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  • 1970-1974  (4,579)
  • 1920-1924  (3,032)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (6,897)
  • Ultrastructure  (453)
  • Rat  (288)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Years
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Bowman's capsule ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule was examined in the rat in control animals and in animals made hypertensive by treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetatesaline and by clipping of the renal artery. At an early stage of elevation of blood pressure and, occasionally, prior to elevation of blood pressure, the epithelial cells of this layer showed basal cytoplasmic protrusion and reduplication accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane. These changes preceded evidence of glomerular or renal arteriolar pathology. They presumably reflect either a response of this layer to increased blood pressure and modified glomerular function, or a direct effect of the factors that also induces blood pressure elevation. In either case, they imply a greater functional significance for the parietal layer than has usually been attributed to it.
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  • 102
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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  • 103
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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  • 104
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heavy bodies ; Oogenesis ; Maturation ; Sea urchin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of in vitro maturation of A. punctulata oocytes was undertaken to determine when heavy body formation was initiated. No heavy bodies were seen in germinal vesicle oocytes or in oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown or polar body formation. Heavy bodies were only observed in ova examined one to two hours after pronuclear formation. Several small heavy bodies were seen in sections of eggs fixed as early as three hours after the pronucleus had formed. The number of these structures in the egg cytoplasm increased with time. Therefore it is concluded that heavy body formation in sea urchin ova is a phenomenon following nuclear maturation.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian salt gland ; Electrolyte transport ; Ultrastructure ; Ruthenium red ; Dialyzed iron ; Sialic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both ruthenium red and dialyzed iron techniques indicated that anionic protein-carbohydrates were associated with the plasmalemma of secretory cells in mallard salt glands. Digestion of the tissue with neuraminidase prior to dialyzed iron staining provided evidence that much of the anionic nature of this surface was due to sialic acid. These results were confirmed by biochemical assays showing that the salt-gland tissue contained a relatively high sialic-acid content and that the amount of sialic acid increased with salt-water adaptation. Possible roles of these anionic sites are discussed in relation to currently accepted hypotheses of electrolyte transport.
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  • 106
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haematopoiesis ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Amoebocytes ; Autoradiography ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate haematopoiesis in the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis, the blood cells and the connective tissue of this snail were studied by light and electron microscopy as well as by autoradiography. In the circulating blood only one type of cell, the amoebocyte, is present. Amoebocytes also occur in the connective tissue (tissue amoebocytes) as single cells, in small groups or in large accumulations. Study of the morphology and ultrastructure of blood and tissue amoebocytes shows that no differences exist between these cells, indicating that L. stagnalis does not possess a well-defined haematopoietic organ. This assumption is supported by the following observations: 1. both blood and tissue amoebocytes can act as phagocytes, 2. blood and tissue amoebocytes both have the capacity to divide (i.e. incorporate tritiated thymidine) and 3. the percentage of dividing cells in the blood and in the connective tissue is the same. These quantitative data indicate furthermore that there is no difference in the relative importance of the blood and the connective tissue in the process of haematopoiesis. Comparison of tritiated thymidine labelled cells with unlabelled amoebocytes showed that these cells do not differ with respect to their morphology and ultrastructure. Moreover, amoebocytes involved in phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign materials or in wound healing still have the capacity to divide. The percentages of tritiated thymidine labelled amoebocytes in different snails varied considerably. It is suggested that this variation reflects differences in the physiological state of the individual snails.
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  • 107
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit pars intermedia ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve terminal ; PI-type glandular cell ; ACT-type cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy three types of nerve terminals have been identified in adult rabbit pars intermedia (PI). The characteristics of these are described and their development traced. The distribution of nerve terminals and neurons within the PI is documented. In particular the association between types of nerve terminal and the different glandular cells is shown to be precise and selective. Direct innervation of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI is described for the first time. The author is particularly grateful to Dr. J. W. B. Bradfield for help in the preparation of this paper.
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  • 108
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland (rat) ; Estrogen administration ; Somatotroph and mammotroph ; Ultrastructure ; Radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the normal male rat pituitary tritiated thymidine labeled mainly STH cells (somatotrophs), no labeled prolactin cell was found. Following estradiol treatment for 21 days tritiated thymidine labeled mainly prolactin cells (mammotrophs). To determine the origin of these mammotrophs tritiated thymidine was given before the estradiol treatment started, thus labeling many somatotrophs. After 21 days of estradiol, out of 42 labeled cells, 14 were mammotrophs and 13 were somatotrophs; these results suggest that there might be a true transformation of somatotrophs into mammotrophs under the influence of estradiol or that there exist two types of somatotrophs: 1) a committed somatotroph which is not transformed by estrogen treatment, and 2) an uncommitted mammosomatotroph, which under normal conditions bears the features of a somatotroph, but which transforms into a mammotroph under the influence of estradiol.
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  • 109
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organs ; Cephalopods ; Chemoreception ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the so-called olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris has been investigated. Electron microscopy shows the superficial layer of the epithelium to consist mainly of cells bearing microvilli. Below this, often very deeply, lie very many large cells, which bear numerous cilia. These cells open to the surface via narrow processes running between the epithelial cells. Although details of their innervation have yet to be established the large cells are assumed to be receptors and these findings are interpreted as evidence that this organ is indeed chemosensory.
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  • 110
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
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  • 111
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridium ; Hirudo medicinalis ; Central canal ; Urinary bladder ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchung des nephridialen Zentralkanals von Hirudo medicinalis L. können mehrere Kanalabschnitte unterschieden werden, die zum Teil frei im Bindegewebe liegen, wie der Anfangs-, der intermediäre und der Endkanal, oder aber durch mehr oder weniger enge Verzahnung mit Canaliculuszellen verbunden sind (innerer und weiter Kanal). Strukturen, die mit transzellulärem Ionentransport in Beziehung gebracht werden können — ikrovilli und basale Zellmembraneinfaltungen — finden sich in allen Kanalabschnitten. Während im Verlauf des Zentralkanals die Oberflächenvergrößerung durch Mikrovilli ziemlich konstant bleibt, findet sich in den Kanalabschnitten, die ausschließlich an Bindegewebe grenzen, eine besonders auffällige und signifikante Zunahme der basalen Oberflächenvergräßerung durch Zellmembraneinfaltungen. Es werden mögliche Besonderheiten im Reabsorptionsmechanismus diskutiert: Möglicherweise läuft zwischen dem Epithel des inneren und des weiten Kanals einerseits und den angrenzenden Canaliculuszellen andererseits ein Kreislaufprozeß für Ionen (recycling) ab.
    Notes: Summary The central canal and the urinary bladder of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (L.) were studied by electron microscopy. The central canal consists of several different parts: the initial, intermediate and terminal canal which border only on connective tissue, and the inner and the wide canal which on the other hand are closely connected to the canaliculus cells which produce the primary urine. Structures related to transcellular transport of solutes such as microvilli and basal plasma membrane infoldings in association with mitochondria have been found in all parts of the central canal. Evidence has been obtained that the surface enlargement by basal plasma membrane infoldings increases from the proximal to the distal parts of the central canal while the luminal surface enlargement remains nearly constant. The increasing basal surface enlargement is especially obvious in those parts of the central canal which border only on connective tissue. The mechanism of reabsorption is discussed with regard to physiological data so far available. A recycling process for solutes may take place between the epithelium of the inner and the wide canal on one hand and the bordering canaliculus cells on the other hand.
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 63-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Afferent fibres ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innermost layer of the circular musculature of the ileum of the guinea-pig, mouse, rat, rabbit, cat and dog is made of special small and dark muscle cells (sd cells), which can be identified by light and electron microscopy. These cells have a higher surface to volume ratio than ordinary muscle cells. They show all the organelles of smooth muscle cells and are in close relationship with a great number of extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres. They send numerous thin cytoplasmic processes towards the bulk of the circular layer, but nexuses between the sd cells and ordinary muscle cells are not found. It is suggested that some of the nerve fibres in this part of the circular layer are motor, setting the sd cells to a given length, and some are afferent in luminal pressure.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroids ; Rana temporaria ; Crystals ; Ultrastructure ; Catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crystalline inclusions in parathyroid gland cell nuclei of Rana temporaria were studied by electron microscopy using a specimen tilting stage. Images were analysed by optical diffraction. Results were compared with X-ray and electron microscopic data of trigonal bovine liver catalase to which a striking resemblance of the inclusions was found.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eyes ; Retinula ; Ephestia kuehniella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Auge von Ephestia kommen Kontakte zwischen den Zellen benachbarter Retinulae vor. Diese Kontakte finden sich am häufigsten in der Kernregion der Retinulazellen und können 2 oder mehr Retinulae miteinander verbinden. Da keine besonderen Membranstrukturen in der Kontaktzone beobachtet wurden und da andererseits die Retinulazellen auf diesem Niveau und weiter distal Pigmentgranula enthalten, scheinen diese Kontakte weder die Zellen chemisch bzw. elektrisch zu koppeln noch Reizlicht zu übertragen. Vielmehr wird angenommen, daß die Verlagerungen des Cytoplasmas bei Hell-Dunkeladaptation in benachbarten Retinulae durch die gegenseitige Berührung koordiniert werden.
    Notes: Summary Connections were found between retinula cells of adjacent retinula cell columns in the eye of Ephestia. The connections occur most frequently at the level of the retinula cell nuclei and may involve two or more retinula columns simultaneously. The absence of specialized structural modifications of the membranes and the presence of pigment granules at the level of the connections or distal to them indicates that these connections are probably not involved in selective chemical or electrical communication nor in light transmission. It is suggested that the connections may serve tactily to coordinate cytoplasmic movement in adjacent retinula columns during light-dark adaptation.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 443-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes and T-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte findet die sexuelle Differenzierung der Gonade zwischen dem 14. und 15. Tag post conceptionem (p.c.) statt. Während dieser Zeit teilen sich die Oogonien und deren Parallelpopulation—die M-prospermatogonien (multiplying prospermatogonia) oder I-Gonocyten—sehr häufig. Um den 17. Tag p.c. tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien bzw. der M-prospermatogonien in die Mitose. Die Mitosen bilden häufig “synchronisierte Gruppen”. Die postmitotischen Kerne ihrer Tochterzellen—der Oocyten und der T 1 prospermatogonien (primary transitional prospermatogonia) oder II-Gonocyten—sind klein. Ihr Chromatin ist in Form gröberer Schollen der Kernmembran angelagert. Auf diese Weise kommt das typische “krustenförmige” Aussehen bzw. die Ähnlichkeit mit den Prophasen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien zustande. Die Oocyten durchlaufen zunächst die G1-phase (etwa 10 Std Dauer) und treten dann—am Ende des Präleptotänstadiums—in die S-phase. Dann passieren sie die verschiedenen Stadien der meiotischen Prophase und treten vom 3. Tag post partum (p.p.) ab in das Dictyotänstadium. Die T1-prospermatogonien hingegen befinden sich etwa 10 Tage lang in der G1-phase, ohne wesentliche morphologische Veränderungen aufzuweisen. Vom 4. Tag p.p. an durchlaufen sie die S-Phase. Die S-Phasen-Dauer (D-S) beider Zellarten beträgt 11.5 Std und wurde durch Doppelmarkierung mit 14C- und 3H-Thymidin bestimmt. Als am besten geeignete Termine für die Bestimmung der D-S erwiesen sich bei den Oocyten der 18. Tag p.c. und bei den T1-prospermatogonien der 5. Tag p.p. Zu diesen beiden Zeitpunkten war die Anzahl der in die S-phase ein-und austretenden Oocyten bzw. T1-prospermatogonien gleich, die Zellen in S-phase befanden sich im “steady state”. Das Kernvolumen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien ist etwa doppelt so groß wie das der postmitotischen Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien. Bis zum 5. Tage p.p. nimmt das Kernvolumen der Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien um etwa das Fünffache zu. Der Degenerationsindex der Oocyten liegt wesentlich höher als der der T1-prospermatogonien; er ist postnatal besonders hoch. Aus den T1-prospermatogonien gehen am 4. und 5. Tage p.p. durch Teilung die T 2-prospermatogonien (secondary transitional prospermatogonia) hervor. Die Kerne dieses Zelltyps sind etwas kleiner also die der T1-prospermatogonien. Die T2-prospermatogonien treten am 6. Tage p.p. in die Mitose; es entstehen die ersten A-spermatogonien.
    Notes: Summary In the rat (Wistar-WU) sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs between days 14 and 15 post conception (p.c.). At this time the oogonia and their parallel population — the M-prospermatogonia (I-gonocytes)—divide rapidly. On about day 17 p.c., the last generation of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia, frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis. The postmitotic nuclei of their daughter cells—oocytes and T 1-prospermatogonia (II-gonocytes)—are small; coarse flakes of chromatin are associated with the nuclear membrane causing the typical “crustlike” appearance and the similarity with the prophases of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. After the oocytes have passed a G1-phase of approximately 10 hr, they enter the S-phase at the end of the preleptotene stage. Then they pass the different stages of the meiotic prophase until they enter the dictyate stage from 3 day post partum (p.p.) onwards. The T1-prospermatogonia, on the other hand, spend a long G1-phase of about 10 days without any conspicuous morphological change before entering the S-phase from day 4 p.p. onwards. The duration of the S-pbase (D-S) of both cell types—oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia—as determined by the double labeling method with 14C- and 3H-thymidine is found to be 11.5 hr. The most favourable time for determining the D-S was day 18 p.c. for the oocytes and day 5 p.p. for the T1-prospermatogonia. On these two days the balance was reached between the cells entering and leaving the S-phase. The nuclear volumes of the postmitotic oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia are approximately half the size of those of their precursors. Until day 5 p.p. the nuclear volumes of the oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia increase about fivefold. The degeneration index of the oocytes is considerably higher than that of the T1-prospermatogonia; postnatally it is especially high. T 2 prospermatogonia arise by mitosis of the T1-prospermatogonia on day 4 and 5 p.p. The nuclei of this cell type are smaller than those of T1-prospermatogonia. T2-prospermatogonia enter mitosis on day 6 p.p and give rise to A-spermatogonia.
