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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (111)
  • 1992  (111)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 14 (1992), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Liver ; Topographic anatomy ; Oblique sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs poursuivent une étude anatomique du foie appliquée à l'IRM, basée sur la confrontation de coupes cadavériques et de coupes en résonance magnétique. Cette étude concerne ici les coupes obliques par rapport à un plan sagittal ou frontal dont l'orientation est déterminée suivant des repères visibles sur les coupes transversales. Des coupes obliques ont été effectuées sur 10 cadavres, selon une méthode originale. Des coupes transversales jointives du tronc en congélation ont d'abord été réalisées et deux repères ont été reconnus sur ces coupes: la direction de la veine hépatique moyenne et l'orientation de la division du tronc de la veine porte. Les coupes transversales ont été ensuite empilées. Le bloc, ainsi reconstitué, a été à nouveau congelé puis débité en coupes obliques jointives, orientées soit selon le plan de la veine hépatique moyenne (coupes sagittales-obliques) soit selon le plan de la division du tronc de la veine porte (coupes frontalesobliques). Des coupes obliques en résonance magnétique ont été effectuées chez 15 volontaires sains, en général selon les mêmes repères veineux et parfois selon d'autres repères visibles sur les coupes transversales. Les coupes obliques en résonance magnétique peuvent être réalisées dans le plan de n'importe quel élément anatomique repéré sur les coupes transversales, pour préciser sa disposition. Les coupes basées sur des repères identiques mais orientés différemment d'un sujet à l'autre, doivent permettre de reconnaître l'anatomie individuelle du foie exploré. Les coupes frontales-obliques montrent bien l'orientation du tronc de la veine porte et les confluents des veines hépatiques avec la veine cave. Les coupes sagittales-obliques sont surtout intéressantes pour explorer la partie la moins épaisse du foie gauche et sans doute le lobe caudé. En outre, les coupes obliques font découvrir sous des aspects inhabituels certains viscères voisins du foie, en particulier le pancréas. Grâce aux coupes obliques, le trajet des veines qui participent à la formation du tronc de la veine porte peut être suivi à distance du foie. Les nouvelles techniques d'IRM, en réduisant considérablement certains artéfacts propres à l'exploration de l'abdomen, devraient permettre de tirer le meilleur parti possible des coupes obliques.
    Notes: Summary The authors have appplied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the anatomic study of the liver by comparing cadaveric sections with those obtained with MRI. This study deals with sections oblique in relation to a sagittal or frontal plane, whose orientation is determined from landmarks visible on transverse sections. Oblique sections were made in 10 cadavers using an original method. First, adjacent transverse sections were made of the frozen trunk and two landmarks were located in these sections: the course of the middle hepatic v. and the direction of the division of the portal venous trunk. The transverse sections were then stacked and the block so reconstituted was refrozen and then cut in adjacent oblique sections oriented either along the plane of the middle hepatic v. (sagittal oblique sections) or along the plane of division of the portal venous trunk (frontal oblique sections). Oblique MRI sections were made in 15 healthy volunteers, mainly based on the same venous landmarks but sometimes on other landmarks visible on the transverse sections. Oblique MRI sections can be made in the plane of any anatomic structure located in the transverse sections in order to define its position. Sections based on identical landmarks differently oriented in different subjects allow for definition of the individual anatomy of the liver investigated. The frontal oblique sections clearly show the course of the trunk of the portal v. and the junctions of the hepatic vv. with the inferior vena cava. The sagittal oblique sections are particularly useful for investigating the thinnest part of the left side of the liver and also the caudate lobe. Moreover, these oblique sections reveal certain organs adjacent to the liver, notably the pancreas, from unusual angles. The oblique sections also make it possible to follow the curse of the veins participating in formation of the portal trunk remote from the liver. The new MRI techniques considerably decrease certain artifacts associated with study of the abdomen and should allow the most profitable use of oblique sections.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 14 (1992), S. 241-249 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Hip musculature ; Cross-sectional anatomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Three-dimensional reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'IRM associée à une reconstruction 3-D est particulièrement intéressante pour étudier l'appareil musculo-squelettique humain in vivo de façon précise et détaillée. L'IRM offre la possibilité d'étudier tant les structures superficielles musculaires que profondes sous contrainte in vivo. Les os, les muscles, les tendons et le tissu adipeux sont nettement visibles. On peut également au sein d'un muscle distinguer ses différentes portions. Après reconstruction des images 2-D, on peut visualiser la forme des muscles et de leur portions sous différents angles. Ceci permet une meilleure compréhension de la biomécanique et de l'anatomie fonctionnelle du système de l'appareil locomoteur du corps humain. Dans cette étude, la morphologie des muscles péri articulaires de la hanche a été étudiée chez trois sujets in vivo à partir de reconstructions 3-D des images 2-D obtenues en résonance magnétique.
    Notes: Summary MRI in combination with three-dimensional reconstruction is pre-eminently suitable for the study of the human musculoskeletal system in vivo in an accurate and detailed way. MRI provides the possibility of studying superficial as well as deep muscles under tension in the living state. Bones, muscles, tendons and adipose tissue are clearly visible. Parts can also be distinguished within a muscle. After reconstruction of the 2-D images the geometry of the muscles and muscle parts can be visualized from different angles. This leads to a deeper understanding of the biomechanics and functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system of the human body. In this paper the morphology of the muscles around the hip was studied in three subjects in vivo on the basis of three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of two-dimensional (2-D) MR images.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 21 (1992), S. 437-444 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Sesamoids ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hallux sesamoids are vulnerable to signifycant injury and weight-bearing stress in both the athlete and the nonathlete. Unfortunately, they are often dismissed as inconsequential accessory bones. The historical significance, embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the sesamoids and the salient features of both traumatic and nontraumatic pathologic conditions affecting these structures are presented. Because the sesamoids can be responsible for prolonged disabling foot pain and discomfort, it is important for both clinician and radiologist to pay attention to these bones and recognize the early signs of abnormality.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tendon xanthoma ; Familial hypercholesterolemia ; Ultrasonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The demonstration of tendon xanthomas is helpful in diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, but in many patients lipid may accumulate without clinical abnormality being present. We investigated the possibility of detecting the lipid element with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in seven patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and six controls. Although the mean relative signal intensities measured on long TR/TE spin echo sequences of the tendon were signifycantly higher in patients than in controls, the lack of such elevation does not rule out the presence of such lesions. In vitro measurements indicated that the signal intensity of triglycerides was quenched by cholesterolesters. The anatomic findings of MR imaging were compared with those of ultrasonography (US), showing excellent correlation in measurements between MR images and US [r(S) = 0.95 and 0.97 respectively] MR imaging and US provide equal information on the anatomy of the Achilles tendon; as an abnormally increased signal intensity within the xanthoma on MRI was found in only a minority of our patients, the value of MRI in the demonstration of Achilles tendon xanthomas is limited when using conventional T1 and T2 spin echo sequences.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Normal anatomy ; Odontoid process ; Cervical spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to analyse the normal signal intensity of the medullary space of the odontoid process (dens) relative to age, the craniovertebral junction of 33 asymptomatic volunteers in six age groups was examined by means of magnetic resonance imaging. To avoid partial-volume effects 3-mm slices were used in sagittal and axial planes. The signal intensities relative to cerebral white matter varied from 0.51 to 1.23 in the sagittal plane and 0.56 to 1.51 in the axial plane. The signal intensities relative to muscle varied from 0.76 to 2.40 in the sagittal plane and 0.96 to 2.30 in the axial plane. The signal intensities relative to fat varied from 0.22 to 0.62 in the sagittal plane and 0.23 to 0.68 in the axial plane. No correlation with age of the volunteers was found. The normal medulla of the dens may exhibit a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images irrespective of age.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 18 (1992), S. 371-372 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Carbon monoxide ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracranial abnormalities by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning have been described in two cases. Edematous bilateral lesions have been demonstrated in the globus pallidus. Findings correspond with the pathological changes described in literature. In our experience MIR is a more sensitive examination compared to serial computed tomography (CT) in acute CO poisoning.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Kidneys ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast agent ; Gd-DTPA-Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Renal elimination of the paramagnetic contrast agent Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) was analyzed in 24 patients with impaired renal function and 3 normal controls. Dynamic magnetic resonance studies were performed using fast gradient-echo sequences with single images during suspended respiration and a temporal resolution of 10s per image. The time between appearance of the contrast agent in the renal cortex and signal intensity drop mL/min the medulla, due to a high concentration of Gd-DTPA and predominant T2-shortening, was an indicator of glomerular filtration rate and correlated well with creatinine clearance values (r=0.81). Fractionate urine collections and serum analysis up to 120h following administration showed a prolonged but complete elimination of Gd-DTPA mL/min patients with creatinine clearance above 20 mL/min. Renal functional parameters did not change after administration of Gd-DTPA and no nephrotoxic effects were observed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Stomach diseases ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cryosectioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 7-year-old girl with a gastric trichobezoar is presented; this was diagnosed preoperatively using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The findings are correlated to those from other radiological modalities and specimen cryosectioning.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 589-591 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Epidural abscess, spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on an acute epidural abscess in a 2-year-old boy, extending from the C1 level to the L5 level. The causative agent was Staphylococcus aureus as proved by pus and blood culture. The infectious source was in the scrotum. The diffuse epidural abscess was readily detected by MRI, which showed hypo-intensity in T1 WI and hyperintensity in gradient echo T2-weighted images. The abscess capsule was enhanced by Gadolinium-DTPA. The patient recovered completely after adequate treatment with antibiotics and follow up MRI showed complete disappearace of the epidural abscess. abscess.