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  • 1965-1969  (2,089)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2,026)
  • Rat
  • Engineering General
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; experimental diabetes ; hydrochlorothiazide ; N-monomethyl-acetamide ; discrepancy between serum immunoreactive insulin and suppressible insulin-like activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aucun effet diabétogène ni hyperglycémiant aigu de l'hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) n'a été décelé par des déterminations de la glycémie à jeun (avant et 2–8 h après l'administration d'HCT) et de la tolérance au glucose effectuées chez des rats normaux et des rats sensibilisés à un effet diabétogène par une pancréatectomie subtotale ou par l'injection d'une dose subdiabétogène d'alloxane, au cours d'un traitement de 6 semaines par des doses de 50–200 mg/kg · jour d'HCT p. o. — De fortes doses (plus de 3 ml/kg) de N-monométhylamide de l'acide acétique (NMMAA), solvant qui fut utilisé dans la préparation d'une solution injectable commerciale d'hydrochlorothiazide, ont par contre exercé des effets diabétogènes très marqués chez le rat. Toute dose léthale de NMMAA a induit chez cet animal un syndrome diabétique, c'est-à-dire une hyperglycémie progressive avec aeido-cétose métabolique, ressemblant au syndrome diabétique aigu induit par l'injection d'une forte dose de sérum anti-insulinique. — Des fractions de doses léthales administrées quotidiennement pendant plusieurs jours ont exercé des effets diabétogènes et léthaux cumulatifs: la substance ou l'un de ses métabolites toxiques apparaît persister longtemps dans l'organisme du rat.-Des doses subléthales de NMMAA ont induit une hyperglycémie réversible d'une durée de quelques jours. Nous avons donc constaté que le diabète produit par le NMMAA était soit transitoire soit léthal. Aucun signe de toxicité ne s'est manifesté au cours d'un traitement de 6–8 mois par des doses inférieures à 0,5 ml/kg · jour. — Chez les rats intoxiqués par une dose léthale de NMMAA, une corrélation positive très significative a été notée entre les valeurs sériques d'insuline immuno-réactive (IRI) et les valeurs de glycémie. Bien qu'ils aient été, à glycémie comparable, supérieurs à ceux constatés dans le sérum de rats normaux après surcharge de glucose, les taux d'IRI se trouvant dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués n'ont pas été en mesure de s'opposer à l'élévation régulière de la glycémie jusqu'à la mort. — L'effet hypoglycémiant d'insuline cristalline porcine est apparu inhibé chez les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA, comparé à l'effet observé chez des rats normaux ou en diabète alloxanique.-Utilisant l'augmentation de l'oxydation du premier atome de carbone du glucose-l-C14 par le tissu adipeux épididymaire du rat, in vitro, comme index métabolique de l'activité insulino ïde du sérum (ILA), nous n'avons pas constaté, dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués et en état de forte hyperglycémie, des taux d'ILA significativement supérieurs à ceux présents dans le sérum de rats témoins à jeun. Alors que, chez des rats normaux, la fraction de l'ILA sérique supprimable par sérum anti-insulinique (SILA) s'élevait fortement, comme l'IRI, au cours de l'hyperglycémie induite par une surcharge de glucose, cette fraction SILA n'est pas apparue en quantités décelables dans le sérum des animaux intoxiqués. L'IRI sérique de ces animaux n'a donc semble-t-il pas exercé d'effet «insulin-like» sur le tissu adipeux isolé de rat normal.-Les faits observés amènent à la conclusion que les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA inactivent et l'insuline endogène et l'insuline exogène. Bien qu'ayant perdu son activité métabolique, l'insuline endogène inactivée reste immunologiquement compétente.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Große Dosen von Hydrochlorothiazid (50–200 mg/kg/Tag, oral) über einen Zeitraum von 5–6 Wochen riefen weder eine Steigerung der Nüchternblutzuckerspiegel, noch eine Herabsetzung der Glucosetoleranz bei normalen Ratten oder Ratten hervor, deren Empfindlichkeit gegenüber diabetogenen Substanzen durch eine subtotale Pankreatektomie oder durch subdiabetogene Dosen von Alloxan erhöht worden war. 8 Std. nach einer Einzeldosis von 50 mg/kg Hydroehlorothiazid fand sich keine Blutzuckererhöhung. Dagegen hatten große Dosen (über 3.5 ml/kg) des Lösungsmittels N-Monomethylacetamid (NMMAA), das vorübergehend zur Herstellung eines injizierbaren Hydrochlorothiazidpräparates gedient hat, deutliche diabetogene Effekte bei Ratten. Letale Dosen von NMMAA führten immer zu einem diabetischen Syndrom, d.h. fortschreitende Hyperglykämie mit Ketonämie und metabolischer Acidose, das mit dem diabetischen Syndrom nach Verabreichung großer Mengen von Anti-Insulin Serum große Ähnlichkeit aufwies. Bruchteile der letalen Dosis, die wiederholt an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gegeben wurden, summierten sich in ihrer diabetogenen und letalen Wirkung : NMMAA oder seine wirksamen Abbauprodukte scheinen längere Zeit im Organismus zu persistieren. Subletale Dosen von NMMAA lösten eine reversible Blutzuckererhöhung für einige Tage aus. Der durch NMMAA hervorgerufene Diabetes war also entweder reversibel oder tödlich. Die Langzeitbehandlung mit Dosen unter 0.8 ml/kg führte auch nach 6–8 Monaten zu keinerlei toxischen Anzeichen. Bei Ratten, die mit letalen Dosen von NMMAA vergiftet wurden, stiegen die Insulin-und Glucose-Spiegel im Blut gleichsinnig an, wobei das Insulin ähnliche Konzentrationen wie bei normalen Ratten erreichte, bei denen orale oder i.v. Glucosezufuhr zu einer entsprechenden Blutzuckersteigerung geführt hatte.-Das während der NMMAA Hyperglykämie sezernierte Insulin bewirkte also keine Blutzuckersenkung. Im Gegensatz zu der glucoseinduzierten Hyperglykämie bei der normalen Ratte stieg die mit Antiinsulin hemmbare insulinähnliche Aktivität während der NMMAAHyperglykämie nicht auf meßbare Werte an, d.h. das IRI der vergifteten Tiere schien auf normales, isoliertes Fettgewebe keinen insulinähnlichen Effekt auszuüben.-Die blutzuckersenkende Wirkung von exogenem SchweineInsulin war bei mit NMMAA vergifteten Ratten niedriger als bei Normaltieren oder Ratten mit Alloxandiabetes.-Diese Befunde veranlassen zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß mit NMMAA vergiftete Ratten exogenes und endogenes Insulin inaktivieren, wobei das inaktivierte endogene Insulin trotz des Verlustes seiner Stoffwechsel-wirkung immunologisch aktiv bleibt.
    Notes: Summary Large doses of hydrochlorothiazide (50-200mg/kg/day p.o.) given for 5 to 6 weeks did not induce any increase in the fasting blood-sugar concentration, nor any decrease of glucose tolerance in normal rats and in rats “sensitized” toward diabetogenic agents by a subtotal pancreatectomy or by a sub-diabetogenic dose of alloxan. No increase in blood sugar was found in the 8 h following a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. —Large doses (〉 3.5 ml/kg) of the solvent N-monomethyl-acetamide (NMMAA), used at one time in the preparation of one brand of hydrochlorothiazide for injection, on the other hand, exerted marked diabetogenic effects in the rat. Lethal doses of NMMAA always induced a diabetic syndrome, i.e. progressive hyperglycaemia with ketonaemia and metabolic acidosis resembling the diabetic syndrome induced by large doses of antiinsulin serum. Fractions of lethal doses given repeatedly on successive days had additive diabetogenic and lethal effects: the drug or its toxic metabolites appeared to persist for a long time in the organism.-Sublethal doses of NMMAA induced a reversible hyperglycaemia of some days' duration. Thus the diabetes induced by NMMAA was either transitory or lethal. Chronic treatment with doses 〈 0.8 ml/kg/day did not induce any signs of toxicity within 6–8 months. In the rats intoxicated with lethal doses of NMMAA, the serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased simultaneously with the glycaemia, and attained the same levels as in normal rats with similar blood glucose concentrations established by oral or i.v. loads with glucose.-The insulin secreted during NMMAA hyperglycaemia, thus, did not lower the blood sugar. During NMMAA hyperglycaemia, in contrast to glucose-induced hyperglycaemia in normal rats, the fraction of the insulin-like-activity of the serum suppressed by anti-insulin serum (SILA) did not rise to detectable levels : i. e. the IRI of the intoxicated animals did not appear to exert an insulin-like effect on normal isolated adipose tissue.-The blood-sugar-lowering effect of exogenous porcine insulin was depressed in rats intoxicated with NMMAA in comparison with normal animals or animals with alloxan-induced diabetes.-The findings lead to the conclusion that rats intoxicated with NMMAA inactivate exogenous as well as endogenous insulin. Although losing its metabolic activity, the inactivated endogenous insulin remains immunologically competent.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 129 (1969), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system ; Sexual differentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic development of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat was examined from the 16th post-coital day to adult age in both sexes, which were determined separately. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The hypothalamus is visible already before the 16th day of gestation. 2. The walls of the third ventricle are first composed of primitive cell layers, from which the migration of neurons proceeds on the 15th or 16th day. At this stage the differentiation of the wall of the third ventricle occurs: the germinal-, mantle-and marginal layers appear. 3. The differentiation of the nuclei starts, with some exceptions, before the 19th day of gestation. 4. Nn. suprachiasmaticus, supraopticus, periventricularis anterior, arcuatus and one part of paraventricularis differentiate from the lateral border of the germinal layer. Nn. ventromedialis, dorsomedialis, hypothalamicus anterior, praeoptici, praemamillaris ventralis, praemamillaris dorsalis, mamillaris medialis, mamillaris lateralis and the greater part of paraventricullaris differentiate from the mantle layer. Lateral nuclei, of which only nucleus tuberomamillarius has been described, differentiate from the marginal layer. 5. Some nuclei which belong to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area have a peak in their differentiation during the critical period when the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis also starts. 6. It is stated that the development of the nuclei in the rat hypothalamus compared to that of the other mammals is similar only to that of the mouse. It takes place quite slowly before and after birth. 7. Sexual differences are not to be seen in the development of the nuclei.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals ; Cortex cerebelli ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The monoamine innervation of the cerebellum of the rat has been studied by both in vivo and in vitro techniques using the histochernical fluorescence method for the demonstration of catecholamines (CA) and certain tryptamines. By way of a pharmacological approach using inter alia protriptyline, which acts mainly by blocking the membrane pump of the noradrenaline (NA) neurons, evidence was obtained that CA nerve terminals in the cerebellum mainly represent NA nerve terminals. These were found to innervate practically all parts of the cerebellar cortex with a patchy innervation pattern and with an innervation of especially the anterior and posterior lobes. The terminals mainly seem to make axodendritic contacts in the molecular and granular layers without any strict localization of the terminal plexus to any special plane of the cerebellar folia. The fibers enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle and run in the white matter of the cortex cerebelli. Incubation studies with 6-hydroxytryptamine indicate that there exists also a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) innervation of the cortex cerebelli, although not as pronounced as the NA innervation. The 5-HT nerve terminals are very fine, varicose fibers and innervate mainly the molecular layer, especially of the anterior lobe. The terminals run mainly in the transverse plane of the folium parallel to the surface. Thus, the pattern of innervation of these 5-HT afferents is different from that of the NA nerve terminals. In the uvula, structures which may represent the “rosettes” of the mossy fibers or golgi axon terminals in the granular layer take up and accumulate monoamines after incubation with amine in vitro. The exact nature of these structures remains to be elucidated.The cerebellar nuclei receive a very low to low degree of innervation of NA and 5-HT nerve terminals.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 150 (1969), S. 354-360 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Chelating agents ; Toxicology ; Intestine ; Rat ; Chelatbildner ; Toxikologie ; Darm ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die s. c. Verabfolgung von Na2 [Ca-ÄDTA] und Na3 [Ca-DTPA] in unterschiedlichen Dosen führt zu einer Degeneration der Mucosa des Dünndarms, wobei sich eine sehr gute quantitative sowie qualitative Korrelation zwischen chelat- bzw. dosisabhängiger Schädigung und Letalität zeigt.
