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  • 1985-1989  (76)
  • 1970-1974  (92)
  • 1965-1969  (7)
  • 1987  (76)
  • 1974  (92)
  • 1967  (7)
  • Ultrastructure  (175)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 240 (1987), S. 33-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Ovary ; Surface epithelium ; Perfusion ; Rabbit ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using transmission electron microscopy we examined the morphology of the surface epithelium of the isolated and perfused rabbit ovary after an ovulatory dose of HCG. Rupture of follicles occurred in vitro approximately 13 h after HCG-injection and 6 h after the start of perfusion. The ultrastructural changes during the perfusion were similar to those occurring in vivo. The perfused ovarian epithelium had villous processes of varied architectural complexity with squamoid and cuboid epithelial cells. The superficial cells contained pinocytotic vesicles, coated and noncoated endocytotic caveolae, and occasional vacuoles. Dense bodies were more commonly found in vitro than in vivo. Occasionally structures similar to “Call-Exner-bodies” were found on the surface epithelium near to preovulatory follicles. Intercellular spaces of various sizes were also numerous. Disappearance of surface epithelium in the apex of follicles was often observed and the matrix of the tunica albuginea consisted of dissociated fibers and degenerating cells. This study showed that the isolated perfused rabbit ovary can serve as a model for studying the biology and pathology of ovarian surface epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 240 (1987), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Preovulatory granulosa cells ; Call-Exner body ; Fibrin ; Human ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of preovulatory granulosa cells may be distinct in follicles containing competent as opposed to non-competent oocytes. To test this assumption, granulosa cells were looked for in 36 follicular fluid aspirates from 8 patients taking part in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program. Granulosa cells were absent from 16 aspirates and present in 20. Both aspirate types contained oocytes able to develop in culture. Granulosa cells were subdivided into three developmental stages. Stage 1 (5% of aspirates) showed proliferating cells, while stage 2 (60% of aspirates) and 3 (35% of aspirates) cells were in the preluteinization stage. These cells were recognizable by their number of lipid droplets and differentiated according to possession of a rough (stage 2) or smooth (stage 3) endoplasmic reticulum. Luteinization did not occur in these cells. All stages displayed desmosomes, gap junctions, and annular junctions. The structure of Call-Exner bodies and of fibrin deposits were unexpected findings. Our study indicates that there is no correlation between the previously used morphological parameters of granulosa cells and oocyte maturity.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Frost hardiness ; Phenology ; Salix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region of Salix dasyclados Wim. (clone 78056) was studied during the development of winter hardiness and the onset of cambial activity in spring. Plants were grown at relative growth rates (RG) of 8% and 12% respectively, resulting in different nitrogen content in the stems. Frost hardiness of the plants was estimated by standardized freezing tests. Plants with a higher nitrogen status ceased growth later and started re-growth earlier in spring than plants with lower nitrogen content. Differences in ability to withstand low temperatures during autumn and spring were found between plants grown in the two nutrient treatments. During the development of frost hardiness in the autumn, the number of meristematic cells in the cambial region decreased. The cessation of meristematic activity was accompanied by cell wall thickening and ultrastructural changes in the cells. Frost hardiness increased from the ability to survive -6° C in October to survival of -80° C at the beginning of December. From November to February the cambial region comprised a layer of 2–3 thick-walled cells with conspicuous ultrastructural features. Starch accumulated in plastids in September, decreased during November to March and then increased again in accordance with changes of frost hardiness. Onset of cambial activity began between the end of March and the beginning of April, as shown by increased vacuolization of meristematic cells and mitotic activity. By April, the starch content had increased and lipolysis was observed. Frost hardiness had decreased, and plants with low and high nitrogen content were able to survive -15° C and -10° C, respectively. After budburst, all axillary shoot parts were damaged at temperatures below-3° C.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Soft tissue neoplasm ; Sarcoma ; Rhabdoid cell ; Rhabdoid tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the occurrence of rhabdoid cells in several specified soft tissue sarcomas of round cell variety. The rhabdoid cells had an acidophilic cytoplasm containing a globular perinuclear inclusion and were characterised ultrastructurally by the presence of aggregates of 10 nm intermediate filaments. These filaments contained both cytokeratin and vimentin, as demonstrated immunohistochemically. Extensive sampling of soft tissue sarcomas revealed the presence of such cells in different types of soft tissue round cell sarcomas as follows: 12 of 13 cases of epithelioid sarcomas, 8 of 13 synovial sarcomas (composed predominantly of round cells), 6 of 20 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas and 4 of 4 round celled malignant mesotheliomas. We wish to stress that the appearance of rhabdoid cells is not a monopoly of one particular type of tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1987), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Appendix ; Colorectal neoplasm ; Carcinoid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinicopathological features of six appendix and five bowel tumours with features of the so-called ‘goblet cell carcinoid’ are described. By light microscopy, these tumours were composed predominantly of mucous cells, together with variable proportions of endocrine and Paneth cells. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study confirmed this impression and no amphicrine cells were seen. The clinical course of all cases arising in the bowel, and three out of six appendix tumours was characterised by an aggressive behaviour with the development of widespread lymphatic and often intraperitoneal metastasis, but liver metastasis occurred in only one instance. We conclude, both from this study and from a review of the literature, that the ‘mixed crypt cell carcinoma’ forms a distinct clinicopathological entity justifying separate classification from adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gliomatosis cerebri ; Brain tumour ; Ultrastructure ; Glial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of five biopsies of gliomatosis cerebri (GC) are described. Four main types of tumour cells are seen: anaplastic astrocytes poor in organelles with a variable amount of glial microfilaments; atypical oligodendrocytes with scanty cytoplasm in which microtubules are present; intermediate forms with aboundant cytoplasm rich in organelles, with microtubules and microfilaments; and small cells with round nuclei and a very scanty rim of cytoplasm. In two cases several concentrically folded cytoplasmic lamellae of glial processes were arranged either around themselves or around the perikaryon of other cells. This ultrasructural study indicates that GC is a neoplastic process of small undifferentiated elements, transitional forms of astroglia (to oligodendroglia) and anaplastic cells of astrocytic origin in all stages of development.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ectocervix ; Serotonin cells ; Calcitonin cells ; Ultrastructure ; Transitional epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of endocrine cells in the ectocervix was carried out using histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Serotonin and calcitonin immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in this site. Serotonin and calcitonin immunoreactivities were coexpressed in the same endocrine cell. These distinctive cells were encountered in two main morphological varieties of ectocervical epithelium. Normal-appearing stratified squamous epithelium contained only very rare serotonin and calcitonin cells. In contrast, endocrine cells were fairly abundant in a specific epithelium termed “transitional-like”. This type of epithelium was not only confined to the transformation zone but could also extend onto the portio as far as the vaginal cut margin. In some cases, transitional-like epithelium bore morphological resemblance to urothelium. In other cases, it could be regarded as basal cell hyperplasia or immature squamous metaplasia. Of interest, serotonin and calcitonin cells have been well-documented as normal inhabitants of some other non-squamous epithelia, such as urothelium or pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Therefore, it is suggested that certain ectocervical epithelia show some similarities to urothelium, in respect of their morphological appearance and endocrine profile. Further investigations using more objective and specific markers of urothelial cells are needed to assess the exact degree of homology connecting all these types of epithelium.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1987), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 ; Aspirin ; Tight junctions ; Stomach ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The canine gastric epithelium was exposed to solutions containing 20 mM aspirin and 20 mM aspirin + 30 µg/kg 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) for periods of three and forty minutes. No macroscopic hemorrhagic lesions were seen. Light microscopically, surface lesions were reduced from 10 percent (aspirin alone) to 2.5% (aspirin+dmPGE2). However, dmPGE2 does not appear to attenuate aspirin induced tight junction alterations. Discontinuities in the apical occluding complexes, hyperplastic tight junctions and stand number variability were documented in freeze frature replicas of aspirin as well as aspirin+ dmPGE2 treated dog stomachs. The results of these experiments would seem to suggest that 30 µg/kg dmPGE2 does not prevent aspirin induced damage to the tight junctions of the canine gastric epithelium or enhance their repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 561-568 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Psammous desmo-osteoblastoma ; Ultrastructure ; Osteonectin ; Bone tumours ; Fibro-osseous lesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibro-osteo-cemental lesions of the jaw bones are a heterogeneous group of diseases which present problems in classification. Psammous desmo-osteoblastoma is one of four newly proposed entities (Makek 1983) and has until now been characterized by its light microscopic, clinical and radiological features. On electron microscopy this tumour exhibits fibroblastic (preosteoblastic), osteoblastic and osteocytic cells and a globular mineralization unlike the mineralization of the psammoma bodies. Immunohistological investigations with anti-osteonectin, a bone specific protein linking mineral to collagen, showed positive intracellular staining in all tumour cells and extracellular staining in the osteoid. The psammoma bodies were, however, not stained. These results confirm the view of the osteogenic histogenesis of psammous desmo-osteoblastoma, with an osteogenic differentiation of the tumour cells, bone formation and association of psammoma bodies which are not of bone origin. This combination of findings supports the view that psammous desmo-osteoblastoma represents a new and distinct entity occuring in desmal preformed cranio-facial bones which should be incorporated in a revised WHO-classification.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Heterogeneity ; Ultrastructure ; Colonic carcinoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes a colonic carcinoid tumor in which three, and possibly four, distinct cell types are distinguishable on the basis of their ultrastructure and granule morphology. These cell types closely resemble the normal endocrine cells of the large bowel, both in appearances and in relative frequency. The mixed composition of this tumor may have arisen either by parallel differentiation of distinct cell types, or by sequential maturation of one cell type.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 317-326 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: “Primary” endothelial cilia ; Endothelial centrioles ; Human atherosclerosis ; Ciliary transitional fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary “Primary” cilia were present in the endothelial cells of human aortic fatty dots and streaks but not in those of normal intima. They had the features of cilia of the “9+0” axonemal configuration observed in many other cells. A lateral foot process and transitional fibers “anchored” the ciliary basal body in the cytoplasm, but rootlets were not identified in material examined. Ladder-like configurations interconnected the two centrioles (=diplosome) of control endothelium. The “primary” cilia of endothelium differed from those of the rudimentary type observed in smooth muscle cells in similar lesions of man, but shared many features with cilia of those present in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbit. Cilia were rarely described in vascular endothelium. It is believed that, to date, they were not reported to occur in normal or pathological arteries in man. It is being stressed that whereas the significance of these unusual organelles remains uncertain, their widespread occurrence may indicate that their role is more important than was believed previously, and they should cease being a curiosity only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Myotendinous junction ; Human growth ; Skeletal muscle ; Tendon ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myotendon junction of human paravertebral skeletal muscle was studied by light and electron microscopy. Transverse and longitudinal sections of myotendinous regions of normal multifidus muscles were examined at three chronological stages from birth to maturity. Variations in the appearance of surface extensions at the terminal ends of muscle fibers consisted of brush-like evaginations at birth and villous-like projections in the adult. Regardless of age, they were invariably covered by a prominent external lamina, and mutually interdigitated with connectivetissue elements in the adjacent tendon. Various stages of myofibrillar assembly and sarcomere alignment were evident in the muscle fiber terminus at birth. With advancing age, splitting of terminal sarcomeres at Z bands commonly gave rise to diverging myofilament bundles that attached to electron-dense patches under the sarcolemma. In these regions, leptomeric organelles were also encountered in neonatal and adolescent myotendons. At all stages, the ends of muscle fibers possessed cytological features consistent with active synthesis and secretion. Densely-packed sarcoplasmic organelles including multiple Golgi complexes, clusters of ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles, and elements of rough- and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were prevalent. Peripheral and centrally-placed heterochromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli were arranged singly or in groups at the ends of muscle fibers. Satellite cell profiles and unmyelinated axons in the subjacent tendon were also identified at these sites in the adult. Fibroblasts in growing tendon were plentiful, and at all stages, possessed morphological features indicative of high metabolic and secretory activities.