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  • 2000-2004  (43)
  • 1985-1989  (4,011)
  • 1975-1979  (4,278)
  • 1965-1969  (4,197)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (11,375)
  • Life Sciences  (1,154)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encyclopedia of molecular biology. (Four-volume set; first edition). New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999, 2878 pages with over 2,000 entries and 900 figures; £ 925.00, ISBN 0-471-15302-8 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 16-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomining: Theory, microbes and industrial processes. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag XII + 302 pages, 80 figures, 27 tables; DM 184.00 ISBN 3-540-63252-2 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 30-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic responses of biofilters to changes in the operating conditions in the process of removing toluene and xylene from air (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic behaviour of biofilters intended to remove toluene and xylene from air was studied during transient states. Laboratory scale biofilters were filled with a mixture of peat, bark and wood and inoculated with a mixed microbial population. Toluene and xylene were applied both as single pollutants and as mixtures. Attention was focused on the evaluation of the following transients: the response of biofilters to step changes and peaks in pollutant concentrations, the effect of changes between single and multiple pollutant loadings and the response to shutdown periods.The biofilters demonstrated a good dynamic stability during transient states induced by change in inlet pollutant concentrations. Their time periods did not exceed three hours. No interaction between xylene and toluene degradation was observed during changes in loading with single pollutants or their mixture. The performance interruptions lasting less than 24 hours were found to have no significant influence on the removal efficiency of biofilters. When the biofilters were reacclimated after longer starvation periods, a short temporary decrease in efficiency whose minimum and duration were proportional to the length of a preceding shutdown period was observed. The longest starvation period (7 days) resulted in a reacclimation lasting 7 hours only. Adaptations of a microbial population to new operating conditions as well as sorption/desorption processes were suggested as the main factors influencing the dynamic reponse characteristics.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo decolourization of the polymeric dye poly R-478 by corncob cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the in vivo decolourization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478 by semi-solid-state cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 (ATCC 24725) was investigated, employing corncob as a support. In order to stimulate the ligninolytic system of the fungus, the cultures were supplemented with veratryl alcohol (2 mM) or manganese (IV) oxide (1 g/l).Maximum manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) activities of around 2,000 U/l and 400 U/l were attained by the former, whereas the activities reached by the latter were of about 1,500 U/l and 200 U/l, respectively. Furthermore, laccase activity (around 150 U/l) was only detected in manganese (IV) oxide supplemented cultures.The polymeric dye Poly R-478 (0.02 w/v) was added to three-day-old cultures. A percentage of biological decolourization of about 85% was achieved using cultures supplemented with veratryl alcohol, whereas MnO2 cultures showed a rather lower percentage of around 58% after nine days of dye incubation. Moreover, a correlation between MnP activity and Poly R-478 decolourization could be observed, indicating that this enzyme is mainly responsible for dye degradation.In the present work, the in vivo decolourizing capability of the ligninolytic complex secreted by P. chrysosporium was investigated under the above-mentioned cultivation conditions, employing a model compound, such as the polymeric dye Poly R-478.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advanced primary treatment of waste water using a bio-flocculation-adsorption sedimentation process (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An advanced primary treatment process for a municipal waste water was systematically studied, using a bio-flocculation-adsorption, sedimentation and stabilzation process (BSS). It was shown that the organic removal efficiency was higher than that of the traditional primary treatment processes but lower than that of the traditional secondary treatment processes. Both adsorption and bio-flocculation played an important role in the removal of pollutants. The activated sludge within the bio-flocculation-adsorption tank could be considered a bio-flocculent which improved the quality of the effluent from the primary treatment process. As the effluent of the BSS process did not meet the requirements for a typical secondary effluent, the process may be regarded as an advanced (or enhanced) primary treatment process, suitable for waste water containing a high concentration of suspended solids and colloidal particles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airborne bacteria and fungal spores in the indoor environment. A case study in Singapore (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concentration of airborne fungal spores and bacteria as related to room temperature, humidity and occupancy levels within a library building in Singapore was determined. Measurement of indoor air quality with respect to microorganisms is of particular importance in tropical environments due to the extensive use of air-conditioning systems and the potential implications for human health. This study has revealed a number of interesting relationships between the concentrations of fungal spores and bacteria in relation to both environmental and human factors. The levels of fungal spores measured in the indoor environment were approximately fifty times lower than those measured outside, probably because of the lowered humidity caused by air-conditioning in the indoor environment. The variation in fungal spore concentration in the outdoor environment is likely to be due to the diurnal periodicity of spore release and the response to environmental factors such as light temperature and humidity. The indoor concentration of fungal spores in air was not clearly correlated to concentrations measured in air outside of the library building and remained relatively constant, unaffected by the difference in the numbers of occupants in the library. In contrast, the indoor concentrations of bacteria in air were approximately ten times higher than those measured outdoors, indicating a signficant internal source of bacteria. The elevated levels of indoor bacteria were primarily attributed to the number of library occupants. Increased human shedding of skin cells, ejection of microorganisms and particulates from the respiratory tract, and the transport of bacteria on suspended dust particles from floor surfaces probably accounts for the strong positive correlation between occupancy levels and the concentration of bacteria in internal air.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200111
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200201
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference Announcement. 11. Weltkongress biotechnology 2000 in Berlin: The molecular key for biotechnology (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 96-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200203
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innovative use of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for the biological machining of metals (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Preliminary results on the novel use of the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (ATCCJ 3598 and ATCC33020) for the micro-machining (or biomachinig) of metals are reported. Biomachning is a controlled microbiological process to selectively form microstrucutures on a metal work-piece by metal removal (or dissolution) using microorganisms. Applying copper and mild steel as work-pieces, it was shown that the mass removed increased proportionately with machining time. In another experiment, the work-pieces were coated with organic photo-resistive materials to mask (i.e. protect) certain regions of the metlas, thereby defining the microstructure to be formed. The unmasked regions were successfully biomachined; the final machined profile was shown to be similar to the coating image on the original metal. Although biomachining proceeded at a slower rate than chemical machining, the undesired leaching of the metal in the region under the masked area (termed undercutting) was not as severely encountered when compared with the latter. This work demonstrates the potential use of microorganisms for the biomachining of metals. As a “green process”, the innovative use of T. ferrooxidans for the micro-machining of metals opens up the possibility of biomachining as an alternative to conventional metal processing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200202
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of the bioavailability of hydrocarbons by applying nonionic surfactants during the microbial remediation of a sandy soil (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 99-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the microbial treatment of a sandy model soil artificially contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a large residual pollution was found. The remainig PAHs were sorbed into the micropores of the soil and were therefore not bioavailable. Using a lab-scale precolator, the microbially pretreated soil was subjected to aftertreatment with surfactants with the aim of further degradation of its pollution. Two commercial nonionic surfatants of the polyethoxylate type, Präwozell F1214/5 N and Sapogenat T-300, were used. The surfactants differ both in their physicochemical properties (CMC value, PAH solubilization capacity, adsorption onto soil) and in their microbial degradability. During aftertreatment under permanently aerobic conditions, only a weak PAH accumulation in the liquid phase was observed, which was due to a low solubilization rate as well as to simultaneous microbial degradation of the dissolved PAHs. Temporary anaerobiosis successfully suppressed the microbial degradation of both the surfactant and the solubilized PAHs, resulting in a more intensive PAH accumulation. But the PAH content of the soil - the essential criterion for evaluating the efficiency of surfactant application - was not decreased to a larger extent with surfactants than without them. To find out why the surfactants failed to act, the surfactant and hydrocarbon distribution among the liquid and solid phases was studied in mixtures of phenantherne-spiked solis and Präwozell-containig liquids; at heavy phenanthrene loading, the aqueous phase was saturated with PAH; at weak loading, it was unsaturated. Model-aided data analysis showed that the soil may contain PAH in two fractions: strongly sorbed into soil pores and, in the case of heavy loading, also weakly attached to the soil surface. The latter is easily extractable, resulting in a PAH-saturated liquid, while strongly adsorbed PAH is only partially dissolved due to competition between the micelles and the soil pores for the PAH. The microbially pretreated soil contains only strongly bound PAHs, which are as difficult to extract by surfactants as they are poorly accessible for microbes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200205
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of crude oil contamination on the bacterial community of semiarid soils of Patagonia (Argentina) (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 129-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Autochthonous bacteriocenoses in semiarid soils in Patagonia were found to be capable of rapidly adapting to high contamination with crude oil. This adaptation at community level is due to the selective enrichment of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria always present in these soils. Immediately after a heavy contamination with crude oil, the authochthonous bacteriocenosis contained about 28% hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria which could be classified into eight ecotypes with characteristic metabolic profiles. Mainly n-alkanes were used as growth substrates of representative strains. After seven months' exposure to crude oil, the bacteriocenosis consisted almost entirely of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. At least fourteen ecotypes were distinguishable, and the majority of representative strains were able to metabolize a broad spectrum of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Corresponding to the significant alteration of the physiological diversity, drastic changes to the taxonomic diversity were also found. Whereas at the beginning of the study the autochthonous bacteriocenoses were dominated by GRAM-positive genera of the Actinomycetales (Dietzia, Gordona, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces) with high ecological potency, after just two months' exposure to crude oil, GRAM- negative bacteria (especially Pseudomonas stutzeri) became predominant within the hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteriocenoses accompanied by some GRAM-positive genera of the Actinomycetales with a significantly lower abundance. These findings underline the importance of Pseudomonas and some genera of Actinomycetales for processes of natural attenuation and the technically supported in situ bioremediation of soil polluted by crude oil in Patagonia.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200207
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of some parameters of solid state fermentation of wheat bran for protease production by a local strain of Rhizopus oryzae (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 149-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some parameters of the production of an alkaline protease by Rhizopus oryzae in the solid state fermentation of wheat bran were optimized. Using the optimum parameters of an inoculum age of 7 days, an incubation time of 9 days, an amount of CZAPEK-DOX (liquid medium) of 6 ml/g bran and an incubation temperature of 33°C, an activity of 50 U/g bran was achieved. The initial pH of the CZAPEK-DOX medium had little effect. Re-incubation of mouldy bran with only fresh CZAPEK-DOX yielded 3 times total activity compared to single-cycle fermentation. As for the effect of the amount CZAPEK-DOX medium, the water constituent contributed more to activity increase than did the salt component. The ARRHENIUS activation energies were 23 and 7.9 kcal/mole below and above the optimum of 33°C, respectively. In all the studies, along with protease production, variation of protein content and specific activity were also observed. Attempts were made to explain the effects and also gauge their implications for large-scale production.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200209
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular genetics of plant development. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University, 365 pages, 165 figures, 2 tables; $ 39.95 (paperback) ISBN 0-521-58784-0 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 184-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200214
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200301
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 187-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200302
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of halogenated derivatives of benzoic acid to the corresponding alcohols by Desulfovibrio vulgaris PY1 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain PY1 was isolated from a 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3CBA) degrading anaerobic enrichment culture, using anaerobic Percoll density centrifugation. When grown on pyruvate (20 mM), in the absence of sulphate and under strict anaerobic conditions, this organism converted not only the co-substrates benzoate (BA), 3-amino-BA and 3CBA to the corresponding alcohols but also ten other different halogenated benzoic acids, viz., 4-Cl-, 3-Br-, 4-Br-, 3-I-, 3-F-, 4-F-, 2,4-di-Cl-, 2,5-di-Cl-, 3,4-di-Cl- and 3,5-di-Cl-BA. This was verfied with HPLC and GC/MS spectrometric analyses. The yields of the co-substrate converted after 30 days of growth were between 20% and 88%, depending on the compounds which had been added at initial concentrations of 500 μM. Sulphate, sulphite, thiosulphate and disulphite inhibited the formation of 3-Cl-benzyl alcohol (3CBOH), i.e. a 97 to 99% inhibition, and nitrate and sulphur had no effect (a 7-10% inhibition). In cell-free extracts, the reduction of 3CBA to 3CBOH required strict anaerobic conditions, pyruvate or H2 as electron donors and the addition of methylviologen (MV), FAD, FMN or ferredoxin as electron carriers. The specific activity of the reduction of 3CBA to 3CBOH in crude extract was 5.3 nmol/(mg protein min). The reaction was not inhibited by additions of sulphate or sulphite (5 mM), but was completely inhibited at concentrations of 10 mM 3CBA or 50 mM BA. A carboxylic acid reductase (aldehyde dehydrogenase), which acted on non-activated 3CBA and was responsible for the reduction of 3CBA to 3-Cl-benzaldehyde, was found in the solube fraction (94% of the total activity). These results demonstrate that strain PY1 was able to effectively reduce a wide range of halogenated benzoic acids to the corresponding alcohols.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200303
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socio-ecological strategies for future sustainability a review of an internet conference (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 203-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The recent upsurge in information technology has provided the international community with an easy access to professional journals (e.g. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology at http://www.ejb.org; etc.), discussion groups (e.g. bioenergy@cret.org; digestion@crest.org; etc.) and recently to electronic international conferences (e.g. ICIBS; http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidbiotech, etc.) as well as a series of biotechnological information material (e.g. http://www.psrast.org, etc.) to stay in contact and receive up-to-date information in biotechnology. There is no doubt that this new technology will be more cost effective in future and reach more people in communities around the globe.This review reports on one such an electronic conference aiming at bridging the communication gap between developed and developing countries. This conference dealt with integrated biosystems and has provided an excellent forum for more than 100 active participants from all regions of the world. As has been demonstrated in this review, the conference was able to show the very different approaches towards the use of biotechnology in developed and developing countries, cold and tropical climate regions owing to their different ecological, economical and societal problems. It also demonstrated very clearly that the field of molecular genetics and/or genetic engineering is not a priority issue in developing countries, but rather the need for clean technologies, multiproduct formation through socio-economic integrated biosystems, e.g. incorporating microbial waste management into agro-industries, in human activities and their roles in creating better health conditions, a better environment and sustain development.It is hoped that this review will lead to a greater use of the electronic facilities available to inform and educate both the northern and the southern communities more readily of their needs and requirements to improve understanding and efforts for a sustainable future.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200305
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of zeolites in the downstream processing of the character impact compound 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-furan-3-one (furaneol) (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose and scope of this article is to introduce capable zeolites into downstream processing of natural compounds, especially flavour compounds like 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furan-3-one (Furaneol®Furaeol is a registered trademark of FIRMENICH, Ch). The synthesis and the recovery of Furaneol from L-rhamnose are presented. Therefore adsorption isotherms of the zeolites ZSM5 and DAY with varying modules have been determined and adsorption experiments using model and reaction mixtures of Furaneol synthesis were performed and will be discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200309
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of aminium lactates in lactic acid fermentation. Fermentative production of 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate and its use as a starting material for the synthesis of dilactide (Part 2) (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 289-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fermentation process for manufacturing 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate from renewable raw materials and a method for processing this product into L,L-dilactide are described. Lactic acid fermentation with Lactobacillus paracasei was modified in such a way that pH control occurred by using an aqueous solution of piperazine as a correcting agent instead of sodium hydroxide solution. The production of a stoichiometrically composed piperazinium lactate was possible when the pH was 5.0. From 5.0 kg of glucose and 2.15 kg of piperazine, 6.65 kg of 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate were formed in the fermentation process. Separation from fermentation broth, purification and concentration of the product in aqueous solutions were carried out by means of ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and electrodialysis. Total product retention by the membranes used was about 33%. The crystalline salt was obtained by vacuum evaporation. Processing of the 1,4-piperazinium-(L,L)-dilactate into L,L-dilactide was performed in a special glass reactor. A product yield of 70% was achieved. The purified product was characterized by elementary analysis, as well as solubility behaviour, polarity and spectroscopic data. An overall process consisting of the stages fermentation, purification and concentration of piperazinium dilactate as well as cyclization of the latter to dilactide is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200310
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation into the biotechnological modification of wood and its application in the wood-based material industry (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the growing utilization of renewable raw materials, the technical use of lignocellulosic fibres from wood and other annual plant materials is becoming increasingly important. The conventional production process of fibreboards is characterized by high-energy consumption and use of ecologically insecure synthetic lesins. Approximately 40 to 45% of the total energy expenditure are used for the thermo-mechanical pulping. Because of high plastication temperatures, an inactive lignin crust on the fibre surface is formed. For that reason, for glueing of the fibres, urea formaldehyde and melamin resins are usually used. The costs for the resin amount to approximately 50% of the entire material costs. In addition, environmental problems are caused. The aim of our investigation is the reduction of energy and resin consumption by enzymatic modification of wood chips and the enzymatic activation of the inherent bonding strength of the material. The first industrial use of fungi for the modification of wood was in the production of “Myco wood”. Pleurothus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor were applied for nonsterile delignification of beech wood. The present investigation of the authors deals with the mycological pre-treatment of wood chips in order to reduce the energy consumption during wood pulping. The screening results favour the brown rotter Gleophyllum trabeum for pinewood (Pinus silvestris) and the white rotter Trametes hirsuta for beech (Fagus silvatica). Both species show resistance against mould fungi. The use of submerged inoculum of these fungi has the advantage over wheat inoculum that the lag phase is less than 12 hours and that the addition of nutrients or fungicides is not necessary. Short-time wood chip incubation results in a 40% decrease of energy consumption during thermo-mechanical pulping and in improved fibreboard properties. Lignin reduction could not be determined by gravimetrical and x-ray microanalysis.Comparative investigations of fibre incubation using laccase, a submerged culture of Trametes versicolor and rape straw fibres show a high increase in bending and tensile strength and an improvement in the hygroscopic properties of glue-free fibre boards for the last two incubation kinds. Similar effects have been obtained incubating pine wood fibres for the production of fibre sheets with enzyme medium of Trichoderma reseei.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200311
