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  • 1990-1994  (4,713)
  • 1920-1924  (3,032)
  • 1905-1909  (4,594)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (11,239)
  • Genetics  (1,100)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 290-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Polyembryony ; Chromosome mosaics ; Rye ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have obtained one plant regenerated from rye tissue culture which showed a high percentage of polyembryonic seeds in its progeny. The mutation inducing the development of extra embryos is also influencing erroneous cell division, mitosis and meiosis. The genetic analysis indicated that the aptitude for polyembryonic seed formation is a heritable trait controlled by a dominant gene. However, for expression of the phenotype the female parent should have a specific cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Polyploidy ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA markers ; Arbitrarily primed PCR ; RAPD markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent work has revealed random chromosome pairing and assortment in Saccharum spontaneum L., the most widely distributed, and morphologically and cytologically variable of the species of Saccharum. This conclusion was based on the analysis of a segregating population from across between S. spontaneum ‘SES 208’ and a spontaneously-doubled haploid of itself, derived from anther culture. To determine whether polysomic inheritance is common in Saccharum and whether it is observed in a typical biparental cross, we studied chromosome pairing and assortment in 44 progeny of a cross between euploid, meiotically regular, 2n=80 forms of Saccharum officinarum ‘LA Purple’ and Saccharum robustum ‘ Mol 5829’. Papuan 2n=80 forms of S. robustum have been suggested as the immediate progenitor species for cultivated sugarcane (S. officinarum). A total of 738 loci in LA Purple and 720 loci in Mol 5829 were amplified and typed in the progeny by arbitrarily primed PCR using 45 primers. Fifty and 33 single-dose polymorphisms were identified in the S. officinarum and S. robustum genomes, respectively (χ 2 at 98%). Linkage analysis of single-dose polymorphisms in both genomes revealed linkages in repulsion and coupling phases. In the S. officinarum genome, a map hypothesis gave 7 linkage groups with 17 linked and 33 unlinked markers. Four of 13 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase and 9 were in coupling phase. In the S. robustum genome, a map hypothesis gave 5 linkage groups, defined by 12 markers, with 21 markers unlinked, and 2 of 9 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase. Therefore, complete polysomic inheritance was not observed in either species, suggesting that chromosomal behavior is different from that observed by linkage analysis of over 500 markers in the S. spontaneum map. Implications of this finding for evolution and breeding are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 15 (1994), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Subaortic stenosis ; Congenital heart disease ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The first case of multiple family members with discrete subaortic membrane and no other congenital defects is presented. One family member presents with findings suggesting a forme fruste of this disease. Increased surveillance of family members of individuals with discrete subaortic membrane is warranted, as the clinical findings of mild subaortic obstruction may be indistinguishable from those of an innocent flow murmur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 15 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Tricuspid atresia ; Tricuspid hypoplasia ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Occurrence of a similar cardiac malformation in multiple family members has been reported for many lesions. Neither tricuspid atresia nor tricuspid annular hypoplasia and tricuspid atresia and one case of tricuspid annular hypoplasia with an atrial septal defect in siblings. The findings in this family suggest an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance for abnormal tricuspid valve morphogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Myotonic dystrophy ; Limb girdle muscular dystrophy ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A family is reported in which a 29-year-old woman showed the clinical features of myotonic dystrophy while her 26-year-old brother presented with the clinical picture of limb girdle syndrome. In the affected female, direct genetic testing for the specific myotonic dystrophy mutation on chromosome 19 revealed abnormal expansion of a repeat unit containing the three nucleotides cytosine, thymine, and guanine (CTG) — typical for myotonic dystrophy — while her diseased brother displayed two normal alleles. This supports the hypothesis of the extremely rare occurrence of two clinically and genetically different myopathies in one family. Genetic analysis of six other family members showed that the father of the diseased siblings as well as all of his three brothers and sisters had a pathological CTG repeat expansion, and that the other two family members tested had a normal allelic pattern. The number of CTG repeats in the diseased women was approximately tenfold higher than in her asymptomatic relatives who revealed an abnormal allelic pattern. The increase in CTG repeats with transmission to a subsequent generation in this family was paralleled by a dramatic increase in the severity of myotonic dystrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words     Primitive neuroepithelial tumor ; Desmoplastic small cell tumor ; Brain tumor of infancy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      We describe a case of a desmoplastic brain tumor which was initially resected from the right fronto-temporal region in a 2 year-old boy. This nodular, calcified tumor was vascularized by the internal carotid artery and the middle meningeal artery branches. Grossly, it contained several mucoid cysts. Light microscopy showed cords or nests of small cuboidal cells surrounded by a loose connective tissue and desmoplasic areas containing fibers and spindle cells. The cuboidal cells expressed epithelial, neuronal and neuroendocrine markers. Some foci of spindle cells showed glial differentiation. The tumor recurred 16 months later and displayed some characteristics of the small cell neuroepithelial component, mitoses being conspicuous. Electron microscopy revealed undifferentiated clear cells, some containing neurosecretory granules. Karyotyping demonstrated the following formula: 〈 15 〉 46, t(8;11) (q13; q11). The chromosome 11 breakpoint was different from that described in Ewing's sarcoma. This isolated translocation has not been previously reported to our knowledge. These unusual features lead us to report this case and to discuss its pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; diabetes mellitus ; mitochondria ; maternal ; deafness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has a strong genetic component and maternal factors have recently been implicated in disease inheritance. The mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases which often show maternal inheritance as a result of mtDNA defects; some patients have impaired glucose tolerance. Occasional families with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness associated with a deletion or point mutation of mtDNA have been reported. To assess the importance of mitochondrial gene defects in NIDDM, 150 unrelated diabetic subjects from Wales, UK and 68 unrelated patients with diabetes and at least one affected sibling from England, UK were studied. Southern blot analysis did not show any large mtDNA deletions or duplications. One patient had a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAleu(UUR) gene at bp 3243. This mutation is commonly associated with the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS). Study of this patient and his siblings showed a distinct form of late-onset diabetes associated with nerve deafness but no clinical features of the MELAS syndrome. No diabetic subject was shown to have the mtDNA mutation at position 8344 (tRNAlys) which has previously been described in the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and red-ragged fibres (MERRF). The role of other mitochondrial gene defects in diabetes and the pathophysiological basis of glucose intolerance in patients with the MELAS mutation requires further elucidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 372-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Absences ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and EEG family data of 140 cases with early childhood epilepsy with absences are presented. The aim of the study was to evaluate, whether the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) as a presenting symptom might correlate with family data, i.e. whether there are indications of heterogeneity. One hundred and forty cases were selected from the epilepsy family data base of the Neuropaediatric Department. The selection parameter was epilepsy with absences manifesting between the 1 st and 5th year of age. The incidence of seizures was evaluated in siblings, parents and parents' siblings. EEG records were available from 103 parents and 106 siblings. The analysis supports the assumption of heterogeneity within early childhood absence epilepsy. Parents and their sibs of cases manifesting with GTCS had seizures twice as often than parents and their sibs in the non-GTCS group. In the affected relatives of the GTCS group early onset GTCS prevailed, whereas in the relatives of the non-GTCS group absences were found more frequently. The EEG of relatives showed elevated incidences of spikes and waves and photosensitivity in both groups, indicating common genetic factors. In parents of the non-GTCS group, however, EEG pathology was significantly more frequent than in parents of the GTCS group. Comparing EEG pathology in parents with seizure risk in siblings, evidence for maternal preponderance in transmission of the seizure liability was found. Mothers' EEG seems to be the best predictor of the seizure risk in probands' siblings. Early childhood epilepsy with absences can be regarded as an intermediate type, showing overlap with early onset GTCS and myoclonic astatic epilepsy on the one side and with childhood absence epilepsy on the other.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; haplotype ; HLA-A ; HLA-DQ ; HLA-DR ; tumour necrosis factor ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Finland the haplotype A2, Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8 is the third most common haplotype in insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients and has the highest haplotype-specific absolute risk for IDDM. Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8 haplotypes containing HLA-A alleles other than A2 are infrequent in the population and are not associated with IDDM. Comparison of the A2 and non-A2 haplotypes at the DNA level showed that they were identical at HLA-B,-DR, and -DQ loci. Evidence that class I alleles confer susceptibility to IDDM was obtained from the two HLA-C, -B, -DR and -DQ haplotypes most frequently found in IDDM patients in Finland. A24, A3 and A2 on the Cw3, B62, DR4, DQ8 haplotype, and A28, A2 and A1 on the Cw7, B8, DR3, DQ2 were all found to be associated with IDDM. In Finland these seven haplotypes, including A2, Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8, account for 33% of diabetic haplotypes and 10.3% of non-diabetic haplotypes (p〈0.00001). The contribution of the class I region to IDDM susceptibility was also apparent in those IDDM patients lacking the disease-predisposing class II alleles. Significantly more non-DR3/non-DR4 IDDM patients (47 of 55) possessed two of the IDDM-associated HLA-A alleles compared to non-DR3/non-DR4 control subjects (40 of 58; p=0.038). Moreover, IDDM patients confirmed by oligotyping as unable to form a ‘diabetes-susceptibility’ DQ heterodimer, tended to possess two diabetes-associated HLA-A alleles (12 of 13) compared to control subjects (12 of 20; p=0.056).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 754-758 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato breeding ; Potato leaf roll virus ; Virus resistance ; Major gene resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) of cv ‘Maris Piper’ with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. To examine the genetic control of resistance to PLRV multiplication, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar ‘Maris Piper’ and the two resistant clones, and the three parents were selfed. Seedling progenies of these families were grown to generate tubers of individual genotypes (clones). Clonally propagated plants were graft-inoculated, and their daughter tubers were collected and used to grow plants with secondary infection in which PLRV concentration was estimated. The expression of resistance to PLRV multiplication had a bimodal distribution in progenies from crosses between ‘Maris Piper’ and either resistant clone, and also in progeny from selfing the resistant parents, with genotypes segregating into high and low virus titre groups. Only the progeny obtained from selfing ‘Maris Piper’ did not segregate, all genotypes being susceptible to PLRV multiplication. The pattern of segregation obtained from these progenies fits more closely with the genetical hypothesis that resistance to PLRV multiplication is controlled by two unlinked dominant complementary genes, both of which are required for resistance, than with the simpler hypothesis that resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, as published previously.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Disease resistance ; Monocots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An F2 oat population was produced by crossing the diploid (n=7) species Avena strigosa (CI 3815) with A. wiestii (CI 1994), resistant and susceptible, respectively, to 40 isolates of Puccinia coronata, the causal agent of crown rust. Eighty-eight F2 individuals were used to construct an RFLP linkage map representing the A genome of cultivated hexaploid oat. Two hundred and eight RFLP loci have been placed into 10 linkage groups. This map covers 2416 cM, with an average of 12 cM between RFLP loci. Eighty-eight F3 lines, derived from F2 individuals used to construct the map, were screened for resistance to 9 isolates of P. coronata. One locus, Pca, was found to confer a dominant resistance phenotype to isolates 203, 258, 263, 264B, 290, 298, 325A, and 345. Pca also conferred resistance to isolate 276; however, an unlinked second gene may also be involved.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Rice ; Phosphorousefficiency ; Diallel analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of phosphorous (P) — deficiency tolerance in rice was investigated by a sevenparent diallel. The parent materials involved were four P-efficient (IR20, IR54, IR28, and Mahsuri), one moderately P-efficient (TN1), and two P-inefficient (IR31406333-1 and IR34686-179-1-2-1), genotypes. Relative tilering ability (RTA) under P-deficient and P-supplemented soil conditions was the parameter used in determining the tolerance level of the different genotypes. Diallel graph analysis revealed that tolerant parents have an excess of recessive genes, while moderate and susceptible parents possess more dominant genes. Genetic-component analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. The trait exhibited over doiminance as confirmed by the graphical analysis. Narrow-sense heritability of the trait was moderate (0.50) and environmental effects were low. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, but GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parents exhibited a high GCA whereas susceptibles have a very poor GCA, suggesting that tolerant parents were mostly enriched in additive genes and susceptible parents in non-additive genes. Crosses involving two high general combiners showed low SCA effects whereas crosses between poor general combiners manifested highly-significant SCA values.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Desmoids ; Genetics ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the natural history and management of surgically unresectable intra-abdominal desmoid tumors in two patients with Gardner's syndrome from two unrelated families, where each had failed on conventional therapy. METHODS: Two patients with Gardner's syndrome were placed on a chemotherapy regimen which included doxorubicin (90 mg/m2) and dacarbazine (900 mg/m2) in divided doses over four days of continuous infusion. Their progress on chemotherapy was assessed by abdominal computerized tomography and laparoscopy. RESULTS: The computerized abdominal tomography scans proved difficult to interpret because of adhesions and matted small bowel resulting from the patients original colectomies. These findings made it difficult to differentiate postoperative changes from residual desmoid tumor. Second-look laparotomy in such patients was contraindicated as this may predispose to further desmoid production. Laparoscopy disclosed a complete response to this chemotherapy. Nevertheless, we had an iatrogenic small bowel perforation in one of these patients. Each patient showed a complete response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection remains the first-line treatment of intra-abdominal desmoid tumors. However, doxorubicin/ dacarbazine chemotherapy on a clinical trial basis may be indicated in patients whose intra-abdominal desmoid is unresectable, or who have failed to respond to treatment with hormones (tamoxifen, Toremifene), steroids (prednisone), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (Clinoril®; Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA).
