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  • 1970-1974  (1,015)
  • 1965-1969  (303)
  • 1920-1924
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (654)
  • Ultrastructure  (478)
  • Electron Microscopy
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 364 (1974), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Coronary Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; Aging ; Smooth Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coronary arteries were studied by electron microscopy in normal rats weighing 65 to 535 gm; fixation was accomplished by perfusion for 20 min at 110–130 mm Hg. In rats of all ages (but especially in the oldest) the arterial wall contained deposits of abnormal intercellular material, consisting of granules, vesicles, myelin figures and other debris. These deposits were present in the intima and media, but rare in the adventitia; there was suggestive evidence that medial cells phagocytized some of the material. The adventitia was characterized by 1–4 layers of cells with extremely thin protoplasmic expansions wrapped around the vessel (“veil cells”) and containing lysosome-like bodies as well as phagosomes. These findings, taken as a whole, suggest the following sequence of events. During normal life, the media produces cellular debris, by cell death as well as by fragmentation of cellular processes; part of these debris are phagocytized by smooth muscle cells, part diffuse outward to the adventitia where they are taken up by specialized cells (the “veil cells”). However, due to relative inadequacy of phagocytosis in the media, the debris continue to accumulate and form intercellular deposits that increase with age. It is possible that this natural phenomenon may by itself set a maximal limit to the life-span of the arterial wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 363 (1974), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hypertensin (Angiotensin) ; Catecholamins ; So-Called Epinephrine Myocarditis ; Rat Heart ; Optical Microscopy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pathomorpliological comparative studies on structural damage to rat cardiac muscle following administration of hypertensin and arterenol, with and without pretreatment with reserpine to empty the catecholamine reserves were performed. The question is whether and to what degree angiotensin induced cardiac damage, which is viewed microscopically as the so-called epinephrine myocarditis, can be regarded as an indirect catecholamine effect. The following could be deduced: 1. Hypertensin causes a damage pattern similar to that of arterenol as seen under the light microscope and corresponds to the so-called epinephrine myocarditis. 2. The electron microscope demonstrates definite differences in the pattern of damage to the myocardium: hypertensin affects primarily the mitochondria, while arterenol affects the myofibrils. 3. Hypertensin and arterenol damage mainly the subendocardial tissue of the left heart: hypertensin affects more the region of the base of the left ventricle, arterenol more the region of the left ventricle apex. 4. Pretreatment with reserpine blocks the damaging effects of hypertensin in the rat heart for 12 hours. After 24 hours the full picture of the damage pattern has reappeared. Arterenol is lethal to animals pretreated with reserpine. 5. The pathogenesis of the damaging effects of hypertensin on rat cardiac muscle is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 285 (1974), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Fenfluramine ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Phospholipidosis, drug-induced ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After administration of the anorectic drug fenfluramine (40 mg/kg per day) to rats (s. c. or i. p.) and guinea pigs (p.o.) over periods of 2 to 11 weeks, electron microscopic examination was performed on lungs, liver, lymphatic tissues and peripheral blood of both species, and on adrenal glands and ovaries of rats. In rats, fenfluramine caused the following alterations (listed according to the duration of treatment): Formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in lymphocytes and plasma cells of lymphatic tissues, appearance of “foam cells” in lung alveoli; formation of abnormal lamellated inclusions in corpus luteum, lymphocytes of peripheral blood, and in adrenal cortex. In guinea pigs, the same alterations were found in lymphocytes of spleen and peripheral blood, in hepatocytes and in lung. The present observations support the concept of a generalized phospholipidosis induced by amphiphilic compounds. The potency of fenfluramine to induce a lipidosis is, however, considerably less pronounced than that previously demonstrated for the anorectic drug chlorphentermine. This difference is suggested to be due mainly to the lower degree of amphiphilia of fenfluramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 286 (1974), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Lipidosis ; Antidepressants ; Neuroleptics ; Lymphocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lymphocytes of rat lymph nodes have previously been revealed as reliable and sensitive indicators of a particular drug side effect, notably a generalized phospholipidosis, inducible by a compound of amphiphilic character (chlorphentermine). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of other amphiphilic compounds upon rat lymphocytes. After oral administration of various tricyclic antidepressants (iprindole, imipramine, clomipramine, 1-chloro-amitriptyline, 1-chloro-10,11-dehydro-amitriptyline, noxiptiline, amitriptyline), or of two neuroleptic drugs (chlorpromazine, thioridazine) to rats, the popliteal lymph nodes were examined with the electron microscope. After a single application of either iprindole (50 mg/kg), imipramine (100 mg/kg), or clomipramine (150 mg/kg) small proportions of lymphocytes were found to contain abnormal lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions. The size and number of inclusions and the number of affected lymphocytes increased with further treatment. Similar observations were made after treatment with the chlorinated amitriptyline derivatives. On the other hand, only small numbers of lymphocytes were affected by noxiptiline, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine and thioridazine, even after prolonged treatments (up to 13 weeks) with high doses (up to 125–175 mg/kg). The present ultrastructural finding are interpreted as representing lipidosislike cellular alterations, yet of highly varying degrees. The large quantitative differences are tentatively suggested to be due to differences in the rate and mode of metabolism of the drugs, and due to differing degrees of amphiphilia of the compounds applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 150 (1974), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Paraquat Poisoning ; Morphology ; Electron Microscopy ; Light Microscopy ; Letal Course ; Human Lung ; Lung Fibrosis ; Proliferative Alterations ; Degenerative Alterations ; Pathogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphological alterations in the lungs of 3 cases of paraquat intoxication with prolonged lethal course (10, 11, and 25 days) are reported. Combined light-and electronmicroscopic studies reveal that 10 and 11 days after the ingestion of paraquat the endothelium of the occassionally congested capillaries is intact. The basal membranes have only scarce alterations. They are sometimes naked because of shadding of both types of pneumocytes with severe alterations, e.g. lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm. In the vast alveolar edema, red blood cells, some round cells, strands of fibrin, and lamellar cell debris are seen. There are also varying amounts of polymorphnuclear leucocytes and alveolar macrophages with many phagolysosomes and cytosegresomes. Fibroblasts with lipid droplets between the extensive RER form varying amounts of collagen fibrils in the alveolar and sometimes in the very edematous interstitial space. Sometimes surrounded by collagenous material, they thus devoured by macrophages. 25 days after paraquat intoxication a severe alveolar fibrosis, focal interstitial fibrosis, and areas with atelectasis are found. Due to artificial respiration and changed ventilation mechanics, there were large areas with hemorrhage and a honeycomb-like structure of the remaining lung parenchyma. The pathogenesis of the degenerative and proliferative lung alterations is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 559-567 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora's disease) ; Type I (Unverricht, Lundborg) ; Type II ; Liver findings ; Clinical aspects ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Glycogenosis type IV ; Progressive Myoklonusepilepsie (Laforasche Erkrankung) ; Typ I (Unverricht, Lundborg) ; Typ II ; Leberbefunde ; Klinik ; Histologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Histochemie ; Biochemie ; Glykogenose Typ IV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dem klinischen Bild der progressiven Myoklonusepilepsie (Lafora's disease) liegt eine kongenitale Stoffwechselanomalie mit Ablagerung pathologischer Stoffwechselprodukte vorwiegend im Zentralnervensystem zugrunde. Der häufigere Typ I (Typ Unverricht, Typ Lundborg) zeigt eine regelmäßige Mitbeteiligung von Leber und Myokard sowie teilweise der Muskulatur, der seltenere Typ II ist mit seiner Speicherung nur auf das Zentralnervensystem beschränkt. Die Kenntnis der charakteristischen Leberbefunde kann einmal eine Hilfe sein für die klinische Unterscheidung von Typ I und Typ II, unspezifisch degenerativen Formen der Myoklonusepilepsie sowie gegenüber der myoklonischen Variante der amaurotischen Idiotie. Als eine weitere Möglichkeit könnte das bisher unbekannte Speicherprodukt und der auslösende spezifische Enzymdefekt auf diesem Wege identifiziert werden. Lichtmikroskopisch zeigen die Leberzellen — vorwiegend der Läppchenperipherie — und gelegentlich auch die Kupfferschen Sternzellen eine PAS-positive homogene Speichersubstanz, die in Übereinstimmung mit den Befunden am Zentralnervensystem und am Myocard elektronenoptisch aus granulärem und filamentärem Material aufgebaut ist. Die Deutung der einzelnen Untersucher hinsichtlich der histochemischen und biochemischen Ergebnisse variiert: die Natur des Ablagerungsproduktes wird als Mucopolysaccharid aber auch als Polyglucosan angesprochen. Übereinstimmend sieht man aber die Hauptstörung im Bereich des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels. Die hier demonstrierten bemerkenswerten licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Übereinstimmungen mit der Glykogenose Typ IV lassen nach unserer Auffassung nahe Beziehungen zur Gruppe der Glykogenosen annehmen. Als Thesaurismose ist die Laforasche Erkrankung eine potentielle Vorstufe der Cirrhose. Es entwickelt sich eine mehr oder minder ausgeprägte Mesenchymbeteiligung im Sinne einer chronischen Hepatitis. Eine komplette Cirrhose ist jedoch selbst bei den Spätfällen nicht nachzuweisen. Eine Hepatomegalie als Folge der Speicherung fehlt. Spezifische Leberproben fallen negativ aus. Das klinische Bild wird nicht von Seiten der Leber, sondern ausschließlich von der progredienten neurologisch-psychiatrischen Symptomatik der Myoklonusepilepsie geprägt.
