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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (76)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (42)
  • 1978  (76)
  • 1969  (42)
  • Electron Microscopy
  • Rat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 31 (1978), S. 433-443 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Soleus ; Fusimotor innervation ; Skeletofusimotor innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the small segmental tail muscles of the rat beta fibres provide exclusively the dynamic fusimotor control, while gamma fibres provide exclusively the static fusimor control. The present experiments were made to investigate the fusimotor innervation of spindles in a large muscle of the rat, the soleus, and thus to determine the occurrence and significance of beta innervation in this muscle. Our results have revealed no case of beta innervation in the rat soleus. As a consequence of our experimental method, however, we would not claim that beta innervation does not exist in the soleus, only that it must play an insignificant role relative to that seen in the tail segmental muscles. Investigations of the fusimotor innervation of eight spindles were sufficiently complete to warrant detailed illustration. The number of gamma fibres ranged from two to four. In every case the slowest conducting gamma fibre was dynamic. However, the conduction velocity spectra for the static and dynamic gamma fibres to rat soleus overlap to such an extent that it is impossible to use conduction velocity as the sole guide to functional gamma fibre classification. The pooled results from the eight spindles fully investigated provide a ratio of static to dynamic gamma fibres of approximately 1:1. Other evidence discussed in the paper suggests that in the muscle nerve the ratio is considerably higher. These differences are reconciled if the dynamic gamma fibres branch more profusely and innervate more spindles than do the static gamma fibres.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 31 (1978), S. 573-590 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Place units ; Unit recording ; Sensory cues ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Place units in the dorsal hippocampus of the freely-moving rat signal the animal's position in an environment (place field). In the present experiments, thirty four place units were recorded in two different environments: one, a small platform where the rat had received neither training nor reward; the other, an elevated T-maze inside a set of black curtains where the rat had been trained on a place discrimination. The places within the curtained enclosure were specified by four cues (a light, a card, a fan, and a buzzer) in addition to the food. Other cues were eliminated by rotating the maze and the four controlled cues relative to the external world from trial-to-trial. Some units had place fields in both environments while others only had a place field in one. No relationship could be seen between the place fields of units with fields in both environments. All twelve units tested extensively in the controlled enclosure had place fields related to the controlled cues. Probe experiments in which only some of the controlled cues were available showed that some of these units were being excited by one or two cues while others were influenced in a more complex way. The fields of these latter units were maintained by any two of the 4 cues and were due to inhibitory influences which suppressed the unit firing over the rest of the maze.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 32 (1978), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intraspecific aggression ; Lateral hypothalamus ; Electrical stimulation ; Specificity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of rats on intraspecific aggressive behaviour were studied. In order to investigate the specificity of the stimulation effects, each experimental animal was stimulated in a number of different social situations. Stimulation of the LH in the presence of a subordinate male increased the amount of time spent on aggressive behaviour patterns and locomotion. In the presence of a dominant male, however, the stimulated animal never initiated a fight, whereas in the presence of an estrous female attack occurred in some rare occasions and sexual behaviour disappeared almost entirely. Stimulation of some sites also elicited mouse killing behaviour. Many of the electrodes that elicited intraspecific aggressive behaviour also supported intracranial self-stimulation. It is concluded that 1. electrical stimulation of this area of the LH predominantly potentiates intraspecific aggressive behaviour, 2. that this behaviour becomes overt depends on the external situation, including the behaviour of the opponent.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 33 (1978), S. 213-225 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; ATP-ase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypoglossal nuclei of adult male albino rats, either normal, or from 1 to 70 days after left hypoglossal nerve transection, were studied cytochemically with a lead method for sodium- and potassium-activated membrane ATP-ase, using light and electron microscopy. Reaction product was measured at the light microscopical level by microdensitometry, and significance determined statistically. Light microscopy revealed a brown reaction product in the neuropil, but none in cell bodies. Blood vessel walls were more strongly coloured. Reaction product was undiminished by ouabain pre-incubation, or by incubation without sodium or potassium, or by incubation with calcium instead of magnesium. Reaction product was diminished by absence of magnesium if calcium was also absent, and abolished if sections were boiled before incubation, or if substrate was absent. Axotomy caused a statistically significant increase in neuropil reaction product in injured nuclei, maximal at 35 days postoperatively, and subsequently decreasing to normal at 70 days. Electron microscopy showed a predominantly surface membrane reaction product, with occasional positive intracellular cisternae. Basal lamina and intra-endothelial vacuoles were also positive. Axotomy resulted in the arrival and disappearance of microglia (2 to 35 days), followed by astrocyte hypertrophy (35 days), and increase in thickness and homogeneity of surface membrane reaction product. The results suggest the presence of one or more calcium- or magnesium-dependent membrane ATP-ases. The peak of the increase after axotomy is probably partly attributable to hypertrophic astrocytes, and partly to the surfaces of neuronal processes. Increase of membrane movements might explain such enzyme activity.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 377 (1978), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Aggressive Fibromatosis ; Myofibroblast ; Immunperoxidase Method ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei FÄlle von aggressiver Fibromatose der Schilddrüsenregion werden mit histologischen, immunhistochemischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Mit Hilfe von menschlichem Serum gegen glatte Muskulatur können kontraktile Zellen in sÄmtlichen PrÄparaten, vornehmlich aber in den Randbezirken der Wucherung nachgewiesen werden. Elektronenoptisch werden alle diese Zellen als Myofibroblasten identifiziert. Die zentralen Bezirke der Wucherung zeigen hyalin verdickte und gequollene Kollagenfaserbündel mit nur wenigen zellulÄren Elementen. Somit wird der Myofibroblast als der für die Wucherung charakteristische Zelltyp erkannt. Die sich daraus für Pathogenese und Histogenese ergebenden Schlüsse werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Two cases of aggressive fibromatosis of the thyroid gland region were studied by histological, immunhistological and electron-microscopic methods. Contractile cells can be found in all tissue preparations using human serum containing antibodies to smooth muscle, especially in the periphery of the tumor. These cells have the characteristics of myofibroblasts by electron microscopy. The central areas of the tumor are composed of hyalin thickened bundles of collagen fibres with few cellular elements. The myofibroblast is thus considered to be the characteristic cell type of the tumor, and the pathogenesis and histogenesis of the lesion are discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 378 (1978), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neurinoma ; Schwannian Origin ; Neurinoma Cells ; Cytoplasmic Processes ; Peculiar Myelin Sheaths ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In benign tumours of the nerve sheath, the neurinoma clearly originates from the Schwann's cell. This can be said, because there are neurinoma cells with the typical tendency to cytoplasmic processes out of which peculiar myelin sheaths are built; these peculiar myelin sheaths wrap themselves around parts of their own neurinoma cell.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 56 (1978), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; d-Amphetamine ; Response force ; Punishment ; Stereotyped behavior ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were reinforced with water on a continuous reinforcement schedule and were also punished with electric shock for every fifth response applied to a silent, isometric, force-sensing manipulandum. Oral doses of chlordiazepoxide (3.0, 9.0, 27.0 mg/kg) increased both conventional rate and force of punished responding. In contrast, d-amphetamine (0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg/kg, by gavage) further decreased conventional rate and force of response, but this latter drug increased the rate of recorded responses that were lower than the 15-g force criterion for response consequences. The results for chlordiazepoxide are viewed in terms of its anxiolytic properties, while the d-amphetamine data appear to support a theory of amphetamine effects based on the concept of stereotyped behaviors.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Behavioral augmentation ; Physical dependence ; Carry-over ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult male rats were subjected to 1–4 cycles of daily gastric intubation with ethanol (6 g/kg) for 16 days, separated by 17-day alcohol-free periods. Tolerance produced by this treatment (designated ‘physiological tolerance’) was measured by change in effect of a 2.2 g/kg i.p. dose of ethanol on the moving-belt test. It occurred in each cycle, disappeared completely in the drug-free periods, and developed more rapidly in the second and later cycles than in the first. Tolerance produced by the ‘behavioral augmentation’ technique (daily test practice under the influence of ethanol) also developed more rapidly on a second than on a first cycle. The progression from within-session to between-session tolerance was still evident, but accelerated. With 25-day alcohol cycles, separated by a one-month drug-free period, the ‘carry-over’ effect (i.e., more rapid acquisition of tolerance in the second cycle) applied equally, regardless of whether or not tolerance was produced by the same technique in both cycles, or by a crossover in either direction between the two techniques.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Polyphloretin phosphate ; Prostaglandins ; Behaviour ; Temperature ; Bram biogenic amines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) antagonizes the central effects elicited by prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2α was investigated. PPP was administered i.c.v. to male Wistar rats (10 or 25 μg) 10 or 30 min before i.c.v. injection of PGE2 or PGF2α (1 or 10 μg). The duration of several components of behavior, the degree of irritability, and the rectal temperature of rats were measured; the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured spectrophotofluorometrically in discrete brain areas. PPP antagonized temperature and behavioral changes induced in rats by PGF2α, but not those induced by PGE2. The magnitude of antagonism depended on the dose of PPP and on the time of the pretreatment before PGF2α administration. Changes in the level of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas evoked by PGs were not affected by PPP. We found that PPP antagonizes the central effects of PGF2α but not those of PGE2, and that changes of biogenic amines in discrete brain areas elicited by PGs are not specific.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 378 (1978), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Myopathy ; Histochemistry ; Electrophysiology ; Human ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscles of the lower legs of rats given 25% ethanol in water ad libitum for up to 9.5 months were studied using histological, histochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Ethyl alcohol was substituted for about 20% of the total calorific input of the animals. The observations were compared with the structure of the gastrocnemius muscle of five alcoholics with clinical neuropathy. Fibrillation potentials and angulated atrophic fibers were observed in the muscles of animals on alcohol for 9.5 months. No fiber type grouping was present. There was also phagocytosis of the muscle fibers and changes in their internal structure, as reflected by the distribution of NADH-diaphorase. The observed muscle changes in the alcoholics and those in the experimental animals on alcohol differed mainly quantitatively, the only exception being the presence of fiber type grouping in the biopsies from the alcoholics.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 173 (1978), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Experimental chronic uremia ; Rat ; Oxygen consumption ; Body weight ; Experimentelle chronische Urämie ; Ratte ; Sauerstoffverbrauch ; Körpergewicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die verminderte Gewichtszunahme bei experimenteller chronischer Urämie führte zu der Bestimmung des Sauerstoffverbrauches chronisch urämischer Ratten und eines normalen Vergleichskollektivs. Die Messung des Sauerstoffverbrauches wird als Hinweis auf den Energiebedarf des Gesamtstoffwechsels gewertet. Drei Gruppen von Versuchstieren wurden untersucht: urämische Ratten (CU) von geringerem Gewicht (403,66 ± 9,9 g) als deren gesunde Vergleichstiere (NA) (498,31 ± 26,13) und jüngere Normaltiere (NJ), welche ein annähernd ähnliches Körpergewicht wie die chronisch Niereninsuffizienten aufwiesen (376,0 ± 8,8). Signifikante Unterschiede des Sauerstoffverbrauches, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, wurden zwischen den Gruppen NJ (0,927 ± 0,042 ml O2/mn/100 g Ratte) und beiden Gruppen CU und NA (0,788 ± 0,036 und 0,788 ± 0,028 jeweils) gefunden. Eine proportionale Verminderung der energetisch aktiven Körpermasse mag die Ursache der Sauerstoff-Meßergebnisse bei chronischer experimenteller Urämie sein.
    Notes: Summary Impaired weight gain, a common feature in experimental chronic uremia, led to compare oxygen consumption values of chronic uremic rats and their controls. Oxygen consumption measurement may allow an approach to the evaluation of total energy requirement. Three groups of animals were considered: uremic rats (CU) of less weight (402.66 ± 9.9 g) than their control group (NA) (498.31 ± 26.13) and younger normal animals (NJ), showing a similar weight (376.0 ± 8.8) to that of the uremics. Significant differences in oxygen consumption values/body weight were found between group NJ (0.927 ± 0.042 ml O2/mn/100 g rat) and both groups CU and NA (0.788 ± 0.036 and 0.788 ± 0.028 respectively). Proportional decrease of energetically active body mass in chronic uremic animals may be the reason of the findings.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 174 (1978), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Complement system ; Sodium taurocholate ; Acute experimental pancreatitis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of the complement system was studied in Na-taurocholate pancreatitis in rats. Complement activity (CH 50) was determined at various times in the course of pancreatitis. Immediately after induction of acute pancreatitis, serum complement activity declined and massive C 3 deposits could be detected in the vicinity of acinar necroses and necrobioses. After a phase of recovery three to six hours postoperatively a second complement consumption occurred. Lethality rate increased as serum complement activity fell below 50% of preoperative values. The degree of C 3 deposition increased up to six hours. Decline of serum complement activity and deposition within the pancreas seemed to be correlated with histologically demonstrable tissue lesion. The first decline of complement activity in serum is thought to be caused by liberation of complement activating substances within the pancreas due to the detergent action of Na-taurocholate itself. The second decline, however, may be due to the liberation of complement activating and/or destroying enzymes into the blood stream.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 172 (1978), S. 247-253 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; Parotid saliva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described, which is suitable to collect continuously and quantitatively saliva from both parotid glands in rats under in vivo conditions and which allows to investigate salivary electrolyte composition in relation to flow rate during several hours. This might be of expanding scientific interest in disturbances of transepithelial electrolyte transport in various pathophysiological situations (for instance different forms of experimental hypertension, endstage renal failure and so on).
