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  • 2000-2004  (29)
  • 1990-1994  (4.713)
  • 1920-1924  (3.032)
  • 1905-1909  (4.594)
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  • Genetics  (1.129)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Glomerulocystic kidney disease ; Oligohydramnion ; Renal failure-neonate ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Two newborns with glomerulocystic kidney disease manifesting as late onset oligohydramnion and neonatal anuria, yet without severe respiratory distress, are presented. They had a similar perinatal course and associated clinical manifestations. No associated congenital or inherited malformation syndrome could be defined. Both infants’ parents were first degree cousins and belonged to the same small Bedouin tribe, and neither they nor the infants’ siblings had polycystic kidneys or renal insufficiency, pointing to either a possible genetic etiology or a common external toxic exposure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. S057 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Critical illness ; Intensive care ; Severity of illness ; Scoring systems ; Genetics ; Susceptibility ; Education
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Risk of critical illness is determined both by genetic and environmental influences, particularly those relating to infectious and cardiovascular diseases. Physiologically-based scoring systems cannot measure prior risk because they do not quantify physiological reserve independently of the acute illness. Genetic profiling could be useful for risk assessment. Early detection of critical illness involves identifying physiological ’triggers' for referral; this requires the education of nursing and medical staff in their significance. Analysis of the relationship between risk factors and interventions may need complex modelling techniques. Therapeutic strategies depend on the nature of the underlying problem: the most useful are likely to be those which enhance tissue oxygen delivery and resistance to infection.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S35 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Obesity ; Genetics ; Child ; Nutrient balance ; Energy balance ; Environment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The epidemic diffusion of obesity in industrialised countries has promoted research on the aetiopathogenesis of this disorder. The purpose of this review is to focus mainly on the contribution that European research has made to this field. Available evidence suggests that obesity results from multiple interactions between genes and environment. Parents obesity is the most important risk factor for childhood obesity. Twin, adoption, and family studies indicated that inheritance is able to account for 25% to 40% of inter-individual difference in adiposity. Single gene defects leading to obesity have been discovered in animals and, in some cases, confirmed in humans as congenital leptin deficiency or congenital leptin receptor deficiency. However, in most cases, genes involved in weight gain do not directly cause obesity but they increase the susceptibility to fat gain in subjects exposed to a specific environment. Both genetic and environmental factors promote a positive energy balance which cause obesity. The relative inefficiency of self-adapting energy intake to energy requirements is responsible for fat gain in predisposed individuals. The role of the environment in the development of obesity is suggested by the rapid increase of the prevalence of obesity accompanying the rapid changes in the lifestyle of the population in the second half of this century. Early experiences with food, feeding practices and family food choices affect children's nutritional habits. In particular, the parents are responsible for food availability and accessibility in the home and they affect food preferences of their children. Diet composition, in particular fat intake, influences the development of obesity. The high energy density and palatability of fatty foods as well as their less satiating properties promotes food consumption. TV viewing, an inactivity and food intake promoter, was identified as a relevant risk factor for obesity in children. Sedentarity, i.e. a low physical activity level, is accompanied by a low fat oxidation rate in muscle and a low fat oxidation rate is a risk factor of fat gain or fat re-gain after weight loss. Conclusion Further research is needed to identify new risk factors of childhood obesity, both in the genetic and environmental areas, which may help to develop more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S183 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Database ; Genetics ; Information services ; Internet ; Mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Thanks to the World Wide Web, most results of research in genetics are made available in public databases. At the present time there are resources on genetic diseases, genes and their location, mutations of already cloned genes and on laboratories performing the mutation analysis. The main resources on phenotypes are On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Pedbase, GeneClinics, London Dysmorphology Database (LDDB) and Orphanet. The main resources on human genes are, in addition to OMIM, the Genome Database, Genatlas and Genecard. There are also two major sequence databases. All of them can be queried using the OMIM number of the disease. Central databases of mutations, as well as locus specific databases have been created. Their list is maintained at the Human Genome Organisation mutation database initiative website. Several initiative have been taken to integrate all these data and help the clinician to find out quickly what he/she needs. The website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information is the best example of such an effort with sections on diseases, a genome guide, and locus links. Several databases of genetic testing resources have been established. GeneTests is an on-line genetics resource that contains a directory of North American laboratories providing testing for heritable disorders. Orphanet is a similar database on French services which is in the process of becoming a European database. Conclusion Even if clinicians do not have as many services at their disposal as the molecular geneticists, various useful databases already exist and should no longer be ignored in practice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. S208 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cardiovascular disease ; Cystathionine β-synthase ; Genetics ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ; Mild hyperhomocysteinaemia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Over the last decade mild hyperhomocysteinaemia has widely been recognised as a new risk factor for arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. Main regulating enzymes of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism are cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), methionine synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Early studies on patients with vascular disease described elevated Hcy concentrations after methionine loading and decreased CBS activity, resembling heterozygotes for CBS deficiency. Therefore, heterozygosity for CBS deficiency was proposed as the main cause of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia. However, more recent enzymatic and molecular genetic studies have demonstrated that heterozygosity for CBS deficiency is not or only a very minor cause of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia in vascular disease. We discovered two common genetic causes of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia, the 677C 〉 T and the 1298A 〉 C mutations in the coding region of MTHFR. The 677C 〉 T mutation causes reduced enzyme activity with thermolabile protein properties, elevated Hcy and low-normal or decreased plasma folate levels. The 1298A 〉 C mutation relates also to decreased enzyme activity, but not to thermolabile protein, and Hcy and folate levels are not influenced. However, compound heterozygosity for these two mutations, i.e. individuals with the 677CT/1298AC genotype, have elevated Hcy and decreased plasma folate levels. Gene-enviroment interactions between 677C 〉 T and folate is demonstrated in individuals with the 677TT genotype. Those with low-normal folate have elevated Hcy, whereas those with high-normal folate have normal Hcy concentrations. The elevated Hcy levels due to these mutations can be normalised by administration of folate, but whether folate reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease remains to be established. Conclusion Heterozygosity for cystathionine β-synthase deficiency is a minor cause of hyperhomocysteinaemia. The current data on mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene do not tell us whether elevated plasma homocysteine plays a causal role in vascular disease. Low cellular vitamin status may be a possible cause and homocysteine may just be a marker for this situation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1364-6753
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Parkinson's disease ; Familial Parkinson's disease ; Synuclein ; Parkin ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: ABSTRACT¶Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with clinical features resulting from deficiency of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system. Most PD cases are sporadic and the primary cause of the disease is still unknown. Recently, familial PD and parkinsonism have received much attention because these forms of the disease might provide clues to the genetic risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. To date, two causative genes, α-synuclein and the parkin gene, have been identified. α-Synuclein is involved in the pathogenesis of an autosomal dominant form of PD and constitutes a major component of the Lewy body, which is a pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. In addition, mutations in the parkin gene have been identified as the cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). AR-JP manifests itself as a highly selective degeneration of the substantia nigra and the locus coeruleus, but without Lewy body formation. In addition to these two genes, four chromosomal loci have been linked to other forms of familial PD. Furthermore, there are a number of other pedigrees of familial PD in which linkage to known genetic loci has been excluded. Molecular cloning of these disease genes and elucidation of the function of their gene products will greatly contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S147 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dopamine ; Migraine ; Genetics ; DRD2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Molecular genetics offers a novel approach to the understanding and management of migraine since the disorder is known to have a strong genetic component. In recent studies, polymorphisms in the genes for dopamine receptors have been evaluated. Both positive and negative association studies have been reported. In particular, these data suggest that activation of the DRD2 receptor plays a modifying role in the pathophysiology of migraine. As a result, existing data provide a molecular rationale for the documented efficacy of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine. Therefore, at the present time, molecular genetic data provide support for the hypothesis that susceptibility to migraine may be modified, in part, by variations in dopamine DRD2 receptor function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S157 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Chronic tension type headache ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Pathophysiological studies have dominated migraine research for several years. However, these studies are difficult to interpret because it is difficult to decide whether the observed phenomena are primary or secondary to the migraine attack. For that reason it is important that future migraine research focus on studies that concern migrain etiology. Migraine is a paroxysmal disorder. It is most likely and ion-channel disorder like familial hemiplegic migraine. The present paper focuses on genetic factors in migraine and chronic tension-type headache.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cluster headache ; Familial occurrence ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A Danish genetic study showed increased risk of cluster headache (CH) among relatives of CH patients. We studied the families of 191 CH patients (118 males, 73 females; mean age 45.9 years) attending the Milan Headache Center. Information on 3589 relatives was collected by direct interview of the probands (n = 118) or by mailed questionnaire (n = 73). The diagnostic criteria of the IHS were used. A positive family history was found in 19% (37 of 191) of the families. A total of 32 first-degree (32 of 1036, 3.1%) and 15 second-degree (15 of 2553, 0.6%) relatives were affected. The relative risk of CH was 26.89 (95% CI, 17.57–36.21) in the first-degree relatives and 4.35 (95% CI, 2.13–5.21) in second-degree relatives. This study shows increased familial risk of cluster headache in an Italian population and confirms that cluster headache is, in some families, and inherited disorder.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S135 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Headache ; Genetics ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Mitochondria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Migraine carries a significant hereditary determination. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) has been recently linked to mutations in the CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19. CACNA1A codes for a subunit of a neural calcium channel. Other linkage loci on chromosome 1q21-23 and 1q31 have been reported. Several linkage and association studies have been performed to determine the role of the CACNA1A gene, and of other candidate genes implicated in the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine, in the more common types of migraine. Co-morbidity of migraine with vascular events has been analysed versus genetic prothrombotic factors and mitochondrial DNA, and genes involved in the inflammatory cascade have been explored. Though no definite conclusions have emerged from these studies as yet, molecular genetics of migraine can be expected to unravel the complex aetiologies of these fascinating diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S153 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Genetics ; Dopamine ; Hypersensitivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Migraine is a common chronic disorder with an etiology still mostly unknown. Several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and the study of their systems is crucial in the understanding of migraine. Dopaminergic receptors are variously represented in human CNS and periphery. The hypothesis that a hypersensitivity of the dopaminergic system may have a role in migraine is based on clinical and genetic data. Genetic data are represented by association studies using dopaminergic genes as candidate genes which show that the D2 receptor gene appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of headache and pain 1 (2000), S. S141 
    ISSN: 1129-2377
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Migraine ; Genetics ; Human leukocyte antigens ; Heredity ; Susceptibility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Human leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6p21. Genes important in migraine are being recognized in two basic ways: association studies and linkage analysis. One of the strongest associations is with the HLA region. Actually, genome scan studies suggest that multiple genes are involved in both migraine without aura (MWoA) and migraine with aura (MWA). However, both MWoA and MWA are disorders in which multiple factors, including environmental and genetic factors, confer disease susceptibility. Linkage analysis is identifying new candidate genes that will help to explain the etiology of migraine. In this review previous studies regarding genetic susceptibility to migraine are analyzed, particularly those related to the HLA region. I discuss evidence that HLA shared-hyplotypes in MWoA-affected pairs in different than that expected, that HLA-DR2 antigen provides additional basis for the proposed genetic heterogeneity between MWoA and MWA, and lastly that TNFB gene studies seem to play an important role in the susceptibility to MWoA. In the past years, major advances hae been made in understanding the genetic foundation of MWoA and MWA. Our reported genome-scan studies support the concept that MWoA/MWA are coinherited with a particular HLA region. However, the examination of candidate genes (Ca2+ channel, vascular, CNS, etc.) in a large migraine population seems to be the correct direction in which we have to move. More MWoA/MWa gene studies are needed to test this developing hypothesis and to further establish the complete genetic scenario of migraine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Complementary genes ; Extreme virus resistance ; Genetics ; Necrotic tubers ; Restricted virus distribution ; Solanum tuberosum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The potato cultivar ’Shepody’ is susceptible to a number of potato viruses including potato virus Y (PVY, potyvirus) but was found to possess extreme resistance to another potyvirus, potato virus A (PVA). ’Shepody’ plants were resistant to PVA infection in manual and graft inoculations. PVA replication was not detected in any of the inoculated plants by ELISA, an infectivity assay and RT-PCR. However, ’Shepody’ plants grafted with shoots containing PVA developed a novel symptomology which resembled a virus infection in appearance and in rate of translocation to the entire plant. Efforts to transmit the symptom-inducing agent manually failed. Graft-inoculation to potato virus indicator plants and PVA-susceptible potato plants showed that the symptom inducer was PVA at an extremely low concentration, detected using RT-PCR followed by Southern blot assay. Tubers from grafted but resistant ’Shepody’ plants had necrotic surfaces and internal spots. PVA was detected from necrotic areas but not from the non-necrotic ones. However, plants resulting from necrotic tubers were free from aerial leaf symptoms observed in grafted plants and produced non-necrotic normal tubers. A trace-back of the parental lineage of ’Shepody’ indicated that the resistance had been introgressed from the cultivar ’Bake King’. Analysis of progeny of a cross of resistant ’Shepody’ to the susceptible ’Goldrus’ indicated that this resistance is controlled by two independent dominant complementary genes in contrast to monogenic resistance reported for other potato viruses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Avicennia marina ; Microsatellite ; Mangrove ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  An enriched microsatellite library of the mangrove species Avicennia marina was constructed, in which 85.8% of the clones contained microsatellite sequences. Of the microsatellite repeat sequences isolated, 55.0% were di-nucleotides, 34.2% were tri-nucleotides, 50.0% were perfect, 24.2% were imperfect, and 15.0% were compound. Four different di-nucleotide repeats were isolated with repeat lengths ranging from 5 to 33; ten different tri-nucleotide repeats were isolated with repeat lengths ranging from 3 to 25. The most common di-nucleotide was the AC/TG repeat; the most common tri-nucleotide was the CCG/GGC repeat. Sixteen microsatellite sequences were selected for primer design, and 6 primers were selected to investigate the polymorphism detected among 15 individuals of A. marina from three natural populations in Australia. A total of 40 alleles were detected at 6 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per microsatellite locus ranged from 5 to 13. On average, 7 alleles were detected per locus. All microsatellite loci showed high levels of gene diversity (heterozygosity), with values ranging from 0.53 to 0.88; the mean value of gene diversity was 0.70. Microsatellite loci were also tested for conservation across Avicennia species. There was a decline in amplification success with increasing divergence between Avicennia species. The results indicate that microsatellites are abundant in the Avicennia genome and can be valuable genetic markers for assessing the effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation in mangrove communities, which is an important issue for mangrove conservation and afforestation schemes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 101 (2000), S. 234-240 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cherry ; Genetics ; Compatibility ; Incompatibility ; Isoelectric focusing ; Prunus avium ; Ribonuclease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The (in)compatibility genotypes of two self-compatible sweet cherry selections, JI 2420 and JI 2434, originating from the John Innes Institute were re-examined. The selections and seedlings derived from them were analysed for stylar ribonucleases, which are known to correlate with S alleles, and the outcome of test crosses was recorded. JI 2420, which had been reported previously as S 3 S 4 ", where " indicates loss of pollen activity, was deduced to have the genotype S 4 S 4 ’. For JI 2434, which had been reported previously as S 3 S 4 0 , S 3 S 3 0 or S 3 S 3 ", where 0 indicates loss of pollen and stylar activity, two different clones were identified. One, at East Malling, was deduced to be S 3 "S 4 ; the other, at Ahrensburg, appeared to be S 3 S 3 " or S 3 S 3 0 .