    Notes: Summary The cause of clinical manifestations of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora's disease) is an inborn error of metabolism characterised by deposition of pathologic metabolic products in the central nervous system. In the most common type I (Type Unverricht, Type Lundborg) these deposits are regularly located in liver and myocard, and in some cases also in sceletal muscle. In the less common type II they are found only in the central nervous system. The characteristic liver findings might help to distinguish type I, type II, unspecific degenerative forms of myoclonic epilepsy and the myoclonic form of amaurotic idiocy. They also might be valuable in identification of yet unknown specific enzyme defect leading to tissue deposits. Our light microscopy observations demonstrate deposits of a PAS-positive homogene substance in liver cells—especially in the periphery of lobule— and sometimes in Kupffer cells. By electron microscopy this substance is identified as granular and filamentary material. This corresponds to our findings in the central nervous system and myocard. The interpretation of existing histochemical and biochemical studies did not yet solve the question, if the mentioned deposits are mucopolysaccharides or polyglucosanes, however, it is recognized that the main disorder is an error in carbohydrate metabolism. The notable similarity of our light- and electronmicroscopic observations to results obtained in glycogenosis type IV suggest that Lafora's disease might be another form of glycogenosis. As a thesaurismosis Lafora's disease can predispose to cirrhosis. The activation of mesenchyme, less or more pronounced, corresponds to chronic hepatitis. And even in the late forms a complete cirrhosis is not found. This thesaurismosis does not lead to hepatomegaly. Specific liver function tests are negative. The clinical course is characterised not by liver symptoms but by the neurologic and psychiatric symptoms of progressive myoclonic epilepsy.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Diphosphonates ; Calcification ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) were investigated at the light microscopic and subcellular level. The administration of EHDP at a concentration of 7.5–10 mg P/kg body weight/day over a short period of time resulted in complete inhibition of crystal formation in predentin and pre-enamel. An increased predentin width was observed and within newly-formed predentin areas the formation ofcollagen fibrils was grossly disturbed. In addition, fine precipitates appeared in the ground substance. The presence of unusual thread-like elements within specific bodies in the cytoplasm of the odontoblastic processes may be indicative of an interference by EHDP in e.g. the synthesis of precollagen. The possibility of an inhibition by EHDP of the extracellular aggregation of collagen molecules is also discussed. EHDP further inhibited crystal formation within dentinal globules. Functioning ameloblasts were grossly affected in EHDP-treated rats, and it is suggested that this is related to an inhibition of crystal formation in pre-enamel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scenedesmus Bristles ; Openings ; Props ; Ridges ; Tubules ; Brisble Origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bristles radiating from openings were detected on colonies and unicells ofScenedesmus culture N 46, when examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Although narrower, they correspond in gross appearance and ultrastructure to previously describedScenedesmus bristles. Openings, bordered by a series of props, are unlike those ofScenedesmus culture 614. Additional props are observed scattered independently on the cell wall; ridges are composed of a linear row of props. Sections of cells, or cell walls, reveal an additional prop, situated inside the openings; these props are composed of several tubules. Possible extrusion of bristles through these tubules, as well as the origin of the bristle from the cavity and vesicles immediately under the opening are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Septa ; Schizophyllum ; Dissolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain ofSchizophyllum commune carrying a mutation in theB-mating factor (B-mut) shows septal dissolution when grown at 30° C for 2 to 3 days. The septa are intact if the organism is grown at 25° C for the same time, but begin to break down within 1 h after transfer to 30° C. At the ultrastructural level the dolipore swelling is the first part of the septal apparatus to be degraded, closely followed by the disorganization of the parenthesomes. A progressive thinning of the septal cross-wall produces an enlargement of the septal aperture sufficient to allow the passage of nuclei. It appears that degradative enzymes are probably carried to the site of septal dissolution in vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum in the area of the septal apparatus.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Nitrogen Starvation ; Pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Heterocyst Differentiation ; Nitrogenase Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen starvation, effected by incubating a culture ofAnabaena cylindrica in a medium free from combined nitrogen and under an atmosphere of 1% CO2 in argon, leads to rapid and characteristic changes in the appearance, structure and function of the alga. Change of colour, due apparently to a decrease in the amounts of nitrogenous pigments, is accompanied by a structural transformation of vegetative cells: cyanophycin granules and polyhedral bodies disintegrate, lipid and glycogen accumulate, and large membrane-bound spaces form by means of thylakoid swelling and vesiculation. The rate of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity is increased. These changes are fully reversed on addition of ammonia to the culture. It appears that thylakoids reform by coalescence of small vesicles assembled in the intrathylakoidal space. Rapid ammonia assimilation is indicated by ample formation of cyanophycin granules in vegetative cells and of “plugs” in the heterocysts.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Marine Fungi ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellate Sporangial Wall ; Sagenogenetosome ; Zoospore Cleavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of aJaponochytrium sp. has been studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The wall has been shown to be multilamellate and persistent. Stages in zoospore cleavage are described and sagenogenetosomes reported in mature sporangia.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell Wall ; Wall Formation ; Lomasome ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on encysting haploid zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula are presented with special reference to cell wall deposition. Multivesicular bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of zoospores 15 min after inoculation, lomasomes after 30 min and fine membrane profiles between the plasmalemma and the cyst wall are observed after 4 h indicating a possible system for secretion of cell wall components.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteus vulgaris ; Bacteriocin ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular development of a bacteriocin in a strain of Proteus vulgaris was investigated. Particles which resemble the bacteriocin make their appearance in the cell after 60 min induction with mitomycin C. At this stage they appear as broad bands of tightly-packed phage tail-like structures. With longer periods of induction the bands are disrupted to liberate individual phage tail-like particles.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas ; Senescent ; Microtubules ; Complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of twisted ribbons composed of ordered arrays of microtubules are identified in close association with the plasmalemma and the surfaces of some organelles in senescent cells of photoheterotrophically cultured Chlamydomonas dysosmos. The ribbon complexes occur throughout the cytoplasm, and do not appear related to the flagellar insertions. The component microtubules are approximately 26 nm in width, exhibiting a center-to-center spacing of about 44 nm. Additional cytoplasmic microtubules are often closely related to the tubular complexes. A detailed description of their fine structure is presented here which tends to support the ascribed function of microtubules in maintaining the structural integrity of the protoplasm.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Nitrogenase ; Ultrastructure ; Storage Products ; Heterocyst Frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural and functional symptoms of molybdenum deficiency inAnabaena cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen and thus dependent on fixation of elemental nitrogen, resemble those brought about by nitrogen starvation. However, the substantially increased rate of heterocyst differentiation in this culture is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in nitrogenase activity; on the contrary, enzyme activity is severely impaired in the absence of molybdenum. When the supply of molybdenum, or of ammonia, is restored, the alga recovers rapidly. Vanadium exerts an inhibitory effect upon nitrogen-fixing ability of the alga, and its presence in the molybdenum-deficient culture results in the amplification of the symptoms of mlybdenum deficiency.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microbodies ; Vacuolaria ; Gonyostomum ; Chloromonadophyceae ; Chromophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbody-like organelles occur in the cytoplasm of two chloromonadophycean algae,Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky andGonyostomum semen Diesing. Microbodies ofVacuolaria andGonyostomum have a granular matrix which lacks a crystalloid core; they are often present in close association with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The occurrence of microbodies in other algae is briefly reviewed.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Baboon ; Cleavage stages ; Embryos ; Preimplantation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La structure et l'ultrastructure des embryons de babouin sont étudiées dans la période précédant l'implantation. Six stades du développement embryonnaire sont observés 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 et 8 jours après la date présumée de fécondation. Dans les 3 premiers cas, on compte respectivement 2, 8 et 24 blastoméres. A 5 jours, il y a 30 à 40 cellules et un nombre dépassant 60, ultérieurement. Des cellules trophoblastiques primitives se différencient à 7 jours et une cavité de segmentation en forme de croissant apparaît au 8 ème jour. La zone pellucide est toujours présente à 8 jours, la période de préimplantation semblant plus longue chez le babouin que chez l'homme. Des particules de type C sont décrites dans la zone pellucide et les espaces périvitellin et interblastomériques. La transformation des mitochondries, des changements dans la répartition des ribosomes, des corps multivésiculaires, pseudocristallins et figures myéliniques, des nucléoles et amas granuleux intra-nucléaires s'observent chez le babouin comme chez certains autres Mammifères; par contre, les faisceaux fibrillaires cytoplasmiques sont absents. L'étude des changements de l'ultrastructure provoqués par des hormones et drogues permettrait de mieux évaluer la nocivité de ces substances pendant les premiers stades du développement embryonnaire des Primates.
    Notes: Summary The baboon preimplantation stages were examined using light and electron microscopy. Six cases were studied at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 days estimated fertilization age. The first 3 specimens were composed of 2, 8 and 24 blastomeres respectively. At 5 days, 30 to 40 cells were counted and more than 60 cells in later stages. Primitive “trophoblast cells” differentiate at 7 days and a crescentic blastocoele appears at 8 days. Shedding of the zona pellucida is not observed in the 7 and 8 day specimens. The preimplantation period is longer in the baboon than in man. C-type viruses are observed in the zona pellucida, in the perivitelline and interblastomeric spaces. Microvilli and caveolae cover the periphery of the baboon conceptus. As in many other mammals, transformation of the mitochondria, changes in the ribosomes distribution, multivesicular bodies, myelin figures, nucleoli and intranuclear clusters of granules are described in the baboon. Cytoplasmic fibrous strands are not present as in the mouse. Experiments on the influence of hormones and drugs on ultrastructural changes would help to evaluate the importance of biohazards during the early development of primates.
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  • 19
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    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Myosatellite cells ; Shark ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myosatellite cells in the axial muscles of the sharkGaleus melastomus is found more frequently in the red muscle fibers than in the white fibers. The total length of the cell extensions is about 100 μm. In about 20% of all cases, the extensions were present in pairs, and it is concluded that the satellite cell processes bifurcate. Processes towards the intercellular space and towards the interior of the muscle fiber are also described. The cytoplasm of the satellite cells contain glycogen, Golgi elements, lysosome-like vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. It is concluded that the morphology of the satellite cells indicates a more active function than that of a dormant reserve myoblast.
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  • 20
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    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Renal innervation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerves ; Neuroeffector zones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Rattenniere werden die muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße und der juxtaglomeruläre Apparat innerviert. Blutgefäße mit Pericyten, porenhaltige Capillaren sowie die Tubuli der Rinde und des Markes werden nicht von Nervenfasern begleitet. Ganglienzellen wurden in der Rattenniere nicht beobachtet. Periphere Nerven mit einem ein-bis zweischichtigen Perineurium kommen im paravasalen Gewebe der Interlobar- und Arcuata-Arterien vor; sie enthalten neben zahlreichen marklosen Nervenfasern gewöhnlich auch 2–4 markhaltige. Nervenfaser-Bündel ohne perineurale Scheide finden sich im paravasalen Gewebe der Arcuata- und Interlobular-Arterien. Darüber hinaus sind in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der großen Arterien (Interlobar-, Arcuata- und Inter-lobular-arterien) und der Vasa afferentia marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone vorhanden, die auch die proximalen Abschnitte der Vasa efferentia der subcapsulären und intermediären Rindenschicht begleiten. Im Nierenmark werden die juxtamedullären Vasa efferentia und die Arteriolae rectae innerviert; marklose Nervenfasern und freie Axone sind nur bis zur Außen-Innenstreifen-Grenze nachweisbar. Die Innervation der muskelzellhaltigen arteriellen Gefäße erfolgt durch aufgetriebene Axonabschnitte (Neuroeffektor-Zonen), die vorwiegend agranuläre Vesikel enthalten. Diese Strukturen liegen stets an der Grenze von Adventitia und Media bzw. Elastica externa; zwischen den glatten Muskelzellender Media wurden keine vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitte gefunden. Als minimaler Abstand zwischen den vesikelhaltigen Axonabschnitten und den von einer Basalmembran umschlossenen glatten Muskelzellen (neuromuskuläre Distanz) wurden 600 Å gemessen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden mit den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen und histochemischen Untersuchungen über die adrenerge und cholinerge Innervation der Niere verglichen. Die sich aus diesem Vergleich ergebenden Probleme und funktionellen Konsequenzen für die Innervation der Niere sowie die Natur der cholinergen Fasern (afferente oder postganglionäre parasympathische Fasern) werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the rat kidney is defined by a system which supplies those arterial blood vessels whose walls contain smooth muscle cells and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Vessels containing pericytes, or those vessels composed of an endothelium only, as well as the tubules of both the cortex and medulla, are not innervated. Furthermore, ganglion cells do not occur in the rat kidney. The nervous apparatus of the rat kidney consists of peripheral vegetative nerves, ensheathed by a perineurium, with 2–4 myelinated fibers running in the paravasal tissue of the interlobar and arcuate arteries, and of nerve bundles without a perineurial sheath in the paravasal tissue of the arcuate and interlobular arteries. Non-myelinated fibers and free axons occur in the immediate vicinity of the great arteries (interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular) and the vasa afferentia. Nerve fibers and free axons are also seen in the vicinity of only the proximal parts of those vasa efferentia which supply the cortical capillary plexus. The arteriolae rectae of the medulla, and their vasa efferentia, from which they arise, are innervated by non-myelinated fibers and free axons which accompany these arterial vessels only to the boundary of the outer and inner stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. The functional innervation of those vessels with smooth muscle cells results from neuro-effector zones which predominantly show agranular vesicles. These structures were never seen between the smooth muscle cells within the media; the minimum neuromuscular distance was 600 Å. The present findings are correlated with the lightmicroscopically demonstrated adrenergic and cholinergic innervation. The resultant problems and functional consequences of the innervation of the kidney, especially the nature of the cholinergic fibers (afferent or post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers) are briefly discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Follicle cells ; Intercellular bridges ; Lizard ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intercellular bridges connect the oocyte with its surrounding follicle cells. 2. Fibrillar bundles and microtubules are oriented along the length of the bridge. Mitochrondria, endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular vesicles and other cytoplasmic components are also present in this region. 3. This communication may be very important for the flow of nutrients necessary for the growth of the oocyte.
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  • 22
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    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Cat ; Differentiation ; Function ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du labyrinthe de placenta de chatte a été étudiée du 45e au 63e jour de gestation. Cette formation endothéliochoriale est composée: d'un endothélium maternel hypertrophié et de cellules géantes déciduales; d'une couche de «substance inerte interstitielle»; du trophoblaste constitué d'une assise syncytiale continue (syncytiotrophoblaste) et d'une assise cellulaire discontinue (cytotrophoblaste); d'un endothélium foetal accompagné de son environnement mésenchymateux. Les capillaires foetaux envahissent progressivement le syncytiotrophoblaste. L'hypertrophie de l'endothélium maternel diminue en fin de gestation; de ce fait la distance, séparant le sang maternel du sang foetal, peut atteindre en certains points 2 μ. L'endothélium maternel, le syncytiotrophoblaste et l'endothélium foetal présentent des signes ultrastructuraux d'un rôle de transfert. La «substance inerte inerte interstitielle», qui sépare les tissus d'origine maternelle des tissus d'origine foetale, est constante mais d'épaisseur variable; elle est spécifique des structures endothéliochoriales. Les cellules géantes déciduales, dont le nombre diminue en fin de gestation comportent parfois un ou plusieurs «corps glycogéniques». Le syncytiotrophoblaste, siége d'activité de biosynthése de stéroïdes, est riche en ergastoplasme, ce qui autorise à postuler la synthése d'hormones protéiques.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of feline placental labyrinth has been studied from the 45th to the 63rd day of gestation. The endotheliochorial structure is composed of: a thick hypertrophied maternal endothelium with giant decidual cells; an “interstitial inert substance”; a continuous syncytial layer (syncytiotrophoblast) and a discontinuous cellular layer (cytotrophoblast) of trophoblast; and a thin foetal endothelium with its surrounding mesenchyme. Foetal capillaries increasingly invade the syncytiotrophoblast. Maternal endothelial hypertrophy is reduced in the last days of gestation. Thus the interval between maternal and foetal bloods may in some areas become 2 μ, in late pregnancy. Foetal endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and maternal endothelium demonstrate ultrastructural features of transfer function. The “interstitial inert substance”, which separates maternal from foetal tissue was always evident though with variable thickness. The giant decidual cells which are reduced in late pregnancy, show one or several “glycogen bodies”. The syncytiotrophoblast, where some steroïd biosynthesis has been demonstrated, has an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum suggestive of protein hormone synthesis activity.