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  • 14
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    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 154 (1978), S. 27-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillarization ; Cortex ; Rat ; 6-Aminonicotinamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During different embryonic and postnatal stages, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was administered to Wistar albino rats. The capillarization of the occipital cortex has been examined morphometrically. A 6-AN-vulnerable stage of prenatal development was found, which lasted to the 19th prenatal day and which only partly corresponds to the so-called ‘critical stage’ of capillary sprouting (Kapillarsprossung). Capillary sprouting was not impaired by 6-AN during postnatal stages. Impairment of capillarization by 6-AN might be the result of glial lesion. The importance of glia for capillarization is discussed.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 153 (1978), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ileal epithelial cell ; Suckling period ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ileal epithelial cells containing the tubulo-vacuolar systems and supranuclear vacuoles in suckling rats were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, using specimens treated with osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium staining methods, and critical point drying and cracking. The cracked surface of the apical cytoplasm is seen as irregular and small hollows and pores of the anastomosing and branching tubulo-vacuolar system. The cracked surface of the supranuclear vacuoles shows the ellipsoidal structures. Numerous pores of various size and irregular shape are present on the apical inner surface of the supranuclear vacuole. These pores are clearly the openings from the tubulo-vacuolar system to the supranuclear vacuole. Some small pores are visible on the inner lateral surface of the supranuclear vacuole, especially near the nucleus. They are probably the pathways of the absorbed materials from the supranuclear vacuole into the lateral cytoplasm. Usually, the inclusions of the supranuclear vacuole reveal the globes or coarse and sponge-like networks.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Iris ; Cornea ; Catecholamine fluorescence ; Cholinesterase ; Histochemistry ; Ontogenesis ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence technique and a copper thiocholine method were used to investigate the ontogenesis of the catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves of the rat iris and cornea. First fluorescent nerve fibres appeared in the iris on the 18th gestation day and in the cornea on the 19th day. A rapid increase in the density of the adrenergic nerve fibres of the iris continued to the age of three weeks, while the number of such fibres were small in the cornea. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres appeared both in the cornea and in the iris on the 19th gestation day. Their density increased more rapidly in the iris, especially in the sphincter muscle, than in the cornea. Non-specific cholinesterase activity was localized in the Schwann cells and the reaction was more intense during development than in the nerves of the cornea of adult rats.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 154 (1978), S. 241-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Serotonin ; Raphe nuclei ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pre- and early postnatal development of serotonin neurons in the rat brainstem was studied using the fluorescence histochemical method. The technique utilized does not require drug pretreatment to visualize an intense serotonin fluorophore localized in neuronal perikarya, dendrites, and axons. All the serotonin neuron groups develop as bilateral nuclei which extend from the midbrain through the medulla. Six of the nine groups undergo a midline fusion from embryonic day 18 (E 18) through postnatal day 6 (P 6) in a rostrocaudal gradient. Cells of the nucleus raphe dorsalis fuse first (by P1), whereas the serotonin neurons located in nucleus raphe pallidus do not fuse until P 6. This gradient is comparable to the one described for the first observable fluorescence in the serotonin neurons groups. After final cell division, the serotonin neurons undergo a primary migration from the ventricular zone along the midline, where they are situated during embryogenesis, and a secondary migration extending into postnatal life which concludes with fusion in the midline. The bilateral origins of the serotonin cell groups are maintained in the adult. This is expressed by the apparent ipsilateral projections of some of the raphe neurons determined recently in our laboratory utilizing autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Annals of hematology 37 (1978), S. 295-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Β-adrenerge Rezeptoren ; (3H) (−) Dihydroalprenolol ; Erythrozyten ; Ratte ; Β-Adrenoceptors ; (3H) (−) Dihydroalprenolol ; Erythrocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of the radioactive antagonist ligand (3H) (−) dihydroalprenolol (DHAP) specific binding sites were identified in membrane preparations from red blood cells from rats. These specific sites were characterized asΒ-adrenoceptors because of the following reasons: Specific binding of DHAP (in contrast to unspecific binding) was dependent on temparature and time of incubation. Furthermore, specific binding of DHAP showed saturability, temperature-dependent reversibility and high affinity (KD-value of DHAP = 6.51 nM). Specific binding of DHAP was competitively inhibited byΒ-adrenergic antagonists (pindolol 〉 alprenolol ≧ propranolol 〉 practolol) and agonists (isoprenaline 〉 adrenaline). The (−) enantiomers of pindolol and isoprenaline showed pronounced higher affinities for the receptor sites than the respective (+) enantiomers. The receptor density in the membrane preparations (pmoles/mg protein) was strongly dependent on the degree of reticulocytosis: The Bmax-values increased more than 4 to 5 fold without alteration of the respective KD-values when reticulocyte counts were enhanced from 3 to 80 % treatment of the animals with increasing doses of acetyl phenylhydrazine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mittels des radioaktiv markierten Antagonist-Liganden (3H) (−) Dihydroalprenolol (DHAP) wurden spezifische Bindungsstellen in Membran-PrÄparationen von Erythrozyten der Ratte identifiziert, die aus folgenden Gründen alsΒ-adrenerge Rezeptoren angesprochen werden können: Im Gegensatz zur unspezifischen Bindung von DHAP war die spezifische Bindung abhÄngig von der Inkubationszeit und der Temperatur. Sie folgte einer SÄttigungskinetik, war — in AbhÄngigkeit von der Temperatur — reversibel und wies eine hohe AffinitÄt auf (KD für DHAP = 6,51 nM). Die rezeptorspezifische Bindung von DHAP wurde durchΒ-Rezeptorenblocker (Pindolol 〉 Alprenolol ≧ Propranolol 〉 Practolol) oderΒ-Sympathomimetika (Isoprenalin 〉 Adrenalin) kompetitiv gehemmt. Die (−) Enantiomeren von Pindolol und Isoprenalin hatten eine wesentlich höhere AffinitÄt als die antsprechenden (+) Enantiomeren. Die Dichte Β-adrenerger Rezeptoren (pmole/mg Eiwei\) nahm mit steigendem Retikulozytosegrad zu: Sie stieg auf das 4-bis 5fache an, wenn die Retikulozytenwerte durch Vorbehandlung der Tiere mit Azetylphenylhydrazin von 3 auf 80 % gesteigert wurden.
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  • 19
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    Archives of dermatological research 262 (1978), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Rat ; Oxygen uptake ; Induced skincycle ; Spontaneous skincycle ; Diurnal rhythm ; Ratte ; Sauerstoffverbrauch ; Induzierter Hautcyclus ; Spontaner Hautcyclus ; Tagesschwankung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vom Panniculus carnosus gereinigten “glatten” Rattenhaut wurde der Sauerstoffverbrauch des spontanen und induzierten Hautcyclus zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten ermittelt. Das Niveau des Sauerstoffverbrauches korrelierte mit den Tag-Nacht-Zeiten. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch zeigte während des Hautcyclus Schwankungen. Ferner fanden sich Anhaltspunkte, daß der frühanagene Wert des Sauerstoffverbrauches von der Cyclusphase mit beeinflußt wird, während welcher der neue Cyclus künstlich induziert wird. Weiter wurde festgestellt, daß eine gewisse Abnahme des Sauerstoffverbrauches die ruhenden Haarfollikel zur spontanen Proliferation anregt. Während des Katagen schien der Maximalwert des Sauerstoffverbrauches mit speziellen morphofunktionellen perifollikulären Veränderungen in Beziehung zu stehen. Die Übertragung dieser Befunde auf die Pathophysiologie menschlicher Haarwachstumsstörungen wird erwogen.
    Notes: Summary In the “clean” rat skin purified from the panniculus carnosus the oxygen consumption of the spontaneous and artificially induced skincycle was measured at different times of day. The level of oxygen consumption correlated to diurnal and nocturnal periods. During the skincycle the oxygen consumption showed fluctuations. There were indications that the value of oxygen consumption of the early anagen is influenced by that phase of the cycle at which the new cycle is artificially induced. Furthermore, it was found that a certain decrease of oxygen consumption stimulates the quiescent hair follicles to spontaneous proliferation. During the katagen the peak value of the oxygen consumption seemed to be correlated with specially morphofunctional perifollicular changes. The application of these findings to the pathophysiology of human hair growth disturbances is discussed.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 42 (1978), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perhexiline maleate ; Pexid ; Abnormal inclusion ; Rat ; CNS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basic cellular lesion in CNS of suckling rats treated with Pexid was studied by light and electron microscopy. The most pronounced abnormality, the formation of various intracytoplasmic inclusions, was found in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These abnormal inclusions were generally membrane-bound, although clearly non-membrane-bound inclusions were occasionally found. The several internal patterns of the inclusions were (1) lamellar, both concentric and parallel, (2) reticular and (3) crystalloid. These alterations were completely resersed following withdrawal of the drug. The structural characteristics of the abnormal inclusions in Pexid-treated animals were similar to those found with certain hypocholesterolemic, neuroleptic, anorectic, and antimalarial drugs. This suggests that the inclusions occurring within the cells of animals treated with any of these drugs may develop in a similar manner, and that the formation of such inclusions is likely to be a form of cellular reaction common to certain metabolic disturbances.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 44 (1978), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Air embolism ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cerebral cortex ; Electron microscopy ; Carotid artery ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male albino rats were anaesthetized with diazepam, injected with horseradish peroxidase and Evans blue-labeled albumin and given an embolus of 0.01 ml air in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. The pial arteries of the right cerebral hemisphere were stained blue, particularly the middle cerebral artery and its main arterial branchlets. Ultrastructurally, some endothelial cells in the right middle cerebral artery, small arteries and arterioles showed a diffuse distribution of horseradish peroxidase in their cytoplasm, although these vessels only occasionally showed peroxidase in their basement membranes. Other endothelial cells in these arterial branchlets showed few if any signs of a diffuse distribution of peroxidase but displayed several pinocytotic vesicles and occasionally trans-endothelial channels filled with peroxidase, sometimes with a slight leakage of peroxidase into adjacent basement membranes and neuropil. Scattered pinocytotic vesicles were observed in capillaries and venules, but there was usually no extravasation of peroxidase around these vessels.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 44 (1978), S. 147-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Endothelial cell ; Capillary ; Fetal brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pregnant rats received a single administration of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg of cadmium on day 18 or 20 or gestation Maternal animals were killed on day 21 and samples of the caudate nucleus from fetal brains were examined using the transmission electron microscope. A 2.0 mg/kg dose of cadmium administered to maternal rats on day 20 of gestation caused the formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells of capilaries in the fetal brain. Significant endothelial cell vacuolization was not observed in the brain of fetuses from other treatment groups. The vacuoles occurred singly, were spherical in shape, were located adjacent to the intercellular junctions and caused focal distortion of the endothelial cell. Vacuoles were the only ultrastructural alteration observed in the caudate nucleus of fetal brains.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Protein-calorie malnutrition ; Rat ; Spinal root ; Sciatic nerve ; Internodal length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The current investigation comprised normal young rats as well as rats submitted to a 50% food reduction or severe protein restriction. Isolated nerve fibres from lumbar spinal roots and sciatic nerves were investigated with reference to the relation between length and diameter of internodes as well as variation of internodal length along single nerve fibres. The present results do not support the view that protein-calorie malnutrition should cause neuropathy. Internodal segments were, on an average, shorter in relation to their thickness in young rats submitted to severe protein restriction or a 50% food reduction. The deviation was most marked in low-protein animals and particularly among coarser internodal segments. An inhibition of longitudinal growth was considered to be the main factor behind the difference between malnourished and normal rats.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental brain gliomas ; Chemically induced ; Rat ; Cell cultures ; Humoral antibodies ; Immunofluorescence staining ; Microcytotoxicity assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain tumors were induced in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats by administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the drinking water. Of these tumors, a grade 2 mixed glioma, a grade 2 to 3 astrocytoma and a grade 1 to 2 oligodendroglioma were established in vitro, maintained in culture and designated 75SD-G-376, 75SD-G-420 and 77LE-G-180, respectively. Of these mass cultures, two were successfully cloned and are currently available as 75SD-G-376C and 75SD-420C cell lines. Clonal lines produce S-100 protein and grow as tumors when isografted in young rats. Using the cultured cells as target cells, specific antibodies were searched for in the sera of the rats with the primary tumors by means of an indirect fluorescent antibody staining method and a complement-dependent antibody-mediated microcytotoxicity assay. Fluorescent and cytotoxic antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of the mixed glioma- and astrocytoma-bearing animals. However, a variable proportion of cells of the 75SD-G-376 and 75SD-G-420 lines showed no reaction with the corresponding sera. Furthermore, cytotoxic anfibodies had a lytic effect on the autologous glioma cells only in the presence of rabbit complement.
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  • 25
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    Acta neuropathologica 44 (1978), S. 245-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Schwann cells ; PNS myelin ; Retina ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within the retinal nerve fiber layer of a 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rat, scattered aggregates of PNS myelinated axons have been found and described. We believe this is likely to represent a normal but rare phenomenon in the rat.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
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  • 27
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 303 (1978), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Striatum ; Evoked potentials ; Neuroleptics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interaction of cortico- and nigrofugal inputs to the striatum of the rat was investigated using the technique of evoked potentials. Repetitive, unilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra inhibited potentials which were evoked from the ipsilateral rostral cortex and recorded from the ipsilateral striatum. The inhibition was antagonized by low doses of various intraperitoneally administered neuroleptics such as: pimozide (0.1–0.2 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1–0.5 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (0.5–2.0 mg/kg) and thioridazine azine (0.5–4.0 mg/kg). These findings are discussed in view of the existing controversy regarding the mode of action of dopamine in the striatum.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Oxygen dissociation curve ; Oxygen transport ; Cardiac output ; Coronary blood flow ; Blood flow to organs ; Hypoxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A major displacement of the blood O2 dissociation curve (ODC) was achieved in rats by chronic administration of sodium cyanate (NaOCN). Control animals with a normal position of the ODC received NaCl instead. Arterial and mixed-venous O2 content ( $${\text{C}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ ) and O2 consumption were measured during breathing room air, 14.9, 8.0, or 5.6% O2 in N2. Cardiac output was obtained by the Fick principle.86RbCl was administered i.v., the rats were killed and the activity of86Rb in heart, spleen, stomach and intestines, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and skin was measured. According to Sapirstein (1956, 1958) the fractional uptake of86Rb in these organs corresponds to the fractions of cardiac output supplying these organs, and from the fractional uptake and cardiac output the nutritional blood flow may be calculated. Arterial and mixed-venous $${\text{C}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ was larger in the NaOCN than in the NaCl rats at all levels of oxygenation. At normoxia and 14.9% O2 the venous $${\text{C}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ was enlarged more than the arterial one, and so the arterio-venous O2 difference [ $$\left( {{\text{a}} - {\text{v}}} \right)_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ ] as an index of the O2 extraction in the body was smaller in the rats with a left-shifted ODC. However, at more severe hypoxia (8.0 and 5.6% O2) the arterial $${\text{C}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ in the NaOCN rats was enlarged more than the mixed-venous one, resulting in a larger $$\left( {{\text{a}} - {\text{v}}} \right)_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ (and therefore O2 extraction) when compared with the NaCl animals. Cardiac output was larger in the NaOCN than in the NaCl rats at 14.9 and 5.6% O2, when expressed per kg body weight. At 14.9% O2 the augmented cardiac output compensated for the lower O2 extraction when compared with the NaCl animals. At 5.6% O2 the NaOCN rats had both a larger ( $$\left( {{\text{a}} - {\text{v}}} \right)_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ ) and cardiac output than the NaCl animals. In the NaCl rats the decreased O2 extraction was not compensated for by an augmented cardiac output and therefore their O2 consumption was not only lower than that of the NaOCN rats but decreased even below the normoxic value of the NaCl rats. Coronary blood flow was increased in both NaOCN and NaCl animals at deep hypoxia to about the same extent, but due to a much lower arterial $${\text{C}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ of the NaCl animals, their O2 supply to the heart was lower than that of the NaOCN rats. The nutritional blood flow to spleen, kidney, liver, stomach and intestines, and skin in ml/min · g was lower in the rats with a normal position of the ODC than in those with a left-shifted ODC. This, together with the low arterial $${\text{C}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ of the NaCl rats, suggests a serious compromising of the O2 supply to these organs. Results of this study support the conclusion of our theoretical studies (Turek et al., 1973; Turek and Kreuzer, 1976) that a shift of the ODC to the left might be disadvantageous for the O2 transport to tissues at mild hypoxia, but advantageous at severe hypoxia.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Blood gases ; Cardiac hypertrophy ; Intercapillary distance ; Myocardial infarction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats with a myocardial infarction due to ligation of the left coronary artery a marked right ventricular hypertrophy developed after 41/2 weeks. At this time no difference against control animals was observed in arterial $$P_{{\text{O}}_2 }$$ , $$P_{{\text{CO}}_2 }$$ , pH, ideal alveolar $$P_{{\text{O}}_2 }$$ , and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference, as measured in unanesthetized animals at normoxia. In histological sections of the heart stained by PAS reaction capillaries and muscle fibers were counted, and the mean intercapillary distance and muscle fiber diameter were estimated. In the right ventricle of the rats with myocardial infarction both increased when compared with control animals or with sham-operated rats. Fibercapillary ratio was the same in all three groups. Similar results were obtained in the remaining undamaged tissue of the left ventricle of rats with a myocardial infarction when compared with the left ventricle of control or sham-operated rats. Findings concerning intercapillary distance suggest that also in the myocardium which remains intact during the development of the infarction and later hypertrophies, tissue oxygen transport might be impaired, particularly during a stress situation. Results in the right ventricle of rats with myocardial infarction show an opposite trend against rats exposed chronically to simulated high altitude, where in the hypertrophied right ventricle a shorter intercapillary distance occurs and therefore an improvement of tissue oxygen transport might be expected.
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  • 30
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    Pflügers Archiv 376 (1978), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Colon ; Amino acid uptake ; Basolateral membrane ; Active transport ; Sheep ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Uptake of the nonmetabolizable model amino acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid (=AIB) through the basolateral membrane into epithelial cells was studied in sheep colon stripped of serosa and muscle layers. Only the antiluminal surface of the mucosa was exposed to the incubation medium. Thus AIB entry into epithelial cells could only occur through the basolateral membrane. AIB was taken up by a saturable process against a high concentration gradient. AIB uptake was inhibited by other neutral amino acids but not by sugars. In a low Na+ medium AIB uptake was impaired, indicating that active transport of amino acids through the basolateral membrane of colon epithelial cells is Na+-dependent. In the rat a saturable concentrative uptake of AIB through the basolateral membrane of colon epithelial cells has also been demonstrated. Concentrative uptake of amino acids through the basolateral membranes is probably important for the supply of colon epithelium with amino acids.
