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  • 2000-2004  (199)
  • 1995-1999  (1,620)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1920-1924
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (1,043)
  • Human  (776)
  • 101
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Pineal region ; Cysts pineal ; Pineocytomas ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pineal lesions are rare. Tumours in this location comprise 0.4–1 % of intracranial tumours. They grow mainly as solid-mass lesions, and cystic tumours are not common. On MRI, a cystic configuration is associated usually with non-neoplastic pineal lesions rather than with a tumour, but analysis does not allow cystic pineal tumours to be distinguished from glial cysts with certainty. We compared neuroradiological and pathological data from 13 cystic pineal lesions, analysing preoperative MRI. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens were stained routinely and immunocytochemically, using the streptavidin-biotin-complex method. Histology revealed six pineocytomas, four glial cysts, an arachnoid cyst, a low-grade astrocytoma and a teratoma. Signal characteristics of pineocytomas were similar in many respects to those of glial pineal cysts. Histomorphological analysis allowed unambiguous discrimination between pineocytomas and glial pineal cysts.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 368-370 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Decompression illness ; Caisson disease ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of decompression illness in which the patient developed paraparesis during scuba diving after rapid ascent. MRI of the spine revealed a focal intramedullary lesion consistent with the symptoms. The pathophysiological and radiological aspects of spinal decompression illness are discussed.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 357-359 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Stalk, pituitary ; Cyst, infundibular ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 74-year-old man reported headaches and blurring of vision for 1 month. MRI showed a nonenhancing infundibular cyst. Neurologic findings, blood and cerebrospinal fluid examinations, and chest and abdominal CT were all normal. MRI 4 months later showed no change. The patient was without any medication other than simple analgesics. One year later, the stalk had returned to its normal size and configuration on MRI.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lymphomatosis intravascular ; Infarcts, brain haemorrhagic ; Venous occlusion ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of intravascular lymphomatosis of the brain with 8 months' follow-up and fatal outcome. Several MRI investigations revealed variegated, rapidly changing infarct-like lesions and invasion of the walls of the superior sagittal sinus and deep veins. When disturbances of the venous outflow are detected with multifocal infarct-like lesions, intravascular lymphomatosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Brain biopsy may ensure the proper diagnosis ante mortem, but failure of biopsy is frequent, as in our case.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 529-531 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Hypotension ; spontaneous intracranial ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension diagnosed with unenhanced cranial MRI, showing laminar subdural fluid and engorgement of the hypophysis and perisellar sinuses. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was low. MRI was normal after resolution of symptoms. Prior reports emphasise the enhancing pachymeninges seen in this syndrome. We maintain that, when subdural collections and perisellar engorgement are detected on unenhanced MRI in the proper clinical setting, contrast enhancement may not be necessary for the diagnosis.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine ; surgery ; Infection ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the role of MRI in the diagnosis of postoperative spondylodiscitis. Spondylodiscitis is a serious complication of surgery, and the diagnosis frequently depends on a combination of clinical, laboratory and imaging findings. We compared the MRI findings in six patients with biopsy- or surgery-proven spondylodiscitis with those in 38 asymptomatic postoperative patients. Contrast enhancement and signal changes in the intervertebral disc or the vertebral endplates are not specific for spondylodiscitis, being also seen in the asymptomatic patients. However, absence of Modic type 1 changes, of contrast enhancement of the disc or of enhancing paravertebral soft tissues suggests that the patient does not have spondylodiscitis. MRI appears more useful for exclusion than for confirmation of postoperative spondylodiscitis.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 612-615 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Gliomatosis cerebri ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of gliomatosis cerebri are presented in which there was markedly decreased N-acetyl aspartate and an elevated lactate-lipid area in the MR proton spectra.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 586-590 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spine ; Subdural haematoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present MRI findings in three patients with acute spontaneous subdural haematomas of the spine. Acute haematomas (1–3 days) were isointense or gave slightly high signal on T1- and heterogeneous signal on T2-weighted images. MRI precisely defined the level and extent of the haematoma preoperatively. The MRI was prospectively correctly interpreted as acute subdural haematomas in all patients. As a specific, noninvasive modality, MRI is the preferred imaging technique in this rare clinical entity.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 9-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Haemochromatosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Transcranial ultrasound ; Nucleus, lentiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haemochromatosis is characterised by deposition of iron-containing pigment in various organs, but little is known about possible deposition in the brain and its clinical impact. We therefore investigated 14 patients with hereditary haemochromatosis with MRI, CT and transcranial ultrasound (TCS) and examined them neurologically. In six of the patients dense lesions were found within the lentiform nucleus on CT, all of whom displayed hyperechogenic lesions in the same area on TCS, as did one other patient. In these patients the relative signal intensities of the lentiform nucleus measured by MRI relaxometry were higher. No patient had clinical signs of basal ganglia disorders.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 48-50 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Gaucher's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present the cranial MRI findings in a 6-month-old girl with biopsy-proven acute neuropathic Gaucher's disease, which include unilateral cerebral atrophy and dural thickening with contrast enhancement.
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  • 111
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 54-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain, hypoxia ; Blood-aqueous barrier ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The MRI findings of a patient with diffuse cortical hypoxic brain damage (Adams pattern III) are presented. Besides intense cortical contrast enhancement, a peculiar leakage of contrast medium at the anterior chambers of the eye was observed. The pathogenetic mechanism of this enhancement is discussed.
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  • 112
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 746-748 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Granulation, arachnoid ; Sinuses, venous ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance venography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report CT, MRI and angiographic findings of an arachnoid granulation in the straight sinus in a young man. Its density and signal intensity were isodense and isointense with cerebrospinal fluid on CT and MRI, respectively. The lesion appeared as a filling defect on MR venography and conventional angiography.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord, central canal ; Syringomyelia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The central canal of the spinal cord is present at birth and becomes progressively obliterated. Cadaver studies have shown that it may persiste partially or completely. To our knowledge, this entity has not been described on MRI. We reviewed 794 MRI studies of the spinal cord, and found 12 patients (aged 14 to 65 years) who had an intramedullary cavity. The cavity was at the junction of the ventral 1/3 and dorsal 2/3 of the spinal cord, except at the level of the lumbar enlargement, where it was central. It was filiform in most cases, although sometimes fusiform (3 to 4 mm in diameter), and had regular contours. The cavity were thoracic in 69 % of cases. The clinical features were totally unrelated to the image, and there were no anatomical factors (Chiari malformation, dysraphism) predisposing to syringomyelia. The images were perfectly compatible with a persistent central canal, which we interpret as a variant of normal anatomy. Therefore it is important to regard these findings as normal, to avoid unnecessary treatment and follow-up.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Hemimegalencephaly ; Positron emission tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report hemimegalencephaly in a 44-year-old woman with mental retardation, epilepsy and a mild hemiparesis. In addition to typical findings on MRI, 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (PET) demonstrated glucose hypometabolism of the affected hemisphere. The results of PET have been coregistered with morphological information from the MRI studies by image fusion.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral palsy ; Birth asphyxia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single-photon emission computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the findings on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with perinatal asphyxia at term, with perirolandic cortico-subcortical changes on MRI, and to correlate them with clinical features. SPECT of 7 patients was obtained after injection of 185–370 MBq of Tc-99m-ECD (ethyl cysteinate dimer). The patients had spastic quadriplegia (7/7) with perinatal asphyxia (6/7) at term (7/7). The results were correlated with the MRI findings. Hypoperfusion of the perirolandic cortex was clearly seen on SPECT in all patients, even in two with subtle changes on MRI. SPECT demonstrated a more extensive area of involvement than MRI, notably in the cerebellum (in 4), the thalamus (in 7) and basal ganglia (in 5), where MRI failed to show any abnormalities.
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  • 116
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 917-922 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Mouth, cysts ; Neck, cysts ; Glands, salivary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We reviewed the MRI of 20 patients with a ranula (8 simple and 12 plunging) and ten with other cystic masses in the floor of the mouth and/ or suprahyoid portion of the neck (three haemangiomas, two neuromas, one monomorphic adenoma, one lipoma, two lateral cervical cysts and one dermoid cyst). Histological diagnoses were obtained in all cases with the exception of one presumed haemangioma. Ranulas were all well-defined, homogeneous masses giving low signal on T1-and markedly high signal on T2-weighted images. While simple ranulas were all confined to the sublingual space, plunging ranulas were centered on the submandibular space and tended to spill into one or more adjacent spaces. They extended into the sublingual space anteriorly (producung a so-called tail sign) in eight of 12 cases and into the parapharyngeal space superiorly in five. Although they sometimes filled a considerable part of the parapharyngeal space, displacement of surrounding muscles or vessels was usually slight, which was thought to reflect the nature of extravasation pseudocysts. All other cystic masses in our study had one or more MRI finding different from those of ranulas and could be easily differentiated from them.
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  • 117
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 112-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Hypophosphataemia ; Brain ; Myelinolysis, extrapontine ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 38-year-old woman with extreme hypophosphataemia in whom CT and MRI disclosed bilateral lesions within the basal ganglia, thalamus and occipital lobes. After adequate substitution of phosphate the lesions grossly resolved and the patient recovered. This case is the first to demonstrate that profound changes of serum phosphate may be associated with reversible brain lesions.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Carcinoma nasopharyngeal ; Radionecrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined nine patients with histologically proven nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), treated with radiotherapy, using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSC-MRI). In eight there was clinical evidence of radionecrosis of the temporal lobe, and one was examined for local recurrence in the nasopharynx. All patients had either high-signal finger-like or cystic lesions in the temporal lobes on T2-weighted images. Heterogeneous contrast enhancement occurred in all patients. Relative regional cerebral blood volume (rrCBV) mapping revealed marked hypoperfusion in all patients. One underwent bilateral temporal lobectomy and radionecrosis was confirmed histologically.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dysplasia, focal cortical ; Hamartomas ; Epilepsy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a pathological entity first described in 1971. Other more subtle cortical malformations found in patients with epilepsy include microdysgenesis (MD), and glioneuronal hamartias. Although these glial and neuronoglial malformations have distinct histological features, there is terminological confusion in the radiological literature. Few cases have been reported in adults with both imaging and histology. We address these issues, giving a radiological-pathological correlation of histologically proven cortical malformations in adults. We describe clinical, radiological and histological features of 12 cases (five FCD, five MD with glioneuronal hamartias, and two hamartomas), unassociated with other conditions, and discuss them in the light of the literature. FCD is usually seen on MRI as cortical thickening, with or without signal change, which may extend into the adjacent white matter. On histology, abnormal neurons and/or glial cells, blurring of the grey-white matter interface, myelin pallor, demyelination, and gliosis may be found. Glioneuronal hamartias and hamartomas usually appear as complex masses on MRI. FCD and hamartias may be associated, and a combination of imaging findings may be seen on MRI. Atrophy of the ipsilateral hippocampus may be present on MRI in patients with hamartias, and minor cell loss on histology, but not definitive hippocampal sclerosis. Although the imaging findings of cortical malformations are protean, some characteristic MRI features, with histological correlates, may be found. The relevance of most of these observations remains unclear.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast-enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to determine whether triple-dose delayed contrast-enhanced images would improve lesion detection in patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We reviewed 33 MRI studies on 29 patients. Single-dose immediate T 1-weighted spin-echo (1x-T 1) images were compared with delayed triple-dose images (D3x-T 1). Two neuroradiologists decided which technique showed more lesions, increased lesion conspicuity and/or altered the radiologic diagnosis. The D3x-T 1 technique improved lesion detection in 14 of 29 patients (48 %). In two patients (7 %), the improvement changed the radiologic diagnosis by showing new meningeal lesions.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical data and MRI findings are presented on 18 subjects from two families with neuropathologically confirmed CADASIL. DNA analysis revealed mutations in exon 4 of Notch 3 gene in both families. All family members with mutations in Notch 3 gene had extensive abnormalities on MRI, principally lesions in the white matter of the frontal lobes and in the external capsules. Of several family members in whom a diagnosis of CADASIL was suspected on the basis of minor symptoms, one had MRI changes consistent with CADASIL; none of these cases carried a mutation in the Notch 3 gene. MRI and clinical features that may alert the radiologist to the diagnosis of CADASIL are reviewed. However, a wide differential diagnosis exists for the MRI appearances of CADASIL, including multiple sclerosis and small-vessel disease secondary to hypertension. The definitive diagnosis cannot be made on MRI alone and requires additional evidence, where available, from a positive family history and by screening DNA for mutations of Notch 3 gene.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Rhombencephalosynapsis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rhombencephalosynapsis is an unusual disorder characterised by maldevelopment of the rhombencephalon, sometimes with supratentorial midline anomalies. We report MRI findings in a 39-year-old woman, the oldest in the literature. MRI demonstrated hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, with fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres and abnormally oriented folia. Supratentorial anomalies were also seen.
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  • 123
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 360-362 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cyst, cavum septi pellucidi ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 20-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhoea and an empty sella turcica was found to have a cyst of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) on MRI. The cyst had regressed spontaneously on follow-up MRI.
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  • 124
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 406-412 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma, primary central nervous system ; Chemotherapy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract On MRI, primary brain tumors are commonly seen as contrast-enhancing masses surrounded by areas of abnormal signal on T2-weighted images. Following successful treatment tumors may no longer show contrast enhancement. The residual abnormalities are assumed to be represent “edema” and infiltrating tumor cells. We report nine patients with primary lymphoma of the central nervous system who had complete responses to intravenous methotrexate, but did not receive intrathecal chemotherapy or cranial irradiation. After complete resolution of contrast-enhancing lesions, persistent abnormalities on T2-weighted images in the region of prior tumor were initially assumed to reflect residual viable tumor. As they remained unchanged for years, however, this may not hold true in the cases in which primary central nervous system lymphoma responds to chemotherapy alone.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Corpus callosum ; White matter lesions ; Cerebral ischaemia ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies of white matter high signal (WMHS) on T2-weighted MRI have disclosed that it is related to cerebral ischaemia and to brain atrophy. Atrophy of the corpus callosum (CC) has also been studied in relation to ischaemia. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that CC atrophy could be due to ischaemia. We therefore assessed CC, WMHS and brain atrophy in patients with risk factors without strokes (the risk factor group) and in those with infarcts (the infarct group), to investigate the relationships between these factors. We studied 30 patients in the infarct group, 14 in the risk factor group, and 29 normal subjects. Using axial T1-weighted MRI, cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement (brain atrophy) were visually rated. Using axial T2-weighted MRI, WMHS was assessed in three categories: periventricular symmetrical, periventricular asymmetrical and subcortical. Using the mid-sagittal T1-weighted image, the CC was measured in its anterior, posterior, midanterior and midposterior portions. In the normal group, no correlations were noted between parameters. In the infarct group, there were significant correlations between CC and brain atrophy, and between CC atrophy and WMHS. After removing the effects of age, gender and brain atrophy, significant correlations were noted between some CC measures and subcortical WMHS. In the risk factor group, there were significant correlations between CC and brain atrophy and between CC atrophy and WMHS. After allowance for age, gender and brain atrophy, significant correlations between some CC measures and periventricular WMHS remained. The hypothesis that CC atrophy could be due to cerebral ischaemia was supported by other analyses. Namely, for correlations between the extent of infarcts and partial CC atrophy in patients with anterior middle cerebral artery (MCA) and with posterior MCA infarcts, there were significant correlations between the extent of infarct and midanterior CC atrophy in the former, and posterior CC atrophy in the latter. Our findings could indicate that CC atrophy is associated with cerebral ischaemia.