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  • 23
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    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse kidney ; Thin limbs ; Ultrastructure ; Renal concentrating mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thin limbs of the loops of Henle in the mouse kidney have been investigated by conventional electron microscopy. Resulting from light microscopic investigations, a distinction in the epithelia of short and long loops can be demonstrated. Ultrastructurally, the thin limbs (descending) of short loops are composed of a uniformly thin and simple epithelium. In contrast, long loops (thin descending and ascending) are composed of three different epithelial types which are representative of a distinctly more complex epithelial system. Two epithelial types were observed in the thin descending limbs of long loops and the third type was observed in the ascending thin limbs. Based upon these findings it is suggested that the thin descending limbs of short and long loops of Henle in the mouse kidney cannot perform the same functions in the renal concentrating mechanism.
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  • 24
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    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Explants ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Testes of newborn mice not older than one day were transplanted into the anterior chamber of one eye of an adult male white Holtzman rat. The events observed in the Leydig cells of the grafted testes can be divided into two periods. Period one is marked by differentiation; period two, by dedifferentiation. In period one, the lipid and glycogen inclusions disappear, possibly owing to the gonadotropins of the host. In period two, which starts after day 15 post-grafting, the lipids and glycogen reappear; the Leydig cells now contain residual bodies, whereas the S.E.R. disappears. Immunological mechanisms can be implicated; it is suggested that the Leydig cells dedifferentiate because the host's gonadotropins may be incapable of evoking and/or activating the genetic memory of the grafted Leydig cells.
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  • 25
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Organic Mercury Compound ; Late Pathological Changes in Peripheral Nerves ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar strain of male rats of 100–110 g were used, 5 for an experimental and 5 for control group. 1 mg of organic mercury (methyl methylmercuric sulfide: CH3HgSCH3) was given by mouth each day for 10 days (total dose 9–10 mg) to the experimental group. 600 days afterwards the experimental and control rats were killed. Only the peripheral nerves showed changes, small myelinated nerve fibres with thick myelin sheaths in groups. Around these fibres occurred extremely small myelinated nerve fibres and isolated large unmyelinated fibres, and appeared to be regenerated fibres. Destruction of myelin sheaths and cavity formation in the axons were observed in these fibres. The changes in the axons were remarkable at the nodes of Ranvier.
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  • 26
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 11-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ataxia ; Rabbit ; Degeneration ; Cochlear Nuclei ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This hereditary animal ataxia is selective in its sites of involvement within the nervous system, which include principally the central cerebellar, vestibular and cochlear nuclei. Ultrastructural detail has been described for central cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. Herein the cochlear complex of 18 rabbits with this ataxic condition (ax/ax from the strain AX of the Jackson Laboratory) have been examined. The gene is a lethal one, but the animals were used before they became moribund and between 7 and 57 days after the onset of symptoms. By light microscopy nine cell types (Osen, 1969a, b; 1970) have been identified in the cochlear nuclei of the cat. That distribution can also be identified in electron micrographs of rabbit cochlear nuclei, providing there is a singular opportunity to compare cellular vulnerabilities within the ataxic condition, and establish the principal features of associated neuropil alterations. The cochlear nuclei, cerebellar cortex and central nuclei, and the vestibular nuclei, arise from the ependyma of the rhombic lip of the fourth ventricle, making them close allies in their genetic origins. Pathological alterations were evident in scattered neurons from all nuclear sources by 7–15 days following symptom onset. At 15 days the number of altered neurons evident in electronmicrographs had increased markedly, cells becoming involved at a more rapid pace than those already affected could be removed. Much glycogen is evident from 7 days onwards in both neuropil and neurons. It occurs in considerable amounts in astrocytic processes and less abundantly in endbulbs and somata. By 20 to 25 days spongioform changes in neuropil are prominent, and thereafter the extracellular spaces coalesce to produce a lacunar appearance showing little glycogen. It would appear, therefore, that all neuron types, the endbulbs, and the astrocytic processes are markedly involved simultaneously in the spongioform transformation which features this type of ataxia. Involvement of cochlear nuclei only differs in pathological detail from that found at the other involved sites, and the differences seen relate principally to the architectonics of the nuclei, including size and density of the packing of contained elements.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GM1 Gangliosidosis ; Friesian Calves ; Inborn Metabolic Error ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histoenzymic and ultrastructural alterations in the brains of seven calves with GM1 gangliosidosis are described. A decreased oxidative enzyme activity in neurons was accompanied by an increase in acid phosphatase activity. Membranous cytoplasmic bodies were present in neurons and glia. The periodicity of the membranes was about 5.5 to 6.0 nm. Electron-dense, membrane-bound inclusions were present in perithelial cells. The lesions were compared with those of gangliosidoses in other species.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ; Hirano Bodies ; Papova Virus ; Paramyxovirus-like ; Nuclear Bodies ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurofibrillary Tangles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have identified three structures that have not previously been reported in electron microscopic examinations of brain from patients with PML: 1. coiled nuclear bodies that may possibly represent tubular paramyxovirus nucleocapsids, 2. Hirano bodies and 3. Neurofibrillary tangles. The paramyxovirus-like material is interesting in view of reports of a transition between nuclear bodies and tubular paramyxovirus nucleocapsids and because of a possible interaction between syncytiogenic paramyxoviruses and Papova viruses in the pathogenesis of SSPE and PML. A study of the Hirano bodies in this case, taken in conjunction with the findings of others leads us to believe that these structures are formed from an overgrowth of neurofilaments. The presence of tangled masses of neurofilaments in the processes of neurons also seen in the present case is consistent with this hypothesis.
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  • 29
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 201-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Spheroids ; Perikaryon ; Electron Microscopy ; Membranous Profiles ; Dense Bodies ; Protein Syntheses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic findings of a cortical biopsy from a four-year-old child suffering from muscular weakness and psychomotor retardation are presented. Morphological evidence obtained in this study suggests a unique pathogenetic mechanism underlying INAD. The spheroids appear to be caused by an accumulation of a macromolecular substance synthesized in the neuron and transported to the nerve endings. The abnormal substance initially takes the form of an amorphous material, it eventually aggregates into highly characteristic angulated membranous profiles. The selective involvement of the nerve endings, synapses and motor end plates in this disease suggests a derangement of the metabolic pathway in the synthesis or packaging of the neurotransmitters or their receptors.
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  • 30
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 419-436 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gloeobacter violaceus ; Photosynthetic Pigments ; DNA Base Composition ; Fatty Acid Composition ; Cyanobacterium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gloebacter violaceus gen. and sp. n. is a unicellular photosynthetic prokaryote of unusual cellular structure. The only unit membrane in the small, rod-shaped cells is the cytoplasmic membrane, which has a simple contour, without intrusions. Immediately underlying it is an electron-dense layer 80 nm thick. Gloeobacter is an aerobic photoautotroph which contains chlorophyll α, β-carotene and other carotenoids, allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are associated with the particulate fraction of cell-free extracts, and are thus probably localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. The phycobiliproteins may be associated with the electron-dense 80 nm layer. The DNA contains 64.4 moles percent GC. The cellular lipids have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, largely linoleate and γ-linolenate. Despite its atypical fine structure, Gloeobacter is evidently a cyanobacterium, sufficiently different from other unicellular cyanobacteria to be placed in a new genus.
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  • 31
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    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mass Mating ; Electron Microscopy ; Cell Fusion ; Membrane Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The process of mating reaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by electron microscopy. Prior to the dissolution of the part of the cell walls separating the conjugating pair of cells, the thinning of the electron transparent layer of the cell wall occurs at the part toward which the nuclei are migrating. After the dissolution of the cell walls of the conjugating cells, the cell membranes become associated with each other, then to be broken and rejoined. The first diploid bud emerges from about the middle of the zygote. The morphological changes during the mating reaction are discussed in relation to the biochemical changes so far known.
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  • 32
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium discoideum ; Inorganic Polyphosphate ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzymes ; Polyphosphate Metabolism ; Cellular Slime Mold ; Polyphosphatase ; Polyphosphate-ADP-Phosphotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of inorganic polyphosphates in Dictyostelium discoideum was low in the amoebae. A ca 5-fold increase took place during the early stages of multicellular development and was followed by a decrease during the intermediate stages. Electron micrographs showed the presence of electron dense material in all parts of the differentiating cells. The substance was most frequently observed in various types of vacuoles. Two enzymes of polyphosphate metabolism were identified and studied in cell-free extracts: a polyphosphatase and a polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase. No polyphosphate-glucose-phosphotransferase or polyphosphate-AMP-phosphotransferase activities were observed in the extracts. The specific activity of the polyphosphatase, pH optimum 7.6, was ca 30 nmol Pi·min-1·mg protein-1 at all stages of development. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by 0.01 M orthophosphate. The polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase, pH optimum ca 7.7, was studied in the direction of ATP. The enzyme specific activities were very low, about 0.2 nmol P·min-1·mg protein-1, and rather constant during differentiation. The enzyme activity was inhibited by orthophosphate and by excess ADP. It was concluded that the polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase did not contribute significantly to the formation of ATP during multicellular development, and that polyphosphate did not act as a phosphagen in the differentiating cellular slime mold. It was suggested that polyphosphate served as a phosphate store and as a means of regulating the intracellular orthophosphate concentration during development.
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  • 33
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Spirochete ; Artemia ; Brine Shrimp ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. A spirochete which occurs in tissues of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina, was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A total of seven infected shrimps were encountered. 2. Under darkfield illumination, most spirochete cells inArtemia blood were 6–13 μ long and 0.3–0.4 μ wide. Coiling was variable and often irregular. 3. When tissues of the maxillary gland (kidney) and nearby organs were examined by electron microscopy, spirochete cells were found in both extracellular and intracellular locations. These microbes possessed the ultrastructural features typical of members of the Order Spirochaetales: a) a slender protoplasmic cylinder (0.18 μ average diameter), b) axial fibrils (150 A average diameter), and c) an outer envelope or sheath (approximately 75 A thick). 4. Counts made of the number of axial fibrils evident in transverse sections of spirochete cells were consistent with the hypothesis that this spirochete has a 1-2-1 arrangement of axial fibrils. 5. Non-spiral forms were observed in the haemocoel and in the lumen of the maxillary gland.
