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  • 1985-1989  (4,999)
  • 1980-1984  (5,249)
  • Organic Chemistry  (6,898)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (2,420)
  • Ultrastructure  (929)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: Similarities to the “fibrohistiocytoid cells” in chronic inflammation (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 285-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Ultrastructure ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; “Fibrohistiocytoid cell”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical studies were performed on tissue obtained from eight cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and five cases of sacral decubitus ulcer. The MFH was composed of two major tumour cell types: fibroblast-like and histiocyte-like cells. Both cell types demonstrated abundant branching, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), many free ribosomes, occasional small mitochondria, an oval, elliptical or irregularly shaped nucleus with one or two prominent nucleoli and often a few dense bodies. However, pseudopodial projections, multivesicular bodies and phagosomes, common histiocyte organelles, were not seen. With little difference between cases or selection sites, the MFH cells reacted to acid phosphatase (AcP) and α-naphtyl butyrate esterase (ANBE) by enzyme histochemistry and with ferritin (Fer), α1-antitrypsin (AT), α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), fibronectin (FN), HLA-DR, HLA-DP, Leu 10 and OKT 9 in immunohistochemical studies. MFH tumour cells did not immunostain with monocyte/macrophage markers (Leu M1, Leu M3, Mo 1, Mo 2 and Macrophage) although non-neoplastic histiocytes did react to these markers. In addition, granulation tissue, such as that found in sacral decubitus ulcers, was examined and the existence of a specific cell type called the “fibrohistiocytoid (FH) cell” was documented. The FH cell was short, spindle shaped and elliptical. Ultrastructurally, it had fragmented rER distributed in a branching pattern, dispersed free ribosomes, small mitochondria and a few dense bodies, but lacked diverse fused lysosomes and distinct pseudopodial cytoplasmic extensions. The FH cells reacted with AcP, alkaline phosphatase and ANBE but not with peroxidase using enzyme histochemistry and with Fer, AT, ACT, FN, HLA-DR, HLA-DP, Leu 10 and OKT 9 but not with monocyte/macrophage markers, C3d receptor, C3bi receptor in immunohistochemical studies. The FH cells had morphological, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics intermediate between fibroblasts and histiocytes. Similarities between MFH cells and the FH cells seen in chronic inflammation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00734082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sebaceous carcinoma ; Parotid gland ; Salivary gland ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sebaceous carcinoma of salivary gland origin is extremely rare and, because of its rarity, the clinicopathological characteristics and the histogenesis are not fully understood. We present a case of sebaceous carcinoma of the parotid gland which brings the total number of reported cases to 22. The tumor showed epithelial cell nests which were mainly composed of sebaceous cells with marked cellular atypia. In most of the nests, glandular spaces lined by ductal epithelium were present. Scattered mucous cells and flattened eosinophilic cells at the periphery of the nests were also seen. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations of the tumour revealed coexistence of sebaceous and glandular differentiations in some tumour cells. Tumour cells with lipid granules often participated in the formation of glandular structures or exhibited intracytoplasmic lumina, and immunohistochemical localization of lactoferrin and secretory component, the functional markers of ductal epithelium of salivary gland, was demonstrated not only in duct-forming tumour cells but also in many sebaceous tumour cells. It seems likely that sebaceous carcinoma originates from pluripotential duct cells which can differentiate into sebaceous, ductal and mucous cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718631
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscope study on in vitro parthenogenesis in sunflower (1989)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 154-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; Unfertilized ovule culture ; Parthenogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Proembryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies have been conducted on the parthenogenesis induced by in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In comparison with the state of the egg prior to inoculation, some eggs 5 days after culture show striking ultrastructural changes, which include, among others, nuclear migration, an increase in the number and activity of the organelles, a loss of polarity and wall formation at the chalazal end of the cell. Most of these changes are similar to those that occur normally in the zygote, indicating that parthenogenic development has been triggered in these eggs. Such eggs have been termed activated and are presumed to be capable of undergoing parthenogenesis. The parthenogenic proembryos which result share some features in common with zygotic proembryos. In addition, some parthenogenic proembryos exhibit unique properties not found in zygotic proembryos. These include embryos that consist of two parts differing markedly in density, an inversion of polarity, the frequent occurrence of autophagic vacuoles, the thickening of cell walls, a centripetal growth mode of wall formation, the appearance of an incomplete cell wall, free nuclear division, amitosis and degeneration. We believe that these ultrastructural peculiarities are the effects of in vitro culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192762
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of polymorphic pollen grains of Canna indica L. (1989)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Polymorphism ; Ultrastructure ; Pollen grains ; Canna indica L ; Tannin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our investigations on Canna indica L. indicate that the pollen of this species is polymorphic: there are two types of pollen — a larger type and a comparatively smaller type. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of small vacuoles containing tannic substances in the generative cell (GC) of the larger grains: the GC of the mature grain contained a higher quantity of tannins than the GC of the immature grain. Mitochondria, lipid bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and microtubular bundles were present in the cytoplasm of the GC. Numerous mitochondria, lipid bodies and plastids were also present in the vegetative cell (VC), with the mitochondria clustered around the vegetative nucleus. The plastids were observed to be associated with the RER cisterns. During the maturation process, the number of starch grains contained in the plastids decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192766
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total muscle mitochondrial volume in relation to aerobic capacity of horses and steers (1989)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 413 (1989), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Exercise ; Heart ; Mitochondria ; Oxygen uptake ; Respiration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between maximal oxygen consumption rate ( $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ ) and mitochondrial content of skeletal muscles was examined in horses and steers (n=3 each). Samples of the heart left ventricle, diaphragm,m. vastus medialis, m. semitendinosus, m. cutaneous thoracicus andm. masseter, as well as samples of muscles collected in a whole-body sampling procedure, were analyzed by electron microscopy. $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ per kilogram body mass was 2.7× greater in horses than steers. This higher $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ was in proportion to the higher total volume of mitochondria in horse versus steer muscle when analyzed from the whole-body samples and from the locomotor muscle samples. In non-locomotor muscles, total mitochondrial volume was greater in horses than steers, but not in proportion to their differences in $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ . The $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ of the mitochondria was estimated to be close to 4.5 ml O2·ml−1 mitochondria in both species. It is concluded that in a comparison of a highly aerobic to a less aerobic mammalian species of similar body size, a higher oxidative potential may be found in all muscles of the more aerobic species. This greater oxidative potential is achieved by a greater total volume of skeletal muscle mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584481
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liver cell shedding and phagocytic rveaction in alcoholic liver disease (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alcoholic liver disease ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytosis ; Cell shedding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sinusoidal macrophages were studied by light and electron microscopy in 49 liver biopsies from alcohol-abusers with a variety of alcohol-related liver lesions or with near-normal livers. Changes were related to those in nearby hepatocytes. A reduction in the number of macrophages was noted in the more severely damaged livers. Hepatocytes formed blebs at their sinusoidal poles, and these protruded into the space of Disse and into the sinusoidal lumen. It is postulated that reduced phagocytic activity in the livers of patients with severe alcohol-related liver disease leads to increased shedding of hepatocellular material into the circulation. This may promote the development of autoimmune reactions directed against hepatocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of metaplastic ciliated cells in human stomach (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastric mucosa ; Intestinal metaplasia ; Ciliated cell ; Ciliated metaplasia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa occurs commonly in aged Japanese patients and has been discussed in relation to the high incidence of gastric cancer in Japanese. Ciliated cells in the gastric mucosa have frequently been found in association with intestinal metaplasia in the pyloric gland and rarely in the cardiac gland in many Japanese patients, and exceptionally in one Chinese and in one Swedish patient. Electron microscopic examination of 12 Japanese patients has revealed that these structures are not metaplastic stereocilia, but true cilia. Ciliated cells have been found in the basal part of the gastric glands and never in the surface epithelium. The fine structure of the gastric cilia was almost the same as that of normal respiratory cilia. However, in the gastric cilia, most dynein arms were inconspicuous even after tannic acid fixation, indicating that ciliary beating of the gastric cilia is problematic. Abnormal cilia and basal bodies also were found. Ciliated cells have always occurred in association with intestinal metaplasia, therefore this phenomenon might be a type of metaplasia and is named “ciliated metaplasia” of the gastric mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718590
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paracrystalline inclusions in metaplastic ciliated cells of the human gastric mucosa (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Paracrystalline inclusion ; Microtubule ; Ciliogenesis ; Gastric ciliated cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unusual electron-dense paracrystalline inclusions were found in metaplastic ciliated cells in the stomachs of three Japanese male patients with gastric carcinoma. These patients had not been given antitumour drugs before surgery and ethrane (enflurane) was used as the anaesthetic. Ciliated cells in the gastric mucosa are found not infrequently in the pyloric glands in association with intestinal metaplasia in elderly Japanese patients. Paracrystalline inclusions were found only in the ciliated cells and never in any other types of gastric mucosal cell. These inclusions were located in the apical portion of the ciliated cells in intimate association with the basal bodies. They consisted of twisted strings about 27 nm wide with a regularly repeated spacing of about 30 nm. On highly magnified electron micrographs, granules about 4 nm in diameter were detected. These paracrystalline inclusions have never been reported previously, although their location in ciliated cells and their morphological characteristics suggest an intimate relationship with the ciliogenesis of metaplastic ciliated cells in the human stomach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00784352
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuroendocrine markers in central nervous system neuronal tumors (gangliocytoma and ganglioglioma) (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gangliocytoma ; Ganglioglioma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroendocrine markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied five cases of central nervous system neuronal tumor, one gangliocytoma and four gangliogliomas, both ultrastructurally and immuno-histochemically, using antibodies to neuroendocrine markers including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5HT), somatostatin (SOM), met-enkephalin (MEK), leu-enkephalin (LEK), substance P (SP), gastrin, vasopressin, oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, adrenocorticotropic hormone and calcitonin. In all cases, the presence of dense-core vesicles (60–250 nm) in the neuronal elements was the characteristic ultrastructural finding. Synapses were observed in two cases. Immunohistochemically, variable numbers of neuronal cells showed positive staining for SOM in five cases, TH, MEK and LEK in three cases, and 5HT and SP in one case each. The others were negative. Positive immunoreactivity for multiple markers was shown in all cases. SOM, TH, 5HT and SP were present in the small- to medium-sized cells, while MEK and LEK were almost exclusively confined to the large cells. Our study clearly indicated that these tumors contained neuronal cells which were not homogeneous with regard to neuroendocrine markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687574
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute ultrastructural response of hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia in the isolated brain (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 637-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral hypoxia ; Cerebral ischemia ; Ultrastructure ; Neocortex ; Brain isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute cortical response to surgical brain isolation and subsequent extracorporal normoxic or 30 min hypoxic (PaO2=20 mm Hg) perfusions (hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia) was evaluated. Cerebral blood flow, arterial pH and CO2 were maintained constant during both perfusions; only the arterial oxygen content was changed. The isolated brain model used in this and previous investigations produces no qualitative ultrastructural changes in the neocortex following brain isolation and normoxic perfusion. However, the acute cortical structural response to 30 min of hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia demonstrated a number of important observations. Hypoxic hypoxia produced ultrastructural responses common to cerebral ischemia such as nuclear chromatin clumping, nucleolar condensation and cytoskeletal breakdown. Although neuronal abnormalities seen after 30 min of hypoxic hypoxia were similar to those acute neuronal changes observed following complete cerebral ischemia without recirculation, they differed three ways: (a) mitochondrial swelling and microvacuolation were observed in many cortical pyramidal neurons. (b) Glycogen particles within astroglial processes were observed even after a 30-min period of hypoxic hypoxia. (c) Perivascular astroglial swelling was minimal despite considerable perineuronal swelling. In contrast, incomplete cerebral ischemia produces mitochondrial changes similar to those in hypoxic hypoxia but also causes the depletion of tissue glycogen and perivascular glial swelling. Thus, hypoxic hypoxia with relative ischemia produces a unique acute ultrastructural response compared to either complete or incomplete cerebral ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691291