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  • 126
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 551-563 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Spine ; infections ; Spine ; neoplasms ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to describe the range of MRI findings in infectious and neoplastic involvement of the spine and spinal cord in symptomatic patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). MRI studies in 55 patients with AIDS and neurological signs and symptoms thought to be related to the spine or spinal cord were reviewed. We categorized the findings according to the spinal compartment involved. There were 29 patients with extradural, 11 with intradural-extramedullary and 9 with intramedullary disease. In 6 patients more than one compartment was involved simultaneously, and patients presented with multiple lesions in the same compartment. The most common causes of extradural disease were bone lesions (28); an epidural mass was seen in 14 and spondylodiscitis in 4 patients. Cytomegalovirus polyradiculitis was the most common cause of intradural-extramedullary disease (in 10 cases); herpes radiculitis was seen in two, and tuberculous infection in another two. In three cases leptomeningeal contrast enhancement was due to lymphoma. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) myelitis was seen in two patients, presumed vacuolar myelopathy in two, toxoplasma myelitis in four, intramedullary lymphoma in one, and herpes myelitis in one. Familiarity with the various potential pathological entities that can affect the spine and spinal cord in the AIDS population and their imaging characteristics is crucial for initiation of further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical or surgical treatment.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diffusion-weighted imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We measured the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI in the cerebral white matter of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and age-matched normal subjects. In PSP, ADC in the prefrontal and precentral white matter was significantly higher than in controls. There was no significant difference in signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The ADC did correlate with signal intensity. The distribution of the elevation of ADC may be the consequence of underlying pathological changes, such as neurofibrillary tangles or glial fibrillary tangles in the cortex. Our findings suggest that ADC measurement might be useful for demonstrating subtle neuropathological changes.
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  • 128
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 676-678 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words. Syringomyelia, spontaneous drainage ; Cerebrospinal fluid, hydrodynamics ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We present five cases of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I or other causes of partial obstructions at the cervicomedullary junction, with spontaneous disruption of the wall of a cervical syrinx and formation of a communication between the cavity and the subarachnoid space, shown on axial MRI. MRI can be used to investigate the hydrodynamics, showing the liquid inside the disrupted syrinx wall and the pathway of drainage. The finding of spontaneous drainage may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of syringomyelia and may be helpful for choosing a surgical approach.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Henoch-Schönlein purpura ; Methylprednisolone ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurological complications are rare during the course of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). We report a 7-year-old girl with HSP who presented with seizures, loss of vision and disturbance of consciousness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed high signal intensity in the gray and white matter over the left parietal and both occipital lobes, compatible with MRI findings of cerebral vasculitis. The eye fundi revealed multiple branches of retinal artery occlusion. Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (MTP) followed by oral steroid therapy was initially administered for HSP nephritis. Cerebral vasculitis developed 10 days post-MTP treatment, with progressive worsening of consciousness. Oral steroid was discontinued and plasmapheresis was performed alone. Her level of consciousness dramatically improved after plasmapheresis. The brain MRI and eye fundi findings were consistent with her clinical improvement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of MRI abnormalities and multiple retinal artery branch occlusion of cerebral vasculitis in a patient with HSP that was successfully treated by plasmapheresis alone. In conclusion, we propose that plasmapheresis may be used as a first-line therapy or rescue therapy for cerebral vasculitis in HSP.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Hemolytic uremic syndrome ; Cerebral hypoxia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Central nervous system lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a 20-month-old girl with post- diarrheal (Shiga toxin) hemolytic uremic syndrome and severe encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained in the acute phase of the disease and after 10 months. The first MR images showed widespread high signal intensity on T2-weighted and low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, in deep and subcortical white matter; the splenium of the corpus callosum was also involved, as well as cerebellar hemispheres. Neurological symptoms and signs gradually disappeared within 35 days. Follow-up MR imaging showed almost complete resolution of the previous findings, and the patient recovered without central nervous system impairment. The neurological lesions were probably due to hypoxia, although several other mechanisms could be involved, such as metabolic derangements and the action of Shiga toxin. In spite of the dramatic clinical manifestations, we observed a good outcome, indicating that patients with similar lesions do not necessarily have a poor prognosis.
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  • 131
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 904-915 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Leber ; Sonographie ; Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Szintigraphie ; Positronenemissionstomographie ; Keywords Liver ; Ultrasonography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radionuclide imaging ; Positron emission tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Highly specific methods are required for the diagnostic workup of focal hepatic lesions, since benign circumscribed liver changes are very common. Although cross-sectional imaging techniques have a high diagnostic accuracy, radionuclide imaging techniques such as colloid, red blood cell, or hepatobiliary scan are commonly performed when a benign lesion is assumed since these permit a definite diagnosis with high specificity. The diagnosis of a primary or secondary malignant liver tumor, however, usually relies on radiological imaging techniques alone, supported by needle biopsy. Whether positron emission tomography as a primary or supplementary diagnostic tool will have a role in the routine staging of malignant tumors remains to be determined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abklärung umschriebener Leberveränderungen erfordert den Einsatz von Methoden hoher Spezifität, da die Prävalenz benigner, fokaler Läsionen sehr hoch ist. Hierfür sind radiologische Schnittbildtechniken grundsätzlich gut geeignet. Wenn aufgrund der sonographischen, computertomographischen oder magnetresonanztomographischen Befunde eine gutartige Läsion anzunehmen ist, werden jedoch häufig ergänzend die Kolloiderythrozyten- oder hepatobiliäre Szintigraphie – ggf. in Kombination – eingesetzt, da hiermit rasch eine abschließende Diagnose mit hoher Spezifität gestellt werden kann. Bei malignen primären oder sekundären Lebertumoren hingegen werden nuklearmedizinische Zusatzuntersuchungen seltener angefordert, da der radiologische Befund, ggf. gestützt durch eine Ultraschall- oder CT-gezielte Biopsie, eine Diagnose in den meisten Fällen erlaubt. Inwieweit sich der primäre oder ergänzende Einsatz der Positronenemissionstomographie im Vergleich zu radiologischen Schnittbildtechniken beim Staging bösartiger Tumoren bewährt, ist noch nicht abschließend geklärt.
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 1064-1076 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sarkoidose ; Neurosarkoidose ; Granulom ; MRT ; Keywords Sarcoidosis ; Sarcoidosis complications ; Neurosarcoidosis ; Granuloma ; Brain diseases complications ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The central nervous system is frequently affected during the course of sarcoidosis. Many of these lesions remain without clinical correlates. Unenhanced and contrast enhanced CT and MRI play an important role during the diagnostic work-up of patients with sarcoidosis and suspected or proved CNS involvement. This article summarizes the most frequent manifestations of neurosarcoidosis and provides illustrative examples of MRI findings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Nervensystem ist bei der Sarkoidose häufiger mitbeteiligt als nach klinischen Gesichtspunkten zu vermuten wäre. Den bildgebenden Untersuchungsverfahren kommt eine große Bedeutung beim Nachweis der pathologischen Veränderungen zu. Insbesondere die Kernspintomographie sichert die Diagnosestellung und dient der Verlaufsbeurteilung. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die typischen klinischen und bildgebenden Befunde bei der Neurosarkoidose vorgestellt.
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  • 133
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 870-877 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lunge ; Perfusion ; Ventilation ; Computertomographie (CT) ; Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ; Keywords Lung ; Perfusion ; Ventilation ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Radiological cross-sectional imaging modalities, particularly computed tomography (CT) have become the mainstays for diagnosing lung disease in recent years. These enable morphological visualization of pathological processes with the greatest possible spatial resolution. Modern technical developments and complementary strategies have led to new applications and new functional assessments which need to be reviewed together with state-of-the-art techniques in nuclear imaging. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using spiral CT angiography and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography certainly belongs in this category. CT has become the an alternative modality of first choice, and it is also challenging pulmonary angiography as the gold standard. Direct visualization of patent pulmonary arteries and thromboembolic material is complemented by that of effects on the pulmonary parenchyma and right heart function; it also provides perfusion studies and MR-based flow measurement to assess hemodynamic compromise. Ventilation studies have long been a domain of nuclear imaging, and new techniques for the direct visualization of ventilation are emerging from recent developments in the field of MR imaging, for example, using hyperpolarized inert gases. New functional parameters of ventilation can be derived from these studies. For the diagnosis of metabolically active disease, such as tumor and pneumonia, CT offers very high sensitivity, for example, in screening for intrapulmonary nodules using low-dose CT and in the early detection of pulmonary infiltrates in high-risk patients. Especially for characterizing pulmonary nodules there is a need to combine nuclear medicine techniques, such as in positron-emission tomography.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die radiologischen Schnittbildverfahren, insbesondere die CT, haben sich innerhalb kurzer Zeit einen herausragenden Stellenwert in der Diagnostik von Lungenerkrankungen erworben. Dies umfasst in erster Linie die morphologische Darstellung pathologischer Prozesse mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung. Moderne technische Entwicklungen und kombinierte Untersuchungsstrategien eröffnen neue Einsatzgebiete und auch funktionelle Aussagen, die nach einer aktuellen Standortbestimmung gemeinsam mit den nuklearmedizinischen Verfahren verlangen. Dazu gehört die Diagnostik der Lungenembolie mittels Spiral-CT-Angiographie und MR-Angiographie der Pulmonalarterien. Hier hat sich mittlerweile die CT als alternatives Verfahren der Wahl etabliert und die Rolle der Pulmonalisangiographie als Goldstandard infrage gestellt. Die reine direkte Darstellung der durchströmten Pulmonalarterien und des thromboembolischen Materials wird durch Diagnostik intrapulmonaler und kardialer Veränderungen, Perfusionsuntersuchungen sowie MR-basierte Flussmessungen zur hämodynamischen Beurteilung erweitert. Nachdem Untersuchungen der Ventilation lange Zeit eine Domäne der Nuklearmedizin waren, eröffnen aktuelle Entwicklungen in der MRT neue Verfahren zur direkten Visualisierung der Lungenbelüftung, z. B. mittels polarisierter Edelgase. Aus diesen Verfahren lassen sich auch neue funktionelle Parameter der Ventilation ableiten. In der Diagnostik von Tumoren und Entzündungen überzeugt die CT insbesondere durch ihre hohe Sensitivität, z. B. beim Screening auf intrapulmonale Rundherde mittels Niedrigdosis-CT oder bei der Früherkennung pneumonischer Infiltrate bei Risikopatienten. Insbesondere bei der Charakterisierung intrapulmonaler Rundherde ist eine Kombination mit nuklearmedizinischen Verfahren (PET) grundsätzlich anzustreben.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Myokardperfusion ; SPECT ; Key words ; Coronary artery disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Myocardial perfusion ; SPECT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aim: Performance of combined rest/stress MR perfusion studies and the analysis of qualitative signal intensity parameters in comparison with 99mTc-SestaMIBI SPECT in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Sixteen patients with CAD underwent MR myocardial perfusion assessment at rest and after dipyridamole-induced hyperemia. Qualitative parameters (SI increase, SI upslope) of the SI time-curves were evaluated and characteristics of normal, reversible and persistent hypoperfused myocardium as assessed by 99mTc-SestaMIBI SPECT were compared. Results: Compared with the rest values, normal myocardium showed a significant increase of the SI upslope during hyperemia (P〈0.001), whereas persistent (P=0.07) and reversible (P=0.15) hypoperfusions showed only minor changes. SI increase over baseline also showed a significant increase only in normal myocardium (P〈0.001). At rest, reversible ischemic areas showed no significant differences from normal myocardium, whereas during hyperemia SI increase was significantly lower (P=0.02). Conclusions: Qualitative SI parameters of a combined rest/stress MR myocardial perfusion study allow to differentiate normal from reversibly or persistently hypoperfused myocardium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die kombinierte Ruhe- und Belastungsuntersuchung der myokardialen Durchblutung in der MRT sowie die Analyse qualitativer SI-Parameter der MR-Myokardperfusion bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit wurden mit der 99mTc-SestaMIBI SPECT verglichen. Methode: Bei 16 Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit (KHK) wurde in der MRT mit einer Mehrschichtgradientenechotechnik die Myokardperfusion unter Ruhe- und Belastungsbedingungen untersucht. Qualitative Signalintensitätsparameter der Kontrastmittelanflutung wurden berechnet und die Parameter in normalen, reversibel und persistierend minderperfundierten Myokardarealen miteinander verglichen. Ergebnisse: Normales Myokard zeigte im Gegensatz zu reversiblen (P=0,15) und persistierenden (P=0,07) Ischämien eine signifikante Zunahme der SI-Anstiegssteilheit unter Belastung (P〈0,001). Die SI-Zunahme zeigte ebenfalls nur in normal perfundierten Arealen eine signifikante Zunahme (P〈0,001) nach Belastung. Unter Belastung zeigte sich bei reversiblen Ischämien eine signifikant niedrigere SI-Zunahme als in normalem Myokard (P=0,02), während sich in Ruhe kein Unterschied zeigte. Schlussfolgerung: Qualitative SI-Parameter der kombinierten MR-Perfusionsuntersuchung des Myokards in Ruhe und unter Belastung erlauben die Differenzierung zwischen normalem sowie reversibel oder persistierend minderperfundiertem Myokard.