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  • 116
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 135-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Frog ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular transport ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The route by which secretory proteins are transported in the frog exocrine pancreas cell was investigated by an ultrastructural and electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of in vivo 3H-leucine labelled tissue. The ultrastructure of the cell is characteristic of serous epithelial cells and resembles that of mammalian exocrine pancreas cells very closely. Autoradiographic results revealed that the proteins, after being synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), are transported through the Golgi cisternae to condensing vacuoles which subsequently change into secretory granules. The determination of the timing of this transport was complicated by a very slow turnover of leucine in the frog. Nevertheless, by a semi-quantitative approach, some time characteristics could be estimated: about 11 min after the onset of their synthesis the proteins enter the Golgi system, and about 25 min later the condensing vacuoles. Secretory granules become labelled between 60 and 120 min. These results are discussed, also in relation to the transport route and kinetics in mammalian tissue.
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  • 117
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte-resembling cells ; Habenular region ; Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Ontogenetic development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the pineal gland, the pineal stalk, and the lamina intercalaris contain 5-HT and are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres. These peripheral nerve fibres continue rostrally from the lamina intercalaris and run into the central nervous tissue of stria medullaris and the habenular nuclei. Pharmacological treatment to increase the cellular 5-HT content revealed that the sympathetic fibres are in close relation to yellow fluorescent cells embedded in the brain tissue. These yellow fluorescent cells develop very late in the ontogenetic development (three weeks or more postnatally) and are preceded by ingrowth of sympathetic fibres into the brain tissue. The results support the hypothesis that the cells found in the habenular region are of pinealocyte rather than neuronal nature, but it is possible that they differ in certain aspects from the cells of the pineal gland proper.
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  • 118
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fibres (Tadpole tail) ; Degeneration ; Macrophages ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes histochemical and ultrastructural studies of tail muscles in tadpoles of Rana japonica and Rana catesbeiana during metamorphosis, this process being accompanied by degeneration of the tail. Degeneration of individual tail muscles does not occur at the same time; this is true for both the red and white muscle fibres. The initial phase of degeneration showed mesenchymal macrophages first invading the muscle fibres and then sending out many long cytoplasmic processes which split the fibres apart. The disappearance of myofibrils during degeneration proceeds along at least two different mechanisms even within a single muscle fibre. In one type, the Z-band becomes diffuse and then disappears, resulting in fragmentation of the myofibrils at the sites previously occupied by the Z-bands. The second pattern of degeneration is characterized by disappearance of the Z-band followed by a fanning out of the myofilaments not associated with fragmentation of myofibrils. As atrophy of muscle fibres proceeds, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the perinuclear sarcoplasm. Macrophages show more intense acid phosphatase activity than do the muscle fibres. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is described and discussed.
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  • 119
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysectomized rats ; Reorganized stalk ; Ultrastructure ; Salt load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reorganized stalk of hypophysectomized rats, either “intact” or subjected to a 6-day salt load, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. PAF-positive neurosecretory material is seen mainly in the periphery of the reorganized stalk, usually in 2–5 μ nerve swellings of animals operated two months before. Nerve swellings make contact with a dense capillary network. Three types of nerve fibres and their swellings are distinguished according to the size of elementary granules. Peptidergic A1 and A2 types contain granules with a maximum diameter of 170 and 130 nm respectively; monoaminergic B type fibres have granules of 100 nm in diameter. A1 type axonal swellings are the most numerous and can be tentatively divided into four subtypes according to their ultrastructure and relationships with capillaries and pituicytes. Swellings of types b and c, making direct contact with capillaries or pituicyte perikarya, usually contain few granules and numerous synaptic vesicles arranged frequently in clusters in the “active” zones. It is assumed that they are especially active in the release of peptide neurohormones. It is also hypothesized that in the hypophysectomized rats peptide neurohormones are released not only directly into the pericapillary space but also into the intercellular cleft, especially at sites of neuron-pituicyte junctions. Nerve swellings of type a, separated from the pericapillary space by thin pituicyte processes, usually contain numerous neurosecretory granules. It is suggested that vascular “end-feet” of pituicytes may somehow reduce neurohormone release. The depletion of PAF-positive material as well as the decreased granule content even after a salt load of only 1 per cent shows that the reorganized stalk is functional as a neurohaemal organ, but has a diminished hormone reserve. This, together with a primitive cytomyeloangioarchitecture speaks for morphological and functional imperfection of the reorganized stalk.
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  • 120
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Somatic spines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of ultrathin serial sections of the perikarya and adjacent neuropil of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the adult male rat revealed varying forms of two types of somatic spines. One type forms synapses with axons passing the cell, the other, without synapses, appears to serve as a buttress or clasp for adjacent neuronal and glial processes. The synapse-bearing spines lack the usual spine apparatus but contain the flocculent substance often seen in spines. The other spines do not exhibit either of these structures. These somatic spines were also seen in Golgi impregnated preparations but the types could not be distinguished. Certain axons synapse either on a somatic spine of the perikarya or penetrate the glial sheath of the neuron and synapse, usually repeatedly, on the soma in an en passant manner.
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  • 121
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cecum ; Colon ; Lanthanum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After exposure of mouse cecal mucosa to lanthanum during primary fixation in glutaraldehyde, the metal was found as discrete particles covering microvilli and microorganisms, as a continuous layer outlining the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells, and as particles bound to collagen fibrils. The results suggest that lanthanum acts primarily as a stain of the surfaces of certain cells and extracellular structures, and to a lesser extent as an inert probe of the extracellular space.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons ; Filum terminale (Cyprinus carpio) ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic semidesmosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small nerve cells are scattered among the ependymal cells of the central canal of the filum terminale in Cyprinus carpio. The dendrites of these neurons form bulb-like endings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These endings are similar to the CSF contacting dendritic terminals of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Therefore, we consider these nerve cells to belong to the CSF contacting neuronal system. The axons of these neurons enter the hypendymal fibrous zone where nerve processes of various calibres and axon terminals on dendrite-like profiles and sometimes on ependymal processes were found. In addition to cytoplasmic elements ordinarily present in nerve cells there are granulated vesicles of about 800 to 900 Å in diameter in the perikarya of the CSF contacting neurons. Axons containing synaptic and dense-core vesicles (diameter about 400 Å and 800 Å, respectively) build up synapses on the basal part of these neurons. The CSF contacting neurons described are dissimilar to the Dahlgren cells present in the urophysis and in the rostral part of the filum. In addition, we found axon terminals forming synaptic semidesmosomes on the basal lamina of the external surface of the filum. At some places these terminals are numerous, building up primitive median eminence-like areas on the surface of the filum. In addition to synaptic vesicles these terminals contain numerous granulated vesicles of 800 Å. The axons forming these terminals are supposed to originate from the CSF contacting neurons. The presence of special nerve terminals on the external surface furnishes morphological evidence for the passage of substances from the nervous tissue into the external CSF space at the level of the filum terminale.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (Rat) ; Periarteriolar lymphocytic sheath ; Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) ; Thymectomy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electron microscopic studies reveal that the peri-arteriolar lymphocytic sheath of the rat spleen can be divided into two areas. The central area contains small lymphocytes, interdigitating cells (IDC, light staining cells with extensive cytoplasmic interdigitations) and some scattered reticulum cells. The peripheral area contains a mixed population of lymphocytes and circumferentially oriented reticulum cells. It is shown that only the central area of the peri-arteriolar lymphocytic sheath is thymus-dependent. In neonatally thymectomized rats, before interdigitating cells appear, monocytes and promonocytes reside in this area. It is suggested that the IDC are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (Langevoort et al., 1970). They probably form the micro-environment necessary for the differentiation and proliferation of T-cells. The analogies between IDC, epithelioid cells and the macrophages in the migration inhibition test are discussed. The hypothesis is put forward that these cells are similar in ultrastructural and functional aspects because all three are macrophages under the influence of humoral factors from T-cells, such as migration inhibition factor.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Mammals ; Chicken ; Newt ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars tuberalis of the rat, mouse, garden door mouse, European hamster, cat, cattle, chicken and newt is composed of two main cell types: specific secretory cells and follicular cells. The specific cells are characterized by comparable morphologic features in the investigated species, despite differences in the diameter of the secretory granulated vesicles; the ultrastructural morphology of these cells is different from that of any of the known cell types of the adenohypophysis. The follicular cells are devoid of secretory granules, they do not only line the numerous follicular cavities of the pars tuberalis but may also be found in the periphery of the cell cords (border cells). In addition, gonadotrophic cells are found; they predominate in the distal portion of the pars tuberalis and are definitely activated by castration or hypophysectomy. Experimental interventions on most of the major endocrine systems did not cause any noticeable ultrastructural changes in the specific cells. It appears certain that the pars tuberalis secretes a specific hormone whose function remains to be determined.
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  • 125
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Electric coupling areas ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal glands of Wistar rats were fixed in glutaraldehyde and prepared by the freeze-etching technique. With regard to the form and internal structure of pineal cells this technique has revealed nothing essentially new. Synaptic ribbons are very rarely found. A regular diagonal arrangement of membrane attached particles between the Schwann cell and the axon of an autonomic nerve terminal was observed. Three types of contact areas between pineal cells are described. In the first two types, which occur more frequently, the diameter of the area varied from 1000 to 2500 Å, with irregularly aggregated membrane associated particles. The third type, larger but less frequently found, has a surface area of 0.4 μm2 and much more regularly distributed membrane associated particles (ø 88 Å). These contact areas can be considered to be electric coupling areas between pineal cells.
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  • 126
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 381-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Mouse ; Syncytium ; Morphogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'origine embryologique des constituants cytologiques de la barrière placentaire chez la Souris a été mise en évidence du 8ème au 11éme jour de la gestation et la séquence des phénomènes favorisant la formation d'un syncytium trophoblastique, précisée. La barrière placentaire trilaminaire a une double origine: la couche interne provient du trophoblaste chorionique, la couche médiane syncytiale comme la couche externe dérivent du trophoblaste ectoplacentaire. Le stimulus initial de la différenciation semble résulter au 9ème jour du contact entre le trophoblaste chorionique et le mésoderme allantoïdien. Quelques heures après, on observe la réaction des cellules chorioniques, caractérisée par une augmentation importante des nucléoprotéines cytoplasmiques, puis l'apparition de globules lipidiques et enfin des propriétés de motilité. Ces cellules établissent des jonctions complexes avec le trophoblaste ectoplacentaire indifférencié qu'elles côtoient. En même temps, le métabolisme nucléaire de ces cellules ectoplacentaires semble modifié. Ultérieurement, au 10éme jour de la gestation, la disparition des membranes plasmiques latérales de ces cellules, conduit à la formation d'un syncytium par fusion de cellules au même stade d'évolution.
    Notes: Summary The morphogenesis of the different layers forming the mouse placental barrier is described during the 8th to 11th day of gestation. The timing and events leading to the formation of the syncytiotrophoblast are analyzed. Two different processes lead to the formation of the hemotrichorial placental membrane: the internal layer is formed by the chorionic trophoblast, both the intermediate syncytial layer and the external cytotrophoblast layer are derived from the ectoplacental trophoblast. The differentiation of the placental barrier begins on the 9th day of gestation by the establishment of contact between the chorionic trophoblast and the allantoic mesoderm. A few hours later, the chorionic cells show a considerable increase in cytoplasmic nucleoproteins and lipids and become ameboid. Complex cell-junctions differentiate between these chorionic cells and the adjacent ectoplacental trophoblast. On the 10th day of gestation the lateral cytoplasmic membranes disappear leading to the formation of a syncytium.
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  • 127
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin terminals ; 5,6- and 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Chemical degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopical evidence for the existence of an important serotonergic input to the rat median eminence is presented. This evidence is based on the demonstration of degenerating nerve terminals in the external layer of the rat median eminence following the application of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, drugs known to exert more or less selective toxic effects on central serotonin neurons. The finding of a serotonergic innervation of the median eminence in mammals has important implications for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a modulator of synthesis and/or release of hypothalamic, hypophysiotropic hormones.
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  • 128
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fenestra dorsalis ; Allanaspides ; Syncarida ; Ion transport ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The genus Allanaspides (Crustacea, Syncarida) is characterised by a conspicuous modification of the cephalo-thoracic tergite, the fenestra dorsalis. The ultrastructure of the fenestra dorsalis was examined in both known species of Allanaspides. The organ is separated from surrounding tissue by a clearly demarcated transition zone in which the cuticle thickens and looses its normal laminated structure. In the cells of the fenestra dorsalis, three regions may be distinguished. The apical region has an abundance of long invaginations, often packed closely together. The invaginations possess numerous microtubules plus numerous mitochondria whose membranes are closely associated with the invaginated membranes. Both microtubules and mitochondria are aligned in the same direction as the invaginations. The middle region of the cells contains many intracellular vacuoles in Allanaspides hickmani whilst in Allanaspides helonomus the same region contains extensive extracellular spaces. The basal region of the cells is marked by deep infoldings and an abundance of mitochondria. Microtubules are common and these, together with the mitochondria, are aligned along the direction of the infoldings. Adjacent cells are linked by frequent septate junctions. The fine structure of fenestra dorsalis tissue indicates an active participation in ion and/or water movement. However, in contrast to other crustacean tissues known to be involved in this function, it is postulated that the fenestra dorsalis of Allanaspides provides a two-stage transport system, in which “mitochondrial pumps” are present on both the inner and outer cell surfaces.