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Mechanical heart valves ; Deflection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During in vitro tests, we exposed seven mechanical cardiac valves to a 1.5 Tesla magnetic field and measured their deflection and temperature changes during a gradient-echo sequence. We used a special suspension system which indicated and measured the largest deflection at the entrance to the tube and any deflections within the gradient field. A temperature sensor measured changes in temperature in the valve ring in both air and in a water bath during exposure to a high-frequency field. The Bjork-Shiley (Shiley Irvine, CA, USA) valve displayed the most deflection at the entrance to the coil, namely 1.8 mm. All the other valve models displayed less deflection. No deflection took place during gradient-echo sequences. Three valve models displayed an increase in valve ring temperature. The Medtronic valve displayed the largest increase with 0.6°C.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Abdominal aorta ; Blood flow ; Distensibility ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Renal flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance phase-shift-induced velocity mapping is a powerful technique for measuring in vivo blood velocity and flow non-invasively. Using this method we examined dimensions, distensibility, blood flow and its regional distribution in the abdominal aorta in 10 normal volunteers. Data were acquired at three levels of the descending aorta. Thirty percent reduction in diastolic cross sectional area was observed in the caudal direction between these levels. Total blood flow (ml/min) in the abdominal aorta at the three sites was 4094 ± 1600, 2339 ± 910 and 1602 ± 549 respectively. Flows in the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and renal arteries were also calculated. The net flow in the abdominal aorta above the coeliac trunk was persistently forward, while there was considerable backflow (13% of total instantaneous flow) below the renal arteries during early diastole. Magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive technique for quantitative assessment of blood flow in the abdominal aorta and its main branches.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 583-588 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Gadolinium ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two patients with 30 disc herniations and 5 bony stenoses were investigated together with 5 control subjects, using plain and contrast-enhanced Magnetic resonance imaging. Compared with the control group, additional non-enhancing epidural tissue was found in all patients. The enhancing epidural structures demostrated characteristics change. Compared with plain images, disease definition was improved in 7 of 35 cases after contrast administration. This was especially true for lateral and intraforaminal disc herniations, whereas no diagnostic benefit was seen in cases of posterior and posterolateral herniations or bony changes.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: White matter lesions ; Cerebrovascular disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain infarction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To establish data about prevalence, number and topography of “unspecific” white matter lesions as seen on MRI, the T2-weighted MRI scans of 83 patients with hyperintense focal white matter changes were reviewed. Patients with known inflammatory central nervous system disease were excluded. There was an approximately linear increase in prevalence and number of lesions with age. Prevalence ranged from 18% in the third decade to over 90% in those over 70 years. We found a close correlation with concomitant periventricular hyperintensity. However, rating of Virchow-Robin spaces did not correlate with the number of white matter lesions. Both hemispheres were involved nearly equally with a minimal non-significant right side preponderance. Lesions showed a strong predilection for the frontal and parietal paraventricular “watershed” areas.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Infectious sacroiliitis ; Sacroiliac joint ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infectious sacroiliitis is an uncommon septic arthritis, the diagnosis of which is difficult to establish. We retrospectively examined 14 cases of septic sacroiliitis, by CT (two of whom also had an MRI examination). The patient population consisted of eight men and six women; 9 were African, 8 had tuberculous sacroiliitis and 6 pyogenic sacroiliitis. All the cases showed a pre-sacroiliac soft tissue swellilng with ring-like enhancement following intravenous contrast in eight cases. A gas image was observed at the centre of the abcess in two cases. Joint narrowing was found in four patients and widening in eight, associated with an image of bone sequestration in seven, CT gave an etiologic orientation in 8 cases, and facilitated the guidance of bone biopsy. MRI showed low signal T1-weighted images and high signal T2 of the subchondral bone, joint space and soft tissue abcess. We conclude that CT is helpful in the evaluation of infectious sacroiliitis, and that further studies are necessary to evaluate the role of MRI in such pathologic processes.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 269-2721 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Brain neoplasm ; MR studies ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of Lhermitte-Duclos of the cerebellum are presented. MRI was essential in the radiological diagnosis of both lesions by the demonstration, both on T1- and T2 weighted images of thickened cerebellar folia.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Venous angioma ; Brain tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebral angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MR study of 6 patients with concurrent venous angioma and brain tumor revealed that in 2 of the 6 cases, the draining vein of the venous angioma was located near to the tumor and was displaced by the tumor. Two of the 6 venous angiomas were too small to visualize prior to contrast enhancement, but could be detected following administration of Gd-DTPA. Angiography was required for definitive diagnosis of the venous angiomas. When a venous angioma is suspected or is detected incidentally, especially when very near a brain tumor, angiography should be considered before performing surgery to avoid surgical complications. Otherwise, ligation of the vein draining the venous angioma may lead to venous infarction.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 122-125 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Gadolinium-DTPA ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We retrospectively reviewed the findings in 655 consecutive young patients who underwent contrastenhanced MR examinations (1.5T) of the head or spine. Their ages ranged from 4 months to 20 years (mean 10 years). There was a 1.7% incidence of minor adverse reactions to gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA, none of which required treatment; no serious adverse reactions were encountered. Based on the radiologic diagnosis the patients were divided into three groups: (1) normal, (2) CNS neoplasm, (3) abnormal but not neoplasm. There were 178 patients thought to have CNS neoplasms and of these 156 (88%) enhanced. Of 124 histologically confirmed neoplasms 115 (93%) showed enhancement after Gd-DTPA. Eight children had histologically confirmed spinal neoplasms; 5 of 6 neurofibromas and 2 ependymomas enhanced. In the 216 patients with abnormalities thought not to be neoplastic, the enhancement rate was 11%; most of the enhancing lesions were vascular malformations. There were very few examples of inflammatory disease, acute trauma or stroke among our patients.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 210-214 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Alexia ; Agraphia ; Disconnection syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new cases of alexia without agraphia are presented. Pertinent clinical findings, anatomy, pathophysiology and differential diagnoses are reviewed. The importance of carefully examining the inferior portion of the left side of the splenium of the corpus callosum on CT and/or MR scans in patients who present with this clinical syndrome is stressed.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Clivus ; MR evaluation ; Contrast enhancement ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Infants and children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the signal and enhancement characteristics of the central skull base prospectively in 40 children aged 13 days to 8 years, on a 1.5 T MRI system. Identical standard short TR/TE spin echo sequences in the sagittal plane were performed before and after intravenous gadolinium-DTPA. The sequences used for comparison were filmed at identical window and level settings. Three independent observers assessed (1) the intensity of contrast enhancement of the basisphenoid, basiocciput and presphenoid, (2) the signal intensity of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, (3) the degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus and (4) the uniformity of signal intensity reflecting fatty replacement of the marrow of the basisphenoid, basiocciput and presphenoid. In 16% and 28% respectively of cases there was no enhancement of the basisphenoid and basiocciput after gadolinium administration; in 42% and 44% there was mild enhancement, and moderate or intense enhancement was observed in 42% and 28% of cases. Even when there was irregular fatty replacement, residual hemopoietic clements could enhance intensely. When skull base neoplasms are being investigated, the normal signal irregularity and enhancement of the central skull base in children must not be confused with pathologic invasion of the marrow.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 225-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Kernohan's notch ; Coronal image
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report a left acute subdural haematoma caused by rupture of a left anterior cerebral artery aneurysm, which progressed to left hemiparesis. Coronal MRI was superior to CT for visualizing Kernohan's notch.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 227-229 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Teratocarcinoma ; Pineal gland ; Metastases ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a case of teratocarcinoma of the pineal gland, MRI accurately depicted the primary tumor and diffuse enhancing drop metastases along the surface of the brain stem and the spinal cord.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the findings on cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their correlation with the clinical manifestations, disease severity and biochemical abnormalities in eight patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. CT revealed cerebral atrophy in seven cases, cerebellar atrophy in four and focal low density lesions in the cerebral white matter in two. T2-weighted MRI showed high signal lesions in the cerebral white matter, focal in four cases and diffuse in one, and in the globus pallidus in three patients, two of whom also had lesions in the cerebellar white matter. While severely affected patients showed variable CT and MRI abnormalities, our cases did not show the dramatic findings expected from the neurological manifestations. Diffuse lesions in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter have been emphasized in previous reports, but in our study the focal lesions in the cerebral white matter were also present; the globus pallidus was frequently involved.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 316-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: PIBI(D)S ; Trichothiodystrophy ; Central nervous system dysmyelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cockayne syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary PIBI(D)S is a acronym for a very rare autosomal recessive syndrome consisting of photosensivity, mild non-congenital ichthyosis, brittle cystine-deficient hair, impaired intelligence, occasionally decreased fertility and short stature. We report a 12-year-old female patient affected by PIBI(D)S with previously unreported MRI findings of central nervous system dysmyelination.