    Notes: Summary Subcutaneous administration of different doses of Na2 [Ca-EDTA] und Na3 [Ca-DTPA] leads to a severe damage of the mucosa of the small intestine. This lesion shows a close qualitative and quantitative relation to the lethal effects of the chelators.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Postischemic edema ; Protease inhibitor ; Trasylol ; Diminishing effect on edema ; Rat ; Postischämisches Ödem ; Proteinaseninhibitor ; Trasylol ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Intravenöse Trasylolgabe kann die Entwicklung eines postischämischen Ödems in proportionaler Dosisabhängigkeit zwischen 10000 und 35000 KIE pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht hemmen. Die intensivste, gegenüber einer Dosis von 35000 KIE//kg KG aber nicht viel stärkere Hemmwirkung, wird mit 50000 KIE/kg KG bei intravenöser Injektion kurz vor Tourniquet-Lösen erreicht. Gaben bis zu 2 1/2 Stdvor und 1 Stdnach Lösen des Tourniquets zeigen ebenfalls noch einen gewissen Effekt. Eine deutliche Wirkung ist auch dann zu erzielen, wenn Trasylol vor Abschnüren der Extremität gegeben wird. Dabei ist der Wirkungsmechanismus nicht eindeutig. In Frage kommt, daß die Entstehung gefäßaktiver Peptide verhindert wird oder daß Trasylol direkt permeabilitätsmindernd auf die Gefäße wirkt.
    Notes: Summary Intravenous injection of Trasylol can stop the development of postischemic edema in a proportional dose response relationship between 10000 and 35000 KIE per kg body weight. The most intensive effect was seen with 50000 KIE per kg injected just prior to the release of the tourniquet, but this effect was not much stronger than with 35000 KIE. An effect could still be demonstrated when Trasylol was given until 2 1/2 h prior to or 1 h after tourniquet release. A marked effect could be obtained even if Trasylol was given prior to tourniquet application. So far the mode of action is not clear. It might be possible, that the development of vasoactive peptides is hindered or that Trasylol has a direct diminishing effect on the permeability of the vessels.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 64-73 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Tourniquet-shock ; Kinins ; Postischemic edema ; Protease inhibitor ; Rat ; Tourniquet-Schock ; Kinine ; Postischämisches Ödem ; Proteinaseninhibitor ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im doppelseitigen Tourniquet-Schock mit vierstündiger Ischämie und 28°C Umgebungstemperatur starben die Kontrolltiere nach rund 2 Std unter Entwicklung eines postischämischen Ödems. Mit dem Proteinaseninhibitor Trasylol konnte sowohl das Ödem vermindert als auch das Überleben verlängert werden. Als günstigste Dosis erwies sich eine Gabe von 25000 KIE/kg kurz vor Tourniquet-Lösen. Danach überlebten von 20 Tieren 13 (65%) die vierfache Zeit von Kontrollen, während sich 7 (35%) völlig erholten. Durch intravenöse Applikation vor Anlegen der Tourniquets konnte zwar die lokale Ödementwicklung gehemmt, die Überlebenszeit aber nicht verbessert werden. Daraus wird auf mindestens zwei Angriffspunkte der Trasylolwirkung geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In experiments with tourniquet application on both hind legs for 4 h at a temperature of 28°C throughout the experiments the controls succumbed about 2 h after tourniquet release, developing postischemic edema. The development of the edema could be diminished by the protease inhibitor Trasylol as well as the survival time could be prolonged. The optimal effect was seen with the injection of 25000 KIE per kg body-weight i.v. just prior to tourniquet release. In this group of 20 animals 13 (65%) survived four times the time of the controls and 7 (35%) recovered completely. By intravenous injection just prior to the application of the tourniquets the local edema could also be diminished but the survival time could not be prolonged. It is concluded that the Trasylol effect must be brought about by at least two modes of action.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Hexacyanoferrate(II) ; Thallium ; Rat ; Hexacyanoferrat(II) ; Thallium ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die orale Verabfolgung der kolloidalen Fe(III)-, Co(II)- und Ni(II)-Hexacyanoferrate(II) bewirkt eine starke Herabsetzung der Retention von oral oder intravenös verabreichtem Thallium(I) durch die Organe der Ratte. Die Effektivität ist höher als die des sogenannten unlöslichen Berliner Blau.
    Notes: Summary Oral administration of colloidal Fe(III)-, Co(II)- and Ni(II)-hexaoyanoferrates(II) leads to a markedly diminished retention of orally or intravenously administered thallium(I) by the organs of the rat. The efficacy surpasses that of the so-called insoluble Prussian Blue.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Rat ; Nephron ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; ATPases ; Quantitative Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With three phosphohydrolases, i. e. alkaline phosphatase (Na+K+), ATPase and (Mg++) ATPase, a segmentation of the proximal tubule and a marked difference between the short (superficial) and long (Juxtamedullary) nephron is revealed by quantitative histochemistry. With the exception of the superficial nephron of the male rat, alkaline phosphatase activity increases along the proximal tubule independent of sex. (Na+K+) ATPase and (Mg++) ATPase show in both types of nephrons a decrease of activity along the proximal tubule. The juxtamedullary nephron is more active than the superficial. Parallelism of the site of avtivity for alkaline phosphatase and the location of reabsorption of phosphate ions is discussed. Morphological and physiological data from the literature are brought into connexion with the enzymatic changes of a (Na+K+) ATPase activity decrease.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 150 (1969), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; Man ; Rat ; Stickstoffbilanz ; Mensch ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselbilanzversuche unter dem Kriterium des minimalen Stickstoffumsatzes bei Bilanzausgleich werden am Menschen wie an der Laboratoriumsratte mit der gleichen analytischen Genauigkeit ausgeführt. Versuche an Ratten haben — im Gegensatz zu früher ermittelten Resultaten an Menschen — ergeben: 1. Der Ersatz von Eiprotein-N durch Ammonium-N führt in jedem Mischungsverhältnis zu einer Erhöhung des Stickstoffumsatzes. 2. Methioninzulagen zu Ei/NH4 +-Gemischen bleiben ohne Einfluß auf die Stickstoffumsatzgröße. 3. Eine allgemeine Möglichkeit zur Übertragung von Ergebnissen der Rattenversuche auf den Bedarf des Menschen an Stickstoffträgern besteht für die Bilanzmethode nicht.
    Notes: Summary Metabolism trials under conditions of minimum nitrogen input and nitrogen equilibrium yield the same analytical accuracy (reproducibility of results within a standard deviation of ±1.5%) with men and with rats. In contrast to results with men published formerly, experiments with rats show the following: 1. Replacement of egg protein by non-essential nitrogen (diammoniumcitrate) in any proportions leads to increased nitrogen requirements. 2. Addition of methionine to mixtures of egg protein and ammonia is of no influence on the dimension of nitrogen requirements. 3. A possibility for deducing men's nitrogen requirements from minimum balance results with rats (or vice versa) thus apparently does not exist.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ascorbic Acid Excretion ; Hepatic Ascorbic Acid Concentration ; Early Injury ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Rat ; Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung ; Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration ; Frühschädigung ; Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (CCl4) ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von CCl4 auf die Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration in der Leber und die Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung mit dem Harn wurde bei erwachsenen Ratten innerhalb der ersten 22 Std nach der Applikation untersucht. In der Frühphase der CCl4-Wirkung kommt es zum Anstieg der Konzentration in der Leber. Der früheste signifikante Anstieg wurde 30 min nach der Applikation beobachtet. Das Maximum wurde dosisabhängig zwischen 90 und 180 min erreicht. Das Anwachsen der Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration in der Leber wird mit einer Aktivitätssteigerung vorhandener an der Ascorbinsäure-Synthese beteiligter Enzyme erklärt. Der Erhöhung der Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration folgt ein dosisabhängiger Abfall mit einem Minimum 12 Std nach der Applikation, der mit einer gleichfalls dosisabhängigen Erhöhung der Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung verbunden ist. Danach kommt es zu einem im zeitlichen Verlauf dosisabhängigen Wiederanstieg der Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration.
    Notes: Summary The effects of carbon tetrachloride on the concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver and on ascorbic acid excretion in the urine of adult rats were studied over a period of 22 hours after intraperitonal application. During the initial phase of the carbon tetrachloride effect, there results an increase in the concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver. The earliest significant rise was observed 30 minutes after application. The maximal rise came between 90 and 180 minutes, depending on the dose. The increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in the liver is explained by an increase in activity of those enzymes present which participate in ascorbic acid synthesis. The enhancement of hepatic ascorbic acid concentration is followed by a dose-related decrease which reaches a minimum 12 hours after application and which is accompanied by a silmultaneous increase in ascorbic acid excretion. Thereafter in the course of time, there results a renewed dose-dependant increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in liver.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 96-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium metabolism ; Strontium metabolism ; Fracture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La relation entre la résorption du85Sr et du47Ca était mesuré au tibia et fémur des rats 24 heures après l'injection. La différence entre les manches et les bouts était, remarquable, mais pas entre les os séparates; en les tibiae, qui etait fracturé depuis 7 semaines et guéries, la relation etait identique à celui des tibiae manches normals. On a présumé que la découverte était due à des différences qualitatives plustot que quantitatives entre les procédé de minéralisation dans l'os cortical et trabeculair.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen der Abnahme von85Sr und47Ca wurde von der Tibia und Femur 24 Std nach der Injektion bei Ratten gemessen. Man fand einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Schaften und den Enden, aber nicht zwischen den verschiedenen Knochen. In 7 Wochen alten, verheilten Tibiafrakturen war das Verhältnis genau so wie in einem normalen Tibiaschaft. Das Resultat berechtigte zu der Annahme, daß der Unterschied in dem Mineralisierungsprozeß zwischen corticalen und spongiösen Knochen wahrscheinlich qualitativ und nicht quantitativ ist.