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Skin ; Genetics ; TNFA ; ¶Inflammation ; PCR-RFLP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Mechanisms underlying susceptibility to skin irritants are not clearly understood. Cytokines play a key role in inflammation, and functional polymorphisms in cytokine genes may affect responses to irritants. We investigated the relationship between polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-chain gene and responses to irritants. Volunteers (n=221) tested with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and benzalkonium chloride (BKC) were divided into responders and nonresponders and high and low irritant-threshold groups. DNA was assayed for the TNF-308 polymorphism by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There was a significant increase in the A allele (P=0.030) and AA genotype (P=0.023) in both the SDS low irritant-threshold group and in SDS responders (A allele P=0.022, AA genotype P=0.048). In the BKC low irritant-threshold group, we found a significant increase in the A allele (P=0.002) and AA genotype (P=0.016). Individuals with a low threshold to both irritants demonstrated a significant increase (P=0.002) in the A allele. This is the first description of a nonatopic genetic marker for irritant susceptibility in normal individuals. Genotyping for theTNF-308 polymorphism may thus contribute to screening of individuals deemed at risk of developing irritant contact dermatitis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Progressive ¶supranuclear palsy ; Genetics ; Clinical characteristics ; Parkinsonism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic studies have detected an association between the presence of the τ gene A0 allele and patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). This study examined whether patients with this polymorphism exhibit distinct demographic or clinical characteristics. We studied 26 patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PSP, 20 who had the A0/A0 genotype and 6 who had other genotypes. A questionnaire on demographic data, past medical history, familial history, and initial symptoms was completed as part of the consultation. A complete neurological examination was performed and PSP symptoms were quantified following Golbe’s PSP disability scale. We found a significant difference in the age at onset of PSP symptoms, which was 65.9 ± 5.3 years in the A0/A0 group and 71.2 ± 5.6 in the non-A0/A0 group (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the years from disease onset between the two groups. Symptom severity did not differ significantly in patients with the different A0/A0 genotypes. The detection of significantly lower age at onset with the A0/A0 alleles is consistent with the known association of this genotype as a risk factor for PSP. No significant differences were detected in symptom severity between the two groups of patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Genetics ; Presenilin-1 intron 8 polymorphism ; Apoptosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that apoptosis is involved in the abnormal neural death that occurs in this devastating disease. Presenilin-1, a transmembrane protein, seems to be implicated in apoptosis. To determine whether presenilin-1 intron 8 polymorphism has an influence in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we examined this polymorphism genotypes in a large group of patients (n=72) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in a random sample of 213 healthy individuals. The results showed a significant difference in genotype (P 〈 0.04) and allele (P 〈 0.03) distribution between patients and controls. These results suggest a possible intervention of presenilin-1 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Monoamine oxidase B ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) metabolises dopamine and activates neurotoxins known to induce parkinsonism in humans and primates. Therefore the MAOB gene (MAOB; Xp15.21–4) is a candidate gene for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Longer length dinucleotide repeat sequences in a highly polymorphic GT repeat region of intron 2 of this gene showed an association with PD in an Australian cohort. We repeated this allele-association study in a population of 176 Chinese PD patients ¶(90 men, 86 women) and 203 age-matched controls (99 men, 104 women). Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood and the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the appropriate regions of the MAOB gene. The length of each (GT) repeat sequence was determined by 5% polyacrylamide denaturing gel electrophoresis. There was no significant difference in allele frequencies of the (GT) repeat allelic variation between patients and controls (χ2 = 2.48; df = 5, P 〈 0.75). Therefore the longer length GT repeat alleles are not associated with PD in this Chinese population. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between Chinese and Australian populations include a different interaction between this genetic factor and environmental factors in the two populations and the possibility that the long length GT repeat alleles may represent a marker mutation, genetically linked to another susceptibility allele in whites but not in Chinese. Methodological differences in the ascertainment of cases and controls in this cohort could also explain the observed differences. Further study is required to determine whether the longer length GT repeat alleles are true susceptibility alleles in PD.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Genetics ; ICAM-1 gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An increased amount of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 molecule has been found in the blood of actively relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but is unclear whether this enhanced expression is partially causative of the MS process, or whether it is merely an epiphenomenon of the inflammatory-immunological reaction. Using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), we studied exon 4 and exon 6 polymorphism of the ICAM-1 gene from 157 families with both parents, one affected and one healthy sib coming from Sardinia, an Italian island having a high incidence and prevalence of MS. TDT did not show variation in the expected 50:50 frequency in transmission in either healthy or affected sibs, using phenotypic or genotypic analysis. Moreover, independence from the predisposing HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype was confirmed by TDT analysis performed on the patients stratified according to the presence or absence of the HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 Sardinian predisposing haplotypes. Our data suggest that the increased expression of the ICAM-1 molecule observed in both blood and periplaque microvessels may be considered a consequence of the inflammatory process rather than the result of a genetic variation.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dementia ; Vascular ¶dementia ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Risk factors, stroke ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This review describes differing profiles of vascular risk factors in different types of dementia. Although vascular risk factors are related to various types of strokes, their independent effect on the occurrence of poststroke dementia appears to be small. Various risk factors have been identified for microangiopathy-related cerebral abnormalities, such as white matter changes and lacunae, which are the core lesions for the development of a vascular dementia syndrome without stroke symptoms. Most consistently, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus have been found to be associated with such brain abnormalities. Diastolic blood pressure seems to be of particular importance as recent investigations demonstrate that this factor is related to the course of multiple lacunar strokes and the progression of white matter disease. Epidemiological studies report that various vascular risk factors including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation may also be associated with Alzheimer’s disease. There is also evidence of a direct relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and general atherosclerosis. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these associations are due to the weakness of diagnostic criteria, or whether vascular risk factors indeed modulate the clinical expression of primary degenerative dementia. Common susceptibility genes leading to shared risk factors may be one of the reasons for a higher coincidence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia than can be expected by chance. A modulatory effect of vascular risk factors in the development of primary degenerative dementia may extend treatment options.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Siblings ; Genetics ; Oligoclonal bands ; Measles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We found that 19% (9/47) of healthy siblings of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis had an intrathecal immunological reaction with two or more 2 CSF-enriched oligoclonal bands (OCBs), in contrast to (4%) (2/50) unrelated healthy controls. Furthermore, in this group of nine healthy sibs the measles CSF IgG antibody titers were higher than that of the other sibs and that of controls. There were also differences in the serum titers for measles IgG antibody, which were higher in the group of all healthy sibs than in healthy volunteers, and (as with CSF titers) higher in the subgroup of healthy sibs with two or more 2 CSF-enriched OCBs than the other sibs. Thus a significant proportion of healthy siblings to MS patients have a partially hyperimmune condition similar to that occurring in MS, which in 19% manifested itself as an OCB reaction, in 9% as increased CSF measles IgG antibody titers, and in 21% as increased serum measles IgG antibody titers, these phenomena tending to occur in the same individuals. This condition is characterized by CSF-enriched OCBs with undefined specificity, although some increased antiviral reactivity is found both in the serum and CSF. While it needs further characterization, a genetic trait interacting with common infections is suggested. The recurrence risk of this condition is approximately five times higher than the 3–4% recurrence risk for manifest MS reported for sibs.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dopamine receptor D4 ; Genetics ; Personality inventory ; Polymorphism ; Excitement-Seeking
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An association between long alleles of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene and the extraversion related personality traits Excitement and Novelty Seeking has been reported in healthy subjects. In an attempt to replicate the previous findings, 256 healthy Caucasian volunteers were analysed for a potential relationship between the dopamine receptor D4 exon III VNTR polymorphism and Extraversion as assessed by the Revised Neo Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). The present study did not yield evidence for an association between Extraversion and the dopamine receptor D4 polymorphism.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pharmacogenetics ; Genetics ; Risk factor ; Choreoathetotic movements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In the search for genetic factors contributing to tardive dyskinesia, dopamine receptor genes are considered major candidates. The dopamine D3 receptor is of primary interest as dopamine D3 receptor knock-out mice show locomotor hyperactivation resembling extrapyramidal side-effects of neuroleptic treatment. Furthermore, Steen and colleagues (1997) recently reported an association between tardive dyskinesia and a dopamine D3 receptor gene variant. In the present study we tried to replicate this finding. We investigated 157 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving long-term neuroleptic medication who never or persistently displayed tardive dyskinesia. As advanced age is a main risk factor for tardive dyskinesia, we also compared older patients with a long duration of schizophrenia not displaying tardive dyskinesia to younger patients with a shorter duration of the illness displaying tardive dyskinesia. However, we found no evidence that the dopamine D3 receptor gene is likely to confer susceptibility to the development of tardive dyskinesia.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Nervous system ; Cavernous angiomas ; Genetics ; Onset symptoms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We performed a clinical and genetic study of patients affected by cavernous angiomas (CA) of the nervous system. We examined initial signs and symptoms in sporadic and familial cases. We obtained clinical, neuroimaging and genetic data on 15 Italian patients with CA of the nervous system with positive, doubtful or apparently negative family history. Genetic markers surrounding three different gene regions (7q, 3q and 7p) were analysed. In one small family, genetic linkage was consistent with all chromosome loci. In another family with the unusual association of cerebral and spinal CA, linkage with chromosome 7q and, likely, 7p was excluded, while linkage with locus 3q was possible. Our results indicate that Italian families with CA may show genetic heterogeneity. Non-specific and subtle onset symptoms hide the presence of CA within families. Patients with multiple CA may have silent cerebral lesions confirming the low penetrance of clinical signs in spite of radiological ones.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S89 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Evoked potentials ; Ceroid lipofuscinoses ; Mutation ; Classification ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The importance of visual evoked potential (VEPs) and electroencephalography for diagnosing and distinghishing the infantile (INCL), late-infantile (LINCL) and juvenile (JNCL) forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) is well established. Variant forms with protracted clinical courses and atypical symptoms have been described recently, whose neurophysiological characteristics sometimes overlap those of LINCL and JNCL. It is unclear whether these variant forms are due to phenotypic variability of known genetic defects, or represent new mutations. Twenty-eight NCL patients have been diagnosed at our institute; a proportion of them were investigated genetically. In 17 we performed neurophysiological investigations including VEPs, brainstem auditory (BAEP) and upper limb somatosensory (SEP) evoked potentials. We found typical and diagnostic electrophysiological involvement of the visual system in 8 patients with classic forms of NCL. Furthermore, the distinctive features of the multimodal evoked potentials in most of the six patients with variant NCL suggest that these are distinct genetic entities.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 373-377 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Myoclonus-dystonia ; Essential myoclonus ; Dystonia ; Alcohol ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We present the clinical profile of a group of patients with myoclonus and dystonia sensitive to alcohol and address these cases in the context of essential myoclonus. Six patients from 4 families were selected: 4 men and 2 women with myoclonus affecting predominantly the arms. Active movements of these segments elicited the dystonic and myoclonic movements. A marked improvement with alcohol intake was seen. Laboratory findings including EEG, SSEP, and cranial CT and MRI were normal. Surface EMG recording showed bursts with duration of 30–112 ms in 3 patients. One patient showed a triphasic recording pattern (agonist-antagonist-agonist) of ballistic type. Our findings suggest that the myoclonus-dystonia disorder is present in Brazilian patients.