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Tooth pulp ; Tight junctions ; Odontoblasts ; Ultrastructure ; Mineralisation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative roles of capillaries and odontoblasts in the process of dentinogenesis and in pulp reactions to trauma and pathology are not clear. Contributing to the problem is the paucity of information on odontoblast —capillary relationships and tight junctions between odontoblasts. Using light microscopy the capillaries have now been examined in semithin transverse sections of perfusion fixed teeth at different positions in the long axis from the apical foramina to the pulp horns. Odontoblastic capillaries were prominent in the coronal and middle regions of canines and present at the same levels of incisors. In the pulp horns and just coronal to the pulp horns capillaries were all subodontoblastic but near the apex there were also a few odontoblastic capillary profiles. Transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections revealed that a high proportion of middle and coronal odontoblastic capillary profiles were fenestrated but subodontoblastic profiles coronal to the pulp horns were the most fenestrated. In a search for tight junctions in ultrathin sections some typical strands were observed between odontoblasts. The difficult of obtaining the latter evidence was explained by the cellular arrangement of the odontoblasts which differed markedly from an ideal parallel, apically coplanar arrangement. The results question the possibility that there is a direct exchange of materials between pulp capillaries and dentine in teeth of limited growth and provide a baseline for future experiments to test the permeability of the odontoblast layer.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Teratoma ; Nervous tissue ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the nervous tissue in a benign ovarian teratoma is described. This tissue was organized into areas having both “meningel” and “ependymal” surfaces, between which were found astrocytes, ependymal cells, neurones with synapses and microglia. These cells all had ultrastructural similarities to their normal counterparts in the nervous system. In addition, some signs of degenerative change — due possibly to the abnormal location of the nervous tissue — were observed. Oligodendrocytes and myelin were absent, possibly because of vascular insufficiency.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Histogenesis ; Cisdichlorodiammineplatinum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this electron microscopy study was to further investigate the effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-DDP) on the cerebellum of the immature rat. Ten-day-old animals were treated with cis-DDP subcutaneously and killed after 1, 7, 15 or 21 days. On postinjection day 1, cis-DDP effects were evident mainly in the external granular layer, with nuclear damage in many dividing cells, while their cytoplasm appeared to be less affected. Some binucleate cells were also present. On the contrary, in postmitotic or more differentiated cells, only cytoplasmic alterations were found. At later stages (postinjection day 7), the frequency of damaged cells in the external granular layer decreased, but there was a cellular deficit in the internal granular layer. Many postmitotic neurons underwent coagulative necrosis. Finally (postinjection days 15 and 21), the cellular deficit was partly compensated for by “reactive” structures, e.g., glial cell fibers, which underwent hypertrophy after initial edema. Moreover, packing densities of Bergmann astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were higher.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 92-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal gliomas ; Vascular proliferation ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histology and ultrastructure of ten spinal cord gliomas, mainly oligodendrogliomas, induced transplacentally in rat with ethylnitrosourea were studied. The characteristic feature of seven spinal tumours was distinct delineation of neoplastic tissue from the edematous surrounding zone by a ring of irregular, proliferating capillaries, among which immature capillary buds prevailed. The alterations were proliferation of endothelium with endothelial overlapping, elongation of interendothelial junctions and enhancement of pinocytotic vesicles on luminal and abluminal surfaces. The basal membranes, besides other changes, were often replaced by some floccular condensations. In the edematous zone the capillary walls were deprived of contact with glial processes. The lack of contact between astrocytic processes and vascular wall may contribute to the persistent immature state of peripheral capillaries.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Substantia nigra ; Mammals (rat, cat, Macaca fuscata) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the substantia nigra of the rat, cat and monkey was studied with a highly sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. Serotonin fibers in the substantia nigra of all species consisted of fine varicose fibers and formed a fine network. In the zona compacta of all species, serotonin fibers were sparsely distributed. In the zone reticularis of the rat and cat, these fibers were densely distributed and their distributional pattern was almost uniform, while in the monkey such fibers were unevenly distributed and high and low dense areas were intermingled. In the pars lateralis of all species, serotonin fibers were diffusely distributed, and the distributional density was much higher in the cat and monkey than in the rat. Immunoelectron-microscopic studies further revealed that a majority of the labeled varicosities in the rat substantia nigra were in close apposition to peridendritic axon terminals and were also free in the neuropil; occasionally they exhibited symmetrical synapses of “en passant” type with non-immunoreactive dendrites or somata. Our results support a functional significance of serotonergic regulation of the substantia nigra in mammals.
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1987), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse spermiogenesis ; Constitutive heterochromatin ; Nucleolus organizing regions ; Fluorochrome ; Staining ; EM silver staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study, the selective fluorochrome staining of constitutive heterochromatin and a specific ultrastructural silver-staining of nucleolar material (i.e., the nucleolus organizing regions) were undertaken to be used as indicators for the chromosomal arrangement during mouse spermiogenesis. Since in mice all somatic chromosomes are telocentric and the constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolar organizing regions are closely associated to the centromeres, this combination of techniques provided for the first time ultrastructural evidence 1) for the dispersion of the constitutive heterochromatic chromocentre and a centrifugal migration to the postacrosomal portion of the nuclear envelope where constitutive heterochromatin seems to mediate the assembling of microtubules in the so-called manchette. As elongation continues, the constitutive heterochromatin migrates back into central position and forms the “focous of earlier condensing chromatin”, which initiates further chromatin condensation. 2) The fate of the nucleolus during spermiogenesis could also be further clarified: The nucleolus is first associated with the chromocentre, but starts to disintegrate during elongation phase. However, argyrophilic remnants are still visible in the centre of the nucleus, pointing to an ongoing transcriptional activity. When they final disappear, they leave behind “nuclear vacuoles” in the dense chromatin mass of the mature sperm nucleus.
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bovine ; Oocyte maturation ; Meiosis ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained from cow ovaries by aspiration from small (1–6 mm in diameter) antral follicles after slaughter. Complexes with a compact multilayered cumulus investment were cultured and subsequently processed for electron microscopy after various periods of culture. By morphological criteria the oocytes could be divided into the following sequence of meiotic stages. The oocyte nucleus I stage was characterized by a spherical nucleus located peripherally in the ooplasm while undulation of the nuclear envelope and initial chromatin condensation was seen at the oocyte nucleus II stage. The oocyte nucleus breakdown stage was characterized by formation of long slender projections from the nuclear envelope in which the envelope doubled back on itself, appearance of dense areas and haphazardly oriented microtubules in the nucleus, marked condensation of the chromatin, and dissolution of the nuclear envelope into irregular vesicles and tubules. The condensed chromatin I stage was characterized by the location of condensed chromatin configuration and uniformly oriented microtubules in a dense area peripherally in the ooplasm while the final condensed chromatin II stage was characterized by a gradual invasion of condensed chromatin configurations into a dense area combined with the presence of the first polar body in the perivitelline space.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Human egg ; Human embryo ; Cleavage embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A two-cell human embryo recovered from the Fallopian tube 82 h following the LH peak in plasma and 37 h after a single episode of intercourse was examined by transmission electron microscopy. At the time of recovery the embryo was denuded of cumulus cells, and both the zona pellucida and the two adjoining blastomeres were intact. The finding of two polar bodies in the perivitelline space, two nucleated blastomeres and remnants of the fertilizing sperm tail within the cytoplasm of one of them, were considered as evidences that the embryo was normally fertilized. Among the most compicuous features found were the presence of very distinct desmosome-like structure between blastomeres, and the cytoplasmic cell organelles distribution in three areas referred as: a sub-cortical, a middle and a perinuclear bands. An outstanding feature was the extensive blebbing of the nuclear envelope. In general, the features seem to correspond to a normally developing two-cell embryo undergoing cleavage at a normal rate.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1987), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Atrial myocardium ; Vagotomy ; Monkey ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the atrial myocardium in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied after bilateral cervical vagotomy and survival times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 21 and 28 days. During the first week after vagotomy, a few atrial cells showed a reduction in the sarcoplasm, crowding of the myofibrils, peripheral dispersion and reduced intercristal density of the mitochondria and increased sarcoplasmic reticulum and glycogen particles. In some profiles, there was increased electron density and granularity at the I bands and the intercalated discs. The number of such affected cells increased in the subsequent days such that by 21 to 28 days about 50% of the cells were estimated to be affected. During the latter stages further changes included, the degradation of the myofilaments and increased electron density, disorganisation and disintegration of the digital extensions at the intercalated discs. Throughout the experiments there was a leucocytic infiltration, more evident in the longer survival times.
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
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    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1987), S. 399-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Implantation ; Marmoset ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural morphology of the initial stages of implantation in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) was studied in pregnant monkeys at known time intervals after ovulation. The earliest samples, obtained 13 days after ovulation, displayed both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast was restricted to the blastocoel, whilst syncytiotrophoblast intruded to the endometrial basal lamina. At later stages, days 16 and 19 after ovulation, both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast had extended laterally around the uterus, and the syncytiotrophoblast also extended deeper into the maternal tissnes. The mesoderm layer was first discernible at 19 days after ovulation. At 23 days after ovulation the syncytiotrophoblast surrounded the maternal blood vessels entirely. In this study syncytiotrophoblast was not observed to breach the maternal blood vessels, even at 31 days after ovulation. Early cytotrophoblast columns could be seen at 31 days after ovulation. The endothelial cells lining the maternal blood vessels displayed hypertrophy from the earliest stages (day 13) onwards, although a true decidual response was only observed in samples of 23 and 31 days after ovulation.
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  • 23
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    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 41-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bovine ; Oocyte maturation ; Meiosis ; Gap junction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained from cows by aspiration of small (1–6 mm in diameter) antral follicles after slaughter. Complexes with a compact multilayered cumulus investment were cultured and processed for transmission electron microscopy after different periods of culture including a 0 h control group. In 0 h control oocytes the cumulus cells had numerous projections which penetrated the zona pellucida and established gap junctions with the oolemma. A partial loss of these junctions was noticed as an early event of oocyte maturation occurring within the first 3 h of culture. A low frequency of gap junctions was maintained until 12–18 h of culture where the junctional contact was completely disrupted. This decrease in intercellular communication was parallelled by resumption of oocyte meiosis.
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  • 24
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    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryonic chick heart ; Interventricular septum ; Mesenchymal tissue ; Endocardial activation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies of frontal and sagittal sections of embryonic chick hearts (Stages 25, 28–29), reveal mesenchymal tissue in the cephalic portion of the interventricular septum. The endocardium of this cephalic portion contains reoriented and invaginated cells with pseudopodia; in addition there are cells immediately subjacent to the endocardium. Similar cellular events take place during the formation of mesenchymal tissue in the atrioventricular and conotruncal regions. In these regions the mesenchymal tissue originates by means of an endocardial activation process. The structural characteristics of the formation of the cephalic portion of the interventricular septum suggest that local mesenchymal tissue is contributed by the endocardium. However, based upon the close anatomic relationship observed by us between the mesenchymal tissues of the atrioventricular canal, conotruncal region and the cephalic portion of the interventricular septum; we do not discard a contribution by migration of cells from atrioventricular and conotruncal regions to the interventricular septum.
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  • 25
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    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 459-464 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: All-trans retinoic acid ; Epidermal cells ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of all-trans retinoic acid on human epidermal cell cultures were studied using ultrastructural techniques. Differentiation and stratification were reduced in retinoic acid treated epidermal cells. Treated cells developed a rounded appearance and seemed to contain more granules and vacuoles than usual. Desmosomes were not found in treated cells.