    Notes: Abstract The ratio between the uptake of85Sr and47Ca was measured in the tibiae and femora of rats 24 h after injection of the tracers. There was a significant difference between shafts and ends but not between the different bones; in healed tibial fractures, 7 weeks old, the ratio was identical to that of normal tibial shafts. The findings were interpreted to be related to qualitative rather than quantitative differences in mineralization between cortical and trabecular bone.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1969), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digitoxose ; Metabolism ; Liver Enzymes ; Excretion ; Rat ; Digitoxose ; Stoffwechsel ; Leberenzyme ; Ausscheidung ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An NAD dependent “digitoxose dehydrogenase” has been demonstrated in extracts from rat liver; the Km values of this enzyme have been determined. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis shows that there are at least four different proteins capable of oxidizing digitoxose. After i.p. injections of digitoxose into normal rats 53.3% of the deoxysugar injected are excreted in the animals' urine as digitoxose, digitoxonic acid or digitoxonic-γ-lactone. The corresponding figure for adrenalectomized rats instead of normal animals is 68.3%-“Digitoxose dehydrogenase” of the rat liver seems to be a constitutive enzyme. The increased excretion of digitoxonic-lactone following adrenalectomy can be interpreted as a “permissive effect” of the adrenal hormones upon digitoxose metabolism beyond the stage of the digitoxonic lactone.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 405-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chelating Agents ; Isotopic Dilution ; Radioactive Iron ; Rat ; Chelatbildner ; Isotopische Verdünnung ; Radioeisen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Chelatbildner auf die Verteilung und Ausscheidung von trägerfreiem und isotopisch verdünntem Radioeisen bei der Ratte untersucht. Während bei gleichzeitiger Verabfolgung der Chelatbildner die Retention in allen Geweben herabgesetzt wird, führt die nachträgliche Verabreichung zu einer nur geringfügigen Mobilisierung von Depoteisen aus Leber und Milz. Die Wirksamkeit ist im Falle von isotopisch verdünntem Radioeisen größer. Äthylendi-(α-o-hydroxyphenyl)glycin, 2-(β-Aminoäthoxy)cyclohexylamintetraacetat und Desferrioxamin B erwiesen sich als die wirksamsten Verbindungen, wobei jedoch die hohe Toxicität der ersteren die praktische Verwendung ausschließt.
    Notes: Summary The influence of various chelating agents on the distribution and excretion of radioiron, carrier-free or diluted with stable carrier, was studied in rats. Simultaneous administration of chelating agents lowers the retention of radioactive iron in all tissues whereas after delayed treatment a small fraction of storage iron can be removed from liver and spleen. The efficacy is higher in the case of isotopically diluted radioactive iron. The most effective compounds are ethylenedi-(α-o-hydroxyphenyl)glycine, 2-(β-aminoethoxy)cyclohexylaminetetraacetate, and desferrioxamine B. The practical value of the former chelator, however, is excluded by its high toxicity.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 55-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Mow ; Intestinal Absorption ; Drugs ; Jejunum ; Rat ; Darmdurchblutung ; Resorption ; Pharmaka ; Jejunum ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Urethan-narkotisierten Ratten wurde eine Jejunumschlinge mit14C-markierten Arzneimitteln in gepufferter isotonischer Kochsalzlösung mit einem pH von 6–8 (Amidopyrin, Anilin, Antipyrin, Benzoesäure, Salicylsäure) und einem pH von 2,2–3,0 (Amidopyrin, Benzoesäure) perfundiert. 2. Wurde die Durchblutung von etwa 1,5 auf 0,2 ml/min · g Feuchtgewicht gesenkt, dann nahm die Resorptionsrate aller Arzneimittel ab. Wurde umgekehrt die Durchblutung von anfänglich niedrigen Werten auf hohe Werte gesteigert, dann stieg die Resorption der nichtionisierten Arzneimittel in entsprechender Weise an, während die Resorption der ionisierten Arzneimittel nicht beeinflußt wurde. Bei gleichbleibender mittlerer Durchblutung (0,6–0,7 ml/min · g) blieb die Resorptionsrate der nichtionisierten Arzneimittel (mit Ausnahme von Amidopyrin) konstant, während sie bei den ionisierten über einen Zeitraum von 60 min um 15–22% abnahm. 3. Das abweichende Verhalten der ionisierten Arzneimittel gegenüber Durchblutungsänderungen wird auf folgenden Mechanismus zurückgeführt: maßgebend für ihre Resorption ist der leicht saure und von der Perfusionslösung weitgehend unabhängige pH-Wert (virtual pH) in einem Bereich unmittelbar an der Mucosaoberfläche (microclimate). Eine verminderte Mucosadurchblutung führt nicht nur zu einer Verringerung der Dränagewirkung (die alle Pharmaka betrifft), sondern auch zu einer hypoxischen Schädigung des Zottenepithels und einer Anderung des virtuellen pH, die nur die Resorption der ionisierten Arzneimittel beeinträchtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops were prepared in anaesthetized rats and perfused with14C-labelled drugs in buffered isotonic saline solutions at pH 6–8 (amidopyrine, aniline, antipyrine, benzoic acid, salicylic acid) and at pH 2.2–3.0 (amidopyrine, benzoic acid). The blood flow in the loops and the absorption rate of the drugs were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.5 to O.2 ml/min X g wet tissue diminished the absorption rate of all drugs, whereas an increase of the blood flow from low to high values caused only an increased absorption rate of the unionized but not of the ionized drugs. When the blood flow was held constant (0.6–0.7 ml/ min X g wet tissue), the absorption rate of the unionized drugs (with the exception of amidopyrine) remained constant, whereas the absorption rate of the ionized drugs decreased by 15–22% within 60 min. 3. The different reaction of the ionized drugs to blood flow alterations is assumed to be due to the following mechanism: the absorption of the ionized drugs is substantially favoured by a “virtual pH” near the mucosal border which is slightly acidic and largely independent of the pH within the gut lumen. A period with insufficient mucosal blood flow results not only in a diminished drainage of the mucosa-which affects the absorption rate of all drugs-, but also in a hypoxic impairment of the epithelium and its capability to maintain the “virtual pH”. This failure affects only the absorption rate of the ionized drugs.
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  • 15
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 53-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cardiac Glycosides ; Intestinal Absorption ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Herzglykoside ; enterale Resorption ; Ratte ; Meerschweinchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Durchtritt und Bindung von 3H-markiertem Ouabain, Digitoxin, Digoxin, Peruvosid und Proscillaridin wurden am isolierten, durchströmten Dünndarm von Ratten und Meerschweinchen in vitro untersucht. 2. Der Durchtritt der Glykoside durch die Darmwand ist proportional der Konzentration. Für die Penetrationsfähigkeit ergibt sich bei der Ratte die Reihenfolge: Digitoxin, Peruvosid, Proscillaridin = Digoxin, Ouabain; für das Meeschweinchen: Proscillaridin, Peruvosid = Digitoxin, Ouabain, Digoxin. 3. Die Bindung von Digitoxin im Darmgewebe ist bei Ratte und Meerschweinchen am größten. Das Verhältnis der Glykosid-Gehalte pro g Gewebe und pro ml Durchströmungsflüssigkeit betrug bei der Ratte für Digitoxin 3,3, für Ouabain 0,18, für Digoxin 0,6, für Peruvosid 1,1 und für Proscillaridin 1,2; beim Meerschweinchen für Digitoxin 4,2, für Ouabain 0,8, für Digoxin 0,16, für Peruvosid 0,9 und für Proscillaridin 1,4. 4. Auch in vivo, an abgebundenen Jejunumschlingen nimmt bei Ratten die resorbierte Menge proportional mit dem Angebot zu. Die Retention hängt vor allem von der mit der Galle ausgeschiedene Menge ab. 5. Es ergab sich kein Anhaltspunkt dafür, daß bei der Resorption der Glykoside ein Prozeß mit begrenzter Kapazität limitierend wird.
    Notes: Summary 1. Penetration and binding of tritiated ouabain, digitoxin, digoxin, peruvosid and proscillaridin were studied on isolated segments of the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs in vitro. 2. Penetration of glycosides through the intestinal wall is proportional to concentration. In rat intestine the penetration rate follows the order: digitoxin, peruvosid, proscillaridin = digoxin, ouabain; in guinea pig intestine: proscillaridin peruvosid = digitoxin, ouabain, digoxin. 3. In intestinal tissue of rats as well as of guinea pigs binding of digitoxin is highest. The relation of the glycoside content per g intestine to the content per ml perfusion fluid in the rat is 3.3 for digitoxin, 0.18 for ouabain, 0.6 for digoxin, 1.1 for peruvosid and 1.2 for proscillaridin; in the guinea pig 4.2 for digitoxin, 0.8 for ouabain, 0.16 for digoxin, 0.9 for peruvosid and 1.4 for proscillaridin. 4. Also in vivo the absorption of glycosides in tied loops of rat intestine is proportional to the amount offered. The retention of glycosides depends mainly on the excretion via the bile. 5. There is no indication that the absorption of glycosides depends on a process of limited capacity.
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  • 16
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    Pflügers Archiv 306 (1969), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: (Na+K+)-ATPase ; (Mg++)-ATPase ; Rat ; Nephron ; Quantitative Histochemistry ; (Na+K+)-ATPase ; (Mg++)-ATPase ; Ratte ; Nephron ; Quantitative Histochemie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 17 male Wistar rats in antidiuresis 10 different nephron segments and arteries are identified with the aid of Lowry's technique, dissected and total-and (Mg++)-adenosintriphosphatase (=ATPase) determined. (Na+K+)-activated ATPase in the distal tubule is four to five times (max. eight times) more active than in the proximal segment. This difference of activity may speak for a high pump mechanism mediated by the way of a (Na+K+)-activated enzyme system in the distal nephron and for a partially passive reabsorption of sodium from the proximal convolution.
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  • 17
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    Psychopharmacology 16 (1969), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Metrazol ; Memory ; Discrimination Learning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the first experiment rats were trained in black-white discrimination, then injected with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) or saline. Injections were given immediately or 15 min following training. The animals were retested 24 hours later. Improved performance was observed for drug groups, but the extent of improvement was a joint function of the amount of drug and the time at which it was given. Animals given 10 mg/kg showed greater retention when injection was delayed. In a second experiment animals were given spaced trials in a position discrimination task, extending over a period of several days. Following each day's, session, animals were injected with pentylenetetrazol or saline at intervals of 0, 5 or 10 min. A maximum facilitation effect was obtained at the 10-min interval.
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  • 18
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 212 (1969), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: 3-Acetylpyridine ; Cortical and Subcortical Leads ; Rat ; 3-Acetylpyridin ; Corticale und subcorticale Ableitungen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von zahlreichen neurochemischen und neuropathologischen Veröffentlichungen über die 3-Acetylpyridin (3-AP)-Vergiftung der Ratte wurde die bioelektrische Aktivität im Cortex und in subcorticalen Gebieten bei 15 3-AP-vergifteten Ratten studiert. Bei den künstlich beatmeten Tieren wurden mit Hilfe eines stereotaktischen Gerätes rostfreie Stahlelektroden im Hippocampus, Mandelkern, in der Formatio reticularis, im N. septi lateralis und N. caudatus sowie Silberelektroden im Cortex implantiert. Während der akuten 3-AP-Vergiftung konnten weder corticale noch subcorticale bioelektrische Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Vor und während der 3-AP-Vergiftung wurde die Formatio reticularis und der N. caudatus gereizt. Auch hierbei ergaben sich keine Unterschiede. Am Ende der Versuche wurde Cardiazol i.p. injiziert und regelmäßig eine diffuse Krampfaktivität provoziert. Die Befunde werden mit den elektrophysiologischen, neuropathologischen, neurologischen und neurochemischen Beobachtungen anderer Autoren diskutiert mit dem Ergebnis, daß die sog. Rollkrämpfe nach 3-AP-Vergiftung wahrscheinlich in der Hauptsache auf Läsionen der unteren Oliven zurückgeführt werden müssen.