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Recombinant U1-nRNP proteins ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate a possible involvement of HLA-class II alleles in the genetic predisposition for the formation of anti-U1-nRNP antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), genomic DNA of 178 patients was typed for the DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-radioactive-oligonucleotide typing. Antibodies against recombinant U1-nRNP proteins (U1-A- U1-C-and 70K-protein) were determined by ELISA. Anti-U1-C antibody was found in 26 (14.7%), anti-U1-A in 34 (19.2%) and anti-70K in 17 (9.6%) patients. A joint occurrence was observed for these antibodies against the recombinant U1-nRNP proteins: anti-U1-C and anti-U1-A antibodies occurred together more frequently than alone and than together with anti-U1-70K antibodies. The frequency of DRB1 * 04 was slightly increased in the patients with anti-U1-C as compared to the patients without anti-U1-C (P〈0.05, Pcorr=n.s., RR=2.4). The DQA1 * 0301 allele, which is in linkage disequilibrium with DRB1 * 04, is found more frequently in anti-U1-C-positive than in antibody-negative patients. The DQB1 * 0303 allele, detected in 12 of 176 SLE patients, was absent in the patients with any of the antibodies against the U1-nRNP proteins. All these deviations may be due to chance alone. We concluded that the presence of antibodies against recombinant U1-nRNP proteins was not significantly associated with any HLA DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 allele in our group of SLE patients.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis Epidemiology ; Immigrants Environment ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) were compared, controlling for age, in native-born Israelis of different origins and in immigrants to Israel. This comparison was carried out in two populations, countrywide and in Jerusalem. In the countrywide population, ascertainment was based mainly on hospitalizations; it included 252 patients who were native-born and 150 who had immigrated from Africa-Asia (AA immigrants). The 89 MS patients of Jerusalem also included patients diagnosed in outpatient clinics. In native-born Israelis whose father was born in Europe-America (I-EA), the incidence and prevalence of MS were found to be as high as or even higher than that found previously in immigrants from Europe-America. Among native-born Israelis whose father was born in Africa or Asia (I-AA), the yearly age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates were found to be 1.4- to 1.8-fold higher than among AA immigrants, pointing to environmental factors. The incidence and prevalence rates in the I-EA were 1.2- to 1.6-fold higher than in the I-AA, pointing to genetic factors. These results seem to point to both environmental and genetic factors in the aetiology of MS. Further research is needed, however, to disentangle the genetic factors from possible environmental differences in the two ethnic groups.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 241 (1994), S. 487-491 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Juvenile absence epilepsy ; Valproate ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen patients aged 11–25 years (mean 15.37, SD 3.89) suffering from juvenile absence epilepsy are presented. Only 3 (20%) had absences (AS) as the only seizure type, 12 (80%) had associated generalized tonic-clinic seizures (GTCS) and in the remaining 3 with absences and GTCS there was also sporadic myoclonus. We found a higher frequency of AS in our patients by clinical history and video-EEG than has been previously reported. In our patients the mean age of onset in years was 11.4, SD 1.24 for AS, 13.12, SD 2.31 for GTCS and 12.5, SD 2.18 for myoclonus. The correct diagnosis was not made on referrals for any of the patients. It took an average of 3–5.5 years from the onset of the AS (range: 6–120 months) and 2 years from the occurrence of GTCS (average: 1–72 months) to make the correct diagnosis and institute proper treatment, which was valproic acid (VPA). The GTCS were controlled in all patients whereas AS continued in 6 (40%), but to a significantly lesser degree. The frequency and the duration of the GTCS before the start of VPA treatment seemed to have an adverse effect on AS control. We documented no circadian rhythm in either AS or the GTCS, except in 2 patients who had AS and GTCS mainly when they awoke in the morning. The sample size was too small to perform a proper genetic study, though a positive history of epilepsies of mixed types was obtained in 35.7% of the parents and the siblings of the probands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 244 (1994), S. 138-140 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Parity ; Genetics ; Diathesis-stress model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As part of a follow-up and family study of post-partum psychoses, this episode of illness being the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, patients with puerperal episodes (PE) and nonpuerperal episodes (NPE) of illness in the long-term course (n=79) were compared to patients with PE only (n=40). Few differences were found. Relatives of patients with PE only had a lower morbidity risk for functional psychoses than relatives of patients with PE and NPE. A favourable course of illness in the presence of a low genetic predisposition may be expected, according to the diathesis-stress model of functional psychoses.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; Genetics ; Oral clefts ; Registers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiological and genetic variables for oral clefts were analysed for the years 1981–1989 in a case-control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna, Veneto, and Friuli regions, and in the Trento and Bolzano hospitals. Birth prevalence for all cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) was 8.2 per 10,000 births, and that for cleft palate only (CP) was 6.1 per 10,000. Coexisting abnormalities were found in 23% of CL(P) cases and in 43% of CP. No clusters in time or space were detected. For isolated clefts, a predominance of males among CL(P) and of females among CP was found; epilepsy was the only maternal risk factor correlated with clefts, and an association between clefting and consanguinity was found. Empirical recurrence risks were calculated in both isolated CL(P) and CP.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ; Qualitative and quantitative inheritance ; Plant breeding ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and one morphological marker were used to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological and physiological traits evaluated on 150 F2∶3 maize (Zea mays L.) lines derived from the cross of elite U.S. Corn Belt inbreds Mo17 and H99. F2∶3 lines were grown in a replicated experiment and evaluated for plant and ear heights and flowering traits. QTL were identified for each trait, and genetic effects were determined. Estimated gene action for the flowering traits was predominantly overdominance. Both parents contributed toward increased values for anthesis and silk emergence. QTL for increased plant and ear heights were usually contributed by the taller parent, Mo17. Estimated gene action for these traits was mainly partial to overdominance. QTL for plant height were located in the vicinity of loci defined by alleles with qualitative effects on plant height.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Ribozyme ; npt-gene ; Transgenic tobacco ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chimeric gene encoding a ribozyme under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into transgenic tobacco plants. In vivo activity of this ribozyme, which was designed to cleave npt mRNA, was previously demonstrated by transient expression assays in plant protoplasts. The ribozyme gene was transferred into transgenic tobacco plants expressing an rbcS-npt chimeric gene as an indicator. Five double transformants out of sixteen exhibited a reduction in the amount of active NPT enzyme. To measure the amount of ribozyme produced, in the absence of its target, the ribozyme and target genes were separated by genetic segregation. The steady-state concentrations of ribozyme and target RNA were shown to be similar in the resulting single transformants. Direct evidence for a correlation between reduced npt gene expression and ribozyme expression was provided by crossing a plant containing only the ribozyme gene with a transgenic plant expressing the npt gene under control of the 35S promoter, i.e. the same promoter used to direct ribozyme expression. The expression of npt was reduced in all progeny containing both transgenes. Both steady-state levels of npt mRNA and amounts of active NPT enzyme are decreased. In addition, our data indicate that, at least in stable transformants, a large excess of ribozyme over target is not a prerequisite for achieving a significant reduction in target gene expression.
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  • 26
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    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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  • 27
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    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 9 (1994), S. 105-131 
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Alcoholism ; Genetics ; Endorphins ; Enkephalins ; Dynorphins ; Opioid ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract At the present time alcoholism is recognized as a metabolic disease exhibiting the clinical features of craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, tolerance and physical dependence on alcohol, while both epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that genetic factors may be important in determining whether an individual has a high or low vulnerability to develop alcoholism. Evidence also indicates that alcoholism is not characterized by a single gene single allele inheritance. Instead it seems that multiple genes and environmental factors interact to increase or decrease an individual's vulnerability to become an alcoholic. Current research is aimed at investigating whether certain behavioral, physiological and biochemical markers are highly associated with the incidence of alcoholism. Among the biochemical markers currently under investigation is the endogenous opioid system and its implication in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. It is the objective of this manuscript to review current research on: (a) the interactions of ethanol with the endogenous opioid system at the molecular level; (b) the existence of genetically determined differences in the response of the endogenous opioid system to ethanol between subjects at high and low risk for excessive ethanol consumption, as well as between lines of animals showing preference or aversion for ethanol solutions; (c) the decrease of alcohol consumption following pretreatment with opioid antagonists; and (d) the possible use of specific opioid receptor antagonists together with behavioral therapy to modify drinking behavior, to control craving and to prevent relapse.
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  • 28
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 117-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability exists among worker honey bees for components of division of labor. These components are of two types, those that affect foraging behavior and those that affect life-history characteristics of workers. Variable foraging behavior components are: the probability that foraging workers collect (1) pollen only; (2) nectar only; and (3) pollen and nectar on the same trip. Life history components are: (1) the age the workers initiate foraging behavior; (2) the length of the foraging life of a worker; and (3) worker length of life. We show how these components may interact to change the social organization of honey bee colonies and the lifetime foraging productivity of individual workers. Selection acting on foraging behavior components may result in changes in the proportion of workers collecting pollen and nectar. Selection acting on life-history components may affect the size of the foraging population and the distribution of workers between within nest and foraging activities. We suggest that these components define possible sociogenic “pathways” through which colony-level natural selection can change social organization. These pathways may be analogous to developmental pathways in the morphogenesis of individual organisms because small changes in behavioral or life history components of individual workers may lead to major changes in the organizational structure of colonies.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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  • 30
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Nepotism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three experiments were performed to determine whether brood care in honey bee colonies is influenced by colony genetic structure and by social context. In experiment 1, there were significant genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on observations of individually labeled workers of known age belonging to two visually distinguishable subfamilies. In experiment 2, no genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing drones or workers was detected, in the same colonies that were used in experiment 1. In experiment 3, there again were significant genotypic differences in the likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on electrophoretic analyses of workers from a set of colonies with allozyme subfamily markers. There also was an overall significant trend for colonies to show greater subfamily differences in queen rearing when the queens were sisters (half- and super-sisters) rather than unrelated, but these differences were not consistent from trial to trial for some colonies. Results of experiments 1 and 3 demonstrate genotypic differences in queen rearing, which has been reported previously based on more limited behavioral observations. Results from all three experiments suggest that genotypic differences in brood care are influenced by social context and may be more pronounced when workers have a theoretical opportunity to practice nepotism. Finally, we failed to detect persistent interindividual differences in bees from either subfamily in the tendency to rear queen brood, using two different statistical tests. This indicates that the probability of queen rearing was influenced by genotypic differences but not by the effect of prior queen-rearing experience. These results suggest that subfamilies within a colony can specialize on a particular task, such as queen rearing, without individual workers performing that task for extended periods of time.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Germane, optically active ; Biotransformation, stereoselective ; Transesterification, enzymatic ; Porcine liver esterase ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of ( - )-(Acetoxymethyl)(hydroxymethyl)methyl(phenyl)germane [( - )-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH)] by an Esterase-Catalyzed Transesterification: the First Enzymatic Synthesis of an Optically Active GermaneThe prochiral germane MePhGe(CH2OH)2 (1) was synthesized by a six-step synthesis starting from GeCl4 (3) [3 → Cl2Ge(CH2Cl)2 (4) → Ph2Ge(CH2Cl)2 (5) → (CF3S(O)2O)PhGe(CH2Cl)2 (6) → MePhGe(CH2Cl)2 (7) → MePhGe(CH2OAc)2 (8) → 1]. Reaction of 1 with Ac2O/NEt3 (molar ratio 1: Ac2O = 1:1) gave the racemic germane rac-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH) (rac-2). Stereoselective transesterification of 1 with vinyl acetate (acetate source and solvent), catalyzed by immobilized porcine liver esterase (PLE; E.C.-3.1.1.1), yielded the optically active germane ( - )-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH) [( - )-2] (yield 57%, enantiomeric purity 50% ee).