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 305-307 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain dysplasia ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurofibromatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prospective study of CT and MRI in 41 consecutive children with suspected type 1 neurofibromatosis revealed basal ganglion lesions on T2-weighted spin echo images in 22 cases (54%) and on CT in only 7 of those (32%). T2-weighted spin-echo MRI also revealed multiple signal changes in the supra- and infratentorial white matter and brain stem that went completely unnoticed on CT.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 328-330 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Glioma ; Astrocytoma ; Axon ; Calcification ; CT ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe a 44-year-old man found to have a diffusely calcified astrocytoma originating in the left frontoparietal region and extending along the axonal fibres into the opposite cerebral hemisphere and brain stem. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging clearly demonstrated the spread of the tumour. The tumour was partially resected and histologically diagnosed as an astrocytoma. A correct preoperative diagnosis was difficult, because the lesion was very slow-growing and its widespread calcification mimicked congenital or inflammatory calcium deposits.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 331-333 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Glioma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MRI-autopsy correlation in a case of gliomatosis cerebri suggests that poor gray-white matter demarcation on MRI may be sign of neoplastic infiltration. The extent of infiltration is imperfectly assessed by current imaging modalities.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 334-336 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Ganglioneuroblastoma-Cerebellopontine angle-Cavernous sinus ; Computer tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The CT, MR and histological features of a rare ganglioneuroblastoma of the cerebellopontine angle and cavernous sinus are reported.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 343-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal dermoid ; Subarachnoid fat ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of intramedullary spinal dermoid of the lower spinal cord is reported, with free fat droplets in the intracranial subarachnoid space, and MRI-proven leakage of fatty material via the widened central canal of the spinal cord.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, relapsing ; Epstein-Barr virus infection, chronic ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 25-year-old women had a fever, left cervical lymphadenopathy, neurological symptoms and signs, CSF pleocytosis and persistent high serum antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); she had a recurrence 1 year later. She was thought to have relapsing acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with chronic EBV infection. MRI revealed abnormalities, mainly in the right basal ganglia and left midbrain. At the time of the recurrence, further abnormalities appeared in the opposite basal ganglia and right cerebral white matter.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Dural arteriovenous malformations ; Cavernous sinus ; Venous thrombosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six patients with a dural arteriovenous malformation (dural AVM) involving the cavernous sinus were followed up with magnetic resonance imaging in order to assess change in the lesions. Spin-echo (SE) imaging of three patients in whom the AVM appeared to have closed at least 1 month earlier (two of them spontaneously, and one after external carotid artery embolization) showed neither apparent flow void in the involved cavernous sinus nor evidence of venous thrombosis. SE images of the other three patients who had not been cured by external carotid artery embolization (two of whom were examined within a week of treatment), detected persisting arteriovenous shunts, including high-flow cortical venous drainage, seen as flow void. Two-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography (2D TOF MRA) was performed simultaneously in three patients. Whereas shunting blood and the normal cavernous sinus were of high intensity, presumed thrombosed cavernous sinuses were isointense with stationary brain tissue. SE imaging can confirm the resolution of arteriovenous shunts, but poorly delineates ver acute and chronic thrombosis of the draining veins. In contrast, 2D TOF MRA directly demonstrates flowing blood, permitting the diagnosis of venous thrombosis; it should be included in follow-up of a dural AVM involving the cavernous sinus when venous thrombosis is suspected.
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  • 31
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 463-469 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral glioma ; Histopathology ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium-DTPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The correlation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with histopathological findings was analysed in 26 patients with untreated cerebral gliomas. In low-grade gliomas, T2-weighted images demonstrated relatively homogeneous high-intensity lesions involving both the grey and the white matter. In high-grade gliomas, especially grade IV, T2-weighted images demonstrated prominent heterogeneity in signal intensity, which consisted of a hyperintense “core”, less hyperintense or normal intensity “rim” and surrounding finger-like areas of high intensity. Marked and irregular contrast enhancement was evident in all but one case of these high-grade gliomas in which gadolinium-DTPA was used. Histological examination revealed tumour cells extending as far as the borders of the high-intensity areas shown on T2-weighted images in both high-and low-grade gliomas, but in 5 of 8 low-grade and 4 of 18 high-grade gliomas, isolated tumour cells extended beyond the hyperintense areas shown on T2-weighted images.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Huntington's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging and a comprehensive cognitive evaluation were carried out in a series of 29 patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease (HD). A factor analysis of the neuropsychological test scores provided three factors: a memory/speed-of-processing factor, a “frontal” factor, and a response inhibition factor. The memory/speed factor correlated significantly with measures of caudate atrophy, frontal atrophy, and atrophy of the left (but not the right) sylvian cistern. There were no significant correlations between the “frontal” or response inhibition factors and measures of cortical or subcortical brain atrophy. Our findings confirm that subcortical atrophy is significantly correlated with specific cognitive deficits in HD, and demonstrate that cortical atrophy also has important association with the cognitive deficits of patients with HD.
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  • 33
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 470-474 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Glomus tumours ; Gadolinium ; Subtraction ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirteen patients with 14 glomus tumours have been examined by subtraction gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with T1-weighted MR sequences before and after intravenous gadolinium-DTPA. To eliminate movement between subtraction pairs, the patient remains in the tunnel of the imager during administration of the contrast medium, and the venepuncture is made into the dorsum of the foot. The effect of the subtraction process is to remove the NMR signal from the final image so that the photographic densities recorded are dependent on the vascularity of the tissue concerned, normal or abnormal. A particular advantage is the removal of fat signal: the low vascularity of adipose tissue ensures that it is recorded as of minimal density. The extent of skull base glomus tumours has been shown optimally by this technique. Subtraction can also help differentiate glomus tympanicum from glomus jugulare lesions, which may be of crucial importance when deciding the surgical approach. In addition to diagnosis, the technique is also important post-operatively, when imaging is needed to show residual or recurrent tumour and to monitor the effects of radiotherapy.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Volume measurement ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability to visualise multiple selerosis lesions in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging suggests and important role in monitoring the course of the disease. In order to help the long-term assessment of prospective treatments, a semi-automated technique for measuring lesion volume has been developed to provide a quantitative index of disease progression. Results are presented from a preliminary study with a single patient and compared to measurements taken from lesion outlines traced by a neuroradiologist, two neurologists and a technician. The semi-automated technique achieved a precision of 6% compared to a range of 12–33% for the manual tracing method. It also reduced the human interaction time from at least 60 min to 15 min.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Degenerative disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Corpus callosum ; Marchiafava-Bignami disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serial MRI findings of changes in corpus callosum lesions in two cases of Marchiafava-Bignami disease are presented. In both, MRI displayed diffuse swelling of the corpus callosum in the acute stage, thought to represent oedema and demyelination. In the chronic stage, in addition to atrophy of the corpus callosum with presumed focal necrosis, previously undescribed focal hypointensity on T2-weighted images, of unknown cause, was observed in the corpus callosum.
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  • 36
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 494-496 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Subdural empyema-Epidural empyema ; Gadopentetate dimeglumine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRI) of three patients with subdural (SDE) and two with epidural empyemas (EDE) were reviewed. In each case, the capsule of the lesion demonstrated enhancement, and distinction between capsule and contents was obvious on contrast-enhanced images. In SDE, contrast-enhanced images clearly depicted thickening of the neighbouring dura mater and a co-existent brain abscess. In EDE, part of the displaced dura mater did not enhance, which facilitated differentiation from SDE. Contrast-enhanced MRI was thus of value in diagnosis.
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  • 37
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 490-493 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain, diseases ; Encephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in eight patients with herpes simplex meningoencephalitis were reviewed: 14 examinations were analysed. The most striking finding was high signal intensity in the temporal lobe(s) with the typical configuration known from CT. Meningeal enhancement after Gd-DTPA administration was clearly seen in four patients. Haemorrhagic changes are much better seen on MRI than on CT. When adequate motion control can be achieved, MRI becomes the examination of choice in the diagnosis and follow-up of herpes simplex encephalitis. Localized1H MR spectroscopy also proved promising in the study of neuronal loss.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Tay-Sachs disease ; Basal ganglia ; Leukodystrophic change ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Positron emission tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuroradiological findings in four patients with Tay-Sachs disease are described in three phases of the clinical course. The basal ganglia and cerebral white matter show low density on computed tomography and high signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the initial phase. The caudate nuclei are characteristically enlarged and protrude into the lateral ventricles in the first and second phases. The cerebral white matter shows low density on the CT which varies in extent from the second to third phases, and the whole brain becomes atrophic in the last phase. Thus, central nervous system involvement in the disease may begin in basal ganglia as well as in cerebral white matter.