    Notes: Summary Numerous neurochemical and neuropathologioal experimental studies concerning the 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) poisoning of the rat have been previously published. In this paper the results of experiments on the bioelectrical activity in the cortex and in subcortical areas are presented on 15 rats poisoned with 3-AP. Stainless steel electrodes were implanted stereotactically in the hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, formatio reticularis, nucleus septi lateralis and nucleus caudatus, and silver electrodes on the cortex of the artificially respirated animals. During the acute 3-AP poisoning neither cortical nor subcortical bioelectrical changes could be observed. The effect of stimulation on the formatio reticularis and the nucleus caudatus was not altered by the 3-AP intoxication. At the end of the experiments metrazol was injected intraperitoneally and in all cases diffuse convulsive discharges could be evoked. The findings are discussed and compared with the observations of other authors. The findings are comparible with the hypothesis that the so called “Rollkrämpfe” after 3-AP poisoning are caused by lesions in the oliva inferior.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A quantitative electron microscopic study of the clefts of Schmidt-Lantermann in fibers of the sciatic nerves of young and adult rats showed that the clefts are formed by two conical “male” and “female” portions of the sheath. The circumference of the female cone is approximately 15% larger than the male cone. The surfaces of the cleft transect the sheath at angle of approximately 9°. The present data indicate, also, that both the configuration of the conical portions of the sheath and their position relative to each other may change prior to fixation. Calculations indicate that each cleft permits a change in axoplasmic volume by 22%, and a change in fiber length by 9% of the fiber diameter.Clefts were not observed in nerves of rats before the twelfth day of age nor in sheaths of fibers composed of less than 20 lamellae. Newly formed clefts were wider than adult clefts. Transitional forms suggest that clefts may develop from fibers with redundant loops of myelin sheath. Radioautographic data on the incorporation of H3-leucine in nerve fibers did not indicate transport of significant amounts of this isotope into the clefts.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the extracellular matrix during epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in the rabbit embryonic tooth germ is described using light and electron microscopy. Observations are restricted to the labial cervical loop region at the bell stage of development in maxillary and mandibular incisor tooth germs. Histochemical methods demonstrate a PAS-positive basement membrane between outer enamel epithelial cells and adjacent undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The metachromatic region circumscribes the dental papilla region, becoming more intense and wider in association with cells illustrative of more advanced stages of differentiation. Ultrastructural observations of the basal lamina associated with outer enamel epithelial cells, cervical proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and with inner enamel epithelial cells and pre-odontoblasts are reported. The characteristic mesenchymal filopodia appeared in close proximity to the basal lamina. Microfibrils are seen as depositions on the basal lamina and in association with filopodia. The concentration of intercellular microfibrils is increased when in association with epithelia showing advanced differentiation. Collagen fibrils are frequently noted in peripheral association with mesenchymal cells but not adherent to the basal lamina. Numerous homotypic and heterotypic cell junctions are seen. An understanding of intercellular communication between heterotypic cells may be enhanced by postulating a dual developmental origin for the microfibrils associated with the basal lamina. The under surface of the basal lamina facing the extended mesenchymal filopodia appears to be a significant factor during epithelio-mesenchymal interactions, subsequent extracellular matrix formation, and morphogenesis.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Young and senescent female hamsters were sacrificed on days 8, 10, 12, 14 and 15 of pregnancy, and the number of viable and resorbing conceptuses was determined. The ovulation rate for each group was also recorded. At each day, there was a reduction in the litter size in senescent animals as compared to the young, but the number of ovulations in each age group was equal. The results indicated that the litter size loss, in senescent hamsters, is not due to a reduction in the ovulation rate, but to a seven fold increase in preimplantation deaths and to a two fold increase in resorption.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries from young and senescent hamsters were examined morphologically on days 8, 12 and 14 of pregnancy to determine if there were any differences between the two age groups. The senescent hamsters had fewer follicles present than the young on all days of gestation. The senescent females' corpora lutea experienced the greatest growth between days 8 to 12, whereas corpora lutea from young animals grew the most between days 12 and 14. Corpora lutea in senescent females did not grow at all between days 12 and 14. The lower number of follicles in senescent females was not due to the lower rate of implantation. Superovulation with PMS revealed that the senescent ovary was refractory.It was concluded that there are quantitative not qualitative differences between ovaries from young and senescent hamsters during pregnancy. The refractory ovary of senescent females could be contributing to pregnancy wastage in this species by secreting less progesterone.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Female mice of a Swiss albino stock were fed a high-fat, low-protein, hypolipotropic diet which produces rapid cardiovascular lesions in this stock of mice. Half of the animals were killed after 45 days and the others were placed back on a diet of normal laboratory chow and killed after one, two and three weeks of refeeding.In animals killed after receiving the experimental diet for 45 days small, focal deposits of hyalin in media of large coronary arteries of the right ventricle was the major change.During the first week of recovery (fed a normal diet) the incidence and severity of arterial lesions increased and within individual hearts arteries of all sizes and in both atria and both ventricles were involved. Following hyalinization an acute arteritis developed that involved all layers of the arterial wall and extended into the perivascular space.After two and three weeks recovery the coronary arteries were characterized by a periarterial fibrosis and by a decrease or absence of the leucocytic reaction. A subendothelial hyperplasia of smooth muscle, arranged longitudinally, was accompanied by an increase in reticular and collagenous fibers. Circular smooth muscle in the media was also hyperplastic.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 24
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 391-399 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Female mice of the Taconic Swiss stock were fed one of the three diets described below then injected subcutaneously with 0.035 cm3CCl4/100 gm body weight in a mineral oil solution. One group was fed an adequate commercial laboratory ration, then mice were killed 12, 24 and 48 hours after CCl4; another a cholinedeficient, high-fat, low-protein diet for 14 days, then injected with CCl4, and killed 12, 24 and 48 hours later; and another group, a choline-supplemented (2 gm choline chloride/100 gm diet), high-fat, low-protein diet for 14 days, then injected with CCl4 and killed 24 hours later.In the group fed the normal diet, the polyhalogen produced within 24 hours the expected centrolobular necrosis and glycogen depletion, involving one-third to one-half of the lobular areas. In fatty livers produced by feeding the choline-deficient diet, necrosis at 24 hours post injection was limited in a majority of instances to a zone one or two cells thick immediately surrounding the central vein. Despite this decreased necrosis in fatty livers centrolobular glycogen depletion still involved one-third to one-half of lobules and there was an infiltration of inflammatory cells immediately adjacent to the central vein. The hepatic necrosis at 12 and 48 hours paralleled that in the normal dietary group.Feeding of the choline-supplemented, high-fat, low-protein diet for two weeks produced an extremely limited parenchymal liposis. In such relatively non-fatty livers CCl4 produced hepatic necrosis comparable to that in mice receiving normal diets. The extent of protection from the necrogenic actions of CCl4 was clearly associated with extensive intracytoplasmic liposis of hepatic parenchyma.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 411-429 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study was made of 174 eggs recovered from 58 guinea pigs killed between the first and sixth days after mating, and the cytological details from the stage of sperm penetration to the pre-implantation blastocyst described. Eighty-nine percent of the expected number of eggs were recovered, and 97% of these were fertilized. Embryonic development proceeded from pronuclear and 2-cell eggs on day 1 to pre-implantation blastocysts on day 6, the duration of each of the early cleavage stages being of approximately 24 hours. No progressive loss of embryos was found over this period, all the eggs recovered on days 4, 5 and 6 being regarded as developing normally. Passage of embryos from the Fallopian tubes to the uterus commenced on the afternoon of day 3, and the majority of embryos entered the uterus shortly after this time at the stage of 8- to 16-cells. The tail of the fertilizing spermatozoon was detected in the cytoplasm of all eggs examined on day 1, in most of those examined on day 2, and frequently persisted up to the 8-cell stage. Three dispermic eggs, each containing two distinct cytoplasmic sperm tails, were found: one of these was at the pronuclear stage, the other two being considered of 4- and 6-cells respectively. Properties of adhesiveness were shown by blastocysts recovered shortly before implantation on day 6, but the characteristic “zona processes” were not seen.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 453-465 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural aspects of the chick embryo primitive erythrocytic cell series are described. There are two points of particular interest: the appearance of ferritin in erythroblast cytoplasm in 20 somite stage embryos and the behaviour of ribosomes during the red cell maturation period, both with regard to their progressive diminution and how they are grouped in polyribosomes. Ribosomes are still present in primitive series erythrocytes, although fewer than in the immature cells, and they are mainly in group form.A morphological comparison of the primitive red series erythrocytes with those of the definitive red series has also been made.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological and ultrastructural studies on the medial meniscus in the human knee joint show that nerve fibres, both myelinated and unmyelinated, extend from the periarticular plexus into the meniscus as far as the intermediate third. These neural elements are not exclusively paravascular in position and it is reasonable to postulate a function other than vasomotor or vasosensory for them.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The entry zone of trigeminal sensory root fibers displays a “glial dome” covered by a basal lamina. This zone constitutes the “fibrous cone” of gross descriptions of the root and demarcates a sharp transition from peripheral to central nervous system. The dome consists of closely interwoven astrocyte processes, and appears to be identical to the subpial astrocyte meshwork elsewhere in the central nervous system. In the peripheral portion of the root, axons are surrounded by Schwann cells; those associated with myelin sheaths display distinctive laminar inclusions and pinocytotic vesicles lacking in Schwann cells which surround unmyelinated axons. In the peripheral region, separate and distinct endoneurial and perineurial layers of collagen could not always be identified. In the central part of the root, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and collagen are absent and from the point of transition, the axons are principally surrounded by astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are relatively rare in the transitional zone. The axonal transition from central to peripheral, occurs at nodes of Ranvier where the basal lamina of the dome is continuous with the basal lamina of the Schwann cell of the last peripheral internode. Some “islands” of glial tissue are interspersed in the root and ganglion but it was not established if these are completely discontinuous with the central “glial dome.” No ganglion cells have been found in such “islands,” nor in the glial dome.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sympathetic ganglia of six Cnemidophorus neomexicanus lizards were fixed by immersion with glutaraldehyde or a combination of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. All ganglia were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon.Neuronal somata and processes of stellate ganglia were ensheathed typically by capsular cell cytoplasm and membranes; however, parts of some processes were invested only by basement membrane. Axo-somatic, axo-dendritic and axo-axonal synapses were observed. Pre- and post-synaptic processes contained 200 Å neurotubules, 100 Å neurofilaments, 225-500 Å presumptive glycogen granules and occasional multivesicular bodies. Presynaptic endings contained 500-700 Å “clear” vesicles and a few dense-cored vesicles of 600-1100 Å.Aggregates composed of 225-500 Å granules, presumably glycogen, were frequently found in peripheral perikaryal positions in intimate association with lipid droplets. Clusters of particles within somata were also found which resembled ribosomes but were not associated with endoplasmic reticulum or vesicular membranous elements. These clusters, perhaps “areticular Nissl substance,” were associated in some instances with fibrillar material or lattice-like granular structures. Abundant and frequently large lipid droplets were observed in proximity to the ribosomal-like particulate material.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cells of the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice undergo differentiation in response to estrogen or progesterone injection. Estrogen causes an increase in number of cytoplasmic filaments in the basal and newly formed spinous layer and mucification of surface cells already present. The cells derived from the basal layer under estrogen influence later form a keratinized epithelium. Progesterone causes heightening and mucification of surface cells and invasion of leucocytes into the epithelium without mucification or keratinization of other cells. When estrogen is followed two days later by progesterone, spinous and more superficial cells are lost and replaced my mucous cells derived from the basal layer. Although the fine structure of basal and spinous cell cytoplasm looks identical, the spinous cells do not form mucous cells under progesterone influence. The reverse sequence of progesterone followed by estrogen produces a low epithelium which is then replaced by a keratinized epithelium. The surface mucous cells present during progesterone influence do not keratinize, however. Thus, fine structural features of basal cells typical for the influence of a given hormone do not limit or characterize the potential of daughter cells derived from that layer. Conversely, when hormones are used in sequence, cells which leave the basal layer under the influence of one hormone do not acquire the fine structural features characteristically produced by the second hormone used, even though basal cells are readily altered.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fresh-frozen, serial cross-sections of the transversus abdominis muscle of four mature chickens (98 fibers) were examined to determine structural and histochemical characteristics throughout the entire length of skeletal muscle fibers. Fiber diameter and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NAD-D) and myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were used as criteria to classify fibers as Type I or II. Measurements were made at 10 to 22 locations along the length of the fibers. An unimodal distribution of mean fiber diameters ranging from 48 μ to 86 μ was found. Fibers did not appear larger in the belly of the muscle than near the ends. Although small fluctuations in fiber diameter occurred through the length of a fiber, large and small fibers tended to remain relatively large or small at each location. NAD-D activity was either consistently high or low throughout the length of a fiber. Likewise, myosin ATPase activity was either high or low for an entire fiber. It is concluded that skeletal muscle fibers maintain rather uniform structural and histochemical characteristics along their entire length.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of acid hydrolytic activities in rat uterine epithelial cells during post-partum involution was examined by light and electron microscopic cytochemistry. Acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and E600-resistant esterase (cathepsin) increased during the period of involution and the electron cytochemical preparations revealed the lysosomal nature of the acid hydrolytic positive particles visualized by light microscopy.The newly formed particles included primary lysosomes, in the form of Golgi vesicles, vacuoles, and secondary lysosomes such as dense bodies and autophagic vacuoles. This apparent increase in lysosomal activity during uterine involution is in agreement with similar patterns observed in the course of tissue regression in general.