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    Biotechnological applications in the oil industry (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 335-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the 20th century, important relationships developed between the oil industry and both microbiological and biotechnological research. Basic microbiological research has played an important role in both the exploration and production sectors of the oil industry, but as the maturity of the industry has progressed, such contributions have been relegated with respect to their importance. With respect to refining and petrochemicals manufacture, process routes have been extensively researched, but only rarely have the biotechnological solutions developed satisfied the economic criteria that resulted in major investment. In fact, situations exist where investment has occurred, but project life was unrealistically short, suggesting a need for extreme caution when evaluating biotechnological processes for the oil industry. However, as far as engineered processes for both biotreatment and bioremediation are concerned, the fundamental research that has underpinned other areas of hydrocarbon microbiology will finally prove to be of both technical and economic value, in ensuring that the essential needs of treatment, rather than disposal, and restoration, rather than environmental destruction, can be satisfied by the oil and other industries involved in both geochemical manipulation and natural resource exploitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200314
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    The influence of growth rate and growth-limiting factors on the production of ice nuclei in Pseudomonas syringae CCM 4073 in continuous culture (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of different growth-limiting factors - namely the sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the dilution (growth) rate - on the ice-nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringe CCM 4073 was studied. A higher ice-nucleation activity was observed at a lower dilution (growth) rate (D = 0.1 h-1) than at a higher dilution (growth) rate (D = 0.3 h-1). Remarkable differences in ice-nucleation activity were found in its dependence on the growth-limiting factor. The highest ice-nucleation activity was observed under carbon limitation (T90 = -2.7°C), a medium activity under nitrogen limitation (T90 = -5°C) and lowest activity under phosphorus limitation (T90 = -12.3°C). After the addition of excess nitrogen or phosphorus to steady-state cultures, the ice-nucleation activity was restored.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200316
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    Continuous preparative liquid chromatography in the downstrem processing of biotechnological productsUpdate lecture from the 17 Annual Meeting of Biotechnologists (organized by the DECHEMA e. v.), Wiesbaden, 27-29 April 1999. (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous counter-current chromatographic processes have been successfully used in the petrochemical and sugar industry over the last 30 years. Only recently has simulated moving bed (SMB)-technology attracted widespread interest in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly as a very efficient system for chromatographic enantioseparation. The application of this technique to the downstream processing of biotechnological products requires some specific changes to meet the special demands of bioproduct isolation. Production processes are set up on an multi-ton scale, for example, for the purification of fructose with both yield and purity higher than 90%. Examples for other mono- and oligosaccharides are reported. In the purification of fatty acids or fat soluble vitamins, SMB technology under supercritical fluid conditions gives additional benefits and increases the productivity by a factor of four when a pressure gradient is applied. Another field of operation is the isolation of drug compounds from natural sources where different batch- and SMB-chromatographic steps could be successfully combined. First examples are reported for cyclosporine A and paclitaxel isolation. Finally, step-gradient elution modes can be used continuously, as demonstrated for the isolation of monoclonal antibodies.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200102
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    Imaging living cells. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag, 1999 XXI + 394 pages, 97 figures, 39 tables; DM 179.00 ISBN 3-540-65051-2 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 39-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200107
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    Manual of industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Washington, D. C.: ASM Press, 1999 830 pages; £ 59.00 ISBN 1-55581-128-0 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 65-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200110
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  • 27
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    Laborhandbuch für die Untersuchung von Wasser, Abwasser und Boden. Weinheim, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, XII + 232 pages, 43 figures, 46 tables; DM 78.00 ISBN 3-527-28888-0 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 74-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200112
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  • 28
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    Use of various coffee industry residues for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid state fermentation (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 41-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using coffee industry residues, viz. coffee husk, coffee leaves and spent coffee ground as substrates in solid state fermentation (SSF) to cultivate edible mushrooms Pleurotus. Eight strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and two strains of Pleurotus sajor-caju were screened on a medium prepared from aqueous extract of coffee husk and agar. Based on best mycelial growth (9.68 mm/day) and biomass production (43.4 mg/plate in 9 days at 24°C), the strain P. ostreatus LPB 09 was selected for detailed studies. SSF was carried out using these substrates under different moisture conditions (45-75%) and spawn rates (2.5-25%). In general, although a 25% spawn rate appeared superior, the 10% spawn rate was recommended for all the three substrates in view of the process economics, as there was not any significant difference in the increase with 10 to 15%. The ideal moisture content for mycelial growth was 60-65% for coffee husk and spent coffee ground, and 60-70% for coffee leaves. The biological efficiency (BE), which is defined as the ratio of the weight of fresh fruiting bodies to the weight of dry substrate, multiplied by 100, and which indicates the fructification ability of the fungus for utilizing the substrate, was best with coffee husk. With coffee husk as the substrate, the first fructification occurred after 20 days of inoculation, and the biological efficiency reached about 97% after 60 days. When coffee leaves were used as the substrate, no fructification was observed even upon prolonged cultivation. With spent ground as the substrate, the first fructification occurred 23 days after inoculation and the biological efficiency reached about 90% in 50 days. There was a significant decrease in the caffeine and tannin contents (61 and 79%, respectively) of coffee husk after 60 days. It was remarkable to observe that caffeine was adsorbed onto the fruiting body (0.157%), indicating that it was not completely degraded by the fungal culture. However, no tannins were found in the fruiting body, indicating that the fungal strain was capable of degrading them. The results showed the feasibility of using coffee husk and spent coffee ground as substrates without any pre-treatment for the cultivation of edible fungi in SSF, and provided one of the first steps towards an economical utilization of these otherwise unutilized or poorly utilized residues.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200108
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    A model for biopigment formation by Serratia marcescens biovar A2/6 in batch cultures containing lactic acid and beef extract (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Serratia marcescens biovar A2/A6 is able to produce a red pigment as a secondary metabolite which has antimicrobial activity. This paper describes its growth and biopigment formation in batch cultures, in media containing different concentrations of lactic acid and beef extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. An unstructured model has also been developed to describe its growth, lactic acid uptake and biopigment formation. The comparison of simulated and experimental data shows that the proposed model predicts reasonably well the system behaviour over a range of conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200113
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    Mutation breeding. Theory and Practical Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 353 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables; $ 120.00 ISBN 0-85404-750-6 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 97-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200204
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    Wastewater treatment by the HCR-processUpdated lecture from the 17 Annual Meeting of Biotechnologists (organized by the DECHEMA e.v.), Wiesbaden, 27-29 April 1999. (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 119-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing requirements in wastewater treatment have led to the development of new wastewater treatment processes based on the know-how and experience in reaction and process engineering of the chemical industry. Due to their compactness, closed operation and high flexibility, these new processes show a large potential for process integration and significant cost reduction in particular for highly polluted industrial wastewaters.This paper discusses the HCR (high-performance compact reactor) - process, developed at the Mass Transfer Laboratory of the Technical University of Clausthal within the last decade. This process has been realized in more than 30 technical applications with a volume loading of up to 70 kg COD/m3 d and an energy consumption of about 0.4 kWh per kg CODelim.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200206
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    Comprehensive cellulose chemistry. Weinheim, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto: Wiley-VCH Verlag. Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Analytical Methods. XXII + 260 pages, 65 figures, 57 tables; DM 234.00. Vol. 2: Functionalization of Cellulose. XVI + 389 pages, 121 figures, 63 tables; DM 264.00. ISBN 3-527-29413-9. ISBN 3-527-29489-9 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 147-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200208
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  • 33
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    Environmental interaction of Clays-Clays and the environment. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Barcelona, Budapest, Hong Kong, London, Milan, Paris, Singapore, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. XIV + 271 pages, 74 figures, 10 tables; DM 128.00. ISBN 3-540-58738-1 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 160-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200210
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  • 34
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    Sanitization of immobilized biocatalysts for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five different chemical reagents and γ-rays were tested for the sanitization of immobilized biocatalysts with high penicillin G acylase (PGA) activity. The most effective chemical reagents were N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol). The optimum concentration of CTAB for the treatment of the immobilized enzyme was 0.25% [w/v] and 1 h, for immobilized cells 0. [w/v] and 3 h. The optimum concentration of thymol for the immobilized enzyme was found to be 0.1% [w/v] and 1 h, for immobilized cells 0.27% [w/v] and 2 h. The optimum dose of γ-rays for the sanitization of the immobilized enzyme was established as 3.2 kGy, for immobilized cells as 4.5 kGy.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200211
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    Variation revealed by RAPD-PCR profiles of microsymbiont Anabaena azollae strains from four N2 fixing Azolla cultures (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrogen fixing Anabaena azollae strains isolated from four different Azolla cultures were characterized based on their total protein profile and RAPD profile to study the existing variation among them. As expected, the isolates showed almost similar protein banding patterns, but exhibited differences in 40-70 KDa protein subunits. Polymerase chain reaction of the DNA of the isolates, using four different primers, amplified specific sequences of DNA and showed clear polymorphism among the isolates. The RAPD profile generated the fingerprinting pattern characteristic of each strain based on the sequence of the primers used. Common band sharing observed between the strains A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-AM and A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-RP probably represents maternal inheritance of DNA to the progeny. The polymorphic bands were generated specifically for the isolates A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-RP and A. azollae-RS-KK-SK-AM with primers numbered 2 and 4, respectively, which could be developed as possible markers for these isolates.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200212
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    Development of transgenic rice pure lines by particle bombardment-mediated transformation and genetic analysis-based selection (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mature seed-derived callus from an elite Chinese japonica rice cv. Eyl 105 was transformed with a plasmid containing the selectable marker hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and the reporter β-glucuronidase (gusA) genes via particle bombardment. After two rounds of selection on hygromycin (30 mg/l)-containing medium, resistant callus was transferred to hygromycin (30 mg/l)-containing regeneration medium for plant regeneration. Twenty-three independent transgenic rice plants were regenerated from 127 bombarded callus with a transformation frequency of 18.1%. All the transgenic plants contained both gusA and hpt genes, revealed by PCR/Southern blot analysis. GUS assay revealed 18 out of 23 plants (78.3%) proliferated on hygromycin-containing medium had GUS expression at various levels. Genetic analysis confirmed Mendelian segregation of transgenes in progeny. From R2 generations with their R1 parent plants showing 3:1 Mendelian segregation, we identified three independent homozygous transgenic rice lines. The homozygous lines were phenotypically normal and fertile compared to the control plants. We demonstrate that homozygous transgenic rice lines can be obtained via particle bombardment-mediated transformation and through genetic analysis-based selection.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200213
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    Gentechnik, Biotechnik. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 632 pages, 53 tables, 500 figures; DM 168.00 ISBN 3-8047-1597-4 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 202-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200304
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    Flow cytometric monitoring of Rhodococcus erythropolis and Ochrobactrum anthropi in a mixed culture (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The GRAM-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis K2-3 and the GRAM-negative Ochrobactrum anthropi K2-14 are capable of synergistically degrading 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB). The two strais execute this task in a symbiotic manner, but the nature of the interaction involved in the degradation is only partially understood as yet. An essential first step in elucidating the interaction is to be able to monitor the two strans separately, at the cellular level, within mixed populations. Therefore a method exploiting fluorescently labelled lectin probes was developed. Since Concanavalin A (Con A) binds specifically to R. erythropolis K2-3, it was selected and linked to the fluoresent dye Bodipy 630/650, which has an excitation maximum in the red part of the visible light spectrum. Forward light scatter (FSC) and DNA fluorescence from both strains were also measured to obtain simultaneous information about their physiological states. The three parameters were conveniently monitored by dual and triple excitation flow cytometry in conjunction with double fluorescent staining techniques. In addition, the strains were identified using an epifluorescence microscope. These techniques were found powerful tools for the population analysis of this mixed bacterial system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200306
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    Chemical sensors and biosensors for medical and biological applications. Chichester, New York, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons XII + 413 pages, 82 figures, 41 tables; DM 198.00, ISBN 3-527-28855-4 (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 234-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200307
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  • 40
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    Scientific methodology for complex systems: Macroscopic patterns in eco- and anthropo-sphere (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 235-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A quite unconventional, innovative scientific methodology called “macroscopic pattern analysis” is presented in this paper. This approach is more adequate in the case of complex systems than the well-known microscopic, mechanistic approach. Complex systems are not only attracting more engineering interest, but their scientific treatment is increasingly wanted by society due to the manifold problems in Earth's ecosphere. The macroscopic pattern approach will be explained in depth and illustrated in some case studies from the ecosphere (sustainability, hurricanes and avalanches), where nature serves as a teacher for the solution of the sustainability problem. Then, a series of case studies on macropatterns are described showing the problem-solving capacity for anthropo- and technosphere: sustainability in society with an index of sustainability, the eco-social market economy with eco-tech as an instrument, biokinetics, bioreactor mixing and integrated bioprocessing with models, design of cars and houses and even quality of life as an attempt to quantify macropatterns.The innovations are briefly compared in their problem-solving capacity with known approaches such as the microscopic method in science, technology and society (free market economy), including the evaluation of other indices and cleaner production, industrial ecology and zero emission initiative. Finally, a deeper integration of sciences, ethics, arts and nature will be introduced based on the vision with macroscopic pattern analysis, where the different domains of human life are integratable to effect a reconciliation.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200308
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    Press Release (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 334-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200313
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  • 42
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    The impact of hydrocarbon remediation (diesel oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on enzyme activities and microbial properties of soil (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 313-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The impact of hydrocarbon remediation on several enzyme activities (catalase, dehydrogenase, lipase, protease, urease, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) and microbial properties (biomass-C, respiration, N-mineralization, qCO2, microbial counts) was evaluated in a laboratory study over a period of 10 weeks. A pristine soil was contaminated with diesel oil (10 mg/g soil) or with a mixture of phenanthrene and naphthalene (total amount 1 mg/g soil) and supplemented with inorganic nutrients to give a C:N ratio of 20:1. The corresponding controls consisted of uncontaminated nutrient-supplemented soil. Oil contamination caused a significant initial increase of all biological parameters measured. In the presence of PAHs, biomass-C, respiration, protease activity and heterotrophic counts were significantly enhanced, while urease activity was depressed. N-mineralization was initially, however, reversibly inhibited in the presence of oil and PAHs.The measured parameters behaved differently over time: Biomass-C, respiration and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity reached a maximum activity after about 2-5 weeks, corresponding to the period during which the majority of hydrocarbons disappeared, and declined thereafter to the background level. Activities of catalase and dehydrogenase also followed this pattern, however, were characterized by fluctuations. Activities of lipase, protease, urease and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis increased and remained almost constant throughout the incubation period.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200312
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  • 43
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    Action as a dynamic property of the genotype × environment interation implications for biotechnology (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 351-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The action resonance theory (ART), a hypothesis based on a logical extension of EINSTEIN's theory of Brownian movement, suggests that the genotype × environment interaction can be modelled as forceful encounters of the gene-products of an organism with its environment. This model has implications for molecular and cell biology, morphogenesis, evolutionary development via mutation, the mechanism of natural selection and overall function of ecosystems, extending SCHRÖDINGER's programme for molecular biology. Action, a thermodynamic property with the same physical dimensions as angular momentum and PLANCK's quantum of action, is proposed to be reversibly generated as a result of the molecular exchange of quanta, which become resonant at equilibrium, corresponding to an optimum degree of entropy and action for living systems. Because the theory can potentially predict solutions to unsolved problems such as the folding of proteins it has strong implications for successful genetic modification of organisms and for biotechnology in general; the design of a programme of research to test this theory is proposed. A key element in this research programme, improving productivity and sustainability, would be the need to select genetically modified strains in the ecological environment or niche in which they are required to function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200315
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  • 44
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    Synthesis and X-ray characterization of double oxides of the formula Cr1-xW1+xO4 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung und röntgenographische Charakterisierung von Doppeloxiden der Formel Cr1-xW1+xO4Mixed-Valenz-Verbindungen der Formel Cr1-xW1+xO4 wurden bei 1300°C dargestellt. Aus Röntgenbeugungsdiagrammen konnten drei verschiedene Phasen identifiziert werden, eine vom Rutiltyp für 0,40 ≤ x ≤ 0,50 und zwei andere mit Rutil-ähnlichen Strukturen bzw. vom CrWO4-Typ für 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,25 und vom WO2-Typ für 0,80 ≤ x ≤ 1.