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  • 32
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Boranes, amino(imino) ; Iron, tricarbonyl(butanone) ; Diiron, [(boryloxy)allyl]hexacarbonyl ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Formation of a Fe2(CO)6 Complex with a (Boryloxy)allyl BridgeThe amino(imino)borane Me3Si(tBu)N=B=NtBu (1) reacts with (benzylideneacetone)tricarbonyliron (2) in 1:2 molar ratio to give a 50% yield of the hexacarbonyldiiron complex 3 with a fly-over (boryloxy)allyl bridge, which crystallizes in the space group P21/c. The structure of 3 can be described as a pyramid with Fe(CO)3 at the apex and a non-planar pentagon [-Fe(CO)3-O(BXX′)-C(Me)-CH-C(Ph)-] [X = NHtBu, X′ = N(SiMe3)tBu] as the basis, but there is no bond between the apex and the O atom.
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  • 33
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Diels-Alder reaction, intramolecular ; Chloroformate, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Tosylate, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol: Synthesis, Structure, and DerivatizationBis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) ketone (1) reacts at low temperatures with LiAlH4 to form in good yields (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol (2) and its corresponding intramolecular Diels-Alder product 3 in a ca. 2:1 ratio. The alcohol 2 is separated from the tetracyclic compound 3 by crystallisation at -70°C from hexane/pyridine as pyridine adduct. The pyridine-free alcohol 2 is available by repeated dissolving of the adduct in hexane and removal of the volatile components in vacuo. The alcohol tends to intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition even at room temperature with formation of 3. A derivatization of 2 is possible by deprotonation with alkyllithium compounds, which leads to the alcoholate 4, and subsequent treatment with phosgen and tosyl chloride, thus affording the chloroformate 6 and the tosylate 7, respectively, in good yields. The thermolabile tosylate 7 decomposes to pentamethylbenzene or, under basic conditions, to the pentacyclic compound 7.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bis(trifluormethyl)butenal ; Retinoids ; β-Ionol ; Fluoro compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of Suitable Precursors for the Synthesis of 16,16,16,17,17,17-HexafluororetinalsCycloaddition reactions of (CF3)2C = CHCHO with butadiene or 1,3-pentadiene provide the corresponding cyclohexane derivatives 2, 3 and 4. Condensation of 3 with (C2H5O)2P-(O)CH2C(O)CH3 or of 2 with acetone in the presence of bases yields 5 and 7. While 5 reacts with CH2 = CHMgBr to give 6, treatment of 7 with diluted HCI provides 8. Compounds 7 and 8 proved to be not suitable as starting materials for the preparation of 16,16,16,17,17,17-hexafluororetinals. A better synthon is the diene 11. This is obtained in a threestep reaction starting from hexafluoroacetone and (C6H5)3P=CHC(O)CH3 to give 9 which on treatment with CH3MgI provides 10. Dehydration of 10 with 50% H2SO4 forms 11. In this reaction sequence byproduct 12 is formed presumably by addition of CF3C(O)CF3 to 9. At elevated temperatures under pressure 11 adds ethylene to form 13. Functionalization of 13 in 2-position is achieved by hydroboration/oxidation yielding 14 which is oxidized with pyridinium dichromate to 15. Oxidation and bromination reaction of 13 are described.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbonyl olefination ; Molbydenum aluminium complexes, organo ; Tungsten aluminium complexes, organo ; Tebbe reagent ; Aluminium, molybdenum and tungsten complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organomolybdenum and Organotungsten Reagents, VI[1]. On the Carbonyl-Methylenating Molybdenum-Aluminium and Tungsten-Aluminium μ-Methylene ComplexesMoCl5, MoOCl3(THF)2, MoO2Cl2, (MeO)2MoCl3, (MeO)4MoCl, WOCl3(THF)2, and WOCl4 form carbonyl-methylenating complexes and 1-2 equiv. of CH4 by reacting with 2 equiv. of Me3Al. These thermolabile complexes are prepared in solution and differ in their properties (e.g. ability to transfer mostly more than 1 CH2 unit per Mo or W atom in carbonyl-olefinating processes; high sensitivity to water, no hydroxy ketone affinity) from the carbonyl-olefinating 1,3-dimetallacyclobutanes (M = Mo, W) and are believed to be mono- and bicyclic analogs (e.g. hypothic structures 3, 6-8) of the Tebbe reagent (1), containing Mo-μCH2 Al or W -μCH2 Al groups, respectively. Analogous complexes seem to be produced by treating MoOCl3(THF)2 with 2 Me2Zn or (MeO)2MoCl3 and (MeO)4MoCl with 2 MeMgBr in each case. Unlike the dimeric and, due to a Mo—Mo bond, diamagnetic Mo derivatives (Me—O)2MoCl3 and (MeO)4MoCl (according to 1H—NMR structure 9 or 10 and 11 or 12, respectively) the complexes obtained by the reactions (MeO)2MoCl3 + 2 Me3Al and (MeO)4MoCl + 2 Me3Al are paramagnetic, indicating the expected absence of a Mo—Mo bond. The 1H—NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture obtained by treating the MoVI derivative MoO2Cl2 with 2 Me3Al in THF shows various signals for μ—CH2 groups, whereas signals of t-CH2 ligands are missing (t = terminal). In analogy to 1 the carbonyl-olefinating activity of the Mo—Al and W—Al reagents is activated by the addition of 2 equiv. of HMPA. Treatment of PhCOCH2NEt2 (19) with {MoO2Cl2 + 2 Me3Al} leads to carbonyl olefination with formation of 20 and also to α-methylation with formation of PhCOCH(Me)-NEt2 (21), pointing to the intermediate formation of a t-CH2—Mo ligand. {MoO2Cl2 + 2 Me3Al + 2 HMPA} has found to be the best reagent for the carbonyl olefination of aldehydes, whereas {WOCl3(THF)2 + 2 Me3Al + 2 HMPA} was optimal for ketones. In 1:1 reactions both reagents normally give better yields than the Tebbe reagent. By applying (WOCl3(THF)2 + 2 Me3Al} and {MoO2Cl2 + 2 Me3Al} on ketones 16-18 an interesting neighbour group effect of electron donor atoms in the δ position to the keto group was observed.
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  • 36
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diazo compounds ; Valence isomerization ; „Corset effect“ ; limits of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small Rings, 79[1].  -  Synthesis and Properties of Novel Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienes and TetrahedranesThe cyclobutadienes 2b, d as well as the corresponding tetrahedranes 3b, d have been prepared according to the “Masamune route” by starting from the diazo compounds 1b, d. Low-temperature 13C—NMR measurements of the cyclobutadienes 2a, b, d lead to the first exact values of the barrier heights in the interconversion of the two rectangular forms of the cyclobutadienes. Fluorodesilylation of 3d probably proceeds via tri-tert-butyltetrahedrane (3h) and cyclobutadiene 2h and finally yields diketone 18. Reaction of tetrahedrane 3d with LiAlH4 in boiling THF leads to tetrahedrane 3e, which is much less stable than all previously known tetrahedrane derivatives.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Alkoxyalkylation ; Carboxonium ions ; Acetals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Competition experiments have been performed to determine the relative reactivities of acetals and ethers toward allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of BF3 OEt2. It is found that acetals R-CH(OMe)2 and their phenylogous p-anisyl ethers R-CH(p-MeOC6H4)(OMe) show very little differences in reactivity. The reactivity scales are employed to rationalize the results of Lewis acid-catalyzed additions of acetals and ethers to CC double bonds.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Cyclopropenes, 3,3-dimethyl-1-trimethylsilyl-substituted ; Cyclopropene, isomerisation ; Gas-phase kinetics ; Ring opening ; Diradical intermediates ; Cyclopropylidene intermediates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas-phase pyrolyses of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)-cyclopropene (9), 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropeneTextReactantlog (A/s-1)Ea/kj mol-1(kcal mol-1)913.41 ± 0.22192.1 ± 2.5(45.9 ± 0.6)1013.54 ± 0.19184.4 ± 2.1(44.1 ± 0.5)1112.17 ± 0.38124.6 ± 3.1(29.8 ± 0.7)(10), and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(methylthio)-2-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropene (11) have been studied, and the pressure-independent Arrhenius parameters listed in the table were obtained. All three rearrangements are homogeneous, first-order and unimolecular reactions. Rather surprisingly all reactions give the corresponding isomeric allenes as the main products. Amongst possible mechanisms discussed, 10 is proposed to react via a cyclopropylidene intermediate, whilst the results for 9 and 11 throw light on the relative importance of the diradical- and vinylcarbene-type intermediates produced by cyclopropene ring opening.
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  • 39
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. A5 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metal dithiolenes ; Dipyridinioethylene dihalides ; Charge-Transfer complexes ; Electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Charge-Transfer Complexes of Metal Dithiolenes, XIII[1]. - cis-trans-Photoisomerisable Viologens as Redoxactive Acceptors  -  Synthesis and Electrical ConductivityIon Pair Charge-Transfer (IPCT) complexes of the type [A2+[ML2]2-} (1a-f to 4a-f) are synthesized from dianionic metal dithiolenes [M = Ni, Zn, L = cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethene-dithiolate (mnt2-), 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiol-4,5-dithiolate (dmit2-)] and dicationic viologens [A2+ = 4,4′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(1-alkylpyridinium)]. The acceptors can exist as cis/trans isomers and may have coordinating properties in the case of 1-cyanoalkyl groups. The IPCT bands are in the range of 500 to 1200 nm and their energy follows the Hush-Marcus relation. For the nickel complexes the reorganization energy amounts to 73, for the zinc compounds to 115 kJ/mol. As shown by X-ray analysis of {A2+[Ni(mnt)2]2-} (2d), A2+ = trans-4,4′-(1,2-ethenediyl)-bis[1-(3-cyanopropyl)pyridinium], the structure consists of stacks of alternating donors and acceptors with a typical plane-to-plane distance of 350 pm. There is no interaction between the cyano group of the acceptor and the nickel atom of the donor. The electrical conductivities of the nickel compounds are in the range of 5 · 10-6 to 3 · 10-11 Ω-1 cm-1, and the corresponding activation energies vary from 0.24 to 0.61 eV. For the dmit complexes these values agree well with the free activation enthalpy of the electron transfer reaction A2+ + [ML2]2- → A+ + [ML2]- calculated from the Hush-Marcus model. This suggests that charge carrier generation occurs by electron transfer. When a trans acceptor is replaced by its cis isomer in [A2+[NiL2]2-}, conductivity changes from 5 · 10-7 to 5 · 10-6 Ω-1 cm-1 and the activation energy from 0.43 to 0.24 eV, when L - dmit2- but stays at about 1 · 10-8 Ω-1 cm-1 for L = mnt2-.
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  • 41
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 42
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Niobium iodide telluride ; Polytellurides ; Chain compounds, one-dimensional ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new ternary compound Nb4Te17I4 has been prepared and structurally characterized. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with unit-cell parameters a = 16.199(4), b = 8.128(2), c = 27.355(6) Å, β = 110.84(2)°, Z = 4. The structure consists of infinite one-dimensional niobium/tellurium chains running parallel to the crystallographic c direction. The chains are separated by iodine atoms. Short and long metal-metal distances alternate in the sequence of three consecutive short bonds ([d ≈ 3.1 - 3.2 Å) and one long (d = 4.268 Å) metal-metal separation. Each Nb atom is eight-coordinate. The composition of the chain is ∞11[(Nb5+)2(Nb4+)2(Te22-)4(Te32-)3(I-)4].