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  • 34
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 331-344 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Myxomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Systematics ; Food Vacuoles ; Stalk Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations of sporophore development in fresh and glutaraldehydeosmium sequentially-fixed material ofProtophysarum phloiogenum show the following sequence. Small plasmodia cease streaming and round up. Food vacuoles collect in the lower center of the cytoplasmic mass. As the cytoplasm rises the food vacuolar contents are excluded from the plasmalemma and become the stalk core. A continuous, fibrous peridium and stalk tube enclose cytoplasm and stalk core respectively. Capillitial formation just precedes spore cleavage. Sporophore development is marked by autophagic activity and calcium deposition. Stalks of dried herbarium specimens of seven additional species have been examined. A mature stalk morphology very similar toProtophysarum with recognizable remnants of microorganismal food material is seen in all of them. It is thought that this marker is indicative of non-stemonitaceous stalk development.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Zoophagus insidians Rotifer ; Predacious Fungi ; Oomycetes ; Glue Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The predacious watermold Zoophagus insidians traps loricate rotifers on short, lateral branches of the main, hyphal axis. These branches or “traps” are packed at their distal ends with a number of vesicles filled with an electron-dense matrix. Electron micrographs of the mycelium disclose a two-layered wall; the outer layer is electron dense and the inner, electron transparent. The outer dense layer on the tip of the “trap” is organized into a number of fine ridges and occasional discontinuities. Thin sections through recently trapped rotifers indicate that the cilia of the animals are stuck to the trap by a glue. This adhesive is derived from secretion of the matrix of the vesicles aggregated in the tip of the trap. The secretion mechanism is triggered by the animal and is accompanied by: 1. The separation of the two layers of the wall, 2. fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane and 3. extrusion of the glue through pits in the tip of the inner wall of the “trap”. After snaring a rotifer, the previously arrested branch grows as a haustorium into the body cavity of the animal. The host tissues disintegrate within a few hours and appear to be the main nutrient source of the fungus.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Brain cortex slices ; Ultrastructure ; Fluid spaces ; Swelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison was made between morphological and biochemical estimates of extracellular and intracellular fluid spaces in rat brain cortex slices incubated under different conditions. By light microscopy the periphery of the slices was found to be more swollen than the center; this regional difference was verified biochemically in unfixed tissue. The electronmicroscopic evaluation of intra- and extracellular fluid spaces was accordingly based upon findings in a preselected area. Due to intracellular penetration of inulin in rat brain cortex slices the biochemically, determined extracellular and intracellular spaces were obtained by compartmental analysis of the inulin space. The concordance between the biochemical and the morphological findings was good: Both methods showed that the extracellular space increased during the incubation to a considerable magnitude after one hr. and that this extracellular space was reduced by excess potassium, glutamate, anoxia or incubation at 0°. Under the same conditions the biochemically determined intracellular space was increased. This cellular swelling was confirmed morphologically and found to comprise mainly glia cells after exposure to excess potassium, predominantly neurons after incubation at 0° and both cell types after anoxia or addition of glutamate.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 145-162 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Complex Flagella ; Fine Structure ; Electron Microscopy ; Optical Diffraction ; Flagellin ; Flagellar Motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zellen von Rhizobium lupini H 13-3 besitzen 5–10 peritrich inserierte komplexe Geißeln, deren Feinstruktur durch Hochauflösungs-Elektronenmikroskopie und lichtoptische Diffraktion analysiert wurde. Das Geißelfilament hat einen Durchmesser von 160 Å und besteht aus einem zylindrischen Kern (Durchmesser ca. 110 Å), der fest von drei Bändern einer helikalen Scheide umgeben ist. Die Scheidenbänder sind 49 Å breit, durch 49 Å-Intervalle voneinander getrennt und haben eine Steigung von 31°. Die komplexen Geißelfilamente bestehen aus einem 43 000-Dalton-Protein, das den Kern und die helikale Scheide aufbaut. Beide gehen übergangslos aus dem proximalen Geißelhaken hervor, der einen Durchmesser von 150 Å und eine Länge von 600 bis 800 Å hat. Die Diffraktionsanalyse des Geißelhakens zeigte eine helikale Grundanordnung von globulären Untereinheiten, die ein Oberflächengitter von 5 parallelen Schrauben (Steigung 29° bzw. 33°) bilden, von denen jede fast 11 Untereinheiten pro Helixungang trägt. Die komplexen Geißeln von R. lupini H 13-3 und Pseudomonas rhodos [Schmitt et al.: J. Bact. 117, 844–857 (1974)] sind ein neuer Typ von Bakteriengeißeln. Sie zeigen deutliche Übereinstimmung in der Feinstruktur, der festen Verbindung von helikaler Scheide und Geißelhaken sowie in der Fragilität ihrer Filamente; sie unterscheiden sich deutlich im Molekulargewicht der Flagellinmonomeren (43 000 bzw. 55 000). Zellen von R. lupini H 13-3 führen schnelle, vibrierende Translationsbewegungen aus. Mögliche Mechanismen der Bewegung komplexer Geißeln werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Rhizobium lupini H 13-3 possess 5 to 10 peritrichously inserted complex flagella, which were analyzed by high resolution electron microscopy and by optical diffraction. The flagellar filament has a diameter of 160 Å; it consists of a cylindrical core (diameter approximately 110 Å) surrounded by three close-fitting bands of a helical sheath. The helical bands are 49 Å wide, separated by axial intervals, 49 Å wide, and run at an angle of 31°. Complex filaments consist of a 43 000-dalton protein representing the core and the helical sheath. These originate from the proximal hook, which has a diameter of 150 Å and a length of 600 to 800 Å. The diffraction analysis of the hook showed a helical arrangement of globular subunits forming a surface of 5 parallel “small-scale” helices (pitch-angles 29° and 33°, respectively), each carrying almost 11 subunits per period. The complex flagella of R. lupini H 13-3 and Pseudomonas rhodos [Schmitt, et al.: J. Bact. 117, 844–857 (1974)] represent a novel type of bacterial flagella. There is agreement in their fine structures, in the intimate connection of the helical sheath and the core, and in the fragility of their filaments. Thery are clearly distinguished by the molecular weights of their flagellin monomers (43 000 and 55 000, respectively). Cells of R. lupini H 13-3 show fast, vibrating, translational motions. Possible mechanisms of complex flagellar motion are discussed.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ; Spirillum serpens ; Freeze Fracture ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Damage ; Organismic Associations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The freeze-fracture technique and electron microscopy have been used to demonstrate that localized damage is inflicted upon the cytoplasmic membrane of Spirillum serpens VHL within 20 to 30 min after the start of its association with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109D. This damage is not observed in uninfected Spirillum cells, nor in infected cells within the first 10 min. This damage takes the form of a “blister” which, when viewed stereoscopically in electron micrographs, is seen to project toward the interior of the Spirillum cell. Shortly after its formation, the blister becomes elaborated into a series of ridges which may assume forms ranging from an elaborate spiral to a series of loops or knots. The formation of a blister is shown to involve both the inner and outer leaves of the membrane bilayer, and evidence is presented to indicate that the blister site corresponds to the site of attachment of the Bdellovibrio cell. The hypothesis is proposed that this ultrastructural damage is the cytological basis for the controlled and localized leakage through the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space of the Spirillum cell at locations adjacent to the Bdellovibrio cell. It is suggested that this localized membrane damage may be the ultrastructural basis for the high efficiency with which bdellowvibrios are known to incorporate cytoplasmic materials from the other bacteria in whose periplasmic spaces they develop.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 307-328 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Citrate Lyase ; Subunit Structure ; Electron Microscopy ; Reaction Inactivation ; Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa ; Phototrophic Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.6) from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa has been purified to homogeneity by protamine sulfate fractionation, chromatography on DEAE-Cellulose and gel filtration. The final enzyme preparation had a specific activity of 138 units per mg of protein and was purified 43-fold over the crude extract. Analysis of citrate lyase by sedimentation equilibrium experiments and gel filtration gave molecular weights of 530000 and 560000, respectively. 2. Electron microscopic investigations of negatively stained enzyme molecules and image analysis showed that citrate lyase is composed of six large and six small subunits; they are arranged in two hexagonal rings lying face to face, each containing, in alternating sequence, three large and three small subunits. The enzyme molecule is 160 Å in diameter and about 100 Å thick. 3. Treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate and mercaptoethanol dissociated citrate lyase into three proteins. Protein III (small subunit) had a molecular weight of 30000 and contained the pantothenate; protein II (large subunit) had a molecular weight of 61000; protein I (M r =97000) was probably an aggregate of II and III. 4. Based on the results obtained a model of citrate lyase was constructed. 5. Purified citrate lyase was obtained from R. gelatinosa in a deacetylated and largely oxidized form. The enzyme was activated by reduction with dithiothreitol (3 mM) and subsequent acetylation with acetic anhydride (1.75 mM). 6. The enzyme was subject to reaction inactivation, the extent of which depended on the concentration of Mg2+.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Surface Sheath
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Tubular-like structures were regularly revealed in the surface sheath of the aerial mycelium of the parent strain of Streptomycetes roseoflavus var. roseofungini. In their shape and dimensions these structures were highly reminiscent of those massive accumulation of which was earlier reported to occur in cultures of dedifferentiated nocardioform “fructose” mutant of the same parent strain. 2. The tubular-like structures of the aerial mycelium sheath were shown to be markedly susceptible to brief acetone washing, undergoing almost complete desintegration. 3. On addition of water to crude acetone extract of the aerial mycelium precipitation and possible selfassembly of a spectrum of various structures occurred (folded scaly, bubble-like, spout-like). Some among structures so produced were reminiscent of those found in spectra of structures observed in reconstruction experiments with tubules from the mutant as well as of structures found in the aerial sheath of the parent strain and some other actinomycetes. Similarity in subunit structure of above materials was also noticeable. The presence, in the sheath of aerial mycelium, of material with a tendency to selforganization is discussed in relation to the possible involvement of selfassembly processes in the formation of the surface sheath.
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  • 41
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Hallervorden-Spatz Disease ; Mitochondria ; Axonal Swelling ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multifocal central white matter axonal swelling characterized electron microscopically by focal axonal mitochondrial and membraneous body enrichment occurred in a 52 year old man who presented with the chief complaint of severe progressive muscular weakness accompanied by disorientation. The clinical and pathological findings in this patient appear unique and are presented in order to broaden our concepts of axis cylinder pathology.
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  • 42
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Optic Nerve ; Schilder's Disease ; Devic's Disease ; Disseminated Sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the optic nerve is described and compared in: a)Schilder's Disease, b)Devic's Disease, c)Disseminated Sclerosis. a) Schilder's Disease. Parts of the nerve were demyelinated, sometimes extensively so and from these regions the oligodendrocytes had disappeared and there was proliferation of astrocytes. Parallel bundles of fibres with a “railway line” formation, occurred in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes. Phagocytes infiltrated the damaged nerve bundles and the fibrous septa between them. Osmiophilic particles occurred in the astrocytes, capillary endothelial cells and in the phagocytes. The collagen fibres of some septa were widely separated presumably by fluid. b) Devic's Disease. This condition occurred in a patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis. The nerve was extensively demyelinated and showed absence of oligodendrocytes, proliferation of astrocytes and infiltration by macrophages. Some astrocytes possessed Rosenthal fibres. Intranuclear inclusions occurred in the astrocytes and electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions in the capillary endothelial cells and the macrophages. c) Disseminated Sclerosis. Parts of the nerve were partially and other parts completely demyelinated. Oligodendrocytes were absent from the completely demyelinated zones but were present in the partially demyelinated zones. In and around the demyelinated regions, there was proliferation of astrocytes and they frequently exhibited the “railway line” patterns in their cytoplasm. Phagocytes were frequent amongst the degenerating myelin and the proliferating astrocytes and also in the fibrous septa. Some macrophages presented intranuclear inclusions having a “corn on the cob” appearance.
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  • 43
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intracranial Teratoma ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A massive congenital benign teratoma grossly replacing the cerebral hemispheres has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The tumor contained tissues derived from all three germ layers. The cerebellum showed morphological features suggesting a state of maturation equivalent to that of 20 to 25 weeks of gestation. The tumor is discussed in the light of present theories on the pathogenesis of teratomas.
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  • 44
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead Toxicity ; Brain ; Cerebral Endothelium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cerebral vessels was studied at various stages of brain development in chick embryos exposed to lead intoxication when they were 4 days old. The endothelial cells showed swelling of mitochondria, presence of many cytolysosomal structures, many tubular bodies, and coated vesicles. A few vessels showed attenuation on the lining endothelial cells. The significance of these morphological alterations are discussed.
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  • 45
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chick Embryo ; Brain ; Blood Vessels ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the blood vessels was studied in the developing brain of chick embryo. The blood vessels were present in the embryos first examined (4 days after incubation) and their number increased in subsequent stages. The endothelial cells were generally large and showed junctional complexes, many microvilli and a large number of cytoplasmic organelles. Many tubular bodies and coated vesicles were also present. The tubular bodies were sometimes noted near the Golgi apparatus, suggesting their origin from this organelle. The mitochondria in the endothelial cells were generally larger than those in the surrounding neuropil. An ill-defined basement membrane-like substance was noted outside some endothelial cells on the 11th day and well formed basement membrane was present in the vessels of 18 day old embryos. A complete subpial astrocytic basement membrane was present from the early stage studied (4 days).