    Notes: Mixed valency compounds of formula Cr1-xW1+xO4 have been prepared at 1300°C. Three phases have been identified by X-ray diffraction: one of rutile type for 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 0.50 and two others with rutile-related structures, i. e. of CrWO4-type for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25 and of WO2-type for 0.80 ≤ x ≤ 1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690116
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  • 45
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    Dihalogen(pentafluorphenyl)sulfonium(IV)-hexafluoroarsenat C6F5SX2+AsF6- (X = Cl, Br) und Kristallstruktur von Di(pentafluorphenyl)sulfan (C6F5)2S (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 158-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dihalogen(Pentafluorophenyl)sulfonium(IV) Hexafluoroarsenate C6F5SX2+AsF6- (X = Cl, Br) and Crystal Structure of Di(pentafluorophenyl)sulfane (C6F5)2SThe preparation and spectroscopic characterisation of the halogensulfonium salts C6F5SCl2+AsF6- and C6F5SBr2+AsF6- is reported. The new salts are much more stable than their trifluoromethyl derivatives.In addition the crystal structure of (C6F5)2S is reported. Space group P43212, Z = 4, 478 unique observed diffractometer data, Rint. = 0.07, lattice constants: a = 569.0(5) pm, c = 3785.8(22) pm, V = 1225 times; 10-30 m3.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung und spektroskopische Untersuchung der Sulfoniumsalze C6F5SCl2+AsF6- und C6F5SBr2+AsF6- berichtet. Die neuen Salze sind bedeutend stabiler als ihre Trifluormethyl-Homologen.Ergänzend wird die Kristallstruktur von (C6F5)2S mitgeteilt. Raumgruppe P43212, Z = 4, 478 unabhängige Reflexe, Rint. = 0,07, Gitterkonstanten: a = 569,0(5) pm, c = 3785,8(22) pm, V = 1225×10-30 m3.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690117
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  • 46
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    Berichtigung (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 192-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690121
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  • 47
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    Complex copper(II) fluorides. X. The ternary system BaF2—CuF2—InF3 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Komplexe Kupfer(II)-fluoride. X. Das ternäre System BaF2—CuF2—InF3Das flüssig-fest-Gleichgewichtsdiagramm des InF3—BaF2-Systems wird mittels DTA bestimmt. Die Fluoride BaInF5, das dimorphe Ba3In2F12 und auch eine kubische Phase Ba1-xInxF2+x, deren Struktur sich von der des BaF2 ableitet, wurden gefunden. Die zwei Formen des Ba3In2F12 geben feste Lösungen. Ein isothermer Ausschnitt des ternären Systems BaF2—CuF2—InF3 bei 540°C wird angegeben. Er zeigt die Existenz nur eines quaternären Fluorides: tetragonales BaCuInF7.
    Notes: The liquid-solid equilibria diagram of the InF3—BaF2 system is established by D.T.A. The fluorides BaInF5, the dimorphic Ba3In2F12, and also a cubic phase Ba1-xInxF2+x, the structure of which derives from that of BaF2, are disclosed. The two forms of Ba3In2F12 give solid solutions. An isothermal section of the ternary system BaF2—CuF2—InF3 at 540°C is given. It shows the existence of only one quaternary fluoride: tetragonal BaCuInF7.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690118
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  • 48
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    Zum chemischen Transport von Chrom- und Manganmonophosphid mit Iod - Experimente und Modellrechnungen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 192-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690122
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  • 49
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    Beiträge zur Chemie N-organylsubstituierter Metallamide. XIX. Umsetzung von [Co(NPh2)2]2 mit CO - ein neuer Weg zur Synthese eines Innerkomplexes des Cobalt(II) mit einem Anthranilsäurederivat; Molekularstruktur von [Co(NPh(o—C6CONPh2))2] (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of N-substituted Metal Amides. XIX. Reaction of [Co(NPh2)2]2 with CO - a New Way for the Synthesis of an Chelate Complex of Cobalt (II) with an Derivative of Anthranilic Acid; Molecular Structure of [Co(NPh(o—C6H4CONPh2))2]Reaction of CO (1 atm, room temperature) with [Co(NPh2)2]2 (I) in benzene (mole ratio 3 : 1) gives Co(CO)3(NPh2)4(benzene)1·6 (II). By adding more CO to the reaction mixture (mole ratio 6 : 1) Co4(CO)12 (III) and a dark red compound of the analytical composition C50H38CoN4O2 (IV) could be isolated. The structure of the red compound was determined by X-ray diffraction. This investigation show IV to be a cobalt(II) complex of an derivative of the anthranilic acid, [Co(NPh(o—C6H4CONPh2))2] (IV). The cobalt coordination in this compound is a distorted tetrahedron. Crystal data of IV: space group P1 with a = 12.449(1) Å, b = 12.431(1) Å, c = 13.223(1) Å, α = 95.47(1)°, β = 95.37(1)°, γ = 94.10(1)°, and Z = 2.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von CO (1 atm, Raumtemperatur) mit [Co(NPh2)2]2 (I) in Benzen im Molverhältnis 3 : 1 entsteht Co2(CO)3(NPh2)4(benzen)1,6 (II); im Molverhältnis 6 : 1 bildet sich ein Reaktionsgemisch, aus dem Co4(CO)12 (III) sowie eine dunkelrote Verbindung der analytischen Zusammensetzung C50H38CoN4O2 (IV) isoliert werden kann. Die Röntgenstruktur-bestimmung von IV ergab, daß es sich um den ein Anthranilsäurederivat als Liganden enthaltenden Komplex [Co(NPh(o—C6H4CONPh2))2] IV handelt, der eine verzerrt tetraedrische Koordination aufweist.Kristalldaten für IV: Raumgruppe P1 mit a = 12,449(1) Å, b = 12,431(1) Å, c = 13,223(1) Å, α = 95,47(1)°, β = 95,37(1)°, γ = 94,10(1)° und Z = 2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690120
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  • 50
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    Formation and transformation of δ-Nb2O5 solid solutions in the system Nb2O5—Al2O3 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bildung und Umwandlung von festen Lösungen des δ-Nb2O5 im Nb2O5—Al2O3-SystemIm System Nb2O5—Al2O3 werden (bis 50 Mol-% Al2O3) mit metastabilem, hexagonalem δ-Nb2O5 feste Lösungen gebildet, bei der Präparation aus den amorphen Substanzen, die durch simultane Hydrolyse von Niob- und Aluminiumalkoxid erhalten werden. Die Werte des Gitterparameters a sind unabhängig von der Zusammensetzung, während der Parameter c linear abnimmt mit steigendem Al2O3-Gehalt. Der übergang δ-Nb2O5 (orthorhombisch) erfolgt bei 640°C bis 700°C. Die 50 Mol-% Al2O3-enthaltende feste Lösung geht bei 800° bis 860°C in monoklines NbAlO4 über.
    Notes: In the system Nb2O5—Al2O3, solid solutions of metastable δ-Nb2O5 (hexagonal) are formed up to 50 mol% Al2O3 from amorphous materials prepared by the simultaneous hydrolysis of niobium and aluminium alkoxides. The values of the lattice parameter a are relatively constant regardless of composition, while parameter c decreases linearly with increasing Al2O3 content. The δ- to γ-Nb2O5 (orthorhombic) transformation occurs at ≍ 640°C to ≍ 700°C. The solid solution containing 50 mol% Al2O3 transforms to monoclinic NbAlO4 at 800° to 860°C.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690119
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    Masthead (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 570 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895700101
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  • 52
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    Die Reaktion des tert.Butyl-lithiums mit Aluminiumtribromid; Molekülstrukturen von [HAl(CMe3)2]3 und [LiHAl(CMe3)3]2 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 570 (1989), S. 37-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of tert.Butyl-lithium with Aluminiumtribromide; Molecular Structures of [HAl(CMe3)2]3 and [LiHAl(CMe3)3]2The reaction of tert.butyl-lithium with aluminiumtrihalide at low temperatures was reinvestigated. Four compounds were isolated: trimeric di(tert.butyl)alane(III) 1, monomeric (solution in benzene)/dimeric (solid state) lithium-tri(tert.butyl)alanate(III) 2, tri(tert.butyl)alane 3 and lithium-tetra(tert.butyl)alanate 4. X-ray structure analyses gave a planar sixmembered Al—H heterocycle for 1 and a Li—H-bridged dimer showing intramolecular interactions of lithium with C—H σ-bonds for 2.
    Notes: Die Reaktion des tert.Butyl-lithiums mit Aluminiumtrihalogenid bei tiefen Temperaturen wurde neu untersucht. Dabei isolierten wir: das trimere Di(tert.butyl)alan(III) 1, das monomere (benzolische Lösung)/dimere (Festkörper) Lithium-tri(tert.butyl)alanat(III) 2 sowie Tri(tert.butyl)alan 3 und Lithium-tetra(tert.butyl)alanat 4. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse ergab einen planaren sechsgliedrigen Heterozyklus aus Al—H-Einheiten für 1 und ein über Li—H-Brücken verknüpftes Dimeres mit intramolekularen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Lithiumatomen und C—H-σ-Bindungen für 2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895700103
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  • 53
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    Zur Kenntnis von Ammonium-pentanitratopraseodymat und -neodymat (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Ammonium Pentanitrato Praseodymate and Neodymate(NH4)2[Pr(NO3)5] · 4 H2O (I) and (NH4)2[Nd(NO3)5] · 4 H2O (II) were obtained from Pr6O11 and Nd2O3 by reaction with nitric acid and NH4NO3. The fixed water molecules could be removed completely with formation of [NH4]2[Pr(NO3)5] (III) and [NH4]2[Nd(NO3)5] (IV). The i.r. spectra indicate only symmetrically bonded bidentate NO3- ligands. The water molecules are bonded as well by hydrogen bridges to NH4+ ions as by EDA interaction to the lanthanoid atoms. Therefore, the constitution of the complexes is described more exactly by the formula [NH4]2[Ln(NO3)5(H2O)2] · 2 H2O.
    Notes: (NH4)2[Pr(NO3)5] · 4 H2O (I) und (NH4)2[Nd(NO3)5] · 4 H2O (II) lassen sich durch Umsetzung von Pr6O11 bzw. Nd2O3 mit Salpetersäure und Ammoniumnitrat erhalten. Beide Komplexe ließen sich vollständig dehydratisieren unter Bildung von [NH4]2[Pr(NO3)5] (III) bzw. [NH4]2[Nd(NO3)5] (IV). Die Auswertung der IR-Spektren zeigt, daß in den Komplexen ausschließlich zweizähnig gebundene Nitratliganden vorliegen. I und II enthalten unterschiedlich gebundene Wassermoleküle, die teils über Wasserstoffbrücken an die NH4-Ionen, teils koordinativ an die Lanthanoidatome gebunden sind. Die Konstitution dieser Komplexe wird deshalb exakter durch die Formel [NH4]2[Ln(NO3)5(H2O)2] · 2 H2O beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690110
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    Über die Reaktionen von N-Chloracetonimin mit Molybdänpentachlorid und Wolframhexachlorid Die Kristallstruktur von Me2C=NH2[MoOCl4] (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of N-Chloroacetoneimine with Molybdenum Pentachloride and Tungsten Hexachloride. Crystal Structure of Me2C=NH2[MoOCl4]WCl6 reacts with N-chloroacetoneimine under elimination of chlorine and formation of pentachloro-isopropylideneimino-tungsten(VI), Cl5W=N=CMe2, a brown-black crystal powder, which was characterized by i.r. spectroscopy. MoCl5 reacts in a similar way, although only a product mixture can be obtained. Partial hydrolysis of this mixture yields isopropylideneiminium-tetrachlorooxomolybdate(V), Me2C=NH2+[MoOCl4]-, of which the crystal structure was determined (2323 unique observed reflexions, R = 0.049). Space group P21/c, Z = 4, a = 878.6, b = 907.2, c = 1252.2 pm, β = 91.29°. The compound consists of Me2C=NH2+ ions with a planar arrangement of the skeletal atoms and a CN bond length of 126.7 pm and of dimeric, centrosymmetric anions [MoOCl4]22- having Mo atoms linked via asymmetric chloro bridges (MoCl distances 238.4 and 307.6 pm). The longer Mo—Cl contacts are located in the trans-positions of the terminal oxoligands (MoO distance 164 pm).