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  • 39
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1992), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebrospinal fluid flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac-related motion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated by analysis of the velocity-dependent phase of CSF protons and flow-dependent signal enhancement in magnitude images using ECG-gated FLASH sequences. In the cerebral aqueduct, CSF flow from the third to the fourth ventricle begins 200 msafter the R-wave of the ECG and simulates an arterial pulse wave pattern. It lasts about 60% of the cardiac cycle and is followed by backflow from the fourth to the third ventricle, which is slower and shorter. In the spinal canal, oscillating caudad motion precedes flow from the third to the fourth ventricle by about 50–100 ms and issuperimposed on a bulk flow, which moves simultaneously in opposite directions in separate subarachnoid channels; it is directed mainly caudally in the anterior cervical subarachnoid space.
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  • 40
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1992), S. 10-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid flow ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Real time ; Yawning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the cerebral aqueduct and spinal canal was analysed using real-time magnetic resonance imaging measurement techniques. Respiration-induced rhythmic modulation of the cardiacrelated oscillating CSF pulsation in the cerebral aqueduct and spinal canal was found. Deep inspiration was immediately followed by a marked increase in downward CSF flow in the cervical spinal canal, whereas a delay of about two heart beats was seen before downward flow from the third to the fourth ventricle increased. This pattern was also detected during yawning and was followed by a marked increase of blood flow in the internal jugular vein.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Anterior spinal artery syndrome ; Cervical spinal cord ; Infarct ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cervical spinal cord lesions in the anterior spinal artery syndrome were delineated on magnetic resonance images (MRI) in four patients. The lesion was always seen anteriorly in the cervical cord. On T2-weighted images, the lesions appeared hyperintense relative to the normal spinal cord, while on T1-weighted images, two chronic lesions appeared hypointense, with local atrophy of the cord. In one case, repeated T1-weighted images showed no signal abnormality 4 days after the ictus, but the lesion became hypointense 18 days later, when contrast enhancement was also recognized after injection of Gd-DTPA; this sequence of intensity changes was similar to that of cerebral infarction. The extent of the lesion seen MRI correlated closely with neurological findings in all cases. Although the findings may not be specific, MRI is now the modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis in patients suspected of having an anterior spinal artery syndrome.
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  • 42
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1992), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal trauma ; Spinal cord damage ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighty-seven patients aged 16–68 years have been examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following spinal injury. The MRI findings have been correlated with length of history between trauma and investigation, extent of residual function and site of injury. They include changes at the site of injury consistent with myelomalacia in 37%, a syrinx in 40%, persistent cord compression in 32% and atrophy in 18%. An extensive syrinx can develop within 2 months of injury and it is nearly twice as common in patients with complete paralysis as in those whose paralysis was incomplete. It is suggested that investigation and management of spinal trauma should include early and repeated MRI examinations to detect sequelae at an early stage.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Fast spin echo ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the development of fast spin echo (FSE) MRI techniques, T2-weighted images of the brain may be obtained much more quickly than when using conventional spin echo techniques (CSE), because made the individual echoes on the FSE pulse sequence are phase encoded, allowing acquisition of the same spatial information as in CSE with less excitations. The pulse sequence parameters (echo train length, bandwidth echo spacing) are discussed. Images were obtained on four volunteers using both CSE and FSE while varying repetition time, echo time and matrix. Comparison for signal intensity gray-white differentiation, fat and CSE signal, arifacts and vascular resolution showed that FSE images comparable in quality to those of CSE can be obtained in less than half the time. A practical choice of FSE parameters is recommended for clinical use. However, artifacts, possibly related to CSF and vascular pulsation, of which the radiologist should be aware, were identified on the FSE images.
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  • 44
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    Neuroradiology 35 (1992), S. 55-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Internal carotid artery ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with symptomatic bilateral aberrant cervical internal carotid arteries, demonstrated on CT and MRI, is described.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Stroke ; Cerebrovascular accident ; Sickle cell disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localized proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), obtained with stimulated echo and spin echo sequences, MR imaging (MRI) and MR angiography (MRA) were used to study the brain in 13 children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. Regions of interest (ROI) studied by MRS included regions appearing normal on MRI as well as regions showing complications of sickle cell disease, including focal deep white matter areas of high signal intensity (deep white matter ischemia, DWMI) seen on long TR images, focal atrophic brain areas, and infarcts. The findings in these studies are summarized as follows: Normal-appearing regions on MRI have normal MRS. In ROI including small areas of DWMI, lactate elevation was not detected, but the levels ofN-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) appeared slightly elevated. In areas of DWMI 1–2 cm in size, reduced blood flow could be seen on MRA and lactate elevation could be detected with MRS. When blood flow to a DWMI region was normal, NAA was reduced and there was little lactate elevation, as cell death had already occurred. ROI consisting of atrophic tissue had reduced NAA levels but total creatine levels were not changed. Sometimes lipids, presumably from broken cell membrane, could be detected. In regions of past massive stroke, all metabolites were absent except for small amounts of lactate or lipids.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Chronic progressive myeloneuropathy ; Human T-lymphocytic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy ; Tropical spastic paraparesis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and cervical spine and CT of the head in 46 patients (14 men, 32 women) with chronic progressive mycloneuropathy. The findings were correlated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) serology, race, country of origin, and age. We found a female predominance of 2∶1. Most patients were aged between 30 and 50 years, and most were Caribbean immigrants and black. There were 9 men and 17 women with blood antibody titers to HTLV-I and 7 men and 15 women with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) titers. All patients with virus or antibodies in blood or CSF were Caribbean immigrants or black. T2-weighted cranial MRI showed scattered areas of high signal intensity in the cerebral white matter, usually in the periventricular and subcortical areas, but not in the posterior cranial fossa. Cranial CT revealed periventricular low density areas, ventricular enlargement, and atrophy MRI of the cervical spine showed atrophy of the cord. Myelography was normal in all 15 patients examined. No imaging differences were observed between the HTLV-I-positive and-negative patients. These findings, although consistent with demyelination, are not specific.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: AIDS ; Encephalopathy ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine the prognostic value of CT and MRI in AIDS we studied the survival of patients with neurological involvement, in relation to the initial imaging results. Twenty-six initial CT and 15 MRI examinations of 41 patients were reviewed for the presence of cerebral atrophy and/or focal lesions. The mean survival time of patients with initially normal imaging was longer (700±89 days) than that of patients with isolated cerebral atrophy (326±65) or isolated focal lesions (202±97). The shortest survival (78±44 days) was found in patients with both cerebral atrophy and focal lesions. The risk of death in patients with focal lesions alone 6.4 times higher, and in patients with both changes 19.3 times higher than in patients with initially normal imaging. Cerebral imaging with CT and/or MRI thus allows identification of AIDS-related cerebral changes and may contribute to assessment of prognosis.
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  • 48
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 68-69 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Hemangioma ; Intervertebral neural foramen ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neurofibroma ; Radicular pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A cervical location for an extradural cavernous hemangioma is exceedingly rare. We present the MRI findings of such a case in a 19-year-old female.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal cord infarction ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spinal cord infarcts are rare. We report serial MRI studies of a patient with a clinically diagnosed spontaneous spinal cord infarct. The usefulness of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) enhancement is also discussed. Serial MRI with Gd-DTPA is useful to diagnose the spinal cord infarction.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Acute traumatic central cord syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS) is commonly stated to result from an injury which affects primarily the center of the spinal cord and is frequently hemorrhagic. To test the validity of this widely disseminated hypothesis, the magnetic resonance images [MRI] of 11 consecutive cases of ATCCS caused by closed injury to the spine were analyzed and correlated with the gross pathological and histological features of 3 cervical spinal cords obtained at post mortem from patients with ATCCS, including 2 of patients studied by MRI. The MRI studies were performed acutely (18 h to 2 days after injury) in 7 patients and subacutely (3–10 days after injury) in 4. Ten of the 11 patients had pre-existing spondylosis and/or canal stenosis. The 11th suffered a cervical fracture. All patients exhibited hyperintense signal within the parenchyma of the cervical spinal cord on gradient echo MRI. None showed MRI features characteristic of hemorrhage on T1-weighted spin echo or T2*-weighed gradient echo studies. Gross and histological examination of the necropsy specimens showed no evidence of blood or blood products within the cord parenchyma: the primary finding was diffuse disruption of axons, especially within the lateral columns of the cervical cord in the region occupied by the corticospinal tracts. The central gray matter was intact. In patients with ATCCS, the predominant loss of motor function in thedistal muscles of the upper limbs may reflect the importance of the corticospinal tract for hand and finger function in the primate. In this study, the MRI and pathological observations indicate that ATCCS is predominantly a white matter injury and that intramedullary hemorrhage is not a necessary feature of the syndrome; indeed, it is probably an uncommon event in ATCCS. We suggest that the most common mechanism of injury in ATCCS may be direct compression of the cervical spinal cord by buckling of the ligamenta flava into an already narrowed cervical spinal canal; this would explain the predominance of axonal injury in the white matter of the lateral columns.
