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  • 1990-1994  (6,078)
  • Organic Chemistry  (4,530)
  • Rat  (915)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (654)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of arthritic pathology in the rat knee (1994)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 23 (1994), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Arthritis ; Rat ; Knee ; MRI ; X-radiography ; histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to visualise the changes that occur in both soft tissue and bone during antigen-induced, monoarticular arthritis (AIMA) of the rat knee. Extensive optimisation studies were performed in order to minimise the time of the experiments and to maximise both the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast in the MR images. The study was cross-sectional rather than longitudinal and at each of the 13 time points studied during the progression of the disease, corresponding X-radiographs and histological sections were obtained. Interpretation of the spin echo MR images was aided by the use of chemical shift-selective imaging, magnetisation transfer contrast and relaxation time experiments, as well as by correlation with the histology and X-radiography data. The MR images clearly show invasion of the synovium by an inflammatory pannus which spreads over the articular cartilage and invades the bone, leading to erosion and later remodelling. Two distinct types of bony erosion were observed: focal erosions, especially at the margins of the joint, and subchondral erosions. It is concluded that MRI provides a sensitive, non-invasive method for investigating both early-stage inflammatory changes and late-stage bony changes in the knee joints of the arthritic rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204603
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FU-3 monoclonal antibody: a specific marker for malignant fibrous histiocytoma? An analysis of 32 malignant soft tissue and bone sarcomas (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Soft tissue sarcomas ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monoclonal antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistochemical study on frozen sections was carried out on 51 malignant tumours of soft tissue and bone using the FU-3 monoclonal antibody. This antibody is claimed to be specific for malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and liposarcoma and for normal and tumour cells located in perivascular fields. The results show a lack of specificity in MFH staining: several malignant tumours such as synovial sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and including an anaplastic malignant melanoma, presented positive staining somewhat similar to that found in MFH. The value of this antibody in the differential diagnosis of MFH is doubtful. It might be useful to recognize a common pathway of terminal differentiation expressed by several pleomorphic sarcomatous neoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194607
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical reaction patterns of keratins in MNNG-induced shrew oesophageal carcinomas (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Keratin ; Immunohistochemistry ; MNNG ; Oesophageal carcinoma ; Shrew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of keratins in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced oesophageal carcinomas in shrews was tested immunohistochemically, using a panel of seven different monoclonal antibodies. The studies were done on methacarn-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, using the labelled streptavidin biotin method, and the relationship between morphological characteristics and keratin reaction patterns in carcinomas was analysed and compared with that in adjacent “normal” oesophageal epithelium. In the normal oesophageal epithelia, KL1, AE1, AE3, CK8.12 and CK4.62 stained suprabasal cells, 312C8-1 reacted to basal cells, and KS-1A3 labelled all epithelial cells. In squamous cell carcinomas, almost all the cancer cells were labelled strongly by 312C8-1 and weakly by KS-1A3, while a few cells in the centres of the keratinized foci were stained by KL1, AE1, AE3, CK8.12, and CK4.62. Like human oesophageal carcinomas, shrew oesophageal carcinomas maintain expression of human keratin 14, as determined by 312C8-1. The expression of human keratin 13, as determined by KS-1A3, was down-regulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194610
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of congenital and postnatally acquired human cytomegalovirus infection in infants: lack of expression of viral immediate early protein in congenital cases (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cytomegalic inclusion disease ; Viral replication ; Viral regulatory proteins ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Postmortem tissues from infants with congenital and postnatally acquired human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection were examined by routine histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) to determine the dynamics of viral replication in vivo. Histologically, infants in both groups showed characteristic inclusion-bearing cells most commonly in lung, kidney, liver and pancreas. IHC for late proteins using a rabbit polyclonal antibody and ISH for viral genomes detected most of the infected cells as nuclear and/or cytoplasmic signals. However, immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody against viral immediate early (IE) proteins was variable depending on the stage of viral replication within an individual infected cell. In tissues of infants with postnatal HCMV infection, many cells harboured IE antigens, while in tissues from congenital cases most of the affected cells lacked IE antigens and only a few showed cytoplasmic staining. The difference was not caused by the antigenic diversity among viral strains as confirmed by in vitro study. Our findings suggested that congenital infections exhibited uniformly late stage proteins with inactive viral replication at death, while acquired ones remained active. The different viral activity may reflect the immune status of congenital and acquired HCMV infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193490
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L- and M2- pyruvate kinase expression in renal cell carcinomas and their metastases (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: L-pyruvate kinase ; M2-pyruvate kinase ; Kidney neoplasms ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using immunohistochemical and enzyme biochemical methods we investigated the expression of L- and M2-pyruvate kinase (PK) in normal renal tissue, renal cell carcinomas (RCCs; of clear cell, chromophilic cell and mixed cell type) and RCC metastases. L-PK was expressed in the proximal tubules of normal renal tissue and, to a variable extent, in 23/25 primary RCCs, in 1 RCC recurrence and in 10 RCC metastases. Staining intensity and percentage of stained tissue did not correlate with tumour grade. One renal oncocytoma and all extrarenal malignancies examined lacked L-PK immunoreactivity. M2-PK was mainly expressed in the distal tubules of the normal kidney and was found in all renal tumours as well as extrarenal malignancies. Quantitative biochemical investigations yielded a two- to seventeen-fold increase in PK activity in RCCs compared to the normal renal cortex taken from the same patient, whereas fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was dramatically lower in RCCs. Otherwise, the activity of all other enzymes investigated (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase and lactate dehydrogenase) was not significantly changed in the RCCs. The immunocytochemical results suggest that L-PK is a useful marker for RCC and its metastases, if acetone-fixed tissue is available. The quantitative changes of the concentration of PK and other enzymes in RCCs when compared with normal renal tissue probably reflect metabolic alterations related to tumour growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193498
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sarcoma of the pulmonary artery: report of four cases with electron microscopic and immunohistochemical examinations, and review of the literature (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pulmonary artery ; Neoplasm ; Sarcoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Herein we report the clinicopathological features of four cases of pulmonary artery sarcoma that appeared at our institution during a period of 30 years. The patients, 2 males and 2 females, were 50–62 years old. Tumour was found in the pulmonary trunk and right pulmonary artery in all cases, in the pulmonary valve and left pulmonary artery in three of the four cases, and in the right ventricular outflow tract in one case. There was direct extension or metastases to the lungs in two cases, the heart in one case, mediastinum or lymph nodes in two cases and the pleura in one case. Ultrastructural examination in one case revealed cells with features of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical examination of three cases gave the following results: vimentin and smooth muscle specific actin was positive in all three cases, desmin in one case and cytokeratin in one case. No positivity was found for Factor VIII. This and other studies indicate that histologically most pulmonary artery sarcomas are leiomyosarcomas or “undifferentiated spindle cell sarcomas”. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations favour an origin from myofibroblasts, probably derived from multipotent (undifferentiated) cells in the wall of the vessel. Most lesions show extensive intrathoracic growth although they rarely metastasize outside the thoracic cavity. They have a poor prognosis although some cases are currently being diagnosed during life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193503
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of the extracellular matrix in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with invasive and metastatic potential (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Extracellular matrix ; Immunohistochemistry ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Invasiveness ; Metastasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of extracellular matrices (ECMs) laminin (LN), type IV collagen (IV C), heparansulphate proteoglycan (HS-PG), fibronectin (FN), tenascin (TN), decorin and vitronectin (VN) was examined immunohistochemically in 112 primary tumours and 29 metastatic cervical lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In highly invasive primary tumours, the expression of LN, IV C and HS-PG in the basement membrane along the tumour-stroma borderline and the expression of decorin and VN in the tumour stroma at the invasive site were all significantly decreased. The expression of FN and TN in the tumour stroma at the same site was markedly increased. In peritumour stroma in metastatic lymph nodes, LN, IV C, HS-PG, decorin and VN were weakly expressed, while FN and TN were strongly expressed. Thus, the staining pattern of the ECMs in the metastatic lymph nodes was similar to that in highly invasive primary tumours. Furthermore, in primary tumours of metastatic cases, the expression of LN, IV C, HS-PG, decorin and VN obviously decreased, while the expression of FN and TN increased when compared with those of the non-metastatic cases. The investigation of ECMs in OSCC was valuable in predicting tumour behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194609
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cathepsin D and E co-expression in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) and Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: further evidences of a phenotypic overlap between these histiocytic disorders (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cathepsin D ; Cathepsin E ; Rosai-Dorfman disease ; Langerhans' cell histiocytosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nosological classification of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML; Rosai-Dorfman disease) is difficult, and the normal cellular counterpart of Rosai-Dorfman (RD) cells is uncharacterised. The peculiar S-100+ phenotype of RD cells suggests a relationship with the dendritic cell family. Recent investigations have revealed cathepsin E to be selectively concentrated in antigen-presenting cells, whereas cathepsin D was found to be expressed in cells of macrophage lineage. Cathepsin D and E distribution was investigated by immunohistochemistry in a series of SHML biopsies and in two types of dendritic cell proliferative lesions: dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DL) and Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH). In SHML biopsies, RD cells and monocyte-related elements of the sinuses and pulp coexpressed cathepsin D and E. LCH cells also stained for both these aspartic proteinases. Conversely, in DL cathepsin E and D were localised to separate cells that resembled Langerhans' cells (LC) or macrophages, respectively, in morphology and distribution. Our data outline the peculiar immunophenotype of RD and LCH cells and suggest that caution should be exercised in the identification of their normal cellular counterpart. The common expression of cathepsin D and E and of S-100 protein suggests some phenotypic overlap between SHML and LCH cells, despite their striking morphological divergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195773