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  • 135
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fäkale Inkontinenz ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Endoanalspule ; Key words Faecal incontinence ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Endoanal coil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. Within the recent years several studies have been performed to determine the value of endoanal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in faecal incontinence. Methods. MRI is performed using a 0.5 – 1.5T unit. A surface coil with a maximum diameter of 19 mm is placed in the anal canal. T2* 3D gradient-echo-sequences and T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo-sequences in coronal, axial und sagittal orientation are acquired. Results. Compared to endoanal ultrasound (EUS), which is the gold standard for diagnosis in faecal incontinence, endoanal MRI is better in visualization of the external sphincter. The accurate delineation of the external sphincter has led to the possibility to evaluate sphincter atrophy. Preliminary results have shown, that endoanal MRI has an accuracy of 90–95% in the demonstration of lesions in the external sphincter. In detection of lesions of the internal sphincter EUS is still superior to endoanal MRI. Conclusion. EUS and endoanal MRI are currently the optimal imaging techniques for faecal incontinenc, with the advantage of detecting external sphincter atrophy with endoanal MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung. In den letzten Jahren wurden mehrere Studien durchgeführt, deren Ziel es war, den Stellenwert von Endoanalspulen in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zur Abklärung von Sphinkterdefekten bei fäkaler Inkontinenz (FI) zu bestimmen. Methode. Die endoanale MRT wird an 0,5–1,5-Tesla-Geräten durchgeführt. Zur Darstellung der Sphinkteren werden Oberflächenspulen mit einem maximalen Querdurchmesser von 19 mm endoanal appliziert. T2*-gewichtet 3D-Gradientenechosequenzen und T2-gewichtete Turbospinechosequenzen in koronaler, axialer und sagittaler Schnittführung werden zur Darstellung des Analkanals angefertigt. Ergebnisse. Im Vergleich zum endoanalen Ultraschall (EUS), der den Goldstandard bei der Abklärung einer FI darstellt, kann mit der endoanalen MRT v. a. der M. sphincter externus besser abgegrenzt werden. Die exakte Differenzierung des M. sphincter externus vom ischiorektalem Fettgewebe ermöglicht die Diagnose einer Atrophie des äußeren Schließmuskels. Erste Studienergebnisse haben gezeigt, daß die endoanale MRT eine Treffsicherheit von 90–95% bei der Detektion von Defekten im M. sphincter externus erreicht. Die Abklärung einer Kontinuitätsunterbrechung im M. sphincter internus ist nach wie vor eine Domäne des EUS. Schlussfolgerung. Die endoanale MRT stellt eine ergänzende Methode zum EUS dar und ist diesem in der Beurteilung der Morphologie des M. sphincter externus überlegen.
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  • 136
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 625-631 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Pharynx ; Tumoren ; Key words Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pharynx ; Tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background. Malignant tumors of the head and neck region are amongst the six most often occurring tumors of the body. They can be associated with the different anatomical compartments as well as different histologic types. The way of tumor spread of these malignancies depends on their histologic type and on the region. These compartments can be separated into the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the hypopharynx. Most of the malignant tumors belong to the squamous cell carcinomas, other histologic types are depicted less frequently. The histologic types of the other groups which are seen more often comprise of lymphomas and adenoidcystic carcinomas. The undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx is supposed to be a special type of tumor. The malignant tumors of the pharynx can also involve all three compartments. Beside these tumors, malignancies of mesenchymal origin can also be delineated. Imaging modalities. The imaging modalities most frequently used to detect these tumors and to clarify their extension are contrast enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclearmedicine imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography. Other scintigraphic imaging methods play a less important role. Conclusion. The different imaging modalities of malignant pharyngeal tumors and of potentially infiltrated lymphnodes with the weightness on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and their appearance in these imaging techniques shall be enhanced in this paper.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. Der Kopf-Hals-Bereich zählt weltweit zu den 6 am häufigsten von malignen Tumoren befallenen Körperregionen. Maligne Tumoren des Pharynx können dabei entsprechend der anatomischen Unterteilung – d. h. Nasopharynx, Oropharynx und Hypopharynx – diesen Regionen zugeordnet werden. Neben der grundsätzlich heterogenen Wachstumstendenz weisen diese Tumoren je nach histologischer Herkunft ein recht unterschiedliches Ausbreitungsmuster auf. Bei der überwiegenden Mehrzahl handelt es sich um Plattenepithelkarzinome, die anderen histologischen Typen – wie adenoidzystische Karzinome oder Lymphome – sind weitaus seltener vertreten. Daneben kommen sehr selten auch noch maligne Tumoren mesenchymalen Ursprungs wie z. B. die Rhabdomyosarkome vor. Bildgebung. Die bildgebende Abklärung erfolgt mit der kontrastmittelverstärkten CT, der MRT und in jüngster Zeit mit nuklearmedizinischen Methoden, z. B. PET. Andere szintigraphische Untersuchungsmethoden spielen eine untergeordnete Rolle. Resümee. Verschiedene bildgebende Methoden (schwerpunktmäßig CT und MRT) und die entsprechenden Erscheinungsbilder sowie Lokalisations- bzw. Ausbreitungsdiagnostik der malignen Tumoren und evtl. befallener Lymphknoten dieser Regionen werden vorgestellt.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankung ; Arteriosklerose ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Magnetresonanzangiographie ; Digitale Subtraktionsangiographie ; A. carotis ; Keywords Cerebrovascular disease ; Arteriosclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography ; Digital subtraction angiography ; Carotid artery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. To compare high resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the assessment of supraaortic vessel stenosis. Methods. 14 patients with suspicion of cerebrovascular disease or upper limb ischemia underwent selective DSA and high resolution contrast enhanced MRA employing a new Panoramic-Array coil. Stenosis assessment in comparison to DSA followed NASCET criteria. Additionally signal-/noise ratios (SNR) were evaluated to assess contrast enhancement. Results. Diagnostic image quality was achieved in all patients. Sensitivity and specificity for assessing high-grade stenosis of the supraaortic vessels were 100% and 96% respectively. In the assessment of high-grade common or internal carotid artery stenosis sensitivity and specificity was 100%. Conclusion. High resolution contrast enhanced supraaortic MRA combined with new coil sytems allow for a reliable assessment of stenoses along the whole vessel course including the aortic arch. Previous stent procedures limit its use in post-interventional follow-up.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Ziel der Studie war ein Vergleich zwischen hochauflösender kontrastverstärkter MR-Angiographie (MRA) und digitaler Subtraktionsangiographie (DSA) in der Diagnostik von Stenosen der supraaortalen Gefäße. Methoden. 14 Patienten mit Verdacht auf eine zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankung oder Durchblutungsstörung der oberen Extremität wurden mit DSA und hochaufgelöster, kontrastverstärkter MR-Angiographie mit Verwendung einer Panoramic-Array-Spule untersucht. Neben der Beurteilung der Kontrastierung erfolgte die Bestimmung der Stenosegrade im Vergleich zur selektiven DSA nach den NASCET-Kriterien. Ergebnisse. Bei allen Patienten konnte mit der MRA eine diagnostisch ausreichende Bildqualität erzielt werden. In der Diagnostik hochgradiger Stenosen der supraaortalen Gefäße ergab sich eine Sensitivität von 100% und eine Spezifität von 96%. In der Erkennung hochgradiger Stenosen der A. carotis communis oder interna lagen Sensitivität und Spezifität bei 100%. Schlussfolgerung. Die ultraschnelle MRA der supraaortalen Gefäße in Kombination mit einer geeigneten Spulenkombination ermöglicht die zuverlässige Erkennung stenotischer Veränderungen im gesamten Gefäßverlauf einschließlich des Aortenbogens. Stentimplanationen limitieren derzeit den Einsatz in der postinterventionellen Kontrolle.
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  • 138
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    Psychopharmacology 147 (2000), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Sibutramine ; d-Amphetamine ; Abuse potential ; Subjective effect ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Sibutramine (Meridia) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor marketed for weight control. Previous studies demonstrated low abuse potential for 20 and 30 mg sibutramine (doses near the therapeutic range); however, no data existed on supratherapeutic doses. This study, therefore, examined 25 and 75 mg sibutramine in humans compared to d-amphetamine (20 mg) as a positive control and placebo as a negative control. Objectives: The study examined the acute subjective, reinforcing, and physiological effects of sibutramine to assess its abuse liability. Methods: Twelve polydrug abusers with no history of drug dependence participated in this double-blind, inpatient/outpatient study. Volunteers participated in four drug sessions, in which they completed subjective effects scales including the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Visual Analog Scales (VAS), and the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). The Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP) was used to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. Results: Sibutramine 25 mg produced subjective effects that were indistinguishable from placebo. Sibutramine 75 mg produced significant unpleasant effects, such as Anxiety, Confusion, and decreased Vigor. On the MCP, volunteers chose to give up an average of $4.04 from their study pay rather than receive the higher dose of sibutramine again. In contrast, d-amphetamine 20 mg produced positive mood changes and was well liked. Conclusions: These data indicate sibutramine lacks amphetamine-type abuse liability when administered acutely.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Haloperidol ; Dopamine ; Receptor occupancy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly being used to study dopamine receptor occupancy and the clinical effects of antipsychotic medication. Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy has been shown to predict several clinical effects of antipsychotic medication including therapeutic response, motor and endocrine side-effects. Plasma levels may be used as a surrogate marker for central occupancy if the relationship between these two measures may be accurately described. This study was designed to test the capacity of a previously derived relationship equation (%D2 occupancy=plasma level/ED50+plasma level, where ED50= 0.40 ng/ml) to predict striatal D2 occupancy from plasma level. Twenty-one patients receiving treatment with low dose haloperidol underwent a 11C-raclopride PET scan to measure D2 occupancy. The D2 occupancy levels were accurately predicted by use of the previously generated equation with only a small degree of error (3.89% CI 0.45–7.33). Predicted and measured D2 occupancy values correlated closely (Pearson’s r=0.864, P=0.003). The study indicates that reliable prediction of D2 occupancy from plasma levels is possible. This provides a potentially useful surrogate measure of D2 occupancy for research and possibly clinical practice, as the routine use of PET to measure occupancy levels is not feasible.
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  • 140
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    Psychopharmacology 149 (2000), S. 24-33 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cocaine ; Conditioning ; Cardiovascular effect ; Subjective effect ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Clinical data suggest that stimuli paired with cocaine use acquire emergent stimulus effects, such as the ability to elicit cocaine craving. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the conditioned effects of neutral stimuli paired with cocaine smoking. Methods: Eight experienced adult cocaine smokers participated in 22 experimental sessions while residing on a Clinical Research Center. One set of cues (CS–) was paired with placebo smoked cocaine and one set of cues (CS+) was paired with 25 mg smoked cocaine. Results: After 18 training trials, the effects of cocaine on heart rate and ratings of ”anxious” were greater, and skin temperature and ratings of ”tired” were smaller when compared to the effects of cocaine after the first training trial. When instructed to select a cue to experience after training, seven of eight participants selected the CS+, while only three of the participants selected the CS+ prior to training, i.e., the CS+ functioned as a conditioned reinforcer. Presentation of the CS+ alone without cocaine during extinction trials increased HR, SP, and ratings of ”anxious””tired”, and ”I want cocaine” and decreased skin temperature. These changes elicited by presentation of the CS+ decreased over the course of the extinction sessions. Conclusions: The present results indicate that classical conditioning is one mechanism by which stimuli paired with cocaine acquire emergent stimulus effects.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Visual perception ; Object recognition ; Functional magnetic resonance imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Electrophysiologic and functional imaging studies have shown that the visual cortex produces differential responses to the presence or absence of structure within visual textures. To further define and characterize regions involved in the analysis of form, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to detect changes in activation during the viewing of four levels of isodipole textures. The texture levels systematically differed in the density of visual features such as extended contours and blocks of solid color present within the images. A linear relationship between activation level and density of structure was observed in the striate cortex of human subjects. This finding suggests that a special subpopulation of striate cortical neurons participates in the ability to extract and process structural continuity within visual stimuli.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Diethylhexylphthalate ; Peroxisome proliferation ; Hepatocarcinogenesis ; Species differences ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) is a phthalate plasticizer that belongs to the peroxisome proliferator (PP) class of rodent nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Previously, we have shown that MEHP (a principal metabolite of DEHP and the proximal PP) induced DNA synthesis and suppressed apoptosis in rat but not in human hepatocytes in vitro. Here, we present further studies of species differences in response to DEHP. In rats, 4 days of exposure to DEHP (950 mg/kg per day by gavage) induced peroxisomal β-oxidation, DNA synthesis and suppressed apoptosis. In contrast, there was no response of guinea pig liver to DEHP. In rat hepatocytes in vitro, MEHP (250, 500 and 750 μM) induced peroxisomal β-oxidation, DNA synthesis and suppressed apoptosis. In contrast to the pleiotropic response noted in rat hepatocytes, there was no response of human hepatocytes to 250, 500 or 750 μM MEHP. PPs activate the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) that binds to DNA at peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) within the promoters of PP-responsive genes such as rat acyl CoA oxidase (ACO). However, the human ACO gene promoter differs at three bases within the PPRE from the rat ACO promoter and appears refractory to PPs. To address species differences in response to DEHP at the molecular level, we used promoter-reporter gene assays to compare the ability of MEHP to induce gene expression from the rat or the human ACO promoter. MEHP gave a concentration-dependent increase in reporter gene expression from the rat ACO gene promoter with either mouse or human PPARα. In contrast, the human ACO promoter was unable to drive MEHP-induced gene transcription irrespective of the species origin of PPARα. These data provide further weight of evidence at the cellular and molecular levels for a lack of risk to human health from the phthalate DEHP.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Organophosphate ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Oximes ; Human ; Reactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reactivation of organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by oximes inevitably results in the formation of highly reactive phosphoryloximes (POX), which are able to re-inhibit the enzyme. In this study, the dependence of POX formation on AChE concentration was investigated with sarin-inhibited human erythrocyte AChE (EryAChE). A marked dependence was found with obidoxime but not with the experimental oxime HI 6, suggesting great differences in the decomposition rates of the respective POXs. At a physiological erythrocyte content the reactivation of EryAChE was markedly affected by POX with obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM) but not with the newer oximes HI 6 and HLö 7. Addition of extensively dialysed, sarin-treated human plasma reduced the reactivation by obidoxime and 2-PAM even more. Obidoxime and 2-PAM were superior to HI 6 and HLö 7 in reactivating butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). This effect was pronounced in diluted plasma, but was obscured in concentrated plasma, probably because of re-inhibition by the generated POX. Addition of native erythrocytes to sarin-treated plasma resulted in marked inhibition of EryAChE in the presence of obidoxime, suggesting a higher affinity of the POX for EryAChE. The results indicate that obidoxime and 2-PAM may reactivate sarin-inhibited AChE insufficiently due to re-inhibition by the POX formed. In addition, the re-inhibition of EryAChE may be aggravated by the POX that is produced during BChE reactivation. These reactions must be regarded as therapeutically detrimental and disqualify those oximes which are capable of forming stable POX by reactivation of BChE.