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Von Hippel-Lindau disease ; Hemangioblastoma ; Endolymphatic sac tumor ; Angiogenesis ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Major progress has been made in the last decade in both clinical and fundamental aspects of VHL. The VHL gene product, pVHL, has major and multiple functions: pVHL regulates not only first angiogenesis but also extracellular matrix formation and the cell cycle. A molecular diagnosis of VHL is now available, leading to a transformation in clinical management of patients and their families. Diagnosis of VHL has to be suspected in patients with a VHL-related tumor without familial history and especially in case of hemangioblastoma or endolymphatic sac tumors. Such patients should be systematically investigated for clinical and molecular evidence of VHL disease. Treatment of symptomatic hemangioblastomas remains mainly neurosurgical, often in emergency, but stereotactic radiosurgery is emerging as an alternative therapeutic procedure. In the future, antiangiogenic drugs could represent a potential medical treatment of CNS hemangioblastomas in view of their highly vascular structure. Lastly, visceral manifestations of VHL disease are also of critical importance and require early detection for effective treatment.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 809-820 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords Pediatric neurosurgery ; Molecular biology ; Genetics ; Novel therapeutics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The new millennium beckons for novel advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric neurosurgical conditions. Almost every aspect of pediatric neurosurgery has changed over the last decade. Undoubtedly with the application of knowledge in molecular biology to human disease many aspects of neurosurgery, especially neuro-oncology and the field of neuro-developmental anomalies, will change appreciably over the next decade. Overall, the trend in surgery in general and neurosurgery in particular is toward less invasive procedures and possibly non-surgical interventions. This review will briefly cover many of the important areas of pediatric neurosurgery. We will describe the state-of-the-art of our subspecialty and discuss possible future directions.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 290-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Secale cereale ; Polyembryony ; Chromosome mosaics ; Rye ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have obtained one plant regenerated from rye tissue culture which showed a high percentage of polyembryonic seeds in its progeny. The mutation inducing the development of extra embryos is also influencing erroneous cell division, mitosis and meiosis. The genetic analysis indicated that the aptitude for polyembryonic seed formation is a heritable trait controlled by a dominant gene. However, for expression of the phenotype the female parent should have a specific cytoplasm.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Sugarcane ; Polyploidy ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA markers ; Arbitrarily primed PCR ; RAPD markers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Recent work has revealed random chromosome pairing and assortment in Saccharum spontaneum L., the most widely distributed, and morphologically and cytologically variable of the species of Saccharum. This conclusion was based on the analysis of a segregating population from across between S. spontaneum ‘SES 208’ and a spontaneously-doubled haploid of itself, derived from anther culture. To determine whether polysomic inheritance is common in Saccharum and whether it is observed in a typical biparental cross, we studied chromosome pairing and assortment in 44 progeny of a cross between euploid, meiotically regular, 2n=80 forms of Saccharum officinarum ‘LA Purple’ and Saccharum robustum ‘ Mol 5829’. Papuan 2n=80 forms of S. robustum have been suggested as the immediate progenitor species for cultivated sugarcane (S. officinarum). A total of 738 loci in LA Purple and 720 loci in Mol 5829 were amplified and typed in the progeny by arbitrarily primed PCR using 45 primers. Fifty and 33 single-dose polymorphisms were identified in the S. officinarum and S. robustum genomes, respectively (χ 2 at 98%). Linkage analysis of single-dose polymorphisms in both genomes revealed linkages in repulsion and coupling phases. In the S. officinarum genome, a map hypothesis gave 7 linkage groups with 17 linked and 33 unlinked markers. Four of 13 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase and 9 were in coupling phase. In the S. robustum genome, a map hypothesis gave 5 linkage groups, defined by 12 markers, with 21 markers unlinked, and 2 of 9 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase. Therefore, complete polysomic inheritance was not observed in either species, suggesting that chromosomal behavior is different from that observed by linkage analysis of over 500 markers in the S. spontaneum map. Implications of this finding for evolution and breeding are discussed.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 15 (1994), S. 198-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Schlagwort(e): Subaortic stenosis ; Congenital heart disease ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The first case of multiple family members with discrete subaortic membrane and no other congenital defects is presented. One family member presents with findings suggesting a forme fruste of this disease. Increased surveillance of family members of individuals with discrete subaortic membrane is warranted, as the clinical findings of mild subaortic obstruction may be indistinguishable from those of an innocent flow murmur.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 15 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Schlagwort(e): Tricuspid atresia ; Tricuspid hypoplasia ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Occurrence of a similar cardiac malformation in multiple family members has been reported for many lesions. Neither tricuspid atresia nor tricuspid annular hypoplasia and tricuspid atresia and one case of tricuspid annular hypoplasia with an atrial septal defect in siblings. The findings in this family suggest an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance for abnormal tricuspid valve morphogenesis.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Myotonic dystrophy ; Limb girdle muscular dystrophy ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A family is reported in which a 29-year-old woman showed the clinical features of myotonic dystrophy while her 26-year-old brother presented with the clinical picture of limb girdle syndrome. In the affected female, direct genetic testing for the specific myotonic dystrophy mutation on chromosome 19 revealed abnormal expansion of a repeat unit containing the three nucleotides cytosine, thymine, and guanine (CTG) — typical for myotonic dystrophy — while her diseased brother displayed two normal alleles. This supports the hypothesis of the extremely rare occurrence of two clinically and genetically different myopathies in one family. Genetic analysis of six other family members showed that the father of the diseased siblings as well as all of his three brothers and sisters had a pathological CTG repeat expansion, and that the other two family members tested had a normal allelic pattern. The number of CTG repeats in the diseased women was approximately tenfold higher than in her asymptomatic relatives who revealed an abnormal allelic pattern. The increase in CTG repeats with transmission to a subsequent generation in this family was paralleled by a dramatic increase in the severity of myotonic dystrophy.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words     Primitive neuroepithelial tumor ; Desmoplastic small cell tumor ; Brain tumor of infancy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract      We describe a case of a desmoplastic brain tumor which was initially resected from the right fronto-temporal region in a 2 year-old boy. This nodular, calcified tumor was vascularized by the internal carotid artery and the middle meningeal artery branches. Grossly, it contained several mucoid cysts. Light microscopy showed cords or nests of small cuboidal cells surrounded by a loose connective tissue and desmoplasic areas containing fibers and spindle cells. The cuboidal cells expressed epithelial, neuronal and neuroendocrine markers. Some foci of spindle cells showed glial differentiation. The tumor recurred 16 months later and displayed some characteristics of the small cell neuroepithelial component, mitoses being conspicuous. Electron microscopy revealed undifferentiated clear cells, some containing neurosecretory granules. Karyotyping demonstrated the following formula: 〈 15 〉 46, t(8;11) (q13; q11). The chromosome 11 breakpoint was different from that described in Ewing's sarcoma. This isolated translocation has not been previously reported to our knowledge. These unusual features lead us to report this case and to discuss its pathogenesis.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Neuropathology ; Posterior column involvement ; Genetics ; Superoxide dismutase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Several missense mutations within exons 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the gene for Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been discovered to be involved in the development of chromosome 21q-linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We describe here an autopsied patient with FALS, in whom we have recently identified a novel missense mutation in exon 1 of the SOD1 gene. The neuropathological findings were compatible with those described previously in patients with FALS with posterior column involvement. This suggests that mutations of the SOD1 gene may be responsible for this form of FALS.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; diabetes mellitus ; mitochondria ; maternal ; deafness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has a strong genetic component and maternal factors have recently been implicated in disease inheritance. The mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases which often show maternal inheritance as a result of mtDNA defects; some patients have impaired glucose tolerance. Occasional families with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness associated with a deletion or point mutation of mtDNA have been reported. To assess the importance of mitochondrial gene defects in NIDDM, 150 unrelated diabetic subjects from Wales, UK and 68 unrelated patients with diabetes and at least one affected sibling from England, UK were studied. Southern blot analysis did not show any large mtDNA deletions or duplications. One patient had a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAleu(UUR) gene at bp 3243. This mutation is commonly associated with the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS). Study of this patient and his siblings showed a distinct form of late-onset diabetes associated with nerve deafness but no clinical features of the MELAS syndrome. No diabetic subject was shown to have the mtDNA mutation at position 8344 (tRNAlys) which has previously been described in the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and red-ragged fibres (MERRF). The role of other mitochondrial gene defects in diabetes and the pathophysiological basis of glucose intolerance in patients with the MELAS mutation requires further elucidation.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Schlagwort(e): Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 153 (1994), S. 372-377 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Schlagwort(e): Epilepsy ; Absences ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Clinical and EEG family data of 140 cases with early childhood epilepsy with absences are presented. The aim of the study was to evaluate, whether the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) as a presenting symptom might correlate with family data, i.e. whether there are indications of heterogeneity. One hundred and forty cases were selected from the epilepsy family data base of the Neuropaediatric Department. The selection parameter was epilepsy with absences manifesting between the 1 st and 5th year of age. The incidence of seizures was evaluated in siblings, parents and parents' siblings. EEG records were available from 103 parents and 106 siblings. The analysis supports the assumption of heterogeneity within early childhood absence epilepsy. Parents and their sibs of cases manifesting with GTCS had seizures twice as often than parents and their sibs in the non-GTCS group. In the affected relatives of the GTCS group early onset GTCS prevailed, whereas in the relatives of the non-GTCS group absences were found more frequently. The EEG of relatives showed elevated incidences of spikes and waves and photosensitivity in both groups, indicating common genetic factors. In parents of the non-GTCS group, however, EEG pathology was significantly more frequent than in parents of the GTCS group. Comparing EEG pathology in parents with seizure risk in siblings, evidence for maternal preponderance in transmission of the seizure liability was found. Mothers' EEG seems to be the best predictor of the seizure risk in probands' siblings. Early childhood epilepsy with absences can be regarded as an intermediate type, showing overlap with early onset GTCS and myoclonic astatic epilepsy on the one side and with childhood absence epilepsy on the other.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; haplotype ; HLA-A ; HLA-DQ ; HLA-DR ; tumour necrosis factor ; diabetes mellitus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In Finland the haplotype A2, Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8 is the third most common haplotype in insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients and has the highest haplotype-specific absolute risk for IDDM. Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8 haplotypes containing HLA-A alleles other than A2 are infrequent in the population and are not associated with IDDM. Comparison of the A2 and non-A2 haplotypes at the DNA level showed that they were identical at HLA-B,-DR, and -DQ loci. Evidence that class I alleles confer susceptibility to IDDM was obtained from the two HLA-C, -B, -DR and -DQ haplotypes most frequently found in IDDM patients in Finland. A24, A3 and A2 on the Cw3, B62, DR4, DQ8 haplotype, and A28, A2 and A1 on the Cw7, B8, DR3, DQ2 were all found to be associated with IDDM. In Finland these seven haplotypes, including A2, Cw1, B56, DR4, DQ8, account for 33% of diabetic haplotypes and 10.3% of non-diabetic haplotypes (p〈0.00001). The contribution of the class I region to IDDM susceptibility was also apparent in those IDDM patients lacking the disease-predisposing class II alleles. Significantly more non-DR3/non-DR4 IDDM patients (47 of 55) possessed two of the IDDM-associated HLA-A alleles compared to non-DR3/non-DR4 control subjects (40 of 58; p=0.038). Moreover, IDDM patients confirmed by oligotyping as unable to form a ‘diabetes-susceptibility’ DQ heterodimer, tended to possess two diabetes-associated HLA-A alleles (12 of 13) compared to control subjects (12 of 20; p=0.056).