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  • 26
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    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Esthesioneuroepithelioma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurofilament protein (NFP) ; Keratin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of esthesioneuroepithelioma was investigated ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically, using antibodies against neurofilament protein (NFP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), keratin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100 protein (S-100), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The tumor initially manifested as an epidural mass in the anterior cranial fossa in a 64-year-old man, and about 31/2 years later, autopsy further revealed extensive metastases to the lymph nodes of the neck and thoracic cavity. In the cranial and nasal cavities, the tumor was composed of fairly uniform, ill-defined cells arranged in nests which were surrounded by a fibrovascular stroma. These histological features were reproduced in the metastatic tumor nodules with frequent occurrence of tubular arrangements of the tumor cells. Ultrastructurally, two different cell types were well recognized by their characteristic morphological features, which were reminiscent of sensory neurons and sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium. No dense-cored secretory granules were observed in the tumor cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor showed a variable number of cells positive for NFP, keratin, NSE and S-100. NFP was present in a relatively small number of cells, which were found diffusely in the nests. Keratin was observed in the cells mainly located at the periphery. NSE-positive cells tended to form irregular clusters in the center. A few S-100-positive cells were found, without any particular arrangement. These findings indicated that the present tumor, which actually arose in the superior nasal cavity, consisted of cells differentiating in at least two distinct directions, neuronal and epithelial, and strongly suggested that the tumor was of true olfactory epithelium origin, or more precisely, derived from the bipotential, undifferentiated basal cells of this epithelium.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 74 (1987), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ganglioglioma ; Neuronal degeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Brain stem ; Brain tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A brain stem ganglioglioma in a 9-year-old female was examined ultrastructurally. The constituent neuronal (ganglion) cells displayed various ultrastructural features of neuronal degeneration including Hirano, Lafora and zebra bodies, inclusion-like aggregates of neurofilaments and large dilatations of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Although similar observations have been reported in peripheral neuronal tumors, this is the first reported occurrence in ganglioglioma, an uncommon tumor in the central nervous system. The coincidence of these alterations in the present tumor appeared to be of great interest, however, their exact etiology remained uncertain.
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  • 28
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    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 400-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Ependyma ; Experimental hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary New ultrastructural alterations of the ependymal cells in the altered container model of experimental feline hydrocephalus are described. These include half desmosomes and a basal lamina on the apical surface of the ependymal cells, punctate adhesion-like structures between intraventricular mononuclear cell and the apical surface of the ependymal cells and unusual distortion of the ependymal cells. The significance of these previously unreported morphological alterations is unknown.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain ; Global ischemia ; Ultrastructure ; Ionic changes ; Ca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A time course of tissue ionic changes, and their relation to ultrastructural findings during reperfusion following a 15-min global ischemic brain insult was studied in a dog model. Parietal cortex was analyzed for Ca, Na, K, Mg and Fe in controls and after 10 min, 2, 4, and 8 h of reperfusion. After 8 h of reperfusion, the mean values (μmol/g tissue wet wt.) for Ca (control=1.43, 8 h=2.76) and Na (control 60.4, 8 h=107.4) doubled and K (control=90.4, 8 h=48.5) decreased to half that of the control. Ultrastructural studies and subcellular localization of calcium in parietal cortex of in situ-fixed brains after 8 h showed cortical neurons with clumping of nuclear chromatin, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and disruption of plasma membranes. Large amounts of electron-dense precipitates of calcium were present within dilated astrocytic processes, synaptic vesicles, cytoplasm of edematous dendrites and mitochondria. Cortical neurons from postischemic dogs without reperfusion showed only slight chromatin clumping and edema of astrocytic processes, but no calcium accumulation. The large ionic shifts noted between 4 and 8 h of reperfusion, indicate a progressive inability of the cells to maintain normal transmembrane gradients of these ions and may reflect a membrane destructive process, as demonstrated ultrastructurally at 8 h. Enhanced calcium entry into the neuron during reperfusion appears to be a part of the cytotoxic mechanism leading to neuronal necrosis.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intermediate filaments ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Vimentin ; Ultrastructure ; Glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glial filaments contain vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The question of how glial filaments change morphologically according to the expression of vimentin and/or GFAP has remained unclear. In this study, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations were performed on the subcutaneously transplanted tumors of two clones (F6B3 and G10A10) derived from a mouse glioma. F6B3 tumor expressed GFAP and vimentin in large quantities. G10A10 tumor expressed plenty of vimentin but only a little of GFAP. Ultrastructurally, F6B3 tumor contained abundant cytoprocesses in most of which numerous intermediate filaments (IFs) were arranged in a parallel array. On the other hand, only a small number of the processes were seen in G10A10 tumor, which showed a few IFs arranged either randomly or sparsely in the processes. Both tumors commonly had the IFs accompanied by visible sidearms, but there was a difference in that the smooth and firm IFs were confined to part of F6B3 tumor. Thus, the comparison made between the two models presented differences in the content, arrangement and morphology of IFs, as well as in the manner of GFAP expression, suggesting correlation between these differences.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis ; Membranous cytoplasmic body ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An autopsy case of adult neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis was examined. The clinical picture was charaterized by gait disturbance, bulbar palsy and dementia. Histopathologically, diffuse neuronal loss was found throughout the central nervous system. The remaining neurons, predominantly in the motor nuclei of the spinal cord and brain stem, were swollen with storage material. Observed under the electron microscope the storage material showed various ultrastructures, such as lipofuscin-like bodies, pleomorphic lipid bodies, curvilinear profiles and finger-print profiles, in different regions of the central nervous system. In the ballooned neurons of the spinal anterior horn, many membranous cytoplasmic bodies and curvilinear profiles were intermingled within the same cell and were continuous with each other. Biochemically,N-acetyl neuraminic acid content was significantly increased in the spinal anterior horn. These findings suggest the localized increase of ganglioside in that region.
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  • 32
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    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: UV-A pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary UV-A-induced skin pigmentation was investigated morphologically in semithin and thin sections from 11 volunteers, using different irradiation modalities (single doses of 10,50 and 100 J/cm2). Visible skin pigmentation was observed in all but two probands, and erythema in two; pronounced pigmentation was present after repeated irradiation only. Contralateral non-irradiated, UV-B-irradiated and suntanned skin specimens were used as controls. There was an increase in the number of clear cells in the basal layer (x 1.6) and particularly of large clear cells (x 1.7) after repeated irradiation. Also, the number of melanosomes in melanocytic dendrites (x 2.8) increased after repeated irradiation. The number, size and shape of the melanosome complexes in both basal and suprabasal keratinocytes remained unchanged, even when a distinction was made between central and peripheral location. In contrast, suntanned skin showed an increase in melanosome complexes in basal (x 5.8) and suprabasal (x 3.7) keratinocytes. It is concluded that UV-A-induced skin pigmentation differs in some ways from UV-B or sun-induced melanogenesis, and that the clinical grade of tanning cannot accurately be determined by ultrastructural methods.
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  • 33
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    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 367-371 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenesis ; Bufo marinus oocyte ; Yolk-platelet membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oocytes of the toad Bufo marinus have been studied by means of thin section and particularly freeze-fracture electron microscopy to characterize the cytoplasmic membranes around the yolk organelle, and the storage of yolk material in precursors and platelets. This appears to be a previously unknown type of yolk-platelet formation. During yolk-organelle development from the primordial precursor to the bi-partite fully grown yolk platelet, numerous lipoid droplets are attached to the periphery of the platelet, indicating an intense uptake of lipids. As is typical for amphibians, the fully grown yolk platelet has a crystalline internum covered by a dense osmiophilic externum, and the whole organelle is enveloped by a plasma membrane that shows no direct connection or fusion with endocytotic vesicles. The yolk membrane exhibits few intramembraneous particles (IMPs) at the core areas and some more where it borders fields of lipoid droplets. Here the IMPs show a net-like arrangement in the furrows between adjacent droplets.
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  • 34
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    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Trauma ; Neuron ; Culture ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultured mouse spinal neurons were fixed at three different intervals after dendrite amputation: within the first 15 min, at 2 h and at 24 h. Dendrites were amputated at lesion distance of either 50 μm (31% probability of cell survival) or 100 μm (53% probability of cell survival) from the edge of their perikarya. When fixed within 15 min, operated neurons showed a two-phase gradient of ultrastructural damage which spread from the transection site towards the perikaryon. At 2 h after dendrite amputation all neurons operated close to their perikarya were categorized as either viable, moribund or dead, based on their appearance with phase contrast microscopy. These categories of response to physical trauma corresponded to distinctly different ultrastructural changes. Moribund neurons were filled with membrane-bound vesicles which were derived from swollen mitochondria and grossly dilated cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm of dead neurons contained large clear areas and many condensed, dark mitochondria. Both moribund and dead neurons lacked cytoskeletal elements. All of these ultrastructural changes are hypothesized to be the result of an increase in the intracellular concentrations of free calcium. Although evidence of residual mitochondrial swelling was present in some surviving neurons at 24 h, the ultrastructure of others was comparable to that of control cells. Some surviving neurons had terminal swellings at the ends of the severed neurites which were very similar to retraction balls of transected axons after CNS trauma.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Silver toxicity ; Cultured macrophages ; Cell death ; Ultrastructure ; Lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of silver on cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were examined by estimation of cell survival and by light and electron microscopy. Additon of silver lactate to the culture medium at final concentrations of 40 and 80 μM resulted in coagulation necrosis and rapid cell death. At lower concentrations cell structure appeared normal. However, the rate of cell death at 20 μM silver lactate was increased as compared to controls. Silver, visualized by physical development/autometallography, was invariably located in lysosomes. The production of malondialdehyde in mouse liver of silver-treated mice as compared to controls was also examined. This lipid peroxidation product had increased to the same amount in animals treated with silver for either 3 days or with only one silver injection 4 h before examination. This study has demonstrated that silver affects viability and structure of cultured macrophages, possibly due to induction of lipid peroxidation, as demonstrated to occur in the liver of silver-exposed mice.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 148 (1987), S. 150-154 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteroides ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cellulolytic bacteria ; Rumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 3-day-old cultures of Bacteroides succinogenes grown on filter paper, no cell division was observed. When grown on cellulosic substrate, bacteria exhibited vesicles clustered within cell wall pockets. In 2 day-old filter paper cultures, cells adhered tightly to the substrate. Twenty to 30% of them were dividing. There were cell wall pockets in about 25% of the bacteria, but no vesicles. Whether they adhered to the cellulosic substrate or not, and irrespective of the age of the bacteria, storage polysaccharides were found in the form of dense granules in the cytoplasm. It would appear that vesicles are not essential for cellulose degradation, but are rather a sign of ageing of the cells.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human heart ; Papillary muscle ; Myocardial hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study using various electron microscopical techniques has been conducted on biopsy material from the hypertrophied papillary muscle of the human heart. About 75% of the myocardial cells were classified as hypertrophic with diameters ranging from 15 εm to 53 εm. The increased cell diameter appeared to be the result of an elevated amount of mitochondria and contractile material. The hypertrophied myocytes displayed a general ultrastructural organization in many ways similar to that of the normal sized myocytes. However, the former cells were characterized by focal deposits of excess laminar coat material and abnormal Z-band patterns as well as of multiple intercalated discs. The preferential sites for the production of new sarcomere elements appeared to be in the subsarcolemmal and intercalated disc regions. Adjacent myocardial cells were interconnected by collagen bundles, and, by an elaborate collagen-fibril-microthread-granule lattice. The surface folds were linked to each other by surface cables, which probably constituted a separate category of extracellular material of unknown function. Intramembranous particles were abundant in the sarcolemma proper but scarce in the membranes of the sarcoplasmic vesicles. Such particles were also observed in the lipofuscin granular membrane and in the membranes surrounding the lipid droplets. A framework of transverse cytoskeletal filaments interconnected the Z-bands of adjacent myofibrils and anchored the contractile material to the sarcolemma as well as to the nucleus. A large and lobulated nucleus containing well developed nucleoli together with an abundance of sarcoplasmic free and membrane-attached ribosomes, were interpreted as morphological signs of enhanced synthetic activity in the hypertrophied cell. Degenerative phenomena on the other hand were confined to lysosomal degeneration of worn-out cell constituents that were manifested by the numerous lysosomes and aggregates of lipofuscin granules. Abnormal Z-band patterns as seen in the present material were interpreted as an initial stage in the formation of new contractile elements.
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  • 38
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    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Corticotropic adenoma ; Ultrastructure ; Pituitary oncocytoma ; Choroid Plexus carcinoma ; Mitochondrial morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The report documents a silent, oncocytic, ACTH-producing ectopic anterior pituitary tumour in a 6-year-old boy. The invasive intrahemispheric neoplasm had no connection with the pituitary gland, the sella turcica or the sphenoid sinuses. The apparent similarities existing between this tumour, some choroid plexus carcinomas and steroid-producing neoplasms are discussed.