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein in malignant mesothelioma and non-neoplastic mesothelium (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 631-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bcl-2 protein ; Mesothelioma ; Pleura ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical study of bcl-2 protein immunoreactivity in human non-neoplastic mesothelium (44 cases) and in malignant mesothelioma (62 cases) using a murine monoclonal antibody (clone 124) showed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein in five cases of malignant mesothelioma. Non-neoplastic mesothelium was not immunoreactive. Immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein does not add useful prognostic information in malignant mesothelioma since survival times of bcl-2 positive and bcl-2 negative cases did not differ. Nevertheless, the detection of bcl-2 protein in malignant mesothelioma might be useful for the differentiation from reactive mesothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195777
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein in malignant mesothelioma and non-neoplastic mesothelium (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 631-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bcl-2 protein ; Mesothelioma ; Pleura ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical study of bcl-2 protein immunoreactivity in human non-neoplastic mesothelium (44 cases) and in malignant mesothelioma (62 cases) using a murine monoclonal antibody (clone 124) showed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein in five cases of malignant mesothelioma. Non-neoplastic mesothelium was not immunoreactive. Immunoreactivity for bcl-2 protein does not add useful prognostic information in malignant mesothelioma since survival times of bcl-2 positive and bcl-2 negative cases did not differ. Nevertheless, the detection of bcl-2 protein in malignant mesothelioma might be useful for the differentiation from reactive mesothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01069743
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cathepsin D and E co-expression in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) and Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: further evidences of a phenotypic overlap between these histiocytic disorders (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 601-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cathepsin D ; Cathepsin E ; Rosai-Dorfman disease ; Langerhans' cell histiocytosis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nosological classification of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML; Rosai-Dorfman disease) is difficult, and the normal cellular counterpart of Rosai-Dorfman (RD) cells is uncharacterised. The peculiar S-100+ phenotype of RD cells suggests a relationship with the dendritic cell family. Recent investigations have revealed cathepsin E to be selectively concentrated in antigen-presenting cells, whereas cathepsin D was found to be expressed in cells of macrophage lineage. Cathepsin D and E distribution was investigated by immunohistochemistry in a series of SHML biopsies and in two types of dendritic cell proliferative lesions: dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DL) and Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH). In SHML biopsies, RD cells and monocyte-related elements of the sinuses and pulp coexpressed cathepsin D and E. LCH cells also stained for both these aspartic proteinases. Conversely, in DL cathepsin E and D were localised to separate cells that resembled Langerhans' cells (LC) or macrophages, respectively, in morphology and distribution. Our data outline the peculiar immunophenotype of RD and LCH cells and suggest that caution should be exercised in the identification of their normal cellular counterpart. The common expression of cathepsin D and E and of S-100 protein suggests some phenotypic overlap between SHML and LCH cells, despite their striking morphological divergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01069739
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of endothelin-1 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic adrenal gland tissue (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Endothelin-1 ; Adrenal gland ; Adrenal tumour ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endothelin (ET)-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide with potent vasopressor and vasocontrictive properties. Biochemical studies suggest that this peptide occurs in adrenal glands, where it influences steroid hormone production. However, we have found no report of the topographical distribution of this peptide. The localization of ET-1 immunoreactivity in non-neoplastic (37 cases) and neoplastic adrenal glands (48 cases) was investigated with a sensitive immunohistochemical technique applied to routinely processed tissue specimens. ET-1 immunoreactivity was regularly seen in the cortex, especially in the zona fasciculata and to a varying extent also in the other two zones, but not in the medulla. The immunoreactive material appeared in the cytoplasm mostly in the form of vacuolar structures but also as grains. Focally, the cell membrane also showed immunoreactive staining. In the zona reticularis the immunoreactivity appeared mainly as cytoplasmic grains. Most cortical adenomas displayed numerous immunoreactive cells. The immunoreactivity in the tumour tissue appeared in the same forms as in normal cortex, but the reactive products were generally fewer in number. No obvious differences in immunostaining were seen between the aldosterone- and cortisol-producing adenomas or the non-functioning ones. Three of the ten carcinomas contained immunoreactive cells, but they were few, appearing focally and the ET-1 immunoreactive structures were seen as ‘dust-like’ material. The difference in immunoreactivity between the benign and the malignant cortical neoplasms may be of diagnostic value. Functionally our results support a relationship between ET-1 and steroid regulation in non-neoplastic cortical tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196148
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant cell reparative granuloma of the distal skeletal bones (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell reparative granuloma ; Solid aneurysmal bone cyst ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) is a reactive bone lesion that most often involves the jaws. However, occasional cases of GCRG in the distal extremities have been reported, to which we add five cases. All the patients were young to middle-aged adults and had sharply bordered, lytic lesions. Histologically, all the lesions had areas of osteoclast-like giant cells and osteoblast mantled osteoid. Two of the cases had foci of osteoclast-like giant cells lining vascular spaces. In extragnathic locations, GCRG may simulate other osteolytic giant cells lesions such as giant cell tumour of bone and aneurysmal bone cyst (AnBC). Immunohistochemically, all cases showed positive staining of the stromal spindle cells for vimentin and actin, and of the osteoclast-like giant cells for CD68, vimentin and leucocyte common antigen. GCRG is a benign lesion and conservative therapy is curative. As GCRG may have histological features which resemble AnBC it may be considered to be the solid variant of AnBC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196155
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PIP/GCDFP-15 gene expression and apocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the breast (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 459-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; Apocrine glands ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency and the significance of apocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the breast are uncertain, because of the lack of reliable and reproducible criteria for morphological diagnosis. The 15 kDa glycoprotein of cystic breast disease (GCDFP-15) is regarded as a specific functional marker of apocrine cells. Expression of the prolactin-inducible protein (PIP)/GCDFP-15 gene was investigated by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization in breast cancer cell lines and in an unselected series (33 cases) of primary carcinomas of the breast. On the same cases, histological assessment of apocrine differentiation and immunocytochemical detection of GCDFP-15 were also performed and correlated with follow-up data. The presence of PIP/GCDFP-15 mRNA was a feature of a relatively high number of cases, but was incompletely correlated with histological and immunocytochemical evidences of apocrine differentiation. Expression of the PIP/GCDFP-15 gene was significantly associated with relapse-free survival, and may represent a novel variable of functional and prognostic relevance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197548
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystoadenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical and molecular study (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystoadenocarcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; K-ras mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Special immunohistochemical stains for the identification of gastroenteropancreatic antigens in two cases of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystoadenocarcinomas (PRMC) show that these tumours have patterns similar to ovarian mucinous tumours. Markers of pyloric type gastric mucosa differentiation (M1, cathepsin E, concavavalin A, pepsinogen II) are mostly positive in benign and borderline areas with endocervical type differentiation, while immunoreactivity for intestinal cell markers (M3SI and CAR-5) and for DU-PAN-2 is present mainly in frankly malignant areas, regardless of differentiation type. DNA analysis shows a point mutation of K-ras oncogene at codon 12 (GGT to CGT) in one case. The immunohistochemical and genotypic similarity of PRMC and ovarian mucinous tumours may indicate similar mechanisms in their histogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197393
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in breast carcinomas (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Breast carcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), was examined by immunohistochemistry in 509 breast carcinomas. The immunoreactivity was found to be independent of the length of fixation when the tissue sections were microwaved before incubation with the primary antibody. The PCNA immunoreactivity was assessed by two semi-quantitative methods, which were correlated but not exchangeable. The comedo type of intraductal carcinomas and invasive ductal carcinomas had a higher PCNA score than other types. Lymph node metastases had a significantly higher PCNA score than primary carcinomas. High PCNA immunoreactivity was correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases, absence of tubule formation, numerous mitoses, severe nuclear pleomorphism, high histological grade and absence of progesterone receptors (PgR). PCNA in lymph node positive tumours was correlated with tumour type, especially with ductal carcinomas, absence of tubule formation, high histological grade and absence of PgR, whereas PCNA in lymph node negative tumours was correlated with large tumour size, numerous mitoses, severe nuclear pleomorphism and high histological grade. Number of mitoses and nuclear pleomorphism were the two most important factors in predicting the PCNA score; the absence of PgR and nuclear pleomorphism were important in lymph node negative and positive tumours, respectively. In a univariate analysis high PCNA score was found to be correlated with shorter relapse-free period and poorer over-all survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197391
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tumor cells induced by the v-src oncogene are heterogeneous for expression of markers of mesenchyme differentiation (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: v-src oncogene ; Rous sarcoma virus ; Fibrohistiocytic tumour ; Immunohistochemistry ; Southern blotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The observation that v-src-induced tumors contain tumor cells of differing morphology, notably fibroblastoid or polygonal, raised the question as to whether the tumor cells are also heterogeneous with respect to expression of markers of cellular differentiation. Of the markers tested here, consistent reactivity for tumor tissue was noted only for antibody probes reactive to muscle actin (HHF35, αsm-1) or to procollagen type I (SP1. D8); for any given tumor, whether induced by v-src DNA or by Rous sarcoma virus, each of these markers was found only in a subpopulation of tumor cells. The observation of marker heterogeneity in the one v-src DNA-induced tumor examined here that typed as monoclonal suggests that v-src-induced transformation is consonant with a degree of plasticity in the phenotypes of the clonal progeny of a single transformant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197397
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical evaluation of alpha-catenin expression in human gastric cancer (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 375-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastric cancer ; Alpha-catenin ; Immunohistochemistry ; E-cadherin ; Cancer invasion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract E-cadherin (E-cad) plays a major role in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues, and impaired E-cad expression correlates with tumour invasion and metastasis. Alpha-catenin (α-cat), an undercoat protein of adherens junctions, binds to the cytoplasmic domain of E-cad and is essential for linking E-cad to actin-based cytoskeleton. We investigated E-cad and α-cat expression in 60 human gastric cancers immunohistochemically. The 60 gastric cancers were classified into 18 (30%) in which α-cat expression was preserved, and 42 (70%) reduced cases. The reduction of α-cat expression was significantly related to dedifferentiation, depth of invasion, infiltrative growth and lymph node metastasis. We also examined the co-expression of α-cat and E-cad. Seventeen (28%) tumours preserved both molecules [α-cat(+)/E-cad(+)] and 33 (55%) tumours reduced both [α-cat(−)/E-cad(−)], whereas 9 (15%) tumours exhibited α-cat(−)/E-cad(+). The frequency of lymph node metastasis in α-cat(−)/E-cad(+) tumour (67%) was significantly higher than that in α-cat(+)/E-cad(+) tumours (24%) and was close to that in α-cat(−)/E-cad(−) tumours (82%). The frequency of haematogenous liver metastasis in α-cat(−)/E-cad(+) tumours (44%) was significantly higher than that in α-cat(+)/E-cad(+) tumours (6%) or α-cat(−)/E-cad(−) tumours (9%). Thus, in all E-cad(+) tumours, the frequency of lymph node and liver metastasis was higher in α-cat(−) tumours than in α-cat(+) tumours. α-Cat expression is apparently better at predicting tumour invasion and metastasis than E-cad expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190559