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  • 129
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 143-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Planaria ; Neurotubules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The photoreceptors of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The eye was found to be rhabdomeric; it is composed of approximately 25 visual cells and a monolayered cup of pigment cells enclosing the light sensitive rhabdome. The pigment cell gave the appearance of having a phagocytic function in addition to regulating the light entering the rhabdome. Extensions of these pigment cells were shown to be the “membranous structure” seen by light microscopy in the open area of the eye. The bipolar visual cell consisted of a perikaryon, axon and a dendritic extension comprised of a stalk, conical body and microvillous rhabdomere. Efferent nerve fibers formed synapses with dendritic spines protruding from receptor stalks. A specialized structure at the transition area between neurotubules and neurofilaments was observed in the conical body. A dense intercellular space occurred between all regions of adjoining visual cells.
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  • 130
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeal muscle ; Smooth muscle ; Rat ; Innervation, adrenergic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat anococcygeus muscle, which is known from previous functional and histochemical investigations to be a smooth muscle with a dense adrenergic innervation, was studied by electron microscopic methods. The muscle was found to be organized in small bundles of 2 to 8 muscle cells, which were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and by gap junctions. Small Schwann cell-axon complexes with 1 to 5 axons appeared to represent the functional terminal nerve pathway. Such axon complexes were located at the periphery of the small smooth muscle bundles, they never penetrated into them. A ratio of approximately 6 small axon complexes per 100 muscle cells was found. After glutaraldehyde fixation axon varicosities contained mainly small empty vesicles. After treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine and permanganate fixation mainly small vesicles with a dense core were found. The neuromuscular distances ranged from 550 to 5000 Å, with a mean of about 2600 Å. True close neuromuscular contacts at a distance below 500 Å with a fusing of basal laminae were absent. The present observations provide a morphological base for the findings of previous electrophysiological and pharmacological studies on the anococcygeal muscle.
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  • 131
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Holothuroidea (Leptosynapta clarki) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spermatozoon of the holothurian Leptosynapta clarki has a small circular head measuring about 3.0 μ at the greatest diameter, a midpiece containing a single mitochondrion and a tail flagellum measuring between 35 μ and 45 μ in length. The acrosomal region contains a granule measuring 0.7 μ in diameter which consists of electron dense material arranged in concentric lamellae. Five concentric very electron dense lamellae alternate with areas of much less electron dense material in the central region of the granule. This granule rests in an anterior nuclear depression. The nucleus is circular in shape and contains one or two unbound vacuoles which frequently contain a fine granular material. Posteriorly the nucleus is bounded by a large mitochondrion and an occasional Golgi complex. The proximal centriole which contains a lateral arm of dense material lies in a deep fossa projecting into the nucleus. The distal centriole lies posteriorly in the mitochondrial mass and gives rise to nine satellite projections and their Y-shaped connective extensions. The tail contains the 9 + 2 tubule arrangement and tapers at its distal end.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Nervous system ; Polychaete ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organs of presumed photoreceptor significance in Nephtys exhibit great simplicity. The pigmented eyes of Nephtys are embedded in the posterior region of the brain. Each consists of a pigment cup and two closely-associated sensory cells. The cells exhibit the characteristic features of rhabdomeric-type photoreceptor structures. The anterior or accessory eyes are identical to the pigmented eyes except that each may consist of only a single cell and that pigment cups are absent. A pair of “sensor sacs” is also present, embedded in the brain. Each consists of a single cell which has the appearance of possessing a large intracellular vesicle (the phaosome) into which project irregularly arranged microvilli. The limiting membrane is, in fact, continuous with the cell membrane. Evidence is presented of the secretion of material of unknown character into the vesicle.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex-hormones ; Ultramorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ultramorphometrisch wurde nach dem Verfahren von Rohr et al. (1971) die äußere Zona fasciculata von Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bei 5 Gruppen zu je 4 Tieren verglichen: Männchen, Weibchen im Diöstrus, Weibchen im Östrus, männliche und weibliche Kastraten (Kastration am 4. Lebenstag). Die Nebennierenrindenzellen der äu\eren Fasciculata sind bei Weibchen gegenüber denen normaler Männchen hypertroph: Weibchen im Diöstrus zeigen gegenüber Männchen größere Einzelzellen mit vermehrtem glattem endoplasmatischem Reticulum, erhöhten Einzel- und Gesamtvolumina der Mitochondrien sowie einem höheren Lipoidgehalt bei stärkerer Dispersion der Liposomen. Dieselben funktionsspezifischen Strukturen nehmen bei den Weibchen im Östrus noch weiter zu. Die Kastration der Weibchen am 4. Lebenstag führt zu einer Reduktion der funktionsspezifischen morphometrischen Parameter unter die Werte der Diöstrus-Tiere. Männliche Kastraten gleichen die Werte ihrer funktionsspezifischen Strukturen weitgehend denen der Weibchen im Diöstrus an. Nach Kastration am 4. Lebenstag zeigen weibliche Tiere somit etwas niedrigere morphonietrische Parameter in der äußeren Zona fasciculata als die männlichen Kastraten.
    Notes: Summary With the method of Rohr et al. (1971) the outer zona fasciculata of Sprague-Dawley-rats was compared ultramorphometrically in 5 groups of 4 animals each: males, females during diestrus, females during estrus, male and female castrates (castration on 4th day of life). Adrenal cortical cells of the outer fasciculata in females are hypertrophic in comparison with those of normal males: females during diestrus show in comparison with males larger individual cells with increased SER, increased volume of the individual mitochondrium and total volume of mitochondria as well as an increased lipoid content together with a more pronounced dispersion of liposomes. The same function-specific structures show a further increase in females during estrus. Castration of females on the 4th day of life leads to a reduction of the function-specific morphometric parameters below the values of the diestrus animals. Male castrates show adaption of the values of their function-specific structures towards those of females during diestrus. Following castration on the 4th day of life, female animals thus show somewhat lower morphometric parameters in the outer zona fasciculata than male castrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal zona glomerulosa ; Rat ; Normal ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on an electron microscopic study of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in the normal rat, with special emphasis on the structural diversity of mitochondria in its parenchymatous cells. The mitochondria of cristae may be tubulo-vesicular, plate-like and/or straight tubular, any one mitochondrion containing one or more types of cristae. The mitochondrial features of the zona glomerulosa parenchymatous cells are attributed to the biochemical stages of aldosterone synthesis, taking place in different mitochondria of these cells.
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  • 135
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neural lobe ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract were studied in embryonic C3H mouse neural lobes; at least four glands at each gestational day 15–19 were examined. Single axons and small bundles of fibres are visible at gestational days 15 and 16. By day 17 large fibre bundles penetrate between glial cells. They increase in number during the next two days. Electron-lucent and electron-dense vesicles are seen in the fibres of the 15th and 16th gestational days. In the 17–19 day-old embryos development is characterized by a successive rise in the number of the two types of vesicles. The mean diameter of the electron-lucent vesicles is approximately unchanged in all the stages examined (50 nm). The electron-dense vesicles increase in size from approximately 80–90 nm at days 15–16 to 140 nm at the 19th gestational day. By day 19 contacts between neurosecretory fibre terminals and the outer basement membrane of internal and peripheral capillaries are occasionally observed. The possibly adrenergic nature of a few terminals contacting peripheral vascular structures in 17 and 18 day-old embryos is suggested.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ; Ultrastructure ; Osmotic stimulus ; Quantitative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substitution of a 2% solution of sodium chloride in place of drinking water for 3 days significantly increased both the size of neurosecretory neurones in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of rats and the proportion of these cells which had dilated endoplasmic reticulum. There was an increase in the number of multivesicular bodies per mean cell profile and also an increase in the ratio of “dense” (immature) to “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules within the perikarya, although the total numbers of granules were unchanged. If, after 3 days of saline-treatment, the rats were again allowed tap water to drink for 2 days, the proportion of cells showing dilated endoplasmic reticulum and the number of multivesicular bodies returned towards normal, but there was a significant increase in the number of large dense lysosomal bodies per cell profile and a relative increase in the proportion of “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules. These changes suggest that the increased bio-synthetic activity resulting from saline-treatment subsides when the treatment is terminated. Furthermore, since neurohypophysial hormone stores have still not returned to normal in animals of the recovery group, they also imply the absence of an internal feedback system by which the level of neural lobe hormone stores might govern the synthetic activity of the neurosecretory cells. Both the increased synthesis, and the increased electrical activity which accompanies it, may be independent consequences of the depleting stimulus.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Chemoreceptors ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the antenna of adult male Periplaneta americana, three size ranges of classical sensilla basiconica were found. Based on SEM, a sensillum of the s. trichodeum shape was revealed, but our TEM efforts indicate that this sensillum has the thin-wall, porous ultrastructure of a sensillum basiconicum. Sensilla basiconica contain flask-shaped cuticular pores. All viewed pores join four or five tubules. The pore tubules clearly contact plasma membranes of dendritic branches. Two sizes of grooved pegs were observed. The terminal segment of the antenna contains a variety of other “receptors”.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Harvestman ; Exocytosis ; Release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les plaques paraganglionnaires de l'Opilion Trogulus nepaeformis sont des organes neurohémaux constitués d'une lamelle neurale externe, épaisse, en contact avec un sinus sanguin, d'une couche basale de cellules gliales, et de 7 types de terminaisons axonales (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) renfermant des granules élémentaires qui diffèrent par leur taille, leur densité aux électrons et l'aspect de leur contenu. Les granules de type A1 se déchargent par exocytose dans l'espace extra-axonal, sous la lamelle neurale; ceux de type C se fragmentent en microgranules à contenu dense qui s'accumulent avec des vésicules claires contre l'axolemme en des places suggérant des sites de libération dans l'hémolymphe.
    Notes: Summary The paraganglionic plates of the harvestman, Trogulus, are neurohemal organs composed of a thick neural lamella facing a blood sinus, basal glial cells, and seven distinct types of axon terminals (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) identified on the basis of elementary granule size, electron density, and structure of contents. The release of A1 type granules occurs by exocytosis into the extraaxonal space below the acellular neural lamella. The release of the content of C granules occurs after fragmentation into small electron dense vesicles. Clusters of these vesicles intermixed with clear vesicles pressing against the axolemma beneath the neural lamella, apparantly correspond to the sites of release.
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  • 139
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 343-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Gametes ; Echinoid ; Echinarachnius ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of gametes of a representative echinoid, Echinarachnius parma were investigated ultrastructurally with particular emphasis on gamete interaction during fertilization. The acrosomal region of the spermatozoon is characterized by the presence of two components: an acrosomal vesicle and periacrosomal materials. The acrosomal vesicle, which is completely bounded by a limiting membrane, is surrounded by periacrosomal materials. Nuclear and mitochondrial regions of the spermatozoon are also described briefly. The ovum is surrounded by two extraneous coats: an outer jelly layer and an inner vitelline envelope. Pigment cells are present within the outer jelly layer. Ooplasmic organelles and inclusions including cortical granules and the female pronucleus are described. Spermatozoa undergo the acrosomal reaction in the vicinity of mature ova. Events of acrosomal reaction, including dehiscence of the acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal tubule formation, are described and summarized schematically. Acrosomal vesicle contents remain adherent to the outer surface of the tubule membrane. Primary binding of the spermatozoon to the surface of the ovum is accomplished by the establishment of morphological continuity between this extracellular coat and the vitelline envelope of the ovum. It is suggested that the species specificity of fertilization resides in this primary binding of gametes. Membrane fusion, between the tip of the acrosomal tubule and the colemma, follows primary binding and cytoplasmic continuity of the gametes is thereby established. It is concluded that the early events of fertilization in Echinarachnius parma generally conform to the Hydroides-Saccoglossus pattern of the Colwins (1967).