    Notes: WCl6 reagiert mit N-chloracetonimin unter Chlorabspaltung und Bildung von Pentachlor(isopropylidenimido)wolfram(VI), Cl5W=N=CMe2, einem schwarzbraunen Kristallpulver, das durch sein IR-Spektrum charakterisiert wird. ähnlich verläuft die Umsetzung mit MoCl5, wobei allerdings kein einheitliches Produkt isoliert werden kann. Durch partielle Hydrolyse entsteht aus diesen Produkten Isopropylideniminiumtetrachloro-oxomolybdat(V), Me2C=NH2+[MoOCl4], von dem wir eine Kristallstrukturanalyse angefertigt haben (2323 unabhängige beobachtete Reflexe, R = 4,9%). Raumgruppe P21/c, Z = 4, Gitterabmessungen: a = 878,6; b = 907,2; c = 1252,2 pm; β = 91,29°. Die Verbindung besteht aus Kationen Me2C=NH2+, deren Gerüstatome in einer Ebene liegen und die eine CN-Bindungslänge von 126,7 pm haben, sowie zentrosymmetrischen dimeren Anionen [MoOCl4]22-, deren Mo-Atome über asymmetrische Chlorobrücken mit Mo—Cl-Abständen von 238,4 pm und 307,6 pm verknüpft sind. Die langen Mo—Cl-Kontakte befinden sich in trans-Stellung zu den terminal gebundenen Oxoliganden (Abstand MoO = 164 pm).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690107
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    Bindungsverhältnisse in kristallinen Phasen von Caesiumhydrogensulfid, CsHS und CsDS (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 117-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Bonding in Crystalline Phases of Cesium Hydrogensulfides, CsHS and CsDSReaction of liquid hydrogensulfide, H2S and D2S respectively, with cesium at room temperature in pressure resistant glass tubes quickly gives the crystalline hydrosulfides, CsHS and CsDS. The compounds are characterized by thermochemical, X-ray, and neutron diffraction data.Three solid phases of CsDS are observed as a function of temperature: Changes in chemical bonding are discussed with respect to temperature and in comparison with alkali metal hydroxides, amides, halides, and further hydrogensulfides.
    Notes: Flüssiger Schwefelwasserstoff, H2S bzw. D2S, reagiert bei Raumtemperatur in druckfesten Glasgefäßen schnell mit Caesium, wobei kristallines Caesiumhydrogensulfid, CsHS bzw. CsDS entsteht. Thermochemische, Röntgen- und Neutronenbeugungsdaten charakterisieren die Verbindungen. Drei feste Phasen von CsDS wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur beobachtet: Änderungen der chemischen Bindung werden in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und durch Vergleich mit Alkalimetallhydroxiden, -amiden und -halogeniden sowie weiteren -hydrogensulfiden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690112
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    Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von Lithiumhydrogensulfid, LiHS (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Crystal Structure of Lithiumhydrogensulfide, LiHSLithiumhydrogensulfide, LiHS, is prepared from lithiumamide, LiNH2, by reaction with liquid hydrogensulfide. At 150°C the solubility of LiHS in H2S is sufficient for the growth of single crystals in a temperature gradient within the autoclaves used. The X-ray structure determination at 295 K is characterized by the following data: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{{{\rm P4}_{\rm 2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P4}_{\rm 2} } {{\rm mmc,\;Z = 2,\;a = 3.916}\left({\rm 2} \right){\AA},\;c = 6.155\left(2 \right){\AA},}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm mmc,\;Z = 2,\;a = 3.916}\left({\rm 2} \right){\AA},\;c = 6.155\left(2 \right){\AA},}}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Z}\left({{\rm F}_{\rm 0}^{\rm 2} \ge 3\sigma \;{\rm F}_{\rm 0}^{\rm 2} } \right) = 74,\;{\rm R = 0.011}{\rm .}} \hfill \\\end{array} $$\end{document} Lithium occupies tetrahedral sites in a distorted cubic close-packed arrangement of S; in PtS sulfur occupies tetrahedral sites in a similar way in a distorted close packing of Pt. Hydrogen atoms of the HS--ions are dynamically disordered in a split position linearly bound to S. At 228 K a thermal effect occurs in DSC-measurements indicating that below this temperature the HS--ion has fixed positions.
    Notes: Zur Darstellung von Lithiumhydrogensulfid, LiHS, wurde Lithiumamid, LiNH2, in flüssigem Schwefelwasserstoff protolysiert. Bei 150°C reicht die Löslichkeit von LiHS in H2S für die Einkristallzüchtung im Temperaturgefälle von Autoklaven aus. Die röntgenographische Strukturbestimmung bei 295 K ist durch folgende Daten charakterisiert: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{{{\rm P4}_{\rm 2} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P4}_{\rm 2} } {{\rm mmc,\;Z = 2,\;a = 3,916}\left({\rm 2} \right){\AA},\;c = 6,155\left(2 \right){\AA},}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm mmc,\;Z = 2,\;a = 3,916}\left({\rm 2} \right){\AA},\;c = 6,155\left(2 \right){\AA},}}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Z}\left({{\rm F}_{\rm 0}^{\rm 2} \ge 3\sigma\; {\rm F}_{\rm 0}^{\rm 2} } \right) = 74,\;{\rm R = 0,011}{\rm .}} \hfill \\\end{array} $$\end{document} In einer verzerrt kubisch flächenzentrierten Anordnung von S besetzt Li Tetraederlücken wie S in der ähnlich verzerrten Kugelpackung von Pt in PtS. Die Hydrogenatome der HS--Ionen sind in zwei linear über S verbundenen Positionen dynamisch fehlgeordnet. DSC-Messungen zeigen bei 228 K einen thermischen Effekt, der die Lagefixierung des HS--Ions vermuten läßt.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Quantenchemische Modellrechnungen zur Baugruppenwanderung in Hexafluorosilicaten (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Quantum Chemical Model Calculations on the Migration of Si—F Groups in HexafluorosilicatesThe transport of different Si—F species was simulated using two [SiF6]2- octahedra as example. Activation barriers and charge distributions were calculated with the EHT method.Bearing in mind the structure of cubic hexafluorosilicates calculations were carried out on the migration both along an edge and along a (110) face of the elementary cell. At first [SiF2]2+ and SiF4 groups were removed from an [Si2F12]4- unit to produce a surface vacancy. During a second step planar SiF4 groups were moved to the neighbouring lattice position.A diffusion of planar SiF4 is favoured, if the electrostatic interaction between moved and fixed fluorine atoms is as small as possible.
    Notes: Das EHT-Verfahren wurde genutzt, um am Beispiel von zwei [Sif6]2--Baueinheiten den Transport verschiedener SiF-Spezies zu simulieren und dabei die auftretenden Aktivierungsbarrieren und Ladungsverteilungen zu berechnen. Ausgehend von der Struktur kubischer Alkalihexafluorosilicate wurden Rechnungen zum Transport entlang der Kante und entlang einer (110)-Fläche der Elementarzelle durchgeführt. Dabei wurden zunächst [SiF2]2+- bzw. SiF4-Gruppen aus dem [Si2F12]4--Verband zur Schaffung eines freien Oberflächenplatzes entfernt. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden im Modell [SiF8]4- planare SiF4-Gruppen zum jeweils benachbarten Gitterplatz transportiert.Der Transport eines [SiF2]2+-Moleküls erfordert einen wesentlich höheren Energieaufwand als der Transport von planarem SiF4. Eine Diffusion von planarem SiF4 wird begünstigt, wenn eine möglichst geringe elektrostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den bewegten und feststehenden Fluoratomen stattfindet.
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    Struktur und Eigenschaften quaternärer Chalkogenide MIAIIIBIVX4VI. III. Über die Verbindungen AgTiZrTe4 und Ag2TiZrTe4 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and Properties of Quaternary Chalcogenides MIAIIIBIVX4VI. III. On the Compounds AgTiZrTe4 and Ag2TiZrTe4Preparation and properties of the compounds AgTiZrTe4 and Ag2TiZrTe4 are reported. The structure deduced from X-ray diffraction diagrams is closely related to the structure of TiZrTe4 showing an ordered accomodation of Ti and Zr atoms at the octahedral sites of the CdI2 type structure. The interlayers free of Ti and Zr atoms are suggested to be in part occupied by Ag+ ions in an ordered sequency, which allows to explain the occurrence of 8 Te layers in the repeating unit.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung der Verbindungen AgTiZrTe4 und Ag2TiZrTe4 und deren Eigenschaften berichtet. Röntgenpulverdiffraktogramme lassen auf enge strukturchemische Beziehungen zum TiZrTe4 mit geordneter Verteilung der Ti- und Zr-Atome auf den Oktaederplätzen des CdI2-Strukturtyps schließen. Für die Ag+-Ionen wird eine partielle Besetzung der Tetraederlücken in den von Ti- bzw. Zr-Atomen freien Zwischenschichten in geordneter Abfolge in Betracht gezogen, die das Auftreten von 8 Te-Schichten in der Wiederholungseinheit erklärt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690115
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  • 59
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    Über Chalkogenolate. 191. Ester der 2-Oxophenyldithioessigsäure 2. Kristall- und Molekülstruktur des Methylesters (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 569 (1989), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Chalcogenolates. 191. Esters of 2-Oxophenyldithioacetic Acid. 2. Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Methyl EsterThe title compound C6H5—CO—CS—SCH3 crystallizes with Z = 2 in the triclinic space group P1 with cell dimensions (-60°C) a = 6.236(4) Å, b = 7.972(2) Å, c = 9.589(4) Å, α = 88.42(3)°, β = 75.39(5)°, γ = 81.54(4)°. The structure has been determined from single crystal X-ray data measured at -60°C and refined to R = 0.085 and Rw = 0.087 for 2307 independent reflections. With nearly 20° the C=O bond is turned out of the plane of the phenyl ring.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung C6H5—CO—CS—SCH3 kristallisiert triklin mit Z = 2 in der Raumgruppe P1 mit den Gitterdimensionen (-60°C) a = 6,236(4) Å, b = 7,972(2) Å, c = 9,589(4) Å, α = 88,42(3)°, β = 75,39(5)°, γ = 81,54(4)°. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus bei -60°C vermessenen röntgenographischen Einkristalldaten unter Verwendung von 2307 symmetrieunabhängigen Reflexen bestimmt und bis auf Zuverlässigkeitsfaktoren von R = 0,085 und Rw = 0,087 verfeinert. Im Molekül ist die C=O-Bindung etwa 20° aus der Ebene des Phenylrings herausgedreht.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895690114
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    Crystal structure of cadmium cyclohexaphosphate hexahydrate: Cd3P6O18 · 6 H2O (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 570 (1989), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Darstellung und Kristallstruktur eines Cadmiumcyclohexaphosphates: Cd3P6O18 · 6 H2OEs werden die Darstellung und die Kristallstruktur von Cd3P6O18 · 6 H2O beschrieben. Die Verbindung besitzt trigonale (rhomboedrische) Symmetrie, die Elementarzellendaten sind: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm a}_{\rm H} = 15.056(10)} & {{\rm c}_{\rm H} = 16.080(10){\rm }{\AA}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} oder \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm a}_{\rm R} = 10.212(10){\rm }{\AA}} & {{\rm \alpha }_{\rm R} = 94.98}\deg \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}Die Raumgruppe ist R3 mit Z = 6 in der hexagonalen Aufstellung. Die Kristallstruktur wurde mit Hilfe von 1355 unabhängigen Reflexen bis zu einem R-Wert von 0,013 bestimmt. Die P6O18-Ringanionen weisen eine dreizähnige Symmetrie auf. Das Cadmium-Koordinationspolyeder ist ein leicht verzerrtes Oktaeder, das von vier Sauerstoff-Atomen und zwei Wassermolekülen gebildet wird. Die Wassermoleküle verknüpfen diese Oktaeder zu Sechsringen mit der Symmetrie 3, diese Ringe wechseln sich entlang der 3-Achse mit den P6O18-Ring-Anionen ab.
    Notes: Chemical preparation and crystal structure of Cd3P6O18 · 6 H2O are described. This compound is trigonal (rhomboedral) with the following unit-cell dimensions: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm a}_{\rm h} = 15.056(10)} & {{\rm c}_{\rm h} = 16.080(10){\rm }{\AA}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} or \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm a}_{\rm r} = 10.212(10){\rm }{\AA}} & {{\rm \alpha }_{\rm r} = 94.98}\deg \\ \end{array} $$\end{document}The space group is R3 with Z = 6 for the hexagonal description. The crystal structure has been solved by using 1355 unique reflexions with a final R value 0.013.The P6O18 ring anions have a threefold symmetry. The cadmium coordination polyhedron is a slightly distorted octahedron built up by four oxygen atoms and two water molecules. The water molecules link themselves as to build six-member rings having a 3 symmetry alterning with the P6O18 phosphoric rings along the 3 axes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895700114
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    Transition metal Complexes with the Thiosemicarbazide-based Ligands. VI. Nickel and zinc complexes with S-alkylisothiosemicarbazides (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 570 (1989), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übergangsmetall-Komplexe mit Thiosemicarbazid-Liganden. VI. Komplexe von NiII und ZnII mit S-AlkylisothiosemicarbazidDurch Umsetzung der ethanolischen Lösung von Ni(OAc)2 · 4 H2O mit S-Alkylisothiosemicarbazid-Iodwasserstoff (L—R · HI; R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu) und Pyridin wurden die oktaedrischen Bisligand-Komplexe der allgemeinen Formel [Ni(L—R)2Py2]I2 erhalten. Durch Erhitzen bei 95°C bzw. 110°C wurden die Komplexe in die quadratisch-planaren [Ni(L—R)2]I2 (R = Me, Et) - und [Ni(L—R)2I2] (R = n-Pr, n-Bu) - Komplexe mit verzerrt-oktaedrischer Konfiguration überführt. Ferner wurde in ethanolischer Lösung Zn(L—Me)2I2 dargestellt. Die Verbindungen wurden durch Elementaranalyse, TG, magnetische und spektroskopische Messungen charakterisiert.