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  • 46
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 315-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human Adenovirus Type 12 ; Sprague-Dawley Rats ; Intracerebral Inoculation ; Medulloepitheliomatous Neoplasm ; Giant Tumor Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Solid medullary brain and spinal cord neoplasms developed in all 10 offspring of an outbred Sprague-Dawley rat, between 37 and 99 days after a single postnatal (within 24 hrs) inoculation of 0.05 ml of human adenovirus type 12, 103.5–104.5 TCID50 HeLa cells/0.1 ml in the left frontal lobe. Seven rats developed multicentric neoplasms in both hemispheres and in peri-aqueductal areas of the brain stem, one of which was associated with an incipient spinal cord tumor in the sacral segment. One rat developed a solid tumor involving the right parieto-occipital region. The remaining two cases were solid spinal cord tumors arising from the dorsal half of the thoracolumbar segments. The remarkably uniform microscopic appearance was designated as a counterpart of human embryonic neuronal neoplasms. Characteristic neuronal and multinucleated giant cells emerged throughout the tumor tissue with argentaffine, neurofibril-like cytoplasmic expansions and a unique cilium (a 9+0 pattern of tubules) associated with a pair of centrioles. This cilium morphology was also a hallmark of the majority of tumor cells that formed characteristic pseudorosettes. The occasional emergence of two sets of cilia and centrioles in monstrous cells suggested probable modes of cytogenesis in relation to cessation of abnormal cell division.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Myxopapillary Ependymoma ; Tissue and Organ Culture ; Electron Microscopy ; Basement Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Explants of a myxopapillary ependymoma were grown on collagen-coated coverslips and in organ culture systems using gelfoam sponge matrices and Millipore filter platforms. The tumor cultured on collagen-coated coverslips initially exhibited the cytologic features of simple uni- and bipolar glial cells and later developed an epithelial-like pattern. Delicate branching of argyrophilic cell processes was demonstrated in Bodian preparations. In organ cultures, the tumor architecture was well preserved for approximately 4 weeks, and mitotic figures were present. Invasion of the sponge foam matrix was seen. Later cultures demonstrated progressive perivascular sclerosis and hyalinization. By electron microscopy, the tumor cells in organ culture systems retained the major fine structural characteristics of the original neoplasm up to 27 daysin vitro. The most striking feature in the late stages was the extensive increase and reduplication of basement membrane material, which appeared related to the increase of collagen fibrils in the extracellular space.
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  • 48
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Parallel and Concentric Tubules ; Arachnoid Cells ; Cerebral Glioma ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parallel and concentric tubules were observed in the cytoplasm of arachnoid cells overlying cerebral gliomas. The parallel tubules were 400–500 Å wide. Their electron dense walls, 150 Å thick lay 200–250 Å apart with distensions up to 400 Å in diameter at irregular intervals between the walls. The walls formed terminal loops limiting up to 4 adjacent tubules; transverse extensions were present between adjacent walls. The tubules sometimes communicated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum from which they may possibly arise. The concentric tubules were 250 Å wide: they communicated at irregular intervals.
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  • 49
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oncocytes ; Adenohypophysis ; Pituitary Adenoma ; Secretory Granules ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was undertaken on 3 surgically removed non-tumorous adenohypophyses and 16 pituitary adenomas. Numerous oncocytes have been found in 2 non-tumorous adenohypophyses and in 6 pituitary adenomas including 1 chromophobe adenoma which was composed almost exclusively of oncocytes. Thus, it seems that the occurrence of oncocytes in the anterior pituitary cannot be considered a rare finding. The distinctive feature of oncocytes is the abundance of mitochondria in their cytoplasm. This alteration can be so extensive that the entire cytoplasm is filled with mitochondria leaving only a small area for the remaining cytoplasmic organelles. Oncocytes arise from adenohypophysial cells. This transformation is gradual and is not restricted to one particular cell type. In the early phases of development of oncocytes the secretory granules are well preserved. Thus, hormone secretion is presumably maintained. It seems conceivable, however, that in the more advanced phases of evolution of oncocytes, when the secretory granules decrease in number, hormone production is diminished or stopped. Further investigations are, however, required to elucidate in detail the functional activity of oncocytes. It remains to be established whether mitochondrial accumulation is principally due to increased formation or delayed breakdown. As some mitochondria show signs indicating division it appears that multiplication of mitochondria is the underlying mechanism resulting in their significant increase. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the life span of mitochondria is prolonged and mitochondrial longevity plays an important role in causing transformation of adenohypophysiocytes into oncocytes.
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  • 50
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Lead Intoxication ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Microglia ; Pericytes ; Monocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wistar rats of both sexes and the same litter were exposed to chronic lead intoxication from birth untill sacrifice 9 months later. Lead was administered as 0.4% solution of lead nitrate in drinking water. Samples from the parietal brain cortex were examined electron microscopically following intracardiac perfusion with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution. Similar changes were observed in the microglial cells and the vascular pericytes whereas all the other tissue elements appeared intact. Both cell types hypertrophied, the microglia assumed characteristic spindle or rod shape, the cell organelles increased, the microglial endoplasmic reticulum widened strongly and a large number of lipid inclusions appeared. The latter consisted of large lipid droplets of varying size and shape, containing multiple zones of low density, and a dense component with a coarse granular structure. The similarity in the response of both cell entities to the lesion as well as some probable functions of microglial cells and their relationship to vascular pericytes are discussed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Myoclonic Epilepsy ; Atypical Myoclonus Body (Type II) ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical studies of type II myoclonus bodies demonstrated that they were composed of a saccharide-lipid complex with a small amount of protein. In particular, they contained phospholipid, ganglioside and sphingomyelin. The ultrastructure of the bodies revealed that they were bound by a membrane. They were diffusely stippled or homogeneous. They were not formed of filaments or lamellae. Some correlation with microbody or lysosomal structures in association with degeneration of the neurone was suggested.
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  • 52
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Human Outer Cortex ; Pia Mater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pia mater consists of a single, interrupted layer of elongated cells which lie fairly close to the surface of the cortex. Granular material and some collagen fibres lie between the pial cells and the cortex, a greater amount of collagen being present where the pial cells are discontinuous. Basement membrane covers the outer aspect of the cortex, the outer layer of which is formed by interlacing astrocyte processes of varying size. The processes are closely applied with occasional desmosomes between them. Projections of astrocyte processes of different dimensions covered by basement membrane extend at irregular intervals from the cortex into the subarachnoid space.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Infantile Autonomi Nervous System ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The autonomic nervous system is studied by electron microscopy for the first time in two siblings born of North African consanguineous parents and affected by infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. The changes already reported in dystrophic axons of the central and peripheral nervous system, are seen in the myenteric plexus of rectum mucosa. The authors stress the diffuse involvement of the nervous tissue in this degenerative disorder of still unknown nature.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Craniopharyngioma ; Tissue Culture ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Keratine ; Enamel ; Rosenthal Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron optical and enzyme histochemical investigations carried out on four craniopharyngiomas and their tissue cultures demonstrated that the tumour elements are keratinizing epithelial cells, plenty of tonofilaments, glycogen granules, mitochondria and desmosomes. Their ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics are the same in every part of the tumour (solid; cystic; “adamantinoma-like”). In the keratinizing cells, the reactions for non-specific esterases were high positive. The ultrastructural characteristics of the tumour cells grownin vitro are the same as thosein situ; the cells remain attached to one another by desmosomes and retain their capacity to produce keratine. This therefore seems to be a primary characteristic of the tumour cells and not a secondary dysmetabolic disturbance. Calcium was found onlyin situ. That the tumour cells may produce enamelin situ seems to be possible, but it could not be confirmed with certainty. The glial proliferation which is always presentin situ, is reactive and not neoplastic; thein vitro new built cell colonies consist only of epithelial elements.
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  • 55
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    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Neural Tumours ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy ; Lysosomes ; Acid Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight was administered to pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. The neural tumours which developed in 97.5% of the offspring were gliomas and schwannomas. The demonstration of acid phosphatase in the neoplastic and reacting cells of these tumours was carried out at fine structural level. The enzyme activity was localised in lysosomes and in the innermost cisternae of the Golgi complexes. High acid phosphatase activity was related not only to degeneration, necrosis and phagocytosis but also to cellular differentiation and anaplasia.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome ; Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurofibrillary tangles found in the neurons of a case of Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome were studied by electron microscopy. Both the flame-shaped and globose type of tangles were present. The neurofibrillary tangles were composed of bundles of straight tubules measuring approximately 150 Å in diameter. This ultrastructural appearance of the tangles in Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome is different from the appearance of tangles found in other neurological disorders and is probably indicative of intraneuronal accumulation of a new type of fibrous protein.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyneuropathy Associated with Adie's Syndrome ; Sural Nerve ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sural nerve of a woman of 35 with chronic polyneuropathy and Adie's syndrome was examined by electron microscopy. Myelinated nerve fibres were absent and there was marked reduction in the number of unmyelinated fibres. Onion bulb formation was not observed. Collagen fibres occupied the intercellular spaces.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Neural Tumours ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy ; Thiamine Pyrophosphatase ; Adenosine Triphosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural localisation of thiamine pyrophosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase was carried out in gliomas and schwannomas induced transplacentally by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. The activity of thiamine pyrophosphatase was observed in the Golgi complexes and appeared to be directly related to cellular differentiation and reactive changes. The Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was localised at the cell membrane, in the pinocytotic vesicles of various cells and in the basement membrane of some capillaries. This enzyme, showing high activity in differentiated cells, indicated the activity of membrane-bound cellular transport.
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  • 59
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    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 211-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Gliomas ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy ; Virus-like Particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two unusual, intracytoplasmic structures, resembling viruses, are described in experimental gliomas which were induced transplacentally on the 15th day of gestation in BD-IX rats by a single intravenous injection of 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight. These structures are tubules within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and large coated vesicles in the Golgi region. The tubules are of indeterminate length and have inner and outer walls of 9–11 nm and 20–22 nm respectively. The large coated vesicles are 80–90 nm in diameter and their outer surface is covered by regular, equidistant spikes of 12–15 nm in length. The vesicles are closely related to the Golgi complexes, from which they appear to originate. The intracisternal tubules and large coated vesicles share certain morphological features both with viruses and with normal cell organelles. The origin and significance of these structures are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Acta neuropathologica 29 (1974), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polymyositis ; Ultrastructure ; Histiocytes ; Birbeck Granules ; Macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fatal case of polymyositis in a young female is presented. Two muscle biopsies obtained before and after treatment with large doses of steroids, as well as autopsy tissue, demonstrated widespread degeneration of myofibres associated with cytoplasmic tuboreticular structures resembling paramyxovirus nucleocapsids in capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Aggregates of spherical particles and “simple and granular” nuclear bodies suggested a virus-related or associated etiologic agent. In addition, interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin, probably related to macrophages or histiocytes were present. These contained numerous rodlike profiles or phagolysosomal bodies which resembled “Birbeck” granules. Inflammatory response was very scant. It would appear that polymyositis probably represents a primary reaction to antigemic substances and a morphologic manifestation of altered host macrophage response.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Jimpy Mouse ; Electron Microscopy ; Mouse Mutant ; Myelination ; Axonal Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative study of the myelination and axonal growth in the corpus callosum and posterior columns of the spinal cord in the Jimpy mouse gave the following results: The reduction in the number of myelinated fibers is much more important in regions with late myelination, e.g. corpus callosum and pyramidal tracts than in the previously myelinated fascicles of Goll and Burdach. There is an important delay in the increase in volume of axons particularly within the structures of late myelination. The importance of the lacking axonal growth in relation to myelination is discussed.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aseptic Meningitis ; Atheromatous Material ; Hypersensitivity ; Electron Microscopy ; Macrophages ; Pia-Arachnoid ; Granuloma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 500 mg of sterile pooled human atheromatous material was injected into the cisterna magna of 6 mongrel dogs. Repeated cisternal punctures were done at various intervals until sacrifice from 1 day to 28 days following injection. CSF was obtained for cell count, sugar, protein and analysis in the Technicon 6/60 which measured 14 additional chemical and enzymatic variables. All 6 animals showed a prompt cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis which largely subsided during the first 2 weeks after injection. Increased CSF protein content developed more slowly, but was more prolonged than the pleocytosis. There was a variable decrease in CSF sugar and increase in CSF lactate dehydrogenase, calcium and inorganic phosphorous. Light and electron microscopic studies showed an intense acute inflammatory reaction with marked phagocytosis of the foregin material, probably by arachnoidal cells and moderate edematous changes in the astrocytic processes at the site of injection. During the first 2 weeks after the injection the inflammatory reaction became chronic and the edematous changes in the medulla subsided.