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Rat ; Granule distribution ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neurohypophyse und die neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebiete von normalen männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, von trächtigen und durstenden Tieren wurden elektronenmikroskopisch und morphometrisch mit der Fragestellung untersucht, ob sich in den Häufigkeitsverteilungen der mittleren Granula-Durchmesser, bezogen auf die Anzahl der Axone, eine zweigipflige Verteilung ergibt. Bei Kontrolltieren zeigen die Perikarya des Nucleus supraopticus zahlreichere und größere Granula als die Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis, wobei der Unterschied in den Durchmessern der Granula bei den weiblichen Tieren ausgeprägter ist als bei den männlichen. Beide Kontrollgruppen zeigen in der Neurohypophyse ein zweigipfliges Verteilungsmuster der Granula, wobei die beiden Gipfel bei den männlichen Kontrollen dichter beieinander liegen als bei den weiblichen. Bei den trächtigen Tieren weisen beide Kerngebiete Zeichen gesteigerter Aktivität auf und die Granula in den Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis sind deutlich größer als bei Kontrolltieren. Zu Beginn der Tragzeit werden relativ große, wahrscheinlich vasopressinhaltige Granula in der Neurohypophyse gespeichert, während sich im letzten Drittel der Tragezeit die beiden Populationen dort nicht mehr unterscheiden lassen. Nach 48 Std. Wasserentzug erscheinen beide hypothalamischen Kerne aktiviert. Auffallend ist, daß die Granula im Nucleus supraopticus deutlich kleiner sind als bei Kontrolltieren. Entsprechend fehlen in der Neurohypophyse große Granula, während Axone mit kleinen Granula vermehrt sind. Nach zehntägiger Durstperiode lassen sich im Nucleus supraopticus, neben sehr typischen morphologischen Veränderungen, morphometrisch ebenfalls deutlich kleinere Granula nachweisen. Im Hypophysenhinterlappen dieser Versuchsgruppe sind die granulahaltigen Axone sehr stark vermindert, und in der Häufigkeitsverteilung fehlen die Granula mit großem Durchmesser während der dem Oxytocin zugeordnete Gipfel unverändert erscheint. In Verbindung mit den elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden lassen sich also aus den Verschiebungen der Verteilungsmuster zwischen den sechs Versuchsgruppen die Granula mit kleinerem Durchmesser oxytocinhaltigen Axonen zuordnen und Granula mit größerem Durchmesser zu den Endigungen, die Vasopressin enthalten. Die morphometrischen Befunde in den neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebieten bestätigen diese Zuordnung. Die elektronenmikroskopischen und morphometrischen Befunde werden besonders im Hinblick auf die Hormonverschiebungen zwischen dem “reserve pool” und den “easily releasable pool” diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A morphometric evaluation of electron micrographs has been carried out from neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis and from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in normal male and female rats as well as in pregnant and water deprived rats. The task of this investigation was to find out whether frequency distribution diagrams of the mean diameter of the neurosecretory granules, plotted versus the number of axons, reveal a grossly bimodal distribution. In normal rats the nerve cells of the nucleus supraopticus (S.O.N.) show more numerous and larger granules than the cells of the nucleus paraventricularis (P.V.N), this difference with respect to the diameter being more pronounced in female than in male animals. In the posterior pituitary lobes the neurosecretory granules exhibit a bimodal distribution, the second peak being situated more closely to the first one in male controls. In pregnant animals both nuclei appear to be activated, and the granules of P.V.N. are distinctly larger as compared to those of female control animals. In early pregnancy larger, i.e. presumably vasopressin-containing granules are stored in the neurohypophysis, while in the last phase before delivery oxytocin-containing neurons and vasopressin-containing ones cannot be differentiated any more. After 48 hrs of thirst both hypothalamic nuclei exhibit signs of increased activation, the diameters of the granules in the S.O.N. being distinctly smaller than in normals. In the neurohypophysis granules with large diameters are lacking, while axons with small granules are more frequent. In the S.O.N. of animals, water deprived for 10 days the diameters of the granules are smaller than normal and in the neurohypophysis the number of granule-containing fibres is strongly reduced. In the frequency distribution diagram granules with larger diameters are lacking whereas the peak, attributed to oxytocin, is not essentially altered. However, from the observed alteration on the distribution patterns of the six experimental groups and in connection with the electron microscopic results the granules with smaller diameters can be attributed to oxytocin-containing axons and the larger ones to vasopressin-containing terminals. Analogous morphometric data have been obtained from the neurosecretory nuclei as well. The electron-microscopic and morphometric observations are discussed with regard to hormone-shifts between the reserve pool and the easily-releasable pool.
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  • 141
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 395-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Teleost ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial cells of the ventricle of the trout heart is described as the result of an investigation with the electron microscope. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse in distribution compared to that of birds or mammals but shows a fundamentally similar organization. A very loose network of fine tubules is in intimate contact with the myofibrils but with no local modification with respect to the arrangement of myofilaments within the sarcomeres. There is no special association of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the Z-bands. Some tubules pass to the cell periphery where they expand to form subsarcolemmal cisternae in which electron-dense matter is often seen. The occurrence of the subsarcolemmal cisternae (peripheral couplings) is random and they are not observed in the vicinity of intercalated discs. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is discussed in relation to excitation-contraction coupling in teleost myocardial cells, and in comparison with that of other vertebrates.
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  • 142
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Influence of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitativ-morphologische Analyse des juxtaglomerulären Apparates nach DOC-Behandlung zeigte, daß mit der Hemmung der Reninbildung eine Hypoplasie der epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates einhergeht. Der Granulagehalt der juxtaglomerulären Zellen nahm ab; die Kern-Plasma-Relation änderte sich und die Leiomyofibrillen in den Epitheloidzellen nahmen zu. An den übrigen Anteilen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere der Macula densa, wurden keine morphologischen Veränderungen beobachtet. Die DOC-Behandlung führte darüber hinaus zu einer Bildung von Einschlüssen in den Podocyten, den Mesangiumzellen und den Zellen der Bowman-Membran. Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, über welche Faktoren die juxtaglomerulären Zellen nach DOC-Behandlung degranuliert werden, werden diskutiert. Das ultrastrukturelle Bild der Epitheloidzellen nach DOC-Behandlung entspricht deutlich einer gehemmten Sekretion, da das Ergastoplasma und der Golgi-Apparat ganz besonders stark zurückgebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative morphological analysis of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and salt revealed hypoplasia of the epithelioid cells as a concomitant of the inhibition of renin synthesis. The granular content of the Juxtaglomerular cells was significantly decreased, while the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the volume density of leiomyofilaments in the epithelioid cells increased. No morphological alterations were observed in the remaining constituents of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus, including the macula densa. DOC-treatment also induced the appearance of inclusions in the podocytes in the cells of the mesangium, and in the cells of Bowman's capsule. The possible mechanisms of degranulation of the Juxtaglomerular cells after treatment with DOC are discussed. The ultrastructural appearance of the epithelioid cells after treatment with DOC corresponds to an inhibition of secretion, since the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus undergo marked regressive changes.
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  • 143
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 193-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Imaginal fat body ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the first egg-maturation period (6 days at 25° C) the adult fat body of the female of Calliphora goes through sequential changes correlated with the development of the oocytes. The first two days represent a growth and differentiation phase. Free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) gradually increase in quantity. Golgi complexes consisting of clusters of vesicles and vacuoles appear to bud off from cisternae of the RER. Dense bodies possibly arise by sequestration from Golgi complexes. Content of acid phosphatase shows the dense bodies to be lysosomes. Many contain crystalloids. Glycogen is first seen as a network, in which gamma-elements appear; later alpha-particles occur. Lipid droplets are abundant. Lipid droplets break down where they border upon glycogen. In four-day old females the fat body is in a phase of production. Golgi complexes concentrate protein secretion granules believed to represent yolk protein. Then follows a phase of regression characterized by the formation of cytosegresomes and by an accumulation of lipid. In mature females a remodeling of the fat cell begins, evidenced by a renewed formation of free ribosomes, RER, and probably dense bodies resembling those of the one-day old female.
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  • 144
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 219-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitelline cells ; Dugesia lugubris (Turbellaria, Tricladida) ; Yolk material ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of vitelline cells in the fresh-water Triclad Dugesia lugubris has been studied by means of electron microscopic and cytochemical techniques. We observed a single cell type in different stages of development more or less evenly distributed from the periphery towards the centre of the follicles. Young vitelline cells have the characteristic morphology of cells in early stages of maturation: they show a large nucleus, a nucleolus with fibrillar and granular components, and many ribosomes in an undifferentiated cytoplasm. Subsequently, large amounts of parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum and some Golgi complexes appear and the vitelline cells assume the typical appearance of secretory cells. Reserve substances progressively accumulate in the vitelline cells, which when mature appear very electron dense. We have recognized the following types of reserve substances: 1) Neutral lipid droplets which are the first to appear and can reach a diameter of 4–5 μm or more. 2) Yolk globules of 2–3 μm in diameter which appear simultaneously with cocoon-shell globules but are clearly different from them in structure and chemical composition. The yolk globules probably arise from the cooperation between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes and have a very complex proteinaceous nature. 3) Large amounts of α-glycogen granules which occupy cytoplasmic sacs.
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  • 145
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 517-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Medial preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuronal and glial cell bodies and the neuropil of the medial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus were studied under the electron microscope. Two different types of neurons are identified on the basis of electron density. These two types differed in a number of ultrastructural features. Three types of nerve terminals based on vesicle morphology are also described, as well as the general structure of the axons, dendrites and synapses in the neuropil. The structure of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes is also discussed.
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  • 146
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gobius jozo (Teleost) ; Testis ; Steroidogenic tissue ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The homologue of mammalian Leydig cells in the testis of fish of the genus Gobius is believed to be a glandular mass lying along the mesorchium and quite distinct from the seminiferous region. This gland was studied in Gobius jozo by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the gland is composed of cords of polyhedral cells located between the main vessels of the testis and the deferent duct. Dark and light cell varieties were observed both after staining with toluidine blue and with respect to their cytoplasmic electron density. The fine structure of the glandular cells is characterized by a well developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of random anastomosing tubules and vesicles and by very numerous mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae. In some mitochondria the internal organization is paracrystalline. One or two bodies of unknown nature are Found in the Golgi region. They are partially limited by an unusually thick membrane and contain a material subdivided mostly into small vesicles. Liposomes and lipofuscin pigment granules are also present. The ultrastructural features of the glandular cells of the testis of Gobius jozo confirm a specialization in steroid hormone production.
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  • 147
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 211-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Goldfish ; Cell types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, morphological and functional aspects of the pituitary gland were studied at the ultrastructural level and six cell types could be distinguished in the pars distalis. Acidophilic cells of the rostral pars distalis were identified as prolactin cells, the chromophobic cells of the rostral pars distalis as ACTH cells, the non-globular basophilic cells of the rostral and the proximal pars distalis as TSH cells, the globular basophils of the proximal pars distalis as gonadotropic cells and the acidophils of the proximal pars distalis as somatotrophs. Besides some of the well established criteria of morphological and functional identification of different cell types, two new approaches have been used in the present study. One was to express the electron density of secretory granules objectively by means of a photometric method. It was found that both types of acidophilic cells which produce the proteohormones prolactin and somatotropin respectively, had granules with the highest electron densities. The basophilic cells producing the glycoproteins gonadotropin and TSH respectively, possessed granules of intermediate electron density whereas the chromophobic cells storing the peptide hormone ACTH had granules of lowest densities. The second new approach was the administration of the synthetic mammalian releasing hormones LH-RP and TRF, which helped in identifying gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells respectively. In the goldfish there is evidence for the presence of only one type of gonadotropic cell.
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  • 148
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 251-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Tilapia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the skin of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) is described. In certain areas the epidermal surface forms so-called Epidermal Surface Patterns. Two types of epidermal cells are distinguished and their differences noted. The epidermal surface is covered by a layer of acid mucopolysaccharide, yet the contents of the mucus cells did not react with ruthenium red. The dermis consists mainly of bundles of collagen fibres and associated fibroblasts, but melanophores, iridophores and complex melano-iridophores are also present. Aspects of the development and structure of the guanine platelets and the melanosomes are discussed.
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  • 149
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathways of axonal transport of secretions from neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the medial group (viz. A-, A1, B-, and C-type NSC) and the lateral group (L-type NSC) are described. Individual axons can be recognized in the electron microscope by the kind of neurosecretory particles they contain. In general, the secretions from the medial NSC are carried to the contralateral nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC), those from the lateral NSC to the ipsilateral NCC. Some axons from the A-type NSC, in addition, may run to ipsilateral NCC. All A-type axons have collaterals which run to the ipsilateral NCC. The medial and lateral bundles of “mixed” axons run through one paired NCC but remain separated spatially. Release of secretion from the C-type NSC can take place before the corpus cardiacum is reached. A- and A1-type NSC have additional collaterals that branch from the proximal part of the axons and penetrate deeply into the neuropile of the protocerebral lobes. Local swellings appear to be closely associated with fibers from non-neurosecretory neurons. The sites of contact are characterized by the accumulation of microvesicles (400 Å) near an electron-dense cleft of 150–200 Å width, and resemble regular chemical synapses. The microvesicles prove to be present within the neurosecretory fiber in most of the specimens studied, and within the non-neurosecretory fiber in only a few cases. It seems most likely that the collaterals in some phases convey afferent signals to the NSC which inhibit the release of an efferent neurochemical “messenger” of unknown nature into the neuropile.
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  • 150
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    Keywords: Median eminence ; Agranular and granular vesicles ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve profiles in the basal part of the palisade zone of rat median eminence have been divided into 4 categories on the basis of their vesicular content: profiles a with agranular vesicles of about 50 nm, b with similar agranular vesicles and also with granular vesicles of mainly 70–140 nm, c with granular vesicles alone and d without vesicles. After intravenous injection of exogenous peroxidase, castrated male rats showed, in comparison to sham-operated controls, a 3–5 fold increase in the percentage of nerve profiles of category a which contained peroxidase loaded vesicles of about 50 nm. In contrast, no significant change was observed for nerve profiles of other categories. It is concluded that exogenous peroxidase may be used to demonstrate changes in the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerve terminals at the ultrastructural level.
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  • 151
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 336 (1974), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Rat ; Splenectomy ; Gastric Ulceration ; Increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Splenektomie auf Magensaftsekretion und Ulcusentstehung untersucht. Sowohl nach “restraint-stress” als auch Pylorusligatur wiesen die splenektomierten Tiere eine ausgeprägte Steigerung der Ulcuszahl und -größe gegenüber den Kontrolltieren auf. In der Magensaftanalyse waren dagegen die Werte der splenektomierten Tiere gegenüber den scheinoperierten nur geringgradig gesteigert. — Als mögliche Ursache der vermehrten Ulcusanfälligkeit nach Splenektomie wurde eine Veränderung lokaler, nicht säuresekretorischer Faktoren der Magenwand diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In Splenectomiced rats incidence of gastric ulceration was compaired with control groups. Restraint stress and ligation of pylorus was used as model. Splenectomiced rats do show an higher incidence in both models. Both frequency and extension of gastric ulcer were accumulated significantly. Analysis of gastric secretion was only unessentially raised in comparisom to control-groups. Change of protective factors of stomach as possible reason is discussed.