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  • 31
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    Pflügers Archiv 373 (1978), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Deoxycholate ; Intestinal perfusion ; Rat ; Enzymatic release ; Localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The release of proteins, sucrase (SA), maltase (MA), leucine aminopeptidase (LA) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity from rat jejunum by sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was studied by an in vivo perfusion technique. In our experimental conditions, a 2 mmol/l DOC perfusion for 30 min induced a marked and reversible release of proteins and hydrolases. When specific activities were considered, each enzyme showed a distinct release pattern. Significantly, the SA release was largely increased, the AP release was decreased and there was no correlation between the releases of SA and AP. Furthermore, the various enzymes recovered into the lumen were solubilized at different extents. SA was chiefly present in a soluble and AP in a particular form. The microscopical appearances showed a slight exfoliation of the epithelial cells from the villous tips but no specific changes when compared to the control group. The results are discussed in terms of enzymic localization in the brush border membrane; SA would be located very superficially in the surface membrane and AP buried in the membrane and less accessible than the other enzymes.
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  • 32
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    Pflügers Archiv 374 (1978), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP ; ADH ; Vasopressin ; Isoproterenol ; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin ; Rat ; Water diuresis ; Antidiuresis ; Dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In vivo experiments were performed in male Wistar rats to elucidate the probable relation between renal concentrating ability and medullary cyclic AMP content as influenced by changes of hydration and by administration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Cyclic AMP levels were 37% lower in water diuretic than in control animals (P〈0.01), but were not significantly changed during prolonged antidiuresis induced by dehydration or ADH administration. Nor could any change of cyclic AMP levels be demonstrated between 2 and 20 min after ADH injection. Significant increases of medullary cyclic AMP content occurred following stress, anesthesia, and administration of isoproterenol and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin. The results suggest that the level of cyclic AMP in the renal medulla may not be an important determinant of the antidiuretic response produced by ADH in rats.
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  • 33
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    Pflügers Archiv 374 (1978), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: High altitude ; Blood volume ; Red cell volume ; Plasma volume ; Body haematocrit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Circulating blood volume (BV) as the sum of circulating red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) was estimated in rats native to a simulated altitude of 3500 m (“natives”), in rats born at sea level and later in life transferred to the simulated high altitude (“newcomers”), and in control sea-level rats. RCV per kg body weight (b.w.) was significantly larger in both “newcomers” and “natives” than in controls. PV per kg b.w. was in the “newcomers” insignificantly and in the “natives” significantly smaller than in the controls. BV per kg b.w. in both high altitude groups tended to be larger than in controls but the difference was not significant. Arterial haematocrit (Ahct) in the “newcomers” was significantly higher than in the controls, and in the “natives” significantly higher than in both other groups. Body haematocrit (the ratio of RCV and BV in per cent) was smaller than Ahct in all groups; this was more pronounced in the “newcomers” than in the controls and even more so in the “natives”. Apparently the haematocrit in the minute vessels of the organs of animals exposed to chronic hypoxic hypoxia increases much less than might be expected from changes of the Ahct. An attempt was made to evaluate the possible error of the more commonly used method of estimating BV, when only RCV, or only PV, is measured, and BV and its complementary fraction are calculated from arterial or venous haematocrit. When, in our results, BV was calculated from RCV and Ahct, the absolute values and also the differences between groups were somewhat underestimated. When BV was calculated from PV and Ahct, the BV itself, and particularly the differences between groups, were overestimated quite considerably. It is suggested that the only safe way to estimate BV is to measure RCV and PV separately.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: PAH clearance ; PAH extraction ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PAH secretion (TPAH) was studied in rats at spontaneously occurring glomerular filtration rate (GFR). At saturated transport, TPAH was found to be correlated to GFR. This relationship was also observed at unsaturated transport where TPAH depends upon the PAH concentration in arterial plasma. However, no significant correlation between TPAH and renal PAH load or renal plasma flow rate was found when the effects of GFR were removed by partial correlation analysis. A dependency of TPAH on GFR explains the correlations found between filtration fraction (FF) and renal PAH extraction (EPAH) or renal tubular PAH extraction fraction (EPAH-FFPAH). Thus, even at low PAH concentration in a. plasma, renal PAH extraction may only be assumed to be constant if the filtration fraction is constant.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Oxygen dissociation curve ; Oxygen transport ; Blood gases ; Hypoxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical deductions have shown that a shift of the blood O2 dissociation curve (ODC) to the right might improve O2 transport to tissues at normoxia and at mild hypoxia whereas at severe hypoxia the organism should be better off with an ODC shifted to the left (Turek et al., 1973b; Turek and Kreuzer, 1976). The present study was performed in order to ascertain this ambiguous effect of an ODC shift depending on the degree of hypoxia in intact animals. A major displacement of the ODC to the left was achieved in rats by chronic administration of sodium cyanate (NaOCN). Control animals received sodium chloride (NaCl) instead. Arterial and mixed-venous $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ , $$P_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }$$ , and pH were measured at normoxia and during breathing 14.9, 8.0, or 5.6% O2 in N2 in both groups. From $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ , pH, ODC and arterial hematocrit, arterial and mixed-venous O2 contents were estimated and $$({\text{a}} - {\text{v)}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ as an index of blood O2 extraction was obtained. At normoxia and during breathing 14.9% O2 the NaOCN rats had a lower mixed-venous $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ than the NaCl rats without any difference in pH. Arterio-venous O2 difference did not differ at normoxia but was lower in NaOCN rats at 14.9% O2. However, at 8.0 and 5.6% O2 the NaOCN rats had a higher mixed-venous $$P_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ , an increased $$({\text{a}} - {\text{v)}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ , and a higher pH (arterial and mixed-venous). At 5.6% O2 the NaCl rats developed a severe acidosis concomitant with pronounced hypocapnia. These findings confirm that rats with a left-shifted ODC have an impaired O2 transport to tissues at normoxia and mild hypoxia but a more efficient O2 transport at severe hypoxia as compared with rats with an unshifted ODC, in agreement with our previous theoretical studies.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Drug Metabolism ; Metallothionein ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of acute and chronic cadmium administration on hepatic drug metabolism was investigated in the male rat. 3 days after the acute administration of cadmium by either the intraperitoneal (0.84 mg Cd/kg) or the oral (〉 80 mg Cd/kg) route, there was a significant potentiation in duration of hexobarbital hypnosis and inhibition of hepatic microsomal metabolism of hexobarbital and aniline. Administration of cadmium in the drinking water at levels of 100 or 200 ppm Cd for periods of 2–12 weeks or at levels of 5 or 20 ppm Cd for 50 weeks did not produce alterations in either drug response or hepatic drug metabolism. Significant levels of metallothionein, a cadmium binding protein, found in the liver of the rats receiving cadmium chronically may offer an explanation for the observed differences in drug metabolism between the acute and chronic administration of cadmium. In additional studies, pretreatment of the rats with subthreshold doses of cadmium (0.21 or 0.42 mg Cd/kg) intraperitoneally produced a tolerance to the alterations in drug metabolism induced by the previous cadmium dose (0.84 mg Cd/kg, i.p.). However, chronic cadmium treatment (5 or 20 ppm Cd for 50 weeks) did not impart any such tolerance to subsequently administered Cd (0.84 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route. The hepatic levels of metallothionein induced by the chronic cadmium treatment were only 30–60% of those induced by the subthreshold cadmium and thus may not have bound enough of the large challenge cadmium dose to produce the tolerance phenomenon.
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  • 37
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    Archives of toxicology 39 (1978), S. 267-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Plasma ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes the application of a test system which applies different substrates, inhibitors and acrylamide electrophoresis to the study of the alkaline phosphatase activity of rats. The system, which was specifically devised to characterise the alkaline phosphatase activity of small quantities of plasma from rats in toxicological studies, was also used to examine the plasma from rats under several physiological conditions, e.g. time of day, age, diet, etc. These physiological factors can influence the measurement of plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and should be taken into account when designing toxicological studies. Different experimental regimes were used to produce increases in liver, bone and intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the plasma of rats and these were reflected in the characterisations by the system. Although much remains unknown, a few concepts of rat plasma alkaline phosphatase activity emerged under our conditions. There is a ‘tidal’ intestinal component which arises from feeding and is approximately 60% of the total activity of the fed rat. In the fasted rat this ‘tidal’ component has largely disappeared and the ‘core’ activity which remains is composed of approximately equal proportions of bone isoenzyme and another as yet ill-defined component. The liver isoenzyme which appears in the plasma of the cholestatic rat appears to be either a very minor component or absent from the plasma of our normal CFE derived rat.
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  • 38
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    Archives of toxicology 40 (1978), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Thallium ; Furosemide ; Acetazolamide ; Renal elimination ; Oral absorption ; 204Tl ; Kidney ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung über das Schicksal von Thallium im Organismus und über den Einfluß von Diuretika auf die Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit dieses Giftes wurde Tl2SO4 (48.9 μmol = 10 mg/kg) an wachen Ratten oral verabreicht. Die Blutspiegel von Tl+ wurden anschließend als Funktion der Zeit ermittelt, sie konnten mit einer klassischen Bateman-Funktion nicht richtig beschrieben werden. Etwa l Std nach oraler Verabreichung war die Blutkonzentration maximal. Die Behandlung mit Furosemid (30 mg/kg) beschleunigte die Entfernung von Thallium aus dem Organismus auf signifikante Weise. Etwa 35% der zugeführten Menge Thallium wurde während einer Woche nach der Injektion dieses Diuretikums mit dem Urin ausgeschieden. Auch die Ausscheidung von Natriumionen und Wasser war signifikant erhöht, die von Kaliumionen blieb jedoch fast unverändert. Thallium selbst verursachte eine schwache diuretische Wirkung. Nach fortgesetzter Behandlung mit Furosemid (bis 2 Wochen) blieb die Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit von Thallium, Wasser und Natrium beschleunigt, während die Ausscheidung von Kaliumionen im Vergleich zu Kontrolltieren etwas herabgesetzt war. Ethacrynsäure verursachte nach wiederholter Gabe in diuretisch wirksamen Dosen eine retroperitoneale Fibrose. Dieses wirksame Diuretikum konnte daher nicht in die Untersuchung einbezogen werden. Acetazolamid (30 mg/kg) erhöhte ebenfalls die Ausscheidung von Thallium, vor allem innerhalb der anfänglichen 24 Std. Die Wirkung war weniger intensiv als die von Furosemid, sie war außerdem bald erschöpft. Die Ergebnisse legen den Schluß nahe, Furosemid in hohen Dosen sei eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Beschleunigung der Thalliumentfernung aus dem Organismus, zumindest im vorliegenden Tiermodell. Acetazolamid ist zu diesem Zwecke wahrscheinlich nicht geeignet.
    Notes: Abstract In connection with a programme of investigations concerning the disposition of thallium in the rat and the influence of diuretic agents on the rate of elimination of thallium from the body, Tl2SO4 (48.9 μmol = 10 mg/kg) was given by mouth to conscious rats. Blood levels were studied as a function of time. They could not be described adequately by means of a classical Bateman function. The maximum blood level was achieved approximately 1 h following oral ingestion. Treatment with furosemide for 11 days (30 mg/kg twice daily) significantly accelerated the removal of thallium from the body with the urine. Approximately 35% of the administered thallium was excreted within one week following the injection of this diuretic agent. The excretion of sodium and water was also considerably enhanced, that of potassium hardly changed. Thallium itself displayed weak diuretic activity. Upon prolonged treatment (1–2 weeks) with furosemide the elimination of thallium, water and Na+ was still accelerated, although that of potassium proved diminished with respect to controls. Ethacrynic acid when administered repeatedly in appropriate doses caused retroperitoneal fibrosis. Therefore, this potent diuretic agent was not included in the investigations. Acetazolamide (30 mg/kg) also enhanced the excretion of thallium, especially within the initial 24 h of treatment. The effect was less pronounced than that of furosemide and rapidly exhausted. The results suggest that furosemide in a high dose is effective in accelerating thallium elimination from the body in the present animal model. Acetazolamide is probably not suitable for this purpose.
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  • 39
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    Archives of toxicology 41 (1978), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Method ; Gastric ulceration ; Distention of stomach ; Stress ; Anti-inflammatory drugs ; Ulcerogenic side effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das sog. „distention“-Ulkus wurde an Albinoratten untersucht und als neue Möglichkeit für die Feststellung ulzerogener Nebenwirkungen von Substanzen beschrieben. Die Dehnung des Magens in sich war nicht ausreichend um ulzerogene Läsionen auszulösen, denn die Dehnung des Magens mit physiologischer Kochsalzlösung führte nicht zur Ulzeration. Die Säure ist ein entscheidender Faktor in der Bildung des „distention“-Ulkus. Große Volumina von 0,1 N Salzsäure riefen innerhalb von 1 Std massive Ulzeration hervor. Kleine Mengen von dieser Säurelösung verursachten keine Ulzeration im Magen. Entzündungshemmer, die in noch von ulzerogenen Nebenwirkungen freien therapeutischen Dosen verabreicht wurden, erhöhten die Empfindlichkeit der gastralen Mukosa dem aggressiven Faktor, der Säure, gegenüber. Bei den mit bekanntlich ulzerogen wirkenden Dosen von Entzündungshemmern vorbehandelten Ratten wurde eine schnellere Bildung von Ulzera durch die Dehnung des Magens mit Säure beobachtet. Auch die Stressvorbehandlung beschleunigte und verstärkte die Bildung der durch Dehnung hervorgerufenen ulzerogenen Veränderungen im Magen.
    Notes: Abstract A modification of the distention ulcer was studied in albino rats and a new possibility of testing ulcerogenic side effects of drugs was described. The distention alone was not sufficient to produce lesions. The severity of ulcer lesions was highly dependent on the volume of the acid solution. Large volumes of 0.1 N HCl evoked severe ulcers within 1 h. Small amounts of weak acid solution did not cause any ulceration. Anti-inflammatory drugs administered in therapeutic doses, which did not yet produce any ulcers in animals, increased the sensitivity of the gastric mucosa against the aggresive factor, the acid. In animals pretreated by anti-inflammatory drugs in toxic doses an earlier development of ulceration was observed by distention with acid. Stress also accelerated and aggravated the formation of distention ulcers.
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  • 40
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    Archives of toxicology 39 (1978), S. 249-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Rat ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Plasma ; Organs ; Toxicity testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A manual system of various estimations of rat plasma alkaline phosphatase activity has been devised for small volumes of plasma which uses different inhibitors, compares the utilisation of two substrates and includes acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The different inhibitors etc. allow a degree of discrimination between alkaline phosphatase extracts of rat organs. The properties of isoenzymes, e.g. intestinal alkaline phosphatase, differ depending upon the environment in which they are studied. In conjunction, if necessary, with the methods described for the estimation of liver and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, it is hoped to use the system to discriminate between the isoenzymes present in the plasma alkaline phosphatase of rats in toxicological studies.
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  • 41
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 91 (1978), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: MNU ; DNA Repair ; Rat ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA repair time-course was studied after injury by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rat liver cells of animals of different ages and in fetuses using hydroxyurea (HU) as inhibitor of scheduled DNA synthesis. DNA repair was a rapid phenomenon, more so in young adults than in newborns, and was not detectable in fetuses. A correlation seems to exist among organ sensitivity to carcinogen, age of animal and DNA repair.
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  • 42
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    Journal of molecular medicine 56 (1978), S. 309-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Perhexilin-Maleat ; generalisierte Lipidose ; Ratte ; Perhexiline maleate ; Generalized lipidosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Administration of perhexiline (Pexide®) to rats causes generalized occurrence of lamellated and crystalloid cytoplasmic inclusions which resemble those described in patients with perhexiline-induced polyneuropathy. It is concluded that perhexiline being an amphiphilic cationic compound is a potent inducer of generalized lipidosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Perhexilin (Pexid®) verursacht bei der Ratte das generalisierte Auftreten von lamellären und kristalloiden zytoplasmatischen Einschlußkörpern, die denjenigen gleichen, die bei Patienten mit Perhexilin-induzierter Polyneuropathie beschrieben worden sind. Aus den vorgelegten Befunden wird geschlossen, daß Perhexilin, eine amphiphile kationische Verbindung, ein starker Induktor einer generalisierten Lipidose ist.
