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  • 1980-1984  (3,134)
  • 1982  (3,134)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,047)
  • Ultrastructure  (87)
  • Nuclear reactions
Material
Years
  • 1980-1984  (3,134)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cecum ; Guinea pig ; Anatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Bacteria (microvilli)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of the cecum of the domesticated guinea pig (Cavia apera f. procellus) was investigated at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. In situ observations, injections of the blood vascular system and the preparation of dried specimens were made to elucidate the macroscopic anatomy of the cecum. The complex mesenterial situation in the abdomen was also investigated. The guinea-pig intestinal tract is particularized by the presence of the voluminous teniated cecum, which lacks an appendix vermiformis. The stomach is relative small and simple; the large intestine does not possess teniae. Seen with the scanning electron microscope the surface topography of the cecal wall shows a pattern of irregular mounds and crevasses. The former are made up of raised ridges, often in circular or looped profiles. Correlated light microscopic observation revealed an irregularity of the mucosal surface consisting of protrusions into the cecal lumen, the circular and looped configurations of the scanning microscope image representing the entry into crypts at the light-microscopic level. The close association of bacteria to the mucosal surface is striking. Observed with the transmission electron microscope this close association takes the form of an intermicrovillar location of the bacteria. The present observations are compared to those made on other rodents and with respect to the dietary habit of the guinea pig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 329-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of the normal synaptic patterns within the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) of the rat revealed various synaptic relationships. Two types of axon terminals were identified according to the morphology of the synaptic vesicles contained within them. Axon terminals with round vesicles established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the somata and all areas of the dendritic trees including somatic and dendritic appendages. Pleomorphic-vesicle terminals established symmetrical synaptic contacts on somata and their appendages and on all sizes of dendrites and their appendages. Both round and pleomorphicvesicle terminals were infrequently seen to synapse upon the somata and proximal dendrites. The round-vesicle terminals outnumbered the pleomorphic-vesicle terminals on the dendritic trees. Terminals of the en passant type were also common throughout the LRN. Both round and pleomorphic-vesicle terminals were observed simultaneously contacting the soma and one or more dendritic profiles, or two different dendritic profiles. Synaptic configurations (glomeruli) were also observed in all three divisions of the nucleus. They consisted of a large, central, round-vesicle terminal contacting a number of small-calibre dendritic processes. This arrangement was surrounded by one or more sheets of glial lamellae. Puncta adherentia were observed on the apposed membranes of adjacent cells, adjacent dendrites and adjacent axon terminals.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary cells ; Mitosis ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mitotic rates of the six types of immunohistochemically identifiable adenohypophysial cells were histometrically calculated in colchicine-pretrated male rats 5, 17, 30 and 70 days old. Sections were stained with the antisera against rLH, rFSH, rTSH, oGH, rPRL and pACTH1–39. The mitotic growth rate of the anterior pituitary gland at 30 days of age was much higher than at other times. Mitotic growth rates of GH and PRL cells increased with advancing age, while those of ACTH-, TSH- and immunonegative cells decreased with advancing age. LH/FSH cells showed no variation in mitotic growth rate with age. Mitotic cells can be classified into six cell types based on their fine structural properties: (1) agranular cells associated with the folliculo-stellate cells; (2) ambiguous cells with scanty minute secretory granules (50–150 nm in diameter); (3) basophils with a number of small secretory granules (130–200 nm); (4) immature acidophils whose large secretory granules (130–300 nm) are sporadically scattered; (5) acidophils with numerous spherical larger secretory granules (200–300 nm); and (6) prolactin cells with large polymorphic granules. At day 5 there was a high mitotic rate of the agranular and ambiguous cells [types (1) and (2)]; at day 70 a high mitotic rate was found in immature and mature acidophils [types (4) and (5)]. The mitotic rate of basophils (type 3) was high only at day 17 and low at all other times. The mitotic rate of prolactin cells (type 6) showed a slight increment with advancing age. It is concluded that the mitotic rates of the six cell types are age-dependent.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sympathetic neurons ; Immobilization ; Perichromatin granules ; Nematosomes ; Concentric lamellar bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perichromatin granules, nematosomes (threadlike bodies), or concentric lamellar bodies were rarely observed in profiles of principal ganglionic neurons in the untreated rat superior cervical ganglion. They were more frequenlty encountered in these neurons following long-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system by intermittent immobilization (6 to 18 12-h periods). The increased number of the described nuclear and cytoplasmic structures following immobilization is documented by morphometric data and discussed in relation to specific chronic neuronal hyperactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Muscle ; Growth and Development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to study prenatal muscle development in mouse fetuses ranging from 12 days to 18 days gestation. Some transmission electron micrographs were also used for comparison. At 12 days no myofibres were evident although at 13 days long fibres surrounded by many mononucleated cells could be seen. At 14 days bundles of primary myofibres were observed with new myofibres forming in crevices between adjacent fibres. At 16 days the primary myofibres had separated but smaller secondary myofibres could be seen forming along their surfaces. The myofibres were very compact at 18 days and often appeared fused but this was due to the basal lamina ensheathing clusters of primary myofibres with their secondaries. The scanning electron micrographs appeared to illustrate the theories of muscle development which have arisen out of the various studies employing sectioning techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 303-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Catecholamine ; Histofluorescence ; Ultrastructure ; Brain stem ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (NTD) which may be homologous with the mammalian locus coeruleus was investigated in the chicken by means of light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Results are summarized as follows: 1) Numerous neurons emitting green fluorescence by the Falck-Hillarp method were observed in the NTD of the chicken. By consecutive light and fluorescence microscopy of the same section it was established that these catecholamine(CA)-containing neurons clearly coincided with the cell group named nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis by Jungherr (1945). This procedure further showed that there were also non-fluorescent neurons in the NTD. 2) On the basis of electron microscopic observation, two types of neurons were recognized in the NTD: medium-(15–25 μm) and small-sized (10–15 μm) neurons. Medium-sized neurons had a round to oval nucleus with several deep infoldings and abundant organelles. From combined fluorescence and electron microscopic examination, they obviously corresponded with CA-containing neurons demonstrated by the Falck-Hillarp method. Small-sized neurons had a round nucleus surrounded by pale cytoplasm. They corresponded with non-CA-containing neurons. 3) From morphometric analysis, it was clear that CA-containing neurons contained a well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and many lysosome-like dense bodies, unlike non-CA-containing neurons. This study was undertaken as the basis of a research program to elucidate the catecholaminergic projections from the NTD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Preimplantation embryos ; Ultrastructure ; Effect of Li+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have recently shown that LiCl in the culture medium retards cleavage of mouse preimplantation embryos without delaying their blastulation and causes the formation of blastocysts with few large cells and a reduced or absent inner cell mass (Izquierdo and Becker 1982). In this study we compare the ultrastructure of major cellular organelles of Li+-treated and control embryos. No subcellular alterations were found that correlate with the altered morphology of the blastocysts. On the basis of these results we submit that the malformation of blastocysts developed in a Li+-containing medium is the morphogenetic consequence of a retardation of cleavage coupled with a normal timing in the establishment of zonular tight junctions around the peripheral cells of the morula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 425-435 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sertoli cells ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Prenatal irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Is the presence of germinal cells necessary for the Sertoli cells to acquire normal features? To respond to this question we have studied the development of the Sertoli cells in rats irradiated at the end of the foetal life. In the prenatal irradiated rats, the lumen of the seminiferous tubules appears later than in the control rats. The Sertoli cells show numerous flexuous apical processes, with central microtubule bundles. These processes regress progressively after the 40th day of life when the tubular lumen appears; numerous junctional complexes differentiate with the same structure as those of control animals. There are important dilatations of the intercellular spaces. The cytoplasmic organelles show a normal development up to the 40th day of life. After this period, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus clearly regress while important dilatations appear in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and persist in the adult animal. From the 35th day on, the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules is irregular and multilayered. The differentiation of the Sertoli cells seems to be independent of the presence of germinal cells until the 40th day of life and presents several particularities; thereafter the Sertoli cells show signs of regression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primary rhabdomyosarcoma ; Brain tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Basal ganglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma is extremely rare. A case of primary rhabdomyosarcoma in the left basal ganglia is described in a 2-year-old boy. The investigations revealed no primary lesion elsewhere except in the brain. At the electron-microscopic level, the majority of the