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  • 39
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    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tumor invasion ; Ultrastructure ; Desmoplasia ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Lung parenchyma ; Basal lamina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using ultrastructural methods we studied the interaction of tumour cells and lung parenchyma in deep areas (i.e., more than about 3 mm from the tumour surface) of 50 bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas. The tumour periphery, studied previously, had shown organized associations of tumour cells and lung epithelial cells and a surprising lack of invasion of non-epithelial tissue compartments. The deeper areas, where the tumour cells and the lung parenchyma had been in contact for longer periods, consisted of irregular groups of tumour cells and desmoplastic stroma which was very similar to granulation tissue. The deeper areas also contained many intact lung epithelial cells, arranged in compressed and distorted alveolar structures. Where non-neoplastic epithelial cells and tumour cells had direct contact, they formed common junctional complexes and basal laminae. In part of the tumours, the cells were largely devoid of a basal lamina. However, in most instances a continuous basal lamina surrounded every tumour cell group studied, even when these formed irregular strands or seemed to be completely isolated.
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  • 40
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; Grain development ; Mutants ; Ultrastructure ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eleven Na-azide induced barley shrunken endosperm mutants expressing xenia (sex) were characterized genetically and histologically. All mutants have reduced kernel size with kernel weights ranging from 11 to 57% of the wild type. With one exception, the mutant phenotypes are ascribable to single recessive mutant alleles, giving rise to a ratio of 3∶1 of normal and shrunken kernels on heterozygous plants. One mutant (B10), also monofactorially inherited, shows a gene dosage dependent pattern of expression in the endosperm. Among the 8 mutants tested for allelism, no allelic mutant genes were discovered. By means of translocation mapping, the mutant gene of B10 was localized to the short arm of chromosome 7, and that of B9 to the short arm of chromosome 1. Based on microscopy studies, the mutant kernel phenotypes fall into three classes, viz. mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a non-viable embryo, mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a viable embryo giving rise to plants with a clearly mutant phenotype, and finally mutants with only the endosperm affected and with a normal embryo giving rise to plants with normal phenotype. The mutant collection covers mutations in genes participating in all of the developmental phases of the endosperm, i.e. the passage from syncytial to the cellular endosperm, total lack of aleurone cell formation and disturbance in the pattern of aleurone cell formation. In the starchy endosperm, varying degrees of cell differentiation occur, ranging from slight deviations from wild type to complete loss of starchy endosperm traits. In the embryo, blocks in the major developmental phases are represented in the mutant collection, including arrest at the proembryo stage, continued cell divisions but no differentiation, and embryos deviating only slightly from the wild type.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Innervation ; Neu rophysins ; Mesotocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Snake, Natrix maura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT), somatostatin (SOM), β-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170–210 nm in diameter. Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the SCO.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cholinergic synapses ; Ultrastructure ; Exocytosis ; Non-synaptic release ; Neuropeptides ; Carassius auratus ; Rana pipiens ; Wistar white rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve terminals forming typical synapses with adrenal chromaffin tissues have been examined in the goldfish, frog (Rana pipiens), hamster and rat. Presumptive secretory inclusions present in the terminals are of two distinct types. Electron-lucent synaptic vesicles 30–50 nm in diameter are densely clustered adjacent to membrane thickenings and presumably discharge their contents into the synaptic clefts. Secretory granules (i.e. large dense-cored vesicles) 60–100 nm in diameter are more abundant in other parts of the terminals. Sites of granule exocytosis have been observed in each of the animals investigated. They are usually encountered within apparently undifferentiated areas of plasmalemma and only rarely occur within synaptic thickenings. Granule exocytosis from within synaptic terminals and chromaffin gland cells is most readily observed in specimens exposed, prior to fixation, to saline solutions containing both tannic acid, and 4-aminopyridine and/or elevated levels of K+. These findings show that the pattern of secretory discharge, involving both synaptic and non-synaptic release, which is widespread in invertebrate central nervous systems, is also characteristic of vertebrate, peripheral cholinergic terminals.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 437-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Glomerulus ; Salmo gairdneri ; Seawater-adaptation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of angiotensin infusion on the glomerular ultrastructure of freshwater- and seawater-adapted rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, has been examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Adaptation of trout to seawater resulted in epithelial podocyte flattening, primary process broadening and apparent loss of foot processes in almost all glomeruli, features which were uncommon in freshwater-adapted trout. Similar changes were induced by infusion of freshwater-adapted animals with angiotensin, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in the modification of glomerular epithelial ultrastructure. Adaptation of trout to seawater also reduced glomerular diameter, but infusion of freshwater-adapted animals with angiotensin did not mirror this effect. Infusion of angiotensin into seawater-adapted animals increased the overall thickness of glomerular basement membrane by increasing the lamina rara interna and lamina densa. This did not occur when freshwater-adapted fish were either infused with angiotensin or adapted to seawater. These findings suggest that other humoral systems are involved in the control of glomerular diameter and basement membrane thickness as part of an integrated response to increased environmental salinity.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Ethane dimethanesulphonate ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Resistance ; Rodents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological response of the testis of rats, guinea pigs, Syrian hamsters and mice to treatment with the cytotoxin ethane dimethanesulphonate was examined using light and electron microscopy. One to two days after a single administration of ethane dimethanesulphonate to adult rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the Leydig cells showed marked ultrastructural alterations suggestive of degeneration and cell death. The former alterations included karyopyknosis, cytoplasmic vesiculation and accumulation of lipid inclusions and large lipofuscin bodies. Fragments of necrotic Leydig cells were often engulfed by the interstitial tissue macrophages. The morphology of the seminiferous epithelium of these three species was unchanged from the morphology observed in vehicle-injected control animals. In contrast, multiple injections of ethane dimethanesulphonate given to mice produced no ultrastructural alterations to Leydig cells yet the seminiferous epithelium exhibited disruption of spermatogenesis. Although the Leydig cells of the mouse appear resistant to ethane dimethanesulphonate, this agent exerts a selective cytotoxic action upon Leydig cells of the rat, guinea pig and hamster thus identifying ethane dimethanesulphonate as a useful chemical for future endocrine and physiological studies of testicular function in three common laboratory species.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macula densa ; Intercellular spaces ; Ultrastructure ; Frusemide ; Tubulo-glomerular feedback ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In situ drip-fixation of superficial glomeruli and tubules in the rat kidney verified the results obtained from high pressure perfusion fixation studies indicating that distinct spaces normally exist between the cells of the macula densa. Following treatment with frusemide these intercellular spaces between the macula densa cells became closed in both drip-fixed and perfusion-fixed kidneys. These findings suggest that the variability of extracellular compartmentation found in the macula densa is unlikely to be an artifact but most likely represents changes in the in vivo status of the macula densa.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenylate cyclase ; Cytochemistry ; Gastrulation ; Ultrastructure ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adenylate cyclase activity was localized in various tissues of the early chick embryo using an ultrastructural histochemical technique. Reaction product was deposited on the lateral plasma membrane of all cells, but with a preferential localization at the apical terminal complex in the epiblast. There was no activity associated with the free surfaces of these or other cells in the embryo. Intracellular deposits were found in all cells associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope and Golgi bodies. In the last organelle, the deposit was sometimes observed to be distributed through the stack in a non-uniform way, with the heaviest deposits occurring at the forming face. No clear difference could be detected between the cytochemical activity associated with cells in various regions of the embryo, or with embryos at different stages of early development.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropic cells ; LHRH analogue ; Pimo-zide ; Ultrastructure ; Goldfish ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pimozide and an LHRH-analogue (LHRH-A) on gonadotropic cells of the goldfish pituitary gland were described qualitatively and quantitatively. A scale of four categories was devised to reflect various ultrastructural appearances of the cells. Experimental animals were divided into a control group, a group injected with LHRH-A alone, pimozide alone, and groups receiving these two substances in combination. Fish injected with the single substance were killed 12 h after injection while the groups receiving the combined treatments were killed at 4, 12 and 48 h. Serum levels of gonadotropin measured by radioimmunoassay were used to indicate whether an increase in hormone release had occurred. An immunocytochemical technique, the protein A-gold procedure, assured that the cells studied were gonadotropes. The control group showed variation in the profiles of gonadotropic cells. The single treatment groups showed some increase in secretory inclusions. At 4 h after injection the combined treatment caused a significant increase in hormone granules; at 12 and 48 h there was a gradual decrease in content of secretory products, and an increase in vacuolization. The results indicate that the combined pimozide and LHRH-A treatment stimulated gonadotropin production as well as release.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endolymphatic sac ; Calcium carbonate ; Otoconia ; Ultrastructure ; Frog (Hyla arborea japonica)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endolymphatic sac of the tree frog and its crystals were observed by light- and electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the crystals have a faceted body and two pointed ends. Light- and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the endolymphatic sac is composed of many small chambers. In their lumina, numerous “ghosts” of crystals that resulted from decalcification were observed. The ghosts were demarcated by a linear dense material or embedded in a flocculent substance. The epithelium of the endolymphatic sac is simple squamous or cuboidal and peculiar cytoplasmic granules are found in most cells. The granules are surrounded by a limiting membrane and have varying electron density. Some granules contain a core and/or tubular structures. Vacuoles containing large ghosts are also found in the epithelial cells. These ghosts were quite similar to those in the lumen and sometimes coexist with cell debris. The fine structure of the endolymphatic sac and its crystals is discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Immunogold technique ; Ultrastructure ; Protein secretion ; Antagglutinin ; Boar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antagglutinin, a specific protein synthesized by the boar epididymis, was localized by an ultrastructural immunogold-labeling procedure in the principal cells of the three regions of the caput epididymidis, most notably at the sites of synthesis and secretion. The intensity of the reaction was variable in the three epididymal zones. Labeling was of low intensity in the proximal and middle caput, except in the granules of the latter. These granular “storage sites” did not correspond to typical secretory granules but appeared to be intracellular sites of degradation of this protein. In the distal caput, which was devoid of these granules, intense secretory activity for antagglutinin was detected. Few gold particles were localized in the RER profiles but labeling was detected in the Golgi zone, in numerous dense vesicles, in structures distributed between the Golgi zone and the apex of the cell, and in the epididymal lumen. This study has enabled us to visualize immunocytochemically antagglutinin along its intracellular secretory pathway, i.e. at the site of its synthesis, during its passage via the Golgi zone, and its intracellular transport to the lumen.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane transport ; Metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spatial organization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was examined in all segments of rat nephron. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde, impregnated “en bloc” with osmium tetroxide, prepared for and examined by standard (80–100 kV) and high voltage (1 mEV) transmission electron microscopy. In all proximal tubule cells, ER forms a continuous and extensive network of canaliculi and abundant fenestrated saccules which surround mitochondria and cytoplasmic bodies; the cage-like structure of the fenestrated saccules was most evident around the spherical mitochondria of the S3 segment. In the cells of the distal straight and convoluted tubules, the network consists mostly of canaliculi with rare non-fenestrated saccules. The ER network of canaliculi is particularly rich in intercalated cells, in contrast with its rudimentary appearance in the adjacent principal cells of the collecting tubule. In fact, in these cells there are few isolated ER cisternae and they are rarely impregnated. The nuclear envelope is well impregnated in most cells throughout the various segments. Segmental variations in ER organization and its relative abundance are most likely related to the well, established functional heterogeneity of the nephron segments. Moreover, the extensive and unique organization among mitochondria, ER and the basolateral membrane suggests that these three organelles function as a unit which is related to active electrolyte transport. In addition, because of its transepithelial organization, ER may well constitute a transcellular pathway for molecules.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Acidophilic cell ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Salmo trutta ; Salvelinus alpinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sacciform cells containing an acidophilic, proteinaceous secretion, were identified in the epidermis of the brown trout and Arctic char. This cell type increased in number during the chronic stages of infestation by the ectoparasitic flagellate, Ichthyobodo sp., in immature brown trout, and decreased during sexual maturation in male brown trout and char. It is suggested that the salmonid sacciform cell produces a secretion which protects the fish against infestation or damage by skin parasites.