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 943-948 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Transverse myelitis ; Motor evoked potentials ; Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Electromyography ; Prognosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A systematic evaluation of anterior horn cell, motor and sensory pathways is possible by electromyography (EMG), motor (MEPs) and somatosensory (SEPs) evoked potentials, respectively, which may provide valuable information on acute transverse myelitis (ATM). In a prospective hospital-based study, EMG, MEP and SEP studies were carried out on admission and after 3 months in 39 patients with ATM. All the patients also underwent detailed clinical evaluation, and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 28. Outcome was defined at the end of 3 months as poor, partial or complete recovery on the basis of functional status. Spinal MRI revealed hyperintense signal changes in T2 extending for two segments to the entire spinal cord. Central motor conduction time to tibialis anterior (CMCT-TA) was more frequently abnormal (90%), followed by tibial SEP (77%). CMCT to abductor digiti minimi (ADM) was abnormal in 30% and median SEP in 15% of patients. Evidence of denervation on EMG was present in 51% of patients. The CMCT-TA improved in 48% patients and tibial SEP in 32%. Median SEP improved in all patients, and CMCT-ADM remained prolonged in two. At 3 months 2 patients had died, and 18 had poor, 10 partial and 9 complete recovery. CMCT was correlated with miscle power, tone, reflec and MRI changes. Patients' outcome of was correlated with CMCT, SEP and EMG. These results are consistent with pronounced involvement of dorsal region of spinal cord in ATM. MEP is more frequently abnormal than SEP.
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  • 145
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 252-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral venous ¶thrombosis ; Dural sinuses ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Heparin ; Thrombolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to arterial stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an infrequent condition which presents with a wide spectrum of signs and with a highly variable mode of onset. The clinician must therefore consider it systematically in all brain syndromes and perform the appropriate neuroimaging investigations: computed tomography (CT) with computed tomography angiography and/or magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography and, if necessary intra-arterial angiography. Once the diagnosis is established, a wide investigation for should be carried out in search of the cause, and treatment started as soon as possible. Treatment is based on the combination of intravenous heparin (followed by oral anticoagulants for 3–6 months), symptomatic treatment (anticonvulsants, analgesics, treatment of increased intracranial pressure) and treatment of the cause. Local thrombolysis is indicated if there is deterioration due to thrombosis extension despite adequate anticoagulation. Diagnosis and treatment of CVT should be considered as an emergency because of the considerable potential for full recovery in this condition.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Neuropsychological ; Cognitive ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Lesion load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuropsychological deficits and the relationship to brain pathology were examined in 13 primary progressive (PP) and 12 secondary progressive (SP) multiple sclerosis patients with a similar duration of the progressive phase and comparable physical disability. A battery of neuropsychological tests to assess attention, short-term and working memory was administered to the patients, and their performance was compared to that of 20 healthy controls matched for age and premorbid IQ. Total cerebral lesion load on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was measured in the patients. Both PP and SP patients performed significantly worse than controls in most of the neuropsychological tests. There were only subtle differences between SP and PP on the working memory task although magnetic resonance imaging lesion load was significantly higher in SP than in PP patients. In this exploratory study only subtle differences in cognitive impairment were detected between SP and PP patients matched for physical disability and relevant illness features. The results also suggest that the severity of cognitive impairment cannot be fully explained by the extent of abnormalities detected on conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, and that other pathological abnormalities such as in normal-appearing white matter are likely to be involved.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Leukoaraiosis ; Aged ; Atherosclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Carotid artery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerebral white matter lesions are frequently observed on magnetic resonance imaging of elderly, nondemented persons. There is evidence that white matter lesions are involved in the pathophysiology of cognitive decline and dementia. White matter lesions can be divided into those in the periventricular and those in the subcortical region. Pathological and epidemiological studies suggest that atherosclerosis is involved in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Our study reports on the association between atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and white matter lesions in a population-based study among 1077 elderly subjects. We randomly sampled 1077 subjects aged between 60–90 years from two prospective population-based studies. All subjects underwent ultrasonography of the carotid artery. In addition, 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging was performed; white matter lesions in the subcortical and periventricular regions were rated separately. With increasing number of plaques in the carotid artery the severity of periventricular white matter lesions increased (P trend = 0.03), but not the severity of subcortical white matter lesions (P trend = 0.19). In addition, an increase in intima media thickness was borderline significantly associated with an increased severity of periventricular white matter lesions (P trend = 0.09), but not of subcortical white matter lesions (P trend = 0.68). These findings suggest that partly dissimilar pathogenetic mechanisms are involved in the etiology of periventricular and subcortical white matter lesions.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Fatigue ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Motor evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fatique is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) even in the early phases of the disease, when neurological disability is usually still not present. To investigate the pathophysiology of fatigue we compared neurophysiological (motor evoked potentials of the four limbs, MEPs) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in two groups of nondisabled MS patients, those with (n=15) and those without (n=15) fatigue. Fatigue was assessed by an interview and scored by the Fatigue Severity Scale. The two groups were matched for sex, age, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, pyramidal Functional System (FS) score, and depression score. MEPs were abnormal in five patients with fatigue and in one patient without fatigue. A significant association was found between the patient scores on the Fatigue Severity Scale, and the burden of MRI lesions (r=0.5; P〈0.005). Significantly higher parietal lobe (P〈0.05), internal capsule (P〈0.05), and periventricular trigone (P〈0.05) lesion loads were found in patients with fatigue than in those without. Our results agree with a central nervous system origin of fatigue in MS patients. This symptom might be a consequence either of a functional deafferentation of the cortex due to cortico-subcortical interconnection damage or of a demyelination in critical sites of the CNS, such as the cortico-spinal tract.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Small subcortical ¶infarction ; Large-vessel disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Silent white-matter hyperintensity ; Lacunar infarction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Small subcortical infarctions resulting from large-vessel disease are often observed. It is important to distinguish these from pure lacunar infarction resulting from small-vessel disease because the investigations and examinations differ. We investigated the differences on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between small subcortical ¶“lacunar-like” infarcts resulting from large-vessel disease and pure lacunar infarcts. Thirteen subjects with small lacunar-like infarcts (size 〈 2 cm), resulting from large-vessel disease, ¶and 30 subjects with lacunar infarcts (〈 2 cm), without large-vessel disease were studied. We measured infarction size using a 1.5-T MRI device and evaluated silent subcortical hyperintensity lesions using the modified Scheltens’ score. Large-vessel lesion was confirmed by conventional angiography, duplex carotid scan, and magnetic resonance angiography. There was no difference in the mean age of the two groups. Cerebrovascular risk factors and atherosclerotic complications were also comparable for the two groups. Progressive stroke was more common ¶in the lacunar-like infarction group than in the lacunar infarction group ¶(P = 0.004). Scores for periventricular hyperintensity, white matter hyperintensity, basal ganglia hyperintensity, and total subcortical hyperintensity scores were significantly higher in the lacunar infarction group than in the lacunar-like infarction group. The difference in basal ganglia hyperintensity scores was remarkable (P = 0.001). The enlargement of the perivascular space was also significantly greater in the lacunar infarction group than in the lacunar-like infarction group. These findings seem to reflect differences in the pathogenesis of infarction between the two groups. Silent subcortical hyperintensity lesions and enlargement of perivascular space are useful for between distinguishing small lacunar-like infarct resulting from large-vessel disease and pure lacunar infarction. This may have significant implications for the management of patients with lacunar-sized infarctions. It suggests that the pathogenesis of lacunar-sized infarction is variable.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Sarcoidosis ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Corticosteroid therapy ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal cord sarcoidosis is a rare disorder whose natural history and therapeutic outcome are not fully known. We examined four patients with spinal cord sarcoidosis both clinically and radiologically, particularly in relation to corticosteroid treatment. The initial manifestation was cervical myelopathy in three and uveitis in one. All four patients progressed slowly until corticosteroid therapy was initiated. The cervial spine was involved in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed spinal cord swelling with T2-weighted high intensity and linear leptomeningeal and patchy or diffuse intramedullary enhancement with gadolinium diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid. With corticosteroid therapy, dramatic improvement was seen on MRI, including disappearance or marked reduction of swelling and enhancement. Plasma levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were also markedly improved. In contrast, the clinical symptoms were little improved in one patient, unchanged in two, and rather worsened in one patient. Recurrence was seen on MRI at the maintenance dose in all four patients, without any dramatic change in clinical manifestation. MRI findings and plasma ACE are well correlated with active leasion of the spinal cord sarcoidosis, providing a useful marker for recurrence, but do not parallel the clinical manifestations.
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  • 151
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. I28 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Motor neurone ; Astrocyte ; Human ; Tissue culture ; ALS ; Glutamate ; Calcium ; SOD-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Defining the basis of the selective cell vulnerability of motor neurones (MN) represents the key issue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and tissue culture models are the ideal system for the identification of the MN specific features at the single cell level. Neurone-astrocyte metabolic interactions, which have a critical role in MN through glutamatergic toxicity, have been mostly defined in vitro. Ca++ metabolism, which appears to play a critical role in inducing MN loss in ALS, has been successfully studied using in vitro cell models. Furthermore, primary cultures demonstrated that apoptotic or necrotic death of neurones after injury depends upon the cell energetic status. Superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) mutations were successfully expressed in cultured rodent MNs, providing a critical assay to sequence the molecular processes responsible for MN degeneration due to the identified genetic defect. The recent identification of genes that separate humans from apes further increases the value of the human in vitro models to better understand specific human cellular properties. Purified human MNs and astrocytes can today be obtained from the human embryonic spinal cord anterior horns. Interactions at the single cell level can be dissected using the cDNA amplification techniques. The effects of molecules affecting MN survival, neurite extension, and metabolism can easily be defined in vitro, gaining a critical mass of information of immediate clinical application in the treatment of patients affected by ALS. Understanding the properties of human MNs in vitro represents today a significant and critical tool that can easily be reached after extension of the available knowledge from non-primate to human research. Human MN culture studies can greatly contribute to identifying the primitive critical cellular events responsible for the MN degeneration observed in ALS and to gaining crucial information ¶on new therapeutical agents.
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  • 152
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 726-728 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Developmental dysplasia ; Hip ; Membrane ; Interposition ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Intra-articular membranous interposition was detected by MRI in the hip joint with residual subluxation of a girl aged 5 years 10 months. This structure, which had low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images, separated the femoral head from the acetabulum. Histological examination revealed chondrometaplasia, which suggested that this interposition might be transformed to a surface cartilaginous tissue of the secondary acetabulum often observed in residual subluxation of the hip.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; Cervical spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Dynamic imaging ; Flexion views
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To determine whether MR imaging in flexion adds value relative to imaging in the neutral position with respect to displaying involvement of the subarachnoid space, brainstem and spinal cord. Design and patients. T1-weighted MR images of the cervical spine in 42 rheumatoid arthritis patients with cervical spine involvement were obtained and analyzed prospectively. We assessed changes between images obtained in the neutral position and following active flexion, especially horizontal atlantoaxial and subaxial motion, presence or absence of brainstem compression, subarachnoid space involvement at the atlantoaxial and subaxial level and the cervicomedullary angle. Vertical atlantoaxial subluxation and the amount of pannus were correlated with motion and change in subarachnoid space. Results. The flexion images showed horizontal atlantoaxial motion in 21 patients and subaxial motion in one patient. The flexion view displayed brainstem compression in only one patient. Involvement of the subarachnoid space increased at the atlantoaxial level in eight (19%) patients (P=0.004) and at the level below C2 in five (12%) patients (P=0.03). There were no patients with a normal subarachnoid space in neutral position and compression in the flexed position. The cervicomedullary angle changed significantly with flexion. Vertical atlantoaxial subluxation and the amount of pannus did not show a significant correlation with motion or subarachnoid space involvement. Conclusion. MR imaging in the flexed position shows a statistically significant narrowing of the subarachnoid space at the atlantoaxial level and below C2. Cord compression is only observed on flexion views if the subarachnoid space in neutral position is already decreased. MR imaging in the flexed position might be useful, since subarachnoid space involvement may be an indicator for the development of neurologic dysfunction.
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  • 154
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 104-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Adult teratoma ; Dumb-bell type tumor ; Lumbar spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a lumbar teratoma in a 50-year-old woman. The teratoma showed a dumb-bell-type expansion at the level of the left L3/4 foramen with massive erosion of the L3 vertebral body. MRI revealed inhomogeneous signal changes in the tumor, which were histologically compatible with a mixture of bone, muscle, fat, and cyst containing sebaceous material. Complete resection of the tumor and spinal arthrodesis with pedicle screw fixation was necessary to obtain stability of the affected spinal segment.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Rejection ; Tacrolimus ; Human ; Child
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rejection and efficacy of rescue therapy with tacrolimus were evaluated in 50 children who underwent primary, ABO-compatible, liver transplantation. Six patients who died within the first week and one child who underwent retransplantation from an ABO-incompatible donor were excluded from the study. No patient or graft were lost due to rejection. We observed 48 episodes of rejection in 33 patients. Fourteen patients required conversion to tacrolimus for steroid-resistant rejection with resolution of rejection. One of these children developed PTLD. Other indications for conversion were neurotoxicity and hirsutism. One patient developed blindness of unknown origin after the conversion. Other side effects of tacrolimus were minor and resolved by lowering the dose. Five patients developed rejection after conversion; all achieved resolution with either steroid therapy or increase of tacrolimus dose. In conclusion, our study confirms that tacrolimus is an effective rescue therapy for paediatric liver transplantation.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Pituitary ; Human ; Somatotroph ; Thyrotroph hyperplasia ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In patients with protracted primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary is enlarged due to the lack of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone. In the present work, adenohypophysial biopsies from three women with protracted primary hypothyroidism were investigated by routine histology, immunocytochemistry, double immunostaining, immunoelectron microscopy, and combined immunocytochemistry – in situ hybridization. These methods confirmed the presence of massive thyrotroph hyperplasia and the formation of ”thyroidectomy” or ”thyroid deficiency” cells. A number of thyroidectomy cells were found to be immunoreactive for growth hormone (GH). Double immunostaining and immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of bihormonal cells containing both GH and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Immunostaining combined with in situ hybridization revealed GH immunoreactive cells expressing TSH mRNA as well as TSH immunopositive cells expressing GH mRNA. Our findings provide conclusive evidence that somatotrophs may transform to thyrotrophs. Thus, in addition to multiplication of thyrotrophs, transdifferentiation of GH cells to thyrotrophs contributes to the increase of TSH-producing cells. The presence of such bihormonal cells best termed ”thyrosomatotrophs” supports the concept that adenohypophysial cells are not irreversibly committed to the production of one single hormone and that their phenotype can change in response to functional demand.