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle in ovine muscular dystrophy (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscular ; Dystrophy ; Ovine ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The initial ultrastructural changes in skeletal myofibers in ovine muscular dystrophy (MD) consisted of focal degeneration of myofibrils and the formation of Z-disc abnormalities, including nemaline rods, in adjacent sarcomeres. Peripheral and central sarcoplasmic masses, which occurred initially in large diameter fibers, contained a mixture of normal organelles and abnormal tubular and fibrillar formations. Vesiculate sarcolemmal nuclei with prominent nucleoli accumulated in central and subsarcolemmal locations in small clusters and short rows. Deformed individual nuclei were sometimes present within nuclear rows. Loss of the myofibrillar mass, increased density of small spherical nuclei, collections of fibrillar and tubular arrays, excessive folding of the sarcolemma and greatly reduced fiber diameter were seen in the end stage of the dystrophic process. Resting satellite cells were present at all stages of lesion development. The morphological progression of the lesions suggested an inherited inability to effectively replace lost myofibrils with ultimate exhaustion of the capacity for repair followed by pathological fiber atrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294375
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the presence of reciprocal synapses in the paratympanic organ of the chicken (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Paratympanic organ ; Reciprocal synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation pattern of the paratympanic organ was studied by TEM. The paratympanic organ is a small tapering vesicle, typical of birds, situated in the medial wall of the tympanic cavity; it contains hair cells which are similar to type II receptors of the acoustic-lateral system; these cells are characterised by synapses which are not only afferent and efferent, as previously described, but also reciprocal with efferent fibers. Our observation revealed some efferent nerve fibers which form a relationship with hair cells containing synaptic bodies situated next to the plasma membrane and near the fibers themselves. Since synaptic bodies are commonly considered to be the site where the transmission of the impulse from the receptor to the nerve fiber takes place, our pictures suggest that the efferent fibers and hair cells may be either presynaptic or postsynaptic with respect to each other in the paratympanic organ. The hypothesis is formulated that reciprocal synapses allow interaction between hair cells, thus determining an increase in the contrast of information sent by the paratympanic organ to the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309769
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of conventionalization on cecal wall structure of germ-free Wistar rats: quantitative light and qualitative electron microscopic observations (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cecum ; Germ-free rat ; Microflora inoculation ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural changes of the cecal wall in germfree rats were observed at regular intervals after the inoculation of fecal microflora from conventional rats. Quantitative light microscopy showed that most of the elements in the cecal wall increased at 12 or 24 h and reached peak values at 4 days after inoculation. On the 7th day, they decreased approximately to the values for conventional rats. The crypts were bent or widely open till 24 h but were not after the 4th day. Hyperplasia of the crypt epithelial cells including mucous-type cells was observed following microbial inoculation. Electron microscopy revealed that most of the epithelial cells lining the mucosa were typical columnar cells. Desquamation of the epithelial cells and contraction of the muscle fibers were often seen on 4th day. The mucous-type cells were divided into two types, goblet and non-goblet mucous-type cells. Reduction of cecal volume after microbial inoculation may be mainly caused by muscle contraction in the early period and hyperplasia and desquamation of the epithelial cells may suggest their role as the first and non-specific defense line prior to operation of the specific immune system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309771
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma (Bluefarb-Stewart type) (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma ; Bluefarb-Stewart syndrome ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of the skin lesion of a young patient affected by pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma of the Bluefarb-Stewart type (BSS) is reported. The neoplasm consisted of a proliferation of vascular structures mostly consisting of a solid bud of endothelial cells surrounded by a thinned and polystratified basement membrane and several pericytes. Both endothelial cells and pericytes were of normal ultrastructural appearance. Intervascular “stromal” cells were few and morphologically identified as macrophages and/or phagocytic fibroblasts. Masses of hemosiderin were detected outside the cells and in the macrophages, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Intracytoplasmatic crystalloid inclusions similar to those found in fetal endothelium and hemangiomas were observed in a few endothelial cells. These findings are different from those of previously reported cases of pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma and may be helpful in distinguishing Kaposi's sarcoma from BSS. The role of immunodeficiency in the onset of BSS is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424270
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reappraisal of neurofibrillary tangles (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 258-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurofibrillary tangles ; Alzheimer's disease ; Pick bodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the immunohistochemical reactivity and ultrastructure of both neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) occurring with severe neurofibrillary diseases, and Pick bodies (PBs) associated with Pick's disease. The NFTs and PBs did not react immunohistochemically with the anti-nonphosphorylated neurofilament monoclonal antibody irrespective of whether they were pretreated with alkaline phosphatase. In granular neurons of the dentate fascia of Ammon's horn in cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), NFTs either resembled PB-like inclusion bodies (Horoupian's inclusion bodies) in form, or had a perinuclear structure. Immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally, the NFTs in the dentate fascia in cases of DAT, including Horoupian's inclusion bodies, were similar to the NFTs in the pyramidal neurons of Ammon's horn, which are found most frequently in association with severe neurofibrillary diseases. Under a light microscope, Horoupian's inclusion bodies and PBs could not be differentiated and appeared to be argyrophilic round cytoplasmic inclusions in granular neurons of the dentate fascia. There were, however, ultrastructural differences. Horoupian's inclusion bodies consisted of bundles made up of straight tubules (STs), each about 15 nm in diameter. These bundles were intermixed with a few paired helical filaments which occurred at intervals of about 80 nm. On the other hand, PBs were composed of randomly distributed 15-nm-wide STs, intermixed with a very few fibrillary structures. These fibrils had a periodicity of about 160 nm, and ranged in width from about 15 nm to 30 nm. Horoupian's inclusion bodies associated with DAT and PBs associated with Pick's disease are different in this neuropathological aspect. The NFTs, including Horoupian's inclusion bodies in the dentate fascia in cases of DAT, are considered to be a manifestation of neurofibrillary degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687577
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new type of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion: histological, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical studies (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 599-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal inclusions ; Leigh disease ; Tropomyosin ; Actin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A novel type of non-viral cytoplasmic inclusion is described, which was seen in virtually every neuron in the brain and spinal cord of a child with a presumed metabolic disorder whose clinical picture and CNS pathology were compatible with Leigh Syndrome. The ovoid to round inclusions were sharply demarcated, measuring up to 11 μm in diameter. They showed no distinctive staining with a battery of routine histological techniques. The ultrastructural features are unique, comprising non-membrane-bounded aggregates of randomly oriented plate-like structures with parallel linear densities depicting a periodicity of 11–16 nm. Immunocytochemical studies revealed strong staining with antisera to tropomyosin and weaker staining with antisera to actin. There was no reactivity with antibodies against neurofilaments, microtubules and their associated proteins, paired helical filaments, ubiquitin, vinculin or alpha-actinin. It is postulated that the metabolic disorder resulted in a neurodegenerative condition which manifested pathologically with lesions compatible with those of Leigh Syndrome. Associated with the condition was the discrete accumulation of cytoplasmic proteinaceous components, including tropomyosin, in the form of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions possibly resulting from an alteration of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687887
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membranous changes in primary malignant CNS lymphomas (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 86-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primary malignant CNS lymphoma ; Ultrastructure ; Intracytoplasmic tubuloreticular, membranous structures ; Intranuclear inclusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of 17 primary malignant CNS lymphomas revealed 6 tumors with abnormal intracytoplasmic and/or intranuclear membranous structures, most frequently, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum or perinuclear envelope. In most cases, tubuloreticular inclusions and paired cisternae were present. Less frequent were accumulation of mictotubules, concentric lamellar bodies, and rod-like or paracrystalline intranuclear inclusions. The specificity and significance of these membranous structures remain questionable because of their frequent occurrence in a variety of normal and pathological conditions. Some of these changes may be considered as cellular reactions to viral infections, others may indicate cellular activity or degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308962
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignant melanotic neuroectodermal tumor arising from the pineal body (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 654-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Pineal origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of a melanotic neuroectodermal tumor arising from pineal region of a 4-year-old girl is presented. The tumor had spread diffusely to the meninges, consistent with malignant behavior. Histologically, the tumor consisted primarily of epithelial elements arranged in tubules, cords and nests separated by fibrous vascular tissue in addition to a small neuroblastomatous focus. Melanin pigment was frequently observed in the epithelial tumor cells, and melanin-laden macrophages were also often observed. No teratoid elements were found. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase but were nonreactive for S-100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, α-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial nature of the tumor cells could be easily demonstrated. In addition, melanosomes in various stages in maturation were observed, indicating melanogenesis of the tumor. On the basis of the tumor location and the histological similarities previously observed for the fetal pineal body, it is very likely that this melanotic epithelial tumor could have originated from the fetal pineal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687894
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dithiobiuret neurotoxicity: an ultrastructural investigation of the lesion in preterminal axons and motor endplates in the rat lumbrical muscle (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 72-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: 2,4-Dithiobiuret ; Thioimidodicarbonic diamide ; Motor endplate ; Neuromuscular junction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 2,4-Dithiobiuret was given i.p. to rats for 4 days at a daily dosage of 1 mg/kg and the development of the lesion associated with neuromuscular dysfunction studied in hindlimb lumbrical muscles. The first morphological indication of neurointoxication was the appearance in some motor endplates of masses of branching tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) on day 2 which correlated with the initial functional disturbances. By the 3rd day, most motor endplates were distended by accumulations of densecored, lucent and synaptic vesicles, abnormally swollen mitochondria, intermediate filaments and branching, tubular SER. Evidence of collateral axonal sprouting was seen first at this time. On days 4 and 5, many motor endplates were markedly enlarged and showed axoplasmic organelle congestion. A significant increase in synaptic vesicle size was noted at these times in some terminals. Interposition of Schwann cell processes between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes and terminal retraction was now evident. Some intramuscular nerves showed hydropic Schwann cell cytoplasm with separation of the outermost myelin lamellae, mitochondrial swelling and adaxonal vacuoles as early as the 1st day. Proliferation and segregation of SER around central cores of neurofilaments was seen in myelinated nerve fibres and preterminals on the 3rd day. At this and later times accumulations of SER and swollen mitochondria were found at sites of axonal varicosities and at the paranodal constrictions at nodes of Ranvier. These ultrastructural data are discussed with regard to reduced terminal Ca2+ content (demonstrated by oxalate-pyroantimonate cytochemistry) and compared with the sequelae of botulinum intoxication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687405
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytomembranous inclusions in the peripheral nerves in AIDS (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 336-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: AIDS ; Cytomembranous inclusions ; Tubuloreticular inclusions ; Ultrastructure ; Peripheral nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report finding tubuloreticular inclusions (TRI) in the endothelial cells of endo- and epineurial vessels in the sural nerve of 11 patients with AIDS. Six patients had a painful peripheral neuropathy, one a non-painful sensory neuropathy, one an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and one a thalidomide-related neuropathy. Two patients had no clinical evidence of neuropathy. The TRI are not specific to one neuropathy and are unlikely to contribute to the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve syndromes in AIDS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294672