cells contained specific microfilamentous bundles, which were either distributed at random or organized in myofibrils identified by their cross striations with primitive Z band formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ependymoma ; Rat ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats were induced transplacentally by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 10–25 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on days 16–20 of gestation. Light-microscopic examination revealed that 22% of these tumors could be diagnosed as ependymomas, anaplastic ependymomas (ependymoblastomas), or mixed tumors revealing both oligodendroglioma and anaplastic ependymoma tissues if the criteria of accepted classifications were followed. Electron-microscopic examination, however, demonstrated that the ependymoma and the anaplastic ependymoma-like tissue in ENU-induced tumors lacked ependymal features, such as basal bodies, cilia, complicated junctional complexes, microvilli, etc. This tissue type was repetitious, always being composed of cells arranged in groups, cords, and rosette-like (pseudorosette) formations. In the pseudorosettes, the cell nuclei were polarized at the periphery and the cytoplasm contained numerous polyribosomes, occasional short microtubules and usually a few small dense-core vesicles. The center of the pseudorosettes showed numerous slender interdigitating processes interconnected by maculae adherens. The tips of these processes showed vesicular degeneration. The cells arranged in groups or cords and perivascular rosettes revealed identical ultrastructure, but they were not polarized. The present findings indicate that the socalled ENU-induced ependymomas and anaplastic ependymomas are not true ependymal tumors, but rather primitive neuroepithelial neoplasms with some features of oligodendroglioma.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypercapnia ; Rat brain ; Ultrastructure ; Cerebral edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is presently debated how much cellular acidosis contributes to brain cell damage during ischemia and hypoxia. To study the influence of acidosis occurring in the absence of energy failure, extreme hypercapnia was produced in anesthetized, artificially ventilated, and well oxygenated rats by increasing the inspired CO2 concentration until arterialPCO2 reached 150 or 300 mm Hg. At these CO2 tensions intracellular pH falls from a control value of about 7.05 to about 6.85 and 6.65, respectively. After 45 min the brains were fixed in perfusion and processed for light and electron microscopy. AtPaCO2 150 mm Hg no clear neuronal abnormality was detected, but atPaCO2 300 mm Hg some neuronal changes were observed. Notably, the nuclei showed slightly coarser chromatin than normally. In a few nerve cells mild swelling of mitochondria and dispersion of polysomes as well as detachment of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum appeared. In both groups, slight to moderate astrocytic edema developed. Thus, even extreme hypercapnia, with its acompanying marked tissue acidosis, alters ultrastructure in the brain only to such a moderate extent that irreversible cell damage is unlikely. We conclude, therefore, that acidosis occurring during ischemia or hypoxia is detrimental only if pH is further lowered and/or if it occurs in conjunction with cerebral energy failure.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A pituitary adenoma from an acromegalic female patient has been studied in cell cultures. Two populations of parenchymal cells, i.e., elongated shapes and big pale forms with irregular outlines, were distinguished light-microscopically. Ultrastructurally, three types of cells were found. Two of them contained secretory granules in varying numbers and sizes. Based on the proportion of the various cellular elements these cells were considered as counterparts of the elongated shapes being responsible for the GH secretion at different rates. The third cell type with very few secretory granules was identified with the big pale forms. Presumably, they could be exhausted GH-secreting cells. Besides fine structural characterisation, cultured cells of endocrinologically active human pituitary adenomas offer suitable models for studying some phases of exocytosis and membrane retrieval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: BB-Wistar rat ; Diabetic distal symmetric neuropathy ; Axonal degeneration ; Teased fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal, symmetric polyneuropathy of the spontaneously diabetic BB-Wistar rat was studied ultrastructurally and by means of teased fiber preparations. Ultrastructural findings consisted of malorientation of the axonal cytoskeleton, followed by axonal atrophy, secondary myelin breakdown and distal Wallerian degeneration. This sequence of structural changes could be confirmed by scoring of pathological abnormalities and morphometric evaluation of teased fibers. Distal sensory nerve fibers were affected earlier and more severely than motor fibers.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Malnutrition ; Protein deprivation ; Peripheral nervous system ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a previous study the occurrence of nerve fibre degeneration with a distribution as in dying-back neuropathies was described in young rats subjected to severe protein deprivation (Oldfors 1981). In this study the ultrastructural appearance of the degeneration of the nerve fibres at different levels of the longitudinal tail nerves in severely protein-deprived rats has been investigated. Various structural changes were noted, the most common being bands of Büngner indistinguishable from those seen in Wallerian degeneration. In nerve fibres which were less severely affected the most common finding was shrinkage of the axon with concomitant folding of the myelin sheath. Other structural changes included axonal accumulation of 10 nm filaments or mitochondria and other cell organelles, areas of demyelination, and projections of axolemma and Schwann cell membrane into the axon. Signs of axonal regeneration occurred but were infrequent. The degenerative changes seen at various levels of the nerves support the view that the neuropathy is of distal axonal type, but the structural appearance differs from several of the toxic dying-back neuropathies.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 194-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Xeroderma pigmentosum ; de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome ; Peripheral neuropathy ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, ultrastructural, and morphometric studies were performed on nerve and muscle biopsies from three patients with de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome. Sural nerves showed marked loss of the myelinated fibers, in proportion to decrease in nerve conduction velocities and in inverse proportion to the severity of the clinical symptoms, which were related to the survival length. The larger fibers were involved earlier and more markedly than the smaller. The unmyelinated fibers were also decreased in number. Electron-microscopic studies showed the presence of primary degeneration of myelin sheaths or Schwann cells. Muscle biopsies showed grouping of type I and type II fibers in all three patients. Therefore, peripheral nerve involvement in de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome was suggested to result from chronic degeneration of the neuronal cells and Schwann cells.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 213-227 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal hormones ; Gastrointestinal neoplasms ; APUD cells ; Cytology ; Ultrastructure ; gastrointestinale Hormone ; gastrointestinale Tumoren ; APUD-Zellen ; Zytologie ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Endokrine Zellen kommen im Verdauungsapparat in Form von Mikro-Organen (Langerhans'sche Inseln) und als „diffuses endokrines epitheliales Organ“ (Feyrter), das heißt als im Epithelverband der Magendarmschleimhaut gelegene Einzelezellen vor. Diese gastro-entero-pankreatischen (GEP-) endokrinen Zellen synthetisieren neben Serotonin zahlreiche Polypeptidhormone, die zum einen systemisch wirken (Kohlenhydrat-Stoffwechsel) und zum andern der Regulierung der Verdauungstätigkeit dienen. Die vorliegende Übersicht befaßt sich vornehmlich mit der Zytologie und Zytochemie der GEP-endokrinen Zellen. Die bis heute bekannten 19 endokrinen Zelltypen werden entsprechend ihrem Verteilungsmuster nach der neuesten Nomenklatur synoptisch zusammengestellt. Außerdem werden morphologischfunktionelle Aspekte der Biologie, Pathologie und Zytogenese dieser Zellen sowie ihre Stellung innerhalb übergeordneter Systeme (APUD-Zellen, Paraneurone) diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Endocrine cells occur in the digestive system as micro-organs (islets of Langerhans) or scattered throughout the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (“diffuse endocrine epithelial organ” of Feyrter). These gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells synthesize — in addition to serotonin — a great variety of polypeptide hormones, which regulate both carbohydrate metabolism and digestive processes. The present review deals mainly with cytology and cytochemistry of GEP endocrine cells. A synopsis is presented of the 19 endocrine cell types identified to date, which includes their update nomenclature and their anatomical distribution pattern. Morphological-functional aspects of cell biology, pathology, and cytogenesis of these cells and their position within superimposed systems (APUD cells, paraneurons) are discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Mastigocladus laminosus ; Fischerella ; True branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 48 (1982), S. 137-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA uptake ; Radioautography ; Ultrastructure ; Oculomotor nucleus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of tritiated γ-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat was studied, using light and electron microscopic examination of radioautograms after intracerebral in vivo administration of the amino-acid. A glial uptake by oligodendrocytes was seen together with a neuronal uptake of the tracer in a certain type of axon terminals found in synaptic contact with both dendrites and soma, some of them exhibiting all the ultrastructural features of motoneurons. Previous neurochemical, electrophysiological and immunocytochemical studies indicate that GABA might well be the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vestibuloocular reflex arc. The present results show that a morphological substrate exists for the presumed postsynaptic GABAergic inhibition of ocular motoneurons, at least in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 394 (1982), S. 195-205 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hurler syndrome ; Myocardium ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Storage of gangliosides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac tissues obtained at post mortem examination of eight patients with the Hurler syndrome, who ranged in age from 5 to 23 years, were examined by histochemical methods and electron microscopy. Extensive myocardiocytic vacuolization and increased interstitial fibrous tissue were noted by light microscopy in all hearts. The cytoplasmic (perinuclear) vacuoles contained Luxol-fast-blue-positive substance. At the ultrastructural level, abnormal cytoplasmic organelles were present within the myocardiocytes in all patients. These organelles were of three types: zebra bodies (ZB), membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) and granulomembranous bodies (GMB). As ZB and MCB are believed to represent the morphological counterpart of accumulated gangliosides, these substances rather than glycosaminoglycans appear to be stored within myocardiocytes of patients with the Hurler syndrome. The accumulation of gangliosides and the consequent damage to the myocardial substratum probably contributes to the clinically evident cardiac disease, so often observed in the patients with this disorder.