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia-lymphoma expressing cytokeratin: a case report (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cytokeratin Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ; lymphoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report presents a case of common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia-lymphoma expressing low molecular weight cytokeratin but no leukocyte common antigen (CD45) in a 57-year-old man. The unusual morphology and clinical course together with the aberrant immunohistochemical results suggested a diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma. A detailed immunohistochemistry study on frozen and paraffin sections and molecular analysis prevented a diagnostic mistake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193954
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunolabelling of hippocampal microvessel glucose transporter protein is reduced in Alzheimer's disease (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: GLUT-1 Glucose transporter protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microvessel endothelium ; Hippocampus ; Alzheimer's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in cerebral microvessel ultrastructure have been reported to occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In order to investigate whether these changes are associated with compromised blood-brain transport mechanisms, hippocampal formation sections from AD and age-matched normal brains were immunolabelled with an antibody to the GLUT-1 glucose transporter protein. GLUT-1 immunolabelling of microvessel endothelium was significantly reduced in the AD compared to normal hippocampal formation. Thus, AD is associated with a reduction in cerebral microvessel endothelium glucose transporter content, which may result in decreased glucose availability to the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193951
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural heterogeneities of normal and glibenclamide stimulated pancreatic beta cells in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Rat ; Pancreatic beta cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract When studied morphologically in semi-thin sections in the rat in vivo, pancreatic beta cells displayed heterogeneous immunoreactivities for insulin and amylin, depending on the islet size and the intra-islet position of the beta cells. In larger islets, cortical beta cells (beta cells with contacts with all islet cell types and with the exocrine parenchyma) which are located in the periphery were more densely immunostained for insulin and amylin than medullary beta cells (beta cells with contacts only with other beta cells) which are located in the centre of the islet. Ultrastructurally, these findings were accompanied by differences in the number of secretory granules and mitochondria. Beta cells in small islets and at extra-islet sites exhibited a dense immunoreactivity. After administration of glibenclamide, immunoreactivities for insulin and amylin were diminished in a time-dependent manner, decreasing first in medullary and thereafter in cortical beta cells of larger islets. Ultrastructurally, the beta cells exhibited the typical signs of stimulation. A minority of beta cells in small islets and all beta cells in extra-islet locations remained unchanged. Thus pancreatic beta cells under basal and stimulatory conditions in vivo exhibit heterogeneity in hormone content and in ultrastructural features. These differences may represent the basis for a functional heterogeneity of the insulin secretory response of the individual beta cell both in vivo and in vitro in states of normal and impaired insulin secretion. As heterogeneity was observed only among beta cells in islets, while single beta cells surrounded by acinar cells exhibited no changes in insulin immunoreactivity, interactions between beta cells as well as between beta cells and other endocrine cells may be critical for expression of heterogeneity within the beta cell population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196154
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tenascin expression in inflammatory, dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the human stomach (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Tenascin ; Stomach ; Hyperplasia Carcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wie studied the expression of tenascin (Tn) in human stomach. In the normal mucosa of the antrum and body, Tn reaction was only seen in the muscularis mucosae, in the region of the pyloric sphincter and in the duodenum, a Tn-immunoreactive rim was seen underlying surface epithelial cells. Antral gastritis, irrespective of the degree of inflammation, showed a rim-like Tn expression under the surface epithelial cells but no Tn reaction was seen in mild chronic gastritis of the body. In some moderate and severe examples of chronic gastritis a delicate Tn-reactive line was seen to underline the surface epithelium focally and the neck regions of gastric pits. Discontinuous Tn immunoreactivity was sometimes seen beneath hyperplastic epithelium in both parts of the stomach. A Tn-immunoreactive line was seldom seen surrounding glands showing intestinal metaplasia. In both benign and malignant ulcers prominent Tn immunoreaction was seen at the base of ulcers extending deep into the underlying muscularis. Only severely dysplastic lesions displayed Tn in the lamina propria, in close association with capillaries. In early forms of diffuse gastric cancer (DGCA) raggedly increased Tn staining was seen in the lamina propria underlying affected surface epithelial cells. In advanced forms of DGCA consistent Tn expression was seen in the tumour stroma. A distinct Tn reaction was seen surrounding invasive tumour cell nests of intestinal type gastric cancer (IGCA) in the submucosa, whereas in early forms of the tumour enhanced Tn reaction was noted predominantly in the upper part of the lamina propria in the vicinity of dysplastic elements. Notably, while most invading DGCA tumour cell nests showed no Tn in the submucosa and muscle cell layer, invading IGCA islets showed prominent expression of Tn. The most conspicuous Tn enhancement in the stomach is seen in invasive tumours and in ulcers suggesting that Tn is an important stromal component in malignant growth and in lesions undergoing active repair and remodelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189574
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p53 mutations in gastric and colorectal cancers in Texas Hispanics versus Anglos (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Tumour suppressor gene ; Ethnicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gastric cancer is more than twice as common in Hispanics as in Anglos in Texas, while colorectal cancer is almost twice as common in Anglos as Hispanics. To test the hypothesis that mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene are involved in these differences, we examined 131 gastric and 138 colorectal cancers from Hispanic and Anglo patients from South Texas and Mexico using immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a screening assay for p53 mutations. The fraction of p53 positive cases was not significantly different in gastric cancers from Hispanics compared to Anglos (43% versus 61%, respectively, p=0.13) or in colorectal cancer (57% versus 58%, respectively, p=1.0), suggesting that p53 mutations are not involved in causing the different incidences of these cancers in these populations. In addition, the types of p53 mutations arising in gastric tumours from Hispanic patients were consistent with those reported in gastric tumours in other populations. Sequencing of mutations in five gastric cancers revealed two G: C to A: T transitions, two A: T to G: C transitions and one complex deletion. In contrast with findings in studies in other tumour types, neither stage nor survival was associated with p53 positive staining by IHC in either gastric or colorectal tumours in this study. Positive p53 immunostaining was associated with the diffuse histological subtype in gastric carcinoma (p=0.05) and high histological grade in colorectal carcinoma (p=0.04).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193499
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential localization of c-kit product in tissue mast cells, basal cells of skin, epithelial cells of breast, small cell lung carcinoma and seminoma/dysgerminoma in human: immunohistochemical study on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: C-kit product ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human normal tissue ; Small cell lung carcinoma ; Seminoma/dysgerminoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen hundred and eighty-four cases of human solid tumours and 833 samples of normal human tissues, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, were examined immunohistochemically for expression of c-kit oncogene product using polyclonal antibody against synthesized c-kit peptide. Seminoma/dysgerminoma and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) show preferential c-kit expression at 92% and 36% frequency, respectively, whereas only sporadic cases of cervical carcinoma and non-SCLC lung carcinoma show c-kit positivity. A normal tissue counterpart positive for c-kit product is detected in the testis (spermatocyte) and ovary (oocyte) but not in the lung or the cervix. In contrast, normal epithelial cells of the breast, skin basal cells and tissue mast cells harbour c-kit product, but transformed cells of the former two are largely deficient in the c-kit protein. One hundred and thirty-nine neuroendocrine tumours and 39 non-pulmonary small cell carcinomas were all negative, except for two cases of neuroblastoma. This indicates a distinct character for SCLC in c-kit expression. The c-kit product may be a useful marker in diagnostic pathology of seminoma/dysgermona and SCLC among human solid tumours, and in distinction of SCLC from non-pulmonary small cell carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193492
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of p53 protein in benign epithelial hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, non-invasive and invasive mammary carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 491-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: p53 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify whether p53 protein expression is involved in multistep carcinogenesis or the progression of mammary ductal carcinoma, we investigated p53 protein expression in 83 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), 10 IDC with a predominant intraductal component, 13 non-invasive ductal carcinoma (NIDC), 16 atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and 39 benign epithelial hyperplasia (EH), using immunohistochemistry. Expression of p53 protein was detected in 24 (28.9%) cases of IDC, 5 (50%) cases of IDC with a predominant intraductal component and 1 (7.6%) case of NIDC. No expression was observed in either ADH or EH. In IDC, including cases with a predominant intraductal component, p53 protein expression was associated with a higher histological grade (P〈0.0001) or mitotic index (P〈0.0005). Although overexpression of c-erbB-2 protein has also shown a similar association with these prognostic indicators, expression of p53 protein correlated regardless of the status of c-erbB-2 overexpression. Completely coordinated expression of p53 protein was seen in both intraductal and invasive components. The intraductal component in IDC including cases with a predominant intraductal component which expresses p53 protein had significantly higher histological grade (P〈0.0005) or more comedo-subtypes (P〈0.0001). These results suggested that p53 protein expression occurs at a stage of NIDC with high histological grade or in comedo-subtypes. Its expression is maintained throughout invasion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191434
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignant mesenchymomas of soft tissue associated with numerous osteoclast-like giant cells mimicking the so-called giant cell variant of “malignant fibrous histiocytoma” (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 539-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Mesenchymoma ; Osteoclast ; Giant cell Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three cases of malignant mesenchymoma with numerous osteoclast-like giant cells, arising in deep soft tissue, and which mimicked the so-called giant cell variant of “malignant fibrous histiocytoma” have been studied. All three neoplasms arose in adults; two patients were male and one was female. Two tumours arose in the thigh, and one in the right shoulder. Two patients died within 2 years of the primary excision while the third is alive and well at 2.5 years. Histologically, one case showed leiomyosarcoma plus liposarcoma, one leiomyosarcoma plus osteosarcoma, and one tumour consisted of liposarcoma plus osteosarcoma; all components were assessed morphologically as high-grade malignant. All three cases showed prominent osteoclast-like giant cells in the leiomyosarcomatous or osteosarcomatous areas, thereby closely mimicking the phenotype of so-called giant cell variant of “malignant fibrous histiocytoma”. We discuss briefly differences in soft tissue sarcomas demonstrating this distinctive osteoclast-rich phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191441