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  • 33
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mammalian vestibular cilium is described. It is shown to be comprised of nine dense outer fibers and an intermittent central density; this stands in contradistinction to vestibular cilia of non-mammalian species that have been shown to be comprised of nine outer doublet tubules surrounding two central tubules. The possible functional meaning of these observations is discussed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastucture of the canine placental labyrinth has been studied at 40 to 60 days of gestation. Cytotrophoblasts persist in an undifferentiated state throughout gestation, with numerous polyribosomes and little rough endoplasmic reticulum, with expanded cisterns containing flocculent precipitate. Fetal capillaries progressively invade the syncytium, without, however, penetrating the basal lamina. Maternal decidual cells are reported here for the first time in this species. The maternal endothelium is considerably hypertrophied, with many profiles of membranous organelles; but there is consideriable thinning of this endothelium between 50 and 60 days. The interstitial membrane intervenes between trophoblast and maternal endothelium, often forming the thickest part of te barrier at 60 days. the definitive endotheliochorial condition is confirmed; and the thinnest barrier is about 1 μ.
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  • 35
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities of the developing taste buds were observed histochemically in the rat circumvallate papilla.Adenosine triphosphatase activity was already demonstrable in a cluster of cells in the epithelium of the papilla on the first day of birth, when taste buds could not yet be morphologically identified. The cells with the activity are certainly considered as the differentiating taste bud cells. These cells took the form of a bud similar to the adult one about the fourth day of life.Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated first on the superficial cell layers of the epithelium of its apical surface as well as on that of the epithelium in the gutter of circumvallate papilla just after birth. The activity in the gutter then rapidly increased, while the activity of the apical surface abruptly decreased and disappeared on the second day of life.Acid phosphatase was demonstrable only in some cells of the taste bud on the fourth day of life. The final pattern of the activity, which is found in the supranuclear cytoplasm of taste bud cells, was established after the eighth day of life.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 36
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 373-387 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pregnant mice were hypophysectomized on day 6 and injected subcutaneously with various hormones from days 6 to 9 to establish the minimal requirements for the maintenance of functional corpora lutea. Luteal activity was assessed by the maintenance of pregnancy, weight of embryonic swellings, mean diameter and morphology of corpora lutea, and vaginal histology.Treatment with 2 mg progesterone maintained pregnancy but not corpora lutea in three of five animals. However, the embryonic swellings were significantly (P 〈 0.0005) smaller than those of pregnant control animals. Pregnancy was maintained in all animals when progesterone was combined with 1 μg of estrone. The weights of embryonic swellings and the degree of vaginal mucification in the combined steroid group were similar to those of intact control animals.Treatment with either ovine prolactin, bovine LH, ovine FSH or estrone failed to maintain corpora lutea or pregnancy. Combined injection of prolactin with LH or estrone did not maintain pregnancy or corpora lutea. On the other hand, treatment with 500 μg of prolactin and 200 μg of FSH maintained pregnancy in 12 of 14 animals. All of the aforementioned parameters of luteal activity were comparable to values in intact, control animals.The data indicate that luteal function in the mouse during the early post-implantation period requires a luteotropic complex rather than a single hormone. Prolactin and FSH constitute the minimal luteotropic complex in the pregnant mouse. The luteotropic activity of FSH was not due to its contamination with LH and the effect of FSH was apparently not mediated through estrogen secretion, since pregnancy was not maintained by prolactin and estrone.
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  • 37
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    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 503-513 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the vasa recta and associated nerves has been studied in the rabbit. Vasa recta were first identified in groups of two or three and were accompanied by small groups of axons. A number of these axons contained granulated, agranular and dense-cored vesicles. As the vasa recta subdivided, the muscle coat consisted of a single layer of smooth muscle cells. Additional large axon bundles were observed accompanying this segment of the vasa recta. Some of these axons also contained granulated, agranular and dense-cored vesicles in varying proportions. Further towards the medulla, smooth muscle cells were replaced by others which had irregular collections of filaments within their cytoplasm. These in turn were replaced by cells having a characteristic band of filaments on their luminal aspects. Nerves were only identified adjacent to those parts of the vasa recta which included smooth muscle cells.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of anoxia on protein synthesis of developing connective tissue cells was studied by radioautography. Neonatal rats were subjected to anoxia for 20 minutes and were immediately injected with 3 μc/gm body weight of leucine-H3intraperitoneally. They were sacrificed at different intervals after injection. Control animals were handled identically, except that atmospheric air was made available. The heads of the animals were prepared for radioautography in the standard manner. The number of grains was counted over individual fibrobalsts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes of histologically comparable regions, and the data were statistically evaluated.The number of grains per cell was significantly lower in experimental animals sacrificed at one hour after the anoxic treatment and leucine-H3administration. At this time, the average grain number per cell in the experimental animal was less than 50% of the control. The difference was about 20% by four hours and was negligible after 24 hours. The result is interpreted to indicate that the overall protein synthesis in connective tissues is immediately but temporarily suppressed by anoxia and that such suppression might lead to a later functional disturbance among these cells.
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  • 39
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The technique of organ culture was used to test the effects of various pituitary hormones and norepinephrine on the size of brown and white adipose cells of mice. The hormonal effects were measured by means of histologic analysis and cell width measurements. A concentration of 10 μg/ml of somatotropin (STH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) or lipotropin (LPH) was sufficient to reduce the size and content of intracellular lipid in white fat cells while a concentration of 100 μg/ml was required for similar effects on brown fat cells. Norepinephrine, at concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml or 1.0 μg/ml, was sufficient to reduce markedly the size and lipid content of both types of adipose cells. On a molar basis, these hormones acted in a similar range of concentration. The reduction in size and amount of intracellular lipid in brown and white adipose cells by STH, ACTH, and LPH were prevented when combined with 10 μg/ml of insulin. Insulin prevented the lipid depletion effect of norepinephrine in brown but not white adipose cells.
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  • 40
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Onset, frequency and characteristics of the spontaneous calcification which occurs in hearts of mice of the DBA strain have been studied. Calcified myocardial lesions developed as early as 25 days of age. A limited inflammatory response was associated with the fine mineral granules of early lesions. With age, sites of calcium deposition became larger and agranular. There was no evidence of inflammation at such loci and adjacent connective tissue did not increase significantly. In the oldest animals (older than 90 days), fibrous encapsulation of calcified sites was typical. Calcareous epicarditis appeared by 30 days; was minimal (8%) through 90 days, and then rose sharply in incidence (50%) in older animals. Epicardial calcification was restricted to the right ventricle. In general the calcified lesions increased with age and were not related to sex. Incidence of all lesions was 17% by 30 days of age, 80% within 90 days, and 94% in mice older than 90 days.
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  • 41
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 173-184 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Certain members of the extinct reptilian group from which mammals evolved possessed both a dens and an atlas body. Available paleontologic evidence supports the conclusion that the dens evolved as an addition to the atlas body. There-fore, the dens is not homologous with the atlas body as is generally claimed on the basis of supposed developmental evidence. The atlas body is large in the most primitive of living mammals, the monotremes, which also possess a dens of typical mammalian proportions. In metatherian and most eutherian mammals, both a dens and an atlas body remnant of variable size are present. The development of the dens in the Virginia opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, confirms the fact that the dens arises from, but does not replace, the atlas body anlage. The dens evolved as a functional replacement of the atlanto-axial articular processes which were lost when the mammalian atlanto-axial joint became specialized for rotational movement.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to verify the concept that growth hormone and prolactin are contained in two different populations of acidophils, sections of Bouin-fixed rat hypophyses were stained immunochemically. For this purpose the histochemical demonstration of peroxidase was utilized after sequential application to the tissue section of rabbit antiserum to human growth hormone (or antiserum to rat prolactin) followed by application of peroxidase-labeled sheep antiserum to rabbit gamma-globulin. It was found that growth hormone cells and prolactin cells, when revealed immunochemically, corresponded structurally to cell types that could be differentiated with reasonable certainty in sections stained with the Masson trichrome procedure. When delineated immunochemically, growth hormone cells were larger and more densely arranged in the adult male than in the intact female; they exhibited little change in the female after ovariectomy. In contrast, prolactin cells were large and frequent in the female hypophysis but were small and less frequent in the male and in the female after ovariectomy. By double-staining, growth hormone and prolactin cells were differentiated in the same section. It was concluded that (a) growth hormone and prolactin are contained in, and presumably secreted by, two different populations of acidophils; and (b) the Masson procedure permits a reasonably accurate differentiation of the two cell types.
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  • 43
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of the crura of the diaphragm and their innervation from the phrenic nerve was made in 22 fresh specimens and four embalmed specimens. The arrangement of the musculature was found to be essentially the same as that described by Low in 1907. The portions of the crural musculature passing to the right and left of the esophagus did not decussate anterior to the esophagus as these fibers insert into the central tendon. The right and left phrenic nerves divided into three to five divisions at the pericardiodiaphragmatic angle. Most commonly, these divisions are: anterior, posterior and lateral. If there are more than three divisions involved, there is usually a medial division present and/or a subdivision of one of the other divisions. It is the posterior division or its posteromedial branch which contributes to the innervation of the crura. None of the other divisions contributes to the innervation of the crura. Secondary branches of either the posterior division or the posteromedial branch do not cross to the contralateral side.
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  • 44
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 291-303 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pregnancy was maintained in Long-Evans rats hypophysectomized on day 1 and injected with ovine pituitary gonadotrophins from day 1 through day 11; and also in rats hypophysectomized on day 6 and injected from day 6 through day 11. For successful maintenance until term, no further injections were necessary after day 11. The combination of hormones considered close to optimal was; mammotrophin 2.5 mg; follicle-stimulating hormone 25 μg; and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone 5 μg injected daily, subcutaneously. Histological examination of ovaries after this regimen (on day 12) revealed interstitial and luteal tissue that was considered normal for this stage; and follicles that were in some cases larger than expected and occasionally with theca luteinization. The ovaries of the rats allowed to go to term and untreated after day 11 showed follicular and interstitial tissue that had regressed and well-stimulated corpora lutea. These findings showed no evidence of placental FSH or ICSH-like hormones; but confirmed earlier reports of a rat placental luteotrophic hormone.