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  • 157
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 138-142 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniopharyngioma ; Posterior fossa tumors ; Microsurgery ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computerized tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Between 1991 and 1998, 24 patients underwent surgery for a craniopharyngioma in our department. This group included two patients who had tumors with extensive growth along the midline, and along the posterior fossa in particular. In both cases suprasellar calcifications were typical features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). A 7-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of headache, nausea, and progressive unilateral hearing loss. With a suboccipital approach it was possible to remove the main part of the tumor. In a 13-year-old boy headache and visual deterioration led to the diagnosis of a craniopharyngioma, which was removed with a pterional approach. For the neuroimaging work-up in such cases of atypically growing craniopharyngiomas MRI is the method of choice. Additional CT scanning is recommended, which provides valuable information about bony changes at the skull base due to space-occupying growth. CT substantiates the differential diagnosis if typical calcifications are seen.
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  • 158
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Epilepsy ; Brain metabolism ; GABA ; N-Acetyl aspartate ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The current applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the clinical management of epileptic patients are reviewed. A major contribution of MRS to epilepsy is its ability to determine lateralisation before surgical resection of the diseased brain region. Phosphorus-31 and proton single-voxel MRS identify abnormalities in high-energy metabolism, neuronal function and neurotransmitter levels, but information can only be obtained from restricted regions of the brain. Spectroscopic imaging techniques (also known as chemical shift imaging) provide a metabolic mapping of the whole brain. They expand the range of applications of MRS to other types of epilepsy (neocortical, frontal) than temporal lobe epilepsy, which is the most often studied. Also, spectral editing techniques in proton MRS make it possible to detect and monitor drug-induced variations of GABA in the human brain, opening new insights into patient response to drug therapy of epilepsy. MRS is playing an increasing role in the noninvasive characterisation and management of epileptic patients.
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  • 159
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 398-401 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Primitive neuroectodermal tumor ; Diffuse leptomeningeal neoplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pseudotumor cerebri ; Sinus thrombosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are easily detected by neuroradiologic imaging, as a rule. We report on two patients with early diffuse leptomeningeal primitive neuroectodermal tumors which escaped detection by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
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  • 160
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 551-554 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Acute myelitis of childhood ; Fibrocartilaginous embolism ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal cord infarction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Fibrocartilaginous embolus causing acute spinal cord infarction is a rare cause of acute-onset paraplegia or quadriplegia. Few cases of survivors have been reported in the neurosurgical literature, with most reports involving post-mortem or biopsy findings. There is little information on MRI findings in such patients. We present the youngest patient ever reported, and discuss the important differences between fibrocartilaginous embolus and acute myelitis of childhood. A 6-year-old girl with a history of back pain presented with sudden-onset nontraumatic paraplegia, with a clinical anterior spinal artery syndrome. Initial MRI scan revealed intervertebral disc disease at L1–2 and an incidental thoracic syrinx, but no cause for her acute-onset paraplegia was identified. Cerebrospinal fluid and other investigations were all negative. Sequential MRI scans revealed development of spinal cord expansion from T10 to the conus medullaris, with increased cord signal in the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. The intervertebral disc disease was unchanged. The imaging and clinical findings were caused by fibrocartilaginous embolus, which meant there was no need for spinal cord biopsy. The report describes the clinical and imaging criteria for diagnosis of fibrocartilaginous embolus, highlighting the case for avoiding an unnecessary biopsy. The clinical pattern in the paediatric group is discussed, with features differentiating it from acute myelitis of childhood.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Cavernous angioma ; Cerebral angiography ; Dynamic scan ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Sinus pericranii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objects: Sinus pericranii is only a symptom complex, and it can have a variety of etiologies. Therefore, it is important to differentiate these etiologies preoperatively by means of radiological examinations. A 5-year-old boy was admitted with a soft and fluctuant tumor in the right parietal region near the midline. The tumor appeared when the child was in a recumbent position, distending noticeably with the Valsalva maneuver and disappearing completely when the patient was in the sitting position. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging showed the lesion with honeycomb-like heterogeneous iso- and low-intensity signals on the T1-weighted image and with heterogeneous high- and iso- intensity signal on the T2-weighted image. Dynamic study with an injection of gadolinium diethylene-triaminopentaacetic acid demonstrated and nodular peripheral enhancement at early phase and subsequent progressive enhancement towards the center of tumor. The internal carotid angiogram was normal. The external carotid angiogram, however, showed a tumor stain fed by the superficial temporal arteries. The stain was retained until the late phase and drained into the scalp veins and into the superior sagittal sinus. Following direct injection of contrast medium into the tumor there was prolonged retention of the medium in the tumor and leakage into scalp veins and the superior sagittal sinus. The mass under the periosteum was totally removed and proved to be a cavernous angioma. Conclusions: Scalp cavernous angioma is one of the etiologies of sinus pericranii and may be diagnosed preoperatively by cerebral angiography or magnetic resonance imaging. Serial dynamic magnetic resonance imaging will be particularly helpful for this diagnosis.
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  • 162
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Diffusionsgewichtete Kernspintomographie ; Wirbelkörpermetastasen ; Diffusionskoeffizient ; Keywords Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vertebral metastases ; Diffusion coefficient ; ADC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aim of the study. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the diffusion coefficient (ADC) of vertebral metastasis and regular vertebral bodies with diffusion weighted MRI (DWI). DWI evaluates the tissue-specific molecular diffusion of protons. In tissues with high cell densities (neoplasm) a decreased ADC can be expected due to restricted diffusion according to an exaggerated amount of intra- and intercellular membranes (i. e. diffusion barriers). Methods. In 5 breast cancer patients the ADC of both known vertebral metastases and of adjacent regular vertebral bodies were measured with DWI (1.0 T; Phased-Array-Body-Coil; b: 880 and 440 s/mm2). Results. The ADC of regular vertebral bodies (1.3±0.23×10–,3s/mm2) was significantly (p≤0.0002) higher than in vertebral metastases (0.39±0.11×10–3s/mm2). Conclusions. These data demonstrate that the ADC can be reliably measured in vertebral bodies. The quantitative evaluation of the ADC in vertebral bodies seems to be an objective and comparable parameter for differentiating malign from benign vertebral tissue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel. Ziel der Arbeit war die Messung des Diffusionskoeffizienten (ADC) mittels diffusionsgewichteter (DW) MRT in Wirbelkörpermetastasen und in MR-morphologisch unauffälligen Wirbelkörpern. Die DW-MRT misst den für ein Gewebe spezifischen ADC, welcher der Eigendiffusion von Wasserstoffmolekülen entspricht. In zellreichem Tumorgewebe mit zahlreichen intra- und interzellulären Membranen (d. h. Diffusionsbarrieren) ist ein niedriger, in zellarmen oder nekrotischem Gewebe, ein hoher ADC zu erwarten. Methode. Bei 5 Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom wurde der ADC von Lendenwirbelkörpermetastasen sowie von angrenzenden, MR-morphologisch unauffälligen Wirbelkörpern ermittelt (1,0 T; Phased-Array-Body-Coil; b: 880 und 440 s/mm2). Ergebnisse. Der ADC in MR-morphologisch unauffälligen Wirbelkörpern (1,3±0,23×10–3s/mm2) war signifikant (p≤0,0002) höher als in Wirbelkörpermetastasen (0,39±0,11×10–3s/mm2). Schlussfolgerung. Anhand dieser Daten konnte gezeigt werden, dass der ADC von Wirbelkörpern verlässlich gemessen werden kann, und dass durch die quantitative Bestimmung des ADC ein objektiv vergleichbarer Parameter zur Verfügung steht, der zur Differenzierung von malignem und benignem Gewebe gut geeignet erscheint.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Diffusion ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Encephalitis disseminata ; Keywords Diffusion ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is one of the best methods in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, particularly in disclosure of active demyelinating lesions. Aim of this study was to compare diffusion weighted imaging and contrast enhancement in the detection of active lesions. A MR study with a contrast enhanced T1-weighted pulse sequence with magnetization transfer presaturation and a diffusion weighted echoplanar pulse sequence (b=1000 s/mm2) was performed in 17 patients (11 women, 6 men) with multiple sclerosis. 29 of 239 lesions showed an increased signal intensity in diffusion weighted imaging, 24 lesions a contrast enhancement, but only 16 lesions were visible in both pulse sequences. In patients with short clinical symptomatology significant more lesions could be detected with diffusion-weighted pulse sequence in comparison to patients with long standing symptomatology showing more lesions with contrast enhancement. Hence it is likely, that both pulse sequences detect different histopathologic changes. The early detection of demyelinating lesions in diffusion weighted imaging is attributed to the extracellular edema, however the contrast enhancement is caused by a blood brain barrier abnormality. It can be expected that diffusion weighted imaging will have a high impact on imaging of multiple sclerosis not only in therapeutic trials, but also in clinical routine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Magnetresonanztomograpie ist eine der wichtigsten Untersuchungsmethoden in der Diagnostik der Encephalitis disseminata, insbesondere im Nachweis aktiver Entmarkungsherde. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, diffusionsgewichtete und kontrastverstärkte Untersuchungen bezüglich der Erkennung aktiver Läsionen zu vergleichen. Bei 17 Patienten (11 Frauen, 6 Männer) mit bekannter Encephalitis disseminata wurden sowohl eine kontrastverstärkte T1-gewichtete Sequenz mit Magnetization-Transfer-Sättigung als auch eine diffusionsgewichtete Echoplanar-Sequenz (b=1000 s/mm2) durchgeführt. 29 der 239 Läsionen zeigten eine Signalsteigerung in der diffusionsgewichteten Sequenz, 24 eine Kontrastmittelaufnahme, jedoch waren nur 16 Läsionen in beiden Techniken nachweisbar. Bei Patienten mit kurzzeitig bestehender Symptomatik zeigten sich signifikant mehr Entmarkungsherde mit Signalsteigerung in der Diffusionswichtung im Vergleich zu Patienten mit länger bestehender neurologischer Symptomatik, die mehr kontrastmittelaffine Läsionen aufwiesen. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass mit beiden Verfahren unterschiedliche histopathologische Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Das sehr frühe Auftreten der Diffusionsänderung in den Entmarkungsherden wird auf das Ödem zurückgeführt, während die Kontrastmittelaufnahme durch eine Blut-Hirnschranken-Störung verursacht wird. Es ist zu erwarten, dass die diffusionsgewichtete Magnetresonanztomographie einen hohen Stellenwert in der Bildgebung der Encephalitis disseminata nicht nur in Therapiestudien, sondern auch in der klinischen Routinediagnostik erlangen wird.
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  • 164
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    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 8 (2000), S. 180-185 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Keywords Proprioception ; Equilibrium ; Posture ; Reproducibility of results ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The Kinesthetic Ability Trainer (KAT 2000) is a balance platform designed for training and functional testing of the neuromuscular control system. Forty healthy and sports-active persons were tested and 1 month later retested to investigate the reliability of the KAT 2000 testing “one-leg static balance” and “two-leg dynamic balance”. A significant improvement at retesting on the same day was seen in both tests; furthermore the dynamic test result improved significantly with retesting 1 month later. The data obtained made it possible to calculate the 95% confidence limits for an unchanged test result for a single person and a group of persons. The results show a clear learning effect when the persons are retested, especially in the dynamic test. The KAT 2000 can be used as a tool for testing groups of persons both in short- and long-term studies, but it cannot be used for testing single persons due to the great variance in the test results. Further investigations involving injured persons are needed to determine the range of improvement after intervention.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Osteonecrosis ; Bone marrow edema ; Knee ; High tibial osteotomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Symptoms in patients suffering from spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK) may be reduced by high tibial osteotomy (HTO). However, the fate of the necrotic lesion is unknown and needs further investigation. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes after operative and nonoperative treatment. Ten consecutive patients suffering from SONK of the medial compartment were given two treatment options: either HTO (n = 6) or conservative treatment with partial weight bearing for 3 months (n = 4). We measured the greatest extent of well-defined subchondral low signal intensity abnormality, considered to represent necrosis, and the surrounding area of intermediate signal intensity, considered to represent perifocal bone marrow edema, on T1-weighted coronal MRI images before and after treatment. The MRI follow-up period was 17.5 months (range 12–¶27) in the HTO group and 14.5 months (range 8–25) in the nonoperative group. At follow-up the MRI evaluation revealed a decrease in the low signal intense areas (necrosis) in five of the six patients in the HTO group. Only one of the four nonoperative patients showed a decrease in the low signal intense area. The intermediate intense areas (edema) decreased in all patients in the HTO group and in three of four in the nonoperative group. The mean decrease in the area of perifocal edema was significantly greater in the HTO group than in the nonoperative group (P = 0.019). No statistically significant difference was found for the area of necrosis between the two groups (P = 0.171). A clinical improvement was observed in all patients of the HTO group but in only two of the four patients of the nonoperative group. We conclude that the decrease in perifocal bone marrow edema seems to be associated with improved patient comfort. The MRI appearance of the necrotic lesion does not alter with either treatment mode.
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  • 166
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 829-831 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Intraoperative imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Anatomical and functional neuronavigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Erlangen-concept of image-guided-surgery is based on the installation of an open magnetic resonance (MR) scanner (Magnetom Open, 0.2 T, Siemens AG) in a twin operating room in combination with two neuronavigation systems (Stealth NeuroStation, Sofamor Danek, MKM Zeiss). Since March 1996 this method has been used for a total of 402 patients, among them 44 children. In 214 patients, mainly with gliomas or pituitary adenomas or who needed surgery for epilepsy, we performed intraoperative MR imaging to monitor the extent of resection, allowing a second look for possible tumor remnants and also compensating for brain shift by an intraoperative update of neuronavigation. Functional neuronavigation, i.e. the combination of anatomical neuronavigation with functional imaging [e.g. magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] was used in patients with lesions in brain areas such as the motor and speech areas. For MEG we used a MAGNES II biomagnetometer (Biomagnetic Technologies, San Diego, Calif.) and for fMRI a 1.5 T Siemens Symphony MR scanner. So far we have treated 89 patients with functional neuronavigation. Our preliminary experience indicates that intraoperative MR imaging, especially in combination with functional neuronavigation, allows more radical resections with lower morbidity.