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proliferative cell nuclear antigen expression in follicular tumours of the thyroid with special reference to oxyphilic cell lesions (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 424 (1994), S. 533-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Follicular tumour ; Oxyphilic cell tumour ; PCNA ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in follicular tumours of the thyroid was examined by immunohistochemistry. Both usual nonoxyphilic cell follicular tumours (non-OCT) and oxyphilic cell tumours (OCT) were subdivided into benign, indeterminate, encapsulated carcinoma, and widely invasive carcinoma types. Among non-OCT the percentages of PCNA-positive cells in benign tumours, encapsulated carcinomas, and widely invasive carcinomas was 2.5%–8.6%, 11.8%–39.1%, and 18.6%–20.0%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between benign tumours and encapsulated or widely invasive carcinomas, as in previous studies. A value of 10% was appropriate to distinguish benign from malignant lesions. PCNA-positive cells in indeterminate-type non-OCT were not significantly different from those in benign tumours, ranging from 4.3%–19.6%, and occurring at more than 10% in three of six tuours. Among OCT the positivity was less than 10% in benign tumours (4.5%–7.8%) and more than 10% in malignant tumours (14.1%–35.9%) and all the eight indeterminate tumours (12.5%–27.3%), with a statistically significant differences between the benign tumour and each of the latter types. These results indicate that the examination of PCNA is valuable in diagnosis of thyroid follicular tumours and that the use of similar diagnostic criteria may be warranted in both non-OCT and OCT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191440
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pleomorphic fibrohistiocytoma of the breast: a potential pitfall in breast biopsy interpretation (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Fibrous histiocytoma ; Giant cells ; Flow cytometry ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a benign mammary mesenchymal tumour with atypical stromal giant cells in the contralateral breast of a 66-year-old woman with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of this tumour suggest a pleomorphic variant of fibrous histiocytoma. This benign lesion represents a possible pitfall in breast pathology when interpreting a frozen section or fine needle aspiration biopsy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230357
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of keratin subtypes in routinely processed cervical tissue: implications for tumour classification and the study of cervix cancer aetiology (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Intermediate filament proteins ; Cervix ; Neoplasia ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the expression of keratin subtypes 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19 in the normal cervix, in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions and in cervical carcinomas, using a selected panel of monoclonal keratin antibodies, reactive with routinely processed, formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue fragments. The reaction patterns derived for each keratin antibody were compared with known expression patterns of the various epithelia, previously examined in frozen tissues. Although the reactivity of the antibodies was generally acceptable, considerable modifications to the manufacturers' staining instructions were often necessary. For some antibodies, which were previously thought to be reactive with fresh frozen tissue only, we developed staining protocols rendering them reactive with routinely processed material. As with previous findings in frozen sections we observed increasing expression of keratins 7, 8, 17, 18 and 19 with increasing grade of CIN. In cervical carcinomas the differences in keratin detectability between the main categories were more pronounced than in frozen sections, probably due to fixation and processing. For routine pathology, keratin phenotyping of cervical lesions may be of value in classification. The fact that keratin 7 was detected for the first time in reserve cells, and that this keratin was also found to be expressed in a considerable number of CIN lesions and cervical carcinomas supports the suggestion that reserve cells are a common progenitor cell for these lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230351
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical metallothionein expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma: correlation with tumour stage and patient survival (1994)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 425 (1994), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Metallothionein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Colorectal cancer ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metallothioneins (MTs), a set of ubiquitous low-molecular-weight proteins essential for the protection of cells against heavy metal ion toxicity, were demonstrated immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody (E9) against a conserved epitope of I and II isoforms in a series of 109 colorectal adenocarcinomas. In a semiquantitative analysis strong MT expression in the majority of tumour cells was observed in 34 (31%) cases, 24 (22%) tumours showed a focal MT positivity, and 51 (47%) almost completely lacked MT expression. These differences in MT expression were statistically significantly (P〈0.05) associated with the tumour stage (Dukes classification) and the lymph node involvement at the time of operation (pN stages). However, in contrast to previous findings obtained on a variety of tumours, MT positivity was associated with a favourable clinical outcome in colonic carcinoma, which may indicate their different biological behaviour. Survival curves of cases with MT-positive and MT-negative status differed from each other in a univariate analysis (Mantel-Haenszel: 8.9, P〈0.05) but lost significance when a multivariate analysis was carried out by means of the Cox proportional regression model with Dukes' stages as a stratification factor. It is concluded that immunohistochemically demonstrated MT expression is significantly associated with tumour stages but does not represent an independent prognostic variable in colorectal cancer. However, it may provide important information about some of the biological mechanisms underlying progression in colorectal cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197552
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitatory amino acid receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla mediate hypertension induced by carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation (1994)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 349 (1994), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Kynurenate ; Excitatory amino acid receptor ; Vasopressin ; Chemoreceptor ; Vasopressin antagonist ; Rostral ventrolateral medulla ; Carotid body ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is involved in the mediation of cardiovascular responses to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. To investigate whether excitatory amino acid inputs in the RVLM are related to the responses to chemoreceptor stimulation, we microinjected kynurenate, an amino acid antagonist, unilaterally into the RVLM and examined its effects on the pressor response to stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. The carotid chemoreceptors were stimulated with isotonic solutions of inorganic phosphate solution. Stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors produced increases in blood pressure. Kynurenate injected ipsilaterally but not contralaterally into the RVLM markedly inhibited the pressor response to chemoreceptor stimulation. In rats with spinal transection, stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors also produced increases in blood pressure. The pressor response in rats with spinal transection was inhibited by intravenous injection of a vasopressin antagonist or by kynurenate injected ipsilaterally into the RVLM. Kynurenate injected into the RVLM inhibited the pressor response to NMDA, AMPA and kainate but not to acetylcholine in intact rats. These findings indicate that excitatory amino acid receptors are involved in mediating the pressor response to carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation in the rat RVLM. It appears that the chemoreceptor stimulation produces an increase in vasopressin release and the enhancement of vasopressin release is also mediated by an increase in excitatory amino acid inputs in the RVLM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258457
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical and histopathological study of factors affecting MRI signal intensities of pituitary adenomas (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 298-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; MRI ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pituitary hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to elucidate the factors which determine the MRI signal intensities of pituitary adenomas. We examined 51 patients with surgically-confirmed pituitary adenomas. Using a spin-echo pulse sequence (SE 500/15), coronal and sagittal images (3 mm slices) were obtained. Signal intensities on T1-weighted images were measured in the parenchyma of the adenoma and in normal grey matter. The relative intensity of the adenoma was assessed by calculating the ratio of its signal intensity to that of the normal grey matter of the same patient. Parafin-embedded sections were used for haematoxylin and eosin staining. The number of cells in a prescribed area was counted, and the mean of five such counts was taken as the cell density. Immunohistochemically stained sections using antibodies for various pituitary hormones were similarly examined; the ratio of the total number of hormone-positive cells to the overall total number of adenoma cells was calculated. Four independent variables were used in the analysis: the age of the patient, the maximum diameter of the adenoma, the cell density and the proportion of hormone-positive cells in the adenoma and, with the signal intensity ratio as the dependent variable, a multiple regression analysis was performed. This revealed that the the greatest influence upon the signal intensities on T1-weighted images was the proportion of hormone positive cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593265
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zytokeratin-positives Angiosarkom der Nebenniere (1994)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 15 (1994), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Angiosarkom ; Nebenniere ; Immunhistochemie ; Intermediärfilamente ; Zytokeratine ; CD 31 ; Key words Angiosarcoma ; Adrenal gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intermediate filaments ; Cytokeratins ; CD 31
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cytological, biopsy and autopsy findings in a patient suffering from massively metastasizing adrenal angiosarcoma are reported. Histogenetic typing of the tumour initially manifestating itself by osseous and liver metastases was problematic with regard to its partially epithelioid structure and its positivity upon cytokeratin immunostaining. Of relevance for the correct typing was the finding that the tumour cells in addition exhibited positivity for vascular markers. This case confirms literature data according to which cytokeratin expression not infrequently may be encountered in endothelial neoplasms and which by no means should lead to exclude such a tentative diagnosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über zytologische, bioptische und autoptische Befunde bei einem Patienten mit fortgeschritten metastasiertem adrenalen Angiosarkom. Die korrekte histogenetische Klassifikation der sich zunächst durch ossäre und Leberabsiedlungen manifestierenden teilweise epitheloiden Neoplasie war konventionell-morphologisch und wegen des immunhistologisch positiven Zytokeratin-Nachweises problematisch. Bedeutung für die Diagnosesicherung hatte die zusätzlich nachgewiesene Positivität der Tumorzellen für vaskuläre Marker. Der beschriebene Fall bestätigt Literaturbefunde, nach denen eine Zytokeratin-Expression unter Angiosarkomen nicht selten angetroffen wird und keinesfalls zum Ausschluß einer entsprechenden Verdachtsdiagnose führen darf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050043
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feuchtes Autoklavieren Der einfachere Weg zur Antigendemaskierung (1994)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 15 (1994), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Autoklavieren ; Mikrowelle ; Immunhistochemie ; Antigen-Demaskierung ; Key words Wet autoclaving ; Microwave pretreatment ; Immunohistochemistry ; Antigen retrieval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Wet autoclaving is a simple, reliable and time-effective method for antigen retrieval in routinely processed archival material. Both routine diagnostic (e. g., oestrogen and progesterone receptors, cytoskeletal proteins) and research antibodies (e. g. various p53 antibodies, mdm-2, bcl-2, MIB-1) are reported to demonstrate its application. Wet autoclaving may allow successful application of antibodies in paraffin-embedded tissues designed for use on frozen sections. The technique has the poten-tial to reliably handle up to 200 sections at a time, without evidence of any significant damage to the sections or nuclear morphology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Technik des feuchten Autoklavierens wird eine einfache, verläßliche und zeitsparende Methode zur Antigen-Demaskierung an Formalin-fixiertem und Paraffin-eingebettetem Gewebe vorgestellt. Anhand einer Reihe von Antikörpern (Östrogen- und Progesteronrezeptoren, Zytoskelettproteine, verschiedene p53-Antikörper, mdm-2, bcl-2, MIB-1 u. a.) verwendeter Antikörper werden die Vorteile dieser Methode beschrieben. Das feuchte Autoklavieren ermöglicht bei einigen sonst nur am Gefrierschnitt einsetzbaren Antikörpern auch deren Anwendung am Paraffinschnitt. Für den Routinepathologen ist die leichte Handhabung sowie die hohe Reproduzierbarkeit von Vorteil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050064