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Copper niobium telluride ; Layer compounds ; Low-dimensional compounds ; Electrical properties ; Band structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis, Structure and Electronic Properties of Cu0.69NbTe2Cu0.69NbTe2 is obtained from the elements in a sealed quartz ampoule at 850°C. The structure of Cu0.69NbTe2 is related to the CdI2 type. The Cu atoms are disordered and situated in tetrahedral sites between the NbTe2 layers. The Nb atoms form zig-zag chains extending in one direction within the layers. This deformation of the Nb sublattice from trigonal symmetry is typical for CdI2 derivatives with formal electron counts close to d2 on the early transition metal. The magnetic susceptibility is temperature-independent between 4 K and 300 K (Pauli paramagnetism). Resistivity measurements confirm the metallic behavior of the compound. The crystal structure and the physical properties are in agreement with the results of tight-binding band-structure calculations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: (Trifluoromethyl)sulfane- and -disulfanesulfonic acids ; Mercury compounds ; (Trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl-disulfanyl-, and -sulfinylimine ; Arsenic compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Properties of S-(Trifluoromethyl)polysulfanemonosulfonates CF3SxSO2M [x=1, M = OH, NH4O, 1/2 HgO2, (CH3)2N, NH2; x=2, M = NH4O]*Hydrolysis of CF3SNSO with 2 equiv. of H2O provides [NH4][CF3SSO3] (1), which on treatment with chlorine gives CF3SCl and [NH4][ClSO3]. Trifluoromethyl thiosulfates are synthesized from Hg(SCF3)2 and ClSO2M [M = NH4O, (CH3)3SiO (2), (CH3)2N (3), NH2 (4)]. Insertion of SO3 into Hg(SCF3)2 provides Hg[CF3SSO2O]2 (6). Similarly, S-(trifluoromethyl)thiosulfuric acid (5) is obtained from CF3SH and SO3. New preparations for CF3SXNSO (x=1, 2) are described. These compounds are formed either from Hg(NSO)2 or (CH3)3SiNSO and CF3SxCl in good yields. CF3SSNSO (8) reacts with water to give [NH4][CF3SSSO3] (9). A 1:1 adduct (10) is obtained from CF3SNSO and AsF5. A preliminary X-ray structure investigation proved that AsF5 is coordinated to the oxygen atom. Some reactions of [NH4][CF3SSO3] and CF3SSO2OSi(CH3)3 are mentioned.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tripod ligand synthesis ; Tripod iron trisacetonitrile complexes ; Tripod cobalt acetate complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Functionalized Tripod Ligands: Synthesis and Coordination of 1,1,1-Tris[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]methaneThe tripod ligand HC(CH2PPh2)3 (4) is easily available from the reaction of 1,3-dichloro-2-(chloromethyl)propane (3) with lithium diphenylphosphide. The ligand 4 itself and two of its coordination compounds, [(HC(CH2PPh2)3)Co(OOCMe)]+-[BPh4]- (5 · BPh4) and [(HC(CH2PPH2)3)Co(OOCMe)]2+ · 2[BF4]- [7 · (BF4)2] have been characterized by X-ray analyses. Coordination of 4 leads to an opening of the CH2—CH—CH2 bond angles (114° in 7 · (BF4)2 and 5 · BPh4 versus 111° in 4). This change in structure is reflected by the unusual low field shift of the methine hydrogen of 7 · (BF4)2 (δ = 3.90) in comparison with the corresponding signal of the free ligand 4 (δ = 1.53).
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 525-531 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkynes ; Alkenes ; Nucleophilicity ; Carbenium ions ; Vinyl cations ; Kinetics ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Relative reactivities of alkenes and alkynes toward diarylmethyl cations have been determined by direct rate measurements and by competition experiments in dichloromethane. At -70°C alkynes are found to be one to two orders of magnitude less reactive than analogously substituted alkenes (e.g. phenylacetylene/styrene), but the reactivity difference reduces strongly as the temperature is raised. The stereochemistry of the vinyl chlorides produced by addition of benzhydryl chlorides to alkynes is characterized.
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Allylation ; Carbenium ions ; Friedel-Crafts reactions ; Linear free energy relationships ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Competition experiments have been performed to determine the relative reactivities of 23 alkyl chlorides toward allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of ZnCl2.The krel scale spans over 11 orders of magnitude from 1-adamantyl chloride (least reactive) to bis(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl chloride (most reactive compound). A fair correlation between the alkylating ability and the SN1 reactivity in solvolysis reactions is found, thus providing a quantitative basis for our long-standing working hypothesis that Lewis acid-catalyzed additions of alkyl halides to CC multiple bonds only yield 1:1 products if the reactants ionize faster than the products. Trityl chlorides do not follow this correlation and are 105 times less reactive than predicted from their SN1 reactivities.
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Zinc porphyrin complexes ; Porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes ; Photoinduced electron transfer ; Electron-transfer mechanism in metalloporphyrin-quinone cyclophanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to increase the driving force for photoinduced electron-transfer reactions of porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes, the zinc complexes 3a-e and 4a-e were prepared from the corresponding cyclophanes of the 1 and 2 series. Electron-transfer-related properties like redox potentials and fluorescence spectra were determined for 3a-e and 4a-e. The X-ray structure analysis of 4a indicates that for the very fast and solvent-independent electron transfer in these systems a specific mechanism involving an interaction of a quinone carbonyl group with the zinc might be considered as an alternative to through-space electron-transfer.
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  • 49
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Pyrroles, heteroannulated ; α-Pyridones, heteroannulated ; Pentalenes, dihetero- ; Nitrones ; Heterocyclizations, 1,7-dipolar ; Diels-Alder reactions ; Singlet oxygen ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Novel Route to Isoannulated Heteroaroamtic Compounds, 2[1].  -  The Dipole Route to Furo/Thieno Pyrroles and α-Pyridones, and Their Benzo DerivativesA new methodology involving 1,7-dipolar cyclizations of conjugated dipoles followed by a multistep rearrangement affording ring-contracted products has been employed for the synthesis of various examples of the title compounds. Under different thermolysis conditions the annulated alkynyl nitrones 15-19, 45, and 46 are converted into isoannulated pyrroles and α-pyridones, respectively, with yields up to 90% (general reaction A → B + C). The product distribution is strongly influenced by the nature of the terminal substituent R, hence supporting a mechanism with oxo carbenes as central intermediates which undergo either 6-π cyclization to the pyrrole systems or Wolff rearrangement leading to conjugated ketenes, the precursors of the observed α-pyridones (see Scheme 1). Diels-Alder reactions were performed with benzofuropyridone 40a, napthopyridone 62 as well as with the corresponding dihydronaphtho compounds 64a, b. Whereas the tert-butyl derivatives 22b, 23b and 41b are rather unreactive against dienophiles, they are easily transformed into the cyclic imides 31, 32 and 52, respectively, under the influence of oxygen and light suggesting the formation and subsequent [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 1O2 as important steps.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallocenes, dinuclear, silyl-bridged ; Antiferromagnetism ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dilithium salt of the 3a,4,7a,8-tetrahydro-4,4,8,8-tetra-methyl-4,8-disila-s-indacenediyl dianion (L2-, 2) was allowed to react with the solvated metal halides MX2 (M = Ni, Co, Cr) in the presence of the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) anion to give trans-CpMLMCp (3NiNi, 3CoCo, and 3CrCr) in yields up to 80%. The only cis isomers which could be detected were 4NiNi and 4CoCo. Similarly, the reaction of 2 with [CpVCl(PEt3)]2 gave the trans-vanadium analogue 3VV while the successive reaction of 2 with CrCl3 (THF)3 and PEt3 yielded the bridged half-sandwich (Et3P)Cl2CrLCrCl2(PEt3) (5CrCr). The mixed-metal dinuclear metallocene CpFel—NiCp (3FeNi) was synthesized from CpFel-, Cp- and solvated NiBr2. The molecules were characterized by mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, cyclic voltammetry, 1H—, 13C—, and 29Si—NMR spectroscopy and solid-state magnetic measurements. Cyclic voltammetry showed up to six electron transfers per molecule. A metal-dependent splitting of the half-wave potentials of up to 355 mV indicated rather strong electrostatic interaction between the metallocene units. The NMR results established unpaired spin on the ligands. Its distribution within the bridging ligand was correlated with the molecular orbital splitting and the magnetic interaction. Antiferromagnetic interaction was found for 3NiNi, 3CrCr, and 3VV with J = -11.6, -2.56, and -1.34 cm-1, respectively (H = -J · SA · SB). A temperature-dependent folding of the bridging ligand was deduced from the temperature behavior of the 1H—NMR signal shifts.
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  • 51
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 313-319 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphirene imines ; 1,2-Diphosphete diimines ; Isomerization ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigations of the System Phosphirene Imine/Iminophosphane - Insertion and Isomerization ReactionsTreatment of the iminophosphanes R1P=NR2 1 [R2 = tBu, R1 = Et3C (a); R2 = Aryl, R1 = Et (b), Me (c)] with 1,4-diphenyl-butadiyne (2) leads to the phosphirene imines R1-(R2N=)P̌(Ph)=CCCPh 3a-c and [R1(R2N=)P̌(Ph)=CC]2 4a-c. Further reaction with 1a, c gives the 1,2-diphosphetes R1(R2N=)PP(R1)(=NR2)C(Ph)=CCCPh 5a, b, which isomerize in the case of R1 = Me into the triphosphabicyclo[3.2.0]-hepta-1,6-diene 7. In the reaction of the phosphirene imines R1(ArylN=)P̌(R2)=C(R2) 3 [R1 = Me, R2 = Ph (d); R1 = Et, R2 = COOMe (e)] with the iminophosphanes 1b, d the initially formed diphosphetes 9a, b isomerize to the 1,2-diazaphosphole Cl(Mes*N=)PN(Mes*)P(Me)C(Ph)=C(Ph) 10 or the dioxadiphosphabicyclooctadiene C=C(OMe)OP(=N-Mes*)(Et)C=C(OMe)OP(=NMes*)(Et) 12 depending on the substituents. A reaction of the phosphirene imine 3d with dimethylamino-borane furnishes the vinylphosphane. Ph(H)C=C(Ph)P(Et)N(H)Mes* (14) by ring opening. The compounds 7, 10, 12 have been characterized by X-ray structure analyses.
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  • 52
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereoselectivity ; Effect, kinetic ; Effect, stereoelectronic ; Etherification ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stereoelectronic Effects and Chiral Recognition, I.  -  Diastereoselective Formation of Ethers from AlkylarylcarbinolsAcid-catalysed etherification of various alkylarylcarbinols 1 leads to a mixture of diastereomeric products 2 and 3. As found in the closely related formation of diastereomeric acetals, the ratio 2/3 is shown to be time-dependent. Preferred formation of the meso-diastereomer 3 under kinetic condition and preferred formation of the racemic diastereomer 2 under thermodynamic conditions is observed. A reaction path based on π-π interactions and stereoelectronic effects is presented to explain experimental results.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2-Dithiines ; Thioindigo ; Thioketones ; Disulfides, cyclic, molecular structure and reactions ; Valence isomerization, electrocyclic ; Thiophenes, derivatives of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(benzo[4,5]thieno)[3,2-c:2′,3′-e][1,2]dithiin, ein Valenzisomer von „Dithioxo-thioindigo“3-Mercaptobenzo[b]thiophene (1) is transformed with assistance of bases, especially of amines, into the benzo[b]-thieno-annellated 1,2-dithiine 6 and not into the originally claimed “Dithioxo-thioindigo” trans-3. Primarily, the formation of 6 from 1 involves oxidation to the disulfide 4 which may also be used separately. Conceivable rationalizations are discussed. The same compound is accessible (in lower yield)by thionation of thioindigo with the aid of the Lawesson reagent. X-ray elucidation of 6 reveals a non-planar structure of the cyclic disulfide with a dihedral C—S—S—C-angle of 53°. Despite of the absence of any established chromonphoric moiety, 6 is deeply red in the crystal and in solution, as it is representative for the “undisturbed” 1,2-dithiine system. Contrary to the usual behaviour of the non-annellated 1,2-dithiines, 6 displays no spontaneous sulfur extrusion under mild conditions, but only at high temperatures and in the presence of sulfur-binding agents, leading to the benzo[b]thieno-annellated thiophene 22. Moreover, 6 may be reduced to the dithiol 14 (or 13, respectively) and regenerated exclusively from this by oxidation. Further characteristic reactions of 6 are described (e.g. to the sulfoxide 18, to the pyridazine 19, and to the thiphosphoric ester 21).