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 197-211 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chondrosarcoma ; Mesenchymal ; Myxoid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cases of conventional chondrosarcomas (CS.) of graded malignancy, 3 cases of myxoid CS. and 2 cases of mesenchymal CS. were studied by electron-microscopy. The chondrocyte like tumor cells of conventional CS. were characterized by: an ovoid shape, eccentric nucleus, abundant endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae of RER; cytoplasmic glycogen, lipid droplets, and filaments plus numerous thin cytoplasmic projections. The histologically high grade tumors showed fewer cytoplasmic organelles, bizarre nuclei and more prominent nucleoli than the better differentiated ones. The tumor cells of myxoid CS. were chiefly fusiform. The cells frequently presented a pattern of rows with good cellular cohesion, and scanty cytoplasmic projections. The most prominent cytoplasmic feature was a conspicuous RER. Abundant cytoplasmic filaments and cytoplasmic glycogen were also observed. The undifferentiated areas of the mesenchymal CS. showed primitive mesenchymal cells with rounded nuclei, and scanty cytoplasm which was poor in organelles and glycogen. The cytoplasmic membranes were very cohesive and cytoplasmic projections were not present. Scanty cytoplasmic filaments and conspicuous desmosome like junctions were observed. The intercellular matrix of conventional and myxoid CS. consisted of fibrils, glycosaminoglycan granules and collagen fibers. In the undifferentiated zones of the mesenchymal CS. the intercellular matrix was very scanty and did not contain collagen fibrils. The more immature cells correspond to the small undifferentiated cells of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
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  • 23
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    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epithelioid sarcoma ; Ultrastructure ; 5′-nucleotidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of epithelioid sarcoma was studied by electron microscopy and by light and electron microscopic enzyme histochemistry comparing with several control soft tissues. In addition to previously reported ultrastructural features, such as abundant 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments, desmosome-like cell junctions and small cystic spaces surrounded by filopodia or microvilli of the tumor cells, we encountered 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments showing electron dense condensation with a concentrically oriented or whorled pattern and a finger-print-like arrangement and 5′-nucleotidase activity of tumor cell membrane. Among the control soft tissues, 5′-nucleotidase activity was found only in synovial and endothelial cells. Both tumor and synovial cells showed no activity of adenosine triphosphatase, while marked activity of the enzyme was found in endothelial cells. These results support the concept that epithelioid sarcoma is derived from mesenchymal cells undergoing differentiation toward synovial cells during neoplastic transformation.
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  • 24
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    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 131-147 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Colonic neoplasm ; Microcirculation ; Ultrastructure ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the microvasculature in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas was studied, and compared with that of normal tissue. Blood vessels in adenomas were generally of normal structure, whereas carcinoma vessels displayed a variety of structural alterations. Endothelial proliferation was frequently observed in all the eleven carcinomas examined, which confirms the reports of new vessel formation in experimental malignant tumors. The presence of fenestrations in obviously abnormal endothelium was tentatively attributed to hypoxia, vascular regression or immaturity of the cells, in spite of the fact that normal capillaries in colonic mucosa are fenestrated. Some vessels showed multilayered basement membranes, various types of activated cells containing numerous lysosomal granules, and thickened perivascular tissue. These features may be a vascular response to repeated damage or a manifestation of vascular remodelling. Dilated thin-walled vessels, which were usually found at the periphery of carcinomas, were identified as venules. Small vessels located between the closely apposed carcinoma tubules were not obviously abnormal. They were nevertheless considered to be tumor-induced vessels which had undergone differentiation. The differences in vascular morphology between adenomas and carcinomas were considered to be due to their different growth patterns, growth rates and degrees of maturity.
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  • 25
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    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Malignant transformation ; Osteosarcoma ; Irradiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, of which one became malignant 7 years after irradiation, were studied by electron microscopy. The aneurysmal bone cyst was composed of four different types of stromal cells — fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, osteoblasts, and histiocytes — and osteo-clastlike multinucleated giant cells. The surface of blood spaces was devoid of specialized endothelium, which may explain the presence of large quantities of extravasated erythrocytes. Some histiocytes contained siderosomes. The malignant lesion consisted of two main types of stromal cells, of which one had electron lucent and the other electron dense cytoplasm. The stromal cells produced osteoid and the tumour was regarded as an osteosarcoma. The multinucleated giant cells resembled those observed in aneurysmal bone cysts, but the nuclei seemed to be more often spherical. It is concluded that irradiation of the aneurysmal bone cyst may cause sarcomatous transformation in a cell capable of producing osteoid.
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  • 26
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    Virchows Archiv 398 (1982), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bone neoplasms ; Adamantinoma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunoenzyme ; Tibia/fibula ; Keratin ; Blood group antigens ; Factor VIII-related antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adamantinoma of bone is a rare tumor, and fine structural analysis has been done in only a few cases. We report four cases studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed a characteristic constellation of features, including intracellular bundles of type I microfilaments, moderate numbers of evenly dispersed mitochondria, scattered profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, occasional Golgi bodies and lysosomes, and scattered glycogen particles. Microvillous processes and desmosomes were identified in all tumors. Well-formed basement membranes enveloped cell clusters but did not surround individual cells. Intercellular basement membrane-like material also was found focally in pools. Ultrastructural features of endothelial differentiation, including Weibel-Palade bodies, micropinocytotic vesicles, and tight junctions, were not identified. Immunoperoxidase stains for coagulation factor VIII (von Willebrand factor) and blood group antigens were negative, whereas similar stains for keratin were positive. Our findings strongly suggest that adamantinoma is a neoplasm expressing definite epithelial, rather than endothelial, characteristics.
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  • 27
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    Virchows Archiv 398 (1982), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Rhabdoid tumor ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical and histopathological features of two cases of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney are presented. One of these cases was also studied by electron microscopy. Histologically, both tumors consisted of an admixture of undifferentiated polygonal or elongated cells and cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm frequently containing hyaline globular structures. Ultrastructurally, these cytoplasmic inclusions were composed of large masses of actin-size and intermediate-size filaments. The poor prognosis of this type of tumor is emphasized and histological criteria for differential diagnosis from other malignant renal tumors of childhood and adolescence are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Mesothelioma ; Testis ; Ultrastructure ; Clear cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of a papillary mesothelioma arising in a hydrocele-sack are reported. The tumour cells presented numerous microvilli, desmosomes, basement membranes and abundant bundles of microfilaments, which all are hallmarks of mesotheliomas. The predominant cell type was the “clear epithelial cell”, but transitional cells and degenerative forms (foamy cells) were also found. The morphology and differential diagnosis of mesothelial tumours arising in the tunica vaginalis propria testis are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Virchows Archiv 394 (1982), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Adenoma ; TSH ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a collection of 564 surgically removed pituitary adenomas, 4 cases were found to have had elevated TSH plasma levels. One of these tumors (case 1) could be classified as a highly differentiated mucoid TSH cell adenoma presenting histochemical reactions typical of, as well as electron microscopical features identical to, normal TSH cells. Immunoenzymatic studies failed to demonstrate TSH in the tumor cells. Two further adenomas (case 2 and 3) were similarly structured in many areas, but showed regions of poorer differentiation in which cells with distinct pleomorphism, irregular secretory granules, increased numbers of ribosomes and a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were present. In 10% of the tumor cells GH could be demonstrated immunoenzymatically, but there was no TSH. The fourth adenoma was an undifferentiated acidophilic adenoma showing pleomorphic cells having slight acidophil and partly mucoid granulations. The ultrastructure showed convoluted nuclei, increased numbers of free ribosomes as well as abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules which were different in size and number but distinctly of the TSH cell type. Immunoenzymatically, TSH was found in some cells, with GH in more cells. Endocrinologically, elevated levels of GH were measured in cases 2, 3 and 4 with LH being increased in case 1. Clinical and morphological correlations are discussed.