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osteosarkom – Apoptose und Proliferation Untersuchung zur bcl-2-Expression (1994)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 15 (1994), S. 337-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter bcl-2 ; Osteosarkom ; Apoptose ; programmierter Zelltod ; Immunhistologie ; Proliferation ; Key words bcl-2 ; Osteosarcoma ; Apoptosis ; programmed cell death ; Immunohistochemistry ; Proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relationsship between the growth of tumors and the expression of the protooncogen Bcl-2 could be shown in epithelial tumors. A bcl-2 expression leads to a prolonged cell survival due to an inhibition of apoptosis. The potential meaning of bcl-2 expression in mesenchymal tumors remains still unknown. The fact, that the heterogenous group of osteosarkoma is not sufficiently characterized at present, suggested to investigate the bcl-2 expression in osteosarcoma. Thus, immunohistochemistry was used to analyze 47 specimens of different osteosarcomas of 36 patients. Sixteen cases (46 %) showed a strong expression of bcl-2 and 13 cases (35 %) were moderately positiv for bcl-2. Seven cases (19 %) were negative for bcl-2. The heterogenous, negative up to strong expression of bcl-2 yield clues, that the Bcl-2 controlled regulation of programmed cell death could be an important factor of cellular kinetics. Additionally the cellular proliferationrate was determined with the monoklonal antibody MIB 1, directed against the Ki-67 epitop. The data of bcl-2 expression and cellular proliferationrate lead to a classification correlating with the histological classification. To verify the importance of apoptosis in the genesis of mesenchymal tumors and whether Bcl-2 may play an important role as a predictive factor for the prognosis of osteosarcoma, further investigations will be needed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei zahlreichen epithelialen Geweben konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen Tumorwachstum und der Expression des Protoonkogens Bcl-2 nachgewiesen werden. Eine bcl-2-Expression ist verbunden mit verlängertem Zellüberleben infolge einer Apoptoseinhibition. Hingegen ist über die bcl-2-Expression und deren mögliche Bedeutung in mesenchymalen Tumoren wenig bekannt. Da die heterogene Gruppe der Osteosarkome mit den derzeitigen methodischen Mitteln nicht hinreichend charakterisierbar ist, wurde die bcl-2-Expression untersucht. Immunhistologisch wurden 47 Osteosarkompräparate von 36 Patienten unterschiedlicher Subtypen analysiert. Von den 36 Fällen zeigten in der Biopsie 16 Fälle (46 %) eine stark positive und 13 Fälle (35 %) eine mittelgradig positive bcl-2 Expression. Sieben Fälle (19 %) waren bcl-2-negativ. Die heterogene, fehlende bis starke bcl-2-Expression deutet darauf hin, daß in Osteosarkomen die Bcl-2-gesteuerte Regulation des programmierten Zelltodes einen Faktor in der zellulären Wachstumskinetik darstellt. Zusätzlich wurde die Proliferationsrate, anhand des gegen das Ki-67-Antigen gerichteten monoklonalen Antikörper MIB-1 bestimmt. Aus den Daten zur bcl-2-Expression und Proliferationsrate ergibt sich eine Einteilung, die eine Übereinstimmung mit der histologischen Klassifikation aufweist. Welche Bedeutung die Apoptose in der Genese mesenchymaler Tumoren hat und ob die bcl-2-Expression einen prädiktiven Wert für die Prognose von Osteosarkomen besitzt, bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050063
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    Electronic Resource
    Ektopes Meningeom in der Tonsille (1994)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 15 (1994), S. 358-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tonsillentumor ; Primär extrakranielles Meningeom ; Atypisches Meningeom ; Immunhistologie ; Key words Tumour of the palatine tonsil ; Primary extracranial meningioma ; Atypical meningioma ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a primary extracranial meningioma located in the palatine tonsil. Immunohistochemical investigation of the tumour showed coexpression of vimentin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). No staining was found with antibodies against cytokeratins KL 1, 13/10, 8 and 18, epithelial membrane antigen EMA and melanoma protein (HMB-45). It seems justifiable to classify this tumour as an atypical meningioma because of the local increased mitotic activity.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieses ist nach unseren Kenntnissen der 1. Fallbericht eines primär extrakraniellen, in der Tonsille lokalisierten Meningeoms. Immunhistologisch wies der Tumor eine Koexpression von Vimentin und neuronspezifischer Enolase (NSE) und eine negative Reaktion mit Antikörpern gegen die Zytokeratine KL 1, 13/10, 8, 18, das epitheliale Membranantigen EMA und Melanom Protein (HMB 45) auf. Aufgrund der lokal gesteigerten Mitoserate scheint es gerechtfertigt, den vorliegenden Tumor als atypisches Meningeom zu klassifizieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050067
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hyperfiltration on long-term follow-up of glomerular filtration rate in male Wistar rats (1994)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 8 (1994), S. 710-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Glomerular filtration rate ; Technetium-DTPA ; Hyperfiltration ; Uninephrectomy ; High-protein diet ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that a prolonged course of hyperfiltration could lead to progressive deterioration of renal function. In order to test this hypothesis, the following protocol was applied to 60 male Wistar rats. At 12 weeks of life, the rats were submitted to a surgical procedure: sham operation (25 rats), unilateral nephrectomy (25 rats) or 3/4 nephrectomy (10 rats). The three groups were again divided into two subgroups: one with high-protein intake (36%) and one with a low-protein intake (12%). In order to avoid any additional traumatic procedure which could shorten the animal's life, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured without blood sampling, using a previously validated technique based on an image recorded by a gamma camera between the 9th and the 10th min after intravenous injection of99m technetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA). The sum of both kidneys and bladder activity was expressed as a percentage of the injected dose. The test was performed before surgery and every month thereafter. Six weeks after surgery, the highest filtration rate was found in the rats with “two kidneys/high-protein diet”, followed by the “two kidneys/low-protein diet”, the “one kidney/high-protein diet”, the “one kidney/low-protein diet” and the “1/2 kidney”. The overall GFR in the one kidney/high-protein diet rat and in the 1/2 kidney rat was respectively 80% and 55% of the pre-operative values. Until 109 weeks of age, the survival rate was comparable in the five groups of rats. At 109 weeks of age, non-significant changes in renal function were observed, the follow-up slopes of the different subgroups being more or less parallel. At that age, the lesions of glomerular sclerosis were focal and discrete, without significant differences in the five groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00869097
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  • 38
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    Ramipril prevents the detrimental sequels of chronic NO synthase inhibition in rats: hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and renal insufficiency (1994)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 350 (1994), S. 646-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ; Kidney ; Heart ; Hypertension ; Renal haemodynamics ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with ramipril was studied in male Wistar rats during long-term inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Chronic treatment with l-NAME in a dose of 25 mg/kg per day over 6 weeks caused myocardial hypertrophy and a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (245 ± 16 mmHg) as compared to controls (155+4 mmHg). Animals receiving simultaneously l-NAME and ramipril were protected against blood pressure increase and partially against myocardial hypertrophy. L-NAME caused a significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR: 2.56+0.73 ml·kg−1·min−1) and renal plasma flow (RPF: 6.93±1.70ml·kg−1·min−1) as compared to control (GFR: 7.29±0.69, RPF: 21.36±2.33ml·kg−1·min−1). Addition of ramipril prevented l-NAME-induced reduction in GFR and renal plasma flow. l-NAME produced an elevation in urinary protein excretion and serum creatinine and a decrease in potassium excretion which was antagonised by ramipril. L-NAME-induced increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) was further elevated with ramipril treatment. Isolated hearts from rats treated with l-NAME showed increased post-ischaemic reperfusion injuries. Compared to controls duration of ventricular fibrillation was increased and coronary flow reduced. During ischaemia the cytosolic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, as well as lactate in the venous effluent were increased. Myocardial tissue values of glycogen, ATP, and creatine phosphate were decreased, whereas lactate was increased. Coadministration of ramipril reversed these effects. l-NAME treatment reduced the cyclic GMP content in urine and renal arteries, and was not changed by additional ramipril-treatment. In the kidney hyalinosis of arterioles and of glomerular capillaries, as well as mesangial expansion and tubular atrophies seen after long-term inhibition of NO synthase were reduced by coadministration of ramipril. In conclusion, long-term ACE inhibition by ramipril prevented l-NAME-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, and attenuated functional and morphological changes in the kidneys. In addition, cardiac-dynamic and -metabolic deterioration induced by L-NAME was normalised by co-treatment with ramipril.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169370
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    Electronic Resource
    Halothane anesthesia enhances the effect of dopamine uptake inhibition on interstitial levels of striatal dopamine (1994)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 350 (1994), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Halothane ; Vanoxerine ; GBR 12909 ; d-Amphetamine ; Dopamine uptake ; Microdialysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The anesthetic, isoflurane, has been shown to potentiate the ability of the dopamine (DA)-uptake inhibitor, nomifensine, to increase the brain interstitial dopamine level ([DA]e). Since the effect of the more commenly used anesthetic, halothane, on this system is unknown, we determined [DA]e by microdialysis in the striatum of rats, conscious or anesthetized with halothane, in the presence of the more selective DA uptake inhibitor, vanoxerine (GBR 12909), or the DA releaser, d-amphetamine. Basal [DA]e was not changed by halothane. However, in halothane-anesthetized rats, the vanoxerine (3 mg/kg i.v.)-induced DA response increased severalfold compared to the response in conscious rats. The initial peak response to d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg i.v.) did not change, but the late response (1–3 h after injection) was augmented in anesthetized rats. Halothane is believed to increase firing of DA neurons in the substantia nigra and, hence, to release striatal DA. We hypothesize that [DA]e, is maintained at a normal level during the increased firing by equally increased activity of the DA transporter. However, when the DA transporter is blocked by vanoxerine, the increased DA release is unimpaired and [DA]e rises.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175028
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Convulsant action of a benzodiazepine receptor agonist/inverse agonist Ro 19-4603 in developing rats (1994)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 350 (1994), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Seizures ; Development ; Rat ; Benzodiazepine ; Inverse agonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist Ro 19-4603, administered intraperitoneally, was found to induce two types of motor seizures, i.e. minimal, predominantly clonic and major, generalized tonic-clonic, in rats at all developmental stages studied (7, 12, 18 and 25 days old). The developmental profile of the two types of seizure was different. Minimal seizures could be induced easily in the two youngest groups, whereas there were no marked differences in the induction of major seizures between the age groups. A lethal outcome was more common in 18- and 25-day-old rats than in younger animals. The convulsant action of the benzodiazepine agonist/inverse agonist Ro 19-4603 shows only quantitative changes during post-natal development in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178957
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Messenger RNA levels of lung extracellular matrix proteins during ozone exposure (1994)
    Springer