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 754-758 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Potato breeding ; Potato leaf roll virus ; Virus resistance ; Major gene resistance ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) of cv ‘Maris Piper’ with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. To examine the genetic control of resistance to PLRV multiplication, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar ‘Maris Piper’ and the two resistant clones, and the three parents were selfed. Seedling progenies of these families were grown to generate tubers of individual genotypes (clones). Clonally propagated plants were graft-inoculated, and their daughter tubers were collected and used to grow plants with secondary infection in which PLRV concentration was estimated. The expression of resistance to PLRV multiplication had a bimodal distribution in progenies from crosses between ‘Maris Piper’ and either resistant clone, and also in progeny from selfing the resistant parents, with genotypes segregating into high and low virus titre groups. Only the progeny obtained from selfing ‘Maris Piper’ did not segregate, all genotypes being susceptible to PLRV multiplication. The pattern of segregation obtained from these progenies fits more closely with the genetical hypothesis that resistance to PLRV multiplication is controlled by two unlinked dominant complementary genes, both of which are required for resistance, than with the simpler hypothesis that resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, as published previously.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; Disease resistance ; Monocots
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An F2 oat population was produced by crossing the diploid (n=7) species Avena strigosa (CI 3815) with A. wiestii (CI 1994), resistant and susceptible, respectively, to 40 isolates of Puccinia coronata, the causal agent of crown rust. Eighty-eight F2 individuals were used to construct an RFLP linkage map representing the A genome of cultivated hexaploid oat. Two hundred and eight RFLP loci have been placed into 10 linkage groups. This map covers 2416 cM, with an average of 12 cM between RFLP loci. Eighty-eight F3 lines, derived from F2 individuals used to construct the map, were screened for resistance to 9 isolates of P. coronata. One locus, Pca, was found to confer a dominant resistance phenotype to isolates 203, 258, 263, 264B, 290, 298, 325A, and 345. Pca also conferred resistance to isolate 276; however, an unlinked second gene may also be involved.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; Rice ; Phosphorousefficiency ; Diallel analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The inheritance of phosphorous (P) — deficiency tolerance in rice was investigated by a sevenparent diallel. The parent materials involved were four P-efficient (IR20, IR54, IR28, and Mahsuri), one moderately P-efficient (TN1), and two P-inefficient (IR31406333-1 and IR34686-179-1-2-1), genotypes. Relative tilering ability (RTA) under P-deficient and P-supplemented soil conditions was the parameter used in determining the tolerance level of the different genotypes. Diallel graph analysis revealed that tolerant parents have an excess of recessive genes, while moderate and susceptible parents possess more dominant genes. Genetic-component analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. The trait exhibited over doiminance as confirmed by the graphical analysis. Narrow-sense heritability of the trait was moderate (0.50) and environmental effects were low. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, but GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parents exhibited a high GCA whereas susceptibles have a very poor GCA, suggesting that tolerant parents were mostly enriched in additive genes and susceptible parents in non-additive genes. Crosses involving two high general combiners showed low SCA effects whereas crosses between poor general combiners manifested highly-significant SCA values.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Schlagwort(e): Desmoids ; Genetics ; Chemotherapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the natural history and management of surgically unresectable intra-abdominal desmoid tumors in two patients with Gardner's syndrome from two unrelated families, where each had failed on conventional therapy. METHODS: Two patients with Gardner's syndrome were placed on a chemotherapy regimen which included doxorubicin (90 mg/m2) and dacarbazine (900 mg/m2) in divided doses over four days of continuous infusion. Their progress on chemotherapy was assessed by abdominal computerized tomography and laparoscopy. RESULTS: The computerized abdominal tomography scans proved difficult to interpret because of adhesions and matted small bowel resulting from the patients original colectomies. These findings made it difficult to differentiate postoperative changes from residual desmoid tumor. Second-look laparotomy in such patients was contraindicated as this may predispose to further desmoid production. Laparoscopy disclosed a complete response to this chemotherapy. Nevertheless, we had an iatrogenic small bowel perforation in one of these patients. Each patient showed a complete response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection remains the first-line treatment of intra-abdominal desmoid tumors. However, doxorubicin/ dacarbazine chemotherapy on a clinical trial basis may be indicated in patients whose intra-abdominal desmoid is unresectable, or who have failed to respond to treatment with hormones (tamoxifen, Toremifene), steroids (prednisone), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (Clinoril®; Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA).
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Schlagwort(e): Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Recombinant U1-nRNP proteins ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To investigate a possible involvement of HLA-class II alleles in the genetic predisposition for the formation of anti-U1-nRNP antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), genomic DNA of 178 patients was typed for the DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-radioactive-oligonucleotide typing. Antibodies against recombinant U1-nRNP proteins (U1-A- U1-C-and 70K-protein) were determined by ELISA. Anti-U1-C antibody was found in 26 (14.7%), anti-U1-A in 34 (19.2%) and anti-70K in 17 (9.6%) patients. A joint occurrence was observed for these antibodies against the recombinant U1-nRNP proteins: anti-U1-C and anti-U1-A antibodies occurred together more frequently than alone and than together with anti-U1-70K antibodies. The frequency of DRB1 * 04 was slightly increased in the patients with anti-U1-C as compared to the patients without anti-U1-C (P〈0.05, Pcorr=n.s., RR=2.4). The DQA1 * 0301 allele, which is in linkage disequilibrium with DRB1 * 04, is found more frequently in anti-U1-C-positive than in antibody-negative patients. The DQB1 * 0303 allele, detected in 12 of 176 SLE patients, was absent in the patients with any of the antibodies against the U1-nRNP proteins. All these deviations may be due to chance alone. We concluded that the presence of antibodies against recombinant U1-nRNP proteins was not significantly associated with any HLA DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 allele in our group of SLE patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Multiple sclerosis Epidemiology ; Immigrants Environment ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) were compared, controlling for age, in native-born Israelis of different origins and in immigrants to Israel. This comparison was carried out in two populations, countrywide and in Jerusalem. In the countrywide population, ascertainment was based mainly on hospitalizations; it included 252 patients who were native-born and 150 who had immigrated from Africa-Asia (AA immigrants). The 89 MS patients of Jerusalem also included patients diagnosed in outpatient clinics. In native-born Israelis whose father was born in Europe-America (I-EA), the incidence and prevalence of MS were found to be as high as or even higher than that found previously in immigrants from Europe-America. Among native-born Israelis whose father was born in Africa or Asia (I-AA), the yearly age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates were found to be 1.4- to 1.8-fold higher than among AA immigrants, pointing to environmental factors. The incidence and prevalence rates in the I-EA were 1.2- to 1.6-fold higher than in the I-AA, pointing to genetic factors. These results seem to point to both environmental and genetic factors in the aetiology of MS. Further research is needed, however, to disentangle the genetic factors from possible environmental differences in the two ethnic groups.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 241 (1994), S. 487-491 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Schlagwort(e): Juvenile absence epilepsy ; Valproate ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Fifteen patients aged 11–25 years (mean 15.37, SD 3.89) suffering from juvenile absence epilepsy are presented. Only 3 (20%) had absences (AS) as the only seizure type, 12 (80%) had associated generalized tonic-clinic seizures (GTCS) and in the remaining 3 with absences and GTCS there was also sporadic myoclonus. We found a higher frequency of AS in our patients by clinical history and video-EEG than has been previously reported. In our patients the mean age of onset in years was 11.4, SD 1.24 for AS, 13.12, SD 2.31 for GTCS and 12.5, SD 2.18 for myoclonus. The correct diagnosis was not made on referrals for any of the patients. It took an average of 3–5.5 years from the onset of the AS (range: 6–120 months) and 2 years from the occurrence of GTCS (average: 1–72 months) to make the correct diagnosis and institute proper treatment, which was valproic acid (VPA). The GTCS were controlled in all patients whereas AS continued in 6 (40%), but to a significantly lesser degree. The frequency and the duration of the GTCS before the start of VPA treatment seemed to have an adverse effect on AS control. We documented no circadian rhythm in either AS or the GTCS, except in 2 patients who had AS and GTCS mainly when they awoke in the morning. The sample size was too small to perform a proper genetic study, though a positive history of epilepsies of mixed types was obtained in 35.7% of the parents and the siblings of the probands.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 244 (1994), S. 138-140 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Schlagwort(e): Parity ; Genetics ; Diathesis-stress model
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract As part of a follow-up and family study of post-partum psychoses, this episode of illness being the first leading to psychiatric hospitalisation, patients with puerperal episodes (PE) and nonpuerperal episodes (NPE) of illness in the long-term course (n=79) were compared to patients with PE only (n=40). Few differences were found. Relatives of patients with PE only had a lower morbidity risk for functional psychoses than relatives of patients with PE and NPE. A favourable course of illness in the presence of a low genetic predisposition may be expected, according to the diathesis-stress model of functional psychoses.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Schlagwort(e): Epidemiology ; Genetics ; Oral clefts ; Registers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Epidemiological and genetic variables for oral clefts were analysed for the years 1981–1989 in a case-control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna, Veneto, and Friuli regions, and in the Trento and Bolzano hospitals. Birth prevalence for all cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) was 8.2 per 10,000 births, and that for cleft palate only (CP) was 6.1 per 10,000. Coexisting abnormalities were found in 23% of CL(P) cases and in 43% of CP. No clusters in time or space were detected. For isolated clefts, a predominance of males among CL(P) and of females among CP was found; epilepsy was the only maternal risk factor correlated with clefts, and an association between clefting and consanguinity was found. Empirical recurrence risks were calculated in both isolated CL(P) and CP.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Maize ; Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ; Qualitative and quantitative inheritance ; Plant breeding ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and one morphological marker were used to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological and physiological traits evaluated on 150 F2∶3 maize (Zea mays L.) lines derived from the cross of elite U.S. Corn Belt inbreds Mo17 and H99. F2∶3 lines were grown in a replicated experiment and evaluated for plant and ear heights and flowering traits. QTL were identified for each trait, and genetic effects were determined. Estimated gene action for the flowering traits was predominantly overdominance. Both parents contributed toward increased values for anthesis and silk emergence. QTL for increased plant and ear heights were usually contributed by the taller parent, Mo17. Estimated gene action for these traits was mainly partial to overdominance. QTL for plant height were located in the vicinity of loci defined by alleles with qualitative effects on plant height.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Gene regulation ; Ribozyme ; npt-gene ; Transgenic tobacco ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A chimeric gene encoding a ribozyme under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into transgenic tobacco plants. In vivo activity of this ribozyme, which was designed to cleave npt mRNA, was previously demonstrated by transient expression assays in plant protoplasts. The ribozyme gene was transferred into transgenic tobacco plants expressing an rbcS-npt chimeric gene as an indicator. Five double transformants out of sixteen exhibited a reduction in the amount of active NPT enzyme. To measure the amount of ribozyme produced, in the absence of its target, the ribozyme and target genes were separated by genetic segregation. The steady-state concentrations of ribozyme and target RNA were shown to be similar in the resulting single transformants. Direct evidence for a correlation between reduced npt gene expression and ribozyme expression was provided by crossing a plant containing only the ribozyme gene with a transgenic plant expressing the npt gene under control of the 35S promoter, i.e. the same promoter used to direct ribozyme expression. The expression of npt was reduced in all progeny containing both transgenes. Both steady-state levels of npt mRNA and amounts of active NPT enzyme are decreased. In addition, our data indicate that, at least in stable transformants, a large excess of ribozyme over target is not a prerequisite for achieving a significant reduction in target gene expression.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 9 (1994), S. 105-131 