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  • 63
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Reacting Astrocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Experimental Gliomas ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of reacting astrocytes in experimental gliomas has been described. These tumours were induced transplacentally by 30 mg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea per kg of body weight injected into the tail vein of pregnant BD-IX rats on the 15th day of gestation. In tumour-bearing animals astrocytes undergo striking morphological changes and show increased mitotic activity. Reacting astrocytes around gliomas display large, eccentric, irregular nuclei and the abundant cytoplasm contains an increased number of cell organelles. The most dramatic increase is in glial filaments: these form thick bundles at the periphery of the cells and in the processes which are frequently seen around demyelinated axons. Reacting astrocytes engulf and break down myelin sheaths: their remnants, lamellar inclusion bodies and lipid droplets, are present in the cytoplasm. Extravasated erythrocytes are also surrounded by and digested in reacting astrocytes. Numerous lysosomes could provide the necessary enzymes for the phagocytic activity of these cells.
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  • 64
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 155-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GM1-Gangliosidosis ; Glycoproteins ; β-Galactosidase ; Lysosomal Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Genetics of GM1-Gangliosidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Post-mortem studies on a 6-year old boy with GM1-gangliosidosis, Type II revealed no evidence of accumulation of residual bodies nor of gangliosides or glycoproteins in liver and spleen. In brain tissue the ganglioside GM1 accounted for 70% of the ganglioside fraction and ganglioside-NANA was increased 3.6 fold over controls. In addition, the brain tissue contained large amounts of glycoprotein, glycoprotein derived galactose being increased 2.5 times. The neuronal accumulation of tertiary lysosomes exhibited a characteristic distributional pattern: in general the large neuronal perikarya were more consistently involved with the exception of the motor cells of the cranial nerve nuclei, III, IV, and VI. In addition to characteristic MCB's, the nerve cells contained residual bodies with a granulo-floccular matrix, presumed to represent glycoproteins. The distribution of the mutant gene was studied among 30 blood relatives of the proband at risk and 6 carriers could be ascertained on the basis of a reduced leukocytic β-galactosidase activity. The partly purified enzyme from the patient's liver revealed 20% activity as compared to that of normal controls. All three fractions obtained by DEAE cellulose column chromatography exhibited markedly reduced activity at pH 3.6, but nearly normal activity at pH 6.6. The reduced activity corresponded to the B component of the enzyme as shown by electrophoretic separation. It is pointed out that this case cannot be diagnosed as “generalized gangliosidosis” for the process of ganglioside accumulation was restricted to nervous tissue.
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  • 65
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    Acta neuropathologica 30 (1974), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafore Bodies ; Polysaccharidosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Epilepsia ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral biopsies of three patients aged 22, 18 and 16 years with myoclonic epilepsy contained Lafory bodies. Two were a brother and sister of consanguineous parents. The Lafora bodies occurred in most neurons but not in glial cells. The ultrastructure of these bodies showed a fibrillar and granular material in the perikaryon and neuropile. In some neurons small Lafora bodies were delimited by a double membrane, suggesting that in early phases they have a membrene which disappears when they become more developed. Other non-specific neuron alterations are described. One of the cases presented in the liver PAS positive bodies of a structure different from the Lafora bodies.
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  • 66
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscular Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Abnormal Muscular Inclusion ; Fingerprint Bodies ; Myofilament Synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary “Fingerprint bodies” are added to the “atypical” formations described in diseased muscle. These subsarcolemmal inclusions are variable in size and number, not membrane-bound and are formed by fine microtubules. They are not characteristic of a specific muscular disease and occur probably along with a focal anomaly of myofilament synthesis.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Malignant Lymphoma ; Blood Vessels ; Lymphe Node ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the blood vessels of an apparently primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma was compared with those in another malignant lymphoma in a retroperitoneal lymph node. The essential features of the blood vessels in both cases were the same. They resembled the blood vessels found in normal lymph nodes and were both distinctly different from those seen in normal brain. It was concluded that the direction of differentiation of the blood vessels which arise to nourish the neoplastic tissue is determined by the nature of the tumor rather than the vessels from which they originate.
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  • 68
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    Acta neuropathologica 28 (1974), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hexachlorophene Intoxication ; Toxic Encephalopathy ; Optic Nerve Necrosis ; Cerebral Edema ; Status Spongiosus ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is the first report of neuropathologic findings following oral ingestion of hexachlorophene in the human. The patient was a 7 year old boy who accidentally ingested 45 ml (approx.) of pHisoHex (hexachlorophene).Toxic reactions included nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, decrease in visual acuity, blurred vision blindness, somnolence and disorientation. He developed cardiac arrhythmia, fever, isoelectric EEG and finally respiratory and cardiac arrest 61 h after admission. Autopsy findings showed interstitial myocarditis, pneumonitis and acute bronchiolitis. The brain was edematous. Light microscopy revealed mild diffuse vacuolization of white matter, occasional neuronal degeneration, most prominent on deepest layers of the visual cortex. Disintegration of myelin sheaths and necrosis of axon cylinders were present throughoutoptic pathways. Electron microscopy revealed large, empty extracellular and intramyelinic spaces formed by splitting and separation of the myelin lamellae. These changes are known to occur in experimental animals intoxicated with hexachlorophene, triethyltin, isonicotinic acid hydrazide and cuprizone. However, with respect to hexachlorophene, the localization of lesions to be optic pathways appears to be dependent upon an oral route of administration.
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  • 69
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leprosy ; Lepromatous ; Axonal Bacillation ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary M. leprae bacilli in nerves of 3 patients with lepromatous leprosy were found in the axoplasm of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Axonal bacillation occurred in as much as 2% of myelinated axons. Bacilli within Schwann cells were a more common finding in lepromatous leprosy that intra-axonal bacilli. Intra-axonal bacillation probably represents a late stage phenomenon in lepromatous leprosy. Intra-axonal bacilli may contribute to the dissemination of leprosy by migration of bacilli within the axon, and may contribute directly to nerve fiber destruction.
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  • 70
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Nerve Compression ; Median Nerve ; Guinea-Pig ; Electron Microscopy ; Degeneration ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In guinea-pigs with chronic median nerve compression at the wrist the electron microscopic changes at level of the lesion and both proximal and distal to it have been studied. At the level of the lesion in animals with prolonged motor latency there was a loss of large myelinated fibres. Remaining large fibres had disproportionately thin myelin sheaths or were demyelinated. Regenerating clusters containing myelinated fibres were present. Evidence of degeneration and regeneration of unmyelinated fibres was present in the more severely affected nerves of this group. Distal to the wrist myelinated fibre density recovered, with regenerating clusters and many axons having disproportionately thin myelin sheaths. Midforearm and upper arm levels were normal. In nerves in which no muscle response to electrical stimulation could be recorded in the palm, a few fibres devoid of myelin remained at the wrist. Immediately proximal to it myelinated fibres were rare, the main feature being Schwann cells containing axons devoid of myelin some of which were degenerating. Degeneration of myelinating fibres within regenerating clusters was seen. At the mid-forearm level large myelinated fibres were reduced and increased numbers of regenerating clusters were seen. Evidence of regeneration of unmyelinated fibres was found. The upper arm was normal.
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  • 71
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    Acta neuropathologica 27 (1974), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Werdnig-Hoffmann's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Muscle Biopsy ; Myotube-like Cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study was carried out on muscle biopsies of 7 children with Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease. The muscle fibres were classified into 3 categories: 1. Muscle cells of normal diameter without any distinct or only slight changes. 2. Small muscle cells with a large central nucleus with the appearance of myoblast at a later stage of development. 3. Cells resembling myotubes containing in a common basement membrane two to four cells at different stages of maturation. Myoblast and myotube-like cells seemed to resemble foetal muscle fibres. Such fibres appear to represent an arrest in maturation rather than muscle atrophy.
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  • 72
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    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Thermoreceptors ; Cold Receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Receptor Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferent impulses were recorded from single fibers serving cold and warm receptors in the skin of the cat's nose. The receptors were carefully tested for specificity and the receptive fields localized under the microscope with a microthermode. Each single fiber served one spot-like receptive field. The field was marked without damaging the nerve ending by inserting two thin stainless steel wires into the skin on both sides of the receptor. Investigation of semithin and ultrathin serial sections by light and electron microscopy revealed beneath each cold spot a dermal papilla which contained a single small myelinated fiber dividing into a number of unmyelinated terminals. Near the epidermis the receptor branches leave their Schwann cell envelope, penetrate the basal lamina of the epithelium, and their tips are invaginated into the cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells. The basal lamina of the epithelium fuses with that of the receptor axon. The receptor axons contain numerous mitochondria, glycogen particles and a filamentous receptor matrix with vesicles of various sizes. The described structures were absent beneath the warm spots. In addition to the cold receptors, Merkel cell neurite complexes and lamellated encapsulated endings were found that are known to be mechanoreceptors.
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  • 73
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    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Proximal tubule degeneration ; Heparinoid ; Niere ; Ratte ; Ultrastruktur ; Proximale Tubulusdegeneration ; Heparinoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 24 Std nach i.v. Injektion von 100 mg/kg eines Pentosanschwefelsäureesters (SP 54) sind in der Nierenrinde von Ratten schwere degenerative Veränderungen der proximalen Tubuluszellen zu beobachten. Das Tubulusepithel ist flachkubisch umgewandelt, das Tubuluslumen ist angefüllt mit ausgestoßenen Mitochondrien und anderen Zelltrümmern. Am stärksten betroffen ist die Pars contorta des proximalen Tubulus. Weniger stark veränderte Tubuluszellen sind angefüllt mit Cytosomen, die eine spezifische Feinstruktur haben oder gehäuft gegenüber Kontrollen Cytoplasmaprotrusionen in das Tubuluslumen aufweisen. Die akute Tubulusdegeneration ist ein spezifischer Effekt von SP 54. Heparin bewirkt nur eine leichte Schwellung des Tubulusepithels, die häufiger auftritt als bei Kontrolltieren.
    Notes: Summary 24 hrs after the intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg of a Pentosansulfuricacidester (SP 54) severe degenerative alterations are observed in the proximal tubular cells in rat kidney cortex. The tubular epithelium has changed to a single layer of elongated cubic cells. The tubular lumen is filled with cellular debris and extruded mitochondria. The greatest change is seen in the pars contorta of the proximal tubule. Less degenerated tubular cells have a great number of cytosomes with a specific substructure or have cytoplasmatic protrusions into the tubular lumen. This acute tubular degeneration is a specific event after the administration of SP 54 and is not seen after an equimolar dosis of Heparin. Heparin induces only a slight swelling of the tubular epithelium, more frequent seen as in the control animals.
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  • 74
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    Research in experimental medicine 164 (1974), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Ulcus ventriculi ; Pathologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Glatte Muskulatur ; Ulcus ventriculi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die glatte Muskulatur des Antrum ventriculi sowie des Pylorus von 7 Patienten mit einem oder mehreren Ulcera ventriculi untersucht. Vergleichsweise konnten die entsprechenden Regionen des Magens von 5 normalen Organspendern der elektronenmikroskopischen Präparation zugeführt werden. Elektronenoptisch faßbare Veränderungen fanden sich noch 180 mm von der Ulcusläsion entfernt an den glatten Muskelzellen der inneren Rings- und der äußeren Längsmuskulatur sowie an den Gefäßen. Eine regelmäßig anzutreffende Veränderung der glatten Muskelzellen des Antrum und des Pylorus besteht in einer Strukturverdichtung des Kerns, der sarkoplasmatischen Grundsubstanz und der Myofilamente, kombiniert mit einer Vermehrung und Vergrößerung der hypolemmalen Vesikel, wie der dense bodies. Die Befunde werden als Ausdruck einer starken isometrischen Kontraktion der glatten Muskulatur im Antrum und im Pylorus bei Ulcera ventriculi gedeutet. Die geschilderten Befunde ließen sich an normalem Untersuchungsmaterial nicht erheben. Neben für das Magenulcus unspezifischen pathologischen Befunden an den glatten Muskelzellen, wie Anhäufung von Lipofuscin im Endoplasmahof und Lyse der Myofilamente, konnten spezifische Veränderungen gefunden werden. Diese betreffen die nur im Endoplasmahof differenzierten Räume des endoplasmatischen Reticulums. Bei zahlreichen Muskelzellen der Rings- und Längsmuskelschicht kommt eine extrem starke Quellung des endoplasmatischen Reticulums zur Beobachtung. Die Vacuolisation der endoplasmatischen Räume führt zu einer Verdrängung der übrigen Zellorganellen sowie der Myofilamente. Die Capillarendothelzellen weisen degenerative Veränderungen auf, die zu einem Sistieren cytopemptischer Vorgänge führen. In der arteriolären Gefäßstrecke findet sich vielfach eine starke Kontraktion der glatten Muskulatur bis zum völligen Verschluß der Gefäßlichtung. Auch diese Befunde ließen sich nur an den Mägen mit Ulcera ventriculi, nicht dagegen an dem normalen Vergleichsmaterial erheben.