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  • 51
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 103-104 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Development disorder ; Lhermitte-Duclos disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a 35-year-old man with clinical features mimicking acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, MRI demonstrated bilateral Lhermitte-Duclos disease.
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  • 52
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal neurinoma ; Pathological study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MR signal intensities at 0.282 T were correlated with the pathological findings in 23 cases of spinal neurinoma. With T2-weighted images (SE-T2WI or RARE-T2WI), all the tumors displayed high signal intensities similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid, indicating long T2 values. It is shown that the long T2 values of neurinomas are caused not only by intratumoral cystic formation, as reported by other authors, but also by intratumoral Antoni B structure, intratumoral micronecrosis and intratumoral vascular malformation. On SE-T1WI, the majority of neurinomas (73.9%) were isointense to spinal cord while the minority (16.1%) were hypointense. The similarity of the T1 values of neurinomas to that of the spinal cord may be related to the abundance of Schwann cells within the tumors, but tumors hypointense to cord and tumors isointense to cord on T1WI showed no significant difference in their gross and microscopic pathology.
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  • 53
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Trigeminal neuromas ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Neurofibromatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report four cases of trigeminal neuroma. One of the patients had von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with plexiform neurofibromas of the branches of the trigeminal nerve. MRI provided more information than CT as regards the spread of tumour: extension to the mandibular and maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve was well demonstrated on sagittal and coronal sections. This examination yielded an accurate census of the intraocular plexiform neurofibromas and allowed a correct preoperative diagnosis to be obtained. With Gd-DOTA, better definition of the outline of the tumours and of cystic components was obtained. However, CT was better for demonstration of bone erosions.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Glioma ; Tumor histology ; Tumor grade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MR images in 54 patients with biopsy-proven diffuse or “fibrillary” astrocytomas were analyzed and compared with the histopathologic features in order to determine which histopathologic characteristics underlie the radiographic findings in these gliomas and whether radiographic findings are more closely correlated with individual histopathologic characteristics than with histologically determined tumor grade. The MRI features studied included tumor heterogeneity, edema, mass effect, border sharpness, “anatomic invasion”, contrast enhancement, hemorrhage, and the presence of flow voids, calcium and cyst formation. The histopathologic characteristics studied included cellular atypia, mitoses, cellularity, endothelial proliferation, necrosis and tumor grade. Edema (P〈0.01), flow voids (P=0.02) and contrast enhancement (P〈0.01) demonstrated a direct correlation with tumor grade, but edema (P〈0.01) and contrast enhancement (P〈0.01) also demonstrated a significant correlation to tumor cellularity. Tumor heterogeneity was associated with the presence of necrosis (P=0.01). Hemorrhage occurred only in high grade tumors, where it correlated with endothelial proliferation (P=0.04).
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast media ; Pituitary neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavior of contrast enhancement between a microadenoma and the normal pituitary gland after gadolinium injection was evaluated in 12 operatively confirmed cases using a repetitive sequence of four coronal T1-weighted spin echo series (T1 SE) (continuous acquisition, TR=400 ms), followed by conventional coronal T1 SE (TR=600 ms) and a three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequence. The first and second acquisitions were useful with respect to delayed scans only in 3 cases (25%). Nevertheless, in these cases confident diagnosis could also be made on pre-contrast studies, which diminishes the real advantage of this finding. For a 1.5 T MRI unit we advocate starting with coronal T1 SE 30 s after a rapid injection of gadolinium.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Acute traumatic central cord syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ante- and post-mortem MRI and detailed pathological examination were performed in a patient with a typical acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS) after a minor hyperextension injury to the neck who died 60 h later from heart failure. T2-weighted MRI showed a central hyperintense area at C3–4. There were disc protrusions, but no vertebral fracture or displacement. Histopathology disclosed severe axonal swelling and oedema in the dorsolateral fasciculi and, to a lesser degree, in the dorsal columns. In addition, an area of recent necrosis was found in the right anterior horn at C4–5. These findings suggest that the pathological hallmark of typical ATCCS is mechanical axonal disruption at a segmental level, but that more severe trauma may be accompaniedby tissue destruction.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Lumbar disc herniation ; Disc height ; Chymopapain ; Chemonucleolysis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the intervertebral disc space were made by magnetic resonance imaging and plain film examinations over a period of 2 years in 26 patients who had undergone chemonucleolysis. The height of the posterior portion of the disc decreased after 3 months and never recovered; the height of the anterior portion also decreased but recovered slightly over the same period. The angle of lordosis and the range of motion in the treated segment were decreased, but recovered. Marked decrease in signal from the disc was observed after 2 weeks which did not recover till 2 years after chemonucleolysis. We suspect that the disc degenerated markedly after chemonucleolysis and changed into a type of scar tissue, maturation of which could stabilize the affected segment.
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  • 58
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Dissection ; Carotid and vertebral arteries ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retrospective correlation of MRI and angiographic findings in nine patients with suspected cervical vascular dissections revealed MRI evidence of vessel abnormalities in eight patients, seven of whom proved to have arterial dissections. One patient whose MRI showed no abnormalities also proved to have a dissection, shown by angiography. Two patients had associated pseudoaneurysms not demonstrated by MRI. Five dissections involved the carotid arteries and three the vertebral arteries. Seven of the nine patients had associated transient neurologic deficits, while two had permanent deficits. Frank infarction of the brain was demonstrated by MRI in five cases. MRI findings suggestive of dissection included: (1) increased signal from the entire vessel; (2) a border of increased signal surrounding the lumen, with luminal narrowing; (3) poor or absent visualization of the vessel; and (4) significant compromise of the vessel lumen by adjacent abnormal increased signal tissue.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain-stem infarction ; Persistent trigeminal artery ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cerebral angiography ; Vertebral artery occlusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 43-year-old male with a left hemiparesis due to brain-stem infarction associated with bilateral persistent trigeminal arteries is reported. The clinicopathological and radiographic significance of persistent carotid-basilar arterial anastomones in vertebrobasilar territory ischaemic attacks is also discussed.
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  • 60
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 420-422 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Gadolinium ; Temporal bone ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasms ; Facial nerves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI provided accurate demonstration of the site and extension of a haemangioma of the petrous bone. Enhanced-MRI could allow early detection and differentiation from the other more common tumours of the geniculate ganglion area, thereby permitting the surgeon to remove the tumour, while preserving the facial nerve. CT is, however, required to display the characteristic ossification in these tumours.
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  • 61
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 430-432 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Hydatid disease ; Spine ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydatid disease (HD) of the cervical spine is rare. A case investigated by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented. While CT shows the bone lesion better, MRI is superior in demonstrating compression of neural structures. The complementary use of CT and MRI in such cases is suggested.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Aneurysmal dilatation of the vein of Galen ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Color Doppler sonography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Transarterial embolization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report a neonate with aneurysmal dilatation of the vein of Galen diagnosed prenatally by color Doppler sonography and MRI at 37 weeks' gestation. The child was treated by transarterial embolization of microcoils 2 and 8 days after birth. The aneurysmal dilatation of the vein of Galen markedly decreased after embolization and the patient is developing normally at 2 years 5 months of age. Prenatal diagnosis and early intervention by transarterial embolization produced in a good outcome in this patient.
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  • 63
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 497-499 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Subdural haematoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MRI findings are described in two patients with subdural haematomas isodense on CT. In one patient, admitted 6 weeks after trauma, a chronic subdural haematoma showed extreme hypointensity on T2-weighted images, suggesting acute trauma, and therefore acute rebleeding. In the second patient with severe anaemia, an acute subdural haematoma was hyperintense on T2-weighted images, suggesting chronic trauma; this may be explained by the low haematocrit and a possible mixture of blood with cerebrospinal fluid. The MRI features of subdural haematomas and hygromas have to be kept in mind, in order not to misjudge the age of the haematoma.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery ; Vertebrobasilar infarction ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical and MRI features were correlated in five cases of infarction in the territory of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. The lateral portion of the pons area was affected in four cases, the middle cerebellar peduncle in two, and the cerebellar hemisphere in three. The lesion was restricted to the cerebellar hemisphere in one patient. In no case did the clinical features conform to the classical description.