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    Archives of toxicology 51 (1982), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trialkylphosphorothioates ; Rat ; Lung ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Various trialkylphosphorothioates occur as impurities in many organophosphorus pesticides. In addition to the immediate, cholinergic symptoms usually associated with the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds an oral LD50 dose of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate or O,O,S-triethyl phosphorothioate to rats, resulted in the delayed development of lung lesions and often death within 4 days. This study attributes the late crisis to impaired lung function resulting from massive alveolar oedema and cellular responses to the selective destruction of type I pneumocytes. Proliferation of type II pneumocytes produced an epithelium of very large cells which resulted in a thick blood/alveolus barrier and also occluded much of the alveolar lumen. Debris from the type I pneumocytes was liberated into the alveolar lumen resulting in leukocytic infiltration of the interstitial tissue and an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages. The lung morphology of animals surviving the crisis period returned to normal within a further 4 days with the transformation of many hypertrophic type II pneumocytes into type I alveolar lining cells.
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    Archives of dermatological research 273 (1982), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Oral mucosa ; Keratinocytes ; Cell and nuclear volume ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this investigation was to determine whether volumetric changes occurred in differentiating layers of stratified squamous epithelium. Samples of cheek pouch mucosa from 5 hamsters were obtained, prepared for electron microscopy using carefully controlled methods, and electron micrographs obtained from defined basal, spinous and granular layers of the epithelium. Stereological point counting procedures were used to determine the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm for each of the defined cell layers. From direct measurement of nuclear profiles, major and minor axes were transformed to diameters of circles of equivalent area and it was thus possible to obtain an estimate of nuclear volume. Using the previously determined nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios the volume of cytoplasm and hence cell volume, could be estimated for the cell layers. Between basal and granular layers, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios decreased from 0.42 to 0.08, whereas cytoplasmic and cellular volumes increased progressively from 248 to 1052 μm3 and from 352 to 1144 μm3, respectively. Nuclear axial ratios were highest in the granular layers. These methods can be used in a variety of comparative ultrastructural studies of epithelia, and will also prove valuable in generating additional biological information from more conventionally presented stereological data.
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  • 32
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 231 (1982), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Steroid receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor assay results were compared with the ultrastructure of 127 breast cancers (112 primary tumors, six recurrent lesions, nine metastases). Tumors were considered to be receptor positive if the receptor levels were ⩾ 15 fmol/mg of soluble tissue protein. Most breast cancer had heterogenous cells with different grades of ultrastructural differentiation. A prevalence of well-differentiated cancer cells and an abundance of intracytoplasmic vacuoles had a significant correlation with a positive estrogen receptor status. The correlation was better than between malignancy grades and receptor content. The type of breast cancer and the menopausal status bore no relation to receptor content. Progesterone receptors were found in well-differentiated tumors of low malignancy.
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  • 33
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    Virchows Archiv 399 (1982), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Pars tuberalis ; Gonadotrophs ; Squamous nests ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty autopsy pituitaries were studied to elucidate the histology, immunocytology and ultrastructure of pars tuberalis in subjects with normal and abnormal endocrine homeostasis. Pars tuberalis consisted mainly of gonadotrophs interspersed with few corticotrophs and thyrotrophs, histologically resembling those of pars distalis. Somatotrophs and lactotrophs were not identified. There were no histologic differences attributable to age or sex. In cases of glucocorticoid excess, pars tuberalis corticotrophs showed Crooke's hyalinization. Following castration or hypophysectomy, pars tuberalis gonadotrophs exhibited more intense immunostaining for FSH1 and LH than did normals. Ultrastructural analysis revealed gonadotrophs and corticotrophs showing no evidence of active secretion; immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated FSH, LH and ACTH in secretory granules. By light microscopy, squamous nests, often identified in pars tuberalis, were positive for immunoreactive keratin; cells at their periphery contained FSH, LH or ACTH, indicating derivation of nests by squamous metaplasia from gonadotrophs and corticotrophs. By electron microscopy, clusters of epithelial cells containing desmosomes and tonofilaments were surrounded by granulated gonadotrophs. Human pars tuberalis cells represent mainly a subpopulation of gonadotrophs possessing all organelles required for synthesis and storage of hormones but showing ultrastructural features of functional inactivity; the reasons for this inactivity and for the formation of squamous nests remain unexplained.
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    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 127-140 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Elastin ; Elastofibroma ; Histochemistry ; Soft tissue tumor ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cases of elastofibroma located in the subscapular region of 3 men aged 66, 74, and 83 years, and a woman 70 years old are reported. A correlated light and electron microscopic study including ultrastructural examination of Verhoeff's iron-hematoxylin (VIH)-stained sections was performed. Light microscopically, the elastofibromas were characterized by connective tissue built up by collagen fibers and sclerotic masses mingled with numerous fibers and globules of elastin material. In one micron thick Epon sections these elastin fibers often revealed a central axis surrounded by a mantle composed of periodic segments giving them a necklace-like appearance. The ultrastructural findings of these elastin structures, stained with VIH, and the appearance of the stroma cells and their relation to the elastin indicate that elastofibroma is a non-neoplastic reactive lesion in which elastin material is synthesized by the stromal cells and predominantly laid down around preexisting elastic fibers.
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  • 35
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    Urological research 10 (1982), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Prostate ; Cadmium ; Ultrastructure ; Testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of cadmium and nickel chloride, administered in drinking water at 5 and 50 ppm, on the rat prostate are described. Zinc concentrations in the two lobes of the gland were unaffected by the metals and no consistent changes were observed at the subcellular level by X-ray microanalysis. The ultrastructural appearance of the prostate gland in rats of varying ages was unaltered following cadmium administration at those levels, while plasma testosterone concentrations did not differ significantly in cadmium treated animals. Low levels of cadmium (5 ppm) were accumulated by the ventral lobe of the prostate, although the metal was not detectable subcellularly. The results are discussed in relation to human prostatic carcinoma.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 234 (1982), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Vitamin A deficiency in rats ; Ultrastructure ; Acoustic sensory receptor ; Ganglion cell ; Vitamin A deficiency in alcoholic liver disease ; Auditory dysfunction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After feeding young rats a diet deficient in vitamin A, we examined the inner ear with the electron microscope. There were changes in the cuticle of the outer and inner hair cells. Furthermore, there were changes in the reticular system of the intermediate zone and massive degenerative changes in the ganglion cells of the VIII nerve. In a second experiment with older animals we found no significant changes in the sensory cells, though there was new bone formation in Rosenthal's canal and damage to the ganglion cells, of a lesser extent than was evident in the first experiment, however. In a further clinical study, we carefully chose human subjects suffering from alcoholic liver disease who also had a negative history of ear infection, noise exposure, head injury and use of streptomycin. Normal auditory function in the family was also a criterion. A decreased auditory function associated with low vitamin A levels was found in these patients. Those with liver disease showed not only a significant auditory dysfunction in the higher frequencies, but as well a poorer performance in the tone decay test. They were compared to a control group with normal hepatic, renal and thyroid status.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 27-39 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Intracellular receptor potentials ; Synaptic potentials ; Ultrastructure ; Bilateral afferent-efferent control ; Reptilian labyrinth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mechano-electric transduction and neuronal transmission were studied in sensory systems ascending from and descending to single receptor cells of the labyrinth organs in submammalian vertebrates. The animals were young crocodiles (Caiman crocodilus), geckos (Gekko gecko, Tarentola mauritanica), and turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans, Chinemys reevesii). Intracellular receptor potentials from the apical region of the hair cell (or from the ciliary surface) were recorded in the ampullar, macular, and papillar sensory cells. These single-cell responses are, within limits, proportional to stimulus amplitude, frequency, or phase and are bidirectional in that they show depolarization by kinociliopetal stereociliar displacement and hyperpolarization by kinociliofugal displacement. Synaptic potentials (presynaptic from the basal region of the hair cell, postsynaptic from the contacting nerve endings) were recorded in the utricular, saccular, and lagenar neuroepithelia with electron-optic localization of the in situ fixed microelectrode tip. As local excitatory or inhibitory processes, respectively, they follow the stimulus and receptor potential with latency and with nonlinear distortion. Action potentials (spikes), as synchronized by the excitatory synaptic potentials, were recorded from single nerve fibers or bipolar cells, related to ampullar, macular, or papular receptor units. Unit responses and synaptic potentials were recorded from the first, second, and following centripetal and central neurons of the ascending systems, or from neurons of the descending systems in the brain stem or from centrifugal neurons. Such records were achieved during adequate mechanical or acoustical stimulation of the different receptor systems, with additional electrical stimulation, uni- or bilaterally. Thus, the influence of centripetal-centrifugal bilateral interaction on the receptor functions was measured, as inhibition or disinhibition, respectively. The input-output relations of these sequential stages of information transfer were plotted as histograms of different types, as characteristic curves, power spectra, or by correlation operations, with or without feedback, from the different systemic levels.