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  • 45
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using rat's circumvallate papillae, ATPase, alk. Pase and acid Pase of taste buds were observed after the transection of the glossopharyngeal nerve.The taste buds began to disappear after the nerve was cut and were completely lost after ten days. Following the regeneration of the glossopharyngeal nerve, taste buds reappeared from the bottom of the gutters of circumvallate papillae about 25 days after the operation.ATPase was strongly present on the cell membrane of taste bud cells as far as they existed during degeneration and regeneration. Alk. Pase, which is normally localized on the superficial layers of the epithelium overlying the gutters of circumvallate papilla, gradually diminished as the taste buds degenerated and reappeared as the taste buds regenerated; that is, the activity began to diminish three days after the operation, became feeble after ten days and reappeared after 25 days. It is concluded that taste bud cells secrete alk. Pase in the gutters of circumvallate papillae. Acid Pase activity, usually found in the supranuclear portion of taste bud cells, was intensely reactive during degeneration but did not reappear at the early stage of regeneration of taste bud cells.
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  • 46
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 55-57 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Red blood cell count and haemoglobin content for blood of normal adult salamanders, Taricha granulosa, are presented. The RBC count is some 4 × 104/mm3 blood and the haemoglobin level some 4.5 gm/100 ml blood. Some evidence suggesting transient changes in these levels for a brief period immediately following hibernation is discussed.
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  • 47
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the human fetal spinal cord, enzymatic activity is demonstrated in neurons of the anterior horn a few weeks before it appears in neurons of the posterior horn. This enzymatic activity is present first in the lumbar segment of the spinal cord and with advancing time gradually ascends cephalad. The presence of acetyl-cholinesterase activity in neuronal cytoplasm in the lumbar segment of the spinal cord coincides with the earliest detectable movement in the lower limbs.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Attention is directed toward the occurrence of fenestrations or pores in Golgi cisternae of rat and mouse epididymis. There is a gradation in the degree of cisternal fenestration within a Golgi complex. Cisternae at the convex pole are highly flattened and contain few pores, but those near the concave side are distended and exhibit a large number of roughly circular fenestrations 300-600 Å in diameter. Cisternae in the middle of a stack often have an unperforated central portion that is surrounded by a fenestrated and expanded peripheral region. The structure of these Golgi complexes is compared with previous descriptions of Golgi cisternae, particularly the fenestrated cisternae reported in plant cells.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The endosteal and periosteal diameters of the second metacarpal were measured at the midshaft on radiographs of 62 normal girls at 11.0 ± 0.5 years (pre-menarche) and again at 16.0 × 0.5 (post-menarche). There was an average increase in the periosteal diameter of 10% and an average decrease in the endosteal diameter of 16%, both changes significant at p 〈 0.01. Individual variability was greater for the endosteal than the periosteal surface changes (p 〈 0.01).
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  • 50
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The capillary network of the papillary layer of the enamel organ was studied with the electron microscope. Mandibular incisor teeth of ten-day old Swiss albino mice were fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and prestained with 0.5% uranyl acetate prior to being embedded in Epon. Examination of ultrathin sections revealed the presence of fenestrations approximately 500 Å to 700 Å in diameter within the most attenuated regions of the capillary walls. In most instances the fenestrations appeared to be closed by diaphragms usually consisting of a thin membrane with a thicker centrally located button of electron opaque material.The presence of fenestrated capillaries within the papillary region of the enamel organ lends further support to the concept that papillary cells are engaged in transport functions during the maturation of enamel.
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  • 51
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of intrarenal nervous tissue in a number of species has been examined using a cholinesterase technique. Particular attention has been paid to the relationships between the renal vessels and their nerves. Nerves were detected alongside the major intrinsic renal vessels and formed nerve networks on the external aspects of the arterial tunicae mediae. In all specimens, afferent arterioles were accompanied by nerves the majority of which terminated near the entrance of cortical afferent arterioles into their respective glomeruli; nerves along juxtamedullary afferent arterioles continued across glomerular hila. Relatively few nerves were demonstrated near cortical efferent arterioles while juxtamedullary efferent vessels possessed a rich innervation. Intramural smooth muscle was identified in juxtamedullary efferent arterioles, aglomerular vessels and arteriolae rectae and these vascular segments were accompanied by nervous tissue. Cholinesterase positive nerves could not be detected in the renal medulla.
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  • 52
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 89-99 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Administration of x-rays (4000 r) to lumbar spinal cords of three-day-old rats caused a loss of neuroglia with an inhibition of myelinogenesis, neuronal damage and necrosis. In contrast, the loss of neuroglia following administration of 2000 r is temporary, with myelinogenesis occurring later than normal. Preliminary observations suggested that differences in vascular responses to these two amounts of x-rays might account for these differing fates of the spinal cords; therefore, this investigation was designed to study further the reactions of the intramedullary vessels.Rats, irradiated when three days of age, were killed 1 to 27 days later. Some were killed by perfusion with Monolite Fast Blue BNVSA Paste, a substance retained in the vessels and readily visualized on microscopic examination. The remaining rats were decapitated, and spinal cords were stained by Gomori's method for alkaline phosphatase. The earliest consistent alteration, a decreased number of vessels, was noted seven days following irradiation with either dose. Rats receiving 4000 r had marked losses of blood vessels, vasodilatation and necrosis by 15 days post-irradiation; whereas, a decreased number of vessels was the only change noted in rats irradiated with 2000 r. Alterations in rats receiving 4000 r remained the same or became more severe throughout the study; spinal cords in rats receiving 2000 r returned to normal. These vascular alterations correlate well with the changes in other spinal cord components described previously by this investigator.
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  • 53
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 133-133 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 54
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of satellite cells surrounding neurons in the superior cervical ganglia of the rabbit is described. These observations form a basis for the interpretation of fine structural changes which occur in the satellite cells after post-ganglionic section. Early changes consist of an increased number of micropinocytotic vesicles indicating an enhanced uptake of extracellular materials. The mitochondria increase in length and lie close to the plasma membranes, reflecting the increased energy requirement of these cells. Many develop intramitochondrial granules which may be concerned with the transport of water or ions. Later, at the height of chromatolysis, the satellite cells increase their quantity of granular reticulum and many possess agranular sub-surface cisternae whose function may be to direct material synthesised in the satellite cells to the nerve cell surface. Individual layers of satellite cell cytoplasm may slide over one another to accommodate the increased size of the neurons during chromatolysis. The satellite cell processes appear thickened and contain large numbers of fine filaments which may be formed by the breakdown of microtubules.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Counts of differentiating motor cells over the length of the brachial lateral motor column (LMC) indicate that a large decrease in cell number takes place during the larval period. During the same period an increase in nuclear size of the motor cells occurs with a maximum size attained just following forelimb emergence. Comparison between development of the LMC at the brachial and lumbo-sacral levels indicates a slight lag in brachial LMC development. Cell number remains greater in the brachial LMC than in the lumbo-sacral LMC, but nuclear size is consistently less in the brachial column. Probably no significant change in cell number occurs after metamorphosis, though there is an increase in cell size.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural effect of progesterone, alone and in combination with estrogen, on smooth muscle cells of the rat uterus was studied. Adult, bilaterally ovariectomized rats were untreated (controls) or treated with either progesterone (1 mg), estrogen (1 μg) or both on three consecutive days.Uterine muscle cells appeared larger and myofilaments more abundant in the progesterone-treated rats than in the other groups of animals. Many micropinocytotic vesicles and several dense bodies were present in muscle cells of control, progesterone and estrogen-progesterone-treated rats. In the progestrone-treated group, smooth muscle cells contained little granular endoplasmic reticulum and few ribosomes and glycogen particles, similar to the controls. Mitochondria were more numerous than in the control animals but similar to those seen in the estrogen or estrogen-progesterone-treated rats. Although an accumulation of granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, glycogen particles and extensive Golgi complexes occurred in both estrogen and estrogen-progesterone-treated rats, they were more extensive in the former group.The observations indicate that progesterone alters the ultrastructure of the smooth muscle cells but not to the degree observed following estrogen stimulation. It does not markedly inhibit the effect of estrogen on the fine structure of the uterine smooth muscle cells. These observations support previous biochemical studies on glycogen concentration, RNA and protein synthesis in the rat uterus.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 60
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 359-372 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Various parameters of ovarian activity were determined for the intact or hypophysectomized pregnant mouse, as a baseline to establish the nature of luteotropic hormones in this species.Seventeen per cent of White Swiss mice with a vaginal plug were not pregnant at subsequent stages of gestation. The greatest number of failures occurred between days 12 and 15 of pregnancy, coinciding with the temporary absence of antral follicles and regressive changes in the vaginal epithelium. This suggests that there is a period of transient hormonal imbalance before full placental function is established, which is responsible at this time for the peak in embryonic mortality.Two periods of luteal growth were apparent between days 1 and 4 and 10 to 14 of pregnancy. The first histologic evidence of luteal regression occurred at day 16, correlating with renewed squamous cell proliferation of the vaginal mucosa.There were no significant differences in the number of ova shed on day 1 of pregnancy (11.0 ∓ 0.5 ova) and the subsequent number of embryonic swellings at any stage. Gestation in intact pregnant mice lasted 18 days (n = 2) or 19 days (n = 36). The number of young counted late on day 1 post partum (9.1 ± 0.5) was significantly less than the number of embryonic swellings as a result of maternal cannibalism.Hypophysectomy on day 1 of pregnancy led to rapid histologic degeneration of the corpus luteum. In this feature, the mouse resembled the hamster rather than the rat. Day 10 of pregnancy represented the earliest time at which, at least in some animals the pituitary could be removed and pregnancy continue. Following hypophysectomy from day 11 on, luteal activity, continuation of pregnancy, fetal and placental weight and vaginal histology were comparable to intact, pregnant mice. This is similar to the hypophysectomized rat in the latter half of pregnancy but differs from the situation in the hamster.On the basis of the present findings and results in the following paper, it appears likely that the mouse placenta, in addition to secreting a prolactin-like hormone, also produces other gonadotropins.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to evaluate pathological alterations of the inclusion bodies of Type II cells in the mammalian lung, normal morphology of inclusions has been studied in rabbit, sheep, rat, mouse, dog, hamster and guinea pig. In rabbit, and sheep the fetal development of the inclusions has also been investigated.After a standard method of fixation, three different types of inclusions have been found in the species studied. The first type of inclusion is seen in the fetal rabbit, fetal sheep, dog, rat and mouse. In these species the inclusions contain heavily osmiophilic, coarsely lamellar material. In all of these species, the inclusions seem to form from an interaction between tubulo-vesicular bodies, located near the Golgi apparatus, and multivesicular bodies. These are certain variations in the appearance of the inclusions among these species.The second type of inclusion is seen in the hamster and guinea pig, in which lightly osmiophilic material accumulates during the maturation of the inclusions. In these species, a granular dense body seems to occupy an important role in the formation of the inclusion bodies.In the third group, the postnatal rabbit and sheep, the inclusions appear vacuolated.It is postulated that the seemingly inconsistent results of the acid phosphatase activity of inclusions in several species may indeed be a reflection of species differences in the mode of formation of inclusion bodies.