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  • 65
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Cerebral tuberculosis ; Tuberculous meningitis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary CT and MRI findings in 35 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and proven intracranial tuberculosis (TB) are presented. Over 90% of the patients were intravenous drug abusers and in two-thrids TB was the first manifestation of AIDS. CT was normal in one quarter, the most frequent findings being hydrocephalus (51%) and meningeal enhancement (41%), commonly seen together (31.5%). Meningeal enhancement was seen in 48% of the CT studies with intravenous contrast medium and in 3 cases studied with MRI and iv gadolinium DPTA, in 2 of which CT was negative. Parenchymal involvement was found in 37% of cases; MRI was more sensitive than CT for its detection. One quarter of the patients had ischaemic lesions, mainly in the basal ganglia. We confirm the usefulness of CT and the superiority of MRI in the diagnosis of intracranial TB and in differential diagnosis from other conditions likely to be found in these patients.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cavernous sinus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Venous thrombosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a patient with septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses CT demonstrated multiple filling defects due to clot formation, but 1.5 T MRI showed an atypical appearance of the thrombus, possibly because of the sepsis.
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  • 67
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 52-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral palsy ; Congenital hemiplegia ; Spastic diplegia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Periventricular leukomalacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three children with clinical evidence of cerebral palsy (CP) and normal cerebral computed tomography (CT) scans were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify CT-undetectable white matter lesions in the watershed zones of arterial territories. The two patients with spastic diplegia showed bilateral lesions either in the subcortical regions or in the occipital periventricular regions. The patient with congenital hemiplegia exhibited unilateral lesions in the periventricular region. We conclude that MRI is more informative than CT for the evaluation of patients with CP.
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  • 68
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Neoplasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Acromegaly ; Prolactinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 115 patients with pituitary macroadenomas, the findings on mid-field MRI were correlated with the hormonal activity of the tumours. Adenomas secreting growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and clinically nonsecretory adenomas were studied. Tumour size, invasiveness and signal intensity patterns were recorded. Relaxation times and ratios of signal intensity and proton density (relative to the corpus callosum) were analysed in areas of apparently solid tissue in a subgroup of 59 previously untreated patients. Invasiveness was more common in PRL-and GH-secreting adenomas than in the nonsecreting ones. Diffuse invasion of the base of the skull was most common in prolactinomas, and associated with a lower frequency of suprasellar tumour extension. In prolactinomas, a correlation was found between the maximum serum PRL level and tumour size. Haemorrhagic, cystic or necrotic areas were less common in GH-secreting tumours than in the other types. Haemorrhage was more common in prolactinomas than in nonsecreting tumours. MR parameters were similar in prolactinomas and nonsecreting adenomas, but indicated a smaller amount of water in GH-secreting tumours.
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  • 69
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 62-67 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Facial nerves ; Neuroma ; Temporal bone ; Neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cases of facial nerve neuroma were evaluated by computed tomographic (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The extension of the tumor in the petrous bone or the parotid gland was well defined by MRI in all cases. CT scan was useful to demonstrate bone erosions and the relation of the tumor to inner ear structures. In cases of progressive facial palsy, CT and MRI should be combined to detect a facial neuroma and to plan the surgical approach for tumor removal and nerve grafting.
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  • 70
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Experimental brain ischemia ; Brain oedema ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM*)-MRI has been performed on a clinical system at 0.5 tesla with a b gradient factor of 100 s/mm2, in a feline focal model of cerebral ischaemia. Images were obtained in 26 cats from less than 1 hour and up to 7–12 hours after stroke. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was decreased at the site of injury when compared to the contralateral normal side, by 30% in the first, 33% in 1–2 h and 27% in 2–4 h; it increased at 7–12 h, when vasogenic oedema occurred. IVIM*-MRI demonstrated early changes, due to cytotoxic oedema, during the acute phase of cerebral ischaemia to which conventional T2-weighted spin-echo imaging was not sensitive.
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  • 71
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Haemorrhage ; Traumatic intracerebral haematoma ; Contusion ; Oedema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood-fluid levels within the cerebral parenchyma are observed more frequently on CT and MRI in traumatic intracerebral haematomas than in those of other aetiologies. The intraparenchymal blood-fluid interface can be formed without a fluid cavity. It is suggested that the blood-fluid levels represent layering of red blood cells within areas of contusion necrosis as well as extensive contusion oedema. The more extensive the damage to brain tissue, the more often blood-fluid levels formed. A poorer outcome can be therefore predicted when an intraparenchymal blood-fluid interface is seen.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain motion ; Brain volume ; Arterial expansion ; Pulsation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain tissue movements were studied in axial, sagittal and coronal planes in 15 healthy volunteers, using a gated spin echo MRI sequence. All movements had characteristics different from those of perfusion and diffusion. The highest velocities occurred during systole in the basal ganglia (maximum 1.0 mm/s) and brain stem (maximum 1.5 mm/s). The movements were directed caudally, medially and posteriorly in the basal ganglia, and caudally-anteriorly in the pons. Caudad and anterior motion increased towards the foramen magnum and towards the midline. The resultant movement occurred in a funnelshaped fashion as if the brain were pulled by the spinal cord. This may be explained by venting of brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the tentorial notch and foramen magnum. The intracranial volume is assumed to be always constant by the Monro-Kellie doctrine. The intracranial dynamics can be viewed as an interplay between the spatial requirements of four main components: arterial blood, capillary blood (brain volume), venous blood and CSF. These components could be characterized, and the expansion of the arteries and the brain differentiated, by applying the Monro-Kellie doctrine to every moment of the cardiac cycle. The arterial expansion causes a remoulding of the brain that enables its piston-like action. The arterial expansion creates the prerequisites for the expansion of the brain by venting CSF to the spinal canal. The expansion of the brain is, in turn, responsible for compression of the ventricular system and hence for the intraventricular flow of CSF.
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  • 73
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Upper motor neurone involvement ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single photon emission computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MRI was performed in 21 patients and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) withN-isopropyl-p-123I iodoamphetamine in 16 patients, to visualize upper motor neurone lesions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. T2-weighted MRI revealed high signal along the course of the pyramidal tract in the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle in 4 of 21 patients. SPECT images were normal in 4 patients, but uptake was reduced in the cerebral cortex that includes the motor area in 11.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Trauma ; Corpus callosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-four children who sustained moderate to severe closed head injury underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eight (24%) had MRI evidence of corpus callosum injury, most commonly within the posterior body and splenium. In contradistinction to reports in adults, there was no definite relationship between callosal injury and lower initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores, nor was there a significantly higher incidence of primary brain-stem lesions, diffuse axonal shear injury or intraventricular hemorrhage. In none of these 8 children did the initial admission computed tomography show evidence of callosal injury. Callosal injuries on MRI are not necessarily a poor prognostic finding, the majority of the 8 children showing good functional recovery.
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  • 75
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 396-398 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy ; Central nervous system ; Delayed myelination ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serial MRI of the brain of a female infant with Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is presented. Initial MRI revealed diffuse abnormal signal in the cerebral white matter extending peripherally. On follow-up studies, the abnormal signals disappeared or decreased from the posterior to anterior, and from central to peripheral. These changes in signal intensity correlate well with the process of myelination as demonstrated in histochemical studies. It appears that the abnormal signals in FCMD are caused by delayed myelination. When abnormal signal intensity is seen in the cerebral white matter of a developmentally delayed infant, serial MRI may be used to follow the course of the illness.
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  • 76
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 399-401 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Chiari I malformation ; Brainstem glioma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Midbrain deformity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of Chiari malformation from intrinsic brainstem neoplasm in adults can be difficult. We report three patients presenting with brainstem signs, in whom midbrain abnormality was detected on computed tomography and interpreted as evidence of intrinsic tumour. Subsequent investigation by magnetic resonance imaging revealed evidence of Chiari I malformation in all three cases and a syrinx in two. The association of Chiari I with deformity of the midbrain or pons has not been described previously.
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  • 77
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral blood vessels ; Hemifacial spasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to investigate 14 patients with unilateral hemifacial spasm (HS) and 20 controls. The relationship of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves to adjacent vessels was best visualized on the contiguous flow sensitive 3D-FISP images. Reconstruction of projectional MRA was helpful to assess the complex architecture of the vertebrobasilar system. Neurovascular contact in the facial nerve root exit zone was present in 4 of 20 controls and in 12 of 14 patients, in whom it predicted the affected side. These results support previous findings of surgical and electrophysiological investigations that local irriation of the facial nerve is the most possible explanation for HS. MRI and MRA provide vascular and brain tissue diagnosis in a single non-invasive examination and should be recommended as primary neuroradiological procedure in HS.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Supracerebellar arachnoid cyst ; Tonsillar herniation ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A large supracerebellar arachnoid cyst was associated with herniation of the cerebellar tonsils and deformity of the cervicomedullary junction in an adult. Magnetic resonance imaging showed partial restoration of normal anatomy following surgery and clinical improvement, which helped in the formulation of a etiopathogenetic hypotheses.