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  • 167
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 250 (2000), S. 76-78 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Septum pellucidum ; Developmental ¶disorder ; Schizophrenia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cavum veli interpositi ; Cavum septi pellucidi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of monocygotic twins discordant for a psychotic disorder is presented. An anomaly of the septum pellucidum, a so-called cavum veli interpositi was found in the psychotic twin while his brother showed no such anomaly. Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of septum pellucidum anomalies in schizophrenic patients. Abnormalities of the septum pellucidum may be associated with disturbed neuronal development in distinct limbic brain areas which cannot yet be visualized yet by brain imaging techniques. The finding of the cavum veli interpositi in the psychotic twin could be incidental; however, it may indicate a dysgenic process in early brain development and, thus, play a significant role in the etiology of psychosis.
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words cDNA ; Human ; Cathepsin P ; Propeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding a novel human putative member of the papain family of cysteine peptidases has been cloned. The protease, named cathepsin P, is synthesized as a preproprotein. The presumed propeptide of 38 amino acids is followed by a 242-residue mature protein. The mature protease region is 30% identical to human papain-like cathepsins, with all the residues important for catalysis conserved. No similarity was observed in the propeptide region. On the contrary, the proenzyme shares 51-87% residues with some precursors of cysteine proteases from other species that have not yet been characterized. They all show a nearly completely conserved “CYTRED motif” in the propeptide region, not present in other members of the family, and could therefore constitute a distinct subfamily.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral blood flow velocity ; EEG ; Caffeine ; Withdrawal ; Physical dependence ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Cessation of daily caffeine consumption produces a withdrawal syndrome comprised of subjective symptoms and functional impairment. Few controlled studies have examined the physiological effects of caffeine withdrawal. Objective: The present study examined the effect of caffeine withdrawal on cerebral blood flow velocity and quantitative EEG. Methods: Ten volunteers reporting moderate caffeine intake (mean 333 mg/day) participated in this double-blind study. Subjects completed several tests when maintaining their normal diet (baseline period) and during two 1-day periods during which they consumed caffeine-free diets and received capsules containing placebo (placebo test session) or caffeine (caffeine test session) in amounts equal to their baseline daily caffeine consumption. Blood flow velocity was determined for four arteries: right and left middle (MCA), and right and left anterior (ACA) cerebral arteries using pulsed transcranial Doppler sonography. EEG was recorded for 3 min from eight scalp sites while subjects sat, with eyes closed, in a sound-attenuated electronically shielded chamber. Subjective effects were assessed with questionnaires. Results: Results showed an effect of the placebo (21-h withdrawal) condition compared to the caffeine condition. Placebo significantly increased the mean velocity, systolic velocity and diastolic velocity (cm/s) in all four cerebral arteries. In the MCA, the pulsatility index was significantly decreased following placebo. Placebo significantly increased EEG theta power. Placebo also produces subjective effect changes, including increases in heavy feelings in arms and legs and decreases in ability to concentrate. The caffeine and baseline conditions produced similar results on both the physiological and subjective measures. Conclusion: Cessation of daily caffeine consumption produced changes in cerebral blood flow velocity and quantitative EEG. These changes may be related to classic caffeine withdrawal symptoms of headache, drowsiness and decreased alertness.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Opioids ; Self-administration ; Progressive ratio ; Drug abuse ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Although most opioid self-administration research has been conducted with laboratory animals, such research with humans is necessary to answer questions unique to human drug-taking behavior. Objective: We investigated the influence of morphine dose and an alternative non-drug reinforcer on choice between morphine versus money and examined the relationship between drug-reinforced behavior and subjective euphoria. Methods: Five male opioid users participated in the 7-week study. During the first 5 weeks, a single dose of morphine (0, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/70 kg) was available each week. On Monday, subjects received an IM injection of the dose tested that week. On Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, subjects could work for morphine or money under a second-order, progressive ratio schedule. For each primary ratio completed on the drug lever, subjects earned one-ninth of the available drug dose, and for each ratio completed on the money lever, subjects earned $1. Total amount of drug earned was administered in a single IM injection at the end of the session; money earned was credited to the subject’s account. Results: As morphine dose increased, responding for drug increased in an orderly manner and responding for money decreased. During the final phase of the study, the lowest and highest doses that maintained drug responding for each subject were repeated, and the value of the alternative reinforcer was increased to $2 per ratio. This manipulation was associated with decreased drug-maintained responding at the lowest, but not the highest, reinforcing dose of morphine. Conclusion: The progressive ratio, concurrent access procedure may be useful in predicting the outcome of drug abuse treatment interventions that use alternate reinforcement strategies.
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  • 171
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    Herz 25 (2000), S. 384-391 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Cardiomyopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Schlüsselwörter Kardiomyopathie ; Magnetresonanztomographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die kardiale Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) bietet als nichtinvasives Verfahren die Möglichkeit, innerhalb einer Untersuchung die für die verschiedenen Formen der Kardiomyopathien charakteristischen funktionellen und morphologischen Veränderungen darzustellen. In dieser Übersicht werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der MRT bei den verschiedenen Formen dieser Erkrankung diskutiert. Die geringe Variabilität der MRT-Messungen gestattet ge-naue Verlaufskontrollen im klinischen Alltag, eröffnet aber auch die Möglichkeit, Therapiestudien mit einer geringeren Anzahl von einzuschließenden Patienten zu sicheren Ergebnissen zu führen. Damit erweitert sich das Spektrum der Indikationen über die Präzisierung unklarer Befunde hinaus auf die Verlaufsbeobachtung während einer pharmakologischen Intervention und auf alle wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen. Der Vorzug der MRT, nichtinvasiv Gewebe charakterisieren zu können, verdeutlicht das Potential dieser Technik bei sekundären Kardiomyopathien sowie bei entzündlichen und infiltrativen Formen myokardialer Erkrankungen.
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive tool which is able to diagnose and differentiate cardiomyopathies in a single study. The assessment of essential information such as alterations of myocardial and ventricular geometry and function is possible with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility, based on a small inter- and intraobserver variability. Thus, very small morphological and functional changes in different types of cardiomyopathy are detectable, thereby enabling the cardiologist to increase the safety of therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, MRI bears the potential to characterize tissue transformation in the different types of myocardial affections including ischemic, toxic, infiltrative or inflammatory forms.
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  • 172
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    Heart and vessels 15 (2000), S. 44-45 
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Key words Pericardial hydatid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 173
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Key words Three-dimensional echocardiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Left ventricular volume ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of bias with coaxial three-dimensional echocardiography in an experimental animal setup and to establish the minimum number of sections needed for estimation of left ventricular (LV) volume. Epicardial coaxial echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure LV volume in 14 pigs, with chronic remodeled left ventricles induced by repeated intracoronary microembolizations. In addition, six animals underwent serial MRI at baseline, immediately after intracoronary microembolization, and after 119–165 days (mean 129 days). Coaxial echocardiography was performed by rotational acquisition of long-axis sections starting from an arbitrary angle. Planimetered MRI contours of LV endocardial borders were analyzed to investigate the relationship between the number of coaxial sections, and the precision of volume estimates. The mean ± 2SD of the differences between coaxial epicardial echocardiography with six sections and MRI were −2.5 ± 16.4 ml, 0.8 ± 13. 1 ml, and 2% ± 14% for end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF), respectively. Numerical analysis conducted on MRI contours of LV endocardial borders showed that with six coaxial sections the average coeffi-cient of error was 〈1% for the EDV and ESV. Three-dimensional echocardiography with six coaxial sections provides unbiased LV volume estimation with minimal geometric error.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Key words Basal systemic nitric oxide production rate ; Fasting ; Human ; Plasma nitrate ; Single-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is of great interest and value to evaluate the systemic nitric oxide (NO) production rate in humans under various conditions. However, the currently available estimation methods are troublesome and time-consuming. We thus aimed at developing a simple method to estimate the basal systemic NO production rate in humans based on a steady-state analysis, i.e., a balance between the systemic NO production rate and the total nitrate elimination rate. Plasma nitrate concentrations of young healthy volunteers (n = 7 in group 1; n = 9 in group 2) were measured for 2 days. In group 1, all subjects had the same meals for 7 days prior to the plasma nitrate measurement. In group 2, all subjects were allowed free diets. The plasma nitrate concentrations were highly influenced by dietary nitrite/nitrate intake in both groups and reached the steady-state levels after 14-h fasting. Accordingly, the basal systemic NO production rates were estimated from the plasma nitrate concentrations after 14-h fasting (group 1, 630 ± 37 nmol min−1 = 0.78 ± 0.03 μmol kg−1 h−1; group 2, 597 ± 45 nmol min−1 = 0.66 ± 0.05 μmol kg−1 h−1, P = not significant vs group 1). These estimated values were comparable to the values obtained by other methods. In conclusion, the present estimation method with 14-h fasting using a single-compartment analysis was found to be a simple approach to quantitative evaluation and intra- and interindividual comparisons of the basal systemic NO production rates in humans.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Key words Heat shock protein ; Antibody ; Vascular disease ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are families of phylogenetically conserved molecules that have a range of cytoprotective and intracellular functional roles. Reactivity to heat shock proteins has been implicated in the development of autoimmune disease and tissue expression of heat shock proteins and increased levels of anti-Hsp antibodies have also been reported in vascular disease. This study compared circulating levels of Hsp60 and Hsp70 and antihuman Hsp60, antihuman Hsp70, and antimycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies in peripheral (PVD) and renal (RVD) vascular disease with those in age- and sex-matched controls. Levels of Hsp70 were higher in both PVD (median 580 vs 40; P 〈 0.01) and RVD (median 160 vs 0; P 〈 0.03), whereas there were no differences in Hsp60 levels. Anti-Hsp60 antibody levels were elevated in PVD (146 vs 81 arbitrary units/ml; P 〈 0.04), but not RVD. This is the first study to demonstrate increased levels of circulating Hsp70 in pathological disease states; however, its physiological role remains to be determined.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Temporal summation ; Repeated electrical stimulation ; Experimental pain ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present human study, we aimed to investigate the facilitation of both the subjective pain responses, and the withdrawal reflex to consecutive transcutaneous electrical stimuli as measures of temporal summation. The frequency (0.5–20 Hz) and intensity (0.4–0.8 times the reflex threshold,  ×RT) of the electrical stimuli were systematically varied. When using repeated stimulation, the stimulus intensity that evoked pain was lower than that required by a single stimulus (temporal summation). Temporal summation leading to pain was found to depend significantly upon both frequency and intensity (e.g. stimulation at 1 Hz caused summation at 0.8 × RT, whereas stimulation at 20 Hz caused summation at 0.6 × RT). The strongest reflex facilitation, and hence the strongest pain intensity was obtained for stimulation at 10–20 Hz at an intensity of 0.8 × RT. In conclusion, the results of the present human study demonstrate clearly that a stimulus that is perceived as a localised, repetitive tactile tap can be integrated and cause severe pain. This suggests that pathologically generated sparse nociceptive afferent activity causes strong pain by central integration. This might be one mechanism to explain why clinical conditions can become excruciatingly painful despite the fact that the pathophysiological changes seem to be marginal (e.g. minor nerve trauma).
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  • 177
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    European journal of applied physiology 83 (2000), S. 106-115 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Central fatigue ; Muscle fatigue ; Human ; Motor cortex ; Motoneuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fatigue is a reduction of maximal muscle force or power that occurs with exercise. It is accompanied by changes at multiple levels in the motor pathway and also by changes in the discharge patterns of muscle afferents. Changes in afferent firing can lead to altered perceptions and can also act on the efferent pathway. Changes in the motor pathway include slowing of motor unit firing rates during sustained maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Muscle responses to stimulation at different levels of the motor pathway also change. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex and stimulation of descending tracts in the spinal cord in human subjects show an increase in the response of the cortex and a decrease in response of the motoneuron pool during sustained MVCs. In addition, the silent period following magnetic stimulation is prolonged. During relaxation after fatiguing exercise, muscle responses to stimulation of the motor cortex are initially facilitated and are then depressed for many minutes, whereas responses to descending tract stimulation are initially depressed but recover over about 2 min. Although some of the loss of force of fatigue does occur through inadequate drive to the muscle, it is not clear which, if any, of the changes described in the cortex or the motoneurons are responsible for loss of maximal voluntary force and thus contribute to fatigue. Changes may be associated with muscle fatigue without causing it.
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  • 178
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Fatigue ; Glenohumeral joint ; Human ; Occupational musculoskeletal problems ; Proprioception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Repetitive work to fatigue is soundly associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that fatiguing work leads to proprioceptive deficits, which can be an initiating factor for the occurrence of WMSD. Thus, the position sense of the shoulder was determined for 13 males and 13 females before and after performing repetitive low-intensity arm work to fatigue in a simulated occupational setting. From a starting position of 45° to the sagittal plane, position sense tests consisted of subjects attempting to actively reproduce target positions of horizontal movements to 15° and 30° (shoulder adduction) and to 60° and 75° (shoulder abduction). An analysis of variance revealed that the absolute error was significantly increased following fatigue for the subjects as a group (P 〈 0.001). Furthermore, females had an overall higher error than males (P 〈 0.01). No difference in error was detected for the shorter movements versus the longer movements. However, the overall absolute error for adduction was significantly higher than for abduction (P 〈 0.001). The results of the present study support the hypothesis of diminished proprioceptive acuity following low-intensity work to fatigue. A reduction in position sense acuity could lead to impairment in motor control, which would further impact on position sense. Thus, a vicious cycle may be activated that might result in WMSD. The poorer position sense acuity observed for females may contribute to the explanation of why females demonstrate a higher incidence of WMSD than males.