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcergy ; Calciphylaxis ; Cutaneous calcinosis ; Experimental calcification ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin calcification induced by topical calciphylaxis was provoked by a subcutaneous injection of iron chloride in rats previously sensitized by dihydrotachysterol. A cutaneous topical calcergy was induced by an injection of potassium permanganate. An electron-microscopical study of the long-term evolution of both these models of calcification was made. After the initial stages, mineralization of the connective tissue continued by a secondary nucleation process without matrix vesicles. The mineral composed of needle-like structures, apatite in nature, was mainly deposited between and around collagen fibrils, and showed various arrangements in calcified plaques. Intrafibrillar calcification was rarely observed and appeared only in the later stages. The extension of calcified deposits then stopped. Finally, there was a fragmentation of the mineralized area which was progressively surrounded by uncalcified collagen fibrils. A demineralization process, caused by cells such as macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, rather than a resorption of the calcified deposits, was noted. It is important to emphasize that, in both models of ectopic calcification, an evolution toward ectopic ossification was never observed, which is perhaps due to the absence of extensive resorption mechanisms.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sublingual gland ; Ultrastructure ; Golgi apparatus ; Rapid-freezing ; Freeze-substitution ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compare the ultrastructure of the gerbil sublingual gland as seen after cryofixation followed by substitution with osmium tetroxide, with the more familiar appearance of material processed by glutaraldehyde-osmium chemical fixation. After primary cryofixation of fresh salivary glands, the nuclei of the mucous cells are found to be spherical in shape and, rather than being displaced toward the cell base, occupy a nearly central position in the cytoplasm, even in the storage phase of the secretory cycle. The mucous secretory granules are seen as membrane-limited inclusions, only rarely partially fused to each other. In both mucous and serous cells the Golgi cisterns have numerous large fenestrae which are aligned to form cytoplasmic channels which extend across the stack.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Photoreceptor cells ; Freeze-fracturing ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lampetra japonica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In common with other cyclostomata, the Japanese river lamprey (Lampetra japonica) has a retina consisting of distinct types of photoreceptor cells called long and short photoreceptor cells. After freeze-fracture, disc membranes of these photoreceptor cells were characterized in common by a homogeneous distribution of intramembrane particles on the protoplasmic fracture faces, in contrast to those of the myeloid bodies bearing scattering particles. Immunofluorescent examination was applied to the retina with monoclonal antibodies raised against bovine and chicken rhodopsins. Positive immunoreactivity was found to be limited to outer segments of the short cell, leaving the entire body of the long cell and all other components of the retina negative. The results suggest that the short cell is more closely related to a rod-type photoreceptor cell characterized by rhodopsin as its visual pigment.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacles ; Ultrastructure ; Adhesion ; Echinodermata ; Dendrochirodita (11 species)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tentacles of eleven species of dendrochirote holothurians have been studied. The water vascular system, deep fibre system, ectoneural nerve ring and superficial fibre system are described and are similar to those of other holothurian tentacles. A conspicuous fuzzy coat covers the entire tentacular surface except for the tips of cilia. On the basis of its structure it is thought to be an attenuated glycocalyx. Its function is discussed in relation to anti-fouling and surface adhesion. The two surface coats underlying the fuzzy coat are termed the cuticle. Bacteria are found both within the surface coats and in the sub-cuticular space. Primary fixatives lacking osmium give poor preservation of the surface coats. The adhesive papillae of the apices of the tentacles contain elements of support cells and two other cells named Type-1 and Type-2 papillar cells. The secretions of Type-1 papillar cells are dense-cored vesicles and may contain a proteinaceous adhesive. The vesicles fuse with the cuticle and release their products which are apparently disseminated along the fuzzy coat filaments. The secretions of Type-2 papillar cells may have a neurosecretory function. The different models of food capture by dendrochirote tentacles are discussed as are duo-glandular adhesive systems in relation to dendrochirote tentacles.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 513-519 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Structural patterns ; Pore canals ; Ultrastructure ; Salmonids ; Onchorhynchus tshawytscha, O. kisutch, O. gorbuscha, Salmo trutta, S. gairdneri, Salvelinus namaycush
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The zona radiata from unactivated and activated eggs from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. kisutch), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), brown trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (S. gairdneri) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were examined using scanning and transmission microscopy. The zona radiata in all species examined consisted of an outer adhesive coating, a thin densely staining zona radiata externa with pore canal plugs and a thick, fibrous zona radiata interna with a fibrous network on the inner surface. There was a two layer adhesive coating over the zona radiata externa in all species except pink salmon in which only one layer was observed. There were structural differences among species in the adhesive layer, zona radiata externa and plugs in the pore-canal openings.
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  • 57
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    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aconitum vulparia ; Endopolyploid antipodals ; Giant mitochondria ; Rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of antipodals ofAconitum vulparia Rchb. was studied at two stages of development: at the earlier stage the endosperm has several nuclei, at the later one the endosperm is multinucleate. Over the investigated period the antipodal size enlarges distinctly. The wall ingrowths increase in size and number. Finally, they occur throughout the antipodal walls except for a small area in the extreme chalazal part, sunk deep into the nucellar podium. There are no plasmodesmata in the antipodal cell walls. The cytoplasm is dense and rich in ribosomes; it shows weak vacuolation. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is well developed. At the later stage dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum are formed. Mitochondria, plastids and active dictyosomes are abundant. At the later stage some giant mitochondria are present; their matrix contains a large clear area with fine fibrils and an aggregation of fibrillar material. At this stage of development plastids have two types of inclusions: electron-transparent vacuoles and aggregations of electron-dense granules. The giant endopolyploid nuclei are considerably larger than those at the mature embryo sac stage; they are lobed on all sides. During the studied periodA. vulparia antipodals seem to be at their most active state.
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  • 58
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    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 187-189 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Inclusion ; Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Spinach ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rapid-freezing and substitution-fixation method revealed more detailedin situ ultrastructure of spinach intrathylakoidal inclusions, which cannot be recognized by anti-RuBPCase large subunit immunocytochemically. This supports the possibility that the intrathylakoidal crystalline inclusion is not RuPCase but some other molecule normally synthesized within the lumen.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chlorella ; Protoplasts ; Photosynthesis ; Osmotic properties ; Nonosmotic volume ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplasts were prepared from cells ofChlorella saccharophila by treatment with a mixture of pectinase and cellulase. The yield of protoplasts is dependent upon the culture conditions prior to cell wall digestion. In thin section chemically-fixed protoplasts were without wall remnants at the surface of the plasma membrane. Of particular interest is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and a nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum. Protoplasts have a photosynthetic capacity lying between 70 and 80% of that of normal cells, but show the same response towards CO2 concentration and DCMU inhibition. Protoplasts also respond to changes in the osmolarity of the surrounding medium in accordance with the Boylevan't Hoff equation as if they are an osmometer. The nonosmotic volume (NOV) was calculated.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Alkaloid production ; Catharanthus roseus ; Plant cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) cells cultured in 1-B 5 medium display the ultrastructure of parenchyma cells. The parenchyma character remained unchanged when cells were exposed to any one of three different conditions effecting alkaloid accumulation. Transfer of cells to “alkaloid production medium” for 2 weeks (condition 1) accorded two special features,i.e., unusually big lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and, upon fixation, one or several electron-dense droplets of spongy precipitate in vacuoles. Among hormone-autotrophic cultures (condition 2) some cells showed a fine electron-dense vacuolar precipitate. Addition ofPhythium homogenate (fungal elicitor) to cells cultured in 1-B 5-medium for 10 days (condition 3), cells showed a frequent appearance of singular big lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, whereas vacuoles remained devoid of precipitate. The appearance of big lipid droplets and of vacuolar precipitate is interpreted as progressing cytodifferentiation, but is coincidental with alkaloid accumulation.
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  • 61
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    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 71-83 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Alisma ; Embryogenesis ; Endopolyploidy ; Suspensor differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of the suspensor (consisting of a basal cell and a few chalazal cells) inAlisma plantagoaquatica andA. lanceolatum was investigated using cytochemical methods, light and electron microscopy. The basal cell becomes differentiated during the first three days of embryo development. As a result of endopolyploidization the volume of the nucleus rapidly increases, as does the quantity of chromatin it contains and the size of the nucleolus. As basal cell grows, its cytoplasm increases in volume and the number of organelles increase, and wall ingrowths begin to form on the walls at the micropylar pole of the cell. The full development and functioning of the suspensor occurs during the next three days. The enormous basal cell then attains its maximum degree of differentiation: its nucleus reaches a ploidy of 256n or 512n, the micropylar transfer wall is fully developed, as is the cytoplasm, rich in proteins, ribonucleic acids (RNA) and organelles, particularly dictyosomes and long cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The chalazal suspensor cells joining the embryo proper to the basal cell also become differentiated. In the seven-day embryo the suspensor begins to degenerate which coincides with the cellularization of the endosperm at the micropylar pole of the embryo sac. The senescence of the suspensor involves the degradation of the nucleus, increasing cytoplasmic vacuolization, and a distinct decrease in protein and RNA content, first in the basal cell, then in the chalazal suspensor cells. Analysis of the development and ultrastructure of the basal suspensor cell suggests that it plays the role of an active metabolic transfer cell, translocating nutrients from the maternal tissues via the chalazal suspensor cells to the growing embryo proper.
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  • 62
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    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Mistletoe fruit ; Phthirusa pyrifolia ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Viscin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The viscin tissue ofPhthirusa pyrifolia consists at maturity of two different cell types. The first of these (viscin cells) are greatly elongated and have massive secondary walls, the microfibrils of which are arranged strictly transversely, and are soaked with mucilaginous noncellulosic polysaccharides. The second type of cells (vesicular cells) is much broader, with a very extensive vacuolar system and thin primary cell walls only. Viscin cells are capable of being stretched very greatly, the microfibrils of the secondary wall then becoming oriented more or less longitudinally. In nature, this corresponds to the time of attachement to the host surface, and is followed by drying and, possibly, shortening of the viscin cells. Developmental study of the tissue suggests that Golgi bodies are the major organelles participating in polysaccharide production. The actual mucilage seems to originate from three sources: an unorganized substance which accumulates between the plasmalemma and compound middle lamella; spherical vacuoles which seem to be embedded in the central vacuole, some of which are seen open to the outside of the cell; and from the dissolution at maturity of the compound middle lamella. It is suggested that the two types of cells may correspond to the two major functions of viscin, viz., host attachment (viscin cells) and nutrition of the disseminator (vesicular cells).
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  • 63
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    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 168-182 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Nectary ; Secretion rates ; Strelitzia ; Sugar fluxes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Flowers ofStrelitzia reginae grown at a constant 20°C have been shown to secrete nectar at a rate of up to 5.0 mg (d.w.) sugar h−1 (mean rate 1.2±0.1 mg h−1) for up to seven days. The nectar has a total concentration of about 25% during the early part of the secretory period but often falling to less than 10% towards the end of secretion. Each flower has three septal nectaries, the cuticle-lined ducts of which open into a nectar basin formed by the fused bases of two petals on the top of the receptacle. The layer of epithelial cells which secretes the sugars is thrown into highly convoluted folds and the distal parts of these cells have profuse wall inpushings. Both of these modifications have the effect of increasing the surface area of the plasmalemma apparently available for unloading the nectar. The glandular epithelium of the three, 26 mm long, nectaries of a single flower would be lined by more than 17×106 cells with a total plasmalemma surface area for unloading of at least 2,000 mm2. There is little evidence to suggest that secretion is a granulocrine process inStrelitzia. While there is abundant, stacked endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous vesicles containing fibrillar material, these do not appear to be directly concerned with sugar secretion. Data from specific flowers suggest that transmembrane fluxes in the range of 1.0×106 to 1.0×10−7 mol s−1 m−2 would be necessary to sustain the observed rates of secretion. While these are relatively high, when taken together with the structural information, they lead to the conclusion that secretion inStrelitzia is probably an eccrine process.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Erwinia amylovora ; Outer membrane ; Fixation procedure ; Cold storage ; Virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Modifications of the ultrastructure of the plant pathogenic bacteriumErwinia amylovora were analyzed according to growth conditions and fixation procedures. Six bacterial strains with various virulence characteristics were examined. Cultures were grown either in Yeast Peptone Glucose medium (YPG) or in a medium containing asparagine (ASP) supplemented with sorbitol (1% or 5% sorbitol). When grown in ASP + 1% sorbitol or in YPG, the strains, structurally similar to each other in ASP + 5% sorbitol, presented different frequencies of small evaginations which were observed arising from the cell surface mainly after an OsO4 fixation step. There was no correlation between the frequency of evaginations and the virulence of the strain. An overnight storage at 4 °C considerably enhanced the frequency of the evaginations. It was suggested that the OsO4 fixation step visualized differences in the bacterial outer membrane structure.