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  • 43
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 302 (1978), S. 239-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Myocardial α-adrenoceptors ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Cat ; Hypothyroidism ; Single adrenoceptor type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and distribution of myocardial α-adrenoceptors in different parts of the heart of various mammalian species was investigated. For this reason experiments were performed in isolated cardiac preparations of rats, guinea pigs and cats. In order to obtain more information about the nature of the cardiac α-adrenoceptors additional experiments were undertaken at different temperatures. These studies were aimed to show whether or not a conversion of β-to α-adrenoceptors or vice versa takes place. Moreover, we analyzed the influence of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of α- and β-adrenoceptors of preparations from rats fed with propylthiouracil. Finally, we tried to find out whether stimulation of these α-adrenoceptors leads to the formation of the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP. The following results were obtained: 1. In right ventricular strips of rats, guinea pigs and cats phenylephrine stimulated α-adrenoceptors. After blockade of β-adrenoceptors the respective pD2-values of phenylephrine were 5.32, 5.99 and 5.33. The doseresponse curves obtained in the presence of α-adrenolytic drugs were shifted to the right without depression of the maximum. In the rat, in addition, the pA2-values for the α-adrenolytic drugs yohimbine (5.79) and phentolamine (7.85) were determined. They were at least 0.5 log units higher than those found in the rat for other α-adrenoceptors (Van Rossum, 1965) thus supporting the view that the population of cardiac α-adrenoceptors is different from that of other organs. In left ventricular strips of guinea pigs the pD2-value for the α-mimetic effect of phenylephrine was of the same order of magnitude as that obtained in the right ventricle. 2. In the papillary muscle of the right ventricle of guinea pigs and cats phenylephrine stimulated α-adrenoceptors. 3. In the left atrium of the rat, phenylephrine stimulated myocardial α-adrenoceptors (pD2: 5.58). Also in this preparation the pA2-values for yohimbine (6.36) and phentolamine (8.21) were different from those found for other α-adrenoceptors in the rat (Van Rossum, 1965). Likewise in strips from the left atrium of the cat myocardial α-adrenoceptors are present. 4. In spontaneously beating right atria of the rat a clear-cut positive chronotropic effect mediated by stimulation of α-adrenoceptors could not be demonstrated although in 6 out of 15 preparations a small positive chronotropic effect became evident. No positive chronotropic effect at all was obtained by stimulation of α-adrenoceptors in the cat right atrium. 5. In ventricular strips as well as in left atria from hypothyroid rats the pD2-value for the α-effect of phenylephrine was increased, in the atrium more than in the ventricle, while the pA2-values for yohimbine and phentolamine were not significantly different from the controls. Under these conditions a distinct positive chronotropic effect mediated by stimulation of α-receptors was found in the spontaneously beating rat atrium. 6. After stimulation of α-adrenoceptors in atria and ventricular strips of normal and propylthiouraciltreated rats, as well as in strips of guinea-pig ventricles or cat atria no elevation of cAMP and cGMP was observed. 7. The concept of a single adrenoceptor convertible from α- to β-type or vice versa was not supported by our experiments. These were carried out at different temperatures on left atria and on ventricular strips of rat hearts using the irreversible α-adrenoceptor blocking agent phenoxybenzamine. 8. The present experiments provide evidence for the existence of α-adrenoceptors in the myocardium of various mammalian species. Their stimulation produces positive inotropic effects without increases in heart rate.
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  • 44
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 303 (1978), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Diurnal rhythm ; Motor activity ; Rat ; H 44/68 ; FLA 63 ; Animex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the inhibitor of the tyrosine-hydroxylase H 44/68 and the inhibitor of the dopamine-β-hydroxylase FLA 63 on the diurnal variations of the motor activity was studied in male Wistar rats, which were kept under standardized conditions of light and darkness (L:D=12:12h). The motor activity was continuously registered in groups of 5 rats using a two-channel Animex motimeter. During light FLA 63 (40 mg/kg, s.c.) greatly increased motor activity on acute application and during darkness the physiological elevation in motor activity was further but slightly increased. H 44/68 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) also increased motor activity during light, but in contrast to FLA 63 greatly reduced motor activity during darkness. The results indicate that though dopamine and noradrenaline are involved in the regulation of behavioural components, one or the other catecholamine may play a predominant role at different times of the day. Thus, it seems worthwhile to study the effects of drugs separately during light and during darkness.
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  • 45
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 303 (1978), S. 257-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Diurnal rhythm ; Central noradrenaline and dopamine turnover ; H 44/68 ; FLA 63 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Under controlled conditions of environmental light and darkness of 12:12 h the turnover of dopamine and noradrenaline in brain of male Wistar rats was studied at different times of the day. The turnover was calculated from the decline of the amine concentrations either after inhibition of the tyrosine-hydroxylase with H 44/68 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) or after inhibition of the dopamine-β-hydroxylase with FLA 63 (40 mg/kg s.c.). Whereas the noradrenaline turnover showed only slight but not significant variations within 24 h, the turnover of the central dopamine exhibited significant variations with increased turnover rates in the second half of the light and first half of the dark period. Thus, diurnal variations have to be taken into account when studying the effects of drugs on the turnover of biogenic amines in the central nervous system.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Gastric secretion ; Cyclic AMP ; Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ; Rat ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidone (ZK 62711) on gastric secretion and the cyclic AMP system of the gastric mucosa was studied in rats and guinea pigs. In rats, 0.03–0.3 μmoles/kg ZK 62711 i.v. stimulated acid and pepsin secretion in a dose-dependent manner and 0.03 μmoles/kg i.v. enhanced the effect of histamine. In guinea pigs no reproducible stimulation was found after intravenous injections of ZK 62711. The stimulation of gastric secretion in the rat by 0.3 μmoles/kg ZK 62711 i.v. was not affected by vagotomy but was totally inhibited by 10 μmoles/kg cimetidine i.v. The structurally related phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidine (Ro 20-1724), at the dose of 3.3 μmoles/kg i.v. stimulated gastric secretion in anaesthetised rats to a similar extent as 0.3 μmoles/kg ZK 62711 i.v. The content of cyclic AMP in the rat gastric mucosa in vivo was slightly increased by 10 μmoles/kg ZK 62711 i.v, whereas lower doses did not change it. Accumulation of cyclic AMP in the rat gastric mucosa by 50 μmoles/kg histamine i.v. was enhanced by simultaneous injections of 3.3 μmoles/kg ZK 62711 i.v. In rat gastric tissue slices in vitro 1–50 μM ZK 62711 increased the level of cyclic AMP but 100 μM histamine had no effect in the absence or presence of ZK 62711. In gastric mucosal slices of the guinea pig 10 and 50 μM ZK 62711 increased the cyclic AMP content which effect was inhibited by 100 μM cimetidine and enhanced the stimulatory effect of 100 μM histamine on cyclic AMP. The activity of soluble cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was inhibited by ZK 62711 in the rat (IC50=18 μM) and guinea pig gastric mucosa (IC50=1.5 μM). Adenylate cyclase was not affected in the homogenate of the guinea pig gastric mucosa. The results indicate that the phosphodiesterase inhibitor ZK 62711 which increases cyclic AMP levels in the gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro, is a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thymus ; Thymoma ; Lymphocyte-epithelial Interaction ; “Emperipolesis” ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of eleven thymomas with lymphocytic predominance, one “epitheloid” cell thymoma and two normal human thymuses is described with special reference to “Emperipolesis”. All patients have had myasthenia gravis. The normal human thymus consists of three parts: outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla. The outer cortex contains mainly lymphoblasts and Metcalf's macrophages within the so-called “Clark-packet's”. The inner cortex consists mainly lymphocytes and interdigitating reticulum cells, and the medulla of epithelial cells, lymphocytes and Hassall's corpuscles. In all cases of lympho-epithelial thymoma and in normal human thymuses there are enormous interdigitations between epithelial (tumor) cells, lymphocytes and macrophages. The “epitheloid” cell thymomas also show findings which suggest an epithelial cell interaction. We have not found intact lymphocytes inside the cytoplasm of normal and/or tumor epithelial cells, macrophages or interdigitating reticulum cells. The intracellular existence of intact lymphocytes has been termed “Emperipolesis” by Humble, Jayne, and Pulvertaft, meaning “internal wandering”. These investigations indicate that “Emperipolesis” is not an adequate term for cellular interaction in normal human thymuses and thymomas. A false impression of intraepithelial location of thymic lymphocytes is created by two-dimensional sections of complex thymic structure. These ultrastructural studies revealed damage to lymphocytes only in macrophages with lymphocytolysis within these cells and accumulation of numerous heterophagic vacuoles containing fragments of lymphocytic debris within them.
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  • 48
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    Virchows Archiv 380 (1978), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Granular cell tumor ; Schwannian Origin ; Phagocytozing Schwann cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In granular cell tumors, the granule-containing tumor cells and their processes form rounded complexes surrounded by a common bounding membrane. In the tumor, these complexes are closely related to the peripheral nerves and are seen in the perineurium and in the endoneurium. In addition, there are mixed complexes composed both of Schwann cells and granular tumor cells: the two types of cells are in close contact with each other and are also surrounded by a common bounding membrane. Furthermore, there one contacts between granular tumor cells and axons. These observations strongly suggest the existence of a relationship between Schwann cells and the cells of granular cell tumors. A comparison between the granular tumor cells and the phagocytic forms of Schwann cells reveals striking similarities: the granular cell tumor complexes are comparable with the Büngner bands of phagocytozing Schwann cells. A relationship between granular cell tumors and the phagocytozing form of Schwann cells is therefore assumed.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Levator ani muscle ; Rat ; Neuromuscular junction ; Castration ; Testosterone effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction (n.m.j.) of the androgen-sensitive levator ani muscle was studied in normal adult male rats, in 8-month-old rats castrated at the age of one month and in castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Castration does not result in significant changes of the n.m.j. The density of synaptic vesicles and the postsynaptic junctional folds remain practically normal in spite of marked atrophy of the muscle. TP administration for 7 days results in marked changes in preand postsynaptic structures. There is slow progressive depletion of synaptic vesicles, appearance of cisternae and coated vesicles in axon terminals, and coalescence of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane. Coated vesicles are also found inside Schwann cells and among junctional folds. Dense core vesicles appear both in the axon terminals and in the postsynaptic area. Collateral sprouting of terminal axons with the formation of new immature junctions is observed. After 35 days of TP administration depletion of synaptic vesicles continues. Glycogen β-particles, mostly freely dispersed, occasionally seen in axon terminals 7 days after TP administration, subsequently increase in number. In the endplate zone of the muscle fibre increased protein synthesis is indicated by a rapid increase in ribosomes and irregularly located myofilaments and myofibrils. The appearance of n.m.j. after testosterone administration resembles that described after nerve stimulation; the degree of change is however less pronounced.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Maternal adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Influence on the adrenals of newborn animals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Maternal adrenalectomy at 7 or 14 days of gestation produced increased cell necrosis within zona reticularis cells on the day of birth and at 24 or 48 h after birth. Small remnants or large portions of adrenocortical cells were present within macrophages. In otherwise normal adrenocortical cells, lipid droplets were incorporated within some mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of single mitochondria was observed within adrenocortical cells. Undoubtedly ultrastructural changes represent stimulation of adrenocortical cells in neonatal rats in response to maternal adrenalectomy.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Perivascular space ; Hormonerelease ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats subjected to neurohypophysial hormone-releasing stimuli were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4 % tannic acid in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde. This fixation allowed the delineation of the perivascular space in the neural lobe tissue. Measurement of the area of the perivascular space showed that it was significantly increased in the rats subjected to vagal stimulation and intraarterial calcium ions compared to the control rats. The rats which had been subjected to haemorrhage as a hormonereleasing stimulus did not show any significant change in the area of the perivascular space. The significance of these findings in relation to hormone release is discussed.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 507-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Osteoblasts ; Cementoblasts ; Intercellular attachments ; Electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoblasts of the young rat cranium, and cementoblasts and odontoblasts of young rat molars were prepared by ethanol freeze-fracture prior to critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Critical point drying causes shrinkage which separates the lateral intercellular contacts between neighbours in the same sheet in the case of cementoblasts and osteoblasts, but not those between odontoblasts. These differences are considered to be of functional significance and need to be taken into consideration when formulating theories of calcium influx into the mineralizable matrix of the respective tissues.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 513-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve terminals in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence were investigated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Fracture face P of the specific terminals showed two populations of intramembranous particles (IMP): a large and a small variety. The large IMP-s often formed small irregular clusters. In nerve terminals the total number of both populations of IMP-s was considerably less than that found on P membrane faces of ependymal feet. On fracture face E of the nerve terminals, the number of IMP-s was about a quarter of that seen on fracture face P. On both fracture faces of most terminals a few small round impressions (or elevations respectively) were found which may be interpreted as broken necks of either exo- or endocytotic vesicles. Neither gap nor tight junctions occurred at lateral membranes of the specific axon terminals. Similarly, no membrane specializations were observed with freeze-fracturing on membrane areas adjacent to the basement membrane. The findings are discussed in relation to a possible exocytosis mechanism of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Circumvallate papillae ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is believed that differentiation and maintenance of taste buds in vertebrates is dependent on the trophic function of their sensory nerve supply. In the present work colchicine was injected into the circumvallate papilla of the rat. This produced a reversible blockade of neuroplasmic transport and disappearance of taste buds. Colchicine inhibited the further differentiation of bud cells, but apparently did not change the life cycle of the cells present already at the time of injection. It is speculated that the neurotrophic factors in this particular cell system are effective to induce cell differentiation only.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 345-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal subfields ; Rat ; Volumes ; Timm stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absolute volumes of the hippocampal and subicular cortical layers in the rat were determined. The boundaries of the various layers were defined on series of sections made through the entire hippocampal region of five rats and stained according to the Timm sulfide silver technique. Coordinates representing the boundaries of the layers on selected sections were fed into a mini-computer programmed to calculate the volume of the layers from the areas of the profiles and the distances between the sections. The distribution of the layers indicates that they constitute the same proportion of the volume of the dorsal and ventral divisions of the hippocampal region, with the exception of the structures lying in regio inferior and regio superior. Although the combined regio superior and regio inferior components of the layers of Ammon's horn occupy the same percentage of the volume of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, the regio superior components occupy a larger percentage of Ammon's horn in the dorsal region than they do in the ventral region. The inter-animal variations in the volumes of the various layers indicate that it is possible to describe quantitatively the subdivisions of the hippocampal region with a precision that is compatible with comparative studies.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Castration ; LH-cells ; Rat ; Development ; Sex-steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 μg). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sexsteroids (200 μg), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 μg) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal gland ; Rat ; Vinblastine ; Corticosterone ; Exocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vinblastine treatment blocks corticosterone release from rat adrenal zona fasciculata without impairing hormone synthesis, and induces the formation of acid phosphatase-positive granular clumps at the juxta-sinusoidal pole of the cells. Autoradiography shows that ACTH administration to vinblastine-treated animals mobilizes the 3H-cholesterol stored in the lipid droplets and leads to a noticeable labelling of the granular clumps. The possible significance of these granules is discussed.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Indole metabolism ; Ultrastructural morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro indole metabolism and ultrastructural morphology of the pineal gland of male rats were examined. A comparison of the effect of norepinephrine stimulation on indole synthesis in whole cultured glands and preparations of dispersed pineal cells is discussed. Our studies on the performance of dispersed cells during the first 24 h after preparation indicate a strong dependence of pineal cells upon physical attachment to the culture dish and probably also on cell-to-cell contact.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestinal epithelium ; Rat ; Kinetics ; Autonomic denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of rats was studied by tracing 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei and counting mitotic figures and goblet cells. Counts of labelled nuclei and goblet cells provided information about cell migration along the intestinal epithelium. The mitotic index and turnover time of this population were calculated from the mitotic figures counts. Comparing denervated animals with sham operated controls, it was possible to conclude that autonomic denervation, either sympathectomy or parasympathectomy results in a decrease in mitotic activity. As a result of lower mitotic activity in the crypts, the turnover time increases and there is a delay in the migration of cells from the crypts towards the villi. Sympathectomy causes an early short-lived effect upon the kinetics of the crypt cell population, since after 27 h there is a tendency to normality. Parasympathectomy produces a slower but continuous decline in mitotic activity.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Altitude ; Left ventricular work ; Myocardial blood flow ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Total hemodynamic values and left ventricular blood flow were studied using Sapirstein's method of 86Rb uptake in female rats 24 h after a last exposure to high altitude. A simulated altitude of 1350 m was used, initial exposure being for 30 min, gradually increased by 30 min daily up to 330 min daily for 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 32. In another animal group the hypobaric exposure was combined with swimming in water at 37
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  • 61
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 220 (1978), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Plica vocalis ; Epithelial surface ; Rat ; Extrapulmonary airway epithelium ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Stimmbänder ; Epitheliale Oberfläche ; Ratte ; Larynxepithel ; Rasterelektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Stimmbandepithel ausgewachsener männlicher Albinoratten wird rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Seine Oberflächenstruktur wird mit jener des Epithels auf der Plica ventricularis und im Recessus ventricularis verglichen. Charakteristischerweise zeigen die Zellen im Epithel über den Stimmbändern einen dichten, lückenlosen Besatz mit Mikrovilli. Die Übergänge des Stimmbandepithels in die benachbarten Larynxabschnitte wird dokumentiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dem Auftreten von Mikroleisten auf den apikalen Zellpolen im Larynxepithel gewidmet, die bisher als charakteristische Struktur für das Stimmbandepithel gewertet wurden.