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 407-426 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Fetal neurolipidosis ; Ultrastructure ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Fetale Neurolipidose ; Ultrastruktur ; Pränatale Diagnose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach positiver enzymatischer Pränataldiagnose aus der Amnionzellkultur lieferte die morphologische Untersuchung von 10 Feten (19.–25. Schwangerschaftswoche) mit sechs verschiedenen Neurolipidosen (Sphingolipid-Speicherkrankheiten) bei 9 Feten ein positives Ergebnis, wobei der nicht immer optimale Erhaltungszustand der fetalen Gewebe nach therapeutischer Abruptio in Kauf genommen werden mußte. Die Ultrastruktur der quantitativ meist noch geringen Lipidspeicherprozesse in Gehirn oder viszeralen Organen glich qualitativ jener der postnatalen Speicherprozesse: GM2-Gangliosidose Type 2; Nachweis von „menbranous cytoplasmic bodies“ lysosomalen Ursprungs in Fortsätzen von Nervenzellen des Groß-hirns. Morbus Krabbe; Auftreten von einkernigen und mehrkernigen Speicherzellen, z. T. mit Gefäßbeziehung, im Rückenmark. In den Speicherzellen traf man auf spieß- oder lamellenförmige, teils auch fädig strukturierte Einschlußkörper. GM1-Gangliosidose Typ 1; in Nervenzellen des Hirnstamms Vorkommen intrazytoplasmatischer lysosomaler Speicherkörper vom „Zebra“-Typ, in der Milz fanden sich durch zahlreiche, kaum strukturierte Vakuolen geblähte Speicherzellen. Metachromatische Leukodystrophie; im Gegensatz zu Literatur-Befunden waren keine Speicherprozesse im fetalen Hirn und Rückenmark, jedoch starke Speicherungen in den Nierentubuli in Form multilamellärer (zirkulär, parallel oder unregelmäßig geschichteter) Speicherkörper, teils mit Prävalenz in den Zellen mit Mikrovilli, nachweisbar. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch war metachromatisches Material in Nierentubuli und Sammelrohren, ferner auch in der Leber (Grenze der Glissonschen Dreiecke zum Parenchym) darstellbar. Morbus Niemann-Pick Typ C; große Nervenzellen des Rückenmarks und der Stammganglien enthielten zahlreiche Myelinfiguren-artige Einschlußkörper, die den postnatalen lysosomalen Speicherkörpern in Nervenzellen bei dieser Erkrankung ähneln. Morbus Gaucher; der erst 19 Wochen alte Fet zeigte trotz biochemisch eindeutigen Defekts der Glucocerebrosidase-Aktivität noch keine Speicherphänomene. Die bereits pränatal oft deutliche morphologische Manifestation der Speicherprozesse bei Neurolipidosen zeigt, daß die postnatale Latenz der klinischen Erscheinungen während mehrerer Monate (bisweilen 1–2 Jahre) einem hohen Grad an zellulärer Kompensationsfähigkeit entspricht.
    Notes: Summary After positive prenatal enzymic diagnosis of different neurolipidoses therapeutic abortion was carried out in the 19th to 25th week of pregnancy. Ten delivered fetuses were studied ultrastructurally and in nine of them positive results were obtained, although in some cases one had to accept relatively poor structural conservation of fetal tissues. The ultrastructure of the quantitatively small lipid storage effects qualitatively resembled that of the postnatal stages with some exceptions of localization. In fetal GM2-gangliosidosis type 2 (variant 0) concentric menbranous cytoplasmic bodies were detected in the brain cortex. In Krabbe's disease the myelinated regions of the spinal cord showed scattered storage (globoid) cells, sometimes closely related to blood vessels, which contained isolated or stranded tubular or spicular inclusions. In GM1-gangliosidosis type 1 neurons of the brain stem showed lamellar inclusions structured as zebra bodies, and splenic histiocytes exhibited numerous almost clear cytoplasmic vacuoles. In fetal metachromatic leukodystrophy the CNS including myelinated regions was essentially free of morphologic lipid storage effects. However, many kidney tubules cells contained great numbers of irregular or roughly parallel stacks of membranes. These inclusions may be equivalent to “tuffstone” bodies. In one fetus the bodies were restricted to tubular cells bearing microvilli. Fluorescent microscopy of arcus of the kidney tubule showed excess amounts of metachromatic material. Less of this material was demonstrable in the envelope layer of hepatic Glisson triangles. In the fetus with Niemann-Pick disease type C large neurons of the basal ganglia and the spinal cord were filled with membranous inclusions that were similar to myelin-shaped bodies rather than to solid membranous bodies. The 19-weeks-old fetus with enzymically proven Gaucher disease was free of ultrastructural lipid storage effects. Most but not all of the morphological findings in the fetuses with neurolipidoses were in accordance with published results.
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 40
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wasserstoffversprödung von KonstruktionswerkstoffenDie Wasserstoffversprödung wird sowohl als Teilaspekt der Spannungsrißkorrosion als auch als eigenständiges Phänomen betrachtet. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Übersicht werden die Methoden erörtert, die heute zur Klärung der Rolle von Wasserstoffversprödung bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion benutzt werden. Dabei wird eine Betrachtungsweise eingeführt, die sich auf alle Werkstoffe anwenden läßt. Der zweite Teil behandelt diejenigen Aspekte der Versprödungstheorie, die bisher noch nicht geklärt werden konnten, so z. B. die Ergebnisse der Schallemissionsanalyse, die Lage der durch Wasserstoffversprödung erzeugten Bruchzone vor der Rißspitze oder die kritische Wasserstoffkonzentration; dabei werden einige in neuerer Zeit zur Klärung vorgeschlagene Untersuchungsmethoden behandelt.
    Notes: Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is considered to be part of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) problem and as a phenomenon of its own. In the first part of the review the present day methods for an identification of the role of HE in SCC are discussed and a general approach for any construction material is proposed to solve this question. The second part is concerned with those aspects of the HE theory which; are still not clear (acoustic data, the disposition of the fracture zones by HE ahead of the crack tip, critical hydrogen concentration) and with some newly proposed experiments.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 14-24 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Erosion corrosion in a wet steam loopIn a technical loop of a power plant erosion corrosion behaviour of the steels C 22.8, 15 Mo 3 and 10 Cr Mo 9 10 was investigated in test periods up to 78 days under definite conditions in wet steam of a relative steam content of about 75% at a temperature of 185 to 200°C and flow velocities up to 180 m/s. For comparison one test was carried out also in hot steam. By gravimetric, metallographic, SEM- and Xray-diffraction analysis essential information was obtained on the kinetics of erosion corrosion and the structure of oxide coatings. The rate of erosion corrosion shows a high dependence on time and steel composition and decrease in the above mentioned order. Structure and quality of the oxide layer also show a remarkable dependence on steel composition.
    Notes: In einer großtechnischen Versuchsstrecke eines Kraftwerkes wurde das Erosionskorrosions-Verhalten der Werkstoffe C 22.8, 15 Mo 3 und 10 Cr Mo 9 10 in Naßdampf mit einem relativen Dampfgehalt von etwa 75% bei 185-200°C bei Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten bis zu 180 m/s in Langzeitversuchen (bis zu 78 Tagen) untersucht. Vergleichsweise wurde auch die Beanspruchung durch Heißdampf mit in die Untersuchungen einbezogen. Durch gravimetrische, metallografische, REM- und Röntgenfeinstruktur-Untersuchungen wurden wesentliche Erkenntnisse zum zeitlichen Verlauf der Erosionskorrosion sowie über den Aufbau der Oxidschichten erhalten. Der Abtrag durch Erosionskorrosion zeigt eine starke Zeitabhängigkeit und nimmt in der o. a. Reihenfolge der Werkstoffe deutlich ab. Struktur und Eigenschaften der Oxidschichten lassen ebenfalls eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Stahlzusammensetzung erkennen.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations into the oxidic passive layer produced on iron by permanganateBy means of potential measurements on iron electrodes which was passivated by permanganate, and by application of the radiotracer technique the conditions of layer formation could been optimized. From stabil formed layer electrodes the electrode reaction and by registration of the drift of pH value during the immersion in unbuffered electrolyte solutions the isoelectric range of their outside layer component was determined. The galvanostatic cathodic reduction of the layer additional informations about the existence of several layer components was obtained. On the basis of this experiments a model to the qualitative composition of passive layer which formed on iron in permanganate solutions is suggested.