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  • 152
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 68-77 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectra and Molecular Properties, XXVI. The Delocalisation of Sulfur Electron Pairs in Sulfides and DisulfidesThe photoelectron (PE) spectra of sulfides R—S—R (R=H, CH3, C2H5, n- und i-C3H7, n- and tert-C4H9) and disulfides R—S—S—R (R=H, CH3, C2H5, n- and i-C3H7, tert-C4H9, —[CH2]4—) are comparatively discussed. For sulfides the first ionization energy, which decreases as expected with increasing degree of alkylation, can also be obtained from the charge transfer excitation energies of their σ-complexes with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). Disulfides show a splitting of the first PE-band in a clear dependence on the dihedral angle of the sulfur electron pairs. All observations can be rationalised within MO models as interactions of the sulfur electron pairs with the σ-skeleton and/or with each other.
    Notes: Die Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren von Sulfiden R—S—R (R=H, CH3, C2H5, n- und i-C3H7, n- und tert-C4H9) und Disulfiden R—S—S—R (R=H, CH3, C2H5, n- und i-C3H7, tert-C4H9, —[CH2]4—) werden vergleichend diskutiert. Bei den Sulfiden R—S—R kann die mit steigendem Alkylierungsgrad erwartungsgemäß abnehmende erste Ionisierungsenergie auch aus den Charge-transfer-Anregungsenergien ihrer σ-Komplexe mit Tetracyanäthylen (TCNE) abgelesen werden. Bei Disulfiden R—S—S—S—R wird eine Aufspaltung der ersten PE-Bande in deutlicher Abhängigkeit vom Diederwinkel zwischen den Schwefel-Elektronen-paaren beobachtet. Die Befunde lassen sich mit MO-Modellen als Wechselwirkungen der Schwefel-Elektronenpaare mit dem σ-Gerüst und/oder untereinander verstehen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nickelalkyl Ylid ComplexesFrom reactions of [(CH3)3P]3 Ni(CH3)2 and [(CH3)3P]2Ni(CH3)Cl with the ylid (CH3)3PCH2, molecular (1) an ionic complexes (2) are obtained, containing three covalent Ni—C-σ-bonds of square planar nickel atoms. These bonds are strongly stabilized by the proximity of the ylid onium center. Excess ylid converts 2 into a binuclear complex 3, where the metal atoms are bridged by dimethylphosphonium-bismethylid units, with formation of [(CH3)4P]Cl as a byproduct. An isoelectronic dimethylphosphinate complex, 4, containing a similar eight-membered ring structure, has also been prepared.
    Notes: Durch die Reaktion von Dimethyltris(trimethylphosphin)nickel und Methylbis(trimethyl-phosphin)nickel-chlorid mit Trimethylmethylenphosphoran werden molekulare (1) bzw. ionische (2) Ylid-Komplexe erhalten, in denen das quadratisch-planar konfigurierte Nickel-atom jeweils drei kovalente Ni—C-σ-Bindungen ausbildet. Diese Bindungen werden durch das Onium-Zentrum der Ylide erheblich stabilisiert. 2 liefert mit überschüssigem Ylid unter Abspaltung von [(CH3)4P]Cl einen zweikernigen Komplex 3, dessen Metallatome durch Dimethylphosphonium-bis-methylid-Brücken verbunden sind. Hierzu existiert ein isoelektronischer Dimethylphosphinat-Komplex 4, der ebenfalls Achtringstruktur besitzt.
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  • 154
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of carbonyl-stabilized Sulfonium-ylides of 1,3-Dithiolane with Acylating Reagents and Activated AcetylenesIn aqueous sodium hydroxide monophenacyl-1,3-dithiolanium bromides 3 form carbonylstabilized 1,3-dithiolanium-1-phenacylides 4. These yield with acylation reagents and activated acetylenes new resonance-stabilized sulfonium-ylides 6, 8, 10.
    Notes: Monophenacyl-1,3-dithiolanium-bromide 3 bilden in wäßriger Natronaluge carbonyl-stabilisierte 1,3-Dithiolanium-1-phenacylide 4. Diese reagieren mit Acylierungsmitteln und aktivierten Acetylenen zu neuen mesomeriestabilisierten Sulfonium-yliden 6, 8, 10.
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  • 155
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Amino Acids and Peptides, IX. On Pyruvoyl Amino AcidsAmino acid derivatives were tranformed to Pyruvoyl amino acid derivatives by use of pyruvoyl chlorid, p-nitrophenyl pyruvate, hydroxymaleic anhydride and the DCC-procedure. The application range of the different acylations is discussed. A convenient method for the preparation of pyruvoyl chloride is given.
    Notes: Aminosäurederivate werden mit Brenztraubensäurechlorid, Brenztraubensäure-p-nitrophenylester, Hydroxymaleinsäureanhydrid und mit Hilfe des DCC-Verfahrens zu Pyruvoylaminosäurederivaten umgesetzt. Die Anwendungsbreite der verschiedenen Acylierungen wird verglichen. Ein Weg zur praktischen Herstellung von Brenztraubensäurechlorid wird ausgearbeitet.
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  • 156
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 253-262 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structure of Hexakis(phenylthio)ethaneThe structure of hexakis(phenylthio)ethane has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The phase determination was carried out by means of the Symbolic Addition Method. The structure has been refined with 1780 observed reflections to an R-value of 10.9%. The pseudo bodycentered unit cell contains two molecules, which are situated at the center at 0, 0, 0 and 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, respectively. The bodycentering is almost perfect for the six sulfur atoms, but does not involve the central ethane bonding, which implies that the sulfur atoms, that are connected by the centering, are bonded to different carbon atoms. The six sulfur atoms are staggered around the ethane C—C bond. The S—C—S angles of 113° are larger than the ideal tetrahedrane angles by the same amount by which the S—C—C angles of 105° are smaller. The ethane C—C distances are 1.59 and 1.56 Å respectively.
    Notes: Die Struktur des Hexakis(phenylthio)äthans wurde mit Röntgenmethoden bestimmt. Die Phasenbestimmung wurde mit der symbolischen Additionsmethode durchgeführt. Die Struktur wurde unter Benutzung von 1780 beobachteten Reflexen bis auf einen R-Wert von 10.9% verfeinert. Die pseudoinnenzentrierte Elementarzelle enthält zwei Moleküle, die um die Symmetriezentren in 0, 0, 0 bzw. 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 gelagert sind. Die Innenzentrierung ist nahezu genau für die sechs Schwefelatome, aber gilt nicht für die zentrale Äthanbindung, was zur Folge hat, daß die durch Zentrierung verbundenen Schwefelatome an verschiedene Kohlenstoffatome gebunden sind. Die sechs Schwefelatome sind gestaffelt um die Äthan-C—C-Bindung angeordnet. Die S—C—S-Winkel sind mit 113° etwas größer, die S—C—C-Winkel mit 105° um denselben Betrag kleiner als der Tetraederwinkel. Die Äthan-C—C-Abstände betragen 1.59 bzw. 1.56 Å.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 157
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Benzothiazole N-Oxides, II. New Synthesis of Substituted 2-BenzothiazolonesIn the presence of phosphoryl chloride, 2-carbamoylbenzothiazole N-oxides undergo a new intramolecular redox reaction to give 2-benzothiazolones. In two cases investigated, also 2-ethoxycarbonylbenzothiazole N-oxides undergo this rearrangement. The spectroscopic data are discussed.
    Notes: 2-Carbamoylbenzothiazol-N-oxide gehen in Gegenwart von Phosphoroxychlorid eine neuartige intramolekulare Redoxreaktion unter Bildung von 2-Benzothiazolonen ein. In zwei untersuchten Fällen unterliegen unterliegen auch 2-Äthoxycarbonylbenzothiazol-N-oxide dieser Umlagerung. Spektroskopische Daten werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Aromatic Sulfenyl Chlorides, IX. Preparation, Oxidation, and Spectroscopic Investigation of 1-Substituted 5-Tetrazolyl Aryl Disulfides1-Substituted 5-tetrazolyl mesityl disulfides were synthesized which on oxidation with hydrogen peroxide gave disulfide S2, S2-dioxides (thiolsulfonates). The structure of these as well as that of the 1-substituted 5-tetrazolyl p-tolyl disulfide S2, S2-dioxides synthesized earlier was elucidated by means of their i. r. and n. m. r. spectra. The supposed structures have been established by synthesis.
    Notes: Es wurden 1-substituierte (5-Tetrazolyl)mesityldisulfide hergestellt, welche zu Disulfid-S2, S2-dioxiden (Thiosulfonate) oxidiert wurden. Deren Struktur und die der früher hergestellten 1-substituierten (5-Tetrazolyl)p-tolyldisulfid-S2, S2-dioxide wurde anhand ihrer IR- und NMR-Spektren wahrscheinlich gemacht. Die angenommenen Strukturen wurden durch Synthese bewiesen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 159
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Lithio-1,3,5-trithianes Generation in Solution, Reactions with Electrophiles, and Use in Nucleophilic Acylation1,3,5-Trithiane and 2-mono- as well as 2,4,6-trisubstituted trithianes are shown to be metallated by n-butyllithium in THF. Reaction of the lithio derivatives thus obtained with electrophiles leads to more highly substituted trithianes which in some cases can be isolated in a pure form. The n.m.r. spectra of the products at room temperature are described. Mercury(II)-assisted solvolysis of alkyltrithianes „liberates“ the most highly substituted carbon with formation of carbonyl compounds or their O-acetals. This completes a sequence of reactions which suggests use of lithiotrithianes as reagents for nucleophilic acylation. Advantages and disadvantages of this procedure compared to the dithiane method are discussed.
    Notes: 1,3,5-Trithian selbst sowie 2-mono- und 2,4,6- trisubstituierte Trithiane lassen sich mit n-Butyllithium in Tetrahydrofuran metallieren. Umsetzung der Lithiumderivate mit Elektrophilen führt zu höher substituierten Trithianen, die teilweise in reiner Form isoliert werden können. Die NMR-Spektren der erhaltenen Produkte bei Raumtemperatur werden beschrieben. Quecksilber(II)-assistierte Solvolyse von alkylierten Trithianen führt zu Carbonyl-verbindungen oder deren O-Acetalen unter „Herauslösung“ des höchstsubstituierten C-Atoms, was die Verwendung von Lithiotrithianen als nucleophile Acylierungsmittel ermöglicht. Vor- und Nachteile gegenüber der Dithian-Methode werden diskutiert.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Dependence of the Bond-length in some N,O-Dibenzoylhydroxylamines on the Torsion of the Carboxylic and Hydroxamic Groups against the Benzene Nuclei. The Crystal Structures of N,O-Dibenzoyl-(C14H11NO3), N,O-Bis(2-chlorobenzoyl)-(C14H9Cl2NO3), N-BenzoylO-p-toluoyl- (C15H13NO3), and N-Benzoyl-O-o-toluoylhydroxylamines (C15H13NO3)The crystal structures of four N,O- dibenzoylhydroxylamines - 1: N,O-dibenzoylhydroxylamine (C14H11NO3), 2: N,O- bis(2-chlorobenzoyl)hydroxylamine (C14H9Cl2NO3), 3: N-Benzoyl-O-p toluoylhydroxylamine (C15H13NO3), 4: N-benzoyl-O-o- toluoylhydroxylamine (C15H13NO3) - have been determined by X-ray techniques, using direct methods for phase determination. The torsion angles ϕ of the C—C- bonds between the phenyl groups and the hydroxamic acid groups or the carboxylic groups, respectively, have been calculated. The values of the intramolecular distances of these bonds, plotted versus cos2 ϕ, can be approximated by a straight line. Extrapolating to ϕ = 90°, the pure sp2-sp2-C—C-single-bond is found to be 1.513 Å.
    Notes: Die Kristallstrukturen von vier N,O- Dibenzoylhydroxylaminen - 1: N,O-Dibenzoylhydroxylamin (C14H11NO3), 2: N,O -Bis(2-chlorbenzoyl)hyroxylamin (C14H9Cl2NO3), 3: N-Benzoyl-O-p-toluoylhydroxylamin (C15H13NO3), 4: N- Benzoyl-O-o-toluoylhydroxylamin (C15H13NO3) - wurden röntgenographisch unter Anwendung direkter Methoden zur Lösung des Phasenproblems bestimmt. Die C—C- Bindungslängen zwischen den Phenylgruppen einerseits und den Hydroxamsäure- bzw. Carboxylatgruppen andererseits lassen sich als Funktion der Verdrillungswinkel ϕ dieser Bindung durch eine Gerade darstellen, wenn man die Bindungslängen gegen cos2 ϕ aufträgt. Der reine sp2-sp2-C—C- Einfachbindungsabstand (ϕ = 90°) ist danach 1.513 Å.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 680-685 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Synthesis of Tetracyclo[3.3.0.02.8.04.6]octan-3-ones by Intramolecular Thermal [2π + 2σ]-CycloadditionThe synthesis of the tetracyclooctanone 19 by thermolysis of the tricyclic acetal 15 and subsequent removal of the acetal group is described. Thus, a third synthetic access to this system is now available. The reaction involves the cycloaddition of a thermally ring-opened cyclopropane to a double bond.
    Notes: Die Synthese des Tetracyclooctanons 19 durch Thermolyse des tricyclischen Acetals 15 und anschließende Entacetalisierung wird beschrieben. Damit bietet sich ein dritter synthetischer Zugang zu diesem System an. Die Reaktion beinhaltet die Cycloaddition eines thermisch ringgeöffneten Cyclopropans an eine Doppelbindung.