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative ultrastructural study of in vivo versus in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 435-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; In vitro fertilization ; Bovine ; Ova ; Cortical granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Heifers were superovulated by PMSG or FSH, and oestrus was induced by prostaglandin. One group of animals was ovariectomized 19–26 h after the LH peak, the content of preovulatory follicles aspirated, and the oocytes processed for in vitro fertilization. Another group was inseminated and ova were collected from the oviducts for study of in vivo fertilization. All ova were examined ultrastructurally. The developmental rate following in vitro fertilization was delayed compared to fertilization in vivo. A high proportion of the in vitro fertilized ova showed polyspermic penetration of the zona pellucida, and supernumerary spermatozoa were found in the ooplasm of some ova. In vivo fertilization was associated with release and subsequent dispersal of the cortical granule content in the perivitelline space. In contrast to this the released granule content of the in vitro fertilized ova remained undispersed close to the oolemma. This feature may account for the high incidence of polyspermic penetration of the zona pellucida. In addition, the study provided an ultrastructural visualization of the initial contact between the equatorial segment of the spermatozoon and the microvilli of the oocyte, and the subsequent internalization of the sperm head.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319585
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of continuous light on rat parotid gland structure and reactivity (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 497-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Parotid gland ; Ultrastructure ; Amylase ; Secretion ; Isoproterenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of continuous light on ultrastructural organization and sympathetic secretory responses of the rat parotid gland are reported. After 50 days of continuous light exposure, the fine structure of the parotid gland exhibited features of enhanced secretory activity as judged by the striking development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, the depletion of secretory granules and the increased turnover of secretory cells. The secretory responses of parotid gland to isoproterenol revealed that continuous light induced a 30% increase in amylase release. This secretory hyperactivity appears to be related to a postsynaptic supersensitivity of sympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319593
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the DNA amount in mono- and binucleate cells in the celiac superior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 587-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Binucleate cells ; Ultrastructure ; Feulgen staining ; Computerized image analysis ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative proportion, ultrastructure and DNA-content of the binucleate cells in the celiac superior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig was studied using light and electron microscopy as well as computerized image analysis of Feulgen stained cells. The number of mono — versus binucleate cells was found to vary with stage of development with about 40% of the cells being binucleate in adult animals and 50% in late prenatal stage. No difference in ultrastructure was observed between the nuclei of the two cell types. The binucleate cells contain twice the amount of DNA found in the mononucleate cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315700
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal membranes and placenta of the african green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 591-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Fetus ; Membranes ; Placenta ; Green monkey ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study examined developmental changes in fetal membranes and placenta of Cercopithecus aethiops from a Carnegie developmental stage 12 embryo to nearterm fetuses. Ultrastructurally, yolk sac cells (endoderm and mesothelium) were similar to comparable stages in other primates. Endodermal cells had few apical microvilli, abundant rough-endoplasmic reticulum, electron dense mitochondria and dense bodies. In contrast, mesothelial cells were squamous with numerous microvilli, small mitochondria and a few short strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Amnion cells early in gestation were squamous with few microvilli, large glycogen deposits and poorly developed cytoplasmic components. Tight junctions and desmosomes held adjacent cells together. The basal surface was smooth and the basal lamina was distinct. As development proceeded the amniotic cells became cuboidal and possessed numerous microvilli. Cytoplasmic organelles were better developed and glycogen deposits increased by mid-gestation. A thick layer of microfibrils and collagen fibers was prominent below the basal lamina. Near-term, the glycogen had virtually disappeared and the amount of lipid droplets increased. Basal infoldings and podocytic processes and the extracellular matrix had increased. The smooth chorion consisted of pseudostratified columnar cells. Cells had short microvilli, numerous granules and vesicles of variable size and electron density in early gestation. With increasing age, amounts of granules and vesicles decreased, as the endoplasmic reticulum became prominent. The chorionic trophoblast was a continuous layer in mid-pregnancy and its cells had well-developed organelles and inclusions. Late in gestation, the trophoblastic layer became discontinuous and wide intercellular spaces and channels were present. In the placenta, the trophoblastic elements showed features characteristic of primate placenta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315701
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of the endocrine cells of the gut of Testudo graeca (Chelonia) (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Gut ; Endocrine cells ; Testudo graeca ; Chelonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The digestive tract of Testudo graeca (Chelonia) was investigated by means of electron microscopy using both conventional and immunocytochemical techniques. EC-, L-, D-, G-, B-, N- and EC-L-cells were detected. These cells share several common ultrastructural characteristics with the endocrine cells of mammals (i.e. clear cytoplasm, prominent Golgi apparatus, secretory granules etc.). EC and D1 cells have so far not been described in the esophagus of any animal species; in the present study these cells have been observed in the esophagus of T. graeca. Of special interest was the presence of B-cells in the intestine, suggesting that the migration of B-cells from the gut to the pancreas to constitute pancreatic islets is not concluded in T. graeca. The present study demonstrates that the gut endocrine system of T. graeca is a complex structure containing a large variety of endocrine cell types similar in morphology to those found in higher vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321906
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the monkey, Macaca fascicularis, with special reference to the presence of synaptic junctions on pinealocytes (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monkey ; Ultrastructure ; Pinealocytes ; Axon terminals ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study described the normal ultrastructure of the monkey pineal gland. The gland was composed of the principal pinealocytes, intramural neurons and glial cells. The nucleus of the pinealocytes was deeply infolded with evenly distributed chromatin materials. The abundant cytoplasm was rich in organelles including the well-developed Golgi apparatuses, multivesicular bodies, dense-cored vesicles and widely scattered free and polyribosomes. A variety of axon terminals was observed and the majority of them contained pleomorphic agranular vesicles with a few large dense-cored vesicles. A few terminals showed flattened vesicles or small dense cored vesicles. Some of the axon terminals formed synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of pinealocytes. These synapses were mainly concentrated in the posterior third of the gland. The occasional intramural neurons observed were postsynaptic to axon terminals containing round agranular vesicles. The sources of the nerve fibres and terminals forming synaptic junctions with pinealocytes and intramural neurons were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309766
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yolk organelles and their membranes during vitellogenesis ofXenopus oocytes (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 92-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenesis ; Xenopus oocyte ; Yolk-platelet membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yolk platelets ofXenopus laevis have been studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to characterize the boundary membrane during yolk formation. Throughout vitellogenesis, large yolk platelets are in close contact with smaller nascent yolk organelles. Two types of primordial yolk platelets (I and II) have been discriminated. After membrane fusion these precursors can be completely incorporated into the main body of existing platelets, numerous yolk crystals then merge and form one uniformly stratified core. Lipid droplets are tightly attached to the membrane at all developmental stages of yolk platelets. A direct connection of endoplasmic reticulum to the membranes of yolk platelets was not observed. On freezeetching replicas, yolk-platelet membranes present fracture faces with intramembranous particles (IMP) of various sizes and a heterogeneous distribution of approximately 200–600 IMP/μm2 at the E face, and 1200–2100 IMP/μm2 at the P face. Again, this presentation of the membrane exhibits neither anastomoses to the endoplasmic reticulum, nor caveolae that exclude the uptake of yolk-containing vesicles into these yolk organelles. Proteinaceous yolk platelets tend to fracture along their periphery through the superficial layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447744
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunogold localization of coenzyme F420-reducing formate dehydrogenase and coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase in Methanobacterium formicicum (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium formicicum ; Formate dehydrogenase ; F420-hydrogenase ; Immunogold ; Ultrastructure ; Methanogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural locations of the coenzyme F420-reducing formate dehydrogenase and coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase of Methanobacterium formicicum were determined using immunogold labeling of thin-sectioned, Lowicryl-embedded cells. Both enzymes were located predominantly at the cell membrane. Whole cells displayed minimal F420-dependent formate dehydrogenase activity or F420-dependent hydrogenase activity, and little activity was released upon osmotic shock treatment, suggesting that these enzymes are not soluble periplasmic proteins. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the formate dehydrogenase subunits revealed no hydrophobic regions that could qualify as putative membrane-spanning domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406556
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the human cerebral cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 12-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Distribution ; Ultrastructure ; Biopsy ; Catecholamines ; Interneurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In freshly fixed biopsies of human cerebral cortex obtained at surgery, immunocytochemical staining with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (the rate limiting biosynthetic enzyme for catecholamines) revealed, in addition to a dense axonal plexus, a population of immunoreactive cell bodies. The neuronal nature of these cells was ascertained by: i) the presence of a rich rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body and of synapses on the cell body and dendrites, and ii) the demonstration of the lack of reactivity with the astroglial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, in the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells. The tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons were found in all areas of cortex sampled, and were located almost exclusively in the infragranular layers. Most tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells were bipolar and were vertically oriented, but a few had a multipolar or horizontal dendritic arbor. The dendrites of these cells were varicose and aspiny, and the axons were very thin. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons were reported to be present transiently in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex and only recently in cerebral cortex of mature mammalian brains. Internuncial neurons in the human cerebral cortex containing a catecholamine synthesizing enzyme would be significant, in particular considering that catecholamines are likely to be involved in some major mental disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253618
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopic studies of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive terminals in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ; Central nucleus of the amygdala ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive (LI) terminals in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) was carried out using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. CGRP-LI fibers were densely distributed in the dorsal subdivision of the lateral BST (BSTL) and the lateral and lateral capsular subdivisions of the Ce, where the CGRP-LI terminals formed symmetrical and asymmetrical axo-dendritic, and symmetrical axosomatic synapses. One of the most characteristic features of the CGRP-LI terminals was the presence of large, long boutons, each of which surrounded a cell soma and made many synaptic contacts. These findings suggest that CGRP exerts a significant influence on neurons in the BSTL and Ce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250584
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of chemolithoautotrophic Gallionella ferruginea and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans as revealed by chemical fixation and freeze-etching (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gallionella ferruginea ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ; Iron bacteria ; Chemolithoautotrophy ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-etching ; Cell wall organization ; Intracytoplasmic membranes ; Carboxysomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By using sodium thioglycolate to dissolve the high amount of excreted stalk material in axenic cultures of the chemolithoautotrophic iron bacterium Gallionella ferruginea, the ultrastructure of Gallionella cells from pure cell suspensions could be studied without any loss of viability or disturbance by dense ferric stalk fibers, and compared with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, also grown chemolithoautotrophically with ferrous iron as energy source. Both organisms were chemically fixed or freeze-etched. Particular structural differences between these iron-bacteria could be ascertained. G. ferruginea possesses intracytoplasmic membranes and soluble d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase, whereas T. ferrooxidans contains carboxysomes but no intracytoplasmic membranes; Gallionella forms poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and glycogen as storage material; T. ferrooxidans produces only glycogen. Both organisms also differ from each other with respect to the freeze fracture behaviour of the cell envelope layers. Whereas the cells of T. ferrooxidans exhibit a characteristic double cleavage, exposing the plasmic fracture face and exoplasmic fracture face of the outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, the exceptionally thin multilayered cell envelope of G. ferruginea revealed a particularly intimate association between the layers, resulting in a visualisation of the supramolecular organisation of only the inner fracture face of the cytoplasmic membrane. The results are discussed predominantly in relation to the extremely distinct environments of both organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413137