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  • 65
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    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Chilling effects ; Populus ; Sugars ; Ultrastructure ; Xylem ray cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of xylem ray cells inPopulus was studied in conjunction with their content of individual sugars and of starch. They differ considerably in structure and in carbohydrate content at the three chosen stages,i.e., of starch deposition (August), of starch maximum (November), and of starch dissolution (January). The transition from the summer to winter stage was also induced experimentally by storage of tissue at 0°C. Both in nature and after cold-storage, sucrose and its galactosides raffinose and stachyose were accumulated to a great extent, contributing up to 69.7 and 57.3% of total sugar content, respectively. They originated parallel to the breakdown of starch and to the appearance of abundant vesicular and dilated ER cisternae. Results indicating that they are the specific sites of sucrose accumulation, and/or its galactosides, are discussed. The occurrence of phytoferritin-like crystalloids in amyloplasts and of vacuolar flocculent material, which condenses into electron-dense bodies of suspectedly proteinaceous nature, is described.
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  • 66
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    Protoplasma 139 (1987), S. 100-104 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Triticale ; Ultrastructure ; Fertilization ; Karyogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Karyogamy during fertilization inTriticale starts about 60 minutes after pollination. It was studied in the egg and the central cell by electron microscopy. The fusion of the sperm cell nuclei with the egg and central cell nuclei begins with nuclear envelope fusion presumably with participation of the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Initially, fusion is restricted to small bridges between the nuclei. It is accompanied by the appearance of intracisternal lipid droplets.
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  • 67
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    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 100-109 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actin ; Conifer ; Electron microscopy ; Picea glauca ; Somatic embryo ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure ; White spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryos in embryogenic callus cultures derived from Immature zygotic embryos ofPicea glauca (White spruce) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Somatic embryos consist of an embryonic region of small densely cytoplasmic cells subtended by a suspensor consisting of long highly vacuolated cells. Mitotic figures are frequent in the embryonic cells but are not observed in the suspensor. Cell divisions in the embryonic region apparently produce rows of cells which elongate to form the suspensor. The presence of abundant polysomes, coated membranes and dictyosomes in the cytoplasm of embryonic and upper suspensor cells suggests rapid growth of the embryo. In contrast the basipetal suspensor cells appear to be senescing. While only a few scattered microfilaments are present in the meristematic cells, the upper suspensor cells contain numerous bundles of longitudinally oriented microfilaments. These bundles correspond to actin cables observed in light microscope preparations stained with rhodamine labelled phalloidin and are oriented parallel to the direction of active streaming in these cells.
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  • 68
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    European journal of epidemiology 3 (1987), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Human intestinal spirochetes ; Swine intestinal treponemes ; T. hyodysenteriae ; T. innocens ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of twenty human intestinal spirochetes was analyzed using the electron microscope. Negatively stained cells were generally found to be loosely and irregularly waved. The isolates had cell dimensions ranging from 0.12–0.35 μm in width and from 3.9–14.2 μm in length. Twin bundles of flagella were present in the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. The majority of isolates had five flagella inserted sub-terminally at each cell end. Human intestinal spirochetes divide by binary fission. They are morphologically similar to swine intestinal treponemes, both pathogenic (Treponema hyodysenteriae) and non pathogenic (Treponema innocens), and different from Treponema pallidum, Treponema phagedenis and Borrelia burgdorferi. Following treatment with sodium deoxycolate, no bundles of cytoplasmic microtubules were observed in cells obtained from cultures of human and swine intestinal spirochetes or from cells of B. burgdorferi, while these structures were present in similarly treated cells of T. pallidum and T. phagedenis.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 244 (1987), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Endolymphatic sac ; Guinea pig ; Scanning electron microscope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcellular structures of the epithelial cells of the guinea pig endolymphatic sac were studied. By using a newly developed scanning electron microscopy technique, the intracellular organelles could be studied three-dimensionally and the topographic relationships analyzed. The light epithelial cell has an extensive network of endoplasmic reticulum which is characteristically arranged in a basoapical direction. The connections between the inner surface of the plasmalemma and the endoplasmic reticulum were observed, as were connections between the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. Our findings support the hypothesis that the endoplasmic reticulum might form transcellular channels through which the cell can transport water and ions from the lumen of the endolymphatic sac out into the subepithelial tissue. The dark epithelial cells seen in particular contained the smooth type of endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes were also observed in the dark cells, indicating that these cells probably have more of a secretory function.
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    Clinical rheumatology 6 (1987), S. 340-349 
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Rat Articular Chondrocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometrical and Autoradiographical Evaluation ; Dexamethasone ; Chondroprotective Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative ultrastructural morphometry and autoradiography of articular cartilage were used to assess in 3 months old rats the effects of in vivo administration of dexamethasone alone or in combination with a glycosaminglycan-peptide-complex (GAGPC). Dexamethasone treatment (3 mg/kg week for three weeks) induced a decrease of35S-sulphate incorporation in cartilage and ultrastructural changes of articular chondrocytes, mainly characterized by an increase in cell mortality rate, a decrease in length of endoplasmic reticulum, in the number of Golgi bodies and in mitochondrial pool and size. These autoradiographic and ultrastructural changes were reversed or prevented when GAGPC was administered concomitantly with dexamethasone. These results show that the modifications measured by quantitative ultrastructural morphometry of chondrocytes are consistent with changes in biosynthetic functions and that the GAGPC protects cartilage from the inhibitory effects of corticoids.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Lead poison ; Ultrastructure ; X-ray microanalysis ; Intranuclear inclusion ; Concretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Intranuclear inclusions have been found in epithelial cells of renal proximal convoluted tubules (RPCT) in lead poisoned animals. It has been suggested previously that the inclusions contained lead. The present report gives evidence to the contrary. Samples of renal cortex were taken from adult rats fed laboratory chow containing 2% lead acetate for 1 month. Under the electron microscope (EM), intranuclear inclusions were observed in epithelial cells of RPCT. They were round or ovoid, and not delineated by a membrane. They consisted of two parts: Peripheral and central. Lysosomes increased in number, and many myelin figures appeared in the cytoplasm. In the lumen of the tubules, high electron-dense concretions were found. By x-ray microranalysis, neither the central part nor the peripheral part of the intranuclear inclusions produced a lead peak in the spectrum. Lysosomes and the cytoplasmic matrix also showed no lead peak. However, when the electron beam was focused on the concretion in the lumen of the RPCT, the Lα peak of lead (10.551 keV) and Kα peak of calcium (3.691 keV) were evident. From these findings it is suggested that intranuclear inclusions in the cells of RPCT are not lead deposits. Rather, it is the concretions found in the lumen of tubule that contain lead.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Exoplasmic cell surface ; Protoplasmic cell surface ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Using rotary replication with platinum and carbon to embedment-free sections of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-embedded tissue from which PEG had been removed, the membrane specializations on the outer (exoplasmic) and inner (protoplasmic) cell surface as well as the organization of the cytoskeleton was demonstrated. The high quality and excellent preservation were comparable to that obtained by the rapid-freezing, deep-etched replica method. The present results indicate that the PEG method is essentially acceptable as a reliable morphological technique. Because either sectioned or replica images from the same tissue cells can be observed simultaneously, the PEG method with rotary replication should provide valuable information on cell ultrastructure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 5 (1987), S. 231-241 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Fibrocartilage ; Proteoglycans ; Collagen ; Postnatal age ; Ultrastructure ; Matrix ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We report findings of a transmission electron microscopic study comparing the morphological appearance of cells and extracellular matrix of two fibrocartilaginous regions of canine flexor digitorum profoundus (FDP) tendon with that for typical tendinous regions. In addition, we determined the size distribution of collagen fibrils in six anatomical areas of the tendon from animals of three different ages. Average collagen fibril diameters for each of the six anatomical sites of 11-week-old FDP tendon were consistently different from that for older tissue. As growth proceeds, fibrils in tendinous regions almost double in size and take on a broad bimodal distribution. Collagen diameters in fibrocartilaginous areas do not increase, but rather decrease in size with age. Finally, the cells and associated pericellular matrix of fibrocartilaginous areas of adolescent and mature FDP tendon are ultrastructurally distinct from those of typical tendinous regions. On the contrary, the cellular morphology of 11-week-old tendon was invariant regardless of the anatomical region examined. In summary, fibrocartilage of canine FDP tendon, although not evident at 11 weeks of age, is well established by 6-12 months after birth and is the result of cellular and extracellular matrix specialization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Megakaryoblastic leukemia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and ultrastructural cytochemistry were utilized to study megakaryoblastic cells from four patients suffering from megakaryoblastic leukemia. The results show that megakaryoblastic leukemic cells have a unique ultrastructural appearance, surface architecture, and cytochemical activity. The cells are positive for platelet peroxidase cytochemical reaction, which is localized in the perinuclear space and endoplastic reticulum, but not in the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic granules. They have a rather smooth surface and display blebs or tuberculi which are different from those in other types of leukemic cells as seen under the scanning electron microscope. The megakaryoblastic leukemic cells also show a special appearance under the transmission electron microscope, such as a cytoplasm which contains numerous small mitochondria, mostly concentrated in one pole of the cell. These ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics of the megakaryoblastic leukemic cells revealed by the combined techniques are very useful in the diagnosis of megakaryoblastic leukemia.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 6 (1987), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Mauthner cell ; Mixed synapses ; Gap junctions ; Inhibitory synapses ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Large myelinated club ending and small-vesicle bouton synapses on the distal part of the lateral dendrite of the goldfish Mauthner cell were investigated with thin section, freeze-fracture, and immunocytochemical electron microscopic methods. Large myelinated club endings form mixed synapses, having both gap junctions and chemical synaptic junctions. The correlation of the number of gap junction particles (connexons) and the data from electrophysiological studies of single large myelinated club ending synapses suggest that only a small fraction of gap junction channels are open at any given time during electrical synaptic transmission. The chemical synaptic junctions at the large myelinated club ending synapse have large, round synaptic vesicles, indicating that they are excitatory. This result is in agreement with electrophysiological data demonstrating the excitatory nature of this chemical synapse. Freeze-fracture of these excitatory chemical synaptic junctions reveals the presence of the intramembrane particle aggregates in the postsynaptic E face.Small-vesicle boutons form chemical synaptic junctions with small, flat or oval synaptic vesicles. These structural data, in combination with previous electrophysiological studies, suggest that the small-vesicle bouton synapses are inhibitory. In support of this theory, the cytoplasmic side of the postsynaptic membrane of some of these synapses show positive immunocytochemical reaction to monoclonal antibodies against the rat glycine receptor. Freeze-fracture data reveal intramembrane particle aggregates in the postsynaptic P face of some small-vesicle bouton synapses which could possibly represent glycine receptor aggregates.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 6 (1987), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: 3-D reconstructions ; Computer ; Graphics ; Tastebud ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have prepared software for producing three-dimensional reconstructions from serial micrographs using an IBM PC or compatible. The software can be configured for a variety of graphics board and digitizing tablet combinations.Data is entered into the program by digitizing contours directly from micrographs. The program can handle up to 2,000 contours per data file, of up to 255 object types. Morphometric information such as line length, perimeter, and area are generated for each contour. The reconstruction program aligns the plane information from each section and displays the final reconstruction on a high resolution (640 × 400 pixels) color monitor. Object types can be differentiated by line width, line color, and fill color. Hidden line processing and conditional fill routines make it possible to produce reconstructions with either a solid or semi-transparent appearance. Reconstructions can be generated quite rapidly from any viewing angle in the X, Y, and Z axes. The program has proven valuable for the elucidation of the three-dimensional nature of biological structures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Ulcus ventriculi ; Pathologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Glatte Muskulatur ; Ulcus ventriculi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die glatte Muskulatur des Antrum ventriculi sowie des Pylorus von 7 Patienten mit einem oder mehreren Ulcera ventriculi untersucht. Vergleichsweise konnten die entsprechenden Regionen des Magens von 5 normalen Organspendern der elektronenmikroskopischen Präparation zugeführt werden. Elektronenoptisch faßbare Veränderungen fanden sich noch 180 mm von der Ulcusläsion entfernt an den glatten Muskelzellen der inneren Rings- und der äußeren Längsmuskulatur sowie an den Gefäßen. Eine regelmäßig anzutreffende Veränderung der glatten Muskelzellen des Antrum und des Pylorus besteht in einer Strukturverdichtung des Kerns, der sarkoplasmatischen Grundsubstanz und der Myofilamente, kombiniert mit einer Vermehrung und Vergrößerung der hypolemmalen Vesikel, wie der dense bodies. Die Befunde werden als Ausdruck einer starken isometrischen Kontraktion der glatten Muskulatur im Antrum und im Pylorus bei Ulcera ventriculi gedeutet. Die geschilderten Befunde ließen sich an normalem Untersuchungsmaterial nicht erheben. Neben für das Magenulcus unspezifischen pathologischen Befunden an den glatten Muskelzellen, wie Anhäufung von Lipofuscin im Endoplasmahof und Lyse der Myofilamente, konnten spezifische Veränderungen gefunden werden. Diese betreffen die nur im Endoplasmahof differenzierten Räume des endoplasmatischen Reticulums. Bei zahlreichen Muskelzellen der Rings- und Längsmuskelschicht kommt eine extrem starke Quellung des endoplasmatischen Reticulums zur Beobachtung. Die Vacuolisation der endoplasmatischen Räume führt zu einer Verdrängung der übrigen Zellorganellen sowie der Myofilamente. Die Capillarendothelzellen weisen degenerative Veränderungen auf, die zu einem Sistieren cytopemptischer Vorgänge führen. In der arteriolären Gefäßstrecke findet sich vielfach eine starke Kontraktion der glatten Muskulatur bis zum völligen Verschluß der Gefäßlichtung. Auch diese Befunde ließen sich nur an den Mägen mit Ulcera ventriculi, nicht dagegen an dem normalen Vergleichsmaterial erheben.
