) and Research Contract (69-2220). (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 3-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Phagocytosis of supernumerary spermatozoa contained within the perivitelline space was observed in 7 of 28 two-cell mouse embryos cultured for 45 hours post-insemination (approximately 20-24 hours after cleavage). The spermatozoa were incarcerated as a result of elevations of the blastomere cytoplasm which gradually surrounded the sperm, overlapped and fused, thus forming a typical phagocytic vacuole. Phagocytosis was not observed in two-cell embryos cultured for less than 20-24 hours after cleavage; this indicates that the blastomeres of two-cell mouse embryos in vitro require approximately 24 hours to develop one of the characteristics of somatic cells, i.e., the ability to recognize and phagocytize foreign material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780103
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  • 93
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    I segment lengths and thin filament periods in skeletal muscle fibers of the rhesus monkey and the human (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 63-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The I segment length has been measured and the number of thin filament periods per I segment has been counted in electron micrographs of Rhesus monkey and human leg muscle fibers. The number of I segment periods in the monkey fiber (60) and in the human fiber (66) multiplied by axial periodicity (385 Å) in thin filaments of living fibers (Huxley and BROWN, '67) plus 1,000 Å allowed for Z line width in living fibers, provided a formula for calculation of I segment lengths in living fibers. The calculated I segment lengths are 2.41 μ for the monkey and 2.64 μ for the human fiber. The ratio of calculated I segment length over an assumed constant thick filament length (1.6 μ) among vertebrates is in close agreement with the ratio of measured I segment length over measured thick filament length in micrographs of frog, rat, monkey and human leg muscle fibers. The calculated I segment length in the frog (1.95 μ) is compared with that of the human (2.64 μ) to show the relation of I segment length to the length-developed tension diagram and to the series elastic components of the skeletal muscle fiber.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780107
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780301
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    Specialized intercellular junctions in the intercalated disc of the bat heart (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 599-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The intercalated discs of the myocardium from the active and hibernating bat hearts were investigated by means of electron microscopy and use of lanthanum and horseradish peroxidase as tracers. The discs are composed of four zones: intermediate junctions, desmosomes, nexuses, and undifferentiated areas. Of particular interest are the two different types of nexuses. Nexus I without lanthanum displays a 150 Å overall width and an apparent 80 Å intercellular space, ranges from 0.5 to 4.0 μ in length, and is seen in the longitudinal segments of the intercalated disc. With application of lanthanum, however, nexus I shows that the tracer has penetrated a 20 Å gap junction and resembles nexus II. Nexus II with and without lanthanum has a 200 Å overall width and a gap junction of about 20 Å, is generally less than 0.3 μ in length, and is found on the transverse or oblique segment of the intercalated disc. Both nexuses I and II seem to block the passage of peroxidase. The plasma membranes of nexus I may have a different molecular organization from those in nexus II as reflected by their contrasting response to fixation and/or staining. Combinations of the various junctions show that the zones of adhesions (intermediate junctions and desmosomes) are adjacent to the regions of possible lowered resistance (nexus I and II). These findings suggest that adhesion sites insure the proper connection and functioning of the nexuses and support the electrical observations that the heart forms a “physiological syncytium”.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780307
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    The effect of eifferent estrogen-progesterone ratios on DNA synthesis in the rat uterusSupported by USPHS-HD-06210-02 and Fluid Research Fund 781-315, Bowman Gray School of Medicine.We are grateful to Mrs. Evelyn B. Hadden for her assistance with this project. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 617-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The influence of different estrogen-progesterone ratios on DNA synthesis in the rat uterus was investigated. Ovariectomized rats were injected subcutaneously daily for three days with either oil, 1 μg estradiol-17β dipropionate or estradiol and 1, 5, 10 or 15 mg progesterone. Tritiated thymidine was administered one hour prior to necropsy. Thymidine indices were determine for both the luminal and glandular uterine epithelia while the total number of labeled nuclei in the stroma was ascertained. In all tissues studied, significantly more nuclei from uteri of rats given only estrogen replicated DNA than from those of the oil-treated controls. While concurrent treatment with estradiol and 1 or 15 mg progesterone did not statistically alter the extent of thymidine incorporation in the luminal epithelium and stroma from that observed following estrogen alone, 5 or 10 mg progesterone given with estrogen significantly suppressed the labeling activity in the luminal epithelium and stroma from that of the estrogen-treated rats. However, the thymidine indices of the glandular epithelium from uteri of rats injected with all combinations of both hormones were significantly lower than that from uteri of estrogen-treated rats. These data indicate that the estrogen-progesterone ratio is important in regulating cell turnover in the luminal epithelium and stroma of the rat uterus but not in glandular epithelium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780308