    Notes: The reaction of warm ethanolic solution of Ni(OAc)2 · 4 H2O with S-alkylisothiosemicarbazide-hydrogeniodide (L—R · HI; R = Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu) and pyridine yielded the octahedral bis(ligand) complexes of the general formula [Ni(L—R)2Py2]I2. By the isothermal heating at 95 and 110°C, these complexes were transformed into the square-planar [Ni(L—R)2]I2 (R = Me, Et) complexes and the [Ni(L—R)2I2] (R = n-Pr, n-Bu) complexes of distorted octahedral configuration. Besides, the Zn(L—Me)2I2 complex was prepared. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, diffuse reflectance spectra and TG analysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895700118
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    Structure of molten systems KF—K2TiF6 and KCL-K2TiF6 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 570 (1989), S. 184-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Struktur der geschmolzenen Systeme KF—K2TiF6 und KCl—K2TiF6Die kongruent schmelzenden Verbindungen K3TiF7 und K3TiF6Cl, die in den Systemen KF—K2TiF6 bzw. KCl—K2TiF6 gebildet werden, zeigen einen starken Einfluß auf die Struktur (ionische Zusammensetzung) der Schmelzen der entsprechenden Systeme. In Anbetracht der relativ niedrigen Symmetrie und des hohen Energiezustandes der TiF73-- und TiF6Cl3--Ionen, sollte für sie ein hoher thermischer Dissoziationsgrad erwartet werden. Diese Annahme wird durch zwei verschiedene Methoden - die thermodynamische Analyse der Phasengleichgewichte und der Volumeneigenschaften bestätigt. Die Werte der Schmelzenthalpie für K2TiF6, K3TiF7 und K3TiF6Cl, die zu den Berechnungen verwendet werden, wurden ebenfalls bestimmt.
    Notes: Congruently melting compounds K3TiF7 and K3TiF6Cl which are formed in the systems KF—K2TiF6 and KCl—K2TiF6, respectively, exhibit a strong influence on the structure (ionic composition) of the melts of the corresponding systems. Considering the relatively low symmetry and a high energetic state of the TiF73- and TiF6Cl3- complex ions, a high degree of their thermal dissociation might be expected. This assumption was confirmed by two different methods based on a thermodynamic analysis of the phase equilibria and of the volume properties of the investigated systems, respectively. In connection with the former method, the values of the enthalpy of fusion of K2TiF6, K3TiF7, and K3TiF6Cl which were used in the calculations have also been estimated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Experimente zur Mischkristallbildung zwischen Zinktantalaten und -antimonaten: ZnTa2-xSbxO6 und Zn4Ta2-xSbxO9 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 568 (1989), S. 22-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments about the Mixed Crystal Formation between Zincoxotantalates and -antimonates: ZnTa2-xSbxO6 and Zn4Ta2-xSbxO9In the area of substituted oxotantalates of zinc two new phases of the composition A: ZnTa1·8Sb0·2O6 and B: Zn4Ta1·2Sb0·8O9 were prepared and investigated by X-ray single crystal technique. A crystallizes with tetragonal symmetry (space group D4h14-P42/mnm, a = 4.7314; c = 9.2160 Å; Z = 2). B is monoclinic (space group C2h6-C2/c; a = 15.103; b = 8.839; c = 10.378 Å; β = 93.81°; Z = 8). A crystallizes with trirutile structure, although there is a small replacement of Ta5+ by Sb5+. B maintains the Zn4Ta2O9 structure. One of the point positions of the M5+ ions is occupied statistically by Ta5+/Sb5+ and Zn2+. B is a metastable compound.
    Notes: Im Bereich substituierter Oxotantalate des Zinks wurden zwei neue Phasen A: ZnTa1,8Sb0,2O6 und B: Zn4Ta1,2Sb0,8O9 an Einkristallen röntgenographisch untersucht. A kristallisiert tetragonal (Raumgruppe D4h14-P42/mnm, a = 4,7314; c = 9,2160 Å; Z = 2), B monoklin (Raumgruppe C2h6-C2/c, a = 15,103; b = 8,839; c = 10,378 Å; β = 93,81°; Z = 8). A kristallisiert trotz des geringen Ersatzes von Ta5+ gegen Sb5+ im Trirutiltyp. B behält die Struktur von Zn4Ta2O9 bei. Eine Position der oktaedrisch koordinierten M5+-Ionen ist mit Zn2+ statistisch besetzt. B ist metastabil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895680104
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    Ein Oxowolframat mit „Kanalstruktur“: KNa3WO5 (Mit einer Bemerkung über den Aufbau von Na4WO5) (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: An Oxotungstate with „Channel Structure“: KNa3WO5 (With a Remark on Na4WO5)For the first time single crystals of Na4WO5 were prepared by heating of annealing mixtures of Na2WO4 [2] and Na2O [Na:W = 4,2:1, Ni-cylinder, 725°C, 28 d]. Four-circle-diffraktometer data [PW 1100, 1900 IO(hkl), ω-2Θ scan, AgKα-radiation, R = 6,5%, RW = 5,7%] determine the triclinic structure of Na4WO5 with a = 569.4(2), b = 847.7(2), c = 565.7(1) pm, α = 101.29(2)°, β = 102.25(3)°, γ = 109.20(3)°. It is isotypic with the NaCl-type of structure Li4WO5. By heating Na4WO5 with K2O [Na:K:W = 4:3:1, Au-tube, 750°C, 35 d] colourless single crystals of KNa3WO5 were obtained for the first time. The structure determination [four-circle-diffraktometer data, PW 1100, ω-2Θ scan, 943 IO(hkl), MoKα-Strahlung R = 4.9%, RW = 3.9%] proves space group C2/m with a = 907.8(3), b = 753.9(2), c = 911.8(3) pm, β = 104.07(4)°, Z = 4. The structure is characterised by undulating layers of Na, W and O and two different kinds of channels.The Madelung Part of Lattice Energie, MAPLE, Effective Coordination Numbers, ECON, these via Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, are calculated and discussed.
    Notes: Neu dargestellt wurden farblose Einkristalle von Na4WO5 durch Tempern inniger Gemenge von Na2WO4 [2] und Na2O [Na:W = 4,2:1, Ni-Bömbchen, 725°C, 28 d]. Nach Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten [PW 1100, 1900 IO(hkl), ω-2Θ-scan, AgKα-Strahlung, R = 6,5%, RW = 5,7%] kristallisiert Na4WO5 triklin mit a = 569,4(2), b = 847,7(2), c = 565,7(1) pm, 101,29(2)°, β = 102,25(3)°, γ = 109,20(3)°, Z = 2. Es ist isotyp mit der Kochsalzvarianten Li4WO5.Durch Erhitzen von Na4WO5 im Gemenge mit K2O [Na:K:W = 4:3:1, Au-Rohr, 750°C, 35 d] wurden erstmals farblose Einkristalle von KNa3WO5 erhalten. Die Strukturaufklärung [Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten, PW 1100, ω-2Θ-scan, 943 IO(hkl), MoKα-Strahlung R = 4,9%, RW = 3,9%] belegt die Raumgruppe C2/m mit a = 907,8(3), b = 753,9(2), c = 911,8(3) pm, β = 104,07 (4)°, Z = 4. Der Aufbau ist durch gewellte Schichten aus Na, W und O und zwei verschiedene Sorten von Kanälen charakterisiert.Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECON, diese über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, werden berechnet und diskutiert.
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    Darstellung von CF3SClF+MF6- (M = As, Sb) und Kristallstruktur von CF3SCl2+SbF6- (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of CF3SClF+MF6- (M = As, Sb) and Crystal Structure of CF3SCl2+SbF6-CF3SClF+MF6- (M = As, Sb) is prepared by oxidative fluorination of CF3SCl with XeF+MF6-. The new salt is characterized by IR, Raman and NMR spectra in comparison with CF3SF2+MF6- and CF3SCl2+MF6-. In SO2 solution CF3SClF+SbF6- symmetrizises into CF3SF2+SbF6- and crystalline CF3SCl2+SbF6- with the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 773.5(14) pm, b = 954.8(15) pm, c = 1242.0(18) pm, β = 100.24(8)°, Z = 4.
    Notes: Die Darstellung von CF3SClF+MF6- (M = As, Sb) erfolgt durch oxidative Fluorierung von CF3SCl mit XeF+MF6-. Das Salz wird schwingungs- und NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert, orientierend an den bekannten Daten von CF3SF2+MF6- und CF3SCl2+MF6-. In einer SO2-Lösung symmetrisiert sich CF3SClF+SbF6- zu CF3SF2+SbF6- und einkristallinem CF3SCl2+SbF6- mit der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c, a = 773,5(14) pm, b = 954,8(15) pm, c = 1242,0(18) pm, β = 100,24(8)°, Z = 4.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730118
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    Zwei neue Rubidiumlithiumzincate: RbLiZnO2 und RbLiZn2O3 (mit einer Bemerkung über CsLiZnO2) (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 568 (1989), S. 136-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Rubidium Lithium Zincates: RbLiZnO2 and RbLiZn2O3For the first time colourless single crystals of RbLiZnO2 (A) and RbLiZn2O3 (B) have been prepared. Both crystallize tetragonally, A: space group I4/mmm, Z = 2, a = 351.84(4), c = 1153.3(2) pm; B: space group P42/mnm, Z = 4, a = 1 033.8(1), c = 342.8(1) pm. The crystal structures have been determined from four circle diffractometer data (MoKα; A: 155 hkl, R = 7.9%, Rw = 7.6%; B: 384 hkl, R = 7.0%, Rw = 4.6%). RbLiZnO2 has the BaZn2P2 type of structure while RbLiZn2O3 exhibits a new structure type with linear chains of face shared cubes ∞1[O4/2RbO4/2RbO4/2] as characteristic feature. For both oxides the Madelung part of lattice energy (MAPLE), and effective coordination numbers (ECoN) are calculated.
    Notes: Neu dargestellt wurden die Oxide RbLiZnO2 (A) und RbLiZn2O3 (B) in Form farbloser Einkristalle durch Tempern entsprechender Gemenge der binären Oxide. Beide Zincate kristallisieren tetragonal, A: Raumgr. I4/mmm, Z = 2, a = 351,84(4), c = 1153,3(2) pm; B: Raumgr. P42/mnm, Z = 4, a = 1 033,8(1), c = 342,8(1) pm. Die Kristallstrukturen wurden aus Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten (MoKα) bestimmt (A: 155 hkl, R = 7,9%, Rw = 7,6%; B: 384 hkl, R = 7,0%, Rw = 4,6%). RbLiZnO2 kristallisiert im BaZn2P2-Strukturtyp, RbLiZn2O3 zeigt eine neue Struktur mit charakteristischen Würfel-Doppelketten ∞1[O4/2RbO4/2RbO4/2]. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie (MAPLE) sowie effektive Koordinationszahlen (ECoN) wurden jeweils berechnet.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895680116
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    Zur Kenntnis des α-NaFeO2-Types: Über KPrO2 [1] (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 568 (1989), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the α-NaFeO2-Type: On KPrO2For the first time we obtained yellow-green single crystals of KPrO2 by annealing K2PrO3 in Ni-cylinders [1 000°C; 4 weeks]. The structure determination confirms the trigonal rhombohedral α-NaFeO2-type: a = 365.11(3), c = 1 859.65(21) pm, c/a = 5.09, Z = 3, spacegroup R3m, fourcircle diffractometer data (Philips PW 1100), MoKα, 134 Io(hkl), R = 2.58%, Rw = 2,42%.
    Notes: Erstmals erhielten wir gelbgrüne Einkristalle von KPrO2 durch Tempern von K2PrO3 in Ni-Bömbchen [1000°C; 4 Wochen]. Es liegt der trigonal-rhomboedrische α-NaFeO2 Typ vor: a = 365,11(3), c = 1 859,65(21) pm, c/a = 5,09, Z = 3, Raumgruppe R3m, Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten (Philips PW 1100), MoKα, 134 Io(hkl), R = 2,58%, Rw = 2,42%.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895680117
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  • 68
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    Herstellung keramischer Pulver. II. Über die Bildung von Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3 und MgTi2O5 durch Hydrolyse von 2-Ethoxyethylaten (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 208-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Ceramic Powders. II. Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3, and MgTi2O5 Formed by Hydrolysis of 2-EthoxyethylatesSolutions of 2-ethoxyethylates of magnesium and titanium in 2-ethoxyethanol submitted to hydrolysis, evaporation and heating of the residue up to 450°C allow to prepare Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3, and MgTi2O5 in an amorphous state with smaller than 1% of volatile components. Highly dispersed powders showing an increased sintering activity are obtained as a result of recrystallization. Mg2TiO4 is formed as inverse spinel phase in a metastable state.
    Notes: Die 2-Ethoxyethylate von Magnesium und Titan bilden in 2-Ethoxyethanol stabile Lösungen, deren Hydrolyse nach dem Abdestillieren des Lösungsmittels und Erhitzen des Rückstandes bis auf 450°C die Herstellung von Mg2TiO4, MgTiO3 und MgTi2O5 im amorphen Zustand mit weniger als 1% flüchtigen Bestandteilen gestattet. Die Rekristallisation führt zu hochdispersen sinteraktiven Pulvern, im Fall von Mg2TiO4 zur Bildung der inversen Spinellphase unter metastabilen Bedingungen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730121
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  • 69
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    The electrochemical synthesis of neutral Nickel(II) Complexes of Schiff Base Ligands: The crystal structure of bis-{N-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]salicylideneiminato}nickel(II) trihydrate (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Elektrochemische Synthese von neutralen Nickel(II)-Komplexen mit Schiffschen Basen: Kristallstruktur von Bis-{N-[2-(2-pyridyl) äthyl]-salicylideneiminato}nickel(II) TrihydratNickel(II)-Komplexe mit im Pyridin-Ring substituiertem N-2-(2-pyridyl)-äthyl-salicylideneiminat wurden durch Elektrolyse einer nicht wäßrigen Lösung des entsprechenden Liganden hergestellt; als Anode diente ein Ni-Draht. Die Struktur von Bis-{N-[2-(2-pyridyl)äthyl]-salicylideneiminato}nickel(II). Trihydrat wurde röntgenographisch bestimmt. Der Komplex kristallisiert triklin in der Raumgruppe P1 mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 13,055(4) Å, b = 13,097(6)Å, c = 16,189(5) Å, α = 102,92(3)°, β = 99,80(3)°, γ = 90,42(3)° und Z = 4. Eine Least-squares-Verfeinerung führte zu einem R-Wert von 0,047. Das Molekül ist nicht zentrosymmetrisch, da die zwei dreizähnigen Liganden eine meridionale Konfiguration um das oktaedrisch koordinierte Nickel(II) annehmen.