    Notes: Mittels Potentialmessungen an durch Permanganat passivierten Eisenelektroden in passivatorfreien Lösungen und durch Anwendung der Radiotracertechnik konnten die Schichtbildungsbedingungen optimiert werden. Von stabil erzeugten Deckschichtelektroden wurde die Elektrodenreaktion und außerdem durch Erfassung der Drift des pH Wertes bei Immersion in ungepufferte Elektrolytlösungen der isoelektrische Bereich ihrer äußeren Schichtkomponente ermittelt. Die galvanostatische kathodische Reduktion der Deckschicht führte zu weiteren Informationen über die Existenz einzelner Schichtkomponenten. Auf der Basis dieser Untersuchungen wird ein Modell über die qualitative Zusammensetzung der in Permanganatlosungen auf Eisen entstehenden Passivschicht vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mössbauer and ESCA investigations on the formation of oxidic iron phases in aqueous solution under the influence of organic corrosion inhibitorsCorrosion layers on steel grown in water of well defined hardness and chloride concentration were studied by Mossbauer and ESCA spectroscopy with particular emphasis on the influence of added organic inhibitors. Relatively thick layers were found with an unexpectedly small iron content (as FeOOH). The layers contain a remarkable amount of constituent ions from the solution and fragments of the inhibitors. The latter seem to be decomposed by the corrosive medium: It is assumed that the whole organic molecule determines the kind of transportation of the inhibitor to the iron metal, but that the inhibition itself is due to functional groups only.
    Notes: Korrosionsschichten auf Stahl nach Exposition in Wasser mit bestimmter Härte und Chloridgehalt wurden hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit beigefügter organischer Inhibitoren mittels Mößbauer- und ESCA-Spektroskopie untersucht. Es entstehen relativ dicke Schichten mit einem unerwartet niedrigen Eisengehalt in Form von FeOOH. Die Schichten enthalten merkliche Mengen von Ionen aus der Testlösung und auch Abbauprodukte der Inhibitormoleküle. Letztere werden anscheinend in dem korrosiven Medium zersetzt. Es ist anzunehmen, daß das Gesamtmolekül zwar den Transport des Inhibitors zum Metall beeinflußt, die eigentliche Inhibierung aber allein durch funktionelle Gruppen erfolgt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Chloridionen auf das Korrosionsverhalten von Eisen-Nickel-Legierungen in SchwefelsäureDer Einfluß von Chloridionen auf das Korrosionsverhalten von binären Eisen-Nickel-Legierungen in Schwefelsäure wurde durch Messung des Polarisationswiderstandes und der potentiodynamischen Polarisation ermittelt. Für die untersuchten Legierungen wird ein mäßiger Inhibitoreffekt der Chloridionen festgestellt, und zwar in Abhängigkeit, vom pH des Mediums sowie von der Zusammensetzung und dem Gefüge der untersuchten Legierungen. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Chloridionen die kathodische Wasserstoffentwicklung inhibieren und die anodische Metallauflösung stimulieren, wobei der Einfluß auf die kathodische Reaktion stärker ist. Mit Hilfe der Atomabsorptionsanalyse konnte festgestellt werden, daß bei der Korrosion keine bevorzugte Auflösung einer der beiden Legierungskomponenten stattfindet.
    Notes: The effect of chloride ions on the corrosion behaviour of binary iron-nickel alloys in sulphuric acid solutions has been investigated using polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. A moderate inhibition effect of the chloride ions on the corrosion of these alloys has been found, which depends on the pH of the medium, as well as on the composition and the structure of the alloys investigated. It has been shown that the action of the chloride ions on the partial corrosion reactions is reflected by an inhibition of the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction and by an activation of the anodic metal dissolution reaction, the first effect being stronger. Using atomic absorption analysis it has been established that no preferentional dissolution of the alloy components in the presence and in the absence of chloride ions occurs during the corrosion of the iron-nickel alloys.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 47
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 55-74 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 48
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 75-75 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 75-76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R3 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R9 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R4 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R18 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R18 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R19 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 58
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R19 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 59
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 60
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Detaillierte Untersuchung von zwei nichtrostenden Stählen nach 20 000 Stunden Oxidation in CO2/2% CO bei hohem DruckMit Hilfe von Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Mikrosonde und Kernmikrosonde wurden zwei Proben von 18/8-Stählen eingehend untersucht; die Proben waren repräsentativ für die beiden Extreme des nach einem parabolischen Zeitgesetz bei 600°C gewachsenen Zunders. Auf dem im Vakuum angelassenen Stahl 316 erfolgte die Zunderbildung mit hoher Geschwindigkeit, wobei innen eine vorwiegend einheitliche Spinellschicht vorlag, jedoch mit einem chromreichen und nickelarmen Spinell (geheiltes Oxid) an der Grenzfläche Metall/Zunder. Das darunter befindliche Metall war stark aufgekohlt, wobei die Kohlenstoffkonzentration in der Nähe der Metalloberfläche etwa 1 Gew.-% betrug. Bei dem Material mit geringerer Verzunderungsgeschwindigkeit war die innere Zunderschicht komplexer aufgebaut und das Metall weniger stark aufgekohlt. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Berücksichtigung der Zusammensetzung der inneren Oxidschicht und der unter Ausheilung erfolgenden Schichtbildung erläutert, wobei dem dort vorliegenden Sauerstoffpotential der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Einfluß zugeschrieben wird.
    Notes: Detailed examination has been carried out on two specimens of 18/8 steels representing the extremes of the rates of parabolic duplex scale growth at 600°C using metallography, scanning electron microscopy, microprobe and nuclear microprobe analysis.The high growth rate material, vacuum annealed 316, had an inner layer of mainly a uniform spinel but with a chromium rich low nickel spinel (healed oxide) at the metal interface. The underlying alloy was extensively carburised with a carbon concentration near the metal surface of ∼1 wt%. The low growth rate material had a more complex inner layer and a much lower degree of carburisation. The results are explained in terms of the composition of the inner oxide and the rate of healing layer formation being controlled by the prevailing oxygen potential there.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A study of the dealloying resistance of noble metal dental alloys.In connection with the development of low gold dental alloys the corrosion resistance of homogeneous gold-palladium-silver-experimental alloys was investigated in a chloride solution. Analogous measurements were made with several noble metal containing intermetallic phases which may be present in dental alloys of more complex composition. The results indicate a high corrosion resistance of the homogeneous gold-palladium-silver-alloys, since their free corrosion potentials are always situated within a region of their anodic polarization curves, where the current density of metal dissolution is extremely low. Within the composition limits of these alloys the substitution of gold by palladium did not reduce the extension of this “region of immunity” in a significant way. Intermetallic phases, however, as present in the systems silver-tin, silver-palladium-tin and silver-palladium-indium show a clearly restricted “region of immunity” and, at the free corrosion potential, are dissolved at a relatively high rate.