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  • 162
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 717-720 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 163
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 731-734 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 164
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 785-795 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pteridines, LX. Synthesis and Autoxidation of 7, 8-DihydroxanthopterinsThe synthesis of 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin (18) and of various N- and C-methyl derivatives (19-27, 30) is described. Their pKa values and u.v. spectra have been determined and the behaviour during autoxidation has been investigated. The monoanions are subject to autoxidation which is catalysed strongly by ammonia and primary amines. A mechanism for the autoxidation is discussed in which the existence of various intermediates is based on the oxidative behaviour of differently blocked N- und C-methyl derivatives.
    Notes: Die Synthese des 7,8-Dihydroxanthopterins (18) und verschiedener N- und C-Methyl-Derivate (19-27, 30) wird beschrieben. Ihre pKa-Werte und UV-Spektren werden bestimmt und ihr Autoxidationsverhalten untersucht. Die Monoanionen unterliegen der Autoxidation, welche durch Ammoniak und primäre Amine stark katalysiert wird. Ein Mechanismus wird diskutiert und verschiedene Zwischenprodukte anhand von blockierten N- und C-Methyl-Derivaten wahrscheinlich gemacht.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 165
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 832-837 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structure of 6,6-Bis(dimethylamino)fulvene6,6-Bis(dimethylamino)fulvene crystallizes in the space group Pn21a, the lattice constants being ao = 13.344 Å, bo = 7.844 Å and co = 9.438 Å. The structure has been solved by superposition and by direct methods in the space group Pnma. The structure was refined by block-diagonal-least-squares to R = 0.037.
    Notes: Das 6,6-Bis(dimethylamino)fulven kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe Pn21a mit den Gitter-konstanten ao = 13.344 Å, bo = 7.844 Å und co = 9.438 Å. Die Struktur wurde durch Superposition und anschließende Resymmetrisierung der Patterson-Funktion und mit direkten Methoden in der zentrosymmetrischen Obergruppe Pnma gelöst.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 166
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 847-853 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bromine/Lithium Exchange in Vinyl and Aryl Bromides with tert-Butyl Lithium. On the Ring Enlargement via Dibromocarbene AdductsTwofold molar excess of tert-butyl lithium replaces vinylic and arylic bromine by lithium. The tert-butyl bromide formed is dehydrohalogenated rapidly to isobutene by tert-butyl lithium even at very low temperatures. Transformation of 1-bromo-1-cyclooctene and - cyclononene via the lithium derivatives to vinyl thioethers 1d, e, and i in high yields opens up a simple alternative route from olefin dibromocarbene adducts to ring enlarged ketones. The bromobenzenes 2a and 3a reveal that the Br/Li-exchange described here is not accompanied by arine formation; it is feasible even in the presence of sensitive benzylic CH2-groups as present in 3.
    Notes: Vinylisch und an Aromaten gebundenes Brom läßt sich quantitativ mit zweifachem molarem Überschuß an tert-Butyllithium gegen Lithium austauschen. Das entstehende tert-Butylbromid wird selbst bei tiefen Temperaturen von tert-Butyllithium rasch zu Isobuten dehydrohalogeniert. Die Überführung von 1-Brom-1-cycloocten und -1-cycloneone in Vinylthioäther 1d, e und i über die Lithiumderivate ist in hoher Ausbeute möglich und eröffnet einen einfachen Weg von Dibromcarbenaddukten an Olefine zu ringerweiterten Ketonen. Am Beispiel der Brombenzole 2a und 3a wird gezeigt, daß der hier beschriebene Br/Li-Austausch nicht von Arin-Bildung begleitet und auch in Gegenwart der empfindlichen benzylischen CH2-Gruppe von 3 durchführbar ist.
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  • 167
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 892-897 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N-VinylimidazolecarboxylatesN-Vinylation of imidazolecarboxylates with vinyl acetate leads to the formation of the N-vinylimidazoles 3a, 3b, 6, 8a, 8b und 9a. The structures are determined by mass and n.m.r. spectra. 3a, 6, 8a are polymerizable.
    Notes: Durch N-Vinylierung von Imidazolcarbonsäureestern mit Vinylacetat werden die N-Vinylimidazole 3a, 3b, 6, 8a, 8b und 9a, erhalten. Die Strukturen werden mit Hilfe von NMR-und Massen-Spektren gesichert. 3a, 6, 8a und 8bsing polymerisationsfähig.
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  • 168
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 929-936 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterocyclizations, XIII. New Polycyclic Pyrimidines with Bridge-Head NitrogenThe base-catalized condensation of 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-benz[f]indole (9) with dielectrophilic iso(thio)cyanates to polycyclic pyrimidines with bridge-head nitrogen (11, 15, 16) in most cases involves preliminary formation of 1: 2 adducts followed by elimination of diacylamides. Contrary to this the less nucleophilic 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-pyrrolo [2,3-b]pyridine (20) affords the analogue pyrimidines by intermediacy of 1:1 adducts and elimination of water or ethanol solely.
    Notes: Die basenkatalysierte Kondensation von 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3H-benz[f] indol (9) mit dielektrophilen Iso(thio)cyanaten zu polycyclischen Pyrimidinen mit Brückenkopf-Stickstoff (11, 15, 16) verläft meist über die Bildung von 1:2-Addukten als Zwischenstufe und Eliminierung von Diacylamiden. Dagegen liefert das weniger nucleophile 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3 H-pyrrolo[2.3-b]-pyridin (20) analoge Systeme (22, 23) ausschließlich über 1: 1-Addukte und Eliminierung von Wasser bzw. Äthanol.
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  • 169
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 686-697 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkaloids from Rhamnaceae, XVIII. Amphibine-F, -G and -H, further Peptide Alkaloids from Ziziphus amphibia A. Cheval.From the complex mixture of crude alkaloids from Ziziphus amphibia A. Cheval., in addition to the already described Amphibines-A, -B, -C, -D and -E, three further peptide alkaloids Amphibine-F, -G and -H have been isolated and their structures elucidated (1-3). Amphibine-F and -G (1, 2) belong to the class of cyclic peptide alkaloides having a fourteen-membered ring system made up from trans-3-hydroxyproline, p-hydroxystyrylamine and an α-aminoacid. Amphibine-H (3) has a thirteen-membered ring system formed from 5-hydroxy-2-methoxystyrylamine and the aminoacids trans-3-hydroxyproline and phenylalanine.
    Notes: Aus dem komplexen Rohbasengemisch von Ziziphus amphibia A. Cheval. wurden neben den bereits beschriebenen Amphibinen-A, -B, -C, -D und -E drei weitere Peptidalkaloide Amphibin-F, -G und -H isoliert und in der Struktur geklärt (1-3). Die Amphibine-F und -G (1, 2) zählen zu den Cyclopeptidalkaloiden mit 14 gliedrigem Ringsystem aus trans-3-Hydroxyprolin, p-Hydroxystyrylamin und einer α-Aminosäure. Das Amphibin-H (3) weist ein 13 gliedriges Ringsystem auf, das aus den Aminosäuren trans-3-Hydroxyprolin und Phenylatanin sowie aus 5-Hydroxy-2-methoxystyrylamin gebildet wird5).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 170
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 698-705 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Preparation of New ChloroformamidinesAction of phosphine/carbon tetrachloride or dichlorotriphenylphosphorane on N,N,N′-trisubstituted ureas leads to the formation of even such chloroformamidines which are not or only difficultly obtainable by the conventional methods. The spectroscopic and analytic data of the new compounds are given.
    Notes: Durch Einwirkung von Phosphin/Tetrachlorkohlenstoff oder von Dichlortriphenylphos-phoran auf N,N,N′-trisubstituierte Harnstoffe können auch solche Chlorformamidine dargestellt werden, die nach den bisherigen Methoden nicht oder nur schwer zugänglich sind. Die spektroskopischen und analytischen Daten der neuen Verbindungen sind angegeben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 721-724 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 172
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 725-726 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 739-744 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Fulvenes, VIII. Indeno[2,1-c]-1,2-dithioles, a Group of New PseudoazulenesAcylation of 2-pyrrolidinoindene (4) with carboxylic acid chlorides and subsequent hydrolysis leads to the 1-acyl-2-indanones 6, which have been condensed with diacetyl disulfide in aequous perchloric acid/acetic acid to afford the 8H-indeno[2,1-c]-1,2-dithiolium-perchlorates 7. These are deprotonated with N-ethyldiisopropylamine to yield the indeno[2,1-c]-1,2-dithioles 10, a group of new pseudoazulenes.
    Notes: Acylierung von 2-Pyrrolidinoinden (4) mit Carbonsäurechloriden und nachfolgende Verseifung liefert die 1-Acyl-2-indanone 6, die mit Diacetyldisulfid in wäßriger Perchlorsäure, Eisessig zu den 8H-Indeno[2,1-c]-1,2-dithiolium-perchloraten 7 kondensieren. Letztere lassen sich durch N-Äthyldiisopropylamin zu den Indeno[2,1-c]-1,2-dithiolen 10, einer Gruppe neuer Pseudoazulene, deprotonieren.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 759-770 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry and Reactivity of Tetrahalogenated 2,3-Diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes and Bicyclo [2.1.0] pentanesThe addition of diazoalkanes to tetrahalogenated cyclobutenes 1-3 leads to 6,6,7,7-tetrahalo-2,3-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes 4-8, the structure and stereochemistry of which are determined by means of n. m. r. spectroscopy. Thermal decomposition of 4, 5, and 8 in boiling toluene affords the tetrahalobicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes 9, 10, and 12 in good yields. Under the same conditions 7 decomposes in a stereospecific manner to form 11 and small amounts of 13. Sodium methoxide converts 9-11 into the cyclobutenes 14 and 15. Under the influence of sulfuric acid 10 forms the cyclobutenedione 16 or a mixture of cyclopentenones 18, 19 depending on the reaction conditions.
    Notes: Addition von Diazoalkanen an die tetrahalogenierten Cyclobutene 1-3, führt zu 6,6,7,7-Tetrahalogeno-2,3-diazabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enen 4-8, deren Konstitution und Stereochemie auf NMR-spektroskopischem Weg ermittelt wurde. Durch thermische Zersetzung der Bicyclen 4,5 und 8 in siedendem Toluol erhält man in guten Ausbeuten Tetrahalogenobicyclo-[2.1.0]pentane 9,10 und 12. Unter gleichen Bedingungen entstehen aus 7 in stereospezifischer Reaktion 11 sowie geringe Mengen des Cyclobutens 13. Mittels Natriummethylat werden die Bicyclen 9-11 zu den Cyclobutenen 14, 15 abgebaut; unter dem Einfluß von konz. Schwefelsäure entsteht aus 10 je nach Reaktionsbedingungen das Cyclobutendion 16 bzw. ein Gemisch der Cyclopentenone 18 und 19.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1221-1227 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles without Isolation of IntermediatesAldehydes are converted into nitriles without isolation of the intermediates by treating their oximes with carbodiimides in the presence of copper(II)ions and triethylamine. The entire process requires 3 hours at room temperature; it is unsuccessful if the oxime does not form or is consumed by competition reactions.
    Notes: Aldehyde können ohne Isolierung von Zwischenprodukten in Nitrile übergeführt werden, indem ihre Oxime in Gegenwart von Kupfer(II)-Ionen und Triäthylamin mit Hilfe von Carbodiimiden dehydratisiert werden. Der gesamte Prozeß erfordert bei Raumtemperatur durchweg 3 Stunden. Das Verfahren versagt, wenn die Oximbildung gestört ist oder das Oxim Konkurrenzreaktionen eingeht.
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  • 176
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Reactivity of Silicon Transition Metal Complexes, V. The Modified Alkali Salt Elimination Method  -  a General Procedure for the Synthesis of Silicon Transition Metal CompoundsThe heterogeneous reaction of the sodium carbonylmetallates Na[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5], Na[M(CO)3π-C5H5] (M=Mo, W), and Na[Mn(CO)5] with various halo- and organohalosilanes leads to the formation of the corresponding silyl complexes. The new compounds are characterized by spectroscopy and the chemical properties are described. The results of a decomposition study of the trimethylsilyl-VIB transition metal complexes are discussed in connection with former synthetic experiments. Exchange reactions of these species with heterosiloxanes can be used for a qualitative estimation of relative metal-metalloid bond reactivity.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung der komplexen Metallate Na[Fe(CO)2π-C5H5], Na[M(CO)3π-C5H5] (M=Mo, W) und Na[Mn(CO)5] mit verschiedenen Halogen- und Organohalogensilanen führt in heterogener Reaktion zu den Silylkomplexen dieser Metalle. Die neuen Verbindungen werden spektroskopisch charakterisiert und ihre chemischen Eigenschaften beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse einer Zerfallsstudie der Trimethylsilyl-VIB-Übergangsmetallkomplexe werden im Zusammenhang mit früheren Syntheseversuchen diskutiert. Der Verlauf von Austauschreaktionen der gleichen Verbindungen mit Heterosiloxanen (Ge, Sn) ermöglicht eine qualitative Abschätzung der Reaktivität der Metall- Metalloideinheit.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 177
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1057-1065 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on 4-Pyrones, 51. Aminoalkylation of ChromonesThe aminoalkylation of 2-methylchromones (1b, e and 2b, c) leads to the formation of benzopyrano[3.2-c]pyridinium chlorides (9a-d and 11a-e).
    Notes: Die Aminoalkylierung von 2-Methylchromonen (1b, e sowie 2b, c) führt zu Benzopyrano-[3.2-c]pyridinium-chloriden (9a-d sowie 11a-e).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 178
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1069-1069 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 179
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Amides, VII. Intramolecular Interactions of Bifunctional Groups in the electron Impact Induced Fragmentation of Piperidides and PiperideidesThe activation energy ∊ for the electron impact induced splitting of the N-carbonyl bond in bifunctional amides is estimated. A clear correlation is shown of ∊ with the ring size of the transition state and the nucleofuge or nucleophilic properties of the nitrogen groups. Furtheron by means of [D]-labelled model compounds selective hydrogen migrations have been established.