    Notes: Summary The epithelial surface of the Plica vocalis in adult male rat is studied by scanning electron microscopy. It's structure is compared with that of the plica and of the recessus ventricularis. The transition of the epithelium in the plica vocalis to the epithelium of the joining parts of the larynx is documented. Special attention is paid to the occurrence of microridges at the apical poles of epithelial cells in the larynx. Up to now microridge cells have been said to be characteristic for the plica vocalis.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogonia and M-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Duration of the S-phase and the minimal generation time ; Comparative autoradiographic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien und “multiplying prospermatogonia” (M-prospermatogonia), die häufig in Form synchronisierter “Cluster” angeordnet sind, um den Tag 17 post conceptionem (p.c.), in die Mitose. Die S-Phasen-Dauer D-S-Duration und die minimale Generationszeit T min der weiblichen und männlichen “Gonien” wurden nach der Methode der markierten Mitosen bestimmt (22 weibliche und 22 männliche Feten von 11 Muttertieren wurden 2–22 Std nach einmaliger i.p. Injektion mit 3H-thymidin getötet). Die drei Kurven markierter Prophasen, Metaphasen und der postmitotischen Abkömmlinge, d.h. der Postmitosephasen der Oocyten und primary transitional prospermatogonia” (T1-prospermatogonia), wurden ausgewertet. Die Auswertungen ergaben, daß der Verlauf der einander entsprechenden Markierungskurven von Prophasen, Metaphasen und Postmitosephasen sowie die daraus errechneten Werte für D-S-Duration und Tmin weitgehend übereinstimmen. Die gewonnenen Werte liegen zwischen 10 und 12,5h für D-S-Duration (10h entsprechend dem Verlauf der markierten Metaphasenkurven) und 16,5 und 18h für Tmin (16,5h entsprechend dem Verlauf der markierten Metaphasenkurven).
    Notes: Summary In the rat the last generation of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia (M-prospermatogonia), frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis on about day 17 post conception (p.c.). The duration of the S-phase D-S-Duration and the minimal generation time T min of both kinds of “gonia” were determined by the method of labeled mitoses (22 female and 22 male fetuses derived from 11 pregnant rats were sacrificed from 2 to 22 h after a single i.p. injection of 3H-thymidine on day 17 p.c.). Three curves, derived from the labeled prophases, metaphases and the postmitotic descendents of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia — oocytes and primary transitional prospermatogonia (T1-prospermatogonia) — were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the curves as well as the calculated values of D-S-Duration and T min are very similar for oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. D-S-Duration ranged from about 10 to 12.5 h (10 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases), T min from 16.5 to 18 h (16.5 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases).
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Nucl. n. facialis ; Rat ; Retrograde reaction ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The grey level index (= GLI) and the fresh volume were determined with the image analyser Micro-Videomat for the nucl. n. facialis after axotomy of the left n. facialis. The experiments were performed on 10 rats in different stages of ontogenesis. The GLI is a quantitative parameter which could be quickly obtained and which demonstrated quantitative changes during retrograde reaction in the respective centres. A decrease in the fresh volumes of the affected nucl. n. facialis could also be demonstrated. The meaning of GLI is discussed.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Striated musculature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a total of 96 rat pineals studied 31 were found to contain striated muscle fibers or their precursors. The muscle fibers were most frequently present in the stalk region and more frequently found in the left than in the right hemisphere. Size measurements revealed that the lengths of pineal muscle cell nuclei differ only slightly from those of the sphincter muscle of the iris. However, the yellowish appearance of pineal muscle cell nuclei under darkfield investigation, a phenomenon observed in all muscular tissues of mesenchymal origin and connective tissue cells, may support the hypothesis that pineal musculature is of mesenchymal rather than ectodermal origin.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Pericytes ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, “nuclear bodies” and “membranous lamellar bodies”, present in hypothalamic pericytes of intact adult rats. The nuclear bodies exhibited “simple” and “granular” forms, whereas the membranous lamellar bodies were entirely made up of myelin-like membrane whorls. The occurrence of these bodies in nuclei of pericytes has never been previously reported. The origin and functional meaning of such structures is discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell kinetics ; Enamel organ ; Cell production ; Cell cycle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner enamel epithelium (IEE) covers the labial tooth aspect as a one cell layer which, when cut sagittally, appears as a longitudinal cell column extending from the tooth origin toward the periphery. Following sudden tooth shortening, the IEE responds by an increased cell production which later declines below normal values. The perturbation affects all cell kinetic parameters; the progenitor compartment, which initially increases, diminishes in size toward end of the experiment. The cell cycle transition times, which initially decline, rise toward the end of the experiment. The mean normal daily cell production rate of 70 cell % (i.e. 70 cells are produced by 100 progenitors) increases to 111 cell % and then declines to a low of 51 cell %. The IEE response typifies the behavior of other cell renewal systems such as intestinal epithelium and epidermis.
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  • 67
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    Keywords: LHRH neuron ; Tissue culture ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic development of LHRH-containing neurons was studied by fluorescence and enzyme immunohistochemistry in rats. In in vitro studies, the tissues of the septal-chiasmatic and mediobasal hypothalamic areas of fetal rats on day 16.5 or 18.5 of gestation were trypsinized separately for dissociation of the neural cells, and cultured for several days. Immunopositive reaction against LHRH was first detected in nerve cells derived from both areas of the hypothalamus of the fetuses on days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation, after 8 and 6 days culture, respectively. The cells were small, and seemed to be bipolar in morphology indicating an axon and arborized dendrites. Immunopositive material occurred in the cell soma as well as in the cellular processes. In in vivo studies, immunopositive material, possibly deposited in nerve fibers, appeared first in OVLT and simultaneously in the external layer of the median eminence of fetuses on day 20.5 of gestation. The immunoreactive fibers increased in number in both parts with development, especially after birth in the median eminence. No immunopositive material was detected within any neural cell bodies nor in the cytoplasm of any ependymal cells.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin neurons ; Hypothalamic, extrahypothalamic distribution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a highly sensitive antibody to somatostatin, its hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution in the rat was re-examined by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method). The scattered somatostatin-producing perikarya occur in multiple layers within the subependymal neuropil surrounding the third ventricle. They supply with short-distance projections the following hypothalamic nuclei: 1) preoptic nuclei (especially their suprachiasmatic and medial components), 2) the peripheral zones of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, 3) the ventromedial and 4) arcuate nuclei, and 5) the ventral premammillary nuclei. Furthermore, the following long-distance projections have been observed: In a rostral direction (A1) rostral of the anterior commissure to the lamina terminalis, (A2) to the OVLT, (A3) to the olfactory tubercle, and (A4) rostrally and caudally by-passing the anterior commissure to the dorsal part of the stria terminalis. More caudally, at the retrochiasmatic level an ascending dorso-lateral projection joins the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway in a reciprocal manner (B1). In addition, a descending ventrolateral tract projects to the optic tract bending dorsal to it in different directions: (C1) medial to the median eminence, (C2) lateral to the corticomedial amygdala, and (C3) caudal for additional support of the arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei. The principal tract of somatostatin-containing fibers descends in the subependymal neuropil to the median eminence (D). The results are discussed with reference to a possible participation of the somatostatin fiber system in the afferent branch of the circuit connecting the hypothalamus with the amygdala via the stria terminalis.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitamin A ; Ultimobranchial tissue ; Ultimobranchial cysts ; Thyroid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid glands of rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin A are lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contain non-keratinized cellular debris. The epithelium of these cysts in vitamin A deficient animals is keratinized, and their lumina contain keratinized cellular strands surrounding a core of cellular debris. Upon return to a diet adequate in vitamin A the epithelium returns to a non-keratinized state, and the lumina contain keratinized strands surrounded by cell fragments and desquamated whole cells. Occasionally these cysts have an epithelium that is highly irregular in appearance. The relationship of alterations in this tisssue to possible subsequent development of neoplasias is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amygdaloid body ; Hypothalamus ; Midbrain ; Autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopic autoradiography was performed subsequent to injection of tritiated amino acids into various parts of the amygdaloid body of the rat. Evidence is provided for two hitherto unreported projections of the amygdala: from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the contralateral premamillary nuclei and from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the mesencephalic central grey. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Taste bud ; Vallate papilla ; Regeneration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regeneration of the vallate papilla in the rat was studied by both light and electron microscopy. The papillae were excised and regeneration was studied at time intervals of 3 to 45 days. It was found that the vallate papilla is capable of regeneration after both partial and total papillectomies. The regenerated papillae were asymmetrical in shape. Several invaginations, independent of one another, were the equivalent of the original sulcus. Regeneration of the gustatory system occurred at circumscribed portions of the associated Von Ebner glands. The amounts of newly formed taste buds were proportional to the amount of nerve fibers in the subepithelial plexus. The regenerated taste buds showed normal histochemical and fine-structural characteristics. The results support the contention of some degree of specificity concerning the epithelium where taste bud regeneration occurs.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets, microtubules, fibrillar lattices and membranous inclusions found in the developing cuneate nuclei of rats is described. Rodlets, ranging in diameter from 96–312 nm and in length from 1–2 μm, are made up of tightly packed straight filaments measuring 5–8 nm in diameter. Microtubules with a diameter of 26 nm are clustered together. Fibrillar lattices are made up of fibrils with a diameter of 9 nm arranged in layers or sets. Two to nine sets make up a lattice, with a maximum width of 68 nm, in which the adjacent sets are arranged at an angle to each other. Rodlets and fibrillar lattices occur in 6.8% of the neurons. Membranous inclusions, reported here for the first time in normal neurons, are of 2 types: small vesicles of 0.1–0.6 μm and large vacuoles measuring 1–2 μm. Both types are bounded by either a single or a double membrane and generally have an electron lucent content. Membranous inclusions occur in 25.3 % of the neurons. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of the various intranuclear inclusions in the course of postnatal development are also reported.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 17-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Optic nerve ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synapses of optic nerve afferents (optic synapses) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have been identified ultrastructurally. They are easily distinguished from other types of synapses. The optic boutons are characterized by the presence of large mitochondria with a swollen electron lucent matrix and an interconnected tubular system formed by their inner membrane. Other, more variable features include: 1) a scattered pattern of synaptic vesicles which are found throughout the entire presynaptic element with relatively little accumulation near the active zones; 2) the occurrence of dense core vesicles and glycogen granules; 3) the active zones, the majority of which is Gray-type I, but a minority can obviously be classified as Gray's type II; 4) the innervation of smaller peripheral dendrites and dendritic spines. Boutons of this kind are exclusively filled with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected into both eyes. Very few neuronal elements containing the typical mitochondria have been observed in the SCN on the 6th day post partum, increasingly more on the 9th and 12th day, but considerably higher numbers after opening of the eyes on the 17th and the following days. The location of normal and degenerating optic boutons was examined light- and electron microscopically. In the rostral third of the SCN there are relatively few optic synapses which are found close to the optic chiasma. In the middle portion of the SCN optic synapses increase in number; they are found not only in the ventral part of the nucleus but also in lateral regions. This becomes particularly obvious in the caudal third of the SCN.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 353-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear microfilament bundles ; Third ventricle ; Ependymal cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intranuclear microfilament bundles were observed in ependymal cells of the third ventricle of the rat. They appeared as single, cylindricallyshaped fibrillar bands up to 4.9 μm in length. In cross sections of bundles, the microfilaments exhibited an apparently regular arrangement. They were separated by a distance of 4 to 5 nm, measuring approximately 11 nm from centre to centre. One bundle consisted of 55 to 88 microfilaments. The intranuclear bundles terminated at the inner membrane of the nucleus. They exhibited close spatial relationship to perinuclear chromatin, chromatin centres, intrachromatin granules and fibrillar structures. The average ratio of nuclear sections with and without bundles was 1∶15.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Axonal degeneration ; Reactive microglia ; Capsaicin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capsaicin treatment of newborn rats results in the degeneration of primary sensory neurones involved in the mediation of chemogenic pain. In the present study glial changes following the pharmacologically-induced degeneration of unmyelinated primary afferent fibres terminating in Rexed's laminae I and II of the spinal cord were investigated. Light microscopy revealed an increase in the number of phagocytic glial cells in this area, reaching a maximum at 24 h after the administration of capsaicin; they had almost completely disappeared by 72 h. At the ultrastructural level these cells were characterized by their elongate or irregular nuclei with a pronounced heterochromatin pattern, a moderately dense cytoplasmic matrix, hour-glass shaped mitochondria and very large numbers of heterogeneous dense bodies and lipid droplets. On the basis of these observations, these cells were considered to represent reactive microglial cells engaged in the phagocytosis of degenerated neuronal debris. The possible origin and mode of elimination of these elements from the central nervous tissue is briefly discussed.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcareous concretions ; Pineal gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serial sections of 90 Sprague-Dawley rat brains with the pineal in situ were scanned to determine the occurrence and regional distribution of calcareous concretions within the pineal gland and its surrounding leptomeningeal tissue. In 90 % of the cases examined concretions were found in varying number and appearance, predominantly lying in the dorsal region of the pineal gland and in the distal portion of the pineal stalk. Discussing the hypothesis advanced by Lukaszyk and Reiter (1975) that the origin of pineal concretions may be related to a neurosecretory process involving a pineal carrier protein, called neuroepiphysin, it is thought that, in view of the intra- and extra-pineal occurrence of concretions, processes other than secretion should be considered. Since in the pineal organ lymphatics are lacking it may well be that, due to a reduced drainage of tissue fluid, the coagulation of intercellular organic debris mingled with minerals increases with age.
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  • 77
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 96-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium metabolism ; Strontium metabolism ; Fracture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La relation entre la résorption du85Sr et du47Ca était mesuré au tibia et fémur des rats 24 heures après l'injection. La différence entre les manches et les bouts était, remarquable, mais pas entre les os séparates; en les tibiae, qui etait fracturé depuis 7 semaines et guéries, la relation etait identique à celui des tibiae manches normals. On a présumé que la découverte était due à des différences qualitatives plustot que quantitatives entre les procédé de minéralisation dans l'os cortical et trabeculair.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen der Abnahme von85Sr und47Ca wurde von der Tibia und Femur 24 Std nach der Injektion bei Ratten gemessen. Man fand einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Schaften und den Enden, aber nicht zwischen den verschiedenen Knochen. In 7 Wochen alten, verheilten Tibiafrakturen war das Verhältnis genau so wie in einem normalen Tibiaschaft. Das Resultat berechtigte zu der Annahme, daß der Unterschied in dem Mineralisierungsprozeß zwischen corticalen und spongiösen Knochen wahrscheinlich qualitativ und nicht quantitativ ist.
    Notes: Abstract The ratio between the uptake of85Sr and47Ca was measured in the tibiae and femora of rats 24 h after injection of the tracers. There was a significant difference between shafts and ends but not between the different bones; in healed tibial fractures, 7 weeks old, the ratio was identical to that of normal tibial shafts. The findings were interpreted to be related to qualitative rather than quantitative differences in mineralization between cortical and trabecular bone.
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    Anatomy and embryology 129 (1969), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system ; Sexual differentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic development of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat was examined from the 16th post-coital day to adult age in both sexes, which were determined separately. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The hypothalamus is visible already before the 16th day of gestation. 2. The walls of the third ventricle are first composed of primitive cell layers, from which the migration of neurons proceeds on the 15th or 16th day. At this stage the differentiation of the wall of the third ventricle occurs: the germinal-, mantle-and marginal layers appear. 3. The differentiation of the nuclei starts, with some exceptions, before the 19th day of gestation. 4. Nn. suprachiasmaticus, supraopticus, periventricularis anterior, arcuatus and one part of paraventricularis differentiate from the lateral border of the germinal layer. Nn. ventromedialis, dorsomedialis, hypothalamicus anterior, praeoptici, praemamillaris ventralis, praemamillaris dorsalis, mamillaris medialis, mamillaris lateralis and the greater part of paraventricullaris differentiate from the mantle layer. Lateral nuclei, of which only nucleus tuberomamillarius has been described, differentiate from the marginal layer. 5. Some nuclei which belong to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area have a peak in their differentiation during the critical period when the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis also starts. 6. It is stated that the development of the nuclei in the rat hypothalamus compared to that of the other mammals is similar only to that of the mouse. It takes place quite slowly before and after birth. 7. Sexual differences are not to be seen in the development of the nuclei.