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  • 62
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    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the course of ultrastructural studies on the cerebellar cortex of young rats a cilium was found in some Purkinje cells. The shaft, which is 1800 to 2000 ÅR thick, has an internal portion inside the cell body and an external one projecting into the neuropile. The basal body is consistently located near the Golgi apparatus. Rootlets with periodic cross-striations (interperiod distance of 525 ÅR) are attached to the basal body. The size and characteristics of the Purkinje cell cilium and its constituent parts compare with similar structures in the cilia of other cell types of the cerebellar cortex. Whether all or only some of the Purkinje cells have a cilium has not yet been determined. Possible functional roles of these organoids are considered.
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  • 63
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 64
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    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Myoid cells of the thymus of hibernating frogs were examined by electron microscopy. This cell type is represented by immature, fully-developed and degenerating cell forms. The immature forms are mainly located at the surface, whereas the developed ones are found in the inside of the thymus. A peculiar type of immature cell containing no thick filaments, but possessing a rich sarcoplasmic reticulum among the thin filaments is described. The developed myoid cells have a myofibrillar apparatus showing regular cross-striations. The myofibrils are arranged in concentric layers around the nucleus. The proposed role and origin of myoid cells and their probable connection with myasthenia gravis are discussed.
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  • 65
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of testicular interstitial cells of lion and three-toed sloth showed an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets. Mitochondria were usually small and rod to rounded in shape, but large bizarre forms, such as triangular, oval and rounded with tubular and lamellar cristae were also observed. Mitochondria with lamellar cristae occurred in lion, but not in three-toed sloth. These cristae were highly developed and appeared unique for the testicular interstitial cells. Both small and large mitochondria closely adhered to lipid droplets which were found singly or in clusters. The stored lipid droplets probably serve as a major source of substrate in androgen biosynthesis. The possible role of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in androgen biosynthesis is suggested.
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  • 66
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 47-65 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thymic rudiments from mouse embryos varying in gestational from 10-13 days were examined by light and electron microscopy in an effort to learn the origin of thymic lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were recognized and distinguished from mesenchymal cells and thymic epithelial cells by their round shape, larger nucleoli, and high concentration of cytoplasmic ribosomes and dearth of endoplasmic reticulum. No lymphocytes could be found at the earliest stage of development of the third pharyngeal pouch  -  at approximately ten days' gestational age. They first appeared in the mesenchyme surrounding the third pouch at a later stage, (approximately 11 days' gestation), but in most cases did not appear in the thymic epithelium until the parathyroid and thymus began to differentiate at approximately 12 days' gestation. No cells were seen that appeared to be transitional between lymphocytes and epithelial or mesenchymal cells and it was concluded that these observations support the hypothesis that lymphocytes first reach the thymic parenchyma by immigration from the surrounding mesenchyme. Most of the lymphoctyes found in the region of the thymus at these stages of development were large lymphocytes. The origin of these early lymphocytes remains unknown.
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  • 67
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eruption of permanent premolars in puppies was studied by implanting stainless steel wires through the mandible to stop eruptive movement well before the teeth were to appear in the oral cavity. Histologic and radiologic comparisons of operated with normal (unoperated) sides disclosed that the eruptive pathway forms for the impacted teeth although their eruptive movements were effectively prevented. This clearly shows that the mechanism of eruption pathway formation is not dependent upon direct and continual pressure on the bone from the erupting teeth. The genesis of pathway formation appeared to be the same for the impacted teeth as for the controls i.e., through continued ostetoclasis in the margin of the stalk of the dental follicle.
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  • 68
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 79-99 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Globule leucocytes (GL) first noted by Weill ('19) in the intestinal tract of certain mammals, have been described, since, in many species. The classification and function of these cells, however, is still under discussion. We have studied GL in the cat using histochemistry at light and electron microscopic levels. In this species, GL are concentrated in the intestinal mucosa; they are found less frequently in the gallbladder and only rarely in other organs. GL are usually located between the epithelial cells of the gut, seldom in the underlying lamina propria. They appear to be migratory cells of mesenchymal origin, representing an independent cell population. GL are characterized by large eosinophilic globules in their cytoplasm. The globules contain strongly basic proteins associated with phospholipids and neutral mucosubstances which, in the colon, are encased in a capsule of sulfated mucosubstances. At the ultrastructural level the typical globules consist of a dense, homogeneous matrix enclosed by a single membrane; they show, however, great variation in their morphologic appearance, reflecting, possibly, different stages in the process of accretion and utilization of their content.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The repair of hemopoietic bone marrow following evacuation of the tibial or femoral cavity of the rat was sequentially studied with the light microscope. A stereotyped train of histologic events occurred. These were capillary invasion of the cavity, appearance of primitive mesenchymal cells, osteoblastic proliferation, cancellous bone formation, development of sinusoids, reappearance of hemopoietic tissue and resorption of cancellous bone. The studies suggest that restoration of marrow sinusoids takes place only in the interstices of cancellous bone. Mechanical disruption of the sinusoidal system is one method of triggering cancellous bone formation. The cancellous bone which appeared after injury was thought to be produced by endosteal osteoblasts and osteoblasts derived from cells residing in normal hemopoietic tissue. Localized radiation of the tibia followed by mechanical disruption of hemopoietic tissue demonstrated that cancellous bone production and the repair process were unimpaired by 1,000 r but were completely blocked by 4,000 r. This would imply that the cell which can differentiate into an osteoblast is resistant to 1,000 r.
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  • 70
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Calcium-deprivation of three weeks duration causes marked degenerative changes in the shell gland mucosa of the laying hen. The height of the columnar epithelium decreases, but the secretory granules in the columnar epithelial cells and the cilia on the apical cells of the columnar epithelium are preserved. The tubular glands decrease in size and number. The microvilli surrounding the tubular gland lumen disappear. The cytoplasm of the tubular gland cell contains autophagic vacuoles (cytolysomes) and large pigment accumulations, presumably lipofuscin. The changes are due to dietary calcium deficiency, apparently mediated by decreased sex steroid secretion and decreased stimulation of the oviduct. These changes are totally reversible, since the fine structure of the shell gland mucosa of calcium-deprived hens returned to a normal laying diet does not show any signs of degeneration and is identical with the fine structure of the shell gland mucosa of the laying control birds.
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  • 71
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological preparations from skin of the Australian black snake, Pseudechis Porthyriacus have revealed myelinated nerve fibers terminating in several structures. The commonest of these, the simple “End Button,” was seen in the epidermis from all regions of the body. An end organ, the “touch corpuscle” occurred in the epidermis of the upper and lower lip, while in the dermis of the upper and lower jaw an encapsulated structure, the “club corpuscle” was frequently encountered. These more complex structures could not be revealed in skin of the trunk where only “end buttons” were seen.
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  • 72
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of fluoride on the physical properties of bone was investigated with the aid of an Instron materials tester. Two groups of weanling female rats, one on an adequate (0.6%) calcium diet and the other on a low (0.1%) diet were given the following dosage levels of fluoride (as NaF) in their deionized drinking water over a fifteen and one-half week period: 3.4 ppm, 10.0 ppm and 45.0 ppm. In the adequate calcium group a significant increase in flexibility in the rat femur was found only at the 45.0 ppm dosage level. This was not offset by a significant decrease in strength. In the low calcium group a similar significant increase in flexibility appeared at the 10.0 ppm dosage level as well as the 45.0 ppm, but a significant decrease in strength at the two dosage levels was observed. These were in direct relation to the amount of fluoride given.
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  • 73
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 317-332 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the adrenal medulla of Macaca mulata monkey was studied after double fixation with paraformaldehyde and OsO4; other fixations were employed for comparison. Only one cell type was seen. The cytoplasm contained an uneven distribution of chromaffin vesicles which were either spherical or elongated and 0.1-0.3 μ in diameter. There were two principle vesicle categories: dark and compact forms which comprised the majority (about 80%) and lighter, mostly larger, vesicles with a finely granulated appearance. The Golgi apparatus was often seen in relatively clear areas where few other organelles were present. Vesicles, 0.1-0.2 μ in diameter, which stained heterogeneously were also observed. They were few in number and always associated with the Golgi apparatus. The chromaffin cells lay in close proximity, but in no specific relationship, to thin-walled blood vessels. Nerve endings which were partially embraced by Schwann cells were in synaptic relation to the chromaffin cells.These findings are compared with previous observations in other mammals and the nature of the dark and light vesicles is discussed.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin fragments implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic mice remained viable and showed cyclic hair growth over a period of months. Embryonic skin differentiated into the various layers of epidermis and corium, producing sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Implants from both embryos and newborn displayed normal hair pigmentation with appearance in metanagen of the yellow bands characteristic of the agouti hair for that genotype. Follicles were observed to pass through the various hair growth stages into a resting period and then later to re-enter the growth cycle. There were departures from normal hair growth, however, with some follicular disorganization, especially in the newborn implants, and with areas showing mixed growth stages instead of the follicular synchronization characteristic of the intact mouse.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ligatures were placed unilaterally on the ductus deferens (experiment 1), on the ductus deferens and the middle of the corpus epididymidis (experiment 2) and on the ductus deferens, corpus epididymidis and ductuli efferentes (experiment 3) in 39 rabbits. The untreated contralateral side served as a control. Vasectomy alone appeared to have no effect upon the testes, or upon spermatozoa accumulated during a period of 12 weeks proximal to the ligature. In experiment 2 severe disruption of spermatogenesis occurred. Diameter of the seminiferous tubules decreased, testes atrophied, and the stages of the seminiferous epithelium were abnormal and often not classifiable. Some regeneration was observed after 12 weeks.In experiment 3 there was only a moderate and more transient disturbance of spermatogenesis. This occurred in spite of an accumulation of fluid in the testis due to the ligature on the ductuli efferentes, which prevented testicular effluent from reaching the caput epididymidis. These results suggest that when testicular effluent is allowed to reach the caput, but nonresorbed residues are prevented from further transport (experiment 2), a feedback to the testis occurs which is more harmful than that produced by preventing tubular contents from leaving the testes.
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  • 76
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 359-377 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Autonomic nerves in the rat, mouse, guinea-pig and cat were vitally stained with methylene blue and examined electron-microscopically after fixation in potassium permanganate. Dense patches in the axoplasm and swelling of mitochondria were found in the stained axons. By controlling the pH and saturating with oxygen, only cholinergic axons were stained at pH 6.5-7.0 whereas at pH 5.0-5.3 both cholinergic and adrenergic axons stained. Similar results were obtained by immersion in a bath at controlled temperature as with close arterial perfusion of dye into pelvic viscera. The intermediate pH at which adrenergic axons begin to stain could not be determined. However, as a means of identifying cholinergic axons, particularly those sectioned at a level where no agranular vesicles occur, M B staining is unreliable because not all cholinergic axons respond. In sympathectomized rat iris lacking adrenergic axons altogether, some of the persisting cholinergic axons remained unstained. Experiments with M B thiocyanate and M B chloride in phosphate-citrate or succinate-HCl buffer indicated that purity of dyestuff was less important than pH control. Methods for electron-microscopical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase are more useful for distinguishing cholinergic axons especially if adrenergic nerve vesicles are I reserved in the same preparation by the initial fixation.