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  • 54
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 55
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Trifluoromethylsulfanyl compounds ; Pentafluorophenylsulfanyl compounds ; Trifluoromethylselenanyl compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tris(perfluoroorganochalkogenyl)methyl Compounds: Synthesis, Structures, and PropertiesReaction of (CF3S)2CHC(OC2H5)3 with CF3SCl or CF3SeCl in the presence of NaH in ether provides X(CF3S)2CC(O)OC2H5 (1a, b: X = CF3S, CF3Se). These compounds react with NH3 to form (CF3S)2CHC(O)NH2 (2b) which is also obtained from (CF3S)2CHC(O)OC2H5 and NH3. Dehydration of the amide 2b yields (CF3S)2CHCN (3b), which reacts with NaH and then with CF3SX (X = Cl, SCF3) or with RfCl (Rf = CF3Se, C6F5S) to give Rf (CF3S)2CCN [Rf = CF3S (3c), CF3Se (3d), C6F5S (3e)]. 3c is also obtained from (CF3S)3CBr and AgCN. Hydrolysis of 3c with conc. H2SO4 leads almost quantitatively to (CF3S)3CC(O)NH2 (2c), which on treatment with COCl2 gives only 3c and not the corresponding isocyanate. If phosgene is replaced by oxalyl chloride and treated with 2c in a 1:1 molar ratio, (CF3S)3CC(O)NCO (4a) is formed. The urea derivative (CF3S)3CC(O)NHC(O)NHC(O)C(SCF3)3 (4b) is obtained either by using a 2:1 molar ratio of 2c and [C(O)Cl]2 or from 2c and 4a. Attempts to substitute (CF3S)2CHCO2H - after treatment with NaH in ether - with CF3SCl provides low yields of 2,4-bis[bis(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)methylene]-1,3-dithietane (5). X-ray structure analyses are performed for (CF3S)3CCN (3c) and the 1,3-dithietane 5.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 2-Pyridylalkylphosphanes ; Hemilabile ligands ; Nickel complexes ; Palladium complexes ; Platinum complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Hemilabile P,N-Hybride Ligands with Terminal 2-Pyridyl Donor Groups*P,N-hybride ligands 1-7 containing terminal 2-pyridyl donor groups have been obtained by base-catalyzed addition of diphenylvinylphosphane or 2-vinylpyridine to primary or secondary phosphanes [2-Py-(CH2)2-PR′H (R′ = H, Ph), HMeP-(CH2)3-PMeH] or by alkylation of organolithium phosphides, R2P-(CH2)3-PMeLi or 2-Py-(CH2)2-PR′Li (R = Ph, iPr; R′ = H, Ph), with 2-(2-chloroethyl)pyridine or di-tert-butylphosphetanium bromide. Upon reaction with NiBr2 3 H2O or K2MCl4 (M = Pd, Pt) the phosphanes (L) of type 2-Py-(CH2)2-P(R′)-(CH2)m-PR2 (1, 3, 6) form square planar Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) complexes of composition MX2(L) (10-14). With NiBr2 and K2MX4 the tripod type phosphane 2 forms square pyramidal complexes [MX(2)]X (M = Ni, Pd; X = Cl, Br; 15, 16). An X-ray structural analysis of [NiBr(2)]+Br- (15) reveals a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry at Ni(II), the 2-Py donor being in apical position with a long Ni—N bond [2.270(15) Å]. The tetradentate ligand 7 forms Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) complexes MX2(7) which for M = Pd, Pt show dynamic behaviour by exchange of the terminal Py donor groups. With [RhCl(COD)]2 the tridentate ligands L (1 and 3) yield complexes of composition RhCl(L) (20, 21). The structure of 20 has been determinated by X-ray diffraction. The ligand 3, acting in a tridentate manner, is coordinated to Rh(I) in a distorted square-planar arrangement with a normal Rh—N distance [2.145(3) Å].
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  • 57
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 519-523 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Calixarenes ; Friedel-Crafts reaction ; selective ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The para-acylation of calix[4]arene (2), calix[6]arene (3), and calix[8]arene (4) by Friedel-Crafts reaction with a wide variety of acyl chlorides leads to 5-7 in moderate to good yields. Friedel-Crafts reaction of 26,28-dimethoxycalix[4]arene (8) gave products 9 selectively disubstituted in the para-positions of phenol rings.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Copper(II) complexes, dinuclear ; Schiff bases, macrocyclic ; Redox properties ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands, I. - Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with a Totally π-Conjugated Macrocycle of Schiff Base Type: Syntheses, Structures, Electro-, and Magnetochemical PropertiesThe dinuclear copper(II) complexes 6, 7, and 8 of three novel macrocyclic ligands were synthesized by the Schiff base condensation of 2 equiv. of 1,2-phenylenediamine and 2,6-diformylphenol in the presence of 2 equiv. of copper(II) perchlorate and were characterized by X-ray structure analyses, electrochemical investigations (DCV), and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Complex 6 exists in two different solvated crystalline forms. The Copper(II) ions in all three complexes are octahedrally coordinated with long axial distances to solvent molecules or perchlorate ions. The copper ions in 6 (in solvate a) are only five-coordinate and square-pyramidal. The CuIICuII complexes were reduced in successive, quasi-reversible, one-electron steps. The antiferromagnetic exchange interactions were determined. Upon dissolution in acetonitrile complex 8 decomposed to form [Cu(MeCN)4]+ClO-4 and the benzimidazolium percholorate 9 (X-ray structure determination).
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  • 59
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkenes ; Nickel complexes ; Stannenes ; Metal-metal bonds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: {Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]stannio(II)}bis(η2-ethene)nickel(0) and Related Compounds, Part IIThe coordinatively unsaturated (16e) (ethene)nickel(0) stannylene complex (C2H4)2Ni=Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (1) reacts with 1,6-heptadiene with preservation of the Ni=Sn bond to yield quantitatively the 1,6-diene derivative (η2,η2-C7H12)Ni=Sn-{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (2). The alkene ligands of both 1 and 2 are readily displaceable. Compounds 1 and 2 react with butadiene at -50°C by a 4-e oxidation of the metal-metal pair Ni(0)/Sn(II) to Ni(II)/Sn(IV) and concomitant reduction of two butadiene molecules to butenediyl moieties to afford stereo-selectively the 16-e complex Ni-cis-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-anti-C3H4CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (3). Similarly, the reaction of 1 or 2 with isoprene yields regio- and stereoselectively the derivative Ni-cis-{η3(Ni,η1(Sn)-anti-C3(3-Me)H3CH2}2Sn{CH-(SiMe3)2}2 (4). These reactions imply the cleavage of one formal Ni—Sn bond and the formation of two new Sn—C bonds. Upon reaction of 3 with PMe3 the configuration of the allyl system changes and, again fully stereoselectively, the 18-e addition compound (Me3P)Ni-cis-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-syn-C3H4-CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (5) is formed. When 5 is treated with BPh3, the phosphane ligand is trapped and, kinetically controlled, Ni-cis-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-syn-C3H4CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (6) is obtained as a stereoisomer of 3. At 40°C 6 slowly rearranges into the thermodynamically stable stereoisomer Ni-trans-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-syn-C3H4CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (7). Mild protolysis of 3 with pyridine hydrochloride or hydrobromide affords region and stereoselectively (Me3Si)2CH}2(X)SnNi-(η3-1-MeC3H4)(NC5H5) (X = C1, 8a; Br, 8b). In the course of this protonation reaction one butadiene molecule is eliminated, accompanied by a 2-e reduction of the metal-metal pair Ni(II)/Sn(IV) to Ni(II)/Sn(II) and, at the expense of two Sn—C bonds, reformation of a Ni—Sn bond. All compounds are isolated in high yield and fully characterized by 1H-, 13C-, and 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 60
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 533-539 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bissulfenyl chlorides ; fluoro substituted ; 1,3-Dithioles ; 1,3,2-Dithiazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Halogen-Carbon-Sulfur Compounds: Syntheses with 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene-2,3-bissulfenyl ChlorideThe bifunctional bissulfenyl chloride 3 is obtained by chlorination of the dithiete 1 or tetrathiocine 2. By excessive chlorination the saturated bissulfenyl chloride 4 is formed. 3 reacts with primary amines to yield the 1,3,2-dithiazoles 5a-e, whereas by reactions with active methylene compounds like ketones or β-dicarbonyls the compounds 7-14 are obtained with HCl elimination. 13 as well as 14 are converted into the carboxylic acid 15 from which the 1,3-dithiole 17 is obtained by decarboxylation. 3 reacts with disulfene to form tetrakis-(trifluoromethyl)tetrathiafulvalene as well as 4,4′,5,5′-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-spirobi[1,3-dithiole] (18), whose crystal structure has been determined.
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  • 61
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rearrangements, thermal ; Propargyl-Cope reaction ; 1,5-Hexadiyne-3,4-diol ; Cyclobutene ; 3,4-diacetyl ; Fragmentations, retro-ene ; Tandem reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal behavior of meso- and d,1-3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiyne-3,4-diol (meso- and d,1-4) has been studied at 400°C in the gas phase. In a tandem reaction the diols isomerize via the bisallenes 5 first to cis- and trans-3,4-diacetylcyclobutene (cis- and trans-8) which have been detected as intermediates by 13C-NMR spectroscopy as well as catalytic hydrogenation to 1,2-diacetylcyclobutane (9). Subsequently, 8 stabilizes itself by ring opening to (E,Z)- and (E,E)-3,5-octa-dien-2,7-dione (E,Z) and [(E,Z)-6]. As a side reaction retroene cleavage of 4 to 2-butynone (10) and methyl vinyl ketone (12) is observed. By pyrolysis of the pure diastereomers 4 it is shown that the retro-ene process is more pronounced in the d,l than in the meso series.
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  • 62
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2373-2379 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chelating ligands ; Molybdenum complexes ; Peroxo complexes ; Catalysis ; Olefine epoxidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituted N,N-Chelate Ligands - Applications in Molybdenum-Catalyzed Epoxidation of Olefins*Oxodiperoxomolybdenum complexes 4 of substituted 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridines (2a-g) were synthesized in order to control the solubility of these complexes in organic solvents. Alkyl side chains (butyl, octyl, octadecyl) increase the solubility of the complexes and enable spectroscopic investigations in solution. Due to the symmetry of the ligands the peroxo complexes 4 appear in two isomeric forms, with the terminal oxo ligand in the trans position either to pyridine or to pyrazole. The latter isomer of (C5H4NC3H2N2CH2COOEt)MoO(O2)2 (4f) was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis. The alkyl-substituted peroxo complexes are active catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Manganese complexes ; Insertion processes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mn(NO)2L2H complexes [L = PMe3 1a, PEt3 1b, P(OMe)3 1c, P(OEt)3 1d, P(OiPr)3 1e] have been prepared by the reaction of the corresponding Mn(NO)2L2Br compounds with NaBH4 in ethanol. The reactivity of 1a and 1b is compared to that of Mn(CO)3L2H species (L = PMe3 2a, L = PEt3 2b). Compound 1b reacts with weak acids like PhOH, (CF3)2CHOH and CH3COOH to yield Mn(NO)2(PEt3)2X complexes [X = OPh 3a, OCH(CF3)2 3b, OC(O)CH3 3c] and H2. Compound 2b does not undergo reaction with these acids. At room temperature in toluene 1a, b undergo facile CO2 insertion processes, while 2a, b do not show this reactivity even under more rigorous reaction conditions. From 1a, b and CO2 formato complexes Mn(NO)2L2[OC(O)H] (L = PMe3 4a, L = PEt3 4c) are obtained. The reaction of 1b with salicylaldehyde in toluene proceeds with the formation of a [2-(hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy]dinitrosylbis(triethylphosphane) manganese complex 5b, which exchanges the phenoxy ligand in the presence of excess of salicylaldehyde to give (2-formylphenoxy)-dinitrosylbis(triethylphosphane)manganese (6b) and α,2-dihydroxytoluene. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanilline, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 1b also afford phenoxy derivatives Mn(NO)2(PEt3)2(OAr) [Ar = p-OC6H4-CHO 7a; OC6H3-2-OCH3-4-CHO 7b; OC6H2-2,6-(OCH3)2-4-CHO 7c] and H2. Compounds 2a, b do not react with any of these hydroxybenzaldehydes. Compounds 1a, b have been converted into Mn(NO)2L2 [(Z)-C(COOR′)≡C(R)H] species (L = PMe3, R = H, R′ = Me 8a; L = PEt3, R = H, R′ = Me 8b; L = PMe3 R, R′ = Me 9a; L = PMe3, R = Ph, R′ = Et 10a; L = PMe3, R = COOMe, R′ = Me 11a; L = PEt3, R = COOMe, R′ = Me 11b) in the presence of alkyl propiolates RC≡CCOOMe (R = H, Me, Ph, COOMe; R′ = Me, Et). Similarly, but under more rigorous conditions, insertion of RC≡CCOOMe (R = H, COOMe) into 2a, b occurs and α metalation products Mn(CO)3(PMe3)2[(Z)-C(COOMe) = CHR] (L = PMe3, R = H 12a; L = PEt3, R = H 12b; L = PMe3, R = COOMe 13a; L = PEt3, R = COOMe 13b) are formed. In the case of the methyl propiolate insertion into 2a, 10% of an additional β-metalation compound Mn(CO)3(PMe3)2[(Z)-CH = CH(COOMe)] (12c) have been detected spectroscopically. Compounds 11b and 13a, b have been transformed into manganacyclic complexes MN[C(COOMe)=CH(COOMe)]-(NO)2(PEt3)2 (14b) and MN[C(COOMe)=CH(COOMe)]-(CO)2L2 (L = PMe3 15a; L = PEt3, CO 15b; L = PEt3 15c). Compound 15c has been identified spectroscopically, and 1a, 8a, and 9a have been characterized by X-ray structure determinations.