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  • 179
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    European journal of applied physiology 81 (2000), S. 210-213 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Cross-sectional area ; Exercise ; Human ; Reflex sympathetic activity ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This research was performed to study how the cross-sectional area (CSA) changes in the skeletal muscles of exercising (E-leg) and contralateral non-exercising (N-leg) legs and to evaluate to what extent changes in CSA mirror changes in blood flow or extravascular water displacement. Seven healthy volunteers performed plantar flexion exercise at three different exercise intensities for 10 min each. Six plantar flexions followed by a 2-s rest in between allowed repeated measurement of the blood flow to the lower limbs by duplex ultrasonography in the popliteal artery and CSA by magnetic resonance imaging. The CSA was measured using manual planimetry at rest and after 3 and 9 min of the exercise periods. The CSA increased in the E-leg by 4.5% and decreased in the N-leg by −2.4%, from rest to highest exercise intensity. Post-exercise imaging of the E-leg showed a bi-phasic recovery of CSA with a rapid phase followed by a slower phase while the blood flow very rapidly returned almost to basal. The time course of the post-exercise decrease indicated that about 50% of the increase in CSA at the highest exercise intensity might have been a result of extravascular water displacement and 50% of an increase in the vasculature volume related to the flow increase. The CSA reduction in N-leg seems to have been related to vasoconstriction, probably mainly of the capacitance vessels since blood flow was not reduced.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Human ; Muscle function ; Physiological cross-sectional area ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of recruitment on the relationship between peak torque and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) in human muscle. A group of 11 healthy men participated in this study. Isokinetic knee extension torques at seven (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300° · s−1) velocities were determined. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to calculate PCSA of right quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle. Exercise-induced contrast shifts in spin-spin relaxation time (T2)-weighted MRI were taken at rest and immediately after repetitive knee-extension exercise and T2 of QF were calculated. The MRI pixels with T2 values more than 1 SD greater than the means at rest were considered to represent QF muscle that had contracted. The area of activated PCSA within the total in QF was expressed as percentage activated PCSA and used as an index of muscle recruitment. The PCSA correlated with peak torque at 0° · s−1 (r=0.615, P 〈 0.05); in contrast, activated PCSA correlated with peak torque at 120° · s−1 (r=0.603, P 〈 0.05) and 180° · s−1 (r=0.606, P 〈 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in correlation coefficients between the activated PCSA-peak torque relationship and the PCSA-torque relationship (P 〈 0.05). These results suggested that muscle recruitment affects the PCSA-torque relationship.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Local cold ; Extremities ; Cold induced vasodilatation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hand cooling is a cold pressor test, which induces general sympathetic stimulation. This cooling procedure is often performed to investigate cold induced vasodilatation (CIVD) in one finger. To investigate the effects of this sympathetic stimulation on local CIVD, 12 subjects immersed either the right index finger (T1), right hand (T2) or left hand and right index finger (T3) for 30 min in water at 5°C followed by 15-min recovery. Skin temperature and skin blood flow (Q˙ sk) measured by laser Doppler flowmetry on the right index finger, as well as heart rate (f c) and mean arterial blood pressure ( ), were continuously monitored during the three tests. Cutaneous vascular conductance was calculated as Q˙ sk/ . Concentrations of plasma noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (AD) were measured at different times during the tests. The results showed no cardiovascular change in T1, whereas f c and increased significantly at the beginning of both T2 and T3. Similarly, sympathetic stimulation was reflected in the NA concentrations, which increased significantly (P 〈 0.01) during T2 and T3 after 5 min of immersion, and remained elevated until the recovery period. The AD concentration did not change during the three tests. During T2, the CIVD appeared later and slower in comparison with T1 [CIVD onset: 12.81 (SEM 2.30) min in T2 and 5.62 (SEM 0.33) min in T1] . During T3, the CIVD onset was not delayed compared to T1 [6.38 (SEM 0.67) min], but the rewarming was lower [+5.40 (SEM 0.86)°C in T3 and +9.10 (SEM 1.31)°C in T1]. These results showed that CIVD could be altered by sympathetic stimulation but it also appeared that the onset of CIVD could be influenced by local cooling, independently of the general sympathetic stimulation.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Eccentric-concentric actions ; Electromyography ; Gastrocnemius muscle ; Soleus muscle ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate muscle and tendon stiffness in the triceps surae muscles in patients who had previously had a stroke. The participants were 12 men showing slight to moderate degrees of muscle tonus in the affected leg. All patients showed minimal or no overt clinical motor symptoms, and all walked without mechanical aid. Muscle strengths in isometric and isokinetic activities were measured, as was passive resistance during plantarflexion in each leg. Walking speed was also measured. Evaluations of physical performance and muscle tone were made. Muscle and tendon stiffness was calculated from measurements whilst passively stretching during electrical stimulation, separately for each leg. Muscle strength was significantly higher in the non-affected than in the affected leg. Muscle stiffness was significantly higher in the affected leg than in the non-affected leg. Tendon stiffness was significantly higher in the non-affected than in the affected leg. The higher muscle stiffness in the affected leg might enhance the possibility for storing elastic energy during preactivation. Lower tendon stiffness in the affected leg might reduce the development of fatigue in movements at low velocities.
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  • 183
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    European journal of applied physiology 82 (2000), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words B-mode ultrasound ; Bioelectrical impedance ; Data acquisition system ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the validity of bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm. Bioelectrical impedance of the right upper arm and the thickness of elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured from 26 healthy young adult men using a specially designed bioelectrical impedance data acquisition system and brightness-mode ultrasound apparatus, respectively. As reference data, the muscle volume (MVMRI) of the right upper arm was determined using a magnetic resonance imaging method. The impedance index was calculated as L 2/Z, where L is the upper arm length and Z is the impedance of the shoulder to the elbow. The muscle volume (MVULT) was calculated as π·(d/2)2·L, where d is muscle thickness. L 2/Z and MVULT were significantly correlated with MVMRI with correlation coefficients of 0.971 and 0.962, respectively. In these relationships, the standard errors of estimation were 44.2 cm3 (6.3%) for L 2/Z and 50.7 cm3 (7.2%) for MVULT. There was no significant difference between the absolute errors of muscle volumes estimated by L 2/Z and MVULT: 36.2 (4.8, SEM) cm3 for L 2/Z versus 40.3 (5.8) cm3 for MVULT. The present results suggest that both bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods may be useful for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Bed rest ; Resistance training ; Skeletal muscle ; Physiological cross-sectional area ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on the morphological and functional properties of human lower limb muscles during 20 days of 6° head-down-tilt bed rest. Nine men were randomly assigned to the resistance training group (BR-Tr, n=5) or the non-training, control group (BR-Cont, n=4). Isometric leg-press exercises were performed: 3 s × 30 repetitions (30 s rest between repetitions) daily for 20 days during the bed-rest period. Serial axial magnetic resonance images were taken from the right thigh and leg muscles, and muscle volume, muscle length, and fibre length were estimated. The physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) of the knee extensor, knee flexor, ankle plantarflexor, and ankle dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior) muscle groups were determined as muscle volume multiplied by the cosine of the angle of fibre pennation divided by fibre length. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) during knee extension was measured. No significant changes were observed in the PCSA of the knee extensor muscles in BR-Tr group, whereas the PCSA in the BR-Cont group decreased by 7.8%. The PCSA of the knee flexor and plantarflexor muscles in the BR-Tr group and BR-Cont group significantly decreased after bed rest (knee flexors, 10.2% and 11.5%; plantarflexors, 13.0% and 12.8%, respectively). However, in both groups bed rest had no effect on the muscle volume and PCSA of the tibialis anterior. MVC was maintained by resistance training in the BR-Tr group (decreased by 1%). In contrast, a decline of strength was observed in the BR-Cont group (−16%), but this result was not statistically significant. These results suggest that isometric leg-press training prevents the deconditioning (i.e. atrophy and decline of strength) of the knee extensor muscle group.
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  • 185
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    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 351-364 
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: Human ; breast cancer ; premalignant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most human invasive breast cancers (IBCs)4 arise from preexisting benign lesions. There are many types of benign lesions in the human breast and only a few appear to have significant premalignant potential (atypical hyperplasias and in situ carcinomas). These lesions are relatively common and only a small proportion progress to IBC. They are currently defined by their histological features and their prognosis is imprecisely estimated from indirect evidence based on epidemiological studies. Although lesions within specific categories look alike, they must possess morphologically silent biological differences motivating some to remain stable and others to progress. Understanding the biological changes responsible for the development and progression of premalignant disease is a very active area of medical research. Progress in this area may provide new opportunities for breast cancer prevention by providing strategies to treat premalignant lesions before they develop or become cancerous. A large number of biological features have been evaluated in this setting during the past decade. This review discusses a few features that appear to be particularly important and have been studied in a relatively comprehensive manner.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Right ventricle ; Arrhythmias ; Left bundle branch block ; Dysplasia ; Fatty infiltration ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Schlüsselwörter Rechter Ventrikel ; Arrhythmien ; Linksschenkelblock ; Dysplasie ; Fettige Degeneration ; Kernspintomographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die arrhythogene rechtsventrikuläre Dysplasie (ARVD), eine Herzmuskelerkrankung unlarer Ätiologie, ist pathologisch durch fettige Degeneration des rechtsventrikulären Myokards gekennzeichnet. Die klinischen Symptome umfassen strukturelle und funktionelle Malformationen des rechten Ventrikels, krankhafte elektrokardiographische Befunde und das Auftreten ventrikulärer Tachykardien mit Linksschenkelblock oder plötzlichem Herztod. Die Krankheit tritt familiär gehäft auf und wird autosomal vererbt. Neben der rechtsventrikulären Dilatation stellen rechtsventrikuläre Aneurysmen typische Fehlbildungen bei ARVD dar. Sie sind im so genannten “Dysplasiedreieck”, das heißt rechtem ventrikulärem Ausflusstrakt, Herzspitze und Infundibulum, verteilt. Dort lokalisierte ventrikuläre Aneurysmen können als pathognomonisch für die ARVD angesehen werden. Ein weiteres typisches Merkmal der ARVD ist die fettige Degeneration der freien rechten Ventrikelwand. Diese funktionellen und strukturellen Charakteristika sind bei der klinischen Untersuchung mit bildgebenden Verfahren wie Kontrastangiographie, Echokardiographie, Radionuklidangiographie, ultraschneller Computertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) von Bedeutung. Unter diesen Verfahren erlaubt die MRT die deutlichste Darstellung des Herzens, insbesondere bei Beteiligung des rechten Ventrikels, der sich mit den anderen bildgebenden Methoden in der Regel schwerer untersuchen lässt. Darüber hinaus bietet die MRT den wesentlichen Vorteil der Darstellung der fettigen Degeneration als helles Signal im rechtsventrikulären Myokard. Die MRT liefert die wichtigsten anatomischen, funktionellen und morphologischen Kriterien zur Diagnose einer ARVD in einem einzigen Untersuchungsgang. Daher scheint sie das beste bildgebende Verfahren zur Identifizierung und Nachsorge von Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht auf ARVD zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a heart muscle disorder of unknown cause that is characterized pathologically by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium. Clinical manifestations include structural and functional malformations of the right ventricle, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and presentation with ventricular tachycardias with left bundle branch pattern or sudden death. The disease is often familial with an autosomal inheritance. In addition to right ventricular dilatation, right ventricular aneurysms are typical deformities of ARVD and they are distributed in the so-called “triangle of dysplasia”, i. e., right ventricular outflow tract, apex, and infundibulum. Ventricular aneurysms at these sites can be considered pathognomonic of ARVD. Another typical hallmark of ARVD is fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricular free wall. These functional and morphologic characteristics are relevant to clinical imaging investigations such as contrast angiography, echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, ultrafast computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Among these techniques, MRI allows the clearest visualization of the heart, in particular because the right ventricle is involved, which is usually more difficult to explore with the other imaging modalities. Furthermore, MRI offers the specific advantage of visualizing adipose infiltration as a bright signal of the right ventricular myocardium. MRI provides the most important anatomic, functional, and morphologic criteria for diagnosis of ARVD within one single study. As a result, MRI appears to be the optimal imaging technique for detecting and following patients with clinical suspicion of ARVD.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Left ventricle ; LV contractility ; ESPVR ; Pig ; Rat ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The end systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) has been shown to be a relatively load independent measure of left ventricular (LV) contractility. Recently, several single-beat ESPVR computation methods have been developed, enabling the quantification of LV contractility without the need to alter vascular loading conditions on the heart. Using a single-beat ESPVR method, which has been validated previously in humans and assumes that normalized elastance is constant between individuals of a species, we studied the effects of myocardial infarction on LV contractility in two species, the rat and the pig. In our studies, LV pressure was acquired invasively and LV volume determined noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging, at one week postinfarction in pigs and at 12 weeks postinfarction in rats. Normalized systolic elastance curves in both animal species were not statistically different from that of humans. Also, the slope of the ESPVR $$\left( {E_{es} } \right)$$ decreased significantly following infarction in both species, while the volume-axis intercept $$\left( {V_0 } \right)$$ was unaffected. These results indicate that a single-beat ESPVR method can be used to measure the inotropic response of the heart to myocardial infarction, and that the basis for this method (i.e., constant normalized elastance) is applicable to a variety of mammalian species. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8761Lh, 8719Hh, 8719Rr, 8719Ff
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Strahlentherapieplanung ; Stereotaxie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; FLAIR-Bildgebung ; Gliome ; Metastasen ; Key Words: Radiotherapy planning ; Stereotaxie ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; FLAIR imaging ; Glioma ; Metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: FLAIR MR imaging has shown to be a valuable imaging modality in pathologic lesions of the brain including intraaxial brain tumors. The aim of the study was to assess the value of a FLAIR technique in the planning process of stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with cerebral gliomas and metastases. Patients and Methods: Thirty-five patients with cerebral gliomas and 12 patients with a total of 39 cerebral metastases were examined by T2/PD-weighted fast spin-echo, fast FLAIR prior and after contrast and contrast enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo using identical slice parameters. The images were evaluated by using quantitative and qualitative criteria. Quantitative criteria were tumor-to-background and tumor-to-cerebrospinal fluid contrast and contrast-to-noise. The qualitative evaluation was performed as a multireader analysis concerning lesion detection, lesion delineation and image artifacts. Results: In the qualitative evaluation (Tables 3 and 6), all readers found the fast FLAIR images to be superior to fast spin-echo in the exact delineation of cerebral tumors (p 〈 0.001) and the delineation of enhancing and non enhancing tumor parts. Fast FLAIR was superior in the delineation of cortically located and small lesions but was limited in lesions adjacent to the ventricles. Fast FLAIR provided a significantly better tumor-to-CSF contrast and tumor-to-CSF contrast-to-noise (p 〈 0.001) (Tables 1, 2a, 2b, 4, 5). The tumor-to-background contrast and tumor-to-background contrast-to-noise of the fast FLAIR images were lower than that of T2-weighted spin-echo images but were significantly increased after the application of contrast media. FLAIR images had more image artifacts, but the image interpretation was not influenced. Conclusions: FLAIR MR imaging was found to be a valuable sequence in the planning protocol of stereotactic radiotherapy. The concurrent presentation of enhancing and non enhancing tumor tissue on contrast enhanced fast FLAIR imaging enables to use a single imaging sequence in the treatment protocol. This enables to load a reduced image amount into the radiotherapy planning software, is therefore time saving and reduces potential errors.