    Lung 172 (1994), S. 15-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Rat ; DNA ; mRNA ; Collagen ; Fibronectin ; c-myc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Continuous exposure of rats to ozone has been shown to result in lung epithelial damage, inflammation, and subsequent increases in collagen content. The main goal of this study was to identify the earliest time point of altered extracellular matrix protein gene expression by utilizing Northern blot analyses of rat lungs continuously exposed to 1.0 ppm ozone for 14 days. An early increase of steady-state fibronectin mRNA levels was observed at 2 days of exposure, prior to the time point of increased type I collagen mRNA, which was seen at 4 days. This increased level of type I collagen mRNA preceded measurable changes in total lung collagen content, observed at 7 days. In addition, peak levels of the growth-related proto-oncogene c-myc mRNA could be correlated with maximal increases of lung DNA content, although the initial increase in c-myc mRNA preceded measurable changes of total lung DNA. The use of specific cDNA probes for measuring altered gene expression can be useful for defining the early cellular and molecular events in ozone-induced lung injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186166
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  • 42
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    The AMPA antagonists NBQX and GYKI 52466 do not counteract neuroleptic-induced catalepsy (1994)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 349 (1994), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: AMPA receptor ; NBQX ; GYKI 52466 ; Dizocilpine ; Quinpirole ; l-DOPA ; Catalepsy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The AMPA antagonists NBQX (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) and GYKI 52466 (4.8, 8 mg/kg) were investigated in haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg)-induced catalepsy in the rat. The effects of AMPA antagonists administered either alone or in combination with the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (0.02 mg/kg), with the dopamine D-2 agonist quinpirole (1 mg/kg) or with L-DOPA (50, 100 mg/kg plus benserazide) were tested. NBQX or GYKI 52466 did not exert anticataleptic effects, neither alone nor in combination with dizocilpine, quinpirole or l-DOPA. Thus, in the rat inhibition of AMPA receptors with NBQX or GYKI 52466 does not have effects predictive for an antiparkinsonian potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178207
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Carotid artery stenosis and tachyarrhythmias: regional cerebral blood flow during high-rate ventricular pacing after one vessel occlusion in rats (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 775-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cerebral blood flow ; Carotid stenosis ; Microspheres ; Ventricular tachycardia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypotensive tachycardias on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the presence of significant carotid stenosis. The experiments were performed in 57 spontaneously breathing rats during arterial normoxia and normocapnia anesthetized with thiobarbital. CBF was determined with radio-labeled microspheres during control conditions (normofrequent sinus rhythm, normotension; group A; n = 15), during high-rate left ventricular pacing (660–840 ppm) at normotension (group B1; n = 13), borderline hypotension (group B2; n = 15) and severe hypotension (group B3; n = 7). In addition, CBF measurements were performed during borderline hypotension induced by hemorrhage (group C; n = 7). Global CBF was 1.09 ± 0.29 ml g−1 min−1 in group A, 0.93 ± 0.40 in group B1, 0.68 ± 0.31 in group B2 (P 〈 0.05 vs. A), 0.42 ± 0.16 in group B3 (P 〈 0.05 vs. A) and 0.83 ± 0.2 in group C. The highest CBF values were found in the cerebellum (A; 1.43 ± 0.5 ml g−1 min−) and the lowest in the postocclusive tissue of the ipsilateral hemisphere (A; 0.74 ± 0.2 ml g−1 min−1). In all groups a 15% mean CBF reduction in the right hemispherical cerebrum in comparison to the left hemisphere was observed (P 〈 0.01). In contrast, hemispherical CBF of the cerebellum did not differ. The CBF blood pressure relationship shifted to lower CBF values, the threshold of CBF regulation shifted to higher blood pressure values in the tissue regions distal to the occluded vessel during hypotensive tachycardias. One carotid artery occlusion and high rate ventricular pacing seem to be a reliable model for quantifying cerebral hemodynamics during arrhythmias in the presence of carotid stenoses. Using this experimental approach it was demonstrated that hypotensive tachycardias and obstructions within the ectracranial carotid vascular bed such as arterial vessel stenoses and occlusions have an additive effect on CBF reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180546
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1994), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Tissue concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent evidence suggests that 13-hydroxy metabolites of anthracyclines may contribute to cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and the 13-hydroxy metabolite daunorubicinol in plasma and tissues, including the heart. Fisher 344 rats received 5 mg kg–1 daunorubicin i.v. by bolus injection. Rats were killed at selected intervals for up to 1 week after daunorubicin administration for determination of concentrations of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, and skeletal muscle. Peak concentrations of daunorubicin were higher than those of daunorubicinol in the plasma (133 ± 7 versus 36 ± 2 ng ml–1; P 〈 0.05), heart (15.2 ± 1.4 versus 3.4 ± 0.4 μg g–1; P 〈 0.05), and other tissues. However, the apparent elimination half-life of daunorubicinol was longer than that of daunorubicin in most tissues, including the plasma (23.1 versus 14.5 h) and heart (38.5 versus 19.3 h). In addition, areas under the concentration/time curves (AUC∞) obtained for daunorubicinol exceeded those found for daunorubicin in almost all tissues, with the ratios being 1.9 in plasma and 1.7 in the heart. The ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations increased dramatically with time from 〈1 at up to 1 h to 87 at 168 h in cardiac tissue. Thus, following daunorubicin injection, cumulative exposure (AUC∞) to daunorubicinol was greater than that to daunorubicin in the plasma and heart. If daunorubicinol has equivalent or greater potency than daunorubicin in causing impairment of myocardial function, it may make an important contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686550
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characterization of the small proteoglycans decorin and proteoglycan-100 in heterotopic ossification (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decorin ; Proteoglycan-100 ; Heterotopic ossification ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Heterotopic ossification is a metabolically active process which shares several properties of orthotopic bone formation and, therefore, represents an excellent model for studying bone matrix components. Immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate the distribution pattern of the small proteoglycans decorin and proteoglycan-100 during different stages of heterotopic ossification of pressure sores of paraplegic patients. Decorin and proteoglycan-100 exhibited a substantially divergent distribution pattern. Decorin was detectable in the perivascular matrix of granulation tissue as well as in the stroma of heterotopic ossification. The ossification zone was stained most strongly. In contrast, proteoglycan-100 was predominantly detectable in fibroblasts and preosteoblasts in early areas of osteogenesis. In more mature forms of heterotopic ossification immunostaining was markedly reduced in osteoblasts and osteocytes and even absent in so-called bone-lining cells. However, at least some osteoclasts were strongly positive. These results suggest indicate that decorin and proteoglycan-100 are important components during the formal pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification. The expression of the small proteoglycans, especially of proteoglycan-100, correlates with different phases during heterotopic ossification, showing a maximum for proteoglycan-100 in matrix-forming cells in early phases of bone formation, but in osteoclasts in mature bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296062
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The in vivo effect of a new, in vitro, extremely potent vitamin D3 analog KH1060 on the suppression of renal allograft rejection in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 150-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D analog ; KH1060 ; Kidney transplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract KH1060 is a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog, which has exerted a considerable immunosuppressive potency in vitro. We have tested in vivo the effect of KH1060 on the suppression of renal allograft rejection in the rat. Allogenic kidney transplantation from DA donor rats to Lewis recipient rats treated intraperitoneally with KH1060 in doses from 0.2 to 6 μg/kg/day, or saline (placebo group), or CyA 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days (positive control group), was performed. Median graft survival time in KH1060-treated groups was 7–9 days, in the placebo group 6 days, whereas CyA led to long-term graft survival, 34 days in 50% of rats and 〉100 days in 50% of rats. In vivo, KH1060 failed to prolong renal allograft survival considerably, and led to development of hypercalcemia. Our results stress the existence of a large discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory effects of this vitamin D analog.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296066
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  • 47
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    Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Loading ; Strain ; Modeling ; Rat ; Ulna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adaptive changes in bone modeling in response to noninvasive, cyclic axial loading of the rat ulna were compared with those using 4-point bending of the tibia. Twenty cycles daily of 4-point bending for 10 days were applied to rat tibiae through loading points 23 and 11 mm apart. Control bones received nonbending loads through loading points 11 mm apart. As woven bone was produced in both situations, any strain-related response was confounded by the response to direct periosteal pressure. Four-point bending is not, therefore, an ideal mode of loading for the investigation of strain-related adaptive modeling. The ulna's adaptive response to daily axial loading over 9 days was investigated in 30 rats. Groups 1–3 were loaded for 1200 cycles: Group 1 at 10 Hz and 20 N, Group 2 at 10 Hz and 15 N, and Group 3 at 20 Hz and 15 N. Groups 4 and 5 received 12,000 cycles of 20 N and 15 N at 10 Hz. Groups 1 and 4 showed a similar amount of new bone formation. Group 4 showed the same pattern of response but in reduced amount. The responses in Groups 2 and 3 were either small or absent. Strains were measured with single-element, miniature strain gauges bonded around the circumference of dissected bones. The 20 N loading induced peak strains of 3500–4500 μstrain. The width of the periosteal new bone response was proportional to the longitudinal strain at each point around the bone's circumference. It appears that when a bone is loaded in a normal strain distribution, an osteogenic response occurs when peak physiological strains are exceeded. In this situation the amount of new bone formed at each location is proportional to the local surface strain. Cycle numbers between 1200 and 12,000, and cycle frequencies between 10 and 20 Hz have no effect on the bone's adaptive response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301686
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  • 48
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    Localization of H+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase II in ameloblasts at maturation (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 38-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase ; Carbonic anhydrase II ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The localization of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in rat incisor enamel organs at maturation was examined by light and electron microscopy. The immunoreactivity for both vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and CA II was intense on the ruffled border of ruffle-ended ameloblasts (RA), but moderate at the distal end of smooth-ended ameloblasts (SA). Immuno-gold particles indicated that CA II was not confined to the ruffled border of RA alone, but also distributed in the cytoplasm of RA and SA. These findings suggest that RA may secrete protons produced by CA II via the ruffled border into enamel by active transport of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Secreted protons may activate hydrolytic enzymes to degrade the organic components of enamel matrix. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase on vesicles of SA suggests that a specific configuration of ruffled borders in RA may be formed by the fusion of vesicle membranes in the distal end of cytoplasm of SA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310167
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  • 49