    Notes: Summary The smooth musculature of antrum and pylorus of 7 patients with one or more stomach ulcers was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Corresponding regions of the stomachs of 5 normal organ donors served as control material. Electronmicroscopically visualizable changes were found at distances of up to 180 mm from the site of ulcerous lesion on the smooth muscle cells of the inner circular and outer longitudinal musculature, also on the blood vessels. A regularly occurring modification of the smooth muscle cells of antrum and pylorus consists of a structural condensation of the nucleus, of the sarcoplasmic ground substance and of the myofilaments, combined with augmentation and distension of the hypolemmal vesicles and of the dense bodies. These findings are interpreted as expression of a pronounced isometric contraction of the smooth musculature in the antrum and pylorus in presence of ulcera ventriculi. Such findings are not obtainable on normal material. Besides pathological modifications at the smooth muscle cells which are unspecific for stomach ulcer, such as accumulation of lipofuscin in the endoplasmatic lacunae and lysis of the myofilaments, specific changes were observed. These concern the interstices of the endoplasmic reticulum to be found only in the endoplasmatic lacunae. In numerous muscle cells of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers an extremely marked distension of the endoplasmic reticulum is found. Vacuolization of the endoplasmic cisternae causes displacement of the other cell organelles and of the myofilaments. The capillary endothelial cells show degenerative changes which bring about arrest of cytopemptic processes. In the arteriolar regions a strong contraction of the smooth musculature, at times resulting in complete occlusion of the vasal lumen, is frequently found. These findings, too, are obtainable only on stomachs with ulcera ventriculi and not on normal control material.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Blue fox ; Lutein cells ; Plasma progesterone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic investigation of the lutein cells of the blue fox was undertaken, based on the hypothesis that differences in plasma progesterone levels at differing stages of pregnancy might be reflected in the ultrastructural organization. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals mated 1, 2, 5, 14, 18, 20, 28, 33, 36, 39 and 45 days after the estimated time of ovulation. Measurements of progesterone on plasma samples were performed by a rapid competitive protein-binding assay. During the period with increasing and/or high plasma progesterone levels, (i.e. 1 to 14 days after ovulation) the lutein cells are characterized by evenly distributed cisternal agranular ER, mitochondria with both tubular and lamellar cristae, and electron-dense lipid droplets. The abundant agranular ER is closely associated with the lipid droplets and mitochondria. During the period with declining plasma progesterone levels, the lutein cells present a different morphological picture: the agranular ER assumes the form of bundles of parallel tubules disposed in several planes. During the latest stages observed, these “bundles” are disrupted and most of the agranular ER become arranged in smaller concentric whorls. Both kinds of whorls regularly enclose lipid droplets, dense bodies and mitochondria. The regions between the whorls contain scattered cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosome-like dense bodies.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Harvestman ; Exocytosis ; Release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les plaques paraganglionnaires de l'Opilion Trogulus nepaeformis sont des organes neurohémaux constitués d'une lamelle neurale externe, épaisse, en contact avec un sinus sanguin, d'une couche basale de cellules gliales, et de 7 types de terminaisons axonales (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) renfermant des granules élémentaires qui diffèrent par leur taille, leur densité aux électrons et l'aspect de leur contenu. Les granules de type A1 se déchargent par exocytose dans l'espace extra-axonal, sous la lamelle neurale; ceux de type C se fragmentent en microgranules à contenu dense qui s'accumulent avec des vésicules claires contre l'axolemme en des places suggérant des sites de libération dans l'hémolymphe.
    Notes: Summary The paraganglionic plates of the harvestman, Trogulus, are neurohemal organs composed of a thick neural lamella facing a blood sinus, basal glial cells, and seven distinct types of axon terminals (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, B4 and C) identified on the basis of elementary granule size, electron density, and structure of contents. The release of A1 type granules occurs by exocytosis into the extraaxonal space below the acellular neural lamella. The release of the content of C granules occurs after fragmentation into small electron dense vesicles. Clusters of these vesicles intermixed with clear vesicles pressing against the axolemma beneath the neural lamella, apparantly correspond to the sites of release.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular organ ; Xenopus laevis ; Monoamines ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultracytochemical identification of monoamines in the paraventricular organ (PVO) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was achieved by applying glutaraldehyde-potassium dichromate fixation to the brains. It appears that the amines are concentrated inside elongated or round large granular vesicles within the neurons. The presence of dopamine and, to a lesser extent, of indolamines in neurons of the PVO is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit pars intermedia ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve terminal ; PI-type glandular cell ; ACT-type cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy three types of nerve terminals have been identified in adult rabbit pars intermedia (PI). The characteristics of these are described and their development traced. The distribution of nerve terminals and neurons within the PI is documented. In particular the association between types of nerve terminal and the different glandular cells is shown to be precise and selective. Direct innervation of the ACT-type cells in the rabbit PI is described for the first time. The author is particularly grateful to Dr. J. W. B. Bradfield for help in the preparation of this paper.
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organs ; Cephalopods ; Chemoreception ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the so-called olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris has been investigated. Electron microscopy shows the superficial layer of the epithelium to consist mainly of cells bearing microvilli. Below this, often very deeply, lie very many large cells, which bear numerous cilia. These cells open to the surface via narrow processes running between the epithelial cells. Although details of their innervation have yet to be established the large cells are assumed to be receptors and these findings are interpreted as evidence that this organ is indeed chemosensory.
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 63-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Afferent fibres ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innermost layer of the circular musculature of the ileum of the guinea-pig, mouse, rat, rabbit, cat and dog is made of special small and dark muscle cells (sd cells), which can be identified by light and electron microscopy. These cells have a higher surface to volume ratio than ordinary muscle cells. They show all the organelles of smooth muscle cells and are in close relationship with a great number of extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres. They send numerous thin cytoplasmic processes towards the bulk of the circular layer, but nexuses between the sd cells and ordinary muscle cells are not found. It is suggested that some of the nerve fibres in this part of the circular layer are motor, setting the sd cells to a given length, and some are afferent in luminal pressure.
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroids ; Rana temporaria ; Crystals ; Ultrastructure ; Catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crystalline inclusions in parathyroid gland cell nuclei of Rana temporaria were studied by electron microscopy using a specimen tilting stage. Images were analysed by optical diffraction. Results were compared with X-ray and electron microscopic data of trigonal bovine liver catalase to which a striking resemblance of the inclusions was found.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eyes ; Retinula ; Ephestia kuehniella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Auge von Ephestia kommen Kontakte zwischen den Zellen benachbarter Retinulae vor. Diese Kontakte finden sich am häufigsten in der Kernregion der Retinulazellen und können 2 oder mehr Retinulae miteinander verbinden. Da keine besonderen Membranstrukturen in der Kontaktzone beobachtet wurden und da andererseits die Retinulazellen auf diesem Niveau und weiter distal Pigmentgranula enthalten, scheinen diese Kontakte weder die Zellen chemisch bzw. elektrisch zu koppeln noch Reizlicht zu übertragen. Vielmehr wird angenommen, daß die Verlagerungen des Cytoplasmas bei Hell-Dunkeladaptation in benachbarten Retinulae durch die gegenseitige Berührung koordiniert werden.
    Notes: Summary Connections were found between retinula cells of adjacent retinula cell columns in the eye of Ephestia. The connections occur most frequently at the level of the retinula cell nuclei and may involve two or more retinula columns simultaneously. The absence of specialized structural modifications of the membranes and the presence of pigment granules at the level of the connections or distal to them indicates that these connections are probably not involved in selective chemical or electrical communication nor in light transmission. It is suggested that the connections may serve tactily to coordinate cytoplasmic movement in adjacent retinula columns during light-dark adaptation.
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 339-355 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cell, human ; Morphological classification ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As revealed by light microscopical investigations the human Sertoli cell presents different appearances according to the pattern of infranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Although two or three stages of spermatogenesis are seen in a single cross section of a seminiferous tubule the Sertoli cells all show virtually the same features in such a cross sectioned tubule. The different appearances are also evident under the electron microscope. Although no obvious correlation was found with the stages of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous epithelium, the Sertoli cell appearances described here may be assumed to represent different metabolic situations. Other features of Sertoli cell ultrastructure are discussed such as the presence of residual bodies in the apical cytoplasm, glycogen-rich areas protruding towards the tubular lumen or the extracellular space, and membrane bound, round structures, found between the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and resembling the “microbodies” of steroid producing cells.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 517-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Medial preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuronal and glial cell bodies and the neuropil of the medial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus were studied under the electron microscope. Two different types of neurons are identified on the basis of electron density. These two types differed in a number of ultrastructural features. Three types of nerve terminals based on vesicle morphology are also described, as well as the general structure of the axons, dendrites and synapses in the neuropil. The structure of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes is also discussed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Agranular and granular vesicles ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve profiles in the basal part of the palisade zone of rat median eminence have been divided into 4 categories on the basis of their vesicular content: profiles a with agranular vesicles of about 50 nm, b with similar agranular vesicles and also with granular vesicles of mainly 70–140 nm, c with granular vesicles alone and d without vesicles. After intravenous injection of exogenous peroxidase, castrated male rats showed, in comparison to sham-operated controls, a 3–5 fold increase in the percentage of nerve profiles of category a which contained peroxidase loaded vesicles of about 50 nm. In contrast, no significant change was observed for nerve profiles of other categories. It is concluded that exogenous peroxidase may be used to demonstrate changes in the activity of tuberoinfundibular nerve terminals at the ultrastructural level.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle fibres (Tadpole tail) ; Degeneration ; Macrophages ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes histochemical and ultrastructural studies of tail muscles in tadpoles of Rana japonica and Rana catesbeiana during metamorphosis, this process being accompanied by degeneration of the tail. Degeneration of individual tail muscles does not occur at the same time; this is true for both the red and white muscle fibres. The initial phase of degeneration showed mesenchymal macrophages first invading the muscle fibres and then sending out many long cytoplasmic processes which split the fibres apart. The disappearance of myofibrils during degeneration proceeds along at least two different mechanisms even within a single muscle fibre. In one type, the Z-band becomes diffuse and then disappears, resulting in fragmentation of the myofibrils at the sites previously occupied by the Z-bands. The second pattern of degeneration is characterized by disappearance of the Z-band followed by a fanning out of the myofilaments not associated with fragmentation of myofibrils. As atrophy of muscle fibres proceeds, acid phosphatase activity is localized in the perinuclear sarcoplasm. Macrophages show more intense acid phosphatase activity than do the muscle fibres. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is described and discussed.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 433-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mushroom-shaped gland ; Periplaneta ; Utriculi majores ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The utriculi majores, the largest tubules of the mushroom-shaped sex gland complex of P. americana are lined by a single layer of secretory cells with basal plasmalemmal infoldings and apical microvilli, and enveloped by a thin layer of slow-acting muscle. The latter is predominantly monomyofibrillar, with an ill-developed T-system, sarcoplasmic reticulum and striations. The secretory epithelium consists of typical protein-synthesizing and-exporting cells with an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and active Golgi elements. Secretory granules, budded off from layered cisternae of the Golgi complex, are more numerous in the vicinity of the luminal surface. The luminal contents are rich in proteins, neutral lipids and phospholipids; there are also some sulphated and nonsulphated acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anuran larvae ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ultimobranchial (UB) gland cells from Rana temporaria larvae 48 h after hatching until the completion of metamorphosis is described. A single UB cell type is present, believed to be the characteristic C cell, in which secretory granules are first detectable in 8 day post-hatching larvae. These secretory granules show an intimate association with lipid droplets. Unusual membranous and crystalloid inclusions, which may represent yolk platelets, are found in UB glands of very small larvae. The significance of a range of UB organelles is discussed and some scanning electron micrographs presented. This report is believed to be the first published ultrastructural and scanning electron microscope study of larval anuran UB glands.