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Schlagwort(e): Alcoholism ; Genetics ; Endorphins ; Enkephalins ; Dynorphins ; Opioid ; Receptors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract At the present time alcoholism is recognized as a metabolic disease exhibiting the clinical features of craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, tolerance and physical dependence on alcohol, while both epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that genetic factors may be important in determining whether an individual has a high or low vulnerability to develop alcoholism. Evidence also indicates that alcoholism is not characterized by a single gene single allele inheritance. Instead it seems that multiple genes and environmental factors interact to increase or decrease an individual's vulnerability to become an alcoholic. Current research is aimed at investigating whether certain behavioral, physiological and biochemical markers are highly associated with the incidence of alcoholism. Among the biochemical markers currently under investigation is the endogenous opioid system and its implication in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. It is the objective of this manuscript to review current research on: (a) the interactions of ethanol with the endogenous opioid system at the molecular level; (b) the existence of genetically determined differences in the response of the endogenous opioid system to ethanol between subjects at high and low risk for excessive ethanol consumption, as well as between lines of animals showing preference or aversion for ethanol solutions; (c) the decrease of alcohol consumption following pretreatment with opioid antagonists; and (d) the possible use of specific opioid receptor antagonists together with behavioral therapy to modify drinking behavior, to control craving and to prevent relapse.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 117-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Schlagwort(e): Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Variability exists among worker honey bees for components of division of labor. These components are of two types, those that affect foraging behavior and those that affect life-history characteristics of workers. Variable foraging behavior components are: the probability that foraging workers collect (1) pollen only; (2) nectar only; and (3) pollen and nectar on the same trip. Life history components are: (1) the age the workers initiate foraging behavior; (2) the length of the foraging life of a worker; and (3) worker length of life. We show how these components may interact to change the social organization of honey bee colonies and the lifetime foraging productivity of individual workers. Selection acting on foraging behavior components may result in changes in the proportion of workers collecting pollen and nectar. Selection acting on life-history components may affect the size of the foraging population and the distribution of workers between within nest and foraging activities. We suggest that these components define possible sociogenic “pathways” through which colony-level natural selection can change social organization. These pathways may be analogous to developmental pathways in the morphogenesis of individual organisms because small changes in behavioral or life history components of individual workers may lead to major changes in the organizational structure of colonies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Schlagwort(e): Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Schlagwort(e): Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Nepotism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Three experiments were performed to determine whether brood care in honey bee colonies is influenced by colony genetic structure and by social context. In experiment 1, there were significant genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on observations of individually labeled workers of known age belonging to two visually distinguishable subfamilies. In experiment 2, no genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing drones or workers was detected, in the same colonies that were used in experiment 1. In experiment 3, there again were significant genotypic differences in the likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on electrophoretic analyses of workers from a set of colonies with allozyme subfamily markers. There also was an overall significant trend for colonies to show greater subfamily differences in queen rearing when the queens were sisters (half- and super-sisters) rather than unrelated, but these differences were not consistent from trial to trial for some colonies. Results of experiments 1 and 3 demonstrate genotypic differences in queen rearing, which has been reported previously based on more limited behavioral observations. Results from all three experiments suggest that genotypic differences in brood care are influenced by social context and may be more pronounced when workers have a theoretical opportunity to practice nepotism. Finally, we failed to detect persistent interindividual differences in bees from either subfamily in the tendency to rear queen brood, using two different statistical tests. This indicates that the probability of queen rearing was influenced by genotypic differences but not by the effect of prior queen-rearing experience. These results suggest that subfamilies within a colony can specialize on a particular task, such as queen rearing, without individual workers performing that task for extended periods of time.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Germane, optically active ; Biotransformation, stereoselective ; Transesterification, enzymatic ; Porcine liver esterase ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis of ( - )-(Acetoxymethyl)(hydroxymethyl)methyl(phenyl)germane [( - )-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH)] by an Esterase-Catalyzed Transesterification: the First Enzymatic Synthesis of an Optically Active GermaneThe prochiral germane MePhGe(CH2OH)2 (1) was synthesized by a six-step synthesis starting from GeCl4 (3) [3 → Cl2Ge(CH2Cl)2 (4) → Ph2Ge(CH2Cl)2 (5) → (CF3S(O)2O)PhGe(CH2Cl)2 (6) → MePhGe(CH2Cl)2 (7) → MePhGe(CH2OAc)2 (8) → 1]. Reaction of 1 with Ac2O/NEt3 (molar ratio 1: Ac2O = 1:1) gave the racemic germane rac-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH) (rac-2). Stereoselective transesterification of 1 with vinyl acetate (acetate source and solvent), catalyzed by immobilized porcine liver esterase (PLE; E.C.-3.1.1.1), yielded the optically active germane ( - )-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH) [( - )-2] (yield 57%, enantiomeric purity 50% ee).
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Boranes, amino(imino) ; Iron, tricarbonyl(butanone) ; Diiron, [(boryloxy)allyl]hexacarbonyl ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: On the Formation of a Fe2(CO)6 Complex with a (Boryloxy)allyl BridgeThe amino(imino)borane Me3Si(tBu)N=B=NtBu (1) reacts with (benzylideneacetone)tricarbonyliron (2) in 1:2 molar ratio to give a 50% yield of the hexacarbonyldiiron complex 3 with a fly-over (boryloxy)allyl bridge, which crystallizes in the space group P21/c. The structure of 3 can be described as a pyramid with Fe(CO)3 at the apex and a non-planar pentagon [-Fe(CO)3-O(BXX′)-C(Me)-CH-C(Ph)-] [X = NHtBu, X′ = N(SiMe3)tBu] as the basis, but there is no bond between the apex and the O atom.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Diels-Alder reaction, intramolecular ; Chloroformate, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Tosylate, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol: Synthesis, Structure, and DerivatizationBis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) ketone (1) reacts at low temperatures with LiAlH4 to form in good yields (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol (2) and its corresponding intramolecular Diels-Alder product 3 in a ca. 2:1 ratio. The alcohol 2 is separated from the tetracyclic compound 3 by crystallisation at -70°C from hexane/pyridine as pyridine adduct. The pyridine-free alcohol 2 is available by repeated dissolving of the adduct in hexane and removal of the volatile components in vacuo. The alcohol tends to intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition even at room temperature with formation of 3. A derivatization of 2 is possible by deprotonation with alkyllithium compounds, which leads to the alcoholate 4, and subsequent treatment with phosgen and tosyl chloride, thus affording the chloroformate 6 and the tosylate 7, respectively, in good yields. The thermolabile tosylate 7 decomposes to pentamethylbenzene or, under basic conditions, to the pentacyclic compound 7.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 145-149 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Bis(trifluormethyl)butenal ; Retinoids ; β-Ionol ; Fluoro compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Preparation of Suitable Precursors for the Synthesis of 16,16,16,17,17,17-HexafluororetinalsCycloaddition reactions of (CF3)2C = CHCHO with butadiene or 1,3-pentadiene provide the corresponding cyclohexane derivatives 2, 3 and 4. Condensation of 3 with (C2H5O)2P-(O)CH2C(O)CH3 or of 2 with acetone in the presence of bases yields 5 and 7. While 5 reacts with CH2 = CHMgBr to give 6, treatment of 7 with diluted HCI provides 8. Compounds 7 and 8 proved to be not suitable as starting materials for the preparation of 16,16,16,17,17,17-hexafluororetinals. A better synthon is the diene 11. This is obtained in a threestep reaction starting from hexafluoroacetone and (C6H5)3P=CHC(O)CH3 to give 9 which on treatment with CH3MgI provides 10. Dehydration of 10 with 50% H2SO4 forms 11. In this reaction sequence byproduct 12 is formed presumably by addition of CF3C(O)CF3 to 9. At elevated temperatures under pressure 11 adds ethylene to form 13. Functionalization of 13 in 2-position is achieved by hydroboration/oxidation yielding 14 which is oxidized with pyridinium dichromate to 15. Oxidation and bromination reaction of 13 are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Carbonyl olefination ; Molbydenum aluminium complexes, organo ; Tungsten aluminium complexes, organo ; Tebbe reagent ; Aluminium, molybdenum and tungsten complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Organomolybdenum and Organotungsten Reagents, VI[1]. On the Carbonyl-Methylenating Molybdenum-Aluminium and Tungsten-Aluminium μ-Methylene ComplexesMoCl5, MoOCl3(THF)2, MoO2Cl2, (MeO)2MoCl3, (MeO)4MoCl, WOCl3(THF)2, and WOCl4 form carbonyl-methylenating complexes and 1-2 equiv. of CH4 by reacting with 2 equiv. of Me3Al. These thermolabile complexes are prepared in solution and differ in their properties (e.g. ability to transfer mostly more than 1 CH2 unit per Mo or W atom in carbonyl-olefinating processes; high sensitivity to water, no hydroxy ketone affinity) from the carbonyl-olefinating 1,3-dimetallacyclobutanes (M = Mo, W) and are believed to be mono- and bicyclic analogs (e.g. hypothic structures 3, 6-8) of the Tebbe reagent (1), containing Mo-μCH2 Al or W -μCH2 Al groups, respectively. Analogous complexes seem to be produced by treating MoOCl3(THF)2 with 2 Me2Zn or (MeO)2MoCl3 and (MeO)4MoCl with 2 MeMgBr in each case. Unlike the dimeric and, due to a Mo—Mo bond, diamagnetic Mo derivatives (Me—O)2MoCl3 and (MeO)4MoCl (according to 1H—NMR structure 9 or 10 and 11 or 12, respectively) the complexes obtained by the reactions (MeO)2MoCl3 + 2 Me3Al and (MeO)4MoCl + 2 Me3Al are paramagnetic, indicating the expected absence of a Mo—Mo bond. The 1H—NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture obtained by treating the MoVI derivative MoO2Cl2 with 2 Me3Al in THF shows various signals for μ—CH2 groups, whereas signals of t-CH2 ligands are missing (t = terminal). In analogy to 1 the carbonyl-olefinating activity of the Mo—Al and W—Al reagents is activated by the addition of 2 equiv. of HMPA. Treatment of PhCOCH2NEt2 (19) with {MoO2Cl2 + 2 Me3Al} leads to carbonyl olefination with formation of 20 and also to α-methylation with formation of PhCOCH(Me)-NEt2 (21), pointing to the intermediate formation of a t-CH2—Mo ligand. {MoO2Cl2 + 2 Me3Al + 2 HMPA} has found to be the best reagent for the carbonyl olefination of aldehydes, whereas {WOCl3(THF)2 + 2 Me3Al + 2 HMPA} was optimal for ketones. In 1:1 reactions both reagents normally give better yields than the Tebbe reagent. By applying (WOCl3(THF)2 + 2 Me3Al} and {MoO2Cl2 + 2 Me3Al} on ketones 16-18 an interesting neighbour group effect of electron donor atoms in the δ position to the keto group was observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diazo compounds ; Valence isomerization ; „Corset effect“ ; limits of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Small Rings, 79[1].  -  Synthesis and Properties of Novel Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienes and TetrahedranesThe cyclobutadienes 2b, d as well as the corresponding tetrahedranes 3b, d have been prepared according to the “Masamune route” by starting from the diazo compounds 1b, d. Low-temperature 13C—NMR measurements of the cyclobutadienes 2a, b, d lead to the first exact values of the barrier heights in the interconversion of the two rectangular forms of the cyclobutadienes. Fluorodesilylation of 3d probably proceeds via tri-tert-butyltetrahedrane (3h) and cyclobutadiene 2h and finally yields diketone 18. Reaction of tetrahedrane 3d with LiAlH4 in boiling THF leads to tetrahedrane 3e, which is much less stable than all previously known tetrahedrane derivatives.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkylation ; Alkoxyalkylation ; Carboxonium ions ; Acetals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Competition experiments have been performed to determine the relative reactivities of acetals and ethers toward allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of BF3 OEt2. It is found that acetals R-CH(OMe)2 and their phenylogous p-anisyl ethers R-CH(p-MeOC6H4)(OMe) show very little differences in reactivity. The reactivity scales are employed to rationalize the results of Lewis acid-catalyzed additions of acetals and ethers to CC double bonds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclopropenes, 3,3-dimethyl-1-trimethylsilyl-substituted ; Cyclopropene, isomerisation ; Gas-phase kinetics ; Ring opening ; Diradical intermediates ; Cyclopropylidene intermediates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The gas-phase pyrolyses of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)-cyclopropene (9), 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropeneTextReactantlog (A/s-1)Ea/kj mol-1(kcal mol-1)913.41 ± 0.22192.1 ± 2.5(45.9 ± 0.6)1013.54 ± 0.19184.4 ± 2.1(44.1 ± 0.5)1112.17 ± 0.38124.6 ± 3.1(29.8 ± 0.7)(10), and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(methylthio)-2-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropene (11) have been studied, and the pressure-independent Arrhenius parameters listed in the table were obtained. All three rearrangements are homogeneous, first-order and unimolecular reactions. Rather surprisingly all reactions give the corresponding isomeric allenes as the main products. Amongst possible mechanisms discussed, 10 is proposed to react via a cyclopropylidene intermediate, whilst the results for 9 and 11 throw light on the relative importance of the diradical- and vinylcarbene-type intermediates produced by cyclopropene ring opening.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. A5 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Metal dithiolenes ; Dipyridinioethylene dihalides ; Charge-Transfer complexes ; Electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Charge-Transfer Complexes of Metal Dithiolenes, XIII[1]. - cis-trans-Photoisomerisable Viologens as Redoxactive Acceptors  -  Synthesis and Electrical ConductivityIon Pair Charge-Transfer (IPCT) complexes of the type [A2+[ML2]2-} (1a-f to 4a-f) are synthesized from dianionic metal dithiolenes [M = Ni, Zn, L = cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethene-dithiolate (mnt2-), 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiol-4,5-dithiolate (dmit2-)] and dicationic viologens [A2+ = 4,4′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(1-alkylpyridinium)]. The acceptors can exist as cis/trans isomers and may have coordinating properties in the case of 1-cyanoalkyl groups. The IPCT bands are in the range of 500 to 1200 nm and their energy follows the Hush-Marcus relation. For the nickel complexes the reorganization energy amounts to 73, for the zinc compounds to 115 kJ/mol. As shown by X-ray analysis of {A2+[Ni(mnt)2]2-} (2d), A2+ = trans-4,4′-(1,2-ethenediyl)-bis[1-(3-cyanopropyl)pyridinium], the structure consists of stacks of alternating donors and acceptors with a typical plane-to-plane distance of 350 pm. There is no interaction between the cyano group of the acceptor and the nickel atom of the donor. The electrical conductivities of the nickel compounds are in the range of 5 · 10-6 to 3 · 10-11 Ω-1 cm-1, and the corresponding activation energies vary from 0.24 to 0.61 eV. For the dmit complexes these values agree well with the free activation enthalpy of the electron transfer reaction A2+ + [ML2]2- → A+ + [ML2]- calculated from the Hush-Marcus model. This suggests that charge carrier generation occurs by electron transfer. When a trans acceptor is replaced by its cis isomer in [A2+[NiL2]2-}, conductivity changes from 5 · 10-7 to 5 · 10-6 Ω-1 cm-1 and the activation energy from 0.43 to 0.24 eV, when L - dmit2- but stays at about 1 · 10-8 Ω-1 cm-1 for L = mnt2-.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Niobium iodide telluride ; Polytellurides ; Chain compounds, one-dimensional ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The new ternary compound Nb4Te17I4 has been prepared and structurally characterized. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with unit-cell parameters a = 16.199(4), b = 8.128(2), c = 27.355(6) Å, β = 110.84(2)°, Z = 4. The structure consists of infinite one-dimensional niobium/tellurium chains running parallel to the crystallographic c direction. The chains are separated by iodine atoms. Short and long metal-metal distances alternate in the sequence of three consecutive short bonds ([d ≈ 3.1 - 3.2 Å) and one long (d = 4.268 Å) metal-metal separation. Each Nb atom is eight-coordinate. The composition of the chain is ∞11[(Nb5+)2(Nb4+)2(Te22-)4(Te32-)3(I-)4].