    Notes: Im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung goldarmer Dentallegierungen wurde in einem Chloridelektrolyten die, Korrosionsbeständigkeit homogener Gold-Palladium-Silber-Modellegierungen untersucht. Analoge Messungen wurden an verschiedenen edelmetallhaltigen intermetallischen Phasen durchgeführt, die in komplizierter zusammengesetzten Dentallegierungen auftreten können. Die Meßergebnisse zeigen, daß die Gold-Palladium-Silber-Legierungen eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit aufweisen, da ihre Korrosionspotentiale durchweg in jenem Bereich ihrer anodischen Stromspannungskurve liegen, in dem die Geschwindigkeit der Metallauflösung extrem klein ist. Die Ausdehnung dieses “Resistenzbereiches” wird nicht wesentlich verkleinert, wenn innerhalb der hier vorgegebenen Grenzen Gold teilweise durch Palladium substituiert wird. Intermetallische Phasen der Systeme Silber-Zinn, Silber-Palladium-Zinn und Silber-Palladium-Indium weisen dagegen einen deutlich eingeschränkten Resistenzbereich auf und werden bereits beim Korrosionspotential vergleichsweise schnell aufgelöst.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methode zur Eliminierung der verstärkten anodischen Korrosion von mit anodisch geschützten Apparaten verbundenen AnlagenZwei Methoden zur Eliminierung des ungünstigen Einflusses von anodischem Schutz auf mit diesen Apparaturen verbundenen Anlagen werden untersucht; dabei werden mit einem Stahl des Typs Cr 18 9 NiTi in 50%iger Schwefelsäure bis 20°C Modellmessungen unter potentiostatischen Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Verwendung eines isolierenden Abschnitts im kritischen Potentialbereich bei der Passivierung von Rohren führt nicht zur Ausschaltung der verstärkten Korrosion, die durch den anodischen Schutz einer größeren Apparatur bedingt ist. Vollkommen ausschalten lässt sich der negative Effekt hingegen durch Sekundärelektroden, die einen elektrischen Strom liefern, so daß der gewünschte Potentialabfall erreicht wird.
    Notes: Two techniques for eliminating the unsiderable effect of anodic protection on installations connected to the protected equipment were tested. Model measurements were carried out in a 50% solution of sulfuric acid at 20°C with a type FeCr 18 Ni9 Ti stainless steel under potentiostatic conditions.The use of an insulating section in the critical range of potentials in the case of tubing passivation does not fully eliminate the increased corrosion due to anodic protection of a major piece of equipment. However, the undesirable effect can be eliminated entirely by installing secondary electrodes which pass electric current so as to set up the desired drop of potential.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 89-93 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of the effect of galvanic corrosion between steel in concrete and steel in soilThe investigation of cathodic polarization of steel in concrete on samples of portland cement and blast furnace cement revealed that oxygen reduction on steel in portland cement is less hindered than on steel in blast furnace cement. As to the magnitude of the cathodic current the aeration of the samples is important. Dry stored samples before measuring case a higher current density than wet stored ones. A significant relationship of the cathodic current depending on the water/cement value and the storage time of concrete could not be ascertained. The polarization resistances for portland cement samples lie within 86 and 3000 kΩ · cm2 and for blast furnace cement samples between 430 and 5100 kΩ · cm2.The measurements of the anodic current densities on corrosion cells of steel in concrete/steel in solution and steel in wet sand respectively rendered, by varying the cathode/anode aspect ratio from 1000: 1 to 1: 1, values for portland cement samples between 560 and 1,2 μAJcm2 (corresponding to an annual corrosion of 6,5 and 0,014 mm respectively), and for blast furnace cement samples values between 730 and 0,28 μA/cm2 (corresponding to an annual corrosion rate of 8,5 and 0,003 mm respectively). A decrease of the anodic current density variable with time could not be observed during the 28 days of measurements.On account of the investigations the following conclusions can be made:A formation of a corrosion cell with steel in concrete/steel in soil is particularly then to be expected if the concrete is dry on one side, e.g. the foundation of a building where oxygen diffuses by way of the gas pores in the concrete from the inner side to the cathode. This is less serious if the concrete is fully embedded in soil and thoroughly moistened. In this case the transport of oxygen has to be carried via waterfilled pores.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung der kathodischen Polarisation von Stahl in Beton an Proben aus Portland- und Hochofenzement ergab, daß die Sauerstoffreduktion an Stahl in Portlandzement weniger gehemmt ist als an Stahl in Hochofenzement. für die Größe der kathodischen Ströme ist die Belüftung des Betons wichtig. Trocken vorgelagerte Proben liefern höhere Stromdichten als naß vorgelagerte. Eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der kathodischen Stromdichte vom Wasser/Zement-Wert und von der Auslagerungszeit des Betons konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Die Potarisationswiderstände liegen für Portlandzementproben zwischen 86 und 3000 kΩ · cm2, für Hochofenzementproben zwischen 430 und 5100 kΩ · cm2.Die Messung der anodischen Stromdichte an Korrosionselementen Stahl in Beton/Stahl in Lösung bzw. feuchtem Sand lieferte bei Variation des Flächenverhältnisses Kathode/Anode von 1000: 1 bis 1: 1 für Portlandzement-Proben. Werte zwischen 560 und 1,2 μA/cm2 (entsprechend einer Abtragungsrate von 6,5 bzw. 0,014 mm/a), für Hochofenzementproben zwischen 730 and 0,28 μA/cm2 (entsprechend einer Abtragungsrate von 8,5 bzw. 0,003 mm/a). Ein zeitlicher Abfall der Anodenstromdichte bei Messungen über 28 Tage konnte nicht beobachtet werden.Aufgrund der Untersuchungen lassen sich folgende Schlußfolgerungen ziehen:Eine Elementbildung Stahl in Beton/Stahl im Erdboden ist besonders dann zu erwarten, wenn der Beton von einer Seite trocken ist, z. B. das Fundament eines Gebäudes, in welchem von der Innenseite der Sauerstoff über die Gasporen im Beton zur Kathode diffundiert. Sie ist weniger gravierend, wenn der Beton voll im Erdboden eingebettet und durchfeuchtet ist. In diesem Fall muß der Sauerstofftransport über die mit Wasser gefüllten Poren im Beton erfolgen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 103-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 107-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibitors of corrosion 27 (1). Inhibitors of the corrosion of copper Does there exist a structure-effect-relation?Over 570 compounds of greatly varying structure have been tested under controlled conditions in agitation and pH-stat experiments designed to measure their effect as corrosion-protection agents for copper metal. The data were handled via a “SORT-F”-computer program, and the results so obtained show mostly a relationship with Pearson's “Hard-Soft” principle. Tailor-made synthesis of inhibitors following the principle is nevertheless of little value.
    Notes: Mehr als 570 Verbindungen der unterschiedlichsten Struktur wurden unter Standardbedingungen im “Schüttelversuch” und pH-statisch auf ihre Korrosionsschutzwirkung gegenüber Kupfer getestet und mit Hilfe eines Computers ausgewertet. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse stehen relativ häufig in Übereinstimmung mit Dem “Hart-Weich-Konzept” von Pearson. Eine gezielte Synthese von Inhibitoren, die sich in diesem Konzept orientiert, ist jedoch nicht möglich.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 114-120 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 120-120 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R21 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R22 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R32 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R37 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R25 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R39 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R40 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 121-131 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion und Inhibierung in der ErdölindustrieDie Arbeit behandelt einige repräsentative Typen der durch Wasser verursachten Korrosion in verschiedenen Bereichen der Erdölindustrie. Dazu werden die grundlegenden Vorgänge untersucht, die zu diesen Korrosionsproblemen führen. Außerdem werden die Methoden erörtert, die zur Verhütung der Korrosion benutzt werden und die eine Veränderung der einwirkenden Medien und die Verwendung von Korrosionsinhibitoren zur Grundlage haben.
    Notes: This lecture reviews some representative types of aqueous corrosion problems encountered in the various facets of the petroleum industry. The fundamental processes underlying these corrosion problems are examined. In addition, commonly used methods for corrosion prevention and control which rely on modification of the corrosive environment or the use of corrosion inhibitors are discussed.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 143-145 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Potentiokinetische Kriterien bei Lochkorrosion von nichtrostenden Stählen in ChloridlösungenAus den bei 314 Versuchen mit CrNi(MoTiCu)-Stählen in Eisening III-Chloridlösung erhaltenen potentiokinetischen Kurven wurden sieben Parameter auf ihre Eignung zum Beschreiben der Lochkorrosionsbeständigkeit in Natriumchloridlösung untersucht.