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    Evaluation of methotrexate tissue exposure by in situ microdialysis in a rat model (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 34 (1994), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Microdialysis ; Methotrexate ; Tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of using a microdialysis technique to obtain pharmacokinetic data on tissue exposure to methotrexate (MTX) was investigated. Microdialysis probes were implanted in the jugular vein, femoral muscle, and liver ofanesthetized male Wistar rats. MTX (100 mg/kg) was given as a bolus injection through an indwelling venous catheter, and blood samples were obtained through a second venous access and by microdialysis for a total of 6 h. Heparinized plasma, ultrafiltered plasma, and microdialysis effluent from tissue and venous probes were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Centrifugal ultrafiltration of rat plasma spiked in vitro with MTX (1–100 μM) revealed a mean binding to plasma proteins of 21%. In vitro microdialysis of this spiked plasma resulted in 23% relative recovery of the unbound fraction. In rats receiving MTX, plasma protein binding was 23% and the relative drug recovery as assessed with venous microdialysis probes was 18%. Plotting of unbound (i.e., ultrafiltrate) MTX concentrations in the blood against venous microdialysis perfusate values in the blood gave a good linear correlation with a coefficient of correlation (r 2) of 0.98. There was also a linear correlation between the total MTX concentrations in venous blood and the drug levels in microdialysis samples from muscle and liver (r 2=0.93 and 0.74, respectively). Area under the curve estimations were consistent with an MTX exposure of 30% and 46% for the muscle and liver as compared with the circulation. The present study demonstrates that the microdialysis technique can provide reproducible data on tissue exposure to MTX in an animal model and indicates that the methodology is adaptable to clinical settings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686036
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localisation of six glutathione S-transferases within the nasal cavity of the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 69 (1994), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Nasal cavity ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glutathione S-transferases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Many xenobiotics induce lesions within the nasal cavity of experimental animals which are site specific. This site selectivity may be due to regional deposition within the nasal cavity and/or the localisation of biotransformation enzymes. We have developed methodology which allows immunohistochemical localisation of xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes in transverse sections of the rat nasal cavity identical to those normally taken for pathological examination. We report the application of this methodology to six isoenzymes of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). All six isoenzymes were predominantly located within olfactory epithelium covering the ethmoturbinates (levels III and IV) and extending forwards into the dorsal meatus (level II). Squamous and transitional epithelia showed little or no staining while respiratory epithelium was weakly stained. Within the respiratory epithelium only the ciliated columnar cells and, to a lesser extent, some of the seromucous glands contained GSTs. Within olfactory epithelium the sustentacular cells, basal cells and subepithelial glands all stained positive for GSTs. The different cell types of olfactory epithelium preferentially express different GST isoenzymes: 1-1 and 2-2 were predominantly located in the subepithelial glands; 3-3, 4-4 and 8-8 in sustentacular and basal cells; 7-7 in basal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050143
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of running exercise on the bone loss induced by orchidectomy in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Rat ; Orchidectomy ; Exercise ; Strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of exercise on castration-induced osteoporosis in 3-month-old male rats weighing 264±4 g at the beginning of the experiment was studied. A testosterone deficiency was induced by orchidectomy (ORC), and the exercise group ran 10 m/minute for 1 hour a day on a treadmill at 0% grade. There were seven groups of eight rats (n=56) randomized into a control group killed at time 0, and sham, ORC and ORC and exercise groups killed at 4 and 8 weeks. ORC reduced body weight gain (with analysis of variance (ANOVA) P〈0.001), and at 4 weeks the body weight was 343±14 g in ORC group and 301±4 g in the ORC and exercise group (P〈0.01). The increase in femoral length was slower in the ORC+exercise groups. The ash weight of the tibia did not decrease significantly after ORC or ORC+ exercise. ORC did not affect 45Ca incorporation, but exercise slightly increased it in the whole tibia 8 weeks after ORC (with ANOVA P=0.057). ORC had significantly lowered the trabecular bone volume in the secondary spongiosa of the distal femur at 4 and 8 weeks, and exercise did not prevent this. This is an opposite finding to our previous study with ovariectomized female rats [12]. ORC also significantly had reduced the osteoblast-lined trabecular bone surface and the number of osteoclasts by 8 weeks after the operation. Exercise increased the osteoblast-lined surface and the number of osteoclasts. The mechanical strength of the femoral neck also was reduced after ORC and this was not prevented by exercise either. In conclusion, ORC reduces bone growth and turnover which leads to osteopenia in growing rats. Moderate treadmill exercise does not reverse the ORC-induced loss of trabecular bone and the reduced mechanical strength of the femoral neck, although it has a positive effect on the osteoblast and osteoclast indices and on calcium incorporation into bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310166
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of 1α-vitamin D3 on bone strength and composition in growing rats with and without corticosteroid treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 443-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mechanics ; Bone composition ; Vitamin D3 ; Corticosteroid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 1α-vitamin D3 were studied for 6 months in 2-month-old male and female rats on a moderately low calcium diet with or without low-dose prednisolone treatment. Both cortical bone mechanical and biochemical properties were examined. Femoral bone specimens were subjected to torsional loading tests. With age, bone strength and stiffness increased in both sexes, accompanied by an increased degree of mineralization (bone ash and calcium concentrations). During growth, strength and stiffness increased more in male than in female rats. When 1α-vitamin D3 (0.5 μg/kg/day) was given alone, bone mechanical competence improved significantly whereas insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and calcium concentrations in the bone matrix were significantly reduced. Treatment with low-dose prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) alone did not influence bone mechanical properties compared with intact control rats (without prednisolone) although a significant reduction in calcium concentration and an increased phosphorus concentration were measured. A combined therapy with prednisolone and 1α-vitamin D3 significantly increased bone strength, toughness, and stiffness compared with control bones. Both mineralization degree (ash and calcium concentration) and IGF-I concentration were decreased. We conclude that (1) mechanical properties of rat cortical bones improve relatively more in males compared with agematched females during growth which is related to increased bone mass and size, (2) low-dose prednisolone treatment does not change mechanical properties in males, and altered them only nonsignificantly in females despite a change in mineralization degree in both sexes; (3) treatment with 1α-vitamin D3 results in a consistent increase in mechanical competence of the bone accompanied by a significant decrease in IGF-I concentration in the bone matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298558
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of the neuronal expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Managanese superoxide dismutase ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Free radical ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuronal expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) was investigated by an immunohistochemical method. The brains and spinal cords from 11 patients with sALS and 20 normal controls (NCs) were used, and the following four nuclei (three motor nuclei and one autonomic nucleus) were examined: the oculomotor nucleus; the hypoglossal nucleus; the cervical motor nucleus; and Onuf's nucleus. Serial sections were stained by the Klüver-Barrera (KB) method and with human-MnSOD-specific antibodies. We counted the total number of neurons visible after KB staining and the total number of positive neurons after immunostaining. The average total number of neurons after KB staining was similar in sALS patients and NCs in both the oculomotor nucleus and Onuf's nucleus, but the number in the hypoglossal and cervical motor nuclei was significantly lower in sALS. The ratio of MnSOD-positive neurons to total neurons visible after KB staining, calculated as an index of the expression of MnSOD, was significantly higher in the oculomotor nucleus and Onuf's nucleus, and lower in the hypoglossal nucleus in sALS patients than in NCs. In the cervical motor nucleus, the ratio in sALS patients did not differ from that in NCs. These results suggest that production of toxic superoxide radicals might be increased in sALS, and that neurons that successfully induce the expression of sufficient MnSOD can survive the disease process, while those failing to activate adequate expression of the enzyme succumb to the toxic effects of the radicals and die.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294508
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance of rat CNS to brain stem infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 398-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astrocyte cultures ; Brain stem infection ; Herpes simplex virus type 1 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infection of the CNS by herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) via the trigeminal route to the brain stem was elucidated in a rat model. In contrast to the earlier described cortical and hippocampal infection after intracranial injection, the CNS showed a profound resistance to HSV-1 infection when the virus was administred by nose inoculation, as judged by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, when the distribution of HSV-1 in the brain was investigated after nose inoculation by polymerase chain reaction, viral DNA was detected at all levels from the ganglia to the cortex. When replication of HSV-1 was assayed in primary cell cultures of rat astrocytes derived from brain stem, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex, significantly lower virus yields were obtained in brain stem-derived astrocytes cultures as compared with in cortex-derived astrocytes. This finding was independent of whether HSV-1 strains used originated from brains of patients suffering from herpes simplex encephalitis or from patients with oral cutaneous lesions and lacking neurological symptoms. Also, by immunocytochemistry of cultures after HSV-1 infection, a lower number of plaques were seen in brain stem-derived astrocytes as compared with cortex-derived astrocytes. The observed relative resistance of brain stem-derived astrocytes to replicate HSV-1 might contribute to the ability of the brain stem to withstand infection during reactivation of this virus in the trigeminal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313609
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CD34 immunoreactivity in nervous system tumors (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 454-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Meningioma ; Neurofibroma ; Schwannoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CD34 is a sialylated transmembrane glyco-protein of unknown function that is present in myeloid progenitor cells, endothelial cells, and some fibroblastrelated mesenchymal cells. However, its tissue distribution is still incompletely characterized. In this study we evaluated the distribution of CD34 antigen in tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. For comparison the tumors were also stained for CD31, also known as platelet-endothelium cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein so far considered to be endothelium specific beyond its reactivity with certain hematopoietic cells. Neurofibromas showed consistently high numbers of CD34-positive spindle cells, whereas peripheral and acoustic schwannomas were negative. A subset of meningiomas (15%) showed CD34-positive tumor cells, and some were also weakly positive for CD31. Gliomas were negative. Meningeal hemangiopericytomas were consistently CD34 positive, but CD31 negative. These results indicate a moderately widespread distribution of the CD34 antigen in nervous system tumors, and necessitate caution in making conclusions regarding endothelial cell differentiation of nervous system tumors on the basis of CD34 immunoreactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389498
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and spatial localization of type I and II collagens in human thyroid cartilage (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Thyroid cartilage ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mineralization ; Ossification ; Collagens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thyroid cartilages of various ages were investigated by immunofluorescence staining for localization of the fibrillar collagen types I and II in order to understand the tissue remodeling occurring during the mineralization and ossification of thyroid cartilage. In fetal and juvenile thyroid cartilages, type I collagen was restricted to the inner and outer perichondrium, while type II collagen was localized in the matrix of hyaline cartilage. However, in advanced ages, type I collagen was also localized in the pericellular and in the interterritorial matrix of intermediate and central chondrocytes of thyroid cartilage. The matrix of peripheral chondrocytes was negative for type I collagen. This suggests that some chondrocytes in thyroid cartilage undergo a differentiation to type I collagen-producing chondrocytes. At the beginning of ossification, bone-related type I collagen was chiefly detected in the central cartilage layer, but was never deposited first from the perichondrium in the direction to the subperichondrial cartilage. This observation confirmed previous findings showing that osteogenesis mainly follows an endochondral ossification pattern. Interterritorial matrix failed to react with the type II collagen antibody in men from the beginning of the third decade, and later still in women, even after treatment with hyaluronidase. These observations indicate that major matrix changes occur faster in male than in female thyroid cartilage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239011