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  • 64
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2483-2488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: vic-Dioximes ; N2O2 macrocycles ; Trinuclear complexes ; Pentanuclear complexation ; Tribenzo[b.h.l][1,10,4,7]dioxadiazacyclotetradecine derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new vic-dioxime ligand 2 (LH4) carrying a 14-membered N2O2 macrocycle has been prepared. Mononuclear complex (LH3)2Ni, trinuclear complexes (LH)2Cu3, (LH)2Co3, (LH)2-Pd3, and (LH)2Co3(py)3Cl3, dinuclear complex (LH3)2-(UO2)2(OH)2, and pentanuclear complex [L2Cu5(phen)2]-(NO3)2 have been synthesized from LH4. The electrochemical properties of tri- and pentanuclear complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. For (LH)2Cu3 two reduction waves appeared at 0.215 and -0.870 V. [L2Cu5(phen)2](NO3)2 exhibited four reduction waves at 0.200, -0.025, -0.670, and -1.170 V.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Uncharged auxiliary bases ; Triaminoiminophosphorane bases ; Deprotonation ; Hindered bases ; Polymeric bases ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and properties of a number of very strong iminophosphorane bases up to an extremely high level of steric hindrance are described. They cover a range of ca. 4 pK units in basicity and a range of more than 11 orders of magnitude in their rates of methylation with methyl iodide. Most of the systems are readily prepared in up to molar quantities, conveniently recovered from their salts and are of high chemical and thermal stability. Crystal structures were determined in order to parametrize a force field, which is utilized in molecular modeling studies offering a rationalization of the observed differences in steric hindrance and basicity. Depending on the degree of steric protection of the basic center, these novel bases are proposed as unprecedented, versatile auxiliary bases in E2 eliminations and in reactions involving deprotonation in the presence of more or less strong electrophiles.
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  • 66
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1349-1353 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Isophosphaalkynes ; Transition metal complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transition-Metal-Substituted Acylphosphanes and Phosphaalkenes, XXI.  -  Isophosphaalkynes as μ3-Ligands in Transition Metal ComplexesReaction of the μ-isophosphaalkyne complex (η5-C5H5)2 (CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2(μ-CPMes) (Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) (2a) with [(Z)-Cyclooctene]Cr(CO)5 or Fe2(CO)9 gives rise to the μ3-isophosphaalkyne complexes (η5-C5H5)2(CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2{μ-CP[M(CO)n]Mes} 3a [M(CO)n = Cr(CO)5] and 4a [M(CO)n = Fe(CO)4]. Similarly (η5-C5H5)2(CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2{μ-CP[Cr (CO)5]C6H2(CF3)3-2,4,6} (3d) is obtained. The metal carbonyl fragments are attached to 2 in a η1-fashion by the lone-pair at the phosphorus. In contrast to this the treatment of 2a with (Ph3P)2Pt(η2-C2H4) affords complex 5a in which 2a serves as an η3-3e ligand towards the PtPPh3 moiety. The molecular structures of 3a and 5a are determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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  • 67
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1355-1357 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diphosphanylhydrazides ; Diphosphanes, dinitrogen-bridged ; Cycloplatinaphosphahydrazides ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: While the transition metal complexes of bis(phosphanyl)amines (PII-N-PIII) have been known for over three decades, the ligating properties of the next homologue PIII-N-N-PIII have been unprecedented so far. The X-ray structures of cycloplatinaphosphanehydrazides, [(OR)2PN(Me)N(Me)P(OR)2-PtCl2], reveal short distances for the P-N [1.639(5) Å] bonds.
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1359-1362 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silanes ; Siloxanes ; Si - C bond, selective cleavage ; Arylsilylmethanes ; Si,C,O single-source CVD precursor ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A synthetic route to partly silylated tetra(silyl)methanes (ArH2Si)nC(SiH3)4  -  n′ to their precursors (TfH2Si)nC-(SiH2Ar)4  -  n (Ar = p-tolyl, phenyl; Tf = CF3SO3; n = 3, 2, 1), and to 1,3-bis(trisilylmethyl)disiloxane [(H3Si)3CSiH2]2O (9) is reported. Starting from symmetrical tetrakis(arylsilyl)-methanes (aryl = p-tolyl, phenyl), we have obtained the selectively dearylated (arylsilyl)silylmethanes (ArH2Si)nC(SiH3)4  -  n (Ar = p-tolyl, phenyl; n = 3, 2, 1) by Si - Ar cleavage with equivalent quantities of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid) and hydrogenation of the corresponding silyl triflates (TfH2Si)nC(SiH2Ar)4  -  n (n = 3, 2, 1) with LiAlH4. The synthesis of 9 has been accomplished by treating trisilyl(p-tolylsilyl)methane p-TolH2SiC(SiH3)3 (7) with stoichiometric amounts of triflic acid to give (trisilylmethyl)silyl triflate TfH2SiC(SiH3)3 (8) and hydrolysing the latter with water.
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  • 69
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1363-1368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2-Diboroles, 2,5-dihydro- ; 1,3-Diboroles, 2,3-dihydro- ; Cobalt complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Approach to 1,2- and 1,3-DiboroleHerrn Prof. Dr. Joachim Knappe zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.Diaminoborylation of 1,3-dilithiopropenes leads to the (Z)-1,3-bis(diaminoboryl)propenes 4a, b, which are transformed by an amine/chlorine exchange to the (Z)-1,3-bis(aminochloroboryl)propenes 5a, b. These react with sodium to yield the 2,5-dihydro-1H-1,2-diboroles 2c, d, whereas the reaction with potassium leads to the 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3-diboroles 6a, b by rearrangement of the C3B2 skeleton. The constitutions of the heterocycles 2c, d and 6a, b are established by X-ray structure analyses. Reaction of the 1,2-diboroles 2c, d with (C5H5)Co(C2H4)2 leads to the red (1-borabutadiene)cobalt complexes 3c, d. In 3c a sigmatropic rearrangement is studied by NMR spectroscopy.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tungsten complexes ; Rhenium complexes ; Iron complexes ; Ruthenium complexes ; Osmium complexes ; Cobalt complexes ; Vinyl ; Cyclohexadienyl ; Cycloheptadienyl ; Cyclooctatrienyl ; Hydrocarbon-bridged complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrocarbon-Bridged Complexes, XXX.  -  Nucleophilic Addition of Carbonylmetallates to Cationic Vinyl, Diene, Dienyl and Triene Complexes of Iron, Ruthenium and Cobalt: Di-, Tri-, Tetra- and Pentametallic Complexes with σ,σ- and σ,π-Hydrocarbon BridgesHerrn Professor Ekkehard Lindner zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.The reactions of [Re(CO)5]-, [Ru(CO)2Cp]-, and [Os(CO)4]2- with [Cp2(OC)2Fe2(μ-CO)(μ-η1:η2-CH=CH2)]+, [Cp*Ru(η2:η4-1,3,7-octatriene)]+, [(OC)Fe(η4-diene)(η5-cycloheptadienyl)]+, and [CpCo(η5-cyclodienyl)]+ give the nucleophilic adducts whereas with [Mn(CO)5]-, [W(CO)3Cp]-, and [Fe(CO)2Cp]- formation of the corresponding C-C coupling products and of the metal-metal-bonded dimers is observed. The structures of Cp*Ru(μ-η1:η2:η3-1,5-octadienyl)Re(CO)5 (4), [Cp* Ru(μ-η1:η2:η3-1,5-octadienyl)]2Os(CO)4 (6), and of (OC)-Fe(η4-1,3-cyclohexadiene) (μ-η1:η4-1,3-cycloheptadiene)Re(CO)5 (9) have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
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  • 71
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1379-1385 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hydrotris(triazolyl)borate ; metal complexes ; Chelate ligands ; Clathrates ; Magnetochemistry ; Spin crossover ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bis[hydrotris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate]metal complexes [M{HB(C2H2N3)3}2] with M = Fe (5), Co (6), Cu (7), Zn (8) are obtained from MX2 and K[HB(C2H2N3)3] (9). The complexes are characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and MS. Temperature-variable magnetic measurements show a Curie-Weiss behavior for the paramagnetic complexes 6 and 7 with a temperature-dependent magnetic moment for 6. The iron complex 5 exhibits a spin crossover from diamagnetic to paramagnetic, starting at around 270 K. Single-crystal X-ray structures of the solvates 7 · 4 CH3OH and 9 · 2 H2O have been determined. The structure of 7 · 4 CH3OH shows the Jahn-Teller distorted copper complex 7 surrounded by methanol molecules through hydrogen bonding to exocyclic nitrogen atoms of the tris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate ligand. The crystal system for 7 · 4 CH3OH is monoclinic, space group P21/n. Compound 9 · 2 H2O is a one-dimensional coordination polymer with the potassium atom bridged by the water molecules and the tris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate ligand and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ccm21.
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  • 72
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1489-1493 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Conjugate alkylation ; Trimethylaluminium ; Copper catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conjugate methylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones with trimethylaluminium occurs smoothly in a very simple procedure under the catalytic effect of Cu1 salts. Scope and limitations of this process as well as the influence of solvent and catalyst on the kinetics were studied. In addition, the effect of chlorotrimethylsilane as an additive was investigated. Attack on the carbonyl group in 1,2-fashion could not be observed under the reaction conditions.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines ; 2H-Cyclopenta[e]-1,2,3,4-tetrazines ; Azodiazo-tetrazino isomerism ; Ketene imines ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 2-aryl-2H-cyclopenta[e]-1,2,3,4-tetrazines 3a-n are formed by coupling of the diazocyclopentadienes 1a and 1b with arenediazonium salts and subsequent reversible electrocyclization of the primary coupling products 2a-n. From the solutions of the equilibrium mixtures of 2a ⇌ 3a - 2n ⇌ 3n the tetrazines 3a-d, h-k and the arylazo-diazocyclopentadienes 2e-g and 21-n crystallize. The 2-methyl-2H-cyclopenta[e]-1,2,3,4-tetrazines 3o and 3p are obtained by addition of methyllithium to 1a and 1b followed by a diazo transfer reaction and cyclization. In solutions of 3o and 3p the ring-opened isomers 2o and 2p could not be detected. X-ray analyses of 3h and 3p prove their bicyclic planar geometry in the solid state. 15N-NMR and temperature-dependent 1H-NMR spectroscopy have enabled a detailed study of the reversible ring closure reaction in the case of 2d ⇌ 3d. Reaction of 2-phenyl-2H-cyclopenta[e]-1,2,3,4-tetrazine (3b) with tetrafluoroboric acid results in the formation of the protonated monocyclic salt 4. Furthermore 3b undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions preferably at C-7, as demonstrated by bromination, formylation, and trifluoroacetylation. Photolysis of solutions of 2i/3i, 2k/3k, and 21/31 leads to the ketene imines 11a-c. The structure of 11c has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1627-1632 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Triarylmethane dye ethynylogues ; Trifluoromethyl group ; Triphenylmethane dyes ; Photostability ; Absorption spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triarylmethane dye ethynylogues 7′- 11′ containing trifluoromethyl group(s) are synthesized in moderate to good yields by treating 1,1,3-triaryl-2-propyn-1-ols, prepared from diaryl ketones and lithium arylacetylides bearing trifluoromethyl group(s), with perchloric acid. The first absorption bands of a series of triarylmethane dye ethynylogues containing trifluoromethyl group(s) 11′ are observed around 700 nm. The photostability of the triarylmethane dyes is also examined.