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    Ultrastructure of ependymal cells of the shark median eminence (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 657-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of ependymal cells of the median eminence in young Pacific blacktip reef sharks is described. Three major cell types have been observed. The first type is an irregularly-shaped, electron dense cell with many long microvilli and occasional cilia projecting into the ventricle. A second type contains dense cytoplasmic granules in sizes ranging from 1000-2000 Å, and may be morphologically equivalent to “liquor-contacting neurons” observed in ependymal linings elsewhere. The third type appears very similar to crown cells of saccus vasculosus of this and other species. Cells of the third type possess large, lipid-like inclusions, bulbous projections originating from basal bodies, and prominent smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The crown-like cells are compared to cells of saccus vasculosus of young and adult sharks, and their possible significance is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780313
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    Enhanced mineralization of the tibial epiphyseal plate in the rat following propylthiouracil treatment: A histochemical, light, and electron microscopic studySupported in part by the Easter Seal Research Foundation. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 671-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Following treatment with propylthiouracil, most chondrocytes in the reserve and upper proliferation zones in the tibial epiphyseal plate exhibit degenerate ultrastructural morphology. In the extracellular matrix, sulfated mucopolysaccharide is reduced, matrix vesicles are increased both in number and in size, apatite crystals are present in all zones, and mineralization is enhanced.In post-treatment recovery, chondrocyte degeneration decreases; however, the extracellular matrix is considerably delayed in returning to conditions comparable to those in corresponding controls and this is indicated by the continued presence of apatite crystals in abnormal locations.Chondrocyte degeneration, sulfated mucopolysaccharide, and matrix vesicles, are discussed as they relate to the mineralization process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780403
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    Lactic dehydrogenase activity in the hair follicles of the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca speciosa) (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 178 (1974), S. 759-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lactic dehydrogenase activity was studied in hair follicles from both the bald and hairy regions of the scalp of the stump-tailed macaque by the application of the method of Lineweaver-Burk to the histochemistry. There was no difference between terminal and vellus follicles in total lactic dehydrogenase activity. During anagen, the activity was higher in the lower part of the external sheath and was similar to that in the bulbar sac. The activity of the heart-type lactic dehydrogenase (H-LDH) was high in the matrix, whereas that of the muscle-type lactic dehydrogenase (M-LDH) was high in the external sheath of the lower and upper bulb portions. The activity of M-LDH in the matrix of terminal hair follicles was extremely low compared with that in vellus follicles. In telogen, however, there was no difference between the two types of follicles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091780407
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    An ultrastructural analysis of spontaneous activation of hamster eggs aged in vivo (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 27-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In an effort to elucidate various aspects involving the initiation of development, the morphogenesis of the spontaneously activated egg of the golden hamster was examined at the light and electron microscopic levels of observation. Spontaneous activation of the unfertilized hamster egg occurs upon prolonged incubation within the oviduct, i.e., aging in vivo, and may include the formation of the second polar body and the development of one or several pronuclei. In many instances the activated egg resembles the inseminated ovum at the pronuclear stage of fertilization. Occasionally the activated egg will divide and yields a structure which is morphologically similar to the two-cell stage. Development beyond the two-cell stage was not observed. Even though a number of events exhibited by the aging hamster egg mimic those of the fertilized, many are indicative of cellular degeneration. Such processes include, for example, the aggregation of organelles into fairly homogeneous clusters, the budding of portions of the cortex of the egg containing cortical granules into the perivitelline space, the accumulation of vesicles within the ooplasm and the structural modification of microvilli. All activated eggs, at every period investigated (6 to 66 hours post-ovulation), contained cortical granules.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790104
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