    Notes: The adequacy of 7 parameters of potentiokinetic curves for evaluating the resistance to pitting corrosion in sodium chloride solutions was quantitatively assessed by reference to immersion testing in ferric chloride solutions for 11 type CrNi (MoTiCu) stainless steels on the basis of 314 experimental runs.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 132-143 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Neue nichtrostende Stähle für meerestechnische Anwendungen. Teil 1: Korrosion und mechanische Eigenschaften von ferritischen nichtrostenden StählenUntersucht wurden zwei experimentelle ferritische nichtrostende Stähle mit sehr niedrigem Gehalt an Einschlüssen (%, 22 Cr, 4,5 Ni, 3 Mo bzw. 22 Cr, 2,5 Ni, 3 Mo, Ti), hergestellt im Laboratorium und ein entsprechender handelsüblicher Stahl (%, 21 Cr, 3 Mo, Ti). Mit Hilfe von elektrochemischen und anderen Laboratoriumsmethoden wurde die Beständigkeit gegen örtliche Korrosion (Loch- und Spaltkorrosion) in Chloridlösung untersucht und such die Beständigkeit gegen interkristalline Korrosion und Spannungsrißkorrosion ermittelt; dazu warden auch bei Raumtemperatur die Zugfestigkeit und Schlagzähigkeit untersucht. Die Stähle der Typen 22 Cr - 2,5 Ni - 3 Mo -Ti und 21 Cr - 3 Mo - Ti sind danach unabhängig von ihrer Wärmebehandlung immun gegen interkristalline Korrosion und zeigen Beständigkeit gegen Lochkorrosion, die allerdings temperaturabhängig ist. Die Beständigkeit von 22 Cr - 2,5 Ni - 3 Mo gegen Spaltkorrosion ist beträchtlich besser als die des untersuchten handelsüblichen Stahls. Allgemein waren die experimentellen Stähle in heißen Chloridlösungen immun gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion.
    Notes: Two experimental ELI ferritic stainless steels (22 Cr - 2.5 Ni - 3 Mo and 22 Cr - 2.5 Ni - 3 Mo - Ti) prepared in laboratory and a commercial one (21 Cr - 3 Mo - Ti) were investigated.Electrochemical and laboratory exposure tests were carried out to define the localized corrosion resistance (pitting and crevice) of such steels in chloride solution. Intergranular and stress corrosion resistance was also evaluated. Room temperature tension tests and impact tests were performed.22 Cr - 2.5 Ni - 3 Mo - Ti and 21 Cr - 3 Mo - Ti steels are immune to intergranular corrosion whatever temperature they are heat treated at and have the same pitting corrosion resistance as a function of temperature; crevice corrosion of 22 Cr - 2.5 Ni - 3 Mo is decidely better than in the commercial 21 Cr - 3 Mo - Ti.The experimental steels were immune to stress corrosion in hot chloride environment.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Electrolytic tunnel etching of aluminium foilThe most effective method of etching aluminum foil for high voltage electrolytic capacitors is the electrolytic tunnel etching with direct current in an aqueous solution of chloride salts. Surprisingly the classical electrochemical method for determining the potentiostatic current-time curves of annealed high purity aluminum foil delivers a pure tunnel etching in a narrow range around the pitting potential. The potentiostatic current-time curves show the dynamic of the very fast and on an already etched aluminum foil not repeatable process of forming the tunnels (tunnel diameter ca. 0.2 μm; tunnel length 10-100 μm) and immediate after tunnel formation the about 1000 times slower and controllable process of widening these tunnels in the region of passivation current density.
    Notes: Elektrolytische Gleichstrom-Tunnelätzung von Aluminiumfolie in wäßriger Chloridlösung ist das effektivste Verfahren zur Herstellung hochwertiger Anodenfolien für Hochvolt-Elektrolyt-Kondensatoren. Überraschenderweise ergibt auch die klassische elektrochemische Methode der Ermittlung potentiostatischer Strom-Zeitkurven an rekristallisierter Reinst-Aluminiumfolie in einem begrenzten Potentialbereich in der Umgebung des Lochfraßpotentials eine reine Tunnelätzung. Potentiostatische Strom-Zeitkurven widerspiegeln die Dynamik der sehr schnell und an einer bereits geätzten Folie nicht wiederholbar ablaufenden Tunnelbildung (Tunneldurchmesser etwa 0,2 μm; Tunnellänge 10-100 μm) und der zeitlich daran anschließenden etwa 1000fach langsameren und im Existenzbereich der Passivstromdichte steuerbaren Tunnelerweiterung.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 163-169 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 150-154 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Lanthaniden und der Stabilität von Sulfideinschlüssen auf die örtliche Korrosion niedriglegierter StähleDer Einfluß der Seltenen Erden (RE) auf die Passivierbarkeit und die Anfälligkeit zum Chlorid-Durchbruch niedriglegierter Stähle wurde untersucht. Die Analyse mit einer Elektronenmikrosonde hat gezeigt, daß der Effekt von der Art der RE abhängig ist und mit einer Änderung der Zusammensetzung und Morphologie der MnS-Einschlüsse, die die Stähle ohne RE aufweisen, verknüpft ist. La scheint das ungünstigste Element zu sein. Die Instabilität der La-Sulfide in Luft führt zu ihrer spontanen Oxidierung. Die Oxidationsprodukte wachsen wie „Blumen“ auf der Metalloberfläche, was die Lochbildung begünstigt.
    Notes: Effect of alloying with rare earth elements RE (La, Pd + Nd, or so called “Mischmetall” containing Ce, Pr, Nd, La and traces of the other RE) on the ability to passivate and susceptibility to chloride breakdown of low alloys steels was investigated. Electron microprobe analysis revealed that the effect of RE depends upon the element and is connected with a modification of the composition and morphology of MnS inclusions present within the steels without RE addition. La seems to be most detrimental. The nonstability of La sulfide inclusions in air results in their spontaneous oxidation and growth into fantastic “flower-like” forms which facilitates the formation of corrosion pits.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 169-186 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 155-163 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Triphenylmethanfarben als Korrosionsinhibitoren für Aluminium-Kupfer-Legierungen in SalzsäureDie Inhibierung der Korrosion von Aluminium B 26 S in Salzsäure durch Triphenylmethan-, Anthrachinon- und Acridinfarben wurde unter Berücksichtigung von Säurekonzentration, Inhibitordosierung, Versuchsdauer und Temperatur untersucht. Im allgemeinen nimmt bei konstanter Säurekonzentration der Hemmwert von Malachitgrün, Methylviolett 6 B and „light green“ mit der Inhibitorkonzentration zu, während der von Fuchsinbase und Kristallviolett mit zunchmender lnhibitorkonzcntration geringer wird. Bei konstanter Inhibitorkonzentration nimmt andererseits die Wirksamkeit aller untersuchten Verbindungen (mit Ausnahme von Methylviolett 6 B und Acridinorange) mit steigender Säurekonzentration zu. Der Hemmwert aller untersuchten Verbindungen steigt im Temperaturbereich 20-50°C mit der Temperatur, während kein Einfluß der Versuchsdauer zu erkennen ist. Bei einer lnhibitorkonzentration von 0,1% in 0,5 M Salzsäure nimmt der Hemmwert in der folgenden Reihe zu: Fuchsinsäure (32%) 〈 Acridinorange 〈 Fuchsinbase (39%) 〈 Alizarinrot S (46%) 〈 Methylviolett 6 B (50%) 〈 Malachitgrun (64%) 〈 Kristallviolett (70%) 〈 „light green“ (80%).Die Wirkung der Inhibitoren scheint durch Absorption nach einer Langmuir-Adsorptionsisotherme bedingt zu sein. Das wird durch die Korrosionspotentiale bestätigt; allerdings dürfte bei galvanostatischer Polarisation die Kathode bevorzugt polarisiert werden.
    Notes: The inhibition of the corrosion of B 26 S aluminium in HCl solutions by triphenylmethane, anthraquinoid and acridine dyes has been studied in relation to the concentration of acid and inhibitor, duration of immersion and temperature. In general, at constant acid concentration, the inhibiting efficiency of malachite green, methyl violet 6 B and light green increases, whereas that of fuchsine base and crystal violet decreases as the inhibitor concentration increases. At constant inhibitor concentration the efficiency of all the compounds except methyl violet 6 B and acridine orange increases with increasing acid concentration. The inhibitive efficiency of all the compounds increases with temperature in the range 20-50°C, but no dependence can be recognized on the duration of immersion. At an inhibitor concentration of 0.1% in 0.5 M HCl the efficiency increases in the order: fuchsine acid (32%) 〈 acridine orange ≤ fuchsine base (39%) 〈 alizarin red S (46%) 〈 methyl violet 6 B (50%) 〈 malachite green (64%) 〈 crystal violet (70%) 〈 light green (80%).The inhibitors appear to function through adsorption following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From the corrosion potentials the inhibitors appear to function through general adsorption but under galvanostatic polarisation conditions, the cathode appears to be preferentially polarised.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 186-186 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 187-187 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 187-187 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 187-188 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 188-188 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 188-188 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R41 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R42 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R43 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. R49 
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