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  • 79
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    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 428-429 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Radiation-induced meningioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Scalp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radiation-induced meningiomas have a characteristic biological behavirour, so that their recognition is important as regards follow-up. We stress the importance of a scalp lesion over the meningioma on magnetic resonance imaging as a sign of previous radiotherapy.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bacterial meningitis ; Blindness ; Visual evoked potentials ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cortical visual impairment (CVI) following bacterial meningitis is a very uncommon complication. Two children with CVI following bacterial meningits are reported. Bacterial agents wereHaemophilus influenzae type B in one and meningococci in the other child. Both children showed only insufficient recovery from CVI, mental retardation and residual neurological symptoms. Flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) showed preserved cortical response at onset of CVI. Re-evaluations several months later showed significantly reduced amplitudes, but normal latencies for P100. Thus, flash VEP does not allow prediction of visual outcome. MRI results have not been reported before. MRI at onset of diagnosis showed occipital parenchymal irregularities with enlarged sulci and subarachnoid spaces. Follow up MRI15 months after onset of CVI in one patient showed marked atrophy of the occipital cortex, hyperintensities of the cortical white matter and no visible optic radiation. The MRI findings indicate hypoxic-ischaemic lesions in the border zone between the distribution of the great cerebral arteries.
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  • 81
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    European journal of pediatrics 151 (1992), S. 861-863 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Familial cavernous angiomas of the brain ; Autosomal dominant inheritance ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A family with a history of cavernous angiomas of the brain was investigated by MRI. The disease was present in four generations of the family and is consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Amongst affected individuals, there was considerable variability in the extent of intraparenchymal cavernomas and neurological symptoms as a result of bleeding events. Three siblings manifested with seizures, two affected persons were symptomfree at the time of investigation, and one sibling had neurological symptoms without certain correlation with cavernomas. The disease appeared to have an earlier onset in younger generations.
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    European journal of pediatrics 151 (1992), S. 174-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Hypopituitarism ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the case of a newborn girl in whom hypopituitarism was diagnosed in the neonatal period. Clinical, biological and radiological evidence suggested that hypopituitarism must have existed before delivery, yet MRI findings were similar to those described in older children with hypopituitarism of later onset.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Hypopituitarism ; Arnold-Chiari malformation ; Syringomyelia ; Breech delivery ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report seven cases of hypopituitarism all having a history of breech delivery, asphyxia at birth, and syringomyelia. A small pituitary gland was found on MRI or CT in six cases, invisible pituitary stalk on MRI in five cases, and type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation in six cases. A constellation of these abnormalities are best explained by traction of brain and spinal cord of the subjects exerted during breech delivery and further support the primary role of birth trauma in the genesis of “idiopathic hypopituitarism”.
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    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pituitary MR studies ; Hypopituitarism ; Growth disorders ; Diabetes insipidus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to document potentially present morphostructural abnormalities of the hypothalamopituitary region in seven infants (age 0–21 months) who presented very early in life with clinical and biochemical evidence of hypopituitarism. Four infants had associated congenital cerebro-facial malformations. The following anatomical abnormalities were identified in variable combinations: ectopic neurohypophysis absence of the pituitary stalk, extreme elongation of the pituitary stalk, aplasia of the anterior pituitary lobe and no identification of the hypothalamopituitary complex. MRI proved to be very sensitive in the identification of structural malformations of the hypothalamopituitary region in infants with or without cerebro-facial malformations. AllhwuLll the magnetic resonance image does not appear to be a good predictor of endocrine dysfunction, it provides us more insight into the precise aetiology of this disorder and may be therefore of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic importance.
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    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 42-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Hypopituitarism ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary panhypopituitarism consists of functional deficiency of the anterior pituitary lobe, which appears during infancy or adolescence. The magnetic resonance findings in 10 patients with a history of primary hopopituitarism are presented. The findings include: reduced pituitary size in all cases: partially (8 cases) or totally (2 cases) empty sella; thin (4 cases), partially visible (3 cases) or absent (2 cases) pituitary stalk; absence of the posterior lobe in 9 cases: bright spot corresponding to an ectopic posterior lobe in 8 cases. These findings are similar to those already reported in pituitary dwarfism and may help under-genesis of the pathogenesis of the disease: which seems to he related to a pituitary stalk lesion.
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    European radiology 2 (1992), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Knee joint ; Meniscus ; Ligaments ; Cartilage ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The knee joint is frequently affected by trauma as well as degenerative and inflammatory disorders, involving the internal structures (i.e. ligaments, menisci, cartilage, synovial membrane) and the adjacent bones. Plain radiographs represent an indispensable basis for diagnosis. For further analysis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the method of choice, and has widely replaced computed tomography, arthrography and stress examinations. Extensive experience has been accumulated in MRI of the knee joint in recent years. In addition, advances in MRI technology have had a major impact on diagnostic accuracy. In this paper, diagnosis of various lesions of the knee joint, such as meniscal and ligamental injuries, aseptic necrosis, lesions of the hyaline cartilage, occult fractures and inflammatory lesions will be discussed.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was set up to see whether lowering the flip angle in proton density- and T2-weighted double-spin echo sequences allows for shortening of repetition time (TR) and imaging time without significant change of image quality. Ten patients with celebral white matter lesions were investigated with an 1.5 T MR scanner using a conventional long- TR double-spin echo sequence (TR = 2500 ms, TE = 15 and 70 ms) and reduced-TR double-spin echo sequences (TR = 1900 ms, TE = 15 and 70 ms) at flip angles of 90°, 80°, 70°, 60°, and 50°. Lowering the flip angle resulted in less T1-contrast and a relative increase of T2-contrast. At a flip angle of 70°, contrast-to noise ratios (NNRs) between lesions and brain, as well as image artifacts of the reduced-TR sequence (CNR: 22.4) were similar to the conventional long-TR sequence (CNR:21.1), while imaging time was shortened by about 25%.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Disque intervertébral ; Réintervention ; IRM ; Tomodensitométrie ; Saccoradiculographie ; Intervertebral disk ; Reoperation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The differentiation between scar tissue and disk herniation is essential in postdiskectomy problems of the lumbar spine, since reoperation on scar tissue alone is often unfavourable. Epidural scar is a vascularized tissue, and enhancement can be seen after intravenous contrast injection, allowing differentiation from avascular disk material. Ten patients who had previously undergone surgery for lumbar disk herniation and with recurrent symptoms severe enought to warrant repeat surgery were examined by myelography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) before reoperation. MRI was performed with T1- and T2-weighted sequences in sagittal and axial projections before and after intravenous contrast injection. CT scans were obtained before and during intravenous contrast infusion. Reoperation revealed scar tissue, alone or together with disk, in 9 of 10 patients. Enhancement of scar but not of disk material was observed on MRI in 8 cases, but in none on CT. No enhancement of disk was seen with either modality. The correct diagnosis was given by MRI in 9 of 10 patients and by CT in 3 of 10. CT was superior to MRI in only 1 patient, who had a bony stenosis. Myelography could not separate disk from scar in any case. In conclusion, contrast-enhanced MRI was superior to MRI without contrast, CT before and after contrast, as well as myelography in discriminating disk from scar tissue.