    Notes: Nickel(II) complexes with N-2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl-ring substituted salicylideneiminatos have been synthesized by an electrochemical procedure using a sacrificial anode in non-aqueous solution of the corresponding ligand. The structure of bis{N-[2-(2-pyridyl)]-salicylideneiminato}-nickel (II) trihydrate has been determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystals are triclinic, space group P1, with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 13.055(4) Å, b = 13.097(6) Å, c = 16.189(5) Å, and α = 102.92(3)°, β = 99.80(3)°, γ = 90.42(3)°. Full matrix least squares refinement on R converged with a conventional agreement factor of 0.047. The molecule is non-centrosymmetric with two terdentate ligands in a meridional configuration around octahedral nickel(II).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730122
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  • 70
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    Beiträge zur Untersuchung anorganischer nichtstöchiometrischer Verbindungen. XXXVIII. Quaternäre Nioboxidfluoride des Cadmiums und Mangans mit LiNb6O15F-Struktur (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 240-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730125
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  • 71
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    Pollucite- and Leucite-related Phases: A2BX5O12 and ACX2O6 (A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Be, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd; C = B, Al, Ga, Fe, Cr; X = Si, Ge) (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pollucit- und Leucit-verwandte Phasen: A2BX5O12 und ACX2O6 (A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Be, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd; C = B, Al, Ga, Fe, Cr; X = Si, Ge)Darstellung und kristallographische Daten von 29 neuen Phasen dieser Strukturfamilie werden angegeben. Ein Überblick über die gesamte Strukturfamilie, die bis jetzt 59 Phasen enthält, wird gegeben. Die Familie enthält wenigstens sieben Strukturvarianten, von denen zwei die Pollucit-, CsAlSi2O6, und Leucit-, KAlSi2O6, Struktur sind. Beziehungen zwischen der Kationengröße und dem Strukturtyp werden vorgestellt. Ungewöhnliche Variationen in den Größen der Einheitszelle als Funktion der Kationengröße werden diskutiert, und auf die mögliche Bedeutung für das „partially collapsed framework“-Konzept von Taylor und Henderson wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Synthesis and crystallographic data on 29 new phases in this family are given. A survey of the crystal chemistry of the complete family, containing 59 phases to date, is presented. The family contains at least seven structural variations, two of which are the pollucite, CsAlSi2O6 and leucite, KAlSi2O6 structures. Correlations between cation size and structure type are presented. Unusual variations in unit cell dimensions as a function of cation size are discussed and the possible relevance of the „partially collapsed framework“ concept of Taylor and Henderson indicated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730123
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  • 72
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    Untersuchungen zur heterogen-katalysierten Ringalkylierung von Toluen mit Methanol an modifizierten ZSM-5-Zeolithen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies of the Heterogeneous Catalytical Ring Alkylation of Toluene with Methanol on Modified Zeolites ZSM-5Various ways for controlling the catalytic activity, the shape selectivity, and the deactivation behaviour of modified zeolites ZSM-5 has been shown by the example of the heterogeneous catalytical conversion of toluene with methanol. The preferred formation of the industrially interesting para-xylene is possible by use of ZSM-5-zeolites composed of large crystals, by dealumination of the external surface after hydrothermal treatment, by poisoning of external active centres after impregnation with inorganic salts as well as by isomorphic incorporation of boron for silicon and/or aluminium in the zeolite framework.
    Notes: Am Beispiel der heterogen-katalysierten Umsetzung von Toluen mit Methanol wurden verschiedene Wege zur Steuerung der katalytischen Aktivität, der Formselektivität und des Desaktivierungsverhaltens modifizierter H-ZSM-5-Zeolithe aufgezeigt. Eine Ausprägung der bei der Toluenmethylierung technisch interessanten para-Xylen-Selektivität gelingt durch den Einsatz von großkristallinen ZSM-5-Zeolithen, durch Dealuminieren der äußeren Oberfläche mittels hydrothermaler Behandlung, durch Vergiften äußerer aktiver Zentren mittels Tränkung anorganischer Salze sowie durch den isomorphen Einbau von Bor für Silicium und/oder Aluminium im Zeolithgerüst.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730124
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    Die Reaktion von Trichloracetyltrischwefeltrinitrid mit Molybdänpentachlorid. Die Kristallstrukturen von CCl3CO-NS3N2 und (PPh4)2[MoCl3(N2SCOCCl3)]2 · 2CH2Cl2 · 2CCl4 Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 562 (1988) 31 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 240-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730126
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  • 74
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    Synthese und Charakterisierung von Sulfinato-Nickel(II)-Komplexen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 573 (1989), S. 240-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895730127
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  • 75
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    Masthead (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895750101
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  • 76
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    Günther Rienäcker zum Gedenken (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989), S. 7-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895750102
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  • 77
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    Synthese, IR-Spektrum und Kristallstruktur von N,N'-Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinium-tetrachloroferrat(III) (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, IR Spectrum, and Crystal Structure of N,N'-Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinium Tetrachloroferrate(III)The title compound [C6H5—C(NHSiMe3)2][FeCl4] is obtained by the reaction of FeCl3 with N,N,N'-tris(trimethylsilyl)benzamidine in the presence of tetrahydrofurane, forming yellow, moisture sensitive crystals. The compound is characterized by its IR spectrum as well as by an X-ray structure determination. Space group P21/n, Z = 8, 5974 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.066. The lattice dimensions are at -70°C: a = 2110.7, b = 1109.5, c = 2120.4 pm; β = 111.17º. The compound forms ion pairs, in which the H atoms of the amidinium cation are coordinated with one chlorine ligand of the FeCl4- ion in a chelating manner.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung [C6H5—C(NHSiMe3)2][FeCl4] entsteht in Form gelber feuchtigkeitsempfindlicher Kristalle bei der Einwirkung von Eisen(III)chlorid auf N,N,N'-Tris(trimethylsilyl)benzamidin in Gegenwart von Tetrahydrofuran. Die Verbindung wurde durch das IR-Spektrum und durch eine Kristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 8, 5974 unabhängige beobachtete Reflexe, R = 6,6%. Die Gitterkonstanten betragen bei -70°: a = 2110,7; b = 1109,5; c = 2120,4 pm; β = 111,17º. Die Verbindung bildet Ionenpaare, in denen die H-Atome des Amidiniumkations eines der Chloratome des FeCl4--Anions chelatartig umgeben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895750103
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    Ni5HfB2O10 mit geordneter MetallverteilungProfessor Reginald Gruehn zum 60. Geburtstage am 6. Oktober 1989 gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989), S. 26-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ni5HfB2O10 with Ordered Metal DistributionNi5HfB2O10 was prepared for the first time and investigated by X-ray methods. It crystallizes with orthorhombic symmetry, space group D2h16 - Pnma, a = 9.328; b = 6.120; c = 12.334 Å; Z = 4. In opposition to the Ni5TiB2O10-type all metal point positions are strongly ordered. The authors are in doubt about the partly statistic metal distribution within Ni5M4+B2O10 (M4+ = Ti, Zr, Ge).
    Notes: Ni5HfB2O10 wurde erstmals dargestellt und an Einkristallen untersucht. Ni5HfB2O10 kristallisiert orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe D2h16 - Pnma, a = 9,328; b = 6,120; c = 12,334 Å, Z = 4. Im Gegensatz zum Ni5TiB2O10-Typ weist NiHfB2O10 eine total geordnete Metallverteilung auf. Die partiell statistische Verteilung von Ni2+ mit M4+ (M4+ = Ti, Zr, Ge) wird in Frage gestellt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895750105
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  • 79
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    27Al-NMR-Untersuchungen an Alkalifluoroaluminaten (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 27Al NMR Studies on Alkali FluoroaluminatesThe 27Al NMR spectra of the alkali fluoroaluminates sensitively reflect the kind of condensation of the AlF6 octahedra. Whereas the chemical shift of the octahedral Al is shown to be rather independent on structural details, clear differences in the electric field gradients of isolated and condensed AlF6 octahedra were found. In contrast to the isolated octahedra which show only weak effects of quadrupole interaction, both for chains and layers of AlF6 octahedra axial EFG tensors result with quadrupolar coupling constants of between 10 and 13 MHz; for the threefold chains in CsAlF4 only a value of 7.5 MHz is obtained.
    Notes: Die 27Al-NMR-Spektren der Alkalifluoroaluminate spiegeln in empfindlicher Weise die Verknüpfung der AlF6-Oktaeder wider. Während sich die chemische Verschiebung für das oktaedrisch koordinierte Aluminium als nahezu unbeeinflußt von strukturellen Details erweist, ergeben sich deutliche Unterschiede in den elektrischen Feldgradienten (EFG) zwischen isolierten und verknüpften AlF6-Oktaedern. Im Gegensatz zu den isolierten Oktaedern, bei denen Quadrupolwechselwirkungseffekte nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen, ergeben sich sowohl für Ketten als auch schichtförmige Verknüpfung der AlF6-Oktaeder axiale EFG-Tensoren mit Quadrupolkopplungskonstanten zwischen 10 und 13 MHz, bei Verknüpfung als Dreierstrangkette im CsAlF4 lediglich ein Wert von 7,5 MHz.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895750104
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    Chemische, thermoanalytische und röntgenorgraphische Untersuchungen zur Bildung des β-Ca2[P2O7] aus dem Ca2[P4O12] · 4 H2OProfessor Lothar Kolditz zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 576 (1989), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical, Thermoanalytical, and X-ray Investigations to the Formation of the β-Ca2[P2O7] from the Ca2[P4O12] · 4 H2OThe formation of β-Ca2[P2O7] from Ca2[P4O12] · 4 H2O (modification I) proceeds crystallographically oriented in several steps: In one of these steps an X-ray amorphous phase is formed and simultaneously cyclotetraphosphate reorganizes to polyphosphate. The dehydration proceeds in 2 steps: At 120°C 3 molecules and at 220°C 1 molecule are lost, respectively. The formation of diphosphate from polyphosphate, which is connected with the loss of P2O5, takes place at 850°C according to high temperature Guinier.
    Notes: Die Bildung des β-Ca2[P2O7] aus dem Ca2[P4O12] · 4 H2O (Form I) läuft über mehrere Stufen kristallographisch orientiert ab. Eine der Zwischenstufen ist röntgenamorph. Bei ihrer Bildung entsteht aus dem Cyclotetraphosphat höherkondensiertes Polyphosphat. Die Wasserabgabe erfolgt in zwei Schritten: Bei 120°C werden 3 Mol, bei 220°C ein Mol H2O abgegeben. Der mit P2O5-Abgabe verbundene übergang Poly- in Diphosphat erfolgt laut Heizguinier bei 850°C.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895760130
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    Masthead (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 572 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895720101
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  • 82
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    Metallorganische Chemie mit P/N-Chelatliganden. I. Molybdän- und Eisen(0)-Verbindungen des 2-Diphenylphosphinomethylpyridins (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 74-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Chemistry with P/N-Chelating Ligands. I. Molybdenum and Iron(0) Compounds of 2-DiphenylphosphinomethylpyridineThe reaction of 2-diphenylphosphinomethylpyridine 1 (PN) with norbornadiene-tetracarbonylmolybdenum gives (PN)Mo(CO)4 2 in good yield. The acetonitrile ligands in (π-C3H5)Mo(CO)2(CH3CN)2Br 3 are easily exchanged by 1. The thus formed complex (π-C3H5)(PN)Mo(CO)2Br 4 undergoes a reductive deallylation with further 1 to afford cis-(PN)2Mo(CO)2 6. Deallylation of 3 by triphenylphosphine and subsequent reaction with 1 yields the complex cis-(CO)2-trans-(PPh3)2Mo(PN) 7. Ligand 1 displays a chelating function in all of the molybdenum complexes. The structures of the (PN)-complexes are deduced mainly from the nmr data. The initial product of the photochemical reaction of 1 with ironpentacarbonyl is (PN)Fe(CO)4 8, followed by trans-(PN)2Fe(CO)3 9. In both cases 1 is bonded via the phosphorus atom only. Prolonged irradiation affords the chelated tricarbonyl (PN)Fe(CO)3 10. The thermal reaction of 1 with Fe2(CO)9 is different in that the first product is a sensitive red compound 11, which still contains bridging carbonyl groups and has to be formulated as (PN)Fe2(CO)7. Longer reaction times, but also the reaction of 8 with Fe2(CO)9 finally give a new type of complex, (PN)Fe2(CO)6 12, without bridging carbonyls.
    Notes: Mit 2-Diphenylphosphinomethylpyridin 1 (PN) wird aus Norbornadien-tetracarbonylmolybdän (PN)Mo(CO)4 2 erhalten. Im π-Allyl-Komplex (π-C3H5)Mo(CO)2(CH3CN)2Br 3 läßt sich das Acetonitril leicht gegen 1 austauschen. Der so gebildete Komplex (ß-C3H5)(PN)Mo(CO)2Br 4 reagiert mit weiterem 1 unter reduktiver Entallylierung zu cis-(PN)2Mo(CO)2 6, während man durch vorangehende Entallylierung von 3 durch Triphenylphosphin und nachfolgende Reaktion mit 1 den Komplex cis-(CO)2-trans-(PPh3)2Mo(PN) 7 erhält. In allen Molybdänkomplexen hat 1 Chelatfunktion. Die Strukturen können für die (PN)-Komplexe insbesondere aus den NMR-Spektren erschlossen werden. Mit Eisenpentacarbonyl wird photochemisch zunächst (PN)Fe(CO)4 8, als nächstes trans-(PN)2Fe(CO)3 9 gebildet. In beiden Fällen ist 1 nur über den Phosphor gebunden. Bei längerer Bestrahlung wird auch das Chelat-tricarbonyl (PN)Fe(CO)3 10 erhalten. Anders verläuft die thermische Reaktion von 1 mit Fe2(CO)9, bei der zunächst ein empfindliches, rotes Produkt 11 gebildet wird, das noch Brückencarbonylgruppen enthält und als (PN)Fe2(CO)7 formuliert werden muß. Längere Reaktionszeiten, aber auch die Reaktion von 8 mit Fe2(CO)9 ergeben schließlich ein neuartiges Produkt (PN)Fe2(CO)6 12 ohne Brückencarbonyl.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770108
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    Beiträge zur Chemie organometallischer metallacyclischer Übergangsmetallverbindungen. I. Synthese und Eigenschaften von Li2(solv)x und seine Umsetzung mit CO2 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Organometallic Metallacyclic Transition Metal Compounds. I. Synthesis and Properties of Li2(solv)x and its Reaction with CO2The reaction of ZrCl4(thf)2 with LiCH2CH2CH2CH2Li at -78°C in diethyl ether and addition of tetrahydrofuran (thf) yield Li2Zr(C4H8)3(thf)5,5 (I). The displacement of thf by dioxane (dx) or tetramethylethylenediamine (tmed) gives Li2Zr(C4H8)3(dx)3 (Ia) or Li2Zr(C4H8)3(tmed)3 (Ib). I decomposes at room temperature, Ia and Ib however are stable at room temperature for a short time.The reaction between I and CO2 and subsequent treatment of the reaction mixtures with water yield .