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Copper niobium telluride ; Layer compounds ; Low-dimensional compounds ; Electrical properties ; Band structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis, Structure and Electronic Properties of Cu0.69NbTe2Cu0.69NbTe2 is obtained from the elements in a sealed quartz ampoule at 850°C. The structure of Cu0.69NbTe2 is related to the CdI2 type. The Cu atoms are disordered and situated in tetrahedral sites between the NbTe2 layers. The Nb atoms form zig-zag chains extending in one direction within the layers. This deformation of the Nb sublattice from trigonal symmetry is typical for CdI2 derivatives with formal electron counts close to d2 on the early transition metal. The magnetic susceptibility is temperature-independent between 4 K and 300 K (Pauli paramagnetism). Resistivity measurements confirm the metallic behavior of the compound. The crystal structure and the physical properties are in agreement with the results of tight-binding band-structure calculations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): (Trifluoromethyl)sulfane- and -disulfanesulfonic acids ; Mercury compounds ; (Trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl-disulfanyl-, and -sulfinylimine ; Arsenic compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis and Properties of S-(Trifluoromethyl)polysulfanemonosulfonates CF3SxSO2M [x=1, M = OH, NH4O, 1/2 HgO2, (CH3)2N, NH2; x=2, M = NH4O]*Hydrolysis of CF3SNSO with 2 equiv. of H2O provides [NH4][CF3SSO3] (1), which on treatment with chlorine gives CF3SCl and [NH4][ClSO3]. Trifluoromethyl thiosulfates are synthesized from Hg(SCF3)2 and ClSO2M [M = NH4O, (CH3)3SiO (2), (CH3)2N (3), NH2 (4)]. Insertion of SO3 into Hg(SCF3)2 provides Hg[CF3SSO2O]2 (6). Similarly, S-(trifluoromethyl)thiosulfuric acid (5) is obtained from CF3SH and SO3. New preparations for CF3SXNSO (x=1, 2) are described. These compounds are formed either from Hg(NSO)2 or (CH3)3SiNSO and CF3SxCl in good yields. CF3SSNSO (8) reacts with water to give [NH4][CF3SSSO3] (9). A 1:1 adduct (10) is obtained from CF3SNSO and AsF5. A preliminary X-ray structure investigation proved that AsF5 is coordinated to the oxygen atom. Some reactions of [NH4][CF3SSO3] and CF3SSO2OSi(CH3)3 are mentioned.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Tripod ligand synthesis ; Tripod iron trisacetonitrile complexes ; Tripod cobalt acetate complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Functionalized Tripod Ligands: Synthesis and Coordination of 1,1,1-Tris[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]methaneThe tripod ligand HC(CH2PPh2)3 (4) is easily available from the reaction of 1,3-dichloro-2-(chloromethyl)propane (3) with lithium diphenylphosphide. The ligand 4 itself and two of its coordination compounds, [(HC(CH2PPh2)3)Co(OOCMe)]+-[BPh4]- (5 · BPh4) and [(HC(CH2PPH2)3)Co(OOCMe)]2+ · 2[BF4]- [7 · (BF4)2] have been characterized by X-ray analyses. Coordination of 4 leads to an opening of the CH2—CH—CH2 bond angles (114° in 7 · (BF4)2 and 5 · BPh4 versus 111° in 4). This change in structure is reflected by the unusual low field shift of the methine hydrogen of 7 · (BF4)2 (δ = 3.90) in comparison with the corresponding signal of the free ligand 4 (δ = 1.53).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 525-531 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkynes ; Alkenes ; Nucleophilicity ; Carbenium ions ; Vinyl cations ; Kinetics ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Relative reactivities of alkenes and alkynes toward diarylmethyl cations have been determined by direct rate measurements and by competition experiments in dichloromethane. At -70°C alkynes are found to be one to two orders of magnitude less reactive than analogously substituted alkenes (e.g. phenylacetylene/styrene), but the reactivity difference reduces strongly as the temperature is raised. The stereochemistry of the vinyl chlorides produced by addition of benzhydryl chlorides to alkynes is characterized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkylation ; Allylation ; Carbenium ions ; Friedel-Crafts reactions ; Linear free energy relationships ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Competition experiments have been performed to determine the relative reactivities of 23 alkyl chlorides toward allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of ZnCl2.The krel scale spans over 11 orders of magnitude from 1-adamantyl chloride (least reactive) to bis(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl chloride (most reactive compound). A fair correlation between the alkylating ability and the SN1 reactivity in solvolysis reactions is found, thus providing a quantitative basis for our long-standing working hypothesis that Lewis acid-catalyzed additions of alkyl halides to CC multiple bonds only yield 1:1 products if the reactants ionize faster than the products. Trityl chlorides do not follow this correlation and are 105 times less reactive than predicted from their SN1 reactivities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Zinc porphyrin complexes ; Porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes ; Photoinduced electron transfer ; Electron-transfer mechanism in metalloporphyrin-quinone cyclophanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In order to increase the driving force for photoinduced electron-transfer reactions of porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes, the zinc complexes 3a-e and 4a-e were prepared from the corresponding cyclophanes of the 1 and 2 series. Electron-transfer-related properties like redox potentials and fluorescence spectra were determined for 3a-e and 4a-e. The X-ray structure analysis of 4a indicates that for the very fast and solvent-independent electron transfer in these systems a specific mechanism involving an interaction of a quinone carbonyl group with the zinc might be considered as an alternative to through-space electron-transfer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Pyrroles, heteroannulated ; α-Pyridones, heteroannulated ; Pentalenes, dihetero- ; Nitrones ; Heterocyclizations, 1,7-dipolar ; Diels-Alder reactions ; Singlet oxygen ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A Novel Route to Isoannulated Heteroaroamtic Compounds, 2[1].  -  The Dipole Route to Furo/Thieno Pyrroles and α-Pyridones, and Their Benzo DerivativesA new methodology involving 1,7-dipolar cyclizations of conjugated dipoles followed by a multistep rearrangement affording ring-contracted products has been employed for the synthesis of various examples of the title compounds. Under different thermolysis conditions the annulated alkynyl nitrones 15-19, 45, and 46 are converted into isoannulated pyrroles and α-pyridones, respectively, with yields up to 90% (general reaction A → B + C). The product distribution is strongly influenced by the nature of the terminal substituent R, hence supporting a mechanism with oxo carbenes as central intermediates which undergo either 6-π cyclization to the pyrrole systems or Wolff rearrangement leading to conjugated ketenes, the precursors of the observed α-pyridones (see Scheme 1). Diels-Alder reactions were performed with benzofuropyridone 40a, napthopyridone 62 as well as with the corresponding dihydronaphtho compounds 64a, b. Whereas the tert-butyl derivatives 22b, 23b and 41b are rather unreactive against dienophiles, they are easily transformed into the cyclic imides 31, 32 and 52, respectively, under the influence of oxygen and light suggesting the formation and subsequent [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 1O2 as important steps.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Metallocenes, dinuclear, silyl-bridged ; Antiferromagnetism ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The dilithium salt of the 3a,4,7a,8-tetrahydro-4,4,8,8-tetra-methyl-4,8-disila-s-indacenediyl dianion (L2-, 2) was allowed to react with the solvated metal halides MX2 (M = Ni, Co, Cr) in the presence of the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) anion to give trans-CpMLMCp (3NiNi, 3CoCo, and 3CrCr) in yields up to 80%. The only cis isomers which could be detected were 4NiNi and 4CoCo. Similarly, the reaction of 2 with [CpVCl(PEt3)]2 gave the trans-vanadium analogue 3VV while the successive reaction of 2 with CrCl3 (THF)3 and PEt3 yielded the bridged half-sandwich (Et3P)Cl2CrLCrCl2(PEt3) (5CrCr). The mixed-metal dinuclear metallocene CpFel—NiCp (3FeNi) was synthesized from CpFel-, Cp- and solvated NiBr2. The molecules were characterized by mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, cyclic voltammetry, 1H—, 13C—, and 29Si—NMR spectroscopy and solid-state magnetic measurements. Cyclic voltammetry showed up to six electron transfers per molecule. A metal-dependent splitting of the half-wave potentials of up to 355 mV indicated rather strong electrostatic interaction between the metallocene units. The NMR results established unpaired spin on the ligands. Its distribution within the bridging ligand was correlated with the molecular orbital splitting and the magnetic interaction. Antiferromagnetic interaction was found for 3NiNi, 3CrCr, and 3VV with J = -11.6, -2.56, and -1.34 cm-1, respectively (H = -J · SA · SB). A temperature-dependent folding of the bridging ligand was deduced from the temperature behavior of the 1H—NMR signal shifts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 313-319 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Phosphirene imines ; 1,2-Diphosphete diimines ; Isomerization ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Investigations of the System Phosphirene Imine/Iminophosphane - Insertion and Isomerization ReactionsTreatment of the iminophosphanes R1P=NR2 1 [R2 = tBu, R1 = Et3C (a); R2 = Aryl, R1 = Et (b), Me (c)] with 1,4-diphenyl-butadiyne (2) leads to the phosphirene imines R1-(R2N=)P̌(Ph)=CCCPh 3a-c and [R1(R2N=)P̌(Ph)=CC]2 4a-c. Further reaction with 1a, c gives the 1,2-diphosphetes R1(R2N=)PP(R1)(=NR2)C(Ph)=CCCPh 5a, b, which isomerize in the case of R1 = Me into the triphosphabicyclo[3.2.0]-hepta-1,6-diene 7. In the reaction of the phosphirene imines R1(ArylN=)P̌(R2)=C(R2) 3 [R1 = Me, R2 = Ph (d); R1 = Et, R2 = COOMe (e)] with the iminophosphanes 1b, d the initially formed diphosphetes 9a, b isomerize to the 1,2-diazaphosphole Cl(Mes*N=)PN(Mes*)P(Me)C(Ph)=C(Ph) 10 or the dioxadiphosphabicyclooctadiene C=C(OMe)OP(=N-Mes*)(Et)C=C(OMe)OP(=NMes*)(Et) 12 depending on the substituents. A reaction of the phosphirene imine 3d with dimethylamino-borane furnishes the vinylphosphane. Ph(H)C=C(Ph)P(Et)N(H)Mes* (14) by ring opening. The compounds 7, 10, 12 have been characterized by X-ray structure analyses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diastereoselectivity ; Effect, kinetic ; Effect, stereoelectronic ; Etherification ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Stereoelectronic Effects and Chiral Recognition, I.  -  Diastereoselective Formation of Ethers from AlkylarylcarbinolsAcid-catalysed etherification of various alkylarylcarbinols 1 leads to a mixture of diastereomeric products 2 and 3. As found in the closely related formation of diastereomeric acetals, the ratio 2/3 is shown to be time-dependent. Preferred formation of the meso-diastereomer 3 under kinetic condition and preferred formation of the racemic diastereomer 2 under thermodynamic conditions is observed. A reaction path based on π-π interactions and stereoelectronic effects is presented to explain experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 1,2-Dithiines ; Thioindigo ; Thioketones ; Disulfides, cyclic, molecular structure and reactions ; Valence isomerization, electrocyclic ; Thiophenes, derivatives of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bis(benzo[4,5]thieno)[3,2-c:2′,3′-e][1,2]dithiin, ein Valenzisomer von „Dithioxo-thioindigo“3-Mercaptobenzo[b]thiophene (1) is transformed with assistance of bases, especially of amines, into the benzo[b]-thieno-annellated 1,2-dithiine 6 and not into the originally claimed “Dithioxo-thioindigo” trans-3. Primarily, the formation of 6 from 1 involves oxidation to the disulfide 4 which may also be used separately. Conceivable rationalizations are discussed. The same compound is accessible (in lower yield)by thionation of thioindigo with the aid of the Lawesson reagent. X-ray elucidation of 6 reveals a non-planar structure of the cyclic disulfide with a dihedral C—S—S—C-angle of 53°. Despite of the absence of any established chromonphoric moiety, 6 is deeply red in the crystal and in solution, as it is representative for the “undisturbed” 1,2-dithiine system. Contrary to the usual behaviour of the non-annellated 1,2-dithiines, 6 displays no spontaneous sulfur extrusion under mild conditions, but only at high temperatures and in the presence of sulfur-binding agents, leading to the benzo[b]thieno-annellated thiophene 22. Moreover, 6 may be reduced to the dithiol 14 (or 13, respectively) and regenerated exclusively from this by oxidation. Further characteristic reactions of 6 are described (e.g. to the sulfoxide 18, to the pyridazine 19, and to the thiphosphoric ester 21).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Trifluoromethylsulfanyl compounds ; Pentafluorophenylsulfanyl compounds ; Trifluoromethylselenanyl compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Tris(perfluoroorganochalkogenyl)methyl Compounds: Synthesis, Structures, and PropertiesReaction of (CF3S)2CHC(OC2H5)3 with CF3SCl or CF3SeCl in the presence of NaH in ether provides X(CF3S)2CC(O)OC2H5 (1a, b: X = CF3S, CF3Se). These compounds react with NH3 to form (CF3S)2CHC(O)NH2 (2b) which is also obtained from (CF3S)2CHC(O)OC2H5 and NH3. Dehydration of the amide 2b yields (CF3S)2CHCN (3b), which reacts with NaH and then with CF3SX (X = Cl, SCF3) or with RfCl (Rf = CF3Se, C6F5S) to give Rf (CF3S)2CCN [Rf = CF3S (3c), CF3Se (3d), C6F5S (3e)]. 3c is also obtained from (CF3S)3CBr and AgCN. Hydrolysis of 3c with conc. H2SO4 leads almost quantitatively to (CF3S)3CC(O)NH2 (2c), which on treatment with COCl2 gives only 3c and not the corresponding isocyanate. If phosgene is replaced by oxalyl chloride and treated with 2c in a 1:1 molar ratio, (CF3S)3CC(O)NCO (4a) is formed. The urea derivative (CF3S)3CC(O)NHC(O)NHC(O)C(SCF3)3 (4b) is obtained either by using a 2:1 molar ratio of 2c and [C(O)Cl]2 or from 2c and 4a. Attempts to substitute (CF3S)2CHCO2H - after treatment with NaH in ether - with CF3SCl provides low yields of 2,4-bis[bis(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)methylene]-1,3-dithietane (5). X-ray structure analyses are performed for (CF3S)3CCN (3c) and the 1,3-dithietane 5.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Pyridylalkylphosphanes ; Hemilabile ligands ; Nickel complexes ; Palladium complexes ; Platinum complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Hemilabile P,N-Hybride Ligands with Terminal 2-Pyridyl Donor Groups*P,N-hybride ligands 1-7 containing terminal 2-pyridyl donor groups have been obtained by base-catalyzed addition of diphenylvinylphosphane or 2-vinylpyridine to primary or secondary phosphanes [2-Py-(CH2)2-PR′H (R′ = H, Ph), HMeP-(CH2)3-PMeH] or by alkylation of organolithium phosphides, R2P-(CH2)3-PMeLi or 2-Py-(CH2)2-PR′Li (R = Ph, iPr; R′ = H, Ph), with 2-(2-chloroethyl)pyridine or di-tert-butylphosphetanium bromide. Upon reaction with NiBr2 3 H2O or K2MCl4 (M = Pd, Pt) the phosphanes (L) of type 2-Py-(CH2)2-P(R′)-(CH2)m-PR2 (1, 3, 6) form square planar Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) complexes of composition MX2(L) (10-14). With NiBr2 and K2MX4 the tripod type phosphane 2 forms square pyramidal complexes [MX(2)]X (M = Ni, Pd; X = Cl, Br; 15, 16). An X-ray structural analysis of [NiBr(2)]+Br- (15) reveals a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry at Ni(II), the 2-Py donor being in apical position with a long Ni—N bond [2.270(15) Å]. The tetradentate ligand 7 forms Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) complexes MX2(7) which for M = Pd, Pt show dynamic behaviour by exchange of the terminal Py donor groups. With [RhCl(COD)]2 the tridentate ligands L (1 and 3) yield complexes of composition RhCl(L) (20, 21). The structure of 20 has been determinated by X-ray diffraction. The ligand 3, acting in a tridentate manner, is coordinated to Rh(I) in a distorted square-planar arrangement with a normal Rh—N distance [2.145(3) Å].
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 519-523 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Calixarenes ; Friedel-Crafts reaction ; selective ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The para-acylation of calix[4]arene (2), calix[6]arene (3), and calix[8]arene (4) by Friedel-Crafts reaction with a wide variety of acyl chlorides leads to 5-7 in moderate to good yields. Friedel-Crafts reaction of 26,28-dimethoxycalix[4]arene (8) gave products 9 selectively disubstituted in the para-positions of phenol rings.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Copper(II) complexes, dinuclear ; Schiff bases, macrocyclic ; Redox properties ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands, I. - Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with a Totally π-Conjugated Macrocycle of Schiff Base Type: Syntheses, Structures, Electro-, and Magnetochemical PropertiesThe dinuclear copper(II) complexes 6, 7, and 8 of three novel macrocyclic ligands were synthesized by the Schiff base condensation of 2 equiv. of 1,2-phenylenediamine and 2,6-diformylphenol in the presence of 2 equiv. of copper(II) perchlorate and were characterized by X-ray structure analyses, electrochemical investigations (DCV), and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Complex 6 exists in two different solvated crystalline forms. The Copper(II) ions in all three complexes are octahedrally coordinated with long axial distances to solvent molecules or perchlorate ions. The copper ions in 6 (in solvate a) are only five-coordinate and square-pyramidal. The CuIICuII complexes were reduced in successive, quasi-reversible, one-electron steps. The antiferromagnetic exchange interactions were determined. Upon dissolution in acetonitrile complex 8 decomposed to form [Cu(MeCN)4]+ClO-4 and the benzimidazolium percholorate 9 (X-ray structure determination).
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkenes ; Nickel complexes ; Stannenes ; Metal-metal bonds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: {Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]stannio(II)}bis(η2-ethene)nickel(0) and Related Compounds, Part IIThe coordinatively unsaturated (16e) (ethene)nickel(0) stannylene complex (C2H4)2Ni=Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (1) reacts with 1,6-heptadiene with preservation of the Ni=Sn bond to yield quantitatively the 1,6-diene derivative (η2,η2-C7H12)Ni=Sn-{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (2). The alkene ligands of both 1 and 2 are readily displaceable. Compounds 1 and 2 react with butadiene at -50°C by a 4-e oxidation of the metal-metal pair Ni(0)/Sn(II) to Ni(II)/Sn(IV) and concomitant reduction of two butadiene molecules to butenediyl moieties to afford stereo-selectively the 16-e complex Ni-cis-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-anti-C3H4CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (3). Similarly, the reaction of 1 or 2 with isoprene yields regio- and stereoselectively the derivative Ni-cis-{η3(Ni,η1(Sn)-anti-C3(3-Me)H3CH2}2Sn{CH-(SiMe3)2}2 (4). These reactions imply the cleavage of one formal Ni—Sn bond and the formation of two new Sn—C bonds. Upon reaction of 3 with PMe3 the configuration of the allyl system changes and, again fully stereoselectively, the 18-e addition compound (Me3P)Ni-cis-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-syn-C3H4-CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (5) is formed. When 5 is treated with BPh3, the phosphane ligand is trapped and, kinetically controlled, Ni-cis-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-syn-C3H4CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (6) is obtained as a stereoisomer of 3. At 40°C 6 slowly rearranges into the thermodynamically stable stereoisomer Ni-trans-{η3(Ni),η1(Sn)-syn-C3H4CH2}2Sn{CH(SiMe3)2}2 (7). Mild protolysis of 3 with pyridine hydrochloride or hydrobromide affords region and stereoselectively (Me3Si)2CH}2(X)SnNi-(η3-1-MeC3H4)(NC5H5) (X = C1, 8a; Br, 8b). In the course of this protonation reaction one butadiene molecule is eliminated, accompanied by a 2-e reduction of the metal-metal pair Ni(II)/Sn(IV) to Ni(II)/Sn(II) and, at the expense of two Sn—C bonds, reformation of a Ni—Sn bond. All compounds are isolated in high yield and fully characterized by 1H-, 13C-, and 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 533-539 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Bissulfenyl chlorides ; fluoro substituted ; 1,3-Dithioles ; 1,3,2-Dithiazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Halogen-Carbon-Sulfur Compounds: Syntheses with 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene-2,3-bissulfenyl ChlorideThe bifunctional bissulfenyl chloride 3 is obtained by chlorination of the dithiete 1 or tetrathiocine 2. By excessive chlorination the saturated bissulfenyl chloride 4 is formed. 3 reacts with primary amines to yield the 1,3,2-dithiazoles 5a-e, whereas by reactions with active methylene compounds like ketones or β-dicarbonyls the compounds 7-14 are obtained with HCl elimination. 13 as well as 14 are converted into the carboxylic acid 15 from which the 1,3-dithiole 17 is obtained by decarboxylation. 3 reacts with disulfene to form tetrakis-(trifluoromethyl)tetrathiafulvalene as well as 4,4′,5,5′-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-spirobi[1,3-dithiole] (18), whose crystal structure has been determined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Rearrangements, thermal ; Propargyl-Cope reaction ; 1,5-Hexadiyne-3,4-diol ; Cyclobutene ; 3,4-diacetyl ; Fragmentations, retro-ene ; Tandem reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The thermal behavior of meso- and d,1-3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiyne-3,4-diol (meso- and d,1-4) has been studied at 400°C in the gas phase. In a tandem reaction the diols isomerize via the bisallenes 5 first to cis- and trans-3,4-diacetylcyclobutene (cis- and trans-8) which have been detected as intermediates by 13C-NMR spectroscopy as well as catalytic hydrogenation to 1,2-diacetylcyclobutane (9). Subsequently, 8 stabilizes itself by ring opening to (E,Z)- and (E,E)-3,5-octa-dien-2,7-dione (E,Z) and [(E,Z)-6]. As a side reaction retroene cleavage of 4 to 2-butynone (10) and methyl vinyl ketone (12) is observed. By pyrolysis of the pure diastereomers 4 it is shown that the retro-ene process is more pronounced in the d,l than in the meso series.