    Notes: Hintergrund: Eine FLAIR-(fluid attenuated inversion recovery-)Sequenz wurde in der stereotaktischen Strahlentherapieplanung zerebraler Gliome und Metastasen im Vergleich zu konventionellen Spin-Echo-(SE-)Sequenzen eingesetzt. Überprüft wurde die Wertigkeit dieser Methode anhand der Läsionserkennbarkeit, Läsionsabgrenzung und des Tumorkontrastes. Patientengut und Methode: 35 Patienten mit zerebralen Gliomen und zwölf Patienten mit insgesamt 39 zerebralen Metastasen wurden mit einer FLAIR-Sequenz vor und nach Kontrastmittel, einer T2- und PD-gewichteten SE-(FSE-)Sequenz und einer kontrastmittelunterstützten T1-gewichteten SE-Sequenz untersucht. Eine quantitative Auswertung umfaßte Tumor-zu-Hintergrund- und Tumor-zu-Liquor-Kontrast und Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Bestimmungen. In einer qualitativen Auswertung wurden die Erkennbarkeit und Abgrenzung der Tumoren anhand einer Multireader-Analyse beurteilt. Ergebnisse: Der Tumor-zu-Hintergrund-Kontrast bei zerebralen Gliomen war auf den nativen FLAIR-Aufnahmen den konventionellen FSE-Aufnahmen unterlegen. Beide Reader fanden die FLAIR-Technik aufgrund der Liquorunterdrückung in der Läsionsabgrenzung der T2- und Protonen-gewichteten FSE-Technik hingegen überlegen. Nach Kontrastmittelgabe stieg das Signal bei anreichernden Tumoren auf den FLAIR-Bildern im Mittel um 49%, wodurch der Tumor-zu-Hintergrund-Kontrast den der konventionellen Aufnahmen signifikant (p 〈 0,001) übertraf. Durch die Kontrastmittelgabe wurde auch die Abgrenzung der infiltrativen Tumoranteile signifikant (p 〈 0,001) verbessert. Bei Patienten mit zerebralen Metastasen konnten mittels kontrastmittelunterstützter FLAIR-Aufnahmen signifikant mehr Metastasen als mit nativer FLAIR- und T2/PD-gewichteter FSE-Sequenz, jedoch weniger als mittels kontrastmittelverstärkter T1 SE-Sequenz erkannt werden. Der Nachteil lag hierbei in der geringen Detektionsrate bei sehr kleinen, subkortikal gelegenen Metastasen. Vorteil der Methode war jedoch wie bei den zerebralen Gliomen die gleichzeitige Darstellung von anreicherndem Tumor und umgebendem Ödem. Artefakte nahe der Liquorräume sind auf FLAIR-Bildern häufig, sie störten die Bildinterpretation jedoch nicht wesentlich. Signalhyperintensitäten aufgrund physiologischer Gliosezonen an den Ventrikelrändern sind ebenfalls häufig zu beobachten und müssen in die Bildinterpretation einbezogen werden. Schlußfolgerung: Zusammengefaßt bietet sich die FLAIR-Technik als eine wertvolle Bildgebungssequenz in der stereotaktischen Strahlentherapieplanung von zerebralen Tumoren an. Durch die Verwendung kontrastmittelunterstützter FLAIR-Technik kann sowohl die Definition der radiologischen als auch der makroskopischen Tumorränder auf einer einzigen Bildgebungssequenz erreicht werden. Dieses ist insbesondere für das Einladen der Bilddaten in die verwendeten Bestrahlungsplanungssysteme von Vorteil, da die Bilddatenmenge deutlich reduziert, der Arbeitsaufwand für zusätzliche Bildfusionen vermindert und mögliche Fehlerquellen bei der Bildfusion vermieden werden können.
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  • 189
    ISSN: 1439-7609
    Keywords: Key words Extensibility ; Supraspinatus muscle ; Tendon fiber ; Rotator cuff tear ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An estimate of the extensibility of the supraspinatus muscle after a rotator cuff tear is useful in selecting the most appropriate operative procedure and the prognosis after surgery. We studied the relationship between the morphological findings of the supraspinatus muscle on magnetic resonance imaging and its elongation length. Twenty-one shoulders of 20 patients with massive rotator cuff tears were scanned parallel to the long axis of the supraspinatus muscle. The ratio of the largest width of the supraspinatus muscle belly to the distance from the greater tuberosity to the proximal end of the supraspinatus muscle was termed the supraspinatus muscle belly ratio. The appearance of linear bands and the degree of retraction of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle were analyzed. The extensibility of the supraspinatus muscle decreased when the degree of retracted tendon was high, while no correlation was found with the length of the rotator cuff defect, the supraspinatus muscle belly ratio, or the appearance of linear bands.
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  • 190
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    International urology and nephrology 32 (2000), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Aging ; Nephrosclerosis ; Arteriolosclerosis ; Hypertension ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Arterial intimal fibroplasia in renal interlobular arteries but not arteriolar hyalinization was reported to be proportional to the rise of blood pressure with age in the data from all populations examined so far. New findings from Japan offer further insights into the disparities between the two types of renovasculopathy, both of which are called by the same name, `arteriolosclerosis'. PAS stained paraffin sections were prepared from specimens obtained atautopsy in Tokyo and New Orleans, emphasizing basal subjects, i.e. those with no cause of deathknown to be related to hypertension. Severities of fibroplastic vasculopathy, in units of intimal thickness as % of outer diameter, and hyaline vasculopathy, in units of affected arterioles per cm2 of tissue sectional area, were measured morphometrically. Blood pressure data were taken from published population surveys. Fibroplastic renovasculopathy was found to provide a proxy for mean blood pressure (MBP) when comparing groups of men and women of various age groups in the USA and Japan. Hyaline renovasculopathy did not reproduce these patterns. Some of these findings confirm similar results from prior studies, and this reproducibility increases confidence that a true biological difference may exist between these populations.
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  • 191
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Pharyngeal neoplasms ; Rhabdomyoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult rhabdomyomas of the head and neck are uncommon benign skeletal muscle tumors. Only a few cases occurring in the pharyngeal wall have been described in the world literature. We present a case of recurrent bilateral rhabdomyomas in the pharynx and discuss the clinicopathological features of this lesion, comparing it to those of other neoplasms from which it must be differentiated. To our knowledge, bilaterality of this type of lesion has not been described previously. Although adult rhabdomyomas have a distinct histology, they often are mistaken for a variety of other lesions, particularly granular cell tumor.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Albumin ; Bronchial cells ; Chemoprevention ; Ecto-cervical cells ; Growth inhibition ; Hepatocytes ; Human ; In vitro ; Keratinocytes ; Mammary epithelial cells ; Mitochondrial function ; Normal ; Oral mucosal cells ; PCNA ; Prostate epithelial cells ; Renal cells ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Human Epithelial Cell Cytotoxicity (HECC) Assay for determining organ specific cytotoxicity uses human epithelial cells from eight different human tissues, including: skin, mammary, prostate, renal, bronchial, oral, ecto-cervix, and liver. Although the initial studies using this assay were conducted using cancer chemopreventive agents, the HECC Assay can also be used to evaluate other types of drugs, personal care products, environmental chemicals, and potential toxicants. Human epithelial cells at an early passage are seeded into multi-well dishes. The cells are exposed to multiple concentrations of a test agent for a three day period. The concentration ranges for test agents in the assay are determined in a preliminary assay using an exposure of five days and log dilutions from the highest soluble concentration. At the end of the exposure period, the cultures are evaluated for inhibition of growth. In the HECC Assay, cultures are exposed for three days. At the end of the exposure period, the cultures are evaluated for inhibition of growth, mitochondrial function, and PCNA expression or albumin synthesis (hepatocytes). Data are analyzed to determine the concentration that inhibited and point by 50 percent (TC50). Values for each agent in each target epithelial cell line or culture and the target tissue specific sensitivity are compared to determine the relative sensitivity of each epithelial cell line to the test agent.
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  • 193
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    Human evolution 15 (2000), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Development ; Ontogeny ; Growth ; Brain ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human has the most complex brain of the primates group. Their development is prolonged beyond birth and it is not completed structurally nor neurochemically until age of 20 years. Decades later, degenerative phenomena begin to be evident, that little by little will drive us to death. At the end of the life, 113 grams aproximate of cerebral mass are lost. The endowment of furrows and convolutions are fixed before birth, while the cerebral surface ends up having values next to the adult at 2 years. However the cerebral weight reaches its maximum at the 20 year-old decade. A first phase of neuronal death appears during the prenatal life, which is continued by another postnatal phase, and it ends with the definitive number of neurons. However, along life, the number of neurons decreases little by little at the time of the neuroglial cells increase. Much about brain knowledge at the moment is difficult to apply to the cranial endocasts, although approaches from the MNR are hopeful.
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  • 194
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    Brain tumor pathology 17 (2000), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Intracranial plasma cell granuloma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma cell granulomas (PCGs) are benign, inflammatory masses of unknown etiology composed of polyclonal mature plasma and lymphoid cells. The lung is their most common location, and occurrence within the cranial cavity is extremely rare. We report the case of an 11-year-old girl who presented with seizures and was diagnosed as having a dural-based right frontal tumor that extended toward the sagittal sinus and the falx. The lesion was totally excised, together with the abnormal dura. A limited cortical excision was also performed using electrocorticographic guidance. Histopathologic diagnosis of intracranial plasma cell granuloma was reached after extensive immunohistochemical tests and electron microscopy. This is the third case of PCG with description of changes in the neighboring cerebral tissue. Although PCGs are well-circumscribed lesions, lymphoplasmocytic inflammation, neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis occur within the adjacent cortex. Disturbed cortical lamination, as we have observed, appears to be a histological finding that has not been described previously.
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  • 195
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S865 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; CSF examination ; Oligoclonal bands ; Evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) after acute isolated optic neuritis in 102 patients in a follow-up study (duration 6.5±2.0 years). The probability of CDMS was 13% after 2 years, 30% after 4 years, 38% after 6 years, and 49% after 8 and 10 years. CDMS occurred in 42 (59%) of 71 patients with brain lesions detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). No patient with normal MRI exam developed the disease. Patients with 3 or more MRI-detected lesions presented a shorter first interattack interval and a higher relapse rate compared to subjects with only 1 or 2 lesions. The predictive value of CSF examination and of evoked potentials was poor.
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  • 196
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S877 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetization transfer imaging ; Diffusion-weighted imaging.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has markedly increased our ability to detect the macroscopic abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Magnetization transfer imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging have the potential to provide relevant and complementary information on the structural changes occurring within and outside these lesions and are contributing significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the accumulation of irreversible neurological disability in MS patients. These present review will summarize the major results achieved with the application of these two MR techniques to the assessment of the evolution of MS.
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  • 197
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key wordsL-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Leukodystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare inborn error of metabolism, marked by a large and persistent increase of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We present clinical, biochemical and neuroradiological findings of seven Italian patients aged 4–19 years presenting at different stages of the disease. The disorder was characterized by a progressive neurological syndrome with cerebellar and pyramidal signs, mental deterioration, epilepsy and subcortical leukoencephalopathy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We observed a good correlation between the severity of the disease and the extent of lesions on MRI. We report the result of the first positive prenatal diagnosis.
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  • 198
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 934-944 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diffusion imaging ; Fiber orientation ; Ventricular geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An imaging method for the rapid reconstruction of fiber orientation throughout the cardiac ventricles is described. In this method, gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady-state (GRASS) imaging is used to measure ventricular geometry in formaldehyde-fixed hearts at high spatial resolution. Diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) is then used to estimate fiber orientation as the principle eigenvector of the diffusion tensor measured at each image voxel in these same hearts. DTMRI-based estimates of fiber orientation in formaldehyde-fixed tissue are shown to agree closely with those measured using histological techniques, and evidence is presented suggesting that diffusion tensor tertiary eigenvectors may specify the orientation of ventricular laminar sheets. Using a semiautomated software tool called HEARTWORKS, a set of smooth contours approximating the epicardial and endocardial boundaries in each GRASS short-axis section are estimated. These contours are then interconnected to form a volumetric model of the cardiac ventricles. DTMRI-based estimates of fiber orientation are interpolated into these volumetric models, yielding reconstructions of cardiac ventricular fiber orientation based on at least an order of magnitude more sampling points than can be obtained using manual reconstruction methods. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8761-c, 8757Gg
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  • 199
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 38 (2000), S. 454-464 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Optic nerve ; Human ; Self-sizing spiral cuff electrode ; Finite elements method ; Fibre model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study is to determine which of the existing myelinated mammalian nerve fibre models better fits experimental data resulting from electrical stimulation of the human optic nerve and from propagation velocity measured on primates. The macroscopic electric potential is computed in a 3D, inhomogeneous and anisotropic nerve model. The Chiu-Sweeney (CS) and the Schwarz-Wesselink (SW) membrane descriptions are then considered. Variations in parameters that are not well established (encapsulation-tissue thickness, nerve-fascicle conductivity, geometric and electrochemical fibre cable parameters) are taken into account. Results demonstrate that the SW model predictions are in better agreement with the experimental data than those of the CS model, although thresholds are still too high. When channel densities are varied, the SW model turns out to be more robust than the CS model. For a suitable leakage channel density value (about 8% of the original one), the SW model predicts a conduction velocity of 11.4ms−1 and an excitation threshold of 0.055 mA (for 0.1 ms pulse duration), which is in very good agreement with experimental values (11 ms−1 and 0.055 mA). Potassium current in the SW model is necessary for stability. Introduction of a potassium-like current can restore stability in the CS system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Endoanal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vector volume ; Manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study compared conventional water-perfused and vector volume anal manometry in female patients with neurogenic fecal incontinence and chronic anal fissure and in healthy female volunteers. We used endoanal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to measure internal and external sphincter lengths and thicknesses and contrasted these with the manometric findings in the different anorectal conditions. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three female subjects were studied over an eight-month period, including 33 control volunteers, 83 patients with neurogenic fecal incontinence, and 17 patients with chronic anal fissure. Conventional manometry was contrasted with automated vector volume-derived parameters. Endoanal magnetic resonance images were obtained using a previously described internal coil with a 0.5 T Asset™ scanner measuring quadrantal internal sphincter thickness and averaged coronal internal and external sphincter lengths. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant relationship between parameters measured by conventional manometry and those variables derived from vector volume manometry at rest and squeeze. There was no difference in sectorial vector-derived pressures within any anorectal condition and no correlation between quadrantal internal sphincter thickness measurements and sectorial pressures at rest. Patients with chronic anal fissure and neurogenic fecal incontinence had constitutionally shorter superficial and subcutaneous external sphincters than healthy control subjects (P〈0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is no association between manometric findings and morphologic sphincter measurement; however, the shorter distal external sphincter in patients with fissure might render the lower anal canal relatively unsupported after internal sphincterotomy in the female patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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