    Notes: Die Aktivierungsenergie ∊ für die elektronenstoßinduzierte Spaltung der N-Carbonylbindung bifunktioneller Amide wird bestimmt. Es ergibt sich ein klarer Zusammenhang von ∊ mit der Ringgröße des Übergangszustandes und den nucleofugen bzw. nucleophilen Eigenschaften der Stickstoffgruppen. Ferner werden mit Hilfe [D]-markierter Modellverbindungen selektive Wasserstoffübertragungen nachgewiesen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 180
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1126-1135 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Nature of Benzonorbornen-2-yl Cations, II. Solvolysis of Isopropylidene-substituted benzonorbornen-2yl EstersThe 2-epimeric at C-7 and C-3 substituted benzonorbornenols 4a, 6a, 7a and 8a are synthesized. The rate of solvolysis of the tosylates 4b and 6b is measured in acetic acid, that of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoates 7b and 8b in 90% dioxane. The solvolysis products are determined in 80% acetone puffered with 2,6-lutidine. The epimeric 7-isopropylidene derivatives 4b and 6b solvolyse by a different mechanism; the exo derivative 4b reacts exclusively with assistance of the benzene ring, the endo compound by participation of the homoallylic double bond. The epimeric 3-isopropylidene derivatives 7b and 8b solvolyse to a common intermediate allylic ion 10. The kexo/kendo ratio is reduced to 9 due to the presence of this neighbouring group, which is a measure of the steric factor in the secondary benzonorbornen-2-yl system.
    Notes: Die epimeren Benzonorborneole 4a und 6a sowie 7a und 8a werden synthetisiert. Die Solvolysegeschwindigkeit der Tosylate 4b und 6b wird in Eisessig, die der 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate 7b und 8b in 90 proz. Dioxan gemessen. Die Reaktionsprodukte werden in 80 proz., mit 2,6-Lutidin gepuffertem Aceton bestimmt. Die epimeren 7-Isopropyliden-Verbindungen 4b und 6b solvolysieren nach einem unterschiedlichen Mechanismus; die exo-Verbindung 4b reagiert ausschließlich mit Beteiligung des Aromaten, die endo-Verbindung 6b mit der der Isopropyliden-Doppelbindung. Die epimeren 3-Isopropyliden-Verbindungen 7b und 8b solvolysieren zu einem gemeinsamen Allyl-Ion 10 als produktbestimmende Zwischenstufe. Das Verhältnis kexo/kendo wird durch diese Nachbargruppe auf 9 herabgesetzt, welches ein Maß für den sterischen Anteil des sekundären Benzonorbornen-2-yl-Systems ist.
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  • 181
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbene Complexes, LXXII. Cleavage of the Double Bond of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and β-Substituted 1-Vinylpyrrolidones by Reaction with Pentacarbonyl(methoxyphenylcarbene)chromium(0)Pentacarbonyl(methoxyphenylcarbene)chromium(0) reacts with 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone to form α-methoxystyrene by transfer of a methylene group to the carbene moiety. The origin of the transfered methylene group is proved by using methylsubstituted 1-vinylpyrrolidones. The reaction products are identified by their i.r., 1H n.m.r., and mass spectra. As reaction mechanism a cyclic transition state is proposed, which explains the breaking and following formation of a double bond analogously to the heterolytic fragmentation according to Grob.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Pentacarbonyl(methoxyphenylcarben)chrom(0) mit 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon entsteht durch Übertragung einer Methylengruppe auf den Carben-Rest α-Meth-oxystyrol. Durch Einsetzen methylsubstituierter 1-Vinylpyrrolidone wird die Herkunft der übertragenen Methylengruppe bewiesen. Die Produkte werden anhand ihrer IR-, 1H-NMR- und Massenspektren identifiziert. Als Reaktionsmechanismus wird ein cyclischer Übergangszustand vorgeschlagen, der - in Analogie zur heterolytischen Fragmentierung nach Grob - die Spaltung und Neuknüpfung einer Doppelbindung erklärt.
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  • 182
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1207-1212 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemical Reactions, XXIII. The Photocyclisation of 9-Benzylidenexanthenes and 9-BenzylidenethioxanthenesDehydrocyclisations of the 9-benzylidenexanthenes in u.v. or sunlight (6a-6d→7a-7d) were realized. 6 may be considered as derived from stilbene, and 7 as derived from phenanthrene. Therefore the photoprocess 6→7 is analogue to the photoprocess cis-stilbene → phenanthrene.
    Notes: Dehydrocyclisierungen der Benzylidenxanthene im UV-oder Sonnenlicht (6a-6b→7a-7d) wurden durchgeführt. Da 6 als substituierte cis-Stilbene und 7 als substituierte Phenanthrene aufgefaßt werden können, liegen Analogiereaktionen zu dem Photoprozeß cis-Stilben → Phenanthren vor.
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  • 183
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1228-1234 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Dynamic Behaviour of Mono-cyclopentadienylarsinesMono-cyclopentadienylarsines (3a-e) are synthesized by the reaction of cyclopentadienyl-trimethylsilane (1) or cyclopentadienyllithium (5) with the halogenoarsines 2a-e. They are very sensitive against air and moisture and thermally unstable. The cp-ligands are σ-bonded; the molecules have a fluxional structure. The rapidity of the degenerate metallotropic rearrangements is influenced by the other ligands on the arsenic atom.
    Notes: Mono-cyclopentadienylarsine (3a-e) werden durch Umsetzung von Cyclopentadienyl-trimethylsilan (1) oder Cyclopentadienyllithium (5) mit den Halogenarsinen 2a-e dargestellt. Sie sind äußerst luft- und feuchtigkeitsempfindlich und thermisch instabil. Es liegen σ-gebundene Cp-Liganden und Moleküle mit fluktuierender Struktur vor. Die Geschwindigkeit der entarteten metallotropen Umlagerungen wird durch die anderen Liganden am Arsenatom beeinflußt.
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  • 184
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1318-1328 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Enehydrazines, 9. 1-Alkyl-3-hydroxypyrazoles from Hydrazones or HydrazinesReaction of dimethyl acetylendicarboxylate with hydrazinen oder Alkyl hydrazonen gives the methyl 1-alkyl-3-hydroxy-5-pyrazolecarboxylats 9 and 13a-e, subsequent saponification and decarboxylation gives the 1-alkyl-3-hydroxypyrazoles 11 and 15a-e. The cyclization of 13f to lactone 19a is a structure proff. Starting from benzaldehyde hydrazones, 2-pyrazoline-4,5-dicarboxylic esters are the main products.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Acetylendicarbonsäure- dimethylester mit Hydrazinen oder Alkyl-hydrazonen erhält man die 1-Alkyl-3-hydroxy-5-pyrazolcarbonsäure-methylester 9 und 13a-e, durch Verseifung und Decarboxylierung hieraus die 1-Alkyl-3-hydroxypyrazole 11 und 15a-e. Die Cyclisierung von 13f zum Lacton 19a ist strukturbeweisend. Bei Verwendung von Benzaldehyd-hydrazonen entstehen hauptsächlich 2-Pyrazolin-4,5- dicarbonsäureester.
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  • 185
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1334-1343 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrophilic Addition of Disulfur Dichloride to Alkynes, 3. Reaction of Asymmetric of Asymmetric Substituted Alkynes with Disulfur DichlorideDisulfur dichloride adds to the triple bond of asymmetric substituted alkynes to afford vinyl sulfides, which are constitution isomers. Substituents R with a negative I-effect yield „Markownikof“ products whereas a positive I-effect leads to the formation of „anti-Markownikoff“ products. The addition is always trans. The obtained sulfides are oxidized with H2O2 in glacial acetic acid to yield the corresponding sulfones.
    Notes: Die bei der elektrophilen Addition von Dischwefeldichlorid an asymmetrische Alkine gebildeten Vinylsulfide sind Konstitutions -Isomere. Substituenten R mit negativem Induktionseffekt führen zu „Markownikoff“-Produkten, während ein positiver I-Effekt „anti-Markownikoff“-Orientierungen liefert. In allen Fällen erfolgt eine trans-Addition. Die erhaltenen Sulfide werden nach der Oxidation mit Wasserstoffperoxid/Eisessig als Sulfone isoliert.
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  • 186
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1371-1379 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidative Addition Reactions of Nitroalkanes to Tetrakis(triphenylphoshine)platinum(0)The oxidative addition of nitromethane to Pt(PPh3)4 in polar protic solution provides a convenient and safe method for the preparation of trans-(Ph3P) 2Pt(CNO)2 Pt(CNO2)(3). From Pt(PPh3)4 and nitromethane or 2-nitropropane cis-(Ph3P) 2Pt(NO2)2 (2) is obtained. The reactions of Pd(PPh3)4 or Rh(PPh3)2CO)Cl with CH3NO2 or some of its derivatives afford isocyanato compounds. Formaidoxime hydrochloride reacts with Pt(PPh3)4 to give trans-(Ph3P)2Pt-(CN)Cl (4).
    Notes: Die oxidative Addition von Nitromethan an Pt(PPH3)4 in polarem, protischem Medium liefert gefahrlos und in guter Ausbeute trans-(Ph 3P)2Pt(CNO)2 (3). Aus Pt(PPh3)4 und Nitromethan bzw. 2-Nitropropan wird cis-(Ph3P)2Pt(NO2)2 (2) erhalten. Die Umsetzungen von Pd(PPh 3)4 oder Rh(PPh3)2(CO)Cl mit Nitromethan oder Methylnitrolsäure führen zu Isocyanatoverbindungen. Formaldoxim-hydrochlorid reagiert mit Pt(PPh 3)4 zu trans-(Ph3P)2Pt(CN)Cl (4).
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  • 187
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1720-1730 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Botrydial, a Sesquiterpene Antibiotic from the Culture Solution of the Fungus Botrytis cinereaThe antibiotic botrydial (3) and its dihydro derivative (1) were isolated from the culture solution of the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Their structural formulas were elucidated by means of a series of chemical transformations together with the application of spectroscopic methods, especially a detailed analysis of the n.m.r. spectra. The basic skeleton of botrydial is a bicyclic, non-isoprenoid sesquiterpene system.
    Notes: Aus der Nährlösung des Pilzes Botrytis cinerea wurden das antibiotisch wirksame Botrydial (3) und sein Dihydroderivat (1) isoliert. Durch eine Folge chemischer Umwandlungen, verbunden mit der Anwendung spektroskopischer Methoden, insbesondere einer detaillierten Analyse der NMR-Spektren, wurden ihre Konstitutionsformeln abgeleitet. Botrydial liegt ein bicyclisch nicht-isoprenoides Sesquiterpenskelett zugrunde.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1767-1768 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 189
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1773-1776 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occuring Terpene Derivatives, XXXVI. Synthesis of 8-Hydroxybrickellol and Dehydronerol isovalerateThe sesquiterpene 7 named 8-hydroxybrickellol as well as the isovalerate of dehydronerol (14) have been synthesized.
    Notes: Das 8-Hydroxybrickellol benannte Sesquiterpen 7 sowie der Isovaleriansäureester des Dehydronerols (14) werden synthetisch dargestellt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1420-1427 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Reactions of Phosphorus Ylids with Excess Alkohol and AlkanethiolThe alkoxytetraalkylphosphoranes of the formula R4POR′, obtained from equimolar amounts of ylid and alkohol, which contain pentacoordinate phosphorus atoms, are converted into ionic products (1 - 7) by addition of excess alkohol. In these compounds phosphonium cations R4P⊕ are accompanied by hydrogen-bonded hydrogenalkoholate anions of the types [R′O…H…OR′]⊖, [H2(OR′)3]⊖, and [H3(OR′)4]⊖. This structure is proposed on the basis of n.m.r., i.r., and Raman-spectroscopic data. With ylids and alkanethiols only salt-like products R4P⊕RS⊖ are formed.
    Notes: Die aus äquimolaren Mengen von Yliden und Alkoholen zugänglichen, kovalent gebauten Alkoxytetraalkylphosphorane R4POR′ mit pentakoordinierten Phosphoratomen werden durch Addition von überschüssigem Alkohol in die Produkte 1 - 7 verwandelt, in welchen Phosphonium-Kationen R4P⊕ den wasserstoffbrückenverknüpften Hydrogenalkoholat-Anionen vom Typ [R′O…H…OR′]⊖, [H2(OR′)3]⊖ und [H3(OR′)4]⊖ gegenüberstehen. Der Strukturvorschlag stützt sich auf NMR-, IR- und Raman-spektroskopische Untersuchungen. Aus Yliden und Alkanthiolen entstehen nur die salzartigen Phosphonium-alkanthiolate R4 P⊕RS⊖.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1472-1482 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangements of 3-Substituted Norbornanediazonium Ions3-Oxonorbornane-2-endo-diazonium ions (1), generated by acid-catalyzed decomposition of 3-diazonorcamphor (5) in alcoholic solutions, produce derivatives of endo-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 3 and bicyclo [3.1.1]heptane derivatives 4, varying with the nucleophilicity of the solvent. This suggests the 7-bridged ion 2 as intermediate, which plays also an important part in the deamination of 3,3-dimethoxynorcamphor tosylhydrazone (16) in alkaline solutions as shown by the formation of 3 and 4. In the alkaline deamination of 3,3- dimethoxy-5-norbornen-2-on tosylhydrazone (32) in methanol the homoallylic ion 34 is dominating.