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microscopic examination and fatty acid characterization of filamentous bacteria colonizing substrata around subtidal hydrothermal vents (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 64-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thiothrix sp. ; Beggiatoa sp. ; Sulfideoxidizing ; Polyunsaturated ; Fatty acids ; Inclusions ; Sheath ; Southern California ; Ultrastructure ; Sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microscopic examination of the whitish mat that covered the substrata around subtidal hydrothermal vents at White Point in southern California revealed a “Thiothrix-like” bacterium containing sulfur inclusions as the dominant filamentous form in this microbial community. The matlike appearance developed as a result of the closely-packed manner inwhich the basal ends of the filaments were anchored to the substrate. The dominant phospholipid fatty acids of these filaments (16:0, 16:1w7c, 18:0, 18:1w7c) were similar to those recovered from a sample of Beggiatoa isolated from a spring in Florida. Filaments from both sources contained small quantities of C18 and C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well. A larger but less abundant sheathless, filamentous form, which also contained sulfur inclusions and displayed a cell wall structure similar to a previously described Thioploca strain, also colonized the substrata around the subtidal mat. The preservation methods used in the preparation of thin-sections of the subtidal mat material were found to be inadequate for defining some key cellular structures of the large filaments. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that the filamentous bacteria comprising the microbial mat in the vicinity of the subtidal vents exhibit some of the features of the free-living filamentous microorganisms found in deep-water hydrothermal areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447013
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-localization of islet amyloid polypeptide and insulin in the B cell secretory granules of the human pancreatic islets (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 240-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet amyloid polypeptide ; Pancreatic islets ; B cells ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Islet amyloid polypeptide is a novel 37 amino-acid-residues polypeptide which has been isolated from amyloid deposits in an insulinoma, and in human and cat islets of Langerhans. The molecule has 46% homology with the calcitonin gene-related peptide. Light microscopy examination of the pancreas shows that islet amyloid polypeptide immunoreactivity is restricted to the islet B cells. The present study utilized a rabbit antiserum against a synthetic peptide corresponding to positions 20–29 of islet amyloid polypeptide, a sequence without any amino-acid identity with calcitonin gene-related peptide. By applying the immunogold technique at the ultrastructural level, it was shown that both insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide immunoreactivity occurs in the central granular core of the human B cell secretory granules, while the A cells remain unlabelled. The demonstration that islet amyloid polypeptide is a granular protein of the B cells may indicate that it is released together with insulin. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the functional role of islet amyloid polypeptide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285291
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell mediated calcification in collagen gel cultures of fetal rat calvaria cells. Loss of gap junctions precedes calcification (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of bone and mineral metabolism 7 (1989), S. 6-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5604
    Keywords: Intercellular communication ; Gap junction ; Calcification ; Collagen gel ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To analyze the mechanism of initiation of cell-mediated calcification in hard tussue and its relationship to the frequency of gap junctions, enzymatically isolated cells from fetal rat calvaria cultured in collagen gels were observed ultrastructurally over a time course. Calcification was observed at 2–3 weeks after the initiation of culture when the seeding cellularity and the concentration of β-glycerophosphate were sufficiently high. In the collagen gels, round cells (R), spindle or stellate cells (S), and fat cells (F) were characterised morphologically. The ultrastructural features of initial calcification could be classified into 4 subtypes: 1) a large mass greater than 10 µm in diameter (Type I), 2) deposition associated with dead R cells or matrix vesicles (Type II), 3) intracellular deposition (Type III), and 4) other than Types I–III (Type IV). Type II was the most frequent (44.5%) and Type III was the least (6.8%). Gap junction was observed frequently between 1) R cells, 2) S cells, 3) between R cells and S cells. The frequency of gap junctions in collagen gels decreased statistically (X2-test; p〈0.001), when calcification was initiated. This cell culture system can be regarded as a useful model to analyze the initiation of cell mediated calcification in hard tissue. Gap junctions might function in cell communication and a decrease in their numbers could lead to cell death and, subsequently to calcification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399048
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of kinetosome-associated organelles in the attachment of encysting secondary zoospores ofSaprolegnia ferax to substrates (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 149 (1989), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adhesion ; Carbohydrates ; Exocytosis ; K-bodies ; Lectins ; Saprolegnia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron and fluorescence microscopy were used to identify organelles involved in attachment of secondary zoospores ofSaprolegnia ferax as they were transformed into secondary cysts. When secondary zoospores were exposed to 1.0% peptone in the absence or presence of a substrate, they began to encyst. If substrates were present when encystment was induced, the groove surface of the secondary zoospores adhered to them. The first event in attachment was secretion of contents of the kinetosome-associated organelle (K-body), which was typically oriented with the tubule-filled cavity positioned toward the cell surface of the groove region in the zoospore. The tubules which contained carbohydrates became coarsely granular, the matrix became more fibrous, and the shell remained along the membrane concavity that was formed as the K-body fused with the plasma membrane. Five minutes later, a cyst coat appeared, and cysts were not readily dislodged from a substrate. The concavity was no longer found, presumably because it had evaginated; but a layered pad of adhesion material was between the cyst coat and substrate. The layers of the adhesion pad corresponded to the structure of the matrix of K-bodies. As with the tubules of the K-body, the coarsely granular portion at the edge of the pad stained for carbohydrates. Similarly, the lectins WGA and GS-II labeled with fluorescein stained the rim of the adhesion pad on cysts, indicating the presence of glycoconjugates containing N-acetylglucosamines. Because globular areas near the kinetosomes and groove of zoospores (where K-bodies were located) also bound WGA and GS-II, K-bodies contained the same carbohydrates as the adhesion pad. We conclude that K-bodies function in the attachment of encysting zoospores to substrates as the cell differentiates. The tubular portion of the K-body matrix contains carbohydrates which might assist in the adhesion process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322988
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cytoskeletal involvement in cellularization of theDrosophila melanogaster embryo (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 150 (1989), S. 83-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster embryo ; Cellularization ; Cleavage furrow ; Ultrastructure ; Cytoskeleton ; Mitosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution and arrangement of cytoskeletal components in the early embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined by thin-section electron microscopy to elucidate their involvement in the formation of the cellular blastoderm, a process called cellularization. During the final nuclear division in the cortex of the syncytial blastoderm bundles of astral microtubules were closely associated with the surface plasma membrane along the midline where a new gutter was initiated. Thus the new gutter together with the pre-formed ones compartmentalized the embryo surface to reflect underlying individual daughter nuclei. Subsequently such gutters became deeper by further invagination of the plasma membrane between adjacent nuclei to form so-called cleavage furrows. Nuclei simultaneously elongated in the direction perpendicular to the embryo surface and numerous microtubules from the centrosomes ran longitudinally between the nucleus and the cleavage furrow. Microtubules often appeared to be in close association with the nuclear envelope and the cleavage furrow membrane. The plasma membrane at the advancing tip of the furrow was always undercoated with an electron-dense layer, which could be shown to be mainly composed of 5–6 nm microfilaments. These microfilaments were decorated with H-meromyosin to be identified as actin filaments. As cleavage proceeded, each nucleus with its perikaryon became demarcated by the furrow membrane, which then extended laterally to constrict the cytoplasmic connection between each newly forming cell and the central yolk region. The cytoplasmic strand thus formed possessed a prominent circular bundle of microfilaments which were also decorated with H-meromyosin and bidirectionally arranged, similar in structure to the contractile ring in cytokinesis. These observations strongly suggest that both microtubules and actin filaments play a crucial role in cellularization ofDrosophila embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403663
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    Ultrastructural studies of spermatogenesis inAnthocerotophyta V. Nuclear metamorphosis and the posterior mitochondrion ofNotothylas orbicularis andPhaeoceros laevis (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 151 (1989), S. 137-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bryophyte ; Notothylas ; Nuclear metamorphosis ; Phaeoceros ; Posterior mitochondrion ; Spermatogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observations reveal that the spermatozoids of the hornwortsNotothylas andPhaeoceros contain two mitochondria and not one as described previously. Mitochondrial ontogeny and nuclear metamorphosis during spermiogenesis in these plants differ from all other archegoniates. The discovery that the posterior region of the coiled nucleus (when viewed from the anterior aspect) lies to the left of the anterior, in striking contrast to the dextral coiling of the nucleus of spermatozoids of other embryophytes, underlines the isolated nature of the hornworts among land plants. As the blepharoplast develops, the numerous ovoid mitochondria initially present in the nascent spermatid fuse to form a single elongated organelle which is positioned subjacent to the MLS and extends down between the nucleus and plastid. At the onset of nuclear metamorphosis, the solitary mitochondrion has separated into a larger anterior mitochondrion (AM) associated with the MLS and a much smaller posterior mitochondrion (PM) adjacent to the plastid. The PM retains its association with the plastid and both organelles migrate around the periphery of the cell as the spline MTs elongate. By contrast, in moss spermatids, where mitochondria undergo similar fusion and division, the AM is approximately the same size as the PM and the latter is never associated with the spline. As in other archegoniates, except mosses, spline elongation precedes nuclear metamorphosis in hornworts. Irregular strands of condensed chromatin compact basipetally to produce an elongated cylindrical nucleus which is narrower in its mid-region. During this process excess nucleoplasm moves rearward. It eventually overarches the inner surface of the plastid and entirely covers the PM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403451
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    Electronic Resource
    An unusual feature of developing protophloem sieve elements in roots ofTriticum aestivum L. (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 14-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Heterochronic lysis ; Polarity ; Root protophloem sieve elements ; Triticum aestivum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developing protophloem sieve elements in roots of wheat are arranged in single vertical files. In the last immature differentiating sieve element bearing ribosomes the proximal end of the cytoplasm displays a diluted appearance in contrast to the distal end where the cytoplasm exhibits a considerably increased electron density. Differences can also be observed in ribosome quantity, organelle ultrastructure and the time of initiation of cell component degradation, those at the proximal end disorganizing first, suggesting a nonsimultaneous disorganization of the cell components in the two areas. This phenomenon, termedheterochronic lysis, is presumably an expression of an existing polarity not detectable in younger stages, but it might also be the result of an asynchronous enzymatic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01354235
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in maturing pollen grains ofApium nodiflorum L. (Apiaceae), with special reference to the endoplasmic reticulum (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Apiaceae ; Apium nodiflorum ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Pollen grain ; Polysaccharide particles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural events in 3-cellular pollen grains ofApium nodiflorum L. are investigated during pollen maturation. Three distinct developmental stages are distinguished from the formation of sperm cells up to anthesis, whereby the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is mainly involved. The most conspicious form is the highly dilated RER in the vegetative cytoplasm of the youngest pollen grains, which changes to vesicular RER in the following stage. In mature pollen grains the RER has a narrow cisternal configuration and often forms stacks. Pollen activation is preceded by the accumulation of polysaccharide particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323064
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of disuse on the ultrastructure of the achilles tendon in rats (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 59 (1989), S. 239-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Collagen fibre ; Achilles tendon ; Disuse ; Atrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the influence exerted, through disuse of the hindlimb, on the collagen fibres of the achilles tendon in rats. With disuse the body mass decreased by 28%, and the mass of soleus muscle decreased by 20%. A decrease in the surface area and diameter was observed in the experimental group when compared to the control group. A histogram of the collagen fibres showed a decrease of the thick fibres in the experimental group. The maximum surface area of collagen fibres in the experimental group was seen to be only 43% of that of the control group. These results showed a decrease in the thickness of the collagen fibres of the achilles tendon through disuse. This seemed to suggest that resistance to tension is decreased by disuse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386194
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Relative rates of bromination and chlorination of 4-substituted cyclopentenes in methanol, ethanol and acetic acid (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 26-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A set of 4-monosubstituted cyclopentenes, , were synthesized and their relative rates (kX/kH) for bromination and chlorination were determined in methanol, ethanol and acetic acid at 25 °C by competitive method. log(kX/kH) for most of the substituents can be correlated by means of Taft's equation, log(kX/kH) = ρI σI + C. In methanol ρI, Br2 = -2·91, ρI, Cl2 = -0·49, in ethanol ρI, Br2 = -3·07, ρI, Cl2 = -0·70 and in acetic acid ρI, Br2 = -1·64, ρI, Cl2 = -0·65. The presence of C(〈0) is due to a constant steric effect. The deviation of X = H is ascribed to the absence of the steric effect and that of X = CO2Me and CO2Et is accounted for in terms of anchimeric assistance. For chlorination no anchimeric assistance was observed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020104
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    The cation radical vinylcyclobutane rearrangement (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 57-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cation radical vinylcyclobutane (VCB) rearrangement is found to be a reaction of substantial scope, synthetic utility, and exceptional kinetic facility. In conjuction with cation radical cyclobutanation, it constitutes an effective method for net (indirect) Diels-Alder addition to electron rich dienophiles. Reactions can be carried out with either aminium salt or photosensitized electron transfer (PET) initiation and are powerfully facilitated by ionizable substituents such as p-anisyl, phenylthio, and phenoxy at the 2-position of the vinylcyclobutane. The intramolecularity of the reaction is clearly established and in four discrete systems preferred sr (suprafacial/retention) stereochemistry is observed. A theoretical basis for sr stereochemistry in the cation radical VCB rearrangement is advanced. The transition state for the reaction is considered to be similar to that for the direct cation radical Diels-Alder cycloaddition, another cation radical pericyclic reaction which converges on the same product. This model of the VCB rearrangement transition state is used to rationalize the strong rate-retarding effect of a Z-methyl substituent attached to the vinyl group and of a methyl substituent at the 4-position of the vinylcyclobutane ring cis to the vinyl substituent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020108
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    The ‘dimer mechanism’ in aromatic nucleophilic substitution by amines in aprotic solvents (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of aromatic nucleophilic substitutions by amines in protic solvents is well established; on the contrary the mechanism/s of the reactions in aprotic solvents is/are still subject of controversy. The present paper describes several systems for which fourth-order kinetics (third-order in amine) were observed. A mechanism is proposed to account for this as well as other observation such as: overall negative energies of activation, quadratic dependence of kA with non-nucleophilic tertiary bases, spectacular effects of hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA) catalysts, etc. Other alternative mechanisms are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020102
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    Cross interaction constants as a measure of the transition state structure (part III). Mechanism of reactions between 1-phenylethyl benzenesulfonates with N,N-dimethylanilines (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions between 1-phenylethyl benzenesulfonates (1-PEB) with N,N-dimethylanilines are investigated in methanol at 35·0°C. Reactivity and selectivity trends were found to be similar to those for the reactions of 1-PEB with anilines, but the magnitudes of cross interaction constants, ρXZ, between substituents X in the nucleophile and Z in the leaving group were substantially smaller indicating no hydrogen-bond bypass bridge formation in the transition state. However, the magnitude of ρXZ suggested a direct electrostatic interaction between the reaction centers in the nucleophile and leaving group in the frontside nucleophilic attack with a loose transition state structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020105
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    Reassignment of the fundamental vibrations of azetidine from ab initio calculations (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated analytically at the 6-31** level for azetidine using the GAUSSIAN 82 program. The results strongly indicate the presence of several errors in a recent assignment of the fundamentals of azetidine based on a normal coordinate analysis and a revised assignment is suggested. It is concluded that reliable vibrational data for azetidine in the gas phase are needed in order to resolve the remaining ambiguities in the interpretation of the spectra.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020210
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020201
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  • 47
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    Multifunctional catalysis for transamination reaction of α-amino acids with glyoxylic acid in synthetic bilayer memberane (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 110-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The transamination reaction of α-amino acids with glyoxylic acid as catalyzed by copper(II) ions was investigated kinetically in an aqueous medium at pH 5·0 and 30·0°C. L-Phenylalanine transferred its amino group to glyoxylic acid most readily among seven different amino acids used here in the single-walled bilayer vesicle formed with N,N-dihexadecyl-Nα-[6-(trimethylammonio)hexanoyl]-L-histidinamide bromide (N+C5His2C16). Such rate enhancement was found to originate from the cooperative trifunctional catalysis: a coordination effect exercised by copper(II) ions, a general acid-base catalysis by the imidazolyl group of the lipid, and a hydrophobic field effect provided by the bilayer vesicle. Lack of any of the three functions failed to give out significant rate enhancement. As regards correlation between the reactivity and the nature of α-amino acids, the copper(II)-catalyzed transamination was progressively enhanced as hydrophobicity of the α-amino acid was increased in the N+C5His2C16 vesicle.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020204
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    Kinetics and mechanism of the acid-catalyzed hydration of dihydro-1,4-dioxin (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cyclic vinyl ether dihydro-1,4-dioxin is converted to its cyclic hemiacetal hydration product, 2-hydroxy-1,4-dioxane, in aqueous solution by an acid-catalyzed reaction for which kH+ = 1·80 × 10-5 M-1 S-1 at 25°C. This reactivity and the solvent isotope effect kH+/kD+ = 2·2 show that the reaction occurs by rate-determining proton transfer from catalyst to substrate and not by a pre-equilibrium mechanism as recently proposed.2
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020106
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  • 49
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    Theoretical studies of the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces of cyclobutanediyl (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 161-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cyclobutanediyl (2) has been studied in both its singlet and triplet states by ab initio electronic structure theory. The triplet, which is the ground state of the molecule, exists in both C2h and C2v forms which interconvert via a Cs transition state. For the singlet, only a C2h form is found. It passes, via a Cs transition state, onto the C2v surface on which bicyclobutane (3) is the only minimum. The ring-flipping (inversion) process in 3 includes the singlet biradical as an intermediate, and involves a novel, non-least motion path similar to one previously proposed by Gassman. Semiclassical periodic orbit theory indicates that the various minima on both the singlet and triplet surfaces can interconvert via quantum mechanical tunneling.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020208
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  • 50
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    Twisted internal charge transfer emission in B,B-bis(mesityl) pyrroloboranes (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Spectral characteristics of several simple substituted B,B-bis(mesityl)pyrroloboranes are reported which support a theoretical treatment by Bonacic-Koutecky and Michl (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 1765 (1985)) describing the excited states of simple aminoboranes as an example of twisted internal charge transfer. In the aminoboranes the pyrrolo moiety functions as the electron donor group and the empty p-orbital of the boron atom as the acceptor.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020109
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    A preliminary quantum-chemical study of the mechanisms for the reactions of perchlorofluoroethanes with nucleophiles initiated by chlorophilic attacks (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A preliminary theoretical study of the mechanisms for the reactions of the perchlorofluoroethanes CF2ClCCl3 (1), CF2ClCCl2F (2) and CF3CCl3 (3), with nucleophiles has been carried out by the MNDO method, following the experimentally suggested process shown in Scheme 1. The unlikely chlorophilic attack in the first step of Scheme 1 has been shown to be feasible for 1, 2 and 3 by analysis of the MO interactions. The second step has been found to be affected by the anionic hyperconjugation which stabilizes the anions CF2ClCCl2- (4), CF2ClCClF- (5) and CF3CCl2- (6) and would make reactions (2) (the second step) unfeasible in gas phase, but in solution reaction (2) may still easily occur for 4 and 5.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020203
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    Studies on organophosphorus compounds XXXII. A molecular mechanics study of the hydrolytic reaction of alkylphosphonates and alkylphosphonyl chlorides (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 146-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The alkaline hydrolysis of several alkylphosphonates and alkylphosphonyl chlorides has been investigated by molecular mechanics calculations (MM2, 1985 version). The difference of the steric energies (ΔE) between tetracoordinate substrate and pentacoordinate transition state of phosphorus compounds represents the activation energy (ΔE≠) in hydrolysis. The change of ΔE for various alkyl groups relative to methyl group (ΔΔER) is suggested as a measure of the steric effect of substituents. Thus the correlation analysis involving log k and ΔΔER of the branched alkyl group gives good results and it is reasonable to anticipate that analogous treatment using ΔΔER for the straight chain alkyl group is not satisfactory owing to the minor contribution of steric effect of the latter. However, the multiple regression analysis of log k with ΔΔER and Taft's σ* provides very good results. As shown by us, for the hydrolytic reactions studied, the proposed ΔΔER is much better than Taft's Es and Charton's ν, the commonly used well-known steric parameters in the chemistry of carbon compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020207
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    Mechanism of the Grignard reaction (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mechanism of the Grignard reactions of aromatic ketones in THF was studied by spectroscopic and kinetic methods. The stable radical intermediates generated in the initial electron transfer from Grignard reagent to ketones are in a state of aggregated dimer of corresponding ion-radical pairs; in which two ketone anion radicals are bridged by a dimer di-cation of Grignard reagent. Subsequent alkyl radical transfer from dimeric Grignard reagent cation moiety to ketone anion radical aggregated each other are promoted by a participation of another neutral Grignard reagent. Proposed mechanism by present authors is able to explain well addition products/reduction products ratios in the Grignard reactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020303
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  • 54
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    Non-hierarchical classification of organic solvents using characteristic vector analysis of physical and empirical solvent parameters (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 232-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Characteristic vector analysis of a set of six physical and empirical parameters of 103 commonly used organic solvents (bp, ∊r, μ, nD, ETN, and δ) gives four vectors describing 95% of the total data variability. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis, applied to our results, leads to ten separate classes of organic solvents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020306
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    Masthead (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020101
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    Ion pairs in solvolysis reactions. Kinetic deuterium isotope effects for deprotonation of carbocation intermediates in aqueous solvent (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solvolysis of 2-X-2-phenylpropane (1-X) in 25 vol% acetonitrile in water at 25°C produces 2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropane (1-OH) and 2-phenylpropene (3). The carbocationic intermediate discriminates between different nucleophiles; azide anion, acetate anion, and methanol are more efficient nucleophiles than water, kN3/kH2O = 42 kOAc/kH2O = 3, and kMeOH/kH2O = 2·9 (ratio of second-order rate constants). The fraction of the elimination product 3 increases with increasing basicity of the leaving group X as well as by addition of general bases. The Brønsted parameter for this catalysis is small, β = 0·13, with substituted acetate anions. The kinetic deuterium isotope effect for the dehydronation of the intermediate has been measured (assuming the reaction from intermediate to alcohol is insensitive to isotopic substitution) employing the hexadeuterated substrate d6-1-X as k3H/k3d6 = 3·5 ± 0·2 for the chloride 1-Cl with acetate anion, and, without added base, 3·1 ± 0·2 for the acetate 1-OAc, and 3·1 ± 0·2 for the p-nitrobnzoate 1-PNB, respectively, and ∼5 for the protonated methyl ether 1-OMeH+. The variation in isotope effect with change in leaving group is discussed in terms of elimination from contact ion pairs and ‘free’ carbocation. The overall kinetic isotope effect for the solvolysis was found to be kobsH/kobsd6 = 1·31 (1-OMeH+), 1·38 (1-OAc), 1·40 (1-PNB), and 5·7 (1-OH2+). These isotope effects consist of the isotope effect k12H/k12d6 for the formation of the substitution product 1-OH and k13H/k13d6 for production of the olefin 3. It is concluded that the latter isotope effect is enlarged owing to a branched mechanism in which the deprotonation of the carbocationic intermediate competes with formation of the substitution product. As large an isotope effect as k13H/k13d6 ∼6·5 has been measured for 1-OMeH+.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610020103
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    Terminal processes of serotonin neurons in the caudal spinal cord of the molly, Poecilia latipinna, project to the leptomeninges and urophysis (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 619-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-containing cells ; Urophysis ; Spinal Cord ; Ultrastructure ; Leptomeninges ; Poecilia latipinna (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal neurosecretory complex of poeciliids has previously been shown to be innervated by extranuclear and intrinsic serotonergic projections. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to characterize fibers originating from serotonin neurons intrinsic to the caudal spinal cord. Bipolar and multipolar neurons were oriented ventromedially, and contained numerous large granular vesicles. Three types of serotonergic fibers were distinguished based on their distribution and morphology. Intrinsic Type-A fibers branched into varicose segments near the ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord and contacted the basal lamina beneath the leptomeninges. Type-B fibers coursed longitudinally to enter the urophysis, where they diverged and terminated around fenestrated capillaries. Labelled vesicles in Type-A and Type-B terminals were the same size as those in labelled cells and in unlabelled neurosecretory terminals in the urophysis. Type-C small varicose fibers branched within the neuropil of the caudal neurosecretory complex. Serotonin may be secreted into the submeningeal cerebrospinal fluid, the urophysis, and the caudal vein by Type-A and Type-B fibers, whereas, Type-C fibers may be processes of serotonergic interneurons in the neuroendocrine nucleus. The possibility that urotensins I and II or arginine vasotocin were colocalized in the processes of the intrinsic serotonin neurons was investigated immunohistochemically. The negative results of these experiments suggest that serotonin-containing neurons may represent a neurochemically distinct subpopulation in the caudal neurosecretory complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218799
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    The effect of bromocriptine on the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary: an electron-microscopic, morphometric study (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Bromocriptine ; Secretory granules ; Golgi apparatus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological effect of chronic synthetic and secretory inhibition of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary induced by bromocriptine treatment was studied using morphometric techniques in combination with electron microscopy. On the basis of granule diameters, a heterogeneous cell population was shown in the normal intermediate lobe. Bromocriptine treatment did not induce any change in the volume fraction, number or location of electron-dense secretory granules. Instead, there was a shift toward a more homogeneous cell population containing smaller granules, the mean granule volume being reduced by ∼30%. The volume fraction of electron-lucent granules or vacuoles was markedly reduced, indicating a functional significance of these organelles. The volume of the Golgi apparatus was not significantly altered, but the number of condensing granules within the Golgi area was reduced. The volume of the intermediate lobe was decreased, apparently due to a decrease in the mean cell volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224124
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  • 59
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    Implications of chirality and geometric isomerism in some psychoactive drugs and their metabolites (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 99-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: asymmetry ; enantiomers ; geometric isomers ; (+)- (-)-isomers ; D- and L-isomers ; R- and S-isomers ; Z- and E-isomers ; drug metabolism ; stereoselectivity and stereospecificity in drug action ; stereoselectivity and stereospecificity in drug metabolism ; psychotropic drugs ; stimulants ; antidepressants ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many drugs contain a chiral centre, or such a centre is introduced during metabolism of the drug in man and in animals. If a single chiral centre is present, the drug will normally exist as a mixture of two enantiomers, of which one may have quite different pharmacologic and/or toxic effects than the other. Chiral drugs that are used in psychiatry, and some other pharmacologically related drugs are identified, and the implications of the presence of one or two chiral centres in these drugs are discussed. Differences in pharmacologic properties of drug and metabolite enantiomers are identified and discussed. Also reviewed are the properties of some drugs used in psychiatry that both are chiral and display geometric isomerism.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010204
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    Pharmacokinetic data of propranolol enantiomers in a comparative human study with (S)- and (R,S)-propranolol (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 10-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: (S)-, (R,S)-propranolol ; pharmacokinetic ; human study ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pharmacokinetics of (S)-propranolol were compared after the oral administration of a 40 mg dose of the pure enantiomer and an 80 mg dose of a racemic mixture of (R,S)-propranolol. The results of this study indicate that the bioavailability of (S)-propranolol, as expressed by the mean area uner the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum serum concentration, is lower after 40mg of the optically pure drug than after the racemic drug.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010105
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010301
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  • 62
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    Stereochemistry of tissue distribution of racemic propranolol in the dog (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 192-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: propranolol enantiomers ; enantiomers ; propranolol ; β-receptor-blocking drugs ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Only limited information is available on the stereochemistry of the in vivo distribution of β-receptor-blocking drugs. In this study we determined the levels of the propranolol enantiomers in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and central nervous system (CNS), and peripheral tissues in the dog following an intravenous dose of a deuterium-labeled pseudoracemate. The appearance of the propranolol enantiomers in the CSF was rapid and nonstereoselective, with maximum concentrations reached at 15 min after dosing. The levels of the enantiomers in both CSF and plasma then declined in a parallel biphasic fashion, with a terminal t1/2 of about 125 min. Except for an early high CSF/plasma concentration ratio of 0.35, the CSF propranolol levels corresponded to the unbound concentration in plasma, CSF/plasma 0.20. All areas of the brain showed a similar uptake of propranolol, with a tissue concentration exceeding that in plasma about 10-fold during the terminal phase of elimination. The uptake of propranolol by peripheral tissues varied widely, ranging from a 50-fold accumulation by the lungs compared to plasma to no accumulation by adipose tissue. However, as for the CSF, there was no evidence of stereoselective uptake of propranolol by any CNS or peripheral tissue except for the liver. A significantly higher level of (+)- vs. (-)-propranolol in liver tissue presumably was a reflection of stereoselective hepatic metabolism of (-)-propranolol by this tissue. The slight stereoselectivity in plasma binding of propranolol known to exist in the dog had no significant influence on tissue or CSF distribution.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010303
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  • 63
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    Separation and quantitation of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in human plasma and urine using an α1-AGP column (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomeric separation ; bioanalysis ; α1-acid glycoprotein column ; disposition (R)- and (S)-atenolol ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for the determination of (R)- and (S)-atenolol in human plasma and urine is described. The enantiomers of atenolol are extracted into dichloromethane containing 3% heptafluorobutanol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride at 60°C for 2 h. The acetylated enantiomers were separated on a chiral α1-AGP column. Quantitation was performed using fluorescence detection. A phosphate buffer pH 7.1 (0.01 M phosphate) containing 0.25% (v/v) acetonitrile was used as mobile phase. The described procedure allows the detection of less than 6 ng of each enantiomer in 1 ml plasma. The relative standard deviation is 4.4% at 30 ng/ml of each enantiomer in plasma. The plasma concentration of (R)- and (S)- atenolol did not differ significantly in two subjects who received a single tablet of racemic atenolol. The R/S ratio of atenolol in urine was ∼ 1.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010306
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    First announcement and call for papers (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 246-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010312
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    Improved performance of the second generation α1-AGP columns: Applications to the routine assay of plasma levels of alfuzosin hydrochloride (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 243-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: stereochemistry ; enantiomers ; direct separation ; alfuzosin ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Described is a direct enantioselective separation of the enantiomers of alfuzosin hydrochloride on the second generation α1-AGP column which offers improved efficiency, shorter analysis, and improved stability with respect to the first generation columns. The method has been applied to the analysis of drug substance in rat plasma. This highly efficient extraction method and the use of fluorimetric detection result in selective and sensitive determination of the enantiomers. The analytical validation parameters demonstrate the applicability of this method to pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010311
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  • 66
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    Polarimetric detection in high-performance liquid chromatography (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 251-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical activity ; optical rotation ; chiroptical detection ; enantiomeric purity ; chiral separation ; enantioselective reactions ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiroptical detection for HPLC is particularly useful as a selective detection method for chiral molecules, and in enantiomeric purity determination with partial chiral separation or without chiral separation. The recent development of laser-based polarimeters with microdegree sensitivity has increased the applicability of optical rotation detection in HPLC. The detection limit of these instruments is submicrogram on-column for many chiral compounds in analytical HPLC. A variety of applications of the selective detection of optically active molecules are reviewed. The use of polarimetric detection with partial chiral separation is considered, both as an aid to method development and for enantiomeric purity determination. Finally applications to enantiomeric purity determination without chiral separation are reviewed, with the dual use of nonchirally selective and chiroptical detectors to determine the total amount and optical purity of the analyte. Determinations of chiral purity for samples of high enantiomeric excess are described, which with laser-based instrumentation may give accuracies of better than ± 1% with sample loadings of 50 μg on an achiral column. Applications to the study of enantioselective reactions are also considered, with determination of enantiomeric excess in near-racemates to better than ± 0.1%.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010403
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  • 67
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    The role of configuration and conformation in the binding of 2,3-benzodiazepines to human serum albumin (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: HSA-affinity chromatography ; interconverting conformers ; conformational selectivity ; conformational diastereomers ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,3-Benzodiazepines containing a centre of asymmetry at C-5 possess both central and helical chiralities, and the solution of their racemates contains four molecular species. The binding of these compounds to human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by affinity chromatography. The binding strength depended both on the steric orientation of the 5-ethyl substituent and on the conformation of the diazepine ring. Conformation P (defined by the positive sign of C-1-N-2-N-3-C-4 torsion angle) is favoured, while the quasiaxial orientation -of the 5-ethyl substituent is not favoured by the albumin molecule.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010405
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  • 68
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    Stereoisomeric flavour compounds XXXV: Chiral aroma compounds of sherry I. Optically pure stereoisomers of solerone and solerole (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical isomers ; chirality and odour ; chiral flavour compound resolution ; enantiomer separation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantioseparation of the sherry aroma components 5-oxo-4-hydroxyhexanoic acid γ-lactone (solerone) and 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid γ-lactone (solerole) is achieved, using Chiraspher (Merck) as the chiral HPLC phase and the optical purity ascertained directly by HRGC with heptakis(3-O-acetyl-2,6-di-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin (Lipodex D) as the chiral stationary phase. The absolute configurations of 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid γ-lactones are assigned by 1H-NMR spectral data of diastereomeric α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA) esters, according to Mosher's model. Sensory qualities of the isomers are given.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010408
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  • 69
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    The determination of (-)-(S)- and (+)-(R)- ifosfamide in plasma using enantioselective gas chromatography: A validated assay for pharmacokinetic and clinical studies (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: ifosfamide enantiomers, GC chiral stationary phase, pharmacokinetic studies, clinical validation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An enantioselective gas chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of the plasma concentration of the enantiomers of the anticancer drug ifosfamide (IFF). In this approach, the IFF enantiomers are separated from the plasma matrix by solid phase extraction, chromatographically resolved by gas chromatography on a chiral stationary phase, and detected by mass selective detection using selective ion monitoring. The assay has been validated for routine clinical and pharmacokinetic use and has a limit of detection in plasma of 250 ng/ml of each isomer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010309
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    Optical enrichment of dansyl-rac-amino acids by formation of crystalline inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: resolution by crystallization ; racemic mixture ; dansyl-D-leucine ; dansyl-L-leucine ; dansyl-D-norleucine ; dansyl-L-norleucine ; dansyl-D-phenylalanine ; dansyl-L-phenylalanine ; β-cyclodextrin ; γ-cyclodextrin ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical enrichment from racemic dansyl-leucine, dansyl-norleucine, and dansyl-phenylalanine with both β- and γ-cyclodextrins in water is reported. Initial crystallization yielded the dansyl-L-leucine isomer complexed in excess with β-cyclodextrin with an optical purity of 62-78% depending on experimental conditions. The optical purities obtained for L-norleucine and L-phenylalanine were 71 and 64%, respectively. The optical purity can be increased with continued recrystallization. The dansyl-D-leucine isomer was obtained in the mother liquor with an optical purity of 54-93% depending on experimental conditions. The optical purities obtained for D-norleucine and D-phenylalanine were 72 and 58%. The optical purity of the isomer depended on the molar ratio of host:guest and the pH value of the solution. Optimum enrichment of both enantiomers was achieved with host:guest ratios of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1. Although maximum crystalline yield of the dansyl-leucine/CD inclusion complex was obtained at a pH of 3.5, optical purity of both enantiomers was less than that obtained at other pHs. The influence of the molar ratio of host:guest and the pH value of the solution are discussed. This method is suitable for large-scale enantiomeric separations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010207
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    Direct separation of albendazole sulfoxide enantiomers by liquid chromatography on a chiral column deriving from (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)tyrosine: application to enantiomeric assays on plasma samples (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 142-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomeric separations ; chiral stationary phase ; Pirkle-type phases ; HPLC ; anthelmintics ; benzimidazole sulfoxides ; albendazole ; fenbendazole ; oxfendazole ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The direct enantiomeric resolution of albendazole sulfoxide (SOABZ), an anthelmintic drug belonging to the benzimidazole class, is reported on a chiral stationary phase (CSP) synthesized by covalent binding of (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)tyrosine-O-(2-propen-1-yl) methyl ester on a γ-mercaptopropylsilanized silica gel. A comparison with the resolution achieved on commercially available Pirkle-type CSPs obtained from N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) derivatives of (R)-phenyglycine or (S)-phenylalanine is described. Some structurally related chiral sulfoxides including oxfendazole (SOFBZ) are also studied. Optimization of the mobile phase nature and composition is investigated showing that a hexane-dioxane-ethanol ternary mixture affords an almost baseline resolution (Rs = 1.25); however, in this case, albendazole sulfone (SO2ABZ) is eluted between the two sulfoxide enantiomers; accordingly, a hexane-ethanol mobile phase would be preferred for biological samples containing both metabolites. The influence of temperature on the resolution is depicted with a hexane-ethanol mobile phase. Finally, application to the enantiomeric assays of SOABZ in plasmatic extracts of rat, sheep, bovin, and man after oral administration of albendazole (sulfoxidized to SOABZ and SO2ABZ) is reported. Some distortions in the enantiomeric ratios are evidenced depending on the species.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010208
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    Joining hands (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010102
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    Determination of terbutaline enantiomers in biological samples using liquid chromatography with coupled columns (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: terutaline ; enantiomers ; determination ; liquid ; chromatography ; coupled columns ; cyclodextrin ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a method for the separation and determination of the enantiomers of terbutaline in plasma and intestinal juice. Terbutaline was extracted from plasma and intestinal juice by liquid-solid extraction on small C18 cartridges. The extract was then analyzed by coupled column liquid chromatography with amperometric detecton. For ciral separation a β-cyclodextrin phase was used.The within-day variation (Cv) on spiked plasma samples was in the rane 0.8-6.4% at 3.8-33.8 nmol/liter for the (-)-enantiomer, and 2.6-23.0% at 1.3-11.3 nmol/liter for the (+)-enantiomer. The between-day variation on spiked plasma samples was 5.5% at 10.7 nmol/liter and 13.6% at 4.3 nmol/liter for the (-)- and (+)-enantiomers, respectively. The within-day variation for inestinal juice was i the range 0.7-1.5% at 5.6-30.0 μmol/liter for the (+)-enantiomer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010107
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    A general criterion for molecular recognition: Implications for chiral interactions (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 69-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral recognition ; three-point model ; distance matrix ; molecular graph ; molecular complexes ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general criterion is formulated for molecular recognition. The criterion for recognition is the ineqality of the distance matrices of complexes of different compounds with a resolving agent under ambient experimental conditions. It is shown how this criterion provides for an objective, cell-defined, and simple explanation for recognition of chiral compounds. This approach may be used to explain models (e.g., three-point of attachment1) and relationships for chiral recognition. It is also shown how one-, two-, or three-point mechanisms are equivalent in this formalism and could result in chiral recognition. Examples are used to illustrate how the so called one- or two-point mechanisms may be operative in many experimental findings. Symmetry rreqirements of resolving agents may also be derived from considerations of distance matrices. Finally, the reciprocal relationship of chiral resolving agents is easily derived from the present method of analysis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010113
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  • 75
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010201
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    Letter to the editor (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 97-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010202
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  • 77
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    Preparation of chiral statonary phase from an α-amino phosphonate (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chiral stationary phase ; α-amino phosphonate ; chromatographic separation of enantiomers ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A chiral statonary phase (CSP) derived from an N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-aminobenzylphosphonate has been prepared and evaluated for its utility in the direct separation of enantiomers. This CSP, 2, is structurally related to earlier N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-acids acid-derived phases (e.g., CSP 1), but the mode of attachment to the support is different. In scope; CSP 2 is qualitaively similar to CSP 1. However, it differs quantitatively from CSP 1, showing either greater or lesser selectivity for different pairs of enantiomers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010111
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    Evaluation of π-acid chiral stationary phases deriving from tyrosine and related amino acids for the chromatographic resolution of racemates: Specific requirements for enantiorecognition ability (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomeric separations ; chiral stationary phases ; tyrosine chiral selector ; γ-mercaptopropyl silica gel ; HPLC ; SubFC ; preparative LC ; chiral recognition mechanisms ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chromatographic applications of three novel chiral stationary phases (CSPs) deriving from (S)-(N)-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)tyrosine are reported, under liquid chromatographic (LC) and subscritical fluid chromatographic (SubFC) conditions. Two grafting modes of the chiral moiety have been experimented starting either from γ-mercaptopropyl-silanized (type 1) or γ-aminopropyl-silanized (type 2) silica gels. For type 2 CSPs an evaluation of the stability of the amide linkage was achieved by means of SubFC; the relative contriution of ionic and covalent bindings to the ciral recognitio aility was then outlined. The chromatographic properties of these CSPs were compared with those of the corresponding CSPs deriving from phenylglycine, p-hydroxyphenylglycine, and phenylalanine for the resolution of some tertiary phosphine oxide, naphthoyl amide, and α-methylene γ-lactam enantiomers. Some simple requirements regarding the solute and CSP structures for chiral recognition ability can be inferred from these results. In addition, the resolutio of π-acid α-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)amino esters was investigated on these π-acid CSPs. An example of preparative scale chromatography is also presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010110
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    Enantioselective inclusion complexation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glycopyranose as a chiral host with (+)-(r)-phenylethylamine: x-ray characterization of the complex (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 80-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: crystal structure ; inclusion ; chiral host ; complexation ; glucopyranose ; cellulose triacetate ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray analysis of the crystalline product obtained by reaction of 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-D-glycopyranose with phenylethylamine revealed the formation of a real one-to-one inclusion complex. This complexaion is highly stereoselective, because only the (+)-R-enantiomeric form of the amine is included. Analogies to the mode of complexation of cellulose triaceate with chiral molecules in „inclusion chromatography“ are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010114
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  • 80
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    Stereocontrolled synthesis of peptide bond isosteres (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 89-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: asmmetric induction ; bacterial cell wall ; D-Ala-D-Ala ; dipeptide ; peptidoglycan ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute stereochemical control is employed in the synthesis of isosteres for dipeptide subunits 1; see Fig. (1) in which the amide linkage has been replaced by a trans carbon-caron double bond. The synthesis affords access to the four stereoisomers of 1 in which R and R' = CH3, including the isostere of D-alanine-d-alanine (D-ala-D-Ala), 2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010116
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  • 81
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    Investigation on the enantiomeric impurity of epinephrine hydrochloride injections (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 92-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: ciral resolution ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Epinephrine enantiomers were derived into diastereoisomers with the chiral reagent 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylisothiocyanate. The resolutions was carried out on a C18 column. The RS between (-)-R- and (+)-S-isomers was 2.3. The retention time could be changed by adding a proper amount of acetonirile into the mobile phase. The results showed that (+)-S-isomer in the epinephrine hydrochloride injections increased during the period of storage.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010117
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  • 82
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    The development of concepts of chiral discrimination (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomorphism ; dissymmetry ; chirality ; enantioselectivity ; diastereoselectivity ; steric complementarity ; asymmetric induction ; three-point contact ; circularly polarized radiation ; circular dichroism ; parity nonconservation ; electroweak interaction ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pasteur's conjecture (1860) that biomolecular homochirality arose from a chiral natural force as yet inaccessible in the laboratory was supplanted by Fischer's (1894) “key and lock” hypothesis of stereoselection in enantiomer to diastereomer conversions, whether in the laboratory or in living organisms. Elaborations of the “key and lock” hypothesis by Haldane (1930) and Pauling (1948) have been illustrated and supported with modification by X-ray diffraction crystal structures of enzyme-substrate complexes over the past quarter century.Two types of mechanism for the product diastereoselectivity in the reactions of an enantiomer with an achiral reagent, early proposed, have recent support: one proposes a quasidiastereomeric structure for the enantiomer attacked in the ground state, the other for the corresponding transition state of the reaction. Approaches to the differential biological activity of two enantiomers postulate either the complete binding of each isomer to a chiral receptor site, resulting in diastereomeric complexes with inequivalent bioactivities, or the differential binding of the two isomers to a set of three sites, with which only one isomer is sterically congruent.Biochemical homochirality, based on the chiral stereoselectivity of both biosynthetic and metabolic reactions, derives from the evolutionary pressure for a progressive enhancement of the kinetic efficiency and economy of those reactions. Recently Pasteur has been vindicated in part, and the problem of the original prebiotic enantiomeric excess left outstanding by Fischer has been solved. The unification of the electromagnetic with the weak interaction provided a universal chiral natural force, the electroweak interaction, which favours the chiral series selected during the course of biochemical evolution, both the D-sugars and the L-amino acids.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010302
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  • 83
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010401
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  • 84
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    St. Mary's discussion forum: “Racemates and enantiomers: Scientific and regulatory aspects” (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 249-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010402
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  • 85
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    Chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution and absolute configuration of enantiomeric benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxides and tetrols (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 276-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxides ; benzo[a]pyrene tetrols ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; chiral stationary phase ; optical isomers ; resolution of enantiomers ; absolute configuration ; circular dichroism spectra ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiomers of diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene (BP) diol-epoxides, r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 7,8-diol-anti-9,10-epoxide), r----7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 7,8-diol-syn-9,10-epoxide), r-9,t-10-dihydroxy-t-7,8-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 9,10-diol-antiy7,8-epoxide), and several 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes (BP tetrols) were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using columns packed with either (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine[(R)-DNBPG] or (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine [(S)-DNBL], which is either ionically or covalently bonded to γ-aminopropylsilanized silica. Resolution of enantiomers was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible absorption and circular dichroism spectral analyses. Resolved enantiomers of BP diol-epoxides were each hydrolyzed in acidic solution to a pair of diastereomeric tetrols which were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. Absolute stereochemistries of enantiomeric diol-epoxides were deduced by the absolute configuration of their hydrolysis products.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010406
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  • 86
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    Crystal structure and absolute configuration of (+)546-[copy4Cl2]HDBT: An example of torsional isomerism (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: absolute configuration ; crystal structure ; resolution ; solid-state circular dichroism ; torsional isomerism ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure and absolute configuration of the (-)589-dibenzoylmonohydrogentartrate salt of the cation [Co(pyridine)4Cl2]+ have been determined from a three-dimensional X-ray analysis. Single crystals were grown from dimethylsulfoxide: space group P212121, Z = 4, and cell dimensions a = 21.463(4), b = 23.112(3), and c = 7.490(1) Å. Full-matrix least-squares refinement on F converged at R = 0.075, 196 variables and 2029 observations. The cation has pseudotetragonal coordinate geometry, with axial Cl and equatorial N atoms. The dihedral angles between the pyridine ligands and the equatorial plane are 47(1), 39(1), 50(1), and 45(1)° and torsional isomerism is responsible for the solid-state chiroptical properties of the cation. The preferential crystallization of the P atropisomer of the cation is attributed to a general electrostatic attraction between cation and anion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010407
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  • 87
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    (-)-(S)-Flunoxaprofen and (-)-(S)-naproxen isocyanate: Two new fluorescent chiral derivatizing agents for an enantiospecific determination of primary and secondary amines (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomers ; diastereoisomeric ureas ; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ; fluorophores ; inversion of optical rotation ; antiarrhythmics ; propranolol ; plasma ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and analytical testing of two new fluorescent chiral derivatizing agents (-)-(S)-flunoxaprofen and (-)-(S)-naproxen isocyanate, is described. In a few simple steps the free carboxylic acids [(S)-flunoxaprofen and (S)-naproxen] are activated with ethyl chloroformate/sodium azide and transformed to the corresponding isocyanates. The crystalline reaction products display high enantiomeric and chemical purity and stability. The direction of the optical rotation of both substances is inverse to that of the corresponding carboxylic acids. At ambient temperature the reagents swiftly react with primary and secondary amines, yielding highly fluorescent ureas. The applicability of the two reagents for the resolution of racemic amines was tested with a number of pharmaceuticals (antiarrhythmics, β-adrenergic antagonists, calcium channel blockers, centrally acting antidepressants). The diastereoisomeric derivatives were efficiently resolved and separated from side-products by means of normal and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The use and sufficient sensitivity of the two reagents for pharmacokinetic studies were demonstrated with a determination of plasma levels of propranolol enantiomers after oral administration of the racemic drug [80 mg (R,S)-propranolol-HCl] to two volunteers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010308
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  • 88
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    Direct chromatographic separation of 2-arylpropionic acid enantiomers using tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)s of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phases (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 239-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical resolution ; HPLC ; chromatography ; antiinflammatory drug ; ibuprofen ; ketoprofen ; flurbiprofen ; tiaprofenic acid ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct optical resolution of antiinflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, and tiaprofenic acid were attempted by high-performance liquid chromatography using tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)s of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phases. Although ibuprofen was not sufficiently resolved, the other three 2-arylpropionic acids were completely resolved by amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). Ibuprofen was resolved as anilide derivative.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010310
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  • 89
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    The interaction of the enantiomers of carvedilol with α1- and β1-adrenoceptors (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stereoselectivity of carvedilol, a novel β-adrenoceptor antagonist and vasodilator with one asymmetric carbon atom, was examined at α1- and β1-adrenoceptors in vitro and in vivo. (-)-(S)-Carvedilol is a potent, competitive antagonist of the β1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive chronotropic response to isoproterenol in guinea pig atrium, with a dissociation constant (KB) of 0.4 nM. (+)-(R)-Carvedilol was more than 100-fold less potent than the (-)-S-enantiomer as an antagonist of β;1-andrenoceptors, having a KB of approximately 45 nM. Consistent with these findings (-)-(S)-carvedilol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a 25-fold rightward shift in the β1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive chronotropic response to isoproterenol in pithed rats, whereas the (+)-R-enantiomer had no β1-adrenoceptor blocking activity in vivo at this dose. In contrast to the marked degree of stereoselectivity observed at βl1-adrenoceptors, both (-)-(S)- and (+)-(R)-carvedilol produced equal antagonism of the α1----adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine in rabbit aorta, with KB values of 14 and 16 nM, respectively. Furthermore, in the pithed rat, the α1-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor dose-response curve to cirazoline was shifted approximately 6-fold to the right by both the (+)-R- and (-)-S-enantiomers of carvedilol at a dose of 1 mg/kg, i.v. In anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, (-)-(S)-carvedilol was 6-fold more potent as an antihypertensive than (+)-(R)-carvedilol. The vasodilator and acute antihypertensive activity of carvedilol results from α1-andrenoceptor blockade produced by both enantiomers, and the concomitant β1-adrenoceptor blockade produced by the (-)-S-enantiomer, which prevents reflex tachycardia that can offset the antihypertensive response, leading to greater overall antihypertensive potency of (-)-(S)-carvedilol relative to the (+)-R-enantiomer. These data also suggest that distinct regions of the carvedilol molecule are responsible for blocking α1- and β1-adrenoceptors, with β1-adrenoceptor blockade resulting from an area of the molecule containing the asymmetric carbon atom, specifically the carbazolyloxy propanolamine moiety, and α1-adrenoceptor blockade resulting from a part of the molecule that does not contain the asymmetric carbon atom, most likely the phenoxyethylamine moiety.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010404
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  • 90
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    First announcement and call for papers (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010410
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  • 91
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    Mechanisms of chiral recognition in xenobiotic metabolism and drug-receptor interactions (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 7-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: substrate enantioselectivity ; product enantioselectivity ; Michaelis-Menten analysis ; intrinsic activity ; potency ; receptor affinity ; efficacy ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010104
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  • 92
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    Pharmacologic implications of α-adrenocreceptor interactive parameters for epinephrine enantiomers in the rat vas deferens (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: affinity ; efficacy ; dissociation ; constants ; steroselectivity ; entropy ; enthalpy ; receptor ; interaction ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: After alkylation of a fraction of the total α-adrenoreceptors by phenoxybenzamine in rat vas deferens, the dissociation constants of (-)- and (+)-epinephrine in functional studies were 7 × 10-7 M and 2 × 10-5 M, respectively. In the adrenoreceptor-containing tissue fraction, when 3H-labeled WB4101 was used as the interacting ligand, for each enantiomer who affinity sites were found. Only the low-affinity dissociation consant for each isomer correlates with the constant obtained from the functional studies. If the change in Gibb's free energy. ΔG°, is calculated from the low-affinity binding constants, the values -8.1 and -6.2 kcal/mol for (-)- and (+)-isomer, respectively, are obained. The small difference in the value between isomers forms a hydrogen bond with the receptor. The interaction of epinephrine with this receptor appears to be driven largely by the entropy of the drug-receptor interaction with only a small nonsteroselective contribution from the enthalpy of ineraction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010106
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  • 93
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    The stereochemical resolution of enantiomeric free and derivatized amino acids using and hplc chiral stationary phase based on immobilized α-chymotrypsin: Ciral separation due to solue structure or enzyme activity (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: column liquid chromatography ; chiral separations ; chymotrypsin on silica ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stereochemical separation of free and derivatized amino acids on active α-chymotrypsin bonded to silica is governed by two mechanisms based on the structure of the solutes or on the enzymatic activity of the enzyme. Te deactivation of the hydrolytically active site of the enzyme demonstrated that a significant portion of the retention on this support is due to hydrophobic interactions at other sites. These sites appear to be stereoselective for the ester derivatives of amino acids but not for the other studied solutes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010109
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  • 94
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    Moleclar imprinting by noncovalent interactions: Tailor-made chiral stationary phases of high selectivity and sample load capacity (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical resolution ; chromatography ; amino acid derivatives ; molecular recognition ; preparative ciral separation ; macroporous polymers ; mass transfer limitaions ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A moleclar imprinting technique based on electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions was used to prepare polymers of high selectvity for the original print molecule (D or L form of an amino acid derivative). In the chromatographic mode ig enantioselectivity was observed, in particular for amino acid amides and basic amino acid esters. As indicated y he broad peaks obtained, the mass transfer, including the kinetics of the binding and dissociation process, was slow and appeared to be slower in systems where a higher number of interactions between the solute and the stationary phase could be expected. In such systems enhanced selectivity was observed. For polymers prepared at a lower temperature the mass transfer was more rapid and a higher selectivity was observed, wich allowed the separations to be performed at room temperature. A more rapid mass transfer and a higher selectivity could also be achieved by increasing the column temperature. Furthermore the polymers showed a high sample load capacity and a high stability, and the can easily be prepared.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010112
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  • 95
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    The absolute configuration of benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate, an antitussive drug (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 86-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: stereochemistry ; stereoselective snthesis ; (S)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid ; chiral synthon ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate, an antitussive drug, have been assigned the R- and S-configurations, respectively, by syntheses of both enantiomers using (S)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (L-lactic acid) as chiral synthon. The key intermediate, (S)-2-metyl-2-[-2-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl p-toluenesulfonate, was subjected to an SN2-type reaction with piperidine furnishing (+)-(R)-benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate. (-)-(S)-Benproperinium dihydrogen phosphate was obtained by submitting the same tosylate to two consecutive SN2-type reactions with Br- and piperidine, respectively, acting as nucleophiles.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010115
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  • 96
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    Announcements (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 94-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010118
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  • 97
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    Stereoselectivity at muscarinic receptor subtypes: observations with the enantiomers of phenglutarimide (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 170-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: phenglutarimide enantiomers ; enantioselectivity ; antiparkinsonian drugs ; M1-selective antagonists ; rabbit vas deferens ; pirenzepine ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The affinity of the enantiomers of phenglutarimide at three muscarinic receptor subtypes was examined in vitro using field-stimulated rabbit vas deferens (M1 receptors) and guinea pig atria (M2α receptors) and ileum (M2β receptors). Extremely high stereoselectivity was observed and higher affinities (up to 6000-fold) were found for the (+)-S-enantiomer. The stereoselectivity ratios were different at the three subtypes, and the stereochemical demands made by the muscarinic receptors were most stringent at M1 receptors. (+)-(S)-Phenglutarimide was found to be a potent M1-selective antagonist (pA2 at M1 = 8.53). Its receptor selectivity profile is qualitatively similar to that of pirenzepine. (-)-(R)-Phenglutarimide showed no comparable discriminatory properties.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010212
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  • 98
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010101
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  • 99
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    The FDA perspective on the development of stereoisomers (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 2-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: optical isomers ; stereochemistry ; enantiomers ; Food and Drug Administration ; drug development ; drug regulation ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The current regulatory position of the Food and Drug Administration is discussed with regard to the approval of racemates and pure stereoisomers. Circumstances in which stereochemically sensitive analytical methods are necessay to ensure the safety and efficacy of a drug are described. Regulatory guidelines are interpreted for applications for the approval of a pure enantiomer in which the racemate is marketed, for the approval of eitehr a racemate or a pure enantiomer in which neither is marketed, and for clinical investigations to compare the safety and efficacy of a racemate and its enantiomers. Examples of te basis for such regulation are drawn from historical situations (thalidomide, benoxaprofen) as well as currently marketed drugs (arylproionic acids, disopyramide, indacrinone).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010103
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    Electronic Resource
    Liquid chromatographic separation of anomeric forms of saccharides with cyclodextrin bonded phases (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 1 (1989), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: mutarotation ; sugars ; carbohydrates ; isomeric ; separation ; temperature effects ; selectvity ; optimization ; hemiacetal ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A brief review of sugar stereochemistry is given. The separation of 84 different pairs of anomers was accomplished on both α- and β-cyclodextrin columns. Five different mobile phases were evaluated. The separation of anomers temperature, flow rate, and so on. The separation of anomers that mutarotate is somewhat more difficult than those that do not. Prior knowledge as to the rate of mutaroation is useful so that the chromatographic conditions can be arranged to minimize any deleterious effects on the separation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530010108
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