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Nervous system ; Polychaete ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organs of presumed photoreceptor significance in Nephtys exhibit great simplicity. The pigmented eyes of Nephtys are embedded in the posterior region of the brain. Each consists of a pigment cup and two closely-associated sensory cells. The cells exhibit the characteristic features of rhabdomeric-type photoreceptor structures. The anterior or accessory eyes are identical to the pigmented eyes except that each may consist of only a single cell and that pigment cups are absent. A pair of “sensor sacs” is also present, embedded in the brain. Each consists of a single cell which has the appearance of possessing a large intracellular vesicle (the phaosome) into which project irregularly arranged microvilli. The limiting membrane is, in fact, continuous with the cell membrane. Evidence is presented of the secretion of material of unknown character into the vesicle.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neural lobe ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract were studied in embryonic C3H mouse neural lobes; at least four glands at each gestational day 15–19 were examined. Single axons and small bundles of fibres are visible at gestational days 15 and 16. By day 17 large fibre bundles penetrate between glial cells. They increase in number during the next two days. Electron-lucent and electron-dense vesicles are seen in the fibres of the 15th and 16th gestational days. In the 17–19 day-old embryos development is characterized by a successive rise in the number of the two types of vesicles. The mean diameter of the electron-lucent vesicles is approximately unchanged in all the stages examined (50 nm). The electron-dense vesicles increase in size from approximately 80–90 nm at days 15–16 to 140 nm at the 19th gestational day. By day 19 contacts between neurosecretory fibre terminals and the outer basement membrane of internal and peripheral capillaries are occasionally observed. The possibly adrenergic nature of a few terminals contacting peripheral vascular structures in 17 and 18 day-old embryos is suggested.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ; Ultrastructure ; Osmotic stimulus ; Quantitative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substitution of a 2% solution of sodium chloride in place of drinking water for 3 days significantly increased both the size of neurosecretory neurones in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of rats and the proportion of these cells which had dilated endoplasmic reticulum. There was an increase in the number of multivesicular bodies per mean cell profile and also an increase in the ratio of “dense” (immature) to “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules within the perikarya, although the total numbers of granules were unchanged. If, after 3 days of saline-treatment, the rats were again allowed tap water to drink for 2 days, the proportion of cells showing dilated endoplasmic reticulum and the number of multivesicular bodies returned towards normal, but there was a significant increase in the number of large dense lysosomal bodies per cell profile and a relative increase in the proportion of “pale” (mature) neurosecretory granules. These changes suggest that the increased bio-synthetic activity resulting from saline-treatment subsides when the treatment is terminated. Furthermore, since neurohypophysial hormone stores have still not returned to normal in animals of the recovery group, they also imply the absence of an internal feedback system by which the level of neural lobe hormone stores might govern the synthetic activity of the neurosecretory cells. Both the increased synthesis, and the increased electrical activity which accompanies it, may be independent consequences of the depleting stimulus.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian salt gland ; Electrolyte transport ; Ultrastructure ; Ruthenium red ; Dialyzed iron ; Sialic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both ruthenium red and dialyzed iron techniques indicated that anionic protein-carbohydrates were associated with the plasmalemma of secretory cells in mallard salt glands. Digestion of the tissue with neuraminidase prior to dialyzed iron staining provided evidence that much of the anionic nature of this surface was due to sialic acid. These results were confirmed by biochemical assays showing that the salt-gland tissue contained a relatively high sialic-acid content and that the amount of sialic acid increased with salt-water adaptation. Possible roles of these anionic sites are discussed in relation to currently accepted hypotheses of electrolyte transport.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 343-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Gametes ; Echinoid ; Echinarachnius ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of gametes of a representative echinoid, Echinarachnius parma were investigated ultrastructurally with particular emphasis on gamete interaction during fertilization. The acrosomal region of the spermatozoon is characterized by the presence of two components: an acrosomal vesicle and periacrosomal materials. The acrosomal vesicle, which is completely bounded by a limiting membrane, is surrounded by periacrosomal materials. Nuclear and mitochondrial regions of the spermatozoon are also described briefly. The ovum is surrounded by two extraneous coats: an outer jelly layer and an inner vitelline envelope. Pigment cells are present within the outer jelly layer. Ooplasmic organelles and inclusions including cortical granules and the female pronucleus are described. Spermatozoa undergo the acrosomal reaction in the vicinity of mature ova. Events of acrosomal reaction, including dehiscence of the acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal tubule formation, are described and summarized schematically. Acrosomal vesicle contents remain adherent to the outer surface of the tubule membrane. Primary binding of the spermatozoon to the surface of the ovum is accomplished by the establishment of morphological continuity between this extracellular coat and the vitelline envelope of the ovum. It is suggested that the species specificity of fertilization resides in this primary binding of gametes. Membrane fusion, between the tip of the acrosomal tubule and the colemma, follows primary binding and cytoplasmic continuity of the gametes is thereby established. It is concluded that the early events of fertilization in Echinarachnius parma generally conform to the Hydroides-Saccoglossus pattern of the Colwins (1967).
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 463-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Vitellogenesis ; Cephalopods ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur des Ovarfollikels von Alloteuthis subulata Lam. während der euplasmatischen Wachstumsphase und der Vitellogenese wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Oogenese kann in drei Stadien unterteilt werden. Oocyten des Stadiums I haben noch kein Follikelepithel. Während des Stadiums II faltet sich das Follikelepithel in die Oocyte ein, die ihre euplasmatische Wachstumsphase durchläuft. Die Follikelzellen zeigen typische Merkmale von Zellen mit starker Proteinsynthese. Im Stadium III wird das Chorion von den Follikelzellen gebildet. Im Gegensatz zu älteren lichtmikroskopischen Beobachtungen ergeben sich keine Hinweise, die für eine Beteiligung der Follikelzellen an der Bildung exogenen Proteindotters sprechen. Die eigenen Beobachtungen sprechen vielmehr für eine weitgehend autonome Synthese des PAS-positiven Dotters durch die Oocyte unter Beteiligung des stark ausgebildeten Golgi-Apparates. Die Befunde werden im Vergleich mit Beobachtungen zur Vitellogenese anderer Invertebraten und Vertebraten diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The structure of the ovarian follicle of Alloteuthis subulata Lam. during the euplasmic growth phase and vitellogenesis has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Oogenesis can be divided into three stages. Oocytes of stage I are not yet surrounded by a follicle cell epithelium. During stage II, infolding of the follicular epithelium into the oocyte and the euplasmic growth phase of the oocyte take place. Follicle cells show all attributes typical for protein synthesizing cells. During stage III, formation of the chorion occurs due to follicle cell activity. In contrast to earlier light microscopical observations, there are no indications of an engagement of the follicle cells in the production of exogenous yolk protein, which could be taken up by the oocyte in pinocytotic vesicles. The observations rather favour the idea of a largely autonomous synthesis of the PAS-positive yolk in the oocyte. The Golgi apparatus seems to be engaged in yolk production. The findings are discussed in comparison with observations on vitellogenesis in other invertebrates and vertebrates.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate (rabbit) ; Anterior lobe ; Apocrine secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Protein secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of glandular cells in the anterior lobe of the rabbit prostate was reinvestigated, especially after fixation by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde. The lumina of the gland contain abundant globules of an amorphous material surrounded by a membrane. A few dense bodies and scattered globules with internal vesicles also occur. These luminar contents obviously correspond to the particles observed in the semen of rabbits. Strong evidence was found for the formation of the globules by an apocrine secretory process. Material similar to the contents of the luminar globules accumulates in the cell apex together with vesicles, probably of Golgi origin, but without any other organelles. Protrusions from the cell surface contain similar material, but the vesicles generally disappear before the forming globule is finally pinched off from the cell surface. The characteristic feature of the secretory cell are the paucity of endoplasmic reticulum and the large amounts of ribosomes. This is interpreted as a specialization of the cell for the production of secretory protein that is not segregated within membranes until it is discharged from the cell by apocrine secretion.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 395-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Teleost ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial cells of the ventricle of the trout heart is described as the result of an investigation with the electron microscope. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse in distribution compared to that of birds or mammals but shows a fundamentally similar organization. A very loose network of fine tubules is in intimate contact with the myofibrils but with no local modification with respect to the arrangement of myofilaments within the sarcomeres. There is no special association of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the Z-bands. Some tubules pass to the cell periphery where they expand to form subsarcolemmal cisternae in which electron-dense matter is often seen. The occurrence of the subsarcolemmal cisternae (peripheral couplings) is random and they are not observed in the vicinity of intercalated discs. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is discussed in relation to excitation-contraction coupling in teleost myocardial cells, and in comparison with that of other vertebrates.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridium ; Hirudo medicinalis ; Central canal ; Urinary bladder ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchung des nephridialen Zentralkanals von Hirudo medicinalis L. können mehrere Kanalabschnitte unterschieden werden, die zum Teil frei im Bindegewebe liegen, wie der Anfangs-, der intermediäre und der Endkanal, oder aber durch mehr oder weniger enge Verzahnung mit Canaliculuszellen verbunden sind (innerer und weiter Kanal). Strukturen, die mit transzellulärem Ionentransport in Beziehung gebracht werden können — ikrovilli und basale Zellmembraneinfaltungen — finden sich in allen Kanalabschnitten. Während im Verlauf des Zentralkanals die Oberflächenvergrößerung durch Mikrovilli ziemlich konstant bleibt, findet sich in den Kanalabschnitten, die ausschließlich an Bindegewebe grenzen, eine besonders auffällige und signifikante Zunahme der basalen Oberflächenvergräßerung durch Zellmembraneinfaltungen. Es werden mögliche Besonderheiten im Reabsorptionsmechanismus diskutiert: Möglicherweise läuft zwischen dem Epithel des inneren und des weiten Kanals einerseits und den angrenzenden Canaliculuszellen andererseits ein Kreislaufprozeß für Ionen (recycling) ab.
    Notes: Summary The central canal and the urinary bladder of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (L.) were studied by electron microscopy. The central canal consists of several different parts: the initial, intermediate and terminal canal which border only on connective tissue, and the inner and the wide canal which on the other hand are closely connected to the canaliculus cells which produce the primary urine. Structures related to transcellular transport of solutes such as microvilli and basal plasma membrane infoldings in association with mitochondria have been found in all parts of the central canal. Evidence has been obtained that the surface enlargement by basal plasma membrane infoldings increases from the proximal to the distal parts of the central canal while the luminal surface enlargement remains nearly constant. The increasing basal surface enlargement is especially obvious in those parts of the central canal which border only on connective tissue. The mechanism of reabsorption is discussed with regard to physiological data so far available. A recycling process for solutes may take place between the epithelium of the inner and the wide canal on one hand and the bordering canaliculus cells on the other hand.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 493-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Fluorescence ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extent of degeneration and regeneration of catecholamine-containing nerve fibres in the external layer of the median eminence of the rat has been assessed following treatment with 6-OHDA. Ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical evidence suggests that nerve terminal degeneration occurs in the external layer of the caudal regions of the median eminence, including the anatomical stem, following intravenous injection of 6-OHDA in a dose of 100 mg/kg. No degeneration in the external layer of the median eminence was observed when the drug was given as sequential intracisternal injections to adult rats or neonatal rats by subcutaneous injections. The fluorescence histochemical studies suggest that regeneration of catecholamine-containing neurons is substantially complete within three weeks of treatment with intravenous 6-OHDA.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 277-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Pineal Gland ; Mole ; Paracrystalline structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les pinéalocytes (au sens strict: Wolfe, 1965) de l'épiphyse de la Taupe (animal vivant pratiquement toujours dans une complète obscurité) examinés au microscope électronique, ont été comparés à ceux d'autres Mammifères. Dans le périkaryon des mitochondries, des ribosomes, du réticulum endoplasmique lisse et granulaire et quelques lysosomes et inclusions lipidiques sont présents. La présence à l'intérieur de certaines cavités du réticulum endoplasmique granulaire et parfois entre les deux feuillets de l'enveloppe nucléaire, de structures paracristallines (de nature protéique ?) est caractéristique des pinéalocytes de cet animal. L'appareil de Golgi sécréte des vésicules claires de 500 à 1500 Å de diamètre. Quelques très rares grains de sécrétion, dont l'origine golgienne n'a pas encore été démontré, ont été observé dans le périkaryon et à l'extrémité de certains prolongements. Un grand nombre de structures ciliaires (9+0 paires de tubules) ont également été observés dans les pinéalocytes.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the mole pinealocytes, a mammal which lives practically in complete darkness, has been examined and compared with that of other mammals. Mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and lipid incluclusions are present in the perikaryon. The presence of a paracrystalline structure of a possibly proteinaceous nature in some cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and between the two layers of the nuclear membrane, is characteristic of the mole pinealocyte. The Golgi complex produces clear vesicles of 500–1500 Å in diameter. Occasionally, some dense core secretory vesicles were observed in the perikaryon and in the ending of cell processes. Their presumed origin from the Golgi complex could not yet be demonstrated. A large number of ciliary derivatives (9+0 pattern) are also present in the mole pinealocyte.
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