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von ZrCl4(thf)2 mit LiCH2CH2CH2CH2Li bei -78°C in Diethylether führt nach Zugabe von Tetrahydrofuran (thf) zur Bildung von Li2Zr(C4H8)3(thf)5,5 (I). Der Austausch von thf gegen 1,4-Dioxan (dx) bzw. Tetramethylethylendiamin (tmed) ergibt die kristallinen Verbindungen Li2Zr(C4H8)3(dx)3 (Ia) bzw. Li2Zr(C4H8)3(tmed)3 (Ib). Während die Zer-setzung von I bei Raumtemperatur sehr bald unter Dunkelfärbung beginnt, sind Ia und Ib begrenzte Zeit bei Raumtemperatur lagerfähig.Die Umsetzung von I mit CO2 und anschließende Hydrolyse der Reaktionsprodukte ergeben .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770113
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    Synthese und Struktur der ersten sechsgliedrigen Selena- und PlatinatriazaphosphorineProfessor Lothar Kolditz zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 576 (1989), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Strukture of the First Six-membered Selena- and PlatinatriazaphosphorinesThe reaction of PhCN with Li[N(SiMe3)2], Ph2PCl and Me3SiN3 leads to the starting material (Me3Si)2NC(Ph)NP(Ph)2N(SiMe3) 1. 1-Chloro-3,3,5-triphenyl-1λ4,2,4,6,3λ5-selenatriazaphosphorine 2 is formed when 1 is treated with SeCl4. (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) as well as (Ph3P)4Pt react with 1 to yield the six-membered platinum containing heterocycles 2 and 4. The six-membered rings 2 and 4 were characterized by and X-ray single crystal structure analysis.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von PhCN mit Li[N(SiMe3)2], Ph2PCl und Me3SiN3 führt zu der Ausgangsverbindung (Me3Si)2NC(Ph)NP(Ph)2N(SiMe3) 1. Mit SeCl4 und 1 entsteht das 1-Chlor-3,3,5-triphenyl-1λ4,2,4,6,3λ5-selenatriazaphosphorin 2. Sowohl (Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4) als auch (Ph3P)4Pt reagieren mit 1 unter Bildung der sechsgliedrigen, platinhaltigen Heterocyclen 2 und 4. Die sechsgliedrigen Ringe 2 und 4 werden durch eine Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895760129
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    Zur Darstellung von Cyclophosphaten, Cyclophosphatophosphonaten, Diphosphonaten und Diphosphiten in HarnstoffschmelzenProfessor Lothar Kolditz zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 576 (1989), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Cyclophosphates, Cyclophosphatophosphonates, Diphosphonates, and Di-phosphites in Urea MeltsAmmonium cyclotriphosphate (NH4)P3O9, ammonium cyclotetraphosphate [PIV—PIV —O—]2, ammonium cyclotriphosphatophosphonates Ammonium organyldiphosphonates And ammonium diphosphites are prepared in high yields on heating acidic phosphates, phosphonates, and phosphites in urea or urea/ammonium nitrate melts. The mechanism of the dehydration of phosphorus compounds containing POH groups in molten urea is discussed.
    Notes: Durch Erhitzen (140-200°C) von sauren Phosphaten, Phosphonaten und Phosphiten in Harnstoff- oder Harnstoff/Ammoniumnitrat-Schmelzen wurden in hohen Ausbeuten hergestellt: Ammoniumcyclotriphosphat (NH4)3P3O9, Ammoniumcyclotetraphosphat [PIV—PIV—O—]2, Ammoniumcyclotriphosphatophosphonate (Dioxatriphosphinane)Ammoniumorganyldiphosphonate und Ammoniumdiphosphit (NH4)2P2O5.Der Mechanismus der Dehydratisierung von POH-Gruppen enthaltenden Phosphorverbindungen in geschmolzenem Harnstoff wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895760131
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    Masthead (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770101
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  • 87
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    Über die durch Riesencluster des Palladiums katalysierte Oxydation von AmeisensäureProfessor Lothar Kolditz zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 576 (1989), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation of Formic Acid Catalyzed by Giant Palladium ClustersLiquid-phase oxidation of formic acid by oxygen in acetonitrile solutions is catalyzed by giant clusters Pd561Phen60(OAc)180 or Pd561Phen60(O)60 at 20-70°C. The reaction is first-order in the cluster and formic acid concentrations. Dependence of the reaction rates on O2 concentration is described by Michaelis-type equation. Kinetic isotope effects are found to be k(HCOOH)/k(HCOOD) = 1.1 ± 0.1 and k(HCOOH)/k(DCOOD) = 1.0 ± 0.1. On the base of the kinetic data the reaction mechanism is discussed.
    Notes: Die Flüssigphasenoxydation von Ameisensäure durch molekularen Sauerstoff wird in Acetonitrillösung und Temperaturen von 20 bis 70°C durch die Riesencluster des Palladiums Pd561Phen60(OAc)180 oder Pd561Phen60(O)60(PF)60 katalysiert. Diese Oxydation verläuft als Reaktion erster Ordnung bezüglich der Cluster- und Ameisensäurekonzentration. Eine Beziehung vom Typ der Michaelis-Gleichung beschreibt die Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von der O2-Konzentration. Die kinetischen Isotopieeffekte betragen: k(HCOOH)/k(HCOOD) = 1,1 ± 0,1 und k(HCOOH)/k(DCOOD) = 1,0 ± 0,1. Auf der Grundlage der kinetischen Daten wird der Reaktionsmechanismus diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895760133
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  • 88
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    Theoretische Untersuchungen zum Charge-Transfer in Akzeptorligand-d6-Metall-Komplexen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 23-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical Investigations on the Charge Transfer of d6-Metal Complexes with Acceptor LigandsOn the basis of the electronic structure of pentaammineruthenium(II) and pentacyanoferrate(II) complexes with aromatic N-heterocyclic ligands L the different tendency of the complex fragments to charge-transfer interactions with acceptor molecules is discussed. The increased energy and the reduced absorption intensity of the metal oxidation band of [Fe(CN)5L]3- are due to the diminished orbital interaction between the pentacyanoferrate(II) fragment and the nitrogen acceptor ligand caused by π-bonding interaction of the central metal with the cyanide co-ligands. The possibility of the variation of the energy of the acceptor levels connected with the position of the MLCT bands of the mixed-ligand complexes has been investigated by numerous azine and α-diimine ligands of different structure. Besides inductive and mesomeric effects the steric influences on the π-acceptor ability of the ligand and on the energy and absorption intensity of the MLCT band are examined.
    Notes: Auf der Grundlage der Elektronenstruktur von Pentamminruthenium(II)-und Pentacyanoferrat(II)-Komplexen mit aromatischen N-heterocyclischen Liganden wird die unterschiedliche Tendenz der Komplexfragmente zur Charge-Transfer-Wechselwirkung mit Akzeptorliganden diskutiert. Die verringerte Orbitalwechselwirkung des Pentacyanoferrat(II)-Fragments mit dem N-Akzeptor ist die Ursache für die höhere Energie und die reduzierte Absorptionsintensität der Metalloxydationsbande. Sie resultiert aus der zusätzlichen π-Bindungswechselwirkung zwischen dem Metallzentrum und den Cyanidliganden. Am Beispiel unterschiedlicher Azin- und α-Diiminliganden werden Möglichkeiten zur Variation der Energie des Akzeptorniveaus und damit der energetischen Position der MLCT-Bande untersucht. Neben induktiven und mesomeren Effekten werden vor allem die sterischen Einflüsse auf die π-Akzeptorfähigkeit des Liganden und ihre Auswirkung auf die Energie und die Absorptionsintensität der MLCT-Bande betrachtet.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770104
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    Zum relativen Donor-Akzeptor-Verhalten einzähniger Liganden. Eine EHT-Studie (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 59-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Relative Donor-Acceptor-Properties of Monodentate Ligands. An EHT-StudyThe relative donor-acceptor properties of some important monodentate ligands are investigated by means of the extended Hückel method and a suitable graduation is determined. Charge gradations are discussed and results compared with known facts. Acceptor properties of ligands with phosphorous and sulfur atoms are described in the best manner using charge iterations at the atoms mentioned.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der EHT-Methode werden die relativen Donor- und Akzeptor-Eigenschaften einiger wichtiger einzähniger Komplexliganden untersucht und eine entsprechende Abstufung ermittelt. Ladungsdifferenzierungen werden diskutiert und die Ergebnisse mit bekannten Erkenntnissen verglichen. Durch die Ladungsiteration an Phosphor- und Schwefelliganden lassen sich die Akzeptoreigenschaften dieser Moleküle relativ gut beschreiben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770107
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  • 90
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    Semichinon- und Catecholat-Koordinationsverbindungen der späten 3d-Metalle (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Semiquinone and Catecholate Coordination Compounds of the Late 3d-Metals9,10-Phenanthrenequinone reacts on a different way with olefine complexes of iron, cobalt, and nickel, obtaining semiquinone and catecholate coordination compounds. These compounds are also formed by a reducing process of metal salts and phenanthrenequinone. Some mono- and dimeric semiquinone complexes are prepared by an additional coordination of tetramethyl-ethylenediamine or inner complexes of salene type as chelate ligands. The new chelates are characterized by the magnetic moments, the u.v./vis., the i.r., and the e.s.r. spectra.
    Notes: 9,10-Phenanthrenchinon reagiert auf unterschiedliche Weise mit Olefinkomplexen des Eisens, Cobalts und Nickels, wobei Semichinon- oder Catecholat-Komplexe entstehen. Diese Verbindungen können auch durch reduktive Umsetzung aus den Metallsalzen und Phenanthrenchinon erhalten werden. Zusätzliche Koordination von Tetramethylethylendiamin oder von Salen-Innerkomplexen führt zu einer Reihe von mono- und dinuclearen Semichinon-Komplex-verbindungen. Die Charakterisierung der Produkte erfolgt anhand der magnetischen Momente und mittels IR-, UV/VIS- sowie ESR-Spektroskopie.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770110
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    Neutronenbeugung an Li2CuO2Professor Kurt Issleib zum 70. Geburtstage am 19. November 1989 gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 578 (1989), S. 18-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Neutron Diffraction on Li2CuO2Li2CuO2 was investigated by neutron powder diffraction at 300 K and 4.2 K (diffractometer SV7 at FRJ-2 in KFA Jülich, λ = 109 pm).The crystallographic orthorhombique space group Immm determined previously by x-ray diffraction on single crystals was confirmed. Lattice parameters and atomic positional parameters were refined: a = 366.14(8), b = 286.14(6), c = 939.4(2) pm; z(Li) = 0.7122(17), z(O) = 0.6411(7).Li2CuO2 orders antiferromagnetically below 10 K with an antiparallel coupling of the magnetic moments of Cu2+ in (0, 0, 0) and (1/2, 1/2, 1/2). The moments are orientated perpendicular to the c-axis. The ordered magnetic moment is μ = 0.9(1) μB per Cu2+ at 4.2 K. The magnetic Bravais-Lattice is PI, the magnetic space group is PImmm with similar parameters.
    Notes: Li2CuO2 wurde mit Neutronenpulverdiffraktometrie bei 300 K und 4,2 K untersucht (Diffraktometer SV7 am FRJ-2 in KFA Jülich, λ = 109 pm).Die aus Röntgen-Einkristalldaten bestimmte orthorhombische Raumgruppe Immm wurde bestätigt, Gitterkonstanten und Atompositionsparameter wurden verfeinert: a = 366,14(8), b = 286,14(6), c = 939,4(2) pm; z(Li) = 0,7122(17), z(O) = 0,6411(7).Unterhalb von 10K ordnet Li2CuO2 antiferromagnetisch mit einer antiparallelen Einstellung der magnetischen Momente von Cu2+ in (0, 0, 0) und (1/2, 1/2, 1/2). Die Momentorientierung ist senkrecht zur c-Achse. Das geordnete magnetische Moment beträgt μ = 0,9(1) μB pro Cu2+ bei 4,2 K. Das magnetische Bravais-Gitter ist PI, die magnetische Raumgruppe bei gleichen Gitterkonstanten PImmm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895780103
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    Pseudochalkogenverbindungen. XXIPseudochalkogenverbindungen XX: Köhler, H.; Ahmed, S.; Jäger, L.; Kolbe, A. Z. Anorg. allg. Chem. 576 (1989) 197.. Zur Synthese und Struktur von Phosphor(III)-und Phosphor(V)-organocyanamiden (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 578 (1989), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pseudochalcogen Compounds. XXI. Synthesis of Phosphorus(III) and Phosphorus(V) OrganocyanamidesThe synthesis of a series of phosphorus(III) and phosphorus(V) organocyanamides of the general formulas P(YR)3, P(X)(YR)3, P(X)(OR′)(YR)2, and P(X)(OR′)2(YR) (Y : NCN; X : O, S) by reactions of the corresponding phosphorus and organophosphorus chlorides with metal organocyanamides is reported. The cyanamide structure (P—N(CN)—R) of the new compounds is confirmed by infrared data as well as by a modified synthetic route. A comparison of 31P-NMR data of homologous cyanamide- and oxo-phosphorus derivatives is confirming the pseudochalcogen character of the NCN-group.
    Notes: Es wird über die Synthese einer Reihe von Phosphor(III)- und Phosphor(V)-organocyanamiden der allgemeinen Formeln P(YR)3, P(X)(YR)3, P(X)(OR′)(YR)2 und P(X) (OR′)2(YR)(Y : NCN, X : O, S) durch Reaktionen der entsprechenden Phosphor- und Organophosphorchloride mit Metall-organocyanamiden berichtet. Der in den neuen Verbindungen generell vorliegende Cyanamid-Bindungstyp (P—N(CN)R) folgt aus IR-Daten ebenso wie aus einem modifizierten Syntheseweg. Ein Vergleich der 31P-NMR chemischen Verschiebungen homologer Oxo- und Cyanamido-Phosphor-Derivate bestätigen den Pseudochalkogen-Charakter der NCN-Gruppe.
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    Über Phospholkomplexe einiger 3d-ÜbergangselementeProfessor Kurt Issleib zum 70. Geburtstage am 19. November 1989 gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 578 (1989), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Phosphole Complexes of 3d Transition MetalsThe 2-ethoxy-, 2-cyclohexanoxy-, 2-phenoxy-, 2-(4′-methylphenoxy)- and 2-(4′-chlorphenoxy)-benzo[1,3,2]-dioxaphospholcomplexes of chromium(III), iron(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) are synthesized and characterized by N.M.R., I.R. and U.V.-VIS spectroscopy and by magnetic investigations. When titanium(IV) ore copper(II) halides are used redox-reactions can be observed. The corresponding copper(I) complexes are isolated.