    Notes: Résumé Il est essentiel de faire la part entre la fibrose cicatricielle et une hernie discale au cours des récidives symptomatiques survenant après une discectomie lombaire, car la réintervention pour une fibrose cicatricielle isolée aboutit le plus souvent à un résultat défavorable. La fibrose épidurale est un tissu vascularisé qui peut être rehaussé par l'injection intra-veineuse d'un produit de contrast permettant de la distinguer du matériel discal avasculaire. Dix patients ayent été préalablement opérés pour hernie discale et présentant une récidive symptomatique assez sévère pour justifier un éventuel geste chirurgical, ont été explorés avant la réintervention par saccoradiculographie, IRM et tomodensitométrie. L'IRM a été rélisée avec des séquences pondérées en T1 (T1-w) et T2 (T2-w), dans les plans sagittal et transversal, avant et après injection d'un produit de contraste. Les coupes tomodensitométriques ont été réalisées avant et pendant la perfusion intraveineuse du produit de contraste. Chez 9 patients sur 10, la réintervention a mis en évidence le tissue cicatriciel, seul ou accompagné de substance discale. Dans 8 cas l'IRM a permis de mettre en évidence un rehaussement au niveau de la fibrose cicatricielle, sans aucune prise de contraste au niveau du disque; en aucun cas celà n'a été observé au scanner. Quelle que soit la modalité d'exploration, aucun rehaussement n'a été observé au niveau de la substance discale. Le diagnostic correct a été donné par l'IRM dans 9 cas sur 10 et par le scanner dans 3 cas seulement sur 10. La tomodensitométrie ne s'est montrée supérieure à l'IRM que chez un seul patient qui présentait une sténose canalaire osseuse. En aucun cas la saccoradiculographie n'a pu distinguer le disque du tissu cicatriciel. En conclusion, l'IRM avec injection de contraste est effectivement supérieure à l'IRM sans contraste, à la tomodensitométrie avec ou sans injection, ainsi qu'à la saccoradiculographie, pour distinguer la substance discale de la fibrose cicatricielle post-opératoire.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Manganese ; Macaca fascicularis ; Positron emission tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Basal ganglia ; Dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A series of positron emission tomography scans was made on two monkeys during a 16-month period when they received manganese(IV)oxide by subcutaneous injection. The distribution of [11C]-nomifensine uptake, indicating dopamine terminals, was followed in both monkey brains. The brain distributions of [11C]-raclopride, demonstrating D2 dopamine receptors, and [11C]-l-dopa, as a marker of dopamine turnover, were followed in one monkey each. The monkeys developed signs of poisoning namely unsteady gait and hypoactivity. The [11C]-nomifensine uptake in the striatum was reduced with time and reached a 60% reduction after 16 months exposure. This supports the suggestion that dopaminergic nerve endings degenerate during manganese intoxication. The [11C]-l-dopa decarboxylation was not significantly altered indicating a sparing of [11C]-l-dopa decarboxylation during manganese poisoning. A transient decrease of [11C]-raclopride binding occurred but at the end of the study D2-receptor binding had returned to starting values. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that the manganese accumulated in the globus pallidus, putamen and caudate nucleus. There were also suggestions of gliosis/edema in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. MRI might be useful to follow manganese intoxication in humans as long as the scan is made within a few months of exposure to manganese, i. e. before a reversal of the manganese accumulation.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Dementia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; High signal lesions ; Leukoaraiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathophysiology and clinical significance of high signal lesions, visualized on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), remain controversial. Since they are known to correlate with vascular disease and vascular risk factors, we reviewed the clinical correlates of periventricular high signal (PVH) and subcortical white matter lesions (WML) in a sample of 106 patients with probable AD, excluding persons with treated vascular risk factors or symptomatic cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Grade 2 PVH were seen in 26 (25%) and scattered WML were identified in 29 (18%). PHV were associated with advancing age and gait disturbance. WML were associated with gait disturbance and incontinence. Neither radiologic finding was related to dementia severity. The findings suggest that these lesions are common in patients with AD even when those with evidence of cerebrovascular disease are excluded; their presence, therefore, should not preclude a diagnosis of AD. Additionally, the data suggest that HSL on MRI may be one of many risk factors associated with functional disability in persons with probable AD.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Nervous system involvement ; Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six patients are described who developed a wide variety of neurological manifestations heralding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which included epileptic seizures, stroke, peripheral polyradiculoneuro pathy similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse my elopathy and multifocal disorders with remitting course mimicking multiple sclerosis. The peculiarity of these cases was that the neurological disorders remained the only manifestations of SLE for many years and the nervous system appeared to be the main target even after the development of systemic SLE. In five patients the prognosis was favourable and corticosteroid treatment led to prolonged remission.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 239 (1992), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Adrenoleukodystrophy ; Cerebellar ataxia ; Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 28-year-old man developed slowly progressive dysarthria and gait disturbance over 7 years. Neurological examination revealed marked ataxia of articulation and gait, mild ataxia and spasticity of all four limbs without intellectual, visual, auditory, sensory or sphincter dysfunction. No physical signs of adrenal hypofunction were found. However, analysis of fatty acid of plasma sphingomyelin showed an increase in very long chain fatty acids, compatible with the diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy. Computed tomography disclosed marked atrophy of the cerebellum and pons, and bilateral low-density lesions in the deep while matter of the cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging showed these lesions more clearly, as well as other lesions in the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles, despite the absence of cerebral white matter involvement at the time of presentation. This is a rare case of adrenoleukodystrophy presenting as spinocerebellar degeneration and showing marked atrophy and several parenchymatous lesions of the cerebellum and brain stem.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Putamen ; Globus pallidum ; Neuropathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The history of a 67-year-old woman with histologically proven Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (013) is presented. Before typical clinical and neurophysiological signs of CJD developed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed slightly enhanced signal intensity of the caudate nuclei and putamina in T2-weighted and proton density images, corresponding to spongiform degeneration in neuropathological examination. Five weeks later characteristical progressive cortical atrophy was demonstrated by follow-up MRI.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Regional cerebral blood flow ; Neuro-Behcet's syndrome ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single photon emission tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Conventional imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may show abnormalities in central nervous system Behcet's syndrome but is normal in some cases. Recently in two cases positron emission tomography has shown abnormalities in blood flow and glucose metabolism far more extensive than the abnormalities seen on CT and MRI scans in the same patients. We report a patient with neuro-Behcet's syndrome presenting with headache and personality change in whom CT and MRI brain imaging was normal, but regional cerebral blood flow imaging using single photon emission tomography with the tracer HMPAO showed extensive perfusion deficits which partially reversed after 3 months of prednisolone therapy. This technique may aid the diagnosis of cerebral involvement in Behcet's syndrome, although the cause and incidence of the perfusion deficits need further evaluation.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 73-75 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Shunt malfunction ; Cerebrospinal fluid shunt ; Cerebrospinal fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Shunt malfunction is common and its diagnosis may require invasive testing that may be inaccurate or result in complications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may prove to be a useful noninvasive test of shunt function as it has been shown that MRI is capable of measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows from 2 ml/h to 40 ml/h in model systems. Since flows in functioning shunt systems can be less than 2 ml/h, MRI must be sensitive enough to detect flow in this range in order to be a valid test for shunt function. Continuing previous studies, we have studied MRI flow-related enhancement at flow rates from 0 to 2 ml/h. Multiple spin echo scans (TR2000, TE20) were made through a specialized section of tubing in a model shunt system. The intensity of the MRI signal at points known to demonstrate maximal flow-related enhancement was measured. A linear relationship was demonstrated between signal intensity and flow as low as 0.8 ml/h. These results add support to the concept that MRI is sensitive enough to detect the lowest flows present in functioning shunt systems and therefore may be useful as a noninvasive test of shunt function.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 86-91 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Chiari II ; Meningomyelocele ; Posterior fossa ; Hindbrain dysfunction ; Skull base ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate whether anatomic change of the relationship of the Chiari II malformation and the cranial base was occurring, 22 children with meningomyelocele had serial MRI scans reviewed. A ratio (B/A) was established between the distance from the foramen magnum to the caudalmost portion of herniated cerebellum (B) and the diameter of the foramen magnum (A) and this ratio was compared on serial MRI scans. Eighteen children had an increase in the B/A ratio, two children had a decrease, and two had no change. This indicates that continuous anatomic change of the Chiari II malformation and the skull base is occurring. Clinical deterioration in the older child may be explained by a combination of compressive and traction forces due to this change.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Head injury ; Outcome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Frontal lobes ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To characterize the brain pathology in relation to long-term outcome after pediatric head injury, 55 children were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at least 3 months after sustaining moderate to severe closed head injury (CHI). Thirty-nine of the patients had abnormal signal intensity consistent with residual brain lesions, including 28 children with lesions involving the frontal lobes. The clinical features of children with frontal lesions, extrafrontal lesions, and diffuse injury were compared. The analysis disclosed that children with frontal lobe lesions were more frequently disabled than children who sustained diffuse injury. Our MRI findings indicate that residual brain lesions are more common after moderate to severe CHI in children than previously thought and that the frontal lobes are most frequently involved. Further investigation is indicated to elucidate whether distinctive cognitive and behavioral sequelae are associated with frontal lobe lesions in children.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Brain ; Spina bifida ; Enterogenous cyst ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A thoracic intradural extramedullary enterogenous cyst in association with a syringomeningomyelocele in a 5-year-old boy is presented. The pathogenesis of this rate association is discussed and the pertinen literature reviewed.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Chiari malformation ; Children ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Scoliosis ; Syringomyelia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The clinical presentations and radiological features of scoliosis accompanying syringomyelia were analyzed in 14 cases of syringomyelia associated with a Chiari malformation in children. Scoliosis was the initial symptom in 11 out of 16 patients (64%) with syringomyelia and present in 14 (88%) at the initial examination. The scoliosis associated with syringomyelia was characterized by a higher incidence of a single curve (6 cases, 43%) and convexity to the left (7 cases, 50%) than seen in idiopathic scoliosis. The syrinx was shifted to the convex side of scoliosis on the axial section at the middle or lower thoracie level in patients with a single curve, and at the cervical or upper thoracic level in patients with a double curve. The authors think that the scoliosis develops in children as a result of damage done to the anterior horn, which innervates the muscles of the trunk, by an asymmetrically expanded syrinx.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Epidermoid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain stem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors report the case of a 14-month-old baby boy with an epidermoid cyst located entirely within the pons and medulla, without an exophytic component. The lesion was examined by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The child was operated upon three times after two recurrences of the lesion. A suboccipital, subtonsillar approach was used for the first and second procedures and a transtemporal approach for the last one. Excision was thought to be complete the first time, since a solid tumor was found and removed in a large cyst. The cyst wall was not identified. No tumor was found during the second procedure despite recurrence of the cyst, which was drained without an attempt to remove the cyst wall. Finally the cyst recurred with a large tumor in the cyst wall which was again totally removed. Consistent with the high mortality of brain stem epidermoid cysts in the literature, the child eventually died. The therapeutic problems, surgical options, and consequences are discussed.
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