    Notes: 3-Oxonorbornan-2-endo-diazonium-Ionen (1), erzeugt durch sauer katalysierte Zersetzung von 3-Diazonorcampher (5) in alkoholischen Lösungen, ergaben endo-Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3 und Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-Derivate 4, deren Menge von der Nucleophilie des eingesetzten Lösungsmittels abhängig ist. Dies läßt das 7-verbrückte Ion 2 als Zwischenstufe vermuten, welches auch bei der Desaminierung des 3,3-Dimethoxynorcampher-tosylhydrazons (16) in alkalischen Lösungen eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, wie die Bildung der Produkte 3 und 4 beweist. Bei der alkalischen Desaminierung des 3,3-Dimethoxy-5-norbornen-2-on-tosylhydrazons (32) in Methanol ist jedoch die Homoallylumlagerung zum Kation 34 produkt-bestimmend.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1536-1544 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Derivatives of Guanidines Containing Phosphorus and SulfurN-Chloroguanidines 1 react with tervalent phosphorous compounds or with sulfides to yield N-guanylphosphine imidium (3) or sulfimidium salts (9). Dehydrohalogenation gives the respective N-guanyl phosphine imides and sulfimides. The structure and reactions of these compounds are discussed.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von N-Chlorguanidinen 1 mit tervalenten Phosphorverbindungen sowie Sulfiden führt zu N-Guanylphosphinimidium- (3) bzw. -sulfimidium-Salzen (9). Durch Dehydrohalogenierung werden die entsprechenden Phosphinimide und Sulfimide erhalten. Die Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen - insbesondere die Struktur-und Bindungsverhältnisse-sowie ihre Reaktionen werden untersucht.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1568-1578 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Conformational Analysis, III. exo-Anomeric Effect and Circular Dichroism of Glycopyranosyl AzidesTetra-O-acetyl-aldopentopyranoses and penta-O-acetyl-aldohexopyranoses react readily with trimethylsilyl azide in the presence of BF3 or SnCl4 to afford the corresponding glycosyl azides 1a - 11 (table 1). Only the anomeric glycosyl azide having the azido group „trans“ to the 2-acetoxy group is obtained in each case. The polarization of the Cl—Nx and Nx—Nz bonds in glycosyl azides is such that in both cases the dipole is directed toward Nx. It can be deduced that glycosyl azides, like methyl glycopyranosides, should exhibit an exo-anomeric effect which strongly favors the conformers 9 and 12. The application of the azide-octant rule predicts a negative Cotton effect for the α-D-glycosyl azide 12 and a positive effect for the β-D-glycosyl azide 9. Circular dichroism measurements are in good agreement with these predictions, indicating the operation of an exo-anomeric effect in the glycosyl azides.
    Notes: Tetra-O-acetyl-pentopyranosen und Penta-O-acetyl-hexopyranosen setzen sich mit Trimethylsilylazid bei Gegenwart von BF3 oder SnCl4 leicht zu den entsprechenden Glycosylaziden 1a bis 11 um (Tab. 1). Es entsteht stets nur das anomere Glycosylazid, in dem die Azidogruppe und 2-OAc „trans“ zueinander angeordnet sind. In Glycosylaziden sind die Bindungen Cl—Nx und Nx—Nz in der Weise polarisiert, daß der Dipol in beiden Fällen zum Nx weist. Hieraus wird abgeleitet, daß bei Glycosylaziden wie bei Methylglycosiden ein exo-anomerer Effekt wirksam sein sollte, der die Konformeren 9 und 12 stark bevorzugt. Die Anwendung der Azid-Oktantenregel sagt für das α-D-Glycosylazid 12 einen negativen, für das β-D-Glycosylazid 9 einen positiven Cotton-Effekt voraus. Messungen des Circular-dichroismus stimmen mit diesen Voraussagen gut überein, was für einen exo-anomeren Effekt bei Glycosylaziden spricht.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1645-1648 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermally Induced Reactions of Imidazole Derivatives, IV. Kinetics of the Thermal Rearrangement of 2,4,4-Triaryl-5-methylthio-4H-imidazolesThe thermal rearrangements of the title compounds 1a - d into the 2,4,5-triarylimidazoles 2 in different solvents and at different temperatures are first order reactions. No linear relation exists between the effect of the p-substituents of the migrating aryl groups on the reaction rates and their Hammett-Brown σ+ values. The solvent has practically no effect on the rearrangement rate of 1c. The activation parameters of the rearrangement 1c → 2c are given.
    Notes: Die thermische Umlagerung der Titelsubstanzen 1a - d in die 2,4,5-Triarylimidazole 2 in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und bei verschiedenen Temperaturen folgt einem Geschwindigkeitsgesetz 1. Ordnung. Der Einfluß des p-Substituenten der wandernden Arylgruppe ändert sich nicht linear mit den Hammett-Brownschen σ+-Werten. Das Lösungsmittel hat praktisch keinen Einfluß auf die Umlagerungsgeschwindigkeit von 1c. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Umlagerung 1c → 2c werden angegeben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1676-1683 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinyl Cations, 15. Preparation and Solvolysis of the Stereoisomeric 1-Bromomethylene-2-methylcyclopropanesThe stereoisomeric 1-bromomethylene-2-methylcyclopropanes (6Z and 6E) are synthesized and their solvolysis rates and products in ethanol/Water mixtures are determined. 6Z and 6E solvolyse at approximately the same rates. Both isomers yield only the rearranged products 12, 14, 16 and 18, which are formed from both isomers in the same ratio. The products as well as the kinetic data are explained by assuming the formation of the stabilized cyclopropylidenemethyl cation 7.
    Notes: Die stereoisomeren 1-Brommethylen-2-methylcyclopropane (6Z und 6E) wurden dargestellt und die Solvolysegeschwindigkeiten sowie die Produkte in Äthanol/Wasser-Gemischen bestimmt. 6Z und 6E solvolysieren dabei etwa mit gleicher Geschwindigkeit. Aus beiden Isomeren entstehen ausschließlich die umgelagerten Produkte 12, 14, 16 und 18 im gleichen Mengenverhältnis. Produktanalyse und Kinetik werden mit der Bildung des stabilisierten Cyclopropylidenmethylkations 7 erklärt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 196
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1684-1701 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dispiro[2.0.2.4]deca-7,9-diene and Related Model Compounds: Synthesis, U.V, N.M.R, and Photoelectron-Spectroscopic InvestigationsDispiro[2.0.2.4]deca-7,9-diene (4) and spiro[2.5]octa-4,6-diene (5 can be obtained from the corresponding monoolefins 6 and 10, respectively, by bromine addition and subsequent dehydrobromination. The u. v. spectra of 5 and 4 with λmax = 269 nm (log ε = 3.4) and 284 nm (3.7), respectively, show bathochromic shifts of their longest wavelength bands as compared to 1,3-cyclohexadiene. An analysis of the 1H n. m. r. chemical shifts and H, H-coupling constants for the olefinic protons in 4 indicates that there is no cyclic electron delocalization in this ring system. The six-membered ring in 4 is only slightly flatter than the one in 1,3- cyclohexadiene. The photoelectron spectroscopic data of 4, 5, spiro[2.5]octane (13), spiro[2.5]oct-4-ene (15), dispiro[2.0.2.4]decane (14), and dispiro[2.0.2.4]dec-7-ene (16) demonstrate the effect of the interaction between π-orbitals and cyclopropyl Walsh-orbitals; an assignment for the first bands in the p. e. spectra of these compounds is proposed.
    Notes: Dispiro[2.0.2.4] deca-7,9-dien (4) und Spiro[2.5]octa-4,6-dien (5) lassen sich aus den entsprechenden Monoolefinen 6 bzw. 10 durch Bromierung und anschließende Dehydrobromierung gewinnen. Die UV-Absorptionen von 5 und 4 mit λmax = 269 nm (log ε = 3.4) bzw. 284 nm (3.7) sind bathochrom verschoben gegenüber denjenigen des 1,3-Cyclohexadiens. Aus einer Analyse der Chemischen Verschiebungen und H,H-Kopplungskonstanten der olefinischen Protonen im 1H-NMR-Spektrum von 4 ist zu schließen, daß 4 kein cyclisch delokalisiertes Elektronensystem enthält. Der Sechsring in 4 ist nur wenig stärker eingeebnet als derjenige im 1,3-Cyclohexadien. Anhand der Photoelektronen-Spektren von 4, 5 sowie Spiro[2.5]octan (13), Spiro[2.5]oct-4-en (15), Dispiro[2.0.2.4]decan (14) und Dispiro[2.0.2.4]dec-7-en (16) wird der Effekt der Wechselwirkung zwischen π-Orbitalen und Cyclopropyl-Walsh-Orbitalen aufgezeigt; für die jeweils ersten Banden in den PE-Spektren dieser Verbindungen wird eine Zuordnung vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1748-1763 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Asymmetric Hydrogenation with 1,4-Bis(dimethylamino)-(2S,3S)- and -(2R,3R)-butane-2,3-dio(DBD)/Lithium Aluminium HydrideThe diaminodiol 6 (DBD) mentioned inthe in the title is readily available in two steps from commercial diethyl tartrate. It reacts with lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) or deuteride to give chirally modified 1:1-complexes which reduce aldehydes, ketones, and ozonides to optically active carbinols in optical yields of up to 75%. Since both enantiomers of DBD are to accessible, both dextro- and levo-rotatory products may be prepared at will. DBD is easily separated from products and recovered without loss of activity. The (-)- DBD-LAH-complex reduces both dialkyl and aryl alkyl ketones to give samples enantiomerically enriched with carbinols of (S)- configuration, while the (+)-DBD-complex acts the other way around. This result is independent of the mode of preparation of the complex, of the ratio of reducing reagent over substrate, of addition of alcohols or water, of reaction temperature, or solvent. The effects of some of these influences upon the optical yields are large. Optimum conditions are given; the efficiency of the DBD-LAH-complex is compared with similar chirally modified LAH derivatives already known. A mechanism explaining the stereochemical results is proposed.
    Notes: Das aus Weinsäureester in zwei Stufen leicht zugängliche, im Titel genannte Diaminodiol 6 (DBD) setzt sich mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid (LAH) und -deuterid zu chiral modifizierten 1: 1-Komplexen um. Diese reduzieren Aldehyde, Ketone und Ozonide zu opt. aktiven Carbinolen in optischen Ausbeuten bis zu 75%. Da beide Enantiomeren von DBD zugänglich sind, lassen sich gezielt (+)- oder (-)-drehende Produkte darstellen. DBD ist von den Produkten bequem abtrennbar und ohne opt. Verluste zurückgewinnbar. Mit (-)-DBD-LAH- Komplex entstehen Dialkyl- und Alkyl-aryl- carbinole mit (S)-, aus dem enantiomeren Komplex mit (R)-Konfiguration des Überschußenantiomeren. Dies ist völlig unabhängig von Darstellungsmodus des Komplexes, molarem Verhältnis von Reduktionsmittel und Substrat, Zusätzen von Alkoholen oder Wasser, Reaktionstemperatur oder -lösungsmittel. Die Einflüsse dieser Faktoren auf die opt. Ausbeuten, für die optimale Bedingungen angegeben werden, sind indessen zum Teil groß. Vergleiche mit bekannten Komplexen aus LAH und anderen chiralen Liganden werden gezogen. Es wird ein Vorschlag zur Erklärung der stereochemischen Befunde gemacht.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 198
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1777-1779 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, XXXVII. Synthesis of the Sesquiterpene from Elvira biflora DCThe aromatic sesquiterpene 11 isolated from Elvira biflora DC has been synthesized starting with the p-cresol 2-butenyl ether (1).
    Notes: Das aus Elvira biflora DC isolierte aromatische Sesquiterpen 11 wird ausgehend vom p-Cresol-2-butenyläther (1) synthetisiert.
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1823-1834 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of Nitrile Ylides of Different OriginThermolysis and photolysis of 2,3-dihydro- 1,4,2λ5-oxazaphospholes 2, photolysis of 1- azetines 3 as well as 1,3-elimination of hydrogen chloride from imidoyl chlorides 4 proceeds via the nitrile ylide intermediate 1. This is deduced from the same product ratio of the isomeric cycloadducts 5:6 on trapping with acrylic acid esters.
    Notes: Die Thermolyse und Photolyse von 2,3-Dihydro-1,4,2λ5-oxazaphospholen 2, die Photolyse von 1-azetine 3 wie auch die 1,3-Eliminierung von Chlorwasserstoff aus Imidoylchloriden 4 verläuft über die Nitril-ylid-Zwischenstufe 1. Dies wird aus dem jeweils gleichen Produkt-verhältnis der isomeren Cycloaddukte 5:6 bei der Abfangreaktion mit Acrylsäureestern abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 200
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 107 (1974), S. 1903-1914 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,8-Di-tert-butyl-[9-13C]-9-fluorenyl, Bis(2-tert-butylphenyl)[α-13C]methyl and their DimersThe preparation of the title compounds is reported. The 1H n. m. r. spectra of the dimers of 1 and [9-13C]-1, respectively, yield the cyclohexadiene structure 12 for the dimer. The 1H n. m. r. spectrum of [α-13C]-2 dimer confirms structure 1411). The e. s. r. results of 1 and 2 are discussed.
    Notes: Die Darstellung der Titelverbindungen wird beschrieben. Die 1H-NMR-Spektren der Dimeren von 1 bzw. [9-13C]- 1 ergeben die Cyclohexadien-Struktur 12 für das Dimere. das 1H-NMR-Spektrum des [α-13C]- 2-Dimeren bestätigt die Struktur 14 11). Die ESR-Ergebnisse (a(H) und a(13C)) von 1 und 2 werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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