    Notes: Summary The smooth musculature of antrum and pylorus of 7 patients with one or more stomach ulcers was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Corresponding regions of the stomachs of 5 normal organ donors served as control material. Electronmicroscopically visualizable changes were found at distances of up to 180 mm from the site of ulcerous lesion on the smooth muscle cells of the inner circular and outer longitudinal musculature, also on the blood vessels. A regularly occurring modification of the smooth muscle cells of antrum and pylorus consists of a structural condensation of the nucleus, of the sarcoplasmic ground substance and of the myofilaments, combined with augmentation and distension of the hypolemmal vesicles and of the dense bodies. These findings are interpreted as expression of a pronounced isometric contraction of the smooth musculature in the antrum and pylorus in presence of ulcera ventriculi. Such findings are not obtainable on normal material. Besides pathological modifications at the smooth muscle cells which are unspecific for stomach ulcer, such as accumulation of lipofuscin in the endoplasmatic lacunae and lysis of the myofilaments, specific changes were observed. These concern the interstices of the endoplasmic reticulum to be found only in the endoplasmatic lacunae. In numerous muscle cells of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers an extremely marked distension of the endoplasmic reticulum is found. Vacuolization of the endoplasmic cisternae causes displacement of the other cell organelles and of the myofilaments. The capillary endothelial cells show degenerative changes which bring about arrest of cytopemptic processes. In the arteriolar regions a strong contraction of the smooth musculature, at times resulting in complete occlusion of the vasal lumen, is frequently found. These findings, too, are obtainable only on stomachs with ulcera ventriculi and not on normal control material.
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  • 78
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    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Proximal tubule degeneration ; Heparinoid ; Niere ; Ratte ; Ultrastruktur ; Proximale Tubulusdegeneration ; Heparinoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 24 Std nach i.v. Injektion von 100 mg/kg eines Pentosanschwefelsäureesters (SP 54) sind in der Nierenrinde von Ratten schwere degenerative Veränderungen der proximalen Tubuluszellen zu beobachten. Das Tubulusepithel ist flachkubisch umgewandelt, das Tubuluslumen ist angefüllt mit ausgestoßenen Mitochondrien und anderen Zelltrümmern. Am stärksten betroffen ist die Pars contorta des proximalen Tubulus. Weniger stark veränderte Tubuluszellen sind angefüllt mit Cytosomen, die eine spezifische Feinstruktur haben oder gehäuft gegenüber Kontrollen Cytoplasmaprotrusionen in das Tubuluslumen aufweisen. Die akute Tubulusdegeneration ist ein spezifischer Effekt von SP 54. Heparin bewirkt nur eine leichte Schwellung des Tubulusepithels, die häufiger auftritt als bei Kontrolltieren.
    Notes: Summary 24 hrs after the intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg of a Pentosansulfuricacidester (SP 54) severe degenerative alterations are observed in the proximal tubular cells in rat kidney cortex. The tubular epithelium has changed to a single layer of elongated cubic cells. The tubular lumen is filled with cellular debris and extruded mitochondria. The greatest change is seen in the pars contorta of the proximal tubule. Less degenerated tubular cells have a great number of cytosomes with a specific substructure or have cytoplasmatic protrusions into the tubular lumen. This acute tubular degeneration is a specific event after the administration of SP 54 and is not seen after an equimolar dosis of Heparin. Heparin induces only a slight swelling of the tubular epithelium, more frequent seen as in the control animals.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Follicle cells ; Intercellular bridges ; Lizard ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intercellular bridges connect the oocyte with its surrounding follicle cells. 2. Fibrillar bundles and microtubules are oriented along the length of the bridge. Mitochrondria, endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular vesicles and other cytoplasmic components are also present in this region. 3. This communication may be very important for the flow of nutrients necessary for the growth of the oocyte.
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  • 80
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    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Renal innervation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerves ; Neuroeffector zones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Rattenniere werden die muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße und der juxtaglomeruläre Apparat innerviert. Blutgefäße mit Pericyten, porenhaltige Capillaren sowie die Tubuli der Rinde und des Markes werden nicht von Nervenfasern begleitet. Ganglienzellen wurden in der Rattenniere nicht beobachtet. Periphere Nerven mit einem ein-bis zweischichtigen Perineurium kommen im paravasalen Gewebe der Interlobar- und Arcuata-Arterien vor; sie enthalten neben zahlreichen marklosen Nervenfasern gewöhnlich auch 2–4 markhaltige. Nervenfaser-Bündel ohne perineurale Scheide finden sich im paravasalen Gewebe der Arcuata- und Interlobular-Arterien. Darüber hinaus sind in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der großen Arterien (Interlobar-, Arcuata- und Inter-lobular-arterien) und der Vasa afferentia marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone vorhanden, die auch die proximalen Abschnitte der Vasa efferentia der subcapsulären und intermediären Rindenschicht begleiten. Im Nierenmark werden die juxtamedullären Vasa efferentia und die Arteriolae rectae innerviert; marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone sind nur bis zur Außen-Innenstreifen-Grenze nachweisbar. Die Innervation der muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße erfolgt durch aufgetriebene Axonabschnitte (Neuroeffektor-Zonen), die vorwiegend agranuläre Vesikel enthalten. Diese Strukturen liegen stets an der Grenze von Adventitia und Media bzw. Elastica externa; zwischen den glatten Muskelzellender Media wurden keine vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitte gefunden. Als minimaler Abstand zwischen den vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitten und den von einer Basalmembran umschlossenen glatten Muskelzellen (neuromuskuläre Distanz) wurden 600 Å gemessen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden mit den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen und histochemischen Untersuchungen über die adrenerge und cholinerge Innervation der Niere verglichen. Die sich aus diesem Vergleich ergebenden Probleme und funktionellen Konsequenzen für die Innervation der Niere sowie die Natur der cholinergen Fasern (afferente oder postganglionäre parasympathische Fasern) werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the rat kidney is defined by a system which supplies those arterial blood vessels whose walls contain smooth muscle cells and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Vessels containing pericytes, or those vessels composed of an endothelium only, as well as the tubules of both the cortex and medulla, are not innervated. Furthermore, ganglion cells do not occur in the rat kidney. The nervous apparatus of the rat kidney consists of peripheral vegetative nerves, ensheathed by a perineurium, with 2–4 myelinated fibers running in the paravasal tissue of the interlobar and arcuate arteries, and of nerve bundles without a perineurial sheath in the paravasal tissue of the arcuate and interlobular arteries. Non-myelinated fibers and free axons occur in the immediate vicinity of the great arteries (interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular) and the vasa afferentia. Nerve fibers and free axons are also seen in the vicinity of only the proximal parts of those vasa efferentia which supply the cortical capillary plexus. The arteriolae rectae of the medulla, and their vasa efferentia, from which they arise, are innervated by non-myelinated fibers and free axons which accompany these arterial vessels only to the boundary of the outer and inner stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. The functional innervation of those vessels with smooth muscle cells results from neuro-effector zones which predominantly show agranular vesicles. These structures were never seen between the smooth muscle cells within the media; the minimum neuromuscular distance was 600 Å. The present findings are correlated with the lightmicroscopically demonstrated adrenergic and cholinergic innervation. The resultant problems and functional consequences of the innervation of the kidney, especially the nature of the cholinergic fibers (afferent or post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers) are briefly discussed.
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  • 81
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    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
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  • 82
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    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Explants ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Testes of newborn mice not older than one day were transplanted into the anterior chamber of one eye of an adult male white Holtzman rat. The events observed in the Leydig cells of the grafted testes can be divided into two periods. Period one is marked by differentiation; period two, by dedifferentiation. In period one, the lipid and glycogen inclusions disappear, possibly owing to the gonadotropins of the host. In period two, which starts after day 15 post-grafting, the lipids and glycogen reappear; the Leydig cells now contain residual bodies, whereas the S.E.R. disappears. Immunological mechanisms can be implicated; it is suggested that the Leydig cells dedifferentiate because the host's gonadotropins may be incapable of evoking and/or activating the genetic memory of the grafted Leydig cells.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Baboon ; Cleavage stages ; Embryos ; Preimplantation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La structure et l'ultrastructure des embryons de babouin sont étudiées dans la période précédant l'implantation. Six stades du développement embryonnaire sont observés 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 et 8 jours après la date présumée de fécondation. Dans les 3 premiers cas, on compte respectivement 2, 8 et 24 blastoméres. A 5 jours, il y a 30 à 40 cellules et un nombre dépassant 60, ultérieurement. Des cellules trophoblastiques primitives se différencient à 7 jours et une cavité de segmentation en forme de croissant apparaît au 8 ème jour. La zone pellucide est toujours présente à 8 jours, la période de préimplantation semblant plus longue chez le babouin que chez l'homme. Des particules de type C sont décrites dans la zone pellucide et les espaces périvitellin et interblastomériques. La transformation des mitochondries, des changements dans la répartition des ribosomes, des corps multivésiculaires, pseudocristallins et figures myéliniques, des nucléoles et amas granuleux intra-nucléaires s'observent chez le babouin comme chez certains autres Mammifères; par contre, les faisceaux fibrillaires cytoplasmiques sont absents. L'étude des changements de l'ultrastructure provoqués par des hormones et drogues permettrait de mieux évaluer la nocivité de ces substances pendant les premiers stades du développement embryonnaire des Primates.
    Notes: Summary The baboon preimplantation stages were examined using light and electron microscopy. Six cases were studied at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 days estimated fertilization age. The first 3 specimens were composed of 2, 8 and 24 blastomeres respectively. At 5 days, 30 to 40 cells were counted and more than 60 cells in later stages. Primitive “trophoblast cells” differentiate at 7 days and a crescentic blastocoele appears at 8 days. Shedding of the zona pellucida is not observed in the 7 and 8 day specimens. The preimplantation period is longer in the baboon than in man. C-type viruses are observed in the zona pellucida, in the perivitelline and interblastomeric spaces. Microvilli and caveolae cover the periphery of the baboon conceptus. As in many other mammals, transformation of the mitochondria, changes in the ribosomes distribution, multivesicular bodies, myelin figures, nucleoli and intranuclear clusters of granules are described in the baboon. Cytoplasmic fibrous strands are not present as in the mouse. Experiments on the influence of hormones and drugs on ultrastructural changes would help to evaluate the importance of biohazards during the early development of primates.