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2373-2379 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chelating ligands ; Molybdenum complexes ; Peroxo complexes ; Catalysis ; Olefine epoxidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Substituted N,N-Chelate Ligands - Applications in Molybdenum-Catalyzed Epoxidation of Olefins*Oxodiperoxomolybdenum complexes 4 of substituted 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridines (2a-g) were synthesized in order to control the solubility of these complexes in organic solvents. Alkyl side chains (butyl, octyl, octadecyl) increase the solubility of the complexes and enable spectroscopic investigations in solution. Due to the symmetry of the ligands the peroxo complexes 4 appear in two isomeric forms, with the terminal oxo ligand in the trans position either to pyridine or to pyrazole. The latter isomer of (C5H4NC3H2N2CH2COOEt)MoO(O2)2 (4f) was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis. The alkyl-substituted peroxo complexes are active catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Manganese complexes ; Insertion processes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Mn(NO)2L2H complexes [L = PMe3 1a, PEt3 1b, P(OMe)3 1c, P(OEt)3 1d, P(OiPr)3 1e] have been prepared by the reaction of the corresponding Mn(NO)2L2Br compounds with NaBH4 in ethanol. The reactivity of 1a and 1b is compared to that of Mn(CO)3L2H species (L = PMe3 2a, L = PEt3 2b). Compound 1b reacts with weak acids like PhOH, (CF3)2CHOH and CH3COOH to yield Mn(NO)2(PEt3)2X complexes [X = OPh 3a, OCH(CF3)2 3b, OC(O)CH3 3c] and H2. Compound 2b does not undergo reaction with these acids. At room temperature in toluene 1a, b undergo facile CO2 insertion processes, while 2a, b do not show this reactivity even under more rigorous reaction conditions. From 1a, b and CO2 formato complexes Mn(NO)2L2[OC(O)H] (L = PMe3 4a, L = PEt3 4c) are obtained. The reaction of 1b with salicylaldehyde in toluene proceeds with the formation of a [2-(hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy]dinitrosylbis(triethylphosphane) manganese complex 5b, which exchanges the phenoxy ligand in the presence of excess of salicylaldehyde to give (2-formylphenoxy)-dinitrosylbis(triethylphosphane)manganese (6b) and α,2-dihydroxytoluene. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanilline, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 1b also afford phenoxy derivatives Mn(NO)2(PEt3)2(OAr) [Ar = p-OC6H4-CHO 7a; OC6H3-2-OCH3-4-CHO 7b; OC6H2-2,6-(OCH3)2-4-CHO 7c] and H2. Compounds 2a, b do not react with any of these hydroxybenzaldehydes. Compounds 1a, b have been converted into Mn(NO)2L2 [(Z)-C(COOR′)≡C(R)H] species (L = PMe3, R = H, R′ = Me 8a; L = PEt3, R = H, R′ = Me 8b; L = PMe3 R, R′ = Me 9a; L = PMe3, R = Ph, R′ = Et 10a; L = PMe3, R = COOMe, R′ = Me 11a; L = PEt3, R = COOMe, R′ = Me 11b) in the presence of alkyl propiolates RC≡CCOOMe (R = H, Me, Ph, COOMe; R′ = Me, Et). Similarly, but under more rigorous conditions, insertion of RC≡CCOOMe (R = H, COOMe) into 2a, b occurs and α metalation products Mn(CO)3(PMe3)2[(Z)-C(COOMe) = CHR] (L = PMe3, R = H 12a; L = PEt3, R = H 12b; L = PMe3, R = COOMe 13a; L = PEt3, R = COOMe 13b) are formed. In the case of the methyl propiolate insertion into 2a, 10% of an additional β-metalation compound Mn(CO)3(PMe3)2[(Z)-CH = CH(COOMe)] (12c) have been detected spectroscopically. Compounds 11b and 13a, b have been transformed into manganacyclic complexes MN[C(COOMe)=CH(COOMe)]-(NO)2(PEt3)2 (14b) and MN[C(COOMe)=CH(COOMe)]-(CO)2L2 (L = PMe3 15a; L = PEt3, CO 15b; L = PEt3 15c). Compound 15c has been identified spectroscopically, and 1a, 8a, and 9a have been characterized by X-ray structure determinations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2483-2488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): vic-Dioximes ; N2O2 macrocycles ; Trinuclear complexes ; Pentanuclear complexation ; Tribenzo[b.h.l][1,10,4,7]dioxadiazacyclotetradecine derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The new vic-dioxime ligand 2 (LH4) carrying a 14-membered N2O2 macrocycle has been prepared. Mononuclear complex (LH3)2Ni, trinuclear complexes (LH)2Cu3, (LH)2Co3, (LH)2-Pd3, and (LH)2Co3(py)3Cl3, dinuclear complex (LH3)2-(UO2)2(OH)2, and pentanuclear complex [L2Cu5(phen)2]-(NO3)2 have been synthesized from LH4. The electrochemical properties of tri- and pentanuclear complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. For (LH)2Cu3 two reduction waves appeared at 0.215 and -0.870 V. [L2Cu5(phen)2](NO3)2 exhibited four reduction waves at 0.200, -0.025, -0.670, and -1.170 V.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Uncharged auxiliary bases ; Triaminoiminophosphorane bases ; Deprotonation ; Hindered bases ; Polymeric bases ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis and properties of a number of very strong iminophosphorane bases up to an extremely high level of steric hindrance are described. They cover a range of ca. 4 pK units in basicity and a range of more than 11 orders of magnitude in their rates of methylation with methyl iodide. Most of the systems are readily prepared in up to molar quantities, conveniently recovered from their salts and are of high chemical and thermal stability. Crystal structures were determined in order to parametrize a force field, which is utilized in molecular modeling studies offering a rationalization of the observed differences in steric hindrance and basicity. Depending on the degree of steric protection of the basic center, these novel bases are proposed as unprecedented, versatile auxiliary bases in E2 eliminations and in reactions involving deprotonation in the presence of more or less strong electrophiles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1349-1353 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Isophosphaalkynes ; Transition metal complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Transition-Metal-Substituted Acylphosphanes and Phosphaalkenes, XXI.  -  Isophosphaalkynes as μ3-Ligands in Transition Metal ComplexesReaction of the μ-isophosphaalkyne complex (η5-C5H5)2 (CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2(μ-CPMes) (Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) (2a) with [(Z)-Cyclooctene]Cr(CO)5 or Fe2(CO)9 gives rise to the μ3-isophosphaalkyne complexes (η5-C5H5)2(CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2{μ-CP[M(CO)n]Mes} 3a [M(CO)n = Cr(CO)5] and 4a [M(CO)n = Fe(CO)4]. Similarly (η5-C5H5)2(CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2{μ-CP[Cr (CO)5]C6H2(CF3)3-2,4,6} (3d) is obtained. The metal carbonyl fragments are attached to 2 in a η1-fashion by the lone-pair at the phosphorus. In contrast to this the treatment of 2a with (Ph3P)2Pt(η2-C2H4) affords complex 5a in which 2a serves as an η3-3e ligand towards the PtPPh3 moiety. The molecular structures of 3a and 5a are determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1355-1357 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diphosphanylhydrazides ; Diphosphanes, dinitrogen-bridged ; Cycloplatinaphosphahydrazides ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: While the transition metal complexes of bis(phosphanyl)amines (PII-N-PIII) have been known for over three decades, the ligating properties of the next homologue PIII-N-N-PIII have been unprecedented so far. The X-ray structures of cycloplatinaphosphanehydrazides, [(OR)2PN(Me)N(Me)P(OR)2-PtCl2], reveal short distances for the P-N [1.639(5) Å] bonds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1359-1362 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Silanes ; Siloxanes ; Si - C bond, selective cleavage ; Arylsilylmethanes ; Si,C,O single-source CVD precursor ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A synthetic route to partly silylated tetra(silyl)methanes (ArH2Si)nC(SiH3)4  -  n′ to their precursors (TfH2Si)nC-(SiH2Ar)4  -  n (Ar = p-tolyl, phenyl; Tf = CF3SO3; n = 3, 2, 1), and to 1,3-bis(trisilylmethyl)disiloxane [(H3Si)3CSiH2]2O (9) is reported. Starting from symmetrical tetrakis(arylsilyl)-methanes (aryl = p-tolyl, phenyl), we have obtained the selectively dearylated (arylsilyl)silylmethanes (ArH2Si)nC(SiH3)4  -  n (Ar = p-tolyl, phenyl; n = 3, 2, 1) by Si - Ar cleavage with equivalent quantities of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid) and hydrogenation of the corresponding silyl triflates (TfH2Si)nC(SiH2Ar)4  -  n (n = 3, 2, 1) with LiAlH4. The synthesis of 9 has been accomplished by treating trisilyl(p-tolylsilyl)methane p-TolH2SiC(SiH3)3 (7) with stoichiometric amounts of triflic acid to give (trisilylmethyl)silyl triflate TfH2SiC(SiH3)3 (8) and hydrolysing the latter with water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1363-1368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 1,2-Diboroles, 2,5-dihydro- ; 1,3-Diboroles, 2,3-dihydro- ; Cobalt complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A New Approach to 1,2- and 1,3-DiboroleHerrn Prof. Dr. Joachim Knappe zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.Diaminoborylation of 1,3-dilithiopropenes leads to the (Z)-1,3-bis(diaminoboryl)propenes 4a, b, which are transformed by an amine/chlorine exchange to the (Z)-1,3-bis(aminochloroboryl)propenes 5a, b. These react with sodium to yield the 2,5-dihydro-1H-1,2-diboroles 2c, d, whereas the reaction with potassium leads to the 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3-diboroles 6a, b by rearrangement of the C3B2 skeleton. The constitutions of the heterocycles 2c, d and 6a, b are established by X-ray structure analyses. Reaction of the 1,2-diboroles 2c, d with (C5H5)Co(C2H4)2 leads to the red (1-borabutadiene)cobalt complexes 3c, d. In 3c a sigmatropic rearrangement is studied by NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Tungsten complexes ; Rhenium complexes ; Iron complexes ; Ruthenium complexes ; Osmium complexes ; Cobalt complexes ; Vinyl ; Cyclohexadienyl ; Cycloheptadienyl ; Cyclooctatrienyl ; Hydrocarbon-bridged complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Hydrocarbon-Bridged Complexes, XXX.  -  Nucleophilic Addition of Carbonylmetallates to Cationic Vinyl, Diene, Dienyl and Triene Complexes of Iron, Ruthenium and Cobalt: Di-, Tri-, Tetra- and Pentametallic Complexes with σ,σ- and σ,π-Hydrocarbon BridgesHerrn Professor Ekkehard Lindner zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.The reactions of [Re(CO)5]-, [Ru(CO)2Cp]-, and [Os(CO)4]2- with [Cp2(OC)2Fe2(μ-CO)(μ-η1:η2-CH=CH2)]+, [Cp*Ru(η2:η4-1,3,7-octatriene)]+, [(OC)Fe(η4-diene)(η5-cycloheptadienyl)]+, and [CpCo(η5-cyclodienyl)]+ give the nucleophilic adducts whereas with [Mn(CO)5]-, [W(CO)3Cp]-, and [Fe(CO)2Cp]- formation of the corresponding C-C coupling products and of the metal-metal-bonded dimers is observed. The structures of Cp*Ru(μ-η1:η2:η3-1,5-octadienyl)Re(CO)5 (4), [Cp* Ru(μ-η1:η2:η3-1,5-octadienyl)]2Os(CO)4 (6), and of (OC)-Fe(η4-1,3-cyclohexadiene) (μ-η1:η4-1,3-cycloheptadiene)Re(CO)5 (9) have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1379-1385 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrotris(triazolyl)borate ; metal complexes ; Chelate ligands ; Clathrates ; Magnetochemistry ; Spin crossover ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The bis[hydrotris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate]metal complexes [M{HB(C2H2N3)3}2] with M = Fe (5), Co (6), Cu (7), Zn (8) are obtained from MX2 and K[HB(C2H2N3)3] (9). The complexes are characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and MS. Temperature-variable magnetic measurements show a Curie-Weiss behavior for the paramagnetic complexes 6 and 7 with a temperature-dependent magnetic moment for 6. The iron complex 5 exhibits a spin crossover from diamagnetic to paramagnetic, starting at around 270 K. Single-crystal X-ray structures of the solvates 7 · 4 CH3OH and 9 · 2 H2O have been determined. The structure of 7 · 4 CH3OH shows the Jahn-Teller distorted copper complex 7 surrounded by methanol molecules through hydrogen bonding to exocyclic nitrogen atoms of the tris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate ligand. The crystal system for 7 · 4 CH3OH is monoclinic, space group P21/n. Compound 9 · 2 H2O is a one-dimensional coordination polymer with the potassium atom bridged by the water molecules and the tris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate ligand and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ccm21.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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