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  • 75
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1699-1706 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Aziridines, 2-imino-, chiral, non-racemic ; Imidoyl halides, 2-halo ; Imidates, 2-chloro ; 1,3,2-Thiazaphos-pholidines ; Amidines, 2-halo ; 1,3-Elimination, inversion of configuration in ; E/Z Diastereomerization ; [2 + 1] Cycloreversion, kinetics of thermal ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 2-halo imidoyl chlorides 7 are obtained from the amide 5 and the 2-halo amides 6 by the action of phosphorus pentachloride and thionyl chloride, respectively. Non-racemic (S)-6a is converted into 7a which is racemic, however. The reaction of Lawesson's reagent with 6a furnishes the diaste-reomeric 1,3,2-thiazaphospholidine derivatives 15. Treatment of (S)-6a (98% ee) with methyl triflate affords 2-chloro imidate 8 (95% ee) which reacts with methanamine in the presence of methanammonium chloride to yield the 2-chloro amidine (S)-9a (90% ee). The 2-halo imidoyl halides 7a and b react with methanamine to produce the 2-halo amidines 9a and b.  -  Strong bases, e.g. potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride in the presence of catalytic amounts of tert-butyl alcohol, eliminate hydrogen chloride or bromide from the 2-halo amidines 9a and b and (S)-9ato yield mixtures of the 2-iminoaziridines (E)- and (Z)-4, and (E,R)- and (Z,R)-4 (83% ee), respectively. The 1,3-elimination of hydrogen bromide from 9b is diastereoselective at -30 to -40° [(E)-4:(Z)-4 = 〈10:〉90]. The diastereomers equilibrate at 36° with (kEZ + kZE) = (5.92 ± 0.08) . 10-5 s-1 (K = kEZ/kZE = 0.428 ± 0.013). - The thermolysis of (E)- and (Z)-4 in [D6]benzene solution yields the imine 16 and methyl isocyanide (17). The decomposition follows the first-order rate law. The following Arrhenius and Eyring parameters are calculated from five rate constants obtained in the temperature range of 70-110°: Ea = (115.2 ± 0.4) kJmol-1, IgA = (12.06 ± 0.28), δH
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1729-1733 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Pyrazoles ; Aminyls, heterocyclic ; Pyrazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Free Radical Reactions of N-Heterocyclic Compounds, XIV[1]. - Oxidative Cyclization of Anilinopyrazoles to Pyrazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazolesHerrn Professor Christoph Rüchardt zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.Substituted Anilinopyrazoles 1 were oxidized by dibenzoyl peroxide or lead(IV) oxide. Different oxidation products were isolated depending on the substituents in the anilino group of anilinopyrazoles 1. Intermediate pyrazolyl radicals 5, which could be trapped by triphenylmethyl or phenoxyl radicals, undergo cyclization reaction with formation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazoles 4. The structures of compounds 4 were proven by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, 15N labeling and transformation of 4e to the betain 7e.
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1735-1745 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: [18]Annulenes ; Liquid crystals, discotic ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triphenanthro-Anellated [18]Annulenes with Alkoxy Side Chains - A Novel Class of Discotic Liquid CrystalsTwo different types 6 and 16 of [18]annulenes condensed with phenanthrene systems were prepared by cyclocondensation reactions (Schemes 2 and 3). The central 18-membered rings do not show a macrocyclic diamagnetic ring current. Conformational analyses and X-ray analyses in the solid state reveal non-planar structures in which aromatic “islands” are connected by (E)-configurated olefinic bridges. The introduction of long alkoxy side chains yields a new class of discotic liquid crystals; either ND or hexagonal columnar phases are generated, which were characterized by DSC, microscopy with polarized light, and small-angle scanning X-ray.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1761-1764 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Mannich reaction ; α-Aminoalkylation ; Ketene acetals, O-silylated ; Amino nitriles ; Diastereoselectivity ; Ik Addition ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: LiClO4 Induced One Pot Three-Component Aminoalkylation of AldehydesLiClO4-mediated one-pot reaction of isobutyraldehyde (1) or benzaldehyde (5) with (trimethylsilyl)dialkylamines 2 and C nucleophiles such as O-silylated ketene acetals 3, 6, allyl Grignard, lithium (trimethylsilyl)acetylide, triinethylsilyl cyanide, and diethylzinc afforded in high yields the corresponding aminoalkylation products 4 and 7-13. The lithium enolate of cyclohexanone adds in 5 M LiClO4 solution in an Ik manner to the corresponding mannich base (19, 20) with good yield.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Anthracenes ; Oxyallyl cations ; Ketones, α,α'-oligobromo- ; Dibenzohomobarrelenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sonication of a zinc/copper couple, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide (BSA) and α,α'-oligobromo ketones in benzene gives rise to oxyallyl intermediates which cycloadd to anthracene. Starting from 1,1,3,3-tetrabromoacetone (2a) and anthracene (1a), we obtained 11,11,13-tribrominated adduct 4 as the major product (42%). The expected 11,13-dibrominated adduct trans-3 was formed as a minor product (5%), but it became the main product when the known oxyallyl methodology was applied. Dibenzohomobarrelenes 9 and 17 were prepared by short routes.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1747-1753 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Isomerization, thermal ; Radicals ; D-Labeling ; 1,5-Hexadiyne ; Pentafulvene ; Rearrangement, homoallyl ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal Rearrangements, XXIII[1].  -  The Thermogram of a C6H6 Chemistry in the Temperature Range from 450 to 730°CThe thermal isomerization of 1,5-hexadiyne (1) and its [1,6-D2]-labeled derivative (1a) was studied in the temperature range 450-730°C and in the presence of different carrier gases (N2, H2, D2, N2/toluene). By detailed analysis (GC, GC MS, NMR) all volatile reaction products were identified and determined quantitatively by using hexafluorobenzene as an internal standard. The experimental data show clearly that the reaction products are formed by two different routes: (i) electrocyclization leading to dimethylene cyclobutene (3) at temperatures up to about 600°C and (ii) radical reaction leading to benzene (4) and pentafulvene (5) at temperatures above 550°C. Cyclopentadienylmethyl radicals are supposed to be the essential radical intermediates.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1765-1779 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diradicals ; NO and O2 trapping ; Heat of formation ; Energy well ; Rearrangments ; Bergman cyclisation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Energy Well of Diradicals, V[1].  -  1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene-1,4-diyl and 2,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylThe energy profile of the Bergman rearrangement of (Z)-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (4) has been established from the NO and oxygen dependance of the trapping rate of the intermediate diradical 1 which leads to a heat of formation for 1,4-didehy-drobenzene (1) of δHOf= 138.0 ± 1.0 kcal . morl-1. By the same technique the heat of formation of 1,2,4-cyclohexatriene (2), generated by thermolysis of (Z)-1,3-hexadien-5-yne (10), gives δHOf = 105.1 ± 1.0 kcal . mol-1 which indicates a high diradical character for 2.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1797-1798 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Titanocenes ; Fulvenes ; Solvent effect ; Ketyls ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Reaction of Bis(trimethylphosphane)titanocene with KetonesFulvenes are the products of the reaction of aliphatic and aromatic ketones with bis(trimethylphosphane)titanocene in nonpolar solvents, but no formation of pinacols is observed. The mechanism is discussed.
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  • 83
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1781-1795 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Resonance energy ; Stabilisation energy ; Propargyl resonance ; Force field calculation ; Intrinsic rotational barrier ; Single pulse shock tube ; Gasphase kinetics ; Heats of hydrogenation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Propargyl Stabilisation EnergyFor the alkynyl-substituted olefines 1-14 activation parameters for the geometrical isomerisation have been determined in the gasphase by the single-pulse shoke-tube technique. By comparison of these barriers with the corresponding one of the isolated double bonds, each corrected by the steric energy contribution of the ground and transition state, a value of 7.8 ± 1.3 kcal · mol-1 for the propargyl stabilisation energy (PrSE) has been derived.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1799-1802 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: as-Triazinium salt, fused ; Ring opening ; Ring transformation Heteroaromaticity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ring transformation of the tricyclic furo-fused as-triazinium salt 1 in the presence of nucleophilic reagents (e.g. sodium hydrogensulfide, sodium salts of malonic ester, ethyl cyanoacetate, acetylacetone, dimedone, or malononitrile) leads to the two new heteroaromatic ring systems thieno[2,3-e]pyrido[1,2-b]-as-triazinium salt (5) and differently substituted cyclopenta[e]pyrido[1,2-b]-as-triazine compounds (8, 9, 10, 11, and 13).
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1803-1806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Singlet carbenes ; [4 + 1] Cycloadditions ; 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines ; SEAr reactions, intramolecular ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Wanzlick Carbenes in the [4 + 1] Cycloaddition Reaction with Bis(methylthio)- and Bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazineThe 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines 3 and 4 have been submitted to a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction with the nucleophilic singlet carbenes (Wanzlick carbenes) 2a-d, which are generated from the precursors 1a-d. With 3 as diazadiene the expected spiro compounds 6a-d are formed. In contrast to this presumed two-step reaction sequence of 3, with the tetrazine 4 the cascade cycloaddition/cycloelimination is surprisingly followed by an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution to yield the chiral tetracyclic compounds of type 8 with high diastereoselectivity. The crystal structure of 8d has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. A-105 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1811-1813 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Vinylferrocene ; Palladium-catalyzed couplin ; (Ferrocenylvinyl)arenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (Ferrocenylvinyl)arenes 3, 5, and 7 are obtained from vinylferrocene (1) and substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic halides by palladium-catalyzed Heck-type reactions. Up to three ferrocene units are introduced in one step by the multi-fold reaction of 1,2-dibromo- (4) or 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (6) with 1. The first crystal structure of a bis(ferrocenylvinyl)benzene chromophore (5) is reported.
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  • 88
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1807-1810 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gas-phase organometallic chemistry ; Bond activation, C-H, C-C ; Coupling reactions, C-C ; Lanthanide cations ; Benzene complexes ; Butadiene complexes ; FT MS ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic butadiene and benzene complexes CeC4H6+ and CeC6H6+ are the main products in the reaction of thermalized Ce+ ions with propene in the gas phase, as shown by FT MS. Following the formation of the primary products, i.e. CeCH2+ and CeC3H4+, selective C-C coupling processes at the lanthanide cation occur as secondary reactions with high efficiency. Ligand-exchange reactions and comparative collision-induced dissociation experiments are applied to probe the structures of the final reaction products of this first example of Ce+ gas-phase chemistry. The reaction of Ce+ with cyclopropane yields a product distribution very similar to the propene reaction; however, it reacts significantly slower. Furthermore, La+ reacts in nearly the same manner with propene as Ce+ which indicates that the single f electron in the latter ion is chemically inert.
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  • 89
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 90
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1837-1842 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tripod ligand synthesis ; Oxetane cleavage ; Phosphane-Boranes ; Chiral neopentyl system ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral Tripod Ligands: A New Synthetic Route to Chiral C1-symmetrical Neopentyltris(phosphane) Ligands H3CC[CH2P(Ra)2][CH2P(Rb)2][CH2P(Rc)2]A novel synthesis of chiral tripod ligands H3CC[CH2P-(Ra)2][CH2P(Rb)2][CH2P(Rc)2] (6) containing three different donor groups at their neopentyl backbone is described. The key intermediates H3CC[CH2P(Ra)2][CH2P(Rb)2](CH2OH) (3) are easily obtained starting from pentaglycerine, H3CC-(CH2OH)3, via the oxetanes (2) following published procedures. The compounds 3, after protection of the phosphane functions by BH3 {formation of H3CC[CH2P(Ra)2BH3][CH2P(Rb)2BH3](CH20H) (4)} are transformed into the mesylates H3CC[CH2P(Ra)2BH3][CH2P-(RB)2BH3](CH20Ms) (5), which upon reaction with KP(Rc)2 and deprotection with morpholine gives fair yields of racemic 6. The synthetic route described is thus a valuable and efficient alternative to a recently published procedure, based on H3CC(CH2CI)(CH2Br)(CH20S02CF3) as the key intermediate. The compounds 2-6 are obtained in analytically pure form and are fully characterised by spectroscopic data.