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  • 84
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    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse kidney ; Thin limbs ; Ultrastructure ; Renal concentrating mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thin limbs of the loops of Henle in the mouse kidney have been investigated by conventional electron microscopy. Resulting from light microscopic investigations, a distinction in the epithelia of short and long loops can be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally, the thin limbs (descending) of short loops are composed of a uniformly thin and simple epithelium. In contrast, long loops (thin descending and ascending) are composed of three different epithelial types which are representative of a distinctly more complex epithelial system. Two epithelial types were observed in the thin descending limbs of long loops and the third type was observed in the ascending thin limbs. Based upon these findings it is suggested that the thin descending limbs of short and long loops of Henle in the mouse kidney cannot perform the same functions in the renal concentrating mechanism.
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  • 85
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    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Myosatellite cells ; Shark ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myosatellite cells in the axial muscles of the sharkGaleus melastomus is found more frequently in the red muscle fibers than in the white fibers. The total length of the cell extensions is about 100 μm. In about 20% of all cases, the extensions were present in pairs, and it is concluded that the satellite cell processes bifurcate. Processes towards the intercellular space and towards the interior of the muscle fiber are also described. The cytoplasm of the satellite cells contain glycogen, Golgi elements, lysosome-like vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. It is concluded that the morphology of the satellite cells indicates a more active function than that of a dormant reserve myoblast.
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  • 86
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chick Embryo ; Brain ; Blood Vessels ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the blood vessels was studied in the developing brain of chick embryo. The blood vessels were present in the embryos first examined (4 days after incubation) and their number increased in subsequent stages. The endothelial cells were generally large and showed junctional complexes, many microvilli and a large number of cytoplasmic organelles. Many tubular bodies and coated vesicles were also present. The tubular bodies were sometimes noted near the Golgi apparatus, suggesting their origin from this organelle. The mitochondria in the endothelial cells were generally larger than those in the surrounding neuropil. An ill-defined basement membrane-like substance was noted outside some endothelial cells on the 11th day and well formed basement membrane was present in the vessels of 18 day old embryos. A complete subpial astrocytic basement membrane was present from the early stage studied (4 days).
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Malignant Lymphoma ; Blood Vessels ; Lymphe Node ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the blood vessels of an apparently primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma was compared with those in another malignant lymphoma in a retroperitoneal lymph node. The essential features of the blood vessels in both cases were the same. They resembled the blood vessels found in normal lymph nodes and were both distinctly different from those seen in normal brain. It was concluded that the direction of differentiation of the blood vessels which arise to nourish the neoplastic tissue is determined by the nature of the tumor rather than the vessels from which they originate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Hallervorden-Spatz Disease ; Mitochondria ; Axonal Swelling ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multifocal central white matter axonal swelling characterized electron microscopically by focal axonal mitochondrial and membraneous body enrichment occurred in a 52 year old man who presented with the chief complaint of severe progressive muscular weakness accompanied by disorientation. The clinical and pathological findings in this patient appear unique and are presented in order to broaden our concepts of axis cylinder pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Myoclonic Epilepsy ; Atypical Myoclonus Body (Type II) ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical studies of type II myoclonus bodies demonstrated that they were composed of a saccharide-lipid complex with a small amount of protein. In particular, they contained phospholipid, ganglioside and sphingomyelin. The ultrastructure of the bodies revealed that they were bound by a membrane. They were diffusely stippled or homogeneous. They were not formed of filaments or lamellae. Some correlation with microbody or lysosomal structures in association with degeneration of the neurone was suggested.
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  • 90
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Human Outer Cortex ; Pia Mater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pia mater consists of a single, interrupted layer of elongated cells which lie fairly close to the surface of the cortex. Granular material and some collagen fibres lie between the pial cells and the cortex, a greater amount of collagen being present where the pial cells are discontinuous. Basement membrane covers the outer aspect of the cortex, the outer layer of which is formed by interlacing astrocyte processes of varying size. The processes are closely applied with occasional desmosomes between them. Projections of astrocyte processes of different dimensions covered by basement membrane extend at irregular intervals from the cortex into the subarachnoid space.
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  • 91
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Optic Nerve ; Schilder's Disease ; Devic's Disease ; Disseminated Sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the optic nerve is described and compared in: a)Schilder's Disease, b)Devic's Disease, c)Disseminated Sclerosis. a) Schilder's Disease. Parts of the nerve were demyelinated, sometimes extensively so and from these regions the oligodendrocytes had disappeared and there was proliferation of astrocytes. Parallel bundles of fibres with a “railway line” formation, occurred in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes. Phagocytes infiltrated the damaged nerve bundles and the fibrous septa between them. Osmiophilic particles occurred in the astrocytes, capillary endothelial cells and in the phagocytes. The collagen fibres of some septa were widely separated presumably by fluid. b) Devic's Disease. This condition occurred in a patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis. The nerve was extensively demyelinated and showed absence of oligodendrocytes, proliferation of astrocytes and infiltration by macrophages. Some astrocytes possessed Rosenthal fibres. Intranuclear inclusions occurred in the astrocytes and electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions in the capillary endothelial cells and the macrophages. c) Disseminated Sclerosis. Parts of the nerve were partially and other parts completely demyelinated. Oligodendrocytes were absent from the completely demyelinated zones but were present in the partially demyelinated zones. In and around the demyelinated regions, there was proliferation of astrocytes and they frequently exhibited the “railway line” patterns in their cytoplasm. Phagocytes were frequent amongst the degenerating myelin and the proliferating astrocytes and also in the fibrous septa. Some macrophages presented intranuclear inclusions having a “corn on the cob” appearance.
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  • 92
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead Toxicity ; Brain ; Cerebral Endothelium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cerebral vessels was studied at various stages of brain development in chick embryos exposed to lead intoxication when they were 4 days old. The endothelial cells showed swelling of mitochondria, presence of many cytolysosomal structures, many tubular bodies, and coated vesicles. A few vessels showed attenuation on the lining endothelial cells. The significance of these morphological alterations are discussed.
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  • 93
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Parallel and Concentric Tubules ; Arachnoid Cells ; Cerebral Glioma ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parallel and concentric tubules were observed in the cytoplasm of arachnoid cells overlying cerebral gliomas. The parallel tubules were 400–500 Å wide. Their electron dense walls, 150 Å thick lay 200–250 Å apart with distensions up to 400 Å in diameter at irregular intervals between the walls. The walls formed terminal loops limiting up to 4 adjacent tubules; transverse extensions were present between adjacent walls. The tubules sometimes communicated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum from which they may possibly arise. The concentric tubules were 250 Å wide: they communicated at irregular intervals.
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  • 94
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscular Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Abnormal Muscular Inclusion ; Fingerprint Bodies ; Myofilament Synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary “Fingerprint bodies” are added to the “atypical” formations described in diseased muscle. These subsarcolemmal inclusions are variable in size and number, not membrane-bound and are formed by fine microtubules. They are not characteristic of a specific muscular disease and occur probably along with a focal anomaly of myofilament synthesis.
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  • 95
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Lead Intoxication ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Microglia ; Pericytes ; Monocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar rats of both sexes and the same litter were exposed to chronic lead intoxication from birth untill sacrifice 9 months later. Lead was administered as 0.4% solution of lead nitrate in drinking water. Samples from the parietal brain cortex were examined electron microscopically following intracardiac perfusion with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. Similar changes were observed in the microglial cells and the vascular pericytes whereas all the other tissue elements appeared intact. Both cell types hypertrophied, the microglia assumed characteristic spindle or rod shape, the cell organelles increased, the microglial endoplasmic reticulum widened strongly and a large number of lipid inclusions appeared. The latter consisted of large lipid droplets of varying size and shape, containing multiple zones of low density, and a dense component with a coarse granular structure. The similarity in the response of both cell entities to the lesion as well as some probable functions of microglial cells and their relationship to vascular pericytes are discussed.
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  • 96
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    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polymyositis ; Ultrastructure ; Histiocytes ; Birbeck Granules ; Macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fatal case of polymyositis in a young female is presented. Two muscle biopsies obtained before and after treatment with large doses of steroids, as well as autopsy tissue, demonstrated widespread degeneration of myofibres associated with cytoplasmic tuboreticular structures resembling paramyxovirus nucleocapsids in capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Aggregates of spherical particles and “simple and granular” nuclear bodies suggested a virus-related or associated etiologic agent. In addition, interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin, probably related to macrophages or histiocytes were present. These contained numerous rodlike profiles or phagolysosomal bodies which resembled “Birbeck” granules. Inflammatory response was very scant. It would appear that polymyositis probably represents a primary reaction to antigemic substances and a morphologic manifestation of altered host macrophage response.
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  • 97
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Brain cortex slices ; Ultrastructure ; Fluid spaces ; Swelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison was made between morphological and biochemical estimates of extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces in rat brain cortex slices incubated under different conditions. By light microscopy the periphery of the slices was found to be more swollen than the center; this regional difference was verified biochemically in unfixed tissue. The electronmicroscopic evaluation of intra- and extracellular fluid spaces was accordingly based upon findings in a preselected area. Due to intracellular penetration of inulin in rat brain cortex slices the biochemically, determined extracellular and intracellular spaces were obtained by compartmental analysis of the inulin space. The concordance between the biochemical and the morphological findings was good: Both methods showed that the extracellular space increased during the incubation to a considerable magnitude after one hr. and that this extracellular space was reduced by excess potassium, glutamate, anoxia or incubation at 0°. Under the same conditions the biochemically determined intracellular space was increased. This cellular swelling was confirmed morphologically and found to comprise mainly glia cells after exposure to excess potassium, predominantly neurons after incubation at 0° and both cell types after anoxia or addition of glutamate.
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  • 99
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 285 (1974), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Phospholipidosis, drug-induced ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration of the anorectic drug fenfluramine (40 mg/kg per day) to rats (s. c. or i. p.) and guinea pigs (p.o.) over periods of 2 to 11 weeks, electron microscopic examination was performed on lungs, liver, lymphatic tissues and peripheral blood of both species, and on adrenal glands and ovaries of rats. In rats, fenfluramine caused the following alterations (listed according to the duration of treatment): Formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in lymphocytes and plasma cells of lymphatic tissues, appearance of “foam cells” in lung alveoli; formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in corpus luteum, lymphocytes of peripheral blood, and in adrenal cortex. In guinea pigs, the same alterations were found in lymphocytes of spleen and peripheral blood, in hepatocytes and in lung. The present observations support the concept of a generalized phospholipidosis induced by amphiphilic compounds. The potency of fenfluramine to induce a lipidosis is, however, considerably less pronounced than that previously demonstrated for the anorectic drug chlorphentermine. This difference is suggested to be due mainly to the lower degree of amphiphilia of fenfluramine.
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  • 100
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 286 (1974), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Lipidosis ; Antidepressants ; Neuroleptics ; Lymphocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lymphocytes of rat lymph nodes have previously been revealed as reliable and sensitive indicators of a particular drug side effect, notably a generalized phospholipidosis, inducible by a compound of amphiphilic character (chlorphentermine). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of other amphiphilic compounds upon rat lymphocytes. After oral administration of various tricyclic antidepressants (iprindole, imipramine, clomipramine, 1-chloro-amitriptyline, 1-chloro-10,11-dehydro-amitriptyline, noxiptiline, amitriptyline), or of two neuroleptic drugs (chlorpromazine, thioridazine) to rats, the popliteal lymph nodes were examined with the electron microscope. After a single application of either iprindole (50 mg/kg), imipramine (100 mg/kg), or clomipramine (150 mg/kg) small proportions of lymphocytes were found to contain abnormal lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions. The size and number of inclusions and the number of affected lymphocytes increased with further treatment. Similar observations were made after treatment with the chlorinated amitriptyline derivatives. On the other hand, only small numbers of lymphocytes were affected by noxiptiline, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine and thioridazine, even after prolonged treatments (up to 13 weeks) with high doses (up to 125–175 mg/kg). The present ultrastructural finding are interpreted as representing lipidosislike cellular alterations, yet of highly varying degrees. The large quantitative differences are tentatively suggested to be due to differences in the rate and mode of metabolism of the drugs, and due to differing degrees of amphiphilia of the compounds applied.
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