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  • 77
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    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 379-390 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intramuscular nerve branches are covered by a complex of epithelial sheaths which decrease in thickness and complexity as the nerves branch to reach ultimate termination of neuromuscular junctions. The outermost layer (epineurium) of intramuscular nerves is composed of thin processes of fibrocytes lacking basement lamina and associated with parallel bundles of collagen. Internal to this layer are two or three layers of interdigitating perineural cells covered with basement lamina. The innermost layer is frequently incompletely covered by basement lamina within the perineural sheath. Schwann cells covered with basement lamina enclose myelinated and unmyelinated axons.In the region of neuromuscular junctions, the basement lamina of Schwann cell processes merge with the myofiber basement lamina. Thin perineural cell processes form a bell-shaped covering which does not reach the muscle basement lamina. The relationships of myelin to the axon as the terminal axon emerges from the Schwann cell closely resembles the relationships of these structures in nodes of Ranvier.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 79
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 389-401 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this experiment actinomycin D was used to explore the action of the wound epidermis on underlying tissues during limb regeneration. In axolotl forelimbs the skin was removed from the elbow to the shoulder. Skin from the right limbs was soaked for three hours in actinomycin D (5.0 or 10.0 μg/ml 0.6% NaCl). For controls, skin from left limbs was soaked in 0.6% NaCl for the same period of time. Each piece of skin was orthotopically replanted, and both limbs were amputated through the treated skin, proximal to the elbow. After an initial healing period, the control limbs regenerated normally. Except for a slightly paler color, limbs bearing actinomycin-treated skin were indistinguishable from the controls, both grossly and histologically, during the first week following amputation. While the control limbs formed early blastemas, no grossly visible evidence of regeneration was apparent in the experimental limbs, but histologically some dedifferentiation was occurring. Normally three to four digits were seen in the control regenerates before blastemas appeared on the experimental limbs. By 35-40 days blastemas had appeared on most experimental limbs. These developed very rapidly, and within a short time many of them had attained levels of development close to the controls. Actinomycin D temporarily suppresses formation of the apical epidermal cap and the subsequent aggregation of dedifferentiated cells into a blastema. When the effect wears off, an apical cap forms and the dedifferentiated cells quickly organize into a blastema and begin to differentiate.
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  • 80
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 403-425 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Developing myotubes in skeletal muscle tissue from the limbs of larval newts have been examined with respect to the ultrastructure and sequence of events accompanying myofibril formation. A population of filaments having a diameter of 100 Å is found to occur throughout and beyond the period of myofibrillogenesis. This population is in addition to developing actin and myosin filaments and probably does not contribute directly to myofibril formation. Rather it may represent a cytoskeletal network which ultimately becomes principally disposed around and at right angles to older myofibrils at the level of their Z-bands.Assembly of thick and thin filaments into myofibrils seems to occur, in this muscle, predominantly near the periphery of the cell with registration of these components into A-, I-, and Z-bands being accomplished as they assume progressively more internal locations. Z-bands appear to develop by coalescence of Z-bodies which in turn are earlier related to skeins of fine filamentous material which commonly occupy the most peripheral cytoplasm of these and other mesenchymally derived cells. Fine structural details of these skeins, Z-bodies, and Z-bands have been analyzed with regard to the several prevailing concepts of Z-band architecture. An hypothetical sequence for myofibril formation and Z-band differentiation is presented which takes into account several observations and relates them to the looping filament configuration previously proposed for mature Z-band structure.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of differentiating heterophils and eosinophils of the slender salamander, Batrachoseps attenuatus, was studied with electron microscopy. Enzymes of the granules of both cell types appear to arise from the Golgi cisternae. An agranular stem cell was not observed and the least differentiated cell type encountered was an “early” promyelocyte having small granules which are morphologically distinct from mature granules of either the heterophil or eosinophil series. Heterophil myelocytes and later stages contain only one population of granule which is fibrous in content. Eosinophils likewise possess but one type of granule; the granules are larger than those of heterophils, have a homogeneous content, and lack the crystallin core so characteristic of mammalian eosinophils.
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  • 82
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    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Anatomists and gynecologists have debated the existence of a rectovaginal septum in the human female. In this investigation the connective tissue between the vagina and rectum has been reexamined by both dissection and light microscopy in four specimen types. Specimens studied and compared totaled 143 and represent an age range of from eight fetal weeks to 100 years. Included were specimens from patients with different degrees of parity and both normal and abnormal pelvic visceral support.It has been shown that a definite rectovaginal septum exists in the human female and it is probably the homologue of the male rectovesical septum. The septum is well formed by the fourteenth fetal week and consists of a thin vertical sheet of dense connective tissue which is translucent in the fresh state. In the coronal plane the septum parallels the sacral curvature. It also curves posterolaterally to become fused with the parietal endopelvic fascia. The septum extends inferiorly from the rectouterine peritoneal pouch to the perineal body. It is usually adherent to the posterior aspect of the vaginal connective tissue, capsule. This adherence, together with the difficulty in identifying it histologically may explain why the existence of the rectovaginal septum has been denied.
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  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 453-471 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The heads of three-day old rats were irradiated with a single dose of 200 r x-ray and the animals were killed afterwards at intervals ranging from ten minutes to five days. Necrosis in the external granular layer of the cerebellum was evident by the fourth hour and the pyknotic cells increased in number up to 12 hours after irradiation. Between 24 to 48 hours all the pyknotic cells disappeared and the width of the layer was drastically reduced. By the third day after irradiation the external granular layer began to increase in width, and by the fourth day it was indistinguishable from normal. In adults of this group the cerebellum appeared structurally normal. In another experiment the cerebellum of rats was exposed from birth onward to 200 r on five successive days. In the animals killed immediately or one day after the last radiation session the external granular layer was totally or subtotally eradicated. In the animals surviving for four days the external granular layer reappeared over many regions of the cerebellum, and by the sixth day after irradiation it was present over its entire surface. In the latter group in animals that survived to 30 and 90 days of age the cerebellum contained a large, though subnormal, population of granule cells, indicating that the reconstituted cells were able to differentiate. These results suggested that the proliferative matrix of the postnatally developing cerebellum may be endowed with regenerative capacity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 473-482 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of aging on alkaline phosphomonoesterase (Alk Pase) activity in the adrenals of a highly inbred strain of C57BL/10 male mice. A total of 140 male mice were assigned to seven main groups and sacrificed at 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months of age for biochemical and morphologic evaluations of adrenal Alk Pase activity. The biochemical findings indicated that while aging may result in a decrease of serum and liver Alk Pase activity, enzyme activity in the adrenals of male mice increases to a maximum level at approximately eight months of age and subsequently decreases at each successive age level. The histochemical findings revealed that the highest concentrations of enzyme activity occurred in the fascicular and reticular zones of sexually mature male mice. There were no major variations in zonal distribution with advancing age. Electron microscopy showed Alk Pase activity along membranes of cortical cells and within the subendothelial space.The progressive increase in Alk Pase enzyme activity up to eight months of age, and the subsequent fall in activity during senescence as well as its absence in the adrenals of female mice provides further support for a role of androgen in mobilizing cortical alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of Kupffer cells of canine liver has been studied and described. Kupffer cell nuclei were elongated and irregular in shape having a prominent double nuclear envelope containing scattered ribosomes on the outer membrane. Mitochondria were small, relatively scarce, and contained few mitochondrial granules. Elements of endoplasmic reticulum were scarce and highly irregular in form. In general, the cytoplasm was less dense than hepatocytes and contained fewer organelles which were less compactly arranged than in hepatocytes. Microbodies were not observed in any of the Kupffer cells studied. The cytoplasm contained various numbers of large phagosomes but consistently contained numerous dense cytosomes of various sizes. The most striking finding was that many cytosomes and phagosomes contained large numbers of short microtubules approximately 350 Å in diameter which were arranged in clusters and were associated with membanes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Endobronchial lavage was performed on eight smokers and eight nonsmokers. Centrifugation of lavage fluid produces a sediment consisting of two layers, a lower compact brown layer containing cells and an upper flocculent white layer. The brown layers from the smokers were greater in volume than those from the nonsmokers. Macrophages constituted about 93% of the cells from the smokers and about 63% of the cells from the nonsmokers. These data suggest that more free macrophages occur in the lungs of smokers than nonsmokers. In addition, many of the macrophages obtained from the smokers were filled with cytoplasmic inclusions. The volumes of white layers from the smokers were smaller than those from the non-smokers. One white layer obtained from a nonsmoker was examined in a Wilhelmy balance and proved to be surface-active. This may suggest that surface-active material, pulmonary surfactant, is reduced in lavage fluids from smokers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of platelets fixed in acetaldehyde and postfixed in osmium tetroxide was compared with that of platelets fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Many platelets became rounded after acetaldhyde fixation. Membranes, granules and mitochondria were well preserved and cytoplasmic microfilaments became apparent. Very dense granules were obvious after acetaldehyde fixation alone and after acetaldehyde/glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide triple fixation, but not after acetaldehyde/osmium tetroxide double fixation. Microtubules were never seen. Intracytoplasmic vacuoles assumed exaggerated prominence. The authors relate the alterations in the vacuolar system and changes in platelet shape to a loss of cytoplasmic microtubules. They suggest that the changes are induced, in part by the low temperature of fixation, and in part by the weak fixative action of the aldehyde.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The vascular supply to the skin of pigs was studied in animals perfused with the dye, monastral fast blue. The arrangement of the blood vessels in control animals was in three plexuses, similar to that in other mammals but with the middle plexus poorly developed.A litter of pigs was divided into two groups at the age of 12 days and one group was raised in a warm room and the other in a cold room. The pigs were killed at age three months when the warm room was 35°C and the cold room 5°C. A quantitative evaluation of the blood supply to the skin of the experimental animals revealed that the pigs from the warm room had more blood vessels in the skin than those raised in the cold; the difference was statistically significant (P 〈 0.01). In the case of pigs from a second litter reared at 35°C and 20°C, no significant difference in the number of blood vessels was detected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 107-108 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 117-119 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The development of the pineal organ in the newt Taricha torosa has been studied utilizing cell counts and radioautography following single injections of tritiated thymidine. Embryos injected two weeks before hatching (series I) demonstrated a grain distribution pattern in the pineal organ and its underlying proliferation zone characteristic of continuous availability of isotope. Larvae injected at hatching (series II) or two weeks after hatching (series III) displayed the expected pulse label pattern for these same regions. With the possible exception of some mitosis insituin the youngest organs, pineal cells originate from a mitotically active cell population which comprises the pineal proliferation zone. After cell division some daughter cells migrate into the pineal organ, moving into the posterior part of the organ during the prehatching period, while from hatching onward the predominant migration is into the anterior part of the organ. Both the pineal photoreceptors and supportive cells arise in this manner with labeled cells of both types found in all three series, but in decreasing numbers from the youngest to the oldest series.Cell counts disclose an approximate ten-fold increase in the number of cells within the pineal organ from embryonic to adult stages, but the rate of cell addition slows with increasing age. Both photoreceptors and supportive cells show this increase in number with the photoreceptor population being maintained at a constant 14%-18% of the total pineal population over this entire five-year period.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 257-328 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The growth changes in the cranial base of the rabbit between one and 20 weeks after birth have been investigated. The basicranial axis and its anterior extension completed some 50% of their growth during this period in contrast to the posterior extension which had completed 70% before one week. The sphenoethmoidal angle underwent no statistically significant changes despite a decrease in the spheno-maxillary angle indicating that the face became disposed below rather than directly anterior to the braincase. The foramino-basal angle decreased progressively during the period of investigation.The pattern of growth in the linear dimensions of the rabbit cranial base is essentially similar to that already established in man and subhuman primates. The angular changes, however, differ from those in primates where the spheno-ethmoidal and foramino-basal angles follow more closely the developmental patterns of the braincase and facial skeleton.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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