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  • 91
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    Keywords: Metal(II) complexes mono- and dinuclear ; Schiff bases, macrocyclic ; Redox properties ; Superexchange interactions of d9 systems ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands, III[1]. - Mono- and Dinuclear Macrocyclic Transition Metal Complexes of Ligands of Schiff Base Type: Syntheses, Structures, Electro- and Magnetochemical Properties.Four new mononuclear metal(II) complexes (4a-d) of a macrocyclic ligand derived from the Schiff base condensation of 2 equiv. of 1,2-phenylenediamine (3a) and 5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarbaldehyde (2) were synthesized and the cobalt complex 4b characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Reaction of 1,2-diamino-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene (3b) with the dicarbaldehyde 2 in the presence of Mn(ClO4)2 or Co(ClO4)2 leads to the novel metal-free macrocyce 6 (X-ray structure determination). The macrocycle 6 and Cu(ClO4)2 yield the new dinuclear copper complex 8, the structure of which was also determined by X-ray diffraction. The copper-(II) ions in 8 have a distorted square-pyramidal coordination by the four donor atoms of the macrocycle and an apical acetonitrile ligand. The Cu…Cu distance is 318.1 pm, and the two Cu(II) ions show only a small antiferromagnetic exchange interaction of J= -41 cm-1. Another new dinuclear Cu(II) complex (10) of a macrocyclic ligand derived from the Schiff base condensation of 2,2′-diaminooctafluorobiphenyl (9) and dicarbaldehyde 2 was synthesized and characterized by X-ray structure analysis, electrochemical investigations (DCV), and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. One copper ion in complex 10 is five-coordinate (square-pyramidal), the other one six-coordinate (distorted octahedral). The Cu…Cu distance is 301.5 pm and the antiferromagnetic coupling J= -774 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1843-1849 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Amine-Diboroxanes, bicyclic ; 1,2-Deaminoboration, intramolecular ; Deoxyboration ; Allyl-aminoboranes, organosubstituted, rearrangement ; C-Borylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rearrangement and Degradation of Bicyclic Amine-Tetraalkyldiboroxanes[1]The amine-tetraalkyldiboroxanes [1a: R1,4,7,7′ = Et; 1b: R1,4,7 = Et, R7′ = Ph; 1b′: R4,7,7′ = Et,R1 = Ph; 1c: R1,7,7′ = Et, R4 = Ph] react on heating by EtBO elimination and allylborane rearrangement to yield the allyl-aminoboranes Me2NB(Et)CH2C(R4)=C(R7,7′) [2a: R4,7,7′ = Et; 2b/2b′: R4 = Et, R7,7′ = Et, Ph; 2c: R4 = Ph, R7,7′ = Et]: On heating above 60°C the diastereomeric syn/anti-Id/1d′(Id: R1,7 = C8H14, R4,7′ = Et; 1d′: R1,7′ = C8H14, R4,7 = Et) give the unsaturated rac-amino-trialkyldiboroxane (rac-3) (X-ray structure analysis) by intramolecular 1,2-deaminoboration. rac-3 is characterized by reaction with (Et2BH)2 and (Et2BD)2 with formation of the 1,2,6-oxadiborinane 5 by evolution of H2 or HD respectively. The intramolecular CH-borylation of rac-3 is compared with those of the thujopsen hydrocarbons I-III.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1827-1835 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Imido complexes, organometallic ; Molybdenum complexes ; Tungsten complexes ; Alkene complexes ; Alkyne complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highervalent Derivatives of the d-Metal Acids, 14[1].  -  Diimido Complexes [M(NR)2(PMe3)2(L)] of Tetravalent Molybedenum and Tungsten: Structure, Molecular Dynamics, and Activation of π-Acidic Ligands[M(NMes)2Cl2(dme)] (M = Mo 1, W 2; Mes = mesityl) or the trans-phosphane complexes [M(NMes)2(PMe3)2Cl2] (3, 4) are reduced by C8K in the presence of PMe3 to give diamagnetic d2 complexes [Mo(NMes)2(PMe3}3] (5) and [W(NMes)2-(PMe3)3] (6). At least one PMe3 ligand in 5 and 6 is readily substituted by more π-acidic substrates such as ethene, ethyne, 2-butyne, and P(OEt)3. The reaction with ethene leads to [Mo(NMes)2(η2-C2H4)(PMe3)2] (7) and [W(NMes)2-(η2-C2H4)(PMe3)2] (8). Furthermore, pentacoordinate complexes [Mo(NMes)2(η2-C2Me2)(PMe3)2] (9), [W(NMes)2(η2-C2H2)(PMe3)2] (10), and [W(NMes)2(PMe3){P(OEt)3)2] (11) have been synthesized from 5 or 6. The X-ray structure analysis of 8 reveals a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry about tungsten with both arylimido groups perfectly lying in the equatorial mirror plane. The ethene ligand is occupying the third equatorial position. The C2 vector is oriented perpendicular to the WN2 plane. Dynamic NMR studies are consistent with a tbp geometry being also present in solution at the low-temperature limit. At higher temperatures a rapid exchange of the PMe3 ligands with noncoordinated phosphane according to a dissociative mechanism is observed.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1865-1870 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Sulfane, bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-, reaction with mixtures of tellurium-containing chalcogen halides ; 1,3,4λD4,2,5-Trichalcogenadiazoles, 4,4-dihalogeno- ; 1,3,4λD3,2,5-Trichalcogenadiazolium salts, 4-halogeno ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and Characterisation of Five-Membered Tellurium-Containing Chalcogen-Nitrogen Ring Systems  -  Structure of [ClTeNSNS+]2[Cl-][AsF-6]The reaction of [(Me3Si)2N]2S with TeX4/SeCl4- or TeX4/SCl2 mixtures leads to the formation of covalent five-membered and , respectively. Treatment of 2a and 2b with Ag+Y- (Y- = BF-4, AsF-6, SbF-6) in liquid SO2 provides the cationic ring systems and 3d-f (X = Br). If the solvent is CH2Cl2 the double salts and 4d-f (X = Br) are obtained. The structure of has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The selenium-containing five-membered ring systems are accessible by reaction of AgAsF6 with 1a and 1c, respectively.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1871-1875 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Oxidation by HOF ; Hypofluorous acid ; Addition compounds of HOF and HF with acetonitrile ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxidation Reactions with HOF and Adducts of HOF and HF with AcetonitrileIn acetonitrile solution HOF oxides CF3SSCF3 via CF3S(O)nSCF3 (n = 1, 2) to yield [CF3S(O)2]2O. Analogously, CF3Se(O)OH and CF3SeX (X = Cl, Br) are oxidized via CF3Se(VI) intermediates to provide finally [CF3Se(O)2]2O. With CH3CN at low temperatures HOF and HF form 1:1 adducts, whose structures have been elucidated by low-temperature X-ray structure analysis. Additional proof for the formation of CH3CN · HF in the liquid phase is provided.
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1887-1889 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Borazine, molecular packing, difference electron density maps ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular and solid-state structure of borazine has been determined at 115 and 160 K by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure has C2 symmetry with small deviations from the expected D3h symmetry. The mean value of the BN bond length is 1.429(1) A and the interbond angles of the six-membered ring are 117.1(1)° at the boron atoms and 122.9(1)° at the nitrogen atoms (mean values). Similar to benzene an unambiguous assignment of the molecular symmetry is not possible.  -  The crystal packing is not comparable to any known phase of benzene, and surprisingly the molecules are not stacked having coplanar rings. Instead, the molecules are found in tilted layers. No significant intermolecular interaction could be detected. The generated difference electron density maps show the typical distribution pattern for polar bonds.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1891-1894 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2-Azaboroles, phosphanyl-substituted, X-ray structure analysis ; Thallium-, 1,2-azaborolyl- ; Stereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,2-Azaborolyl Complexes, XXX[1].  -  Phosphanyl-Substituted 1,2-Azaboroles1-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-1,2-azaborolyllithium (LiAb, 1) and TlCl equilibrate at -75°C in THF under action of light to TlAb (2) and LiCl. Compound 2 decomposes above -50°C with elimination of thallium and the neutral isomers 1-tert-butyl-2,5-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-1,2-azaborole and 1-tert-bu-tyl-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-1,2-azaborole. Whilst 1 reacts with Ph2PCl in only very small amounts to give the expected Ph2P-substituted azaborole ring 3, TlAb (2) forms this compound by reaction with Ph2PCl in high yields. The yellow oily 3 is characterized by 1H-; 11B-, 13C-, and 31P-NMR data. The Me3Si-substituted derivative 1-tert-butyl-3-(diphenyl-phosphanyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2-azaborole (5), available via 4, the Li salt of 3, and ClSiMe3, forms yellow crystals which could be used for an X-ray structure analysis. As expected, the Ph2P and Me3Si groups substitute the boron neighboring C3 atom of the planar ring framework. The crystal structure of 5 shows the two expected enantiomers.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1895-1900 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tin, diorganyl-, bis(maltolate) ; Tin, butyl-, tris(maltolate) ; Tin, tributyl-, maltolate ; Tin, dichloro-, bis(mal-tolate) ; Maltolates, tin ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of organotin(IV) maltol complexes R4  -  xSnLx (1-4, 6; x = 1-3) and the dichloro-compound Cl2SnL2 (5) have been prepared and characterized on the basis of their IR-, 1H-, 13C- and 119Sn-NMR data. While an X-ray crystal structure analysis of Ph2SnL2 (4) and Cl2SnL2 (5) reveals distorted cis-octahedral structures, the Me2SnL2 molecule (2) adopts a skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal configuration with a very significant difference in the Sn-O(keto) bond distances. The tris-maltol complex BuSnL3 (6) exhibits a distorted pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry with the butyl carbon and a hy-droxy oxygen constituting the axial orientations.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1877-1886 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkynes, (triphenylstannyl)- ; Rhodium(I) complexes, vinylidene ; Rhodium(III) complexes, alkynyl(hydrido)-and bis(alkynyl)hydrido- ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of [RhCl(PiPr3)2]n (1) with stannylalkynes RC≡CSnPh3 [R = H, Me, Ph, CH2OH, CH2OMe, CMe2OH, CH(Me)OH, CH(Ph)OH, SiMe3, SnPh3] gives the vinylidenerhodium(I) complexes trans-[RhCl(=C=C(SnPh3)R)(PiPr3)2] (2a-j) in good to excellent yields. These compounds react with protic acids to give trans-[RhCl(=C=CHR)(PiPr3)2] and, for R = CH(Ph)OH, to give the allenylidene complex trans-[RhCl(=C=C=CHPh)-(PiPr3)2] (5). On treatment of 2b-j with PhHgCl, the heterodimetallic compounds [Rh(C≡C̊)(HgPh)Cl(PiPr3)2] (6a-i) are formed. The bis(alkynyl)rhodium(III) complexes [RhH(C≡CSi-Me3)(C≡CSnPh3)(py)(PiPr3)2] (9) and [Rh(C≡CSiMe3)(C≡C—CH2OMe)(SnPh3)(PiPr3)2] (10) are prepared from trans-[Rh-(C≡CSiMe3)(L)(PiPr3)2] (7, 8, L = py, C2H4) and HC≡CSnPh3 or Ph3SnC≡CCH2OMe, respectively. The crystal and molecular structures of trans-[RhCl(=C=C(SnPh3)CH2OMe)(PiPr3)2] (2e) and [Rh(C≡CCH2OMe)(HgPh)Cl(PiPr3)2] (6d) have been determined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2043-2049 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thianthrene radical cation salt ; Crystallization ; Calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structures and Molecular Properties of Charge-Perturbed Molecules, 53[1,2].  -  Thianthrene Radical Cation TetrachloroaluminateOne-electron oxidation of thianthrene, which exhibits a reversible half-wave potential at + 1.3 V and an irreversible one at + 1.65 V, under aprotic conditions with AlCl3/H2CCl2 yields the violet radical cation salt [H4C6S2C6H4⊕][AlCl4⊖]. Its single-crystal structure analysis at 90 K reveals an interplanar angle between the phenyl rings of 174° and demonstrates that the neutral sulfur heterocyclic molecule, bent by 128°, is considerably flattened upon one-electron removal. Semiempirical enthalpy of formation hypersurfaces allow to rationalize the experimental results by a double-minimum potential for the bent neutral molecule with a rather low inversion barrier and a single minimum one for a planar radical cation. Other radical cation properties such as the spin distribution deduced from its ESR spectrum or the visible absorption maxima near \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde \nu $\end{document} = 11000 and at 18250 cm-1 corresponding to π → π* and π → σ* transitions are also satisfactorily reproduced by PM3 calculations partly including configuration interaction based on the experimental structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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