    Notes: Es werden 2-Ethoxy-, 2-Cyclohexanoxy-, 2-Phenoxy-, 2-(4′-Methylphenoxy)- und 2-(4′-Chlorphenoxy)benzo[1,3,2]dioxaphospholkomplexe des Chrom(III), Eisen(II), Cobalt(II) und Nickel(II) synthetisiert und mittels NMR-, IR- und UV-VIS-Spektroskopie sowie durch magnetische Untersuchungen charakterisiert. Im Falle des Titan(IV) und des Kupfer(II) werden Redoxreaktionen beobachtet, es werden entsprechende Kupfer(I)-Komplexe isoliert und im Falle des 2-(4′-Chlorphenoxy)-benzol[1,3,2]dioxaphospholliganden der Kupfer(II)-Komplex nachgewiesen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895780110
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    Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit Schwefelliganden. XLIV. Ruthenium(II)-Komplexe mit dem sterisch anspruchsvollen Thioether-Thiolat-Liganden ‚buS4‘2- (= 1,2-Bis(3,5-di(tertiärbutyl)-2-mercaptophenylthio)-ethan (2-)) sowie den Koliganden PPh3, PMe3, CO, NH3 und N2H4 (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 234-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Complexes with Sulfur Ligands. XLIV. Ruthenium(II) Complexes with the Sterically Demanding Thioether-thiolate Ligand ‚buS4‘2-(= 1,2-Bis(3,5-di(tertiarybutyl)-2-mercaptophenylthio) ethane (2-)) and PPh3, CO, PMe3, NH3, and N2H4 ColigandsThe coordination properties of the sterically demanding thioether-thiolate ligand ‘buS4’2- (= 1,2-Bis(3,5-di(tertiarybutyl)-2-mercaptophenylthio)ethane (2-)) towards Ruthenium were investigated. [Ru(PPh3)2 (‘buS4’)], 1, was obtained from [RuCl2(PPh3)3] and ‘buS4’—Li2. One PPh3 ligand in 1 is labile towards substitution and can be exchanged by L = CO (2), PMe3 (3), or NH3 (5) yielding [Ru(L)(PPh3)(‘buS4’)]. The PMe3 complex [Ru(PMe3)2(‘buS4’)], 4, is thermically inert as well as 2, 3, and [Ru(CO)2(‘buS4’)], 6, which was obtained from [RuCl2(CO)3THF] and ‘buS4’—Li2. Considering the thermical reaction inertness of 6, its fast reaction with N2H4 yielding [Ru(N2H4) (CO) (‘buS4’)], 7, is remarkable; the reaction probably takes place via 19e- intermediates. All ‘buS4’ complexes are better soluble in organic solvents than the corresponding [Ru(‘S4’)] parent compounds, their ν(CO)frequencies or 31PNMR shifts, however, are nearly identical, allowing the conclusion that the influence of the t-butyl groups is topological and not electronic. All now complexes were characterized by elemental analyses as well as IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
    Notes: Die Koordinationseigenschaften des sterisch anspruchsvollen Thioether-Thiolat-Liganden ‚buS4‘2- (= 1,2-Bis(3,5-di(tertiärbutyl)-2-mercaptophenylthio)ethan (2-)) gegen-über Ruthenium wurden untersucht. Dabei wurde [Ru(PPh3)2(‚buS4‘)], 1, aus [RuCl2(PPh3)3] und ‚buS4‘—Li2 erhalten. Ein PPh3-Ligand in 1 ist substitutionslabil und kann durch L = CO (2), PMe3 (3 oder NH3 (5) unter Bildung von [Ru(L)(PPh3))(‚buS4‘)] ersetzt werden. Der zu 1 analoge PMe3-Komplex [Ru(PMe3)2(‚buS4‘)], 4, ist thermisch inert, ebenso wie 2, 3 und [Ru(CO)2(‚buS4‘)], 6, das aus [RuCl2 (CO)3THF] und, ‚buS4‘—Li2 erhalten wurde. In Anbetracht der thermischen Reaktionsträgheit von 6 ist seine rasche Reaktion mit N2H4 zu [Ru(N2H4)(CO)(‚buS4‘)], 7, bemerkenswert; die Reaktion verläuft wahrscheinlich über 19e--Zwischenstufen. Alle ‚buS4‘-Komplexe sind in organischen Lösungsmitteln besser löslich als ihre [Ru(‚S4‘)]-Stammverbindungen, n̈(CO)-Frequenzen oder 31P-Verschiebungen sind jedoch nahezu identisch, woraus auf einen topologischen, nicht aber elektronischen Einfluß der t-Butylgruppen geschlossen werden muß.Alle neuen Komplexe wurden elementaranalytisch sowie IR-, NMR- und massenspektroskopisch charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770127
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  • 95
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    Komplexbildung des Kupfer(II) mit Opioidpeptiden (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Formation of Copper(II) with Opioid PeptidesComplex compounds of copper(II) with the neuropeptide enkephaline were detected as CuH-(n-1)L + nLi+ ions by means of FAB mass spectrometry. Formation constants of proton and copper(II) complexes of four opioid peptides (L-I — L-IV) were determined potentiometrically. Complexes with methionine-containing ligands show the highest stability. Under physiological pH values all brain-existent enkephaline may be bound by endogeneous copper provided that [Cu2+] 〉 10-7 M.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der FAB-Massenspektrometrie werden die Komplexverbindungen des Kupfer(II) mit dem Neuropeptid Enkephalin als Ionen der Zusammensetzung CuH-(n-1)L + nLi+ registriert. Die Protonierungs- und Komplexbildungskonstanten von vier Oligopeptiden bzw. ihren Kupfer(II)-Komplexen (L-I — L-IV) werden durch potentiometrische Titration ermittelt. Die höchste Stabilität zeigen Komplexe mit methioninhaltigen Liganden. Bei physiologischen pH-Werten kann das gesamte im Gehirn enthaltene Enkephalin an endogenem Kupfer bei [Cu2+] 〉 10-7 M gebunden sein.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770133
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  • 96
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    Cycloadditionsreaktionen im System 2-Isocyanato-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan/1,1,1,5,5,5-Hexafluor-4-trimethylsiloxy-3-penten-2-on (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 572 (1989), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions in the System 2-Isocyanato-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane/1,1,1,5,5,5-Hexafluor-4-trimethylsiloxy-3-pentene-2-oneThe two title compounds react to give in a (3+2) cycloaddition the spiro iminophosphoran 3 and its dimer 4, respectively. The (2+2) cycloaddition of hexafluoracetone and 3 yields the oxazaphosphetane 5, which decomposes rapidely into the Staudinger product 6. The hydrolytical cleavage of the trimethylsilyl group furnishes the tricyclic phosphorane 7. The 3JPH coupling in 3 is surprisingly large (51.6 Hz).
    Notes: Die beiden Titelverbindungen ergeben in einer (3+2)-Cycloaddition das Spiroiminophosphoran 3 bzw. dessen Dimeres 4. Eine (2+2)-Cycloaddition von Hexafluoraceton an 3 läßt das Oxazaphosphetan 5 entstehen, das rasch in das Staudinger-Produkt 6 zerfällt. Über die hydrolytische Abspaltung der Trimethylsilylgruppe von 3 wird das tricyclische Phosphoran 7 erhalten. Die Kopplungskonstante 3JPH in 3 von 51,6 Hz ist überraschend groß.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895720116
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  • 97
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    Basische Metalle. LXIV. Lewis-basische Bis(trimethylphosphan)cobalt-Komplexe mit Indenyl und Trifluormethylcyclopentadienyl als Liganden (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic Metals. LXIV. Lewis-basic Bis(trimethylphosphine)cobalt Complexes with Indenyl and Trifluormethylcyclopentadienyl as LigandsThe half-sandwich type compounds C9H7Co(PMe3)2 (1) and (C5H4CF3)Co(PMe3)2 (6) are prepared from CoCl(PMe3)3 and C9H7Li or TlC5H4CF3, respectively. They behave like metal bases and react with HBF4, CH3I (or CF3SO3CH3), I2, and CH3COCl by oxidative addition to give the cationic complexes [C9H7CoX(PMe3)2]+ and [(C5H4CF3)CoX(PMe3)2]+ (X = H, CH3, I, COCH3) which are isolated as the PF6 salts (2-5 and 7-10). The 1HNMR and the IR spectra of the compounds 1-10 are discussed, also in comparison to those of the corresponding cyclopentadienylcobalt complexes.
    Notes: Die Halbsandwichverbindungen C9H7Co(PMe3)2 (1) und (C5H4CF3)Co(PMe3)2 (6) werden aus CoCl(PMe3)3 und C9H7Li bzw. TlC5H4CF3 synthetisiert. Sie verhalten sich wie Metall-Basen und reagieren mit HBF4, CH3I (oder CF3SO3CH3), I2 und CH3COCl unter oxidativer Addition zu den kationischen Komplexen [C9H7CoX(PMe3)2]+-und [(C5H4CF3)CoX(PMe3)2]+ (X = H, CH3, I, COCH3), die als PF6-Salze (2-5 und 7-10) isoliert werden. Die 1H-NMR- und IR-Daten der Verbindungen 1-10 weden, auch im Vergleich zu denen der entsprechenden Cyclopentadienylcobalt-Komplexe, diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770132
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  • 98
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    Selektive Cyclotetramerisierung von Propargylalkohol: katalytische Reaktionen hoher Selektivität und Geschwindigkeit an Nickelkomplexen (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 577 (1989), S. 270-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Selective Cyclotetramerization of Propargylic Alcohol: Catalytic Reactions with High Selectivity and Reaction Rate by Nickel ComplexesIt is shown propargylic alcohol reacts with different nickel catalysts to form cyclotetrameres in a selective reaction. Main product of the reaction is 1,3,5,7-tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-cycloocta(1,3,5,7)-tetraene.The reaction is extremely fast; when it is carried out without solvents at 114°C turnover numbers of 106 catalytic cycles/mol Ni × h can be observed. The influence of phosphines is different: In solvents aromatic compounds, and cyclotetrameres are formed, when solvents are not used, phosphines have no controlling effect.The reaction can also be catalyzed by iron complexes to form cyclotetrameres, cobalt complexes yield a mixture of cyclotrimeres and cyclotetrameres.Supported Nickel or Raney-Nickel can also catalyze the cyclotetramerization.The investigations show that the 1-azadiene ligands in bis(cinnemaldehydeanil)-nickel(0) are substituted by propargylic alcohol in a fast reaction. After the substitution the catalytic reaction takes place at “ligand free nickel”.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß Propargylalkohol an vielen Nickelkatalysatoren selektiv zu Cyclotetrameren umgesetzt werden kann. Hauptprodukt der Reaktion 1,3,5,7-Tetrakis-(hydroxymethyl)-cycloocta(1,3,5,7)-tetraen. Die Reaktion ist extrem schnell; wenn ohne Lösungsmittel bei 114°C gearbeitet wird, können 106 katalytische Cyclen/Mol Ni × h erreicht werden. Der Einfluß von Phosphinen auf die katalytische Reaktion ist unterschiedlich: In Lösungsmitteln werden zunehmend Aromaten gebildet, wenn ohne Verwendung von Lösungsmitteln gearbeitet wird, haben Phosphine keinen steuernden Effekt.Die Reaktion kann auch durch Eisen(II)-Verbindungen katalysiert werden, während Cobaltkomplexe ein Gemisch von Cyclotrimeren und Cyclotetrameren bilden.Elementares Nickel auf Trägern oder Raney-Nickel können ebenfalls die katalytische Cyclotetramerisierung auslösen.Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß 1-Azadienliganden in Bis(zimtanil)-nickel(0) in einer schnellen Reaktion durch Propargylalkohol substituiert werden. Nach der Substitution findet die katalytische Reaktion am „ligandfreien Nickel“ statt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895770131
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  • 99
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    Silylphosphane mit Adamantan-Struktur durch Umsetzung von P4 und Na/K mit Dichlorsilanen sowie deren 31P-NMR-SpektrenProfessor Kurt Issleib zum 70. Geburtstage am 19. November 1989 gewidmet (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 578 (1989), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Silylphosphanes with an Admantane Skeleton Formed in Reactions of P4 and Na/K with Dichlorsilanes, and their 31P NMR SpectraThe reactions of P4 and Na/K (molar ratio 1:3) with EtMeSiCl2, Et2SiCl2, and PhMeSiCl2 give access to the silylphosphanes with adamantane structure (EtMeSi)6P4 1, (Et2Si)6P4 2, and (PhMeSi)6P4 3. Likewise, the Si-functional adamantanes [Vinyl(Me)Si]6P4 4, (MeHSi)6P4 5, and (MeHSi)(Et2Si)6P4 6 can be obtained by the reaction of alkali phosphides with Vinyl(Me)SiCl2, MeHSiCl2, or Et2SiCl2/MeHSiCl2 (molar ratio 5:1), respectively. The compounds form colorless crystals (3 crystallies reluctantly). The reactions of the alkali phosphides with t-Bu2SiCl2 and Ph2SiCl2 do not lead to the corresponding adamantanes; t-Bu2SiCl2 doesn't react product mixture of the more reactive Ph2SiCl2 traces of (Ph2Si)6P4 could not be detected. The 31P-NMR-spectra of the compounds 1-6 are interpreted.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von P4 und Na/K (Molverhältnis 1:3) mit EtMeSiCl2, Et2SiCl2, PhMeSiCl2 werden die Silylphosphane mit Adamantanstruktur (EtMeSi)6P4 1, (Et2Si)6P4 2, (PhMeSi)6P4 3 zugänglich. Entsprechend lassen sich die Si-funktionellen Adamantane [Vinyl(Me)Si]6P4 4, (MeHSi)6P4 5 und (MeHSi)(Et2Si)5P4 6 durch Umsetzung des Alkaliphosphides mit Vinyl(Me)SiCl2; MeHSiCl2 bzw. Et2SiCl2/MeHSiCl2 (Molverhältnis 5:1) darstellen. Die Verbindungen sind kristallin (3 kristallisiert nur schwer). Die Umsetzungen des Alkaliphosphides mit (t-Bu)2SiCl2 und Ph2SiCl2 führen nicht zu den entsprechenden Adamantanen; (t-Bu)2SiCl2 reagiert unter den Darstellungsbedingungen der übrigen noch nicht, und in den Reaktionsprodukten des reaktionsfähigeren Ph2SiCl2 konnte das (Ph2Si)6P4 nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die 31P-NMR-Spektren der Verbindungen 1-6 werden interpretiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895780104
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  • 100
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    Über BaNiDy2O5 und BaNiLu2O5 mit oktaedrisch und tetragonal pyramidal koordiniertem Ni2+ (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 572 (1989), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: About BaNiDy2O5 and BaNiLu2O5 with Octahedral and Tetragonal Pyramidal Coordinated Ni2+(I) BaNiDy2O5 and (II) BaNiLu2O5 were prepared for the first time and investigated by X-ray single crystal technique. [I: a = 3.773; b = 5.777; c = 11.352 Å; Z = 2; space group D2h25 - Immm; II: a = 6.931; b = 12.109; c = 5.634 Å; Z = 4; space group D2h16-Pbnm]. I crystallizes with an octahedral coordination of Ni2+ by O2-, II on the contrary is surrounded by a tetragonal pyramidal oxygen environment. II belongs to the series of BaCuLn2O5 compounds.
    Notes: (I) BaNiDy2O5 und (II) BaNiLu2O5 wurden erstmals dargestellt und mit Einkristallröntgenbeugungsmethoden untersucht [I: a = 3,773; b = 5,777; c = 11,352 Å; Z = 2; Raumgruppe D2h25-Immm; II: a = 6,931; b = 12,109; c = 5,634 Å; Z = 4; Raumgruppe D2h16-Pbnm]. I kristallisiert mit oktaedrisch koordiniertem Ni2+, II dagegen mit der Koordinationszahl 5 in Form einer tetragonalen Pyramide. II gehört somit zur Reihe der BaCuLn2O5-Verbindungen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895720122
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