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; experimental diabetes ; hydrochlorothiazide ; N-monomethyl-acetamide ; discrepancy between serum immunoreactive insulin and suppressible insulin-like activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aucun effet diabétogène ni hyperglycémiant aigu de l'hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) n'a été décelé par des déterminations de la glycémie à jeun (avant et 2–8 h après l'administration d'HCT) et de la tolérance au glucose effectuées chez des rats normaux et des rats sensibilisés à un effet diabétogène par une pancréatectomie subtotale ou par l'injection d'une dose subdiabétogène d'alloxane, au cours d'un traitement de 6 semaines par des doses de 50–200 mg/kg · jour d'HCT p. o. — De fortes doses (plus de 3 ml/kg) de N-monométhylamide de l'acide acétique (NMMAA), solvant qui fut utilisé dans la préparation d'une solution injectable commerciale d'hydrochlorothiazide, ont par contre exercé des effets diabétogènes très marqués chez le rat. Toute dose léthale de NMMAA a induit chez cet animal un syndrome diabétique, c'est-à-dire une hyperglycémie progressive avec aeido-cétose métabolique, ressemblant au syndrome diabétique aigu induit par l'injection d'une forte dose de sérum anti-insulinique. — Des fractions de doses léthales administrées quotidiennement pendant plusieurs jours ont exercé des effets diabétogènes et léthaux cumulatifs: la substance ou l'un de ses métabolites toxiques apparaît persister longtemps dans l'organisme du rat.-Des doses subléthales de NMMAA ont induit une hyperglycémie réversible d'une durée de quelques jours. Nous avons donc constaté que le diabète produit par le NMMAA était soit transitoire soit léthal. Aucun signe de toxicité ne s'est manifesté au cours d'un traitement de 6–8 mois par des doses inférieures à 0,5 ml/kg · jour. — Chez les rats intoxiqués par une dose léthale de NMMAA, une corrélation positive très significative a été notée entre les valeurs sériques d'insuline immuno-réactive (IRI) et les valeurs de glycémie. Bien qu'ils aient été, à glycémie comparable, supérieurs à ceux constatés dans le sérum de rats normaux après surcharge de glucose, les taux d'IRI se trouvant dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués n'ont pas été en mesure de s'opposer à l'élévation régulière de la glycémie jusqu'à la mort. — L'effet hypoglycémiant d'insuline cristalline porcine est apparu inhibé chez les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA, comparé à l'effet observé chez des rats normaux ou en diabète alloxanique.-Utilisant l'augmentation de l'oxydation du premier atome de carbone du glucose-l-C14 par le tissu adipeux épididymaire du rat, in vitro, comme index métabolique de l'activité insulino ïde du sérum (ILA), nous n'avons pas constaté, dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués et en état de forte hyperglycémie, des taux d'ILA significativement supérieurs à ceux présents dans le sérum de rats témoins à jeun. Alors que, chez des rats normaux, la fraction de l'ILA sérique supprimable par sérum anti-insulinique (SILA) s'élevait fortement, comme l'IRI, au cours de l'hyperglycémie induite par une surcharge de glucose, cette fraction SILA n'est pas apparue en quantités décelables dans le sérum des animaux intoxiqués. L'IRI sérique de ces animaux n'a donc semble-t-il pas exercé d'effet «insulin-like» sur le tissu adipeux isolé de rat normal.-Les faits observés amènent à la conclusion que les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA inactivent et l'insuline endogène et l'insuline exogène. Bien qu'ayant perdu son activité métabolique, l'insuline endogène inactivée reste immunologiquement compétente.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Große Dosen von Hydrochlorothiazid (50–200 mg/kg/Tag, oral) über einen Zeitraum von 5–6 Wochen riefen weder eine Steigerung der Nüchternblutzuckerspiegel, noch eine Herabsetzung der Glucosetoleranz bei normalen Ratten oder Ratten hervor, deren Empfindlichkeit gegenüber diabetogenen Substanzen durch eine subtotale Pankreatektomie oder durch subdiabetogene Dosen von Alloxan erhöht worden war. 8 Std. nach einer Einzeldosis von 50 mg/kg Hydroehlorothiazid fand sich keine Blutzuckererhöhung. Dagegen hatten große Dosen (über 3.5 ml/kg) des Lösungsmittels N-Monomethylacetamid (NMMAA), das vorübergehend zur Herstellung eines injizierbaren Hydrochlorothiazidpräparates gedient hat, deutliche diabetogene Effekte bei Ratten. Letale Dosen von NMMAA führten immer zu einem diabetischen Syndrom, d.h. fortschreitende Hyperglykämie mit Ketonämie und metabolischer Acidose, das mit dem diabetischen Syndrom nach Verabreichung großer Mengen von Anti-Insulin Serum große Ähnlichkeit aufwies. Bruchteile der letalen Dosis, die wiederholt an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gegeben wurden, summierten sich in ihrer diabetogenen und letalen Wirkung : NMMAA oder seine wirksamen Abbauprodukte scheinen längere Zeit im Organismus zu persistieren. Subletale Dosen von NMMAA lösten eine reversible Blutzuckererhöhung für einige Tage aus. Der durch NMMAA hervorgerufene Diabetes war also entweder reversibel oder tödlich. Die Langzeitbehandlung mit Dosen unter 0.8 ml/kg führte auch nach 6–8 Monaten zu keinerlei toxischen Anzeichen. Bei Ratten, die mit letalen Dosen von NMMAA vergiftet wurden, stiegen die Insulin-und Glucose-Spiegel im Blut gleichsinnig an, wobei das Insulin ähnliche Konzentrationen wie bei normalen Ratten erreichte, bei denen orale oder i.v. Glucosezufuhr zu einer entsprechenden Blutzuckersteigerung geführt hatte.-Das während der NMMAA Hyperglykämie sezernierte Insulin bewirkte also keine Blutzuckersenkung. Im Gegensatz zu der glucoseinduzierten Hyperglykämie bei der normalen Ratte stieg die mit Antiinsulin hemmbare insulinähnliche Aktivität während der NMMAAHyperglykämie nicht auf meßbare Werte an, d.h. das IRI der vergifteten Tiere schien auf normales, isoliertes Fettgewebe keinen insulinähnlichen Effekt auszuüben.-Die blutzuckersenkende Wirkung von exogenem SchweineInsulin war bei mit NMMAA vergifteten Ratten niedriger als bei Normaltieren oder Ratten mit Alloxandiabetes.-Diese Befunde veranlassen zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß mit NMMAA vergiftete Ratten exogenes und endogenes Insulin inaktivieren, wobei das inaktivierte endogene Insulin trotz des Verlustes seiner Stoffwechsel-wirkung immunologisch aktiv bleibt.
    Notes: Summary Large doses of hydrochlorothiazide (50-200mg/kg/day p.o.) given for 5 to 6 weeks did not induce any increase in the fasting blood-sugar concentration, nor any decrease of glucose tolerance in normal rats and in rats “sensitized” toward diabetogenic agents by a subtotal pancreatectomy or by a sub-diabetogenic dose of alloxan. No increase in blood sugar was found in the 8 h following a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. —Large doses (〉 3.5 ml/kg) of the solvent N-monomethyl-acetamide (NMMAA), used at one time in the preparation of one brand of hydrochlorothiazide for injection, on the other hand, exerted marked diabetogenic effects in the rat. Lethal doses of NMMAA always induced a diabetic syndrome, i.e. progressive hyperglycaemia with ketonaemia and metabolic acidosis resembling the diabetic syndrome induced by large doses of antiinsulin serum. Fractions of lethal doses given repeatedly on successive days had additive diabetogenic and lethal effects: the drug or its toxic metabolites appeared to persist for a long time in the organism.-Sublethal doses of NMMAA induced a reversible hyperglycaemia of some days' duration. Thus the diabetes induced by NMMAA was either transitory or lethal. Chronic treatment with doses 〈 0.8 ml/kg/day did not induce any signs of toxicity within 6–8 months. In the rats intoxicated with lethal doses of NMMAA, the serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased simultaneously with the glycaemia, and attained the same levels as in normal rats with similar blood glucose concentrations established by oral or i.v. loads with glucose.-The insulin secreted during NMMAA hyperglycaemia, thus, did not lower the blood sugar. During NMMAA hyperglycaemia, in contrast to glucose-induced hyperglycaemia in normal rats, the fraction of the insulin-like-activity of the serum suppressed by anti-insulin serum (SILA) did not rise to detectable levels : i. e. the IRI of the intoxicated animals did not appear to exert an insulin-like effect on normal isolated adipose tissue.-The blood-sugar-lowering effect of exogenous porcine insulin was depressed in rats intoxicated with NMMAA in comparison with normal animals or animals with alloxan-induced diabetes.-The findings lead to the conclusion that rats intoxicated with NMMAA inactivate exogenous as well as endogenous insulin. Although losing its metabolic activity, the inactivated endogenous insulin remains immunologically competent.
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  • 80
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Japanese Encephalitis ; Experimental ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus Particles in Neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Groß- und Kleinhirnrinde, Plexus chorioideus und Rückenmark von Mäusen wurden nach intracerebraler Inoculation einer Hirnemulsion mit Virus der Encephalitis japonica (JEV) elektronenoptisch untersucht, um den Ort der JEV-Replikation zu bostimmen. 72 Std nach der Inoculation bei Beginn der encephalitischen Symptome enthielten 70 bis 80% aller Rindenneurone und Vorderhornzellen viele sphärische Partikel, die meist im zarten endoplasmatischen Reticulum (EPR) und vereinzelt im granulären EPR lokalisiert waren. Die Einzelpartikel zeigten eine gleichförmige Substruktur aus einem elektronendichten zentralen Hof von 25–30 mμ Durchmesser, einer äußeren, weniger elektronendichten Zone und einer äußersten Grenzmembran von 40 mμ Durchmesser. 96 Std nach der Inoculation zeigte das Cytoplasma der Rinden- und Vorderhornneurone sehr viele Vacuolen und Vesiceln. Partikel wurden weit verstreut in den Vacuolen und Vesiceln sowie erstmals im ERP der Sternzellen und Purkinjezellen angetroffen, allerdings in geringerer Zahl. Keine derartigen Partikel wurden in Kontrolltieren und normalen Mäusegruppen angetroffen. Sogenannte eosinophile intranucleäre Einschlüsse in Epithelzellen des Plexus chorioideus zeigten keine derartigen Partikel im Kern oder in den cytoplasmatischen Bläschen. Nachdem keine als JEV identifizierbaren Partikel in Glia- und Endothelzellen nachzuweisen waren, wird angenommen, daß das JEV echt neurotrop ist und sich im EPR der Nervenzellen repliziert.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and cerebellar cortices, choroid plexus and spinal cord of mice, inoculated intracerebrally with a brain emulsion containing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), were studied electronmicroscopically to determine the cell type and the site of JEV replication. 72 hours after inoculation, when the mice began to show encephalitic symptoms, 70 to 80% of all cortical neurons and anterior horn cells contained many spherical particles mostly located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a few in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The individual particles demonstrated an uniform substructure consisting of an electron dense central core of 25–30 mμ diameter, an outer less electron dense zone and an outermost limiting membrane of 40 mμ diameter. 96 hours after inoculation, the cytoplasm of cortical neurons and anterior horn cells was observed to contain very many vacuoles and vesicles. Particles were found widely scattered throughout the vacuoles and vesicles, and were observed for the first time in the endoplasmic reticulum of the stellate neurons and in Purkinje cells, though fewer. No such particles were observed in control and normal mouse groups. So-called eosinophic intranuclear inclusions of epithelial cells of choroid plexus failed to show any particles in their nuclei or cytoplasmic vesicles. Considering that no particulate matter, identifiable as JEV, was identified within any of the glial cells or endothelium in this examination, it was concluded that JEV was really neurotropic and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons.
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  • 81
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Whipple's Disease ; Granulomatous Encephalitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 21 Fällen von Whipplescher Krankheit in der Sammlung des Armed Forces Institute of Pathology zeigten 4 Fälle neurologische Symptome mit besonders ausgeprägten Hirnläsionen. Lichtmikroskopisch bestanden die Herde aus knötchenförmigen Anhäufungen von Makrophagen, deren Cytoplasma mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin eine charakteristische schwachblaue und nach Durchführung der Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion eine stark rote Färbung zeigte. Elektronenmikroskopisch fanden sich in den Hirnläsionen Bacillen, die morphologisch den im Darm beschriebenen glichen und die auch dieselben Degenerationserscheinungen aufwiesen. Die Perjodsäure-Schiff-Reaktion färbt Kapselmaterial und Zellwände,die auch nach Untergang der Bacillen noch nachweisbar sind. Diese Beobachtungen werden als weiterer Beweis für die infektiöse Ätiologie der Whippleschen Krankheit angeführt.
    Notes: Summary Among the 21 autopsied cases of Whipple's disease on file at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 4 had neurological symptoms and prominent involvement of the central nervous system, By light microscopy the lesions were composed of nodular aggregates of macrophages having cytoplasm that stained a distinctive pale blue with hematoxylin-eosin and bright red with the periodic acid-Schiff technique. By electron microscopy the cerebral lesions revealed bacilli morphologically identical to and undergoing the same sequence of degenerative changes as those observed in the intestine. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction stains the walls and the capsular material that persists even after intact organisms disappear. These observations further support the infectious nature of Whipple's disease.
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  • 82
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 43-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Dementia ; Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease ; Brain Biopsy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane ; Astroglia Dilatation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenoptische und histochemische Untersuchung von Biopsiematerial bei zwei Fällen subakuter Demenz ergab Neurone mit reichlich Lipofuscin-Depots sowie erhöhter saurer Phosphatase-Aktivität. Obwohl diese Veränderungen eine Nervenzellerkrankung anzeigen dürften, werden sie wegen ihrer Ähnlichkeit sowie wegen des Vorliegens anderer, spezifischerer Zellveränderungen als Sekundärphänomene gedeutet. Im ersten Fall wird als primäre Läsion eine Verdickung der Basalmembran der Gefäße, im zweiten Fall eine Astrogliaschwellung angenommen. Da diese Strukturen wichtige Transportfunktionen haben dürften, könnten diese Anomalien leicht die neuronale Versorgung stören und dadurch die neuronalen Läsionen verursachen. Die Bedeutung des Glykogens in diesen Strukturen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic and histochemical findings in biopsies of two cases of subacute dementia have revealed neurons containing numerous lipofuscin bodies and increased acid phosphatase. Although these changes are considered to indicate neuron disease, they are believed to represent a secondary process because of their similarity and because other more distinctive cell alterations are present. In the first case, the primary abnormality is believed to be thickening of the vascular basement membrane, while in the second case, astroglial dilatation is considered a primary change. Since these structures appear to have important transport functions, these abnormalities could easily impair the nutrient supply to neurons and, in this way, produce the neuronal alteration. The significance of glycogen in these tissues is discussed.
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  • 83
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathy, Chronical ; Hypertrophic Neuritis ; Schwann-Cell ; Onion Bulb ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die wesentlichen Veränderungen bei dem mitgeteilten Fall von chronischer frühinfantiler Neuropathie bestehen in einer Modifikation der Schwann-Zellen, die zur Bildung eines konzentrischen Netzwerkes von Lamellen führt. Dieses wird durch eine doppelkonturierte Hülle der Basalmembran um zahlreiche große bemarkte und unbemarkte Fasern gebildet. Die Anomalien der Markscheiden sowie die Häufigkeit von Desmosomen sind bemerkenswert. Diese Besonderheiten unterscheiden diesen Fall von anderen, bisher beschriebenen chronischen Neuropathien. Trotzdem erscheint es derzeit nicht möglich, eine Aussage über die Spezifität der ultrastrukturellen Befunde am untersuchten Nerven zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary The principal lesion in this case of chronic early infantile neuropathy is a modification of the Schwann cell resulting in the formation of a concentric network of lamellae formed by a double-layered sheet of basement membrane around numerous, large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. The abnormalities in the myelin sheaths and the frequency of desmosomes are noteworthy. These peculiarities distinguish this case from other chronic neuropathies described up to now. Nevertheless, it is impossible to say at present whether the ultrastructural aspect of the nerve studied here is in any way specific.