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parcellation of cortical areas by in situ hybridization for somatostatin mRNA in the adult rat: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal regions (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Visual cortex ; Somatosensory cortex ; Auditory cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of somatostatin mRNA within the neocortex of the rat was examined by in situ hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase-labeled probe. We sought to determine whether parcellation of the neocortex could be based upon the number and laminar location of the hybridized cells. Our investigation demonstrated that the boundaries of the neocortical areas can be determined by the distribution pattern of neurons expressing somatostatin mRNA. Few hybridized cells were located within layer IV, and this sparsity of cells within their wide granular layer marked the primary sensory areas. The occipital region was stratified, with insensely labeled cells in layers II/III and VI and faintly labeled cells in layer V. The parietal region carried a similar stratification, but more space between intensely labeled cells in layers III and V and between layers V and VI gave the region a three-tiered appearance. The temporal region displayed intensely labeled cells dispersed throughout layers III and VI and many in layer V as well as those faintly labeled without any breaks between the laminae. The distribution of the cells hybridized for somatostatin mRNA formed two configurations within the frontal region. It was difficult to identify any lamination in the first area, whereas the second area demonstrated a stratification reminiscent of the parietal region, but with only two tiers. The conclusion of the investigation is that in situ hybridization for somatostatin mRNA provides an exceptional means by which the areal boundaries within the neocortex may be drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187297
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of metallothionein in normal and pathological human skin (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 286 (1994), S. 62-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Metallothionein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monoclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression and distribution of metallothionein (MT) in frozen sections of normal and pathological human skin was studied using the monoclonal antibody L2E3 directed against MT derived from human fetal liver. Immunohistochemical staining of normal fetal and adult skin revealed strong reactivity in basal keratinocytes of epidermis and outer hair root sheath, hair matrix cells and the secretory coil, but not the exocrine portion of eccrine glands; myoepithelial cells around apocrine sweat glands were similarly stained. In epidermal hyperplasia, variable numbers of suprabasal keratinocytes were stained, whereas in interface dermatitis, interrupted staining was found in the basal layer. Weak or scattered staining was observed in squamous tumours, whereas basal cell carcinomas did not show consistent staining. The distribution of MT in normal skin was in line with the germinative role of basal keratinocytes and hair matrix cells, whereas its distribution in hyperplastic epidermis was in line with experimental animal data, and reflected the increase in the germinative pool in these conditions. It is concluded that monoclonal antibody L2E3 may serve as a valuable immunohistochemical marker in diagnostic cutaneous pathology since it labels basal keratinocytes selectively, and since it discriminates between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375845
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistological analysis of anti-melanoma host responses (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 287 (1994), S. 28-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Melanoma pathology ; Antigen CD analysis ; Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Various clinical and experimental observations point to the existence of an immunological host defense in cutaneous malignant melanoma. To identify the major effector mechanisms mediating the specific anti-tumor immune response, we examined 23 benign and neoplastic melanocytic lesions (3 nevi, 14 primary melanomas, and 3 cutaneous and 3 systemic metastases) by quantitative immunohistology, and correlated these results with the histopathological and clinical subtypes of malignant melanoma. Our analyses indicate that CD3+ T-cell receptor α/Β-expressing lymphocytes are the prevailing leukocyte subset in primary as well as secondary malignant melanoma. We further observed that in early lesions (〈0.75 mm) of superficial spreading melanoma the vast majority of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) belong to the CD4+ subset and frequently express CD45RA antigens. In more advanced tumors, the contribution of CD8+ TIL gradually increases, indicating that the quality of the anti-tumor immune response changes during the course of the disease. Finally, we found that a varying percentage of cutaneous TIL express the cutaneous leukocyte antigen which is defined by the monoclonal antibody HECA 452 and preferentially expressed by skin-seeking memory T cells. In contrast, extracutaneous melanoma metastases (liver, brain, ovary) were completely devoid of HECA 452-reactive lymphocytes. These findings suggest that lymphocytes infiltrating cutaneous melanomas belong to a memory/effector T-cell subset functionally associated with the skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370715
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histogenesis and possible mechanism of chondroid changes in mixed tumour of the skin: immunohistochemical evaluation of bone morphogenetic protein, glycosaminoglycans, keratin, vimentin and neuronal markers (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 286 (1994), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mixed tumour of skin ; Bone morphogenetic protein ; Chondrogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of immunoreactivity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), the glycosaminoglycans chondroitin 4-sulphate (C4SPG), chondroitin 6-sulphate (C6SPG), dermatan sulphate (DSPG) and keratan sulphate proteoglycans (KSPG), cytokeratin (K8.12), vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), actin, desmin, S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in mixed tumour of the skin was investigated using immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal (MoAb) and polyclonal antibodies (PoAb). A strong BMP immunoreactivity was found characteristically in outer tumour cells of tubuloductal structures and modified myoepithelial cells. Modified myoepithelial cells and chondroidally changed cells showed positive immunoreactivity for C4SPG, C6SPG and DSPG; and KSPG was more pronounced in the modified myoepithelial cells. Vimentin, S-100 protein, GFAP and NSE, but not actin and desmin, were distribute in the outer tumour cells and modified myoepithelial cells in chondroidally changed tissue. Two factors show that chondrogenesis in mixed tumour of the skin is associated with the modified myoepithelial cells through the activity of BMP and biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans as matrix substance. First, outer or basal tumour cells in mixed tumour of the skin is characterized by the presence of positive immunoreactivity for BMP, KSPG, vimentin, cytokeratin K8.12, S-100 protein, GFAP and NSE, and second, there is a matrix of chondroidally changed tissue containing the reaction products of C4SPG, C6SPG, DSPF and KSPG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387602
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 250-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Traumatic brain injury ; Hypothermia Histopathology ; Fluid percussion ; Rat ; Contusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purposes of this study were (1) to document the histopathological consequences of moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, and (2) to determine whether posttraumatic brain hypothermia (30°C) would protect histopathologically. Twenty-four hours prior to TBI, the fluid percussion interface was positioned over the right cerebral cortex. On the 2nd day, fasted rats were anesthetized with 70% nitrous oxide, 1% halothane, and 30% oxygen. Under controlled physiological conditions and normothermic brain temperature (37.5°C), rats were injured with a fluid percussion pulse ranging from 1.7 to 2.2 atmospheres. In one group, brain temperature was maintained at normothermic levels for 3 h after injury. In a second group, brain temperature was reduced to 30°C at 5 min post-trauma and maintained for 3 h. Three days after TBI, brains were perfusion-fixed for routine histopathological analysis. In the normothermic group, damage at the site of impact was seen in only one of nine rats. In contrast, all normothermic animals displayed necrotic neurons within ipsilateral cortical regions lateral and remote from the impact site. Intracerebral hemorrhagic contusions were present in all rats at the gray-white interface underlying the injured cortical areas. Selective neuronal necrosis was also present within the CA3 and CA4 hippocampal subsectors and thalamus. Post-traumatic brain hypothermia significantly reduced the overall sum of necrotic cortical neurons (519±122 vs 952±130, mean ±SE, P=0.03, Kruskal-Wallis test) as well as contusion volume (0.50±0.14 vs 2.14±0.71 mm3, P=0.004). These data document a consistent pattern of histopathological vulnerability following normothermic TBI and demonstrate hypothermic protection in the post-traumatic setting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296740
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  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of the neuronal expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words: Manganese superoxide dismutase ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Free radical ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuronal expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) was investigated by an immunohistochemical method. The brains and spinal cords from 11 patients with sALS and 20 normal controls (NCs) were used, and the following four nuclei (three motor nuclei and one autonomic nucleus) were examined: the oculomotor nucleus; the hypoglossal nucleus; the cervical motor nucleus ; and Onuf's nucleus. Serial sections were stained by the Klüver-Barrera (KB) method and with human-MnSOD-specific antibodies. We counted the total number of neurons visible after KB staining and the total number of positive neurons after immunostaining. The average total number of neurons after KB staining was similar in sALS patients and NCs in both the oculomotor nucleus and Onuf's nucleus, but the number in the hypoglossal and cervical motor nuclei was significantly lower in sALS. The ratio of MnSOD-positive neurons to total neurons visible after KB staining, calculated as an index of the expression of MnSOD, was significantly higher in the oculomotor nucleus and Onuf's nucleus, and lower in the hypoglossal nucleus in sALS patients than in NCs. In the cervical motor nucleus, the ratio in sALS patients did not differ from that in NCs. These results suggest that production of toxic superoxide radicals might be increased in sALS, and that neurons that successfully induce the expression of sufficient MnSOD can survive the disease process, while those failing to activate adequate expression of the enzyme succumb to the toxic effects of the radicals and die.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294508
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  • 63
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    Electronic Resource
    Fine structural and immunohistochemical identification of perineurial cells connecting proximal and distal stumps of transected peripheral nerves at early stages of regeneration in silicone tubes (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words: Perineurial cells ; Nerve regeneration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Epithelial membrane antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Perineurial cells are specialized connective tissue cells that form a barrier between endoneurium and epineurium in normal nerves. In the present study, the formation of the perineurium after transection of rat sciatic nerves was investigated. The cord bridging the gap between proximal and distal stumps through silicone tubes was studied 3, 7, 12, 18, and 21 days after surgery using electron microscopy and antibodies against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), a marker for perineurial cells that has thus far not been applied to the study of differentiating cells in nerve tubulation systems. Initially, a thin cord consisting of fibrin bridged the gap between the stumps. At 7 days, longitudinal cells had migrated from both stumps toward the center of the tubes on the surface of the fibrin cord. These cells were immunoreactive with anti-EMA. At 12 days, ultrastructural features of perineurial cells (desmosomes, tight junctions, actin filaments with dense bodies, tonofilaments) were prominent in these cells. Subsequently, the gap was bridged through the perineurial tube by endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, Schwann cells, and axons. At 21 days, a single large nerve fascicle ensheathed by a mature perineurium was found between the stumps. Thus, the first cells to connect proximal and distal stumps in the