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  • 84
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 307-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Swayback of Lambs ; Electron Microscopy ; Corpus Callosum ; Myelogenesis ; Axonal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung des Corpus callosum normaler Lämmer und von solchen mit „Swayback” (enzootische Ataxia) ergab den morphologischen Nachweis normaler Myelinentwicklung in beiden Tiergruppen. Von zwei Zellfortsätzen umgebene Axone wurden häufig beobachtet. Reaktive Veränderungen wurden in Axonen der „Swayback”-Lämmer gefunden. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the corpus callosum of normal and swayback lambs has revealed morphological evidence of normal myelinogenesis in both groups of animals. Axons wrapped by two cell processes were frequently encountered. Reactive changes were found in axons in the swayback lambs. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Leucodystrophy, Metachromatic ; Enzyme Histochemistry, Electronmicroscopical ; Lysosomes ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la leucodystrophie métachromatique, les lipides anormaux s'accumulent dans les lysosomes des cellules gliales et des phagocytes. Les inclusions lipidiques les moins organisées sont les plus riches en phosphatases acides. Celles dont l'ultrastructure est prismatique ont une activité enzymatique très faible et semblent plus proches de corps résiduels que de lysosomes actifs. Il semble que l'absence d'arylsulfatase lysosomiale induise la persistance des sulfatides accumulés dans les lysosomes alors que les autres lipides provenant de la dégénérescence myélinique, seraient normalement catabolisés. Un remaniement progressif de l'ultrastructure du contenu des lysosomes en est la conséquence.
    Notes: Summary In metachromatic leucodystrophy abnormal lipids are stored within the lysosomes of the glial cells and phagocytes. The lipid inclusions which are the less structured are the richest in acid phosphatases. Those of which the ultrastructure is prismatic show a very low enzymatic activity and are more similar to residual bodies than to active lysosomes. It appears that the lack in lysosomal arylsulfatase leads to an accumulation of the sulfatide moiety of the stored lipids while the other lipids originating from the myelin breakdown, would be normally catabolized. This leads to a progressive transformation of the ultrastructure of the lysosome contents.
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Tay-Sachs Disease ; Brain Subcellular Localization ; Hale Stain ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von kolloidalem Eisen mit Sialomucinen (Hale stain) wurde zur elektronenmikroskopischen Darstellung der neuraminsäurehaltigen Ganglioside in den subcellulären Fraktionen des Gehirns angewandt. Zunächst wurde mit Hilfe tritiummarkierter Ganglioside überprüft, ob bei der Gewinnung subzellulärer Fraktionen Ganglioside nicht unspezifisch subcellulär adsorbiert werden. Eine nennenswerte Adsorption konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Das Verfahren wurde zuerst auf die aus Meerschweinchengehirnen isolierten Fraktionen angewandt. Da Nervenendigungen, Mitochondrien und Synapsenbläschen Hale-positiv reagierten, dienten Enzyminkubationen mit Neuraminidase und Hyaluronidase zur Differenzierung von anderen Hale-positiven sauren Substanzen. Schließlich wurde die Methode auf die cytoplasmatischen multilamellären Körperchen (MCB) übertragen, die aus Gehirnen an Tay-Sachs'scher Krankheit Verstorbener isoliert wurden. Aus den Versuchen konnte abgeleitet werden, a) daß die Hale-Färbung auch Ganglioside anfärbt, b) daß Ganglioside auf der Oberfläche der Membran von den multilamellären Körperchen und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch auf der Membran der Nervenendigungen lokalisiert sind, c) daß die Synapsenbläschen eine positive Reaktion ergeben, die jedoch nicht mit Sicherheit auf vorhandene Ganglioside zurückgeführt werden kann, d) daß die äußere Mitochondrienmembran Hale-positive Substanzen enthält, deren Natur unbekannt ist.
    Notes: Summary The reaction of colloidal ferric oxide with sialomucins (Hale stain) was applied to sialic acid-containing gangliosides in subcellular fractions of the brain, in order to investigate their localization by electron microscopy. Prior to all experiments, a check was made, by means of tritium-labeled ganglioside, to confirm that the ganglioside content in the subcellular particles was not the result of an unspecific adsorption during the isolating procedure. No considerable unspecific adsorption could be registered. Hale stain was first applied to subcellular fractions obtained from guinea-pig brains. Since nerve-endings, mitochondria and synaptic vesicles gave a positive staining reaction, incubations with neuraminidase and hyaluronidase were carried out in order to achieve a differentiation. Finally, the method was applied to the membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) which were isolated from the brain of a patient with Tay-Sachs disease. It was concluded that: a) Hale stain stains gangliosides also, b) gangliosides are localized in the membrane of membranous cytoplasmic bodies and also very probably in the membrane of nerve-endings, c) synaptic vesicles give a Hale-positive reaction which cannot with certainty be attributed to gangliosides, d) the outer membrane of mitochondria contains Hale-positive substances, the nature of which is not known.
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Sodium Azide ; Electron Microscopy ; Ferritin ; Capillary Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle histotoxische Hypoxämie wurde in Ratten durch Natriumacid-Vergiftung erzeugt. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hirne ergab keine Veränderung, aber bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung fanden sich als Frühveränderungen in der Hirnrinde und im Subcortex eine Erweiterung der intercellulären Räume und eine Anschwellung der pericapillären Astrocytenfortsätze. Ferritinalbumin-Mischung, die als Indicator des Eiweißtransportes benutzt wurde, zeigte keine Vermehrung der Capillarpermeabilität. Es wird vermutet, daß Natriumacid den Wasserstoffwechsel beeinträchtigt, wobei es eine osmotische Ausgleichstörung im Gehirn erzeugt.
    Notes: Summary Histotoxic hypoxia was experimentally produced in the rat brain by sodium azide intoxication. In spite of the absence of light microscopic alterations, electron micrographs showed the early changes in the cerebral cortex and subcortex which consisted of widening of the intercellular space and swelling of the pericapillary astrocytic end-feet. However, ferritin-albumin mixture, used for the tracer of protein transport, did not show any increase in the capillary permeability. Sodium azide was considered to disturb the water metabolism, producing osmotic unbalance in the brain.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Methamphetamine Poisoning (Artificial Psychosis) ; Synapses ; Nerve Conduction and Transmission ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Amphetaminchlorid in Mengen von 1 mg pro kg pro Tag wurde 8 männlichen Meerschweinchen ungefähr 1 Jahr lang täglich injiziert, um eine chronische Amphetaminvergiftung zu erzeugen. Bei jedem vergifteten Tier wurde die Feinstruktur des Gehirns elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Befunde waren folgende: 1. Verschmelzung der Membranen zwischen Axonen in den Nervenendigungen sowie zwischen Axonen und Dendriten wurden in der Großhirnrinde, im limbischen System, im Thalamus und Hypothalmus beobachtet; ferner wurde eine sich vom Cytoplasma bis zur Nervenendigung erstreckende Membranstruktur in diesen Hirnbereichen festgestellt. 2. Im Frontal-, Parietal-, Temporal- und Occipitalhirn sowie im limbischen System fanden sich vermehrt membranbegrenzte Vesikel im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen und verdicktes und vermehrtes ER in den Nervenfasern. In Anbetracht klinischer Symptome der Patienten mit Amphetaminvergiftung wurde angenommen, daß die Verschmelzung von Membranen zwischen Nervenfortsätzen und das Auftreten der Membranstrukturen in allen Teilen des Nervenzellcytoplasmas vom Perikaryon bis zur Nervenendigung die wichtigsten Befunde sind, die darauf hindeuten, daß die Vergiftungsvorgänge einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Leitungssystem der Nerven ausüben können.
    Notes: Summary In 8 male albino strain guinea pigs, 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine HCl was injected daily for 7 months to 1 year to produce chronic methamphetamine intoxication and to study the fine structure of the brain electron microscopically. The following results were obtained: 1. Coalescence of membranes, between axons at the nerve endings and between axons and dendrites, was found in the cortex of the cerebrum and limbic system, in the thalamus and hypothalamus. Membranous structures were found in all portions of the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. 2. Within the cytoplasm of the nerve cell, coated vesicles were increased in number with hypertrophy and increase of endoplasmic reticulum within nerve fibres in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital regions, and in the limbic system. In view of these findings, as well as the clinical neurological symptoms in patients with methamphetamine poisoning, the coalescence of membranes between nerve processes and the appearance of membranous structures in all portions of nerve cell cytoplasm from body to nerve endings appear to represent the most important findings, they probably produce a profound disturbance in the system of nerve conduction and transmission.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Marginal Siderosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin-Sheath-Like Structures ; Plaques Fibromyéliniques ; Gliosis, Perivascular, Subpial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen mit einer experimentell erzeugten Randzonensiderose des Zentralnervensystems konnten elektronenmikroskopisch in der Großhirnrinde eigentümliche Spiralstrukturen beobachtet werden. Diese Spiralen fanden sich vornehmlich im Bereich von subpialen und perivasculären Gliosen vor. Sie bestanden aus äußerst dünnen lamellären Astrocytenausläufern, welche um andere astrocytäre Zellfortsätze oder um Dendriten aufgewickelt waren. Die spiralisierten Astrocytenausläufer wiesen in ihrem Inneren feine Filamente mit einer ziemlich regelmäßigen Anordnung auf. In radiärer Richtung ließen die astrocytären Lamellenspiralen eine periodische Schichtung erkennen, welche etwas an die von echten Markscheiden erinnerte. Es wird in Betracht gezogen, daß sie das submikroskopische Äquivalent der sog. Plaques fibromyéliniques darstellen.
    Notes: Summary Peculiar spiral structures could be observed by electron microscopy in the cerebral cortex of rabbits with an experimentally produced marginal siderosis of the central nervous system. These spirals were found predominantly within areas of subpial and perivascular gliosis. They consisted of extremely thin lamellar astrocyte extensions winding around other astroglial processes or dendrites. The spirally coiled astrocyte extensions exhibited within their interior fine filaments having a rather regular arrangement. In the radial direction, the astrocytic lamellae spirals showed a periodic stratification somewhat resembling that of true myelin-sheaths. They were considered to represent the submicroscopic equivalent of the socalled plaques fibromyéliniques.
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  • 90
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Wallerian Degeneration ; Nodal Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen in den Ranvierschen Knoten des N.suralis der Ratte im Laufe der Wallerschen Degeneration berichtet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten 12 und 120 Std nach einer örtlichen Quetschungsverletzung. Die ersten bemerkbaren Veränderungen finden sich im Axon. Nodale und paranodale Anhäufungen von Mitochondrien, multivesikulären und lamellären Körpern, wie auch kleinen blasen- und röhrenartigen Bildungen sind teilweise in den Knoten sichtbar und am deutlichsten nach 24–36 Std erkennbar. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Aufsplitterung der Neurofilamente und Neurotubuli, die ihre Liniengestaltung verlieren und sich zusammenballen. Die Zone der erhöhten Dichte gerade unterhalb des nodalen Axolemmas bleibt erhalten. Veränderungen im Myelin beginnen etwas später und bestehen in einem vesikulären Verfall der Endomyelinlamellen und einer Trennung der Endomyelinschlaufen vom Axolemma durch Schwannzellenfortsätze. Dieser Vorgang schien mit einem Zurückziehen des Myelins vom Knoten im Zusammenhang zu stehen. Schwannzellenfortsätze erstrecken sich auch so weit, daß sie das nodale Axon bedecken, wobei sie die nodalen Schwannzellenfortsätze vom Axolemma trennen. Das Endstadium ist die Unterbrechung des nodalen Axons und die Verschmelzung der Myelinenden als Teil der Ovoidbildung.
    Notes: Summary Observations are reported on the ultrastructural alterations at the nodes of Ranvier in the rat sural nerve during the course of Wallerian degeneration. These were examined between 12 and 120 hours after a localized crush injury. The earliest detectable changes are in the axon. Nodal and paranodal accumulations of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, lamellar bodies and small vesicular and tubular profiles are seen at a proportion of the nodes and are most evident at 24–36 hours. Concomitantly with this, the neurofilaments and neurotubulus fragment, lose their alignment and clump together. The zone of increased density just beneath the nodal axolemma is preserved. Changes in the myelin begin slightly later and consist of vesicular breakdown of the terminal myelin lamellae, and separation of the terminal myelin loops from the axolemma by Schwann cell processes. The latter event appeared to be associated with retraction of the myelin from the node. Schwann cell processes also extend to cover the nodal axon, separating the Schwann cell nodal processes from the axolemma. The final stage is the interruption of the nodal axon and the fusion of the ends of the myelin as part of ovoid formation.
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  • 91
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oligodendroglioma ; Nuclear Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Ultrastruktur von intranucleären stabförmigen Gebilden bei einem Oligodendrogliom beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets in an oligodendroglioma is described.
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  • 92
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spongy Degeneration of the CNS ; Van Bogaert-Bertrand-Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Astrocytic Mitochondria ; Abnormal Cerebral Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen an Muskel-und Hirnbiopsien eines Falles von spongiöser Degeneration des ZNS berichtet. Die in der grauen und weißen Hirnsubstanz enthaltenen Vacuolen entsprechen a) Spalten in den Markscheiden infolge Aufsplitterung an der intraperiodischen Linie und b) geschwollenen Astrocytenperikaryen und-fortsätzen. Ungewöhnliche Mitochondrien mit Gehalt an kristallinem Material fanden sich nur in Astrocyten. Die ultrastrukturellen Befunde entsprechen denen des Hirnödems. Es wird angenommen, daß die Astroglia eine primäre Rolle in der Flüssigkeitsansammlung spielt, während die Markscheidenschwellung als eine Sekundärläsion aufgefaßt wird. Die mögliche Bedeutung abnormer Astrocyten-Mitochondrien wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy study of skeletal muscle and cerebral biopsies from a case of spongy degeneration of central nervous system is reported. The multiple vacuoles present in cerebral gray and white matter correspond to (a) clefts within myelin sheaths resulting from splitting at the intraperiod line and (b) swollen astrocytic perikarya and processes. Unusual mitochondria containing crystalline-like material were observed only in astrocytes. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with cerebral edema. It is suggested that the astrocytes play a primary role in the fluid accumulation while the myelin swelling is a secondary lesion. The possible role of the abnormal astrocytic mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dystrophia myotonica ; Electron Microscopy ; Sarcolemmal Nuclei ; Myofibrillar Material
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In fünf Fällen von Dystrophia myotonica zeigte die elektronenoptische Untersuchung von bioptisch entnommenem Material zentrale und subsarkolemmale Kerne, die komplexe vacuoläre Areale um myofibrilläres Material enthalten. Diese bisher nicht beobachtete Veränderung könnte durch Verlagerung von myofibrillärem Material in den Kern während seiner Wanderung in das Faserzentrum durch Invagination, aber nicht Durchbrechung der Kernmembran bedingt sein.
    Notes: Summary In five cases of dystrophia myotonica electron microscope preparations of muscle taken at biopsy showed both centrally placed and subsarcolemmal nuclei containing complex vacuolar areas enclosing myofibrillar material. It is suggested that this appearence, which has not been seen in any other condition, may be due to the forcing of myofibrillar material into the nucleus during its migration to the centre of the fibre invaginating but not breaching its membrane.
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  • 94
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 118-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelin Disintegration ; Cerebral Anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach experimenteller CO-Vergiftung fanden sich schwerere und ausgedehntere Läsionen in der weißen als in der grauen Hirnsubstanz. Zwischen akuter und chronischer CO-Vergiftung ergaben sich keine wesentlichen qualitativen Unterschiede der Hirnveränderungen. Die Läsionen nach chronischer Intoxikation waren jedoch schwerer als nach akuter Vergiftung. Die Nervenzellen zeigten leicht dilatiertes oder fragmentiertes EPR und Golgi-Komplexe, doch boten die Mitochondrien meist keine pathologischen Veränderungen. Bei chronischen Fällen fand sich gelegentlich eine deutliche Schwellung des EPR von Oligodendrogliazellen. Die Capillaren blieben intakt und die perivasalen Astrogliaendfüßchen waren nicht geschwollen. Im Mark kam es zu teilweisem Ausfall der normalen Markscheidenbestandteile. Die Marklamellen zeigten mäßige Exfoliation sowie eine Umwandlung in homogene oder strukturlose Substanz. Bemarkte Axone waren teilweise kontrahiert und zeigten auf Querschnitten unregelmäßige Form. Gelegentlich fand sich eine Vergrößerung der axonalen Mitochondrien und Zerstörung ihrer inneren Parallelstrukturen. Als Hauptfaktoren in der Pathogenese der Hirnveränderungen nach experimenteller CO_Vergiftung werden zerebrale Anoxie infolge CO-Hämoglobinbildung, cytotoxische Wirkung von CO auf das Hirngewebe und eine Störung der Blutzirkulation angenommen.
    Notes: Summary In experimental carbon monoxide poisoning, more marked and widespread pathological changes in the brain were seen in the white matter as compared with the gray matter. No essential difference, in the appearance of cerebral alterations, was detected between acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. It was confirmed that the changes resulting from chronic poisoning showed a higher degree of severity as compared with those resulting from acute poisoning. Nerve cells with slightly dilated or fragmented endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the gray matter were found infrequently. However, most mitochondria did not show any kind of abnormality in such cells. A remarkable dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum of oligodendrocytes was sometimes seen in chronic cases. Capillaries remained intact and astrocytic perivascular foot-plates were not swollen. In the white matter, the normal constituents of the myelin sheath were partially lost and the myelin lamellae showed moderate exfoliation, or a change into homogenous or structureless substance. Myelinated axons were partially contracted and showed an irregularity in shape in transverse sections. Enlargement of occasional axonal mitochondria and the destruction of their internal parallel structures were observed. Cerebral anoxia caused by carboxyhaemoglobin, together with the cytotoxic action of carbon monoxide on the brain tissue and the disturbance of blood circulation in the brain are suggested as the chief factors in the pathogenesis of the cerebral alterations induced by experimental carbon monoxide poisoning.
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  • 95
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    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1969), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsy, Experimental ; Focus ; Cobalt Gelatine ; Plasmatic Infiltration ; Brain Edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 25 erwachsenen Ratten wurde ein epileptogener Kobaltgelatineherd in einer Standardregion der Hirnrinde erzeugt. Die Tiere wurden am 1., 3., 5., 8., 14. 21. und 28. Tag nach der Operation getötet. Das Gebiet des epileptogenen Herdes wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die frühesten Veränderungen bestanden in ödem. Später traten Veränderungen der Astrocytenfortsätze auf, die sich an die Basalmembranen der Capillaren anlegten; die Intercellularräume erweiterten sich, füllten sich mit elektronenoptisch dichten Massen und entwickelten ein “plasmatisches Infiltrat”. Allmählich breitete sich dieses Exsudat weiter um die Capillaren aus; es trat an Orten auf, wo die Astrocytenfortsätze und die Dendriten schwer geschädigt waren und erfüllte die weiteren Intercellularräume des Neuropils. Die Nervenzellen zeigten eine auffallende Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber diesem pathologischen Prozeß. Manchmal waren sie umschlossen von Exsudatmassen und zum Teil oder ganz der zarten neuralen und Astrocytenfortsätze beraubt, von denen sie normalerweise umgeben sind. Unsere Befunde werden als das ultrastrukturelle Korrelat der Schols'schen “plasmatischen Infiltration” interpretiert.
    Notes: Summary In 25 adult rats an epileptogenic cobalt-gelatine focus was produced in a standard region of the cerebral cortex. The animals were killed successively on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after operation and the region of the epileptogenic focus was examined electron microscopically. The earliest changes were those of oedema. Later there occurred disturbances of the astrocytic processes which cling to the basement membranes of the capillaries; the intercellular spaces widened and filled with rather E. M. dense masses and a “plasmatic infiltrate” developed. Gradually this exudative substance spread even further from the capillaries. It appeared in places where the astrocytic processes were severely demaged and the dendrites were partly dissipated and it filled out the wide intercellular spaces of the neuropil. The nerve cells showed a striking resistance toward this pathological process. Sometimes they floated in the exudative masses but were partly or totally deprived of the fine neural and astrocytic processes which normally surround them. Our findings are interpreted as the ultrastructural correlate of Scholz's “plasmatic infiltration”.
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  • 96
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 250-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Congenital Myopathy ; Nemaline Myopathy ; Z-band Structure ; Sarcoplasmic Masses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale d'une observation de «Nemaline-Myopathy» a été centrée sur les rapports structurels entre bâtonnets et stries Z normales dans différentes conditions de fixation. L'aspect des stries Z, en section transversale, varie en effet avec la fixation: réseau de ponts «obliques» (par rapport à l'alignement quadratique régulier des terminaisons des filaments fins) après fixation osmiée, réseau de ponts «transversaux», isolé ou superposé au premier réseau, après fixation aldéhydique initiale. L'aspect des bâtonnets en section transversale varie également avec la fixation; la disposition quadratique des filaments constitutifs des bâtonnets est visible après l'une et l'autre fixation, mais un réseau quadratique régulier, de 75 Å de côté, n'est clairement apparent qu'après fixation aldéhydique. Le point important est que ce dernier aspect diffère complètement du réseau «oblique» des stries Z normales, et peut être rapproché au contraire du réseau «transversal» de la strie Z obtenu après fixation aldéhydique; l'hypothèse est ainsi soulevée de la constitution des ponts dans les bâtonnets aux dépens d'un seul des deux constituants morphologiques de la strie Z. La topographie des bâtonnets a été également étudiée: tantôt périphérique, au sein de masses sarcoplasmiques latérales, tantôt centrale, au sein de petits foyers de désintégration myofibrillaire. La structure des plaques motrices visibles dans les préparations était normale. La spécificité de la lésion élémentaire et l'autonomie de ce type de myopathie sont ensuite discutées.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural study of an observation of “Nemaline Myopathy” has been focused on structural relationships between rods and normal Z-bands in different conditions of fixation. The Z-band structure studied in transversal section, varies with the fixation: network of “oblique” (relative to the regular quadratic pattern of the thin filament endings) bridges after osmic fixation; network of “transversal” bridges, alone or associated to the first network, after aldehydic fixation. The rod structure, in transversal section, is also varying with the fixation: a quadratic disposal of the filamentary content is visible after both fixations, but a regular quadratic network, 75–85 Å side, is clearly appearent only after aldehydic fixation. This last network differs from the “oblique” network of the normal Z-band; it can be compared to the “transversal” one obtained in the Z-band after aldehydic fixation. The hypothesis that bridges in the rods are formed only by one of the two normal morphological components of the Z-band, is raised. Topography of the rods in muscle fibers has been studied: either in peripheral sarcoplasmic masses, or in small central-located foci of myofibrillar disintegration. The end-plates structure was normal. Specificity of the elementary lesion, and autonomy of that type of myopathy is discussed.
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  • 97
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sodium Deposits ; Electron Microscopy ; Perfusion with Hydroxyadipaldehyde-Antimonate ; Extracellular Space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Modifikation der Methode zur ultrastrukturellen Darstellung von Natrium wird beschrieben, die eine Perfusion mit leicht alkalischer Mischung von Hydroxydipaldehyd, Phosphatpuffer und Kalium-Pyro-Antimonat verwendet. Im normalen Gehirn werden keine Natrium-Deposite angetroffen. Das spricht dafür, daß im Gehirn keine intraoder extracelluläre Konzentration über 150 mM vorliegt. Bei Vorliegen hoher NaCl-Konzentration sieht man ein großes, dichtes Präcipitat, das nach direkter Injektion in den extracellulären Räumen, Neuronen und Astrocyten lokalisiert werden kann. Im Mark der vergifteten Ratten findet sich ähnlich wie nach direkter Natrium-Injektion ein diskretes, gleichfalls als Natrium aufgefaßtes Präcipitat an der Oberfläche von Oligodendrogliazellen, aber nicht innerhalb dieser Zellen. Ein elektronendichtes Deposit unklarer Herkunft findet sich in den Myelinspalten, die nach akuter TET-Vergiftung auftreten. Der Wechsel in Charakter und Lokalisation dieser elektronendichten Partikel mahnt zur Vorsicht in ihrer Interpretation bei histochemischen Untersuchungsmethoden.
    Notes: Summary A modification of the technique for the ultrastructural demonstration of sodium is described which involves a perfusion with a slightly alkaline mixture of hydroxyadipaldehyde, phosphate buffer and potassium pyroantimonate. No sodium deposits are found in normal brain indicating that no intra or extracellular concentration exceeding 150 mM is present in the brain. In the presence of high concentration of NaCl, a large dense precipitate can be seen which after a direct injection can be localized to extracellular spaces, neurons and astrocytes. In the white matter of tin poisoned rats, as well as after the direct injection of sodium, a discrete precipitate, also believed to represent sodium, is noted at the surface of oligodendrocytes but not within these cells. An electron dense deposit of dubious origin is present in the myelin clefts which occur as a result of acute triethyltin intoxication. The variations in the character and localization of these electron dense particles emphasize the caution which is required in their interpretation following histochemical procedures.
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  • 98
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    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 276-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex Virus ; CNS Tissue Culture ; Multiplication in vitro ; Cytopathic Alterations ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die häufig diskutierte, (Mit)beteiligung von Herpes simplex-Virus (HSV) bei bestimmten Alterationen im ZNS sowie der hohe Neutropismus des HSV führte zur Frage, inwieweit sich HSV auch in in vitro gezüchteten, spezifischen Zellen vom Nerven-system vermehren und züchten läßt, und ob sich hierbei licht-und elektronenmikroskopisch charakteristische Alterationen nachweisen lassen. Es zeigte sich, daß sich das HSV in allen verschiedenen angezüchteten spezifischen Zellen (von Plexus chorioideus des Rhesusaffen, Kaninchenspinalganglien, menschlichen Oligodendrogliomen, Meningeomen sowie fibrillären und protoplasmatischen Astrocytomen) kultivieren und vermehren läßt. Hierbei kommt es in den spezifischen Zellen nicht nur lichtmikroskopisch zu charakteristischen cytopathischen Veränderungen, sondern auch biologisch zu einer signifikanten Vermehrung des Virus in diesen Zellen. Auch elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich viele der charakteristischen Bildungs-, Reifungs- und Ausschleusungsstadien des Virus in den Kernen und im Cytoplasma der Zellen beobachten. Die Besonderheiten der elektronenmikroskopisch erhobenen ultrastrukturellen Befunde werden ausführlich beschrieben, und die sich daraus abzuleitenden Möglichkeiten werden im Hinblick auf die biologischen Eigenheiten des HSV bei in vivo-Infektionen, aber auch im Hinblick auf die Deutung lichtmikroskopisch histochemischer und immunhistologischer Befunde nach in vivo-Infektionen mit diesem Virus ausführlich diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The participation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in certain alterations of the CNS has been partially questioned and frequently discussed. Therefore, the question arose whether HSV can also be cultivated and multiplied in vitro in CNS specific cells, and if so, whether characteristic alterations and structures can be observed by means of light and electron-microscopic examinations. Our data demonstrate that HSV multiplies in all different specific cells originating from plexus chorioideus of rhesus monkeys, from spinal ganglia of rabbit, from human oligodendroglioma, meningeoma as well as from fibrillar and protoplasmatic astrocytoma. Characteristic cytopathic alterations of these specific cells and significant multiplication of the virus in these cells are to be found. Many of the characteristic forms of formation, maturation and release of HSV can be seen by electronmicroscopic examinations. The particular ultrastructural data observed by electron microscopy are described in detail and the resulting possibilities are broadly discussed not only with regard to the biologic particularity of HSV in in vivo infection but also in view of the interpretations, deriving from histochemical and immunohistological data obtained by light microscopy after in vivo infection.
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  • 99
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    Acta neuropathologica 13 (1969), S. 301-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningiomas ; Electron Microscopy ; Endotheliomatous, Fibromatous Type ; Light Cells ; Dark Cells ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 17 chirurgisch entfernte Meningiome vom endotheliomatösen und 5 vom fibromatösen Typ wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Unterschiede im Entwicklungsgrad der cytoplasmatischen Fortsätze und der Beziehungen zwischen den Plasmamembranen der Tumorzellen wurden in den endotheliomatösen Meningeomen beobachtet. In 4 fibromatösen Tumoren sind die zelligen Areale von bindegewebigen Räumen umgeben. Auch wenn die meisten Tumorzellen helle Zellen sind und sich nicht wesentlich von den Tumorzellen der endotheliomatösen Meningiome unterscheiden, ist die histologische Anordnung der fibromatösen klar von derjenigen der endotheliomatösen Meningeome zu trennen. Ausschlaggebend dafür ist die starke Entwicklung des Bindegewebes. Die Dunkelzellen lassen sich in zwei Typen gliedern: Typ I wird in vier Tumoren mit stark ausgebildetem Bindegewebe angetroffen. Die Analyse der inneren Zellstruktur sowie das Vorliegen von Übergängen zwischen hellen und dunklen Zellen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß diese nur verschiedene Typen einer einzigen Ursprungszelle darstellen. Die Bedeutung dieser verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der Meningiomzellen wird diskutiert. Die Ultrastruktur der Tumorzellen ähnelt derjenigen der normalen arachnoidalen Zellen. Rückschlüsse auf die blastodermale Herkunft der normalen und tumoralen meninigalen Zellen auf Grund ihrer ultrastrukturellen Merkmale erscheinen verfrüht.
    Notes: Summary Seventeen surgically removed meningiomas of the endotheliomatous and five of the fibromatous type were investigated with an electron microscope. Differences of the development of cytoplasmic processes and the relations between plasma membranes of blastomatous cells were observed in endotheliomatous meningiomas. In four of the fibromatous tumors the cell groups were surrounded by spaces of connective tissue. Although most of the tumor cells were light cells and are not essentially different from the tumor cells of the endotheliomatous meningiomas, the histological structure of fibromatous meningiomas is clearly distinguished from the endotheliomatous type, because of the greater amount of connective tissue. The dark cells may be divided into two types: the first was found in those four tumors, where the connective tissue is well developed, while the second one only occurred in one of the tumors. The analysis of the inner cell structure as well as the presence of interstages between dark and light cells makes it probable that dark and light cells are different types of one original cell. The cause of this different appearance of the menigioma cells is discussed. The fine structure of the tumor cells showed a great similarity with that of normal arachnoidal cells. Conclusions on the blastodermic origin of normal and blastomatous meningial cells on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics, however, seem to be premature.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subacute Sclerosing Leucoencephalitis ; Electron Microscopy ; Tubular Inclusions ; Inclusion Bodies (Cristalline Rods, Fibrillar Bundles, Nuclear Bodies, Osmiophilic Particles)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs rapportent 4 observations caractéristiques de LESS: L'analyse ultra-structurale montre: 10 — des inclusions tubulaires intra-nucléaires neuronales ou gliales et intra-axonales de morphologie superposable à celle des nucléocapsides des myxo-virus, de la rougeole en particulier. 20 — des formations non spécifiques: corps nucléaires, faisceaux cristallins et fibrillaires traduisant un trouble métabolique nucléaire, particules osmiophiles liées à une hyperactivité cellulaire. Les inclusions tubulaires virales sont présentes quelque soit la durée de la maladie (3 mois à 5 ans) indiquant l'absence d'autostérilisation virale dans le S.N.C. La LESS apparaît liée au virus rougeoleux mais le mécanisme indirect immunitaire ou métabolique de cette action est inconnu.
    Notes: Summary Four cases of S.S.L.E are reported. The electron microscopy findings show: 1. Tubulary inclusion bodies: They appear in three cases out of four, either in neuronal and glial nucleus or in axis cylinders. Their morphological features are similar to the nucleocapsides of myxoviruses and particularly measles-virus. 2. Other different types of nonspecific inclusions: nuclear bodies, cristalline-like rods and fibrillar bundles which may be considered as the result of a nuclear metabolic disorder, osmiophilic particles which may be seen as the result of a cellular intracytoplasmic hyperactivity. The tubules are found whatever the duration of the disease (3 months up to 5 years) may be. This might indicate that there is no autosterilization of the virus in the C.N.S. during the course of S.S.L.E. According to the most recent papers, such a disease might be interpreted as an infection indirectly induced by measles-virus with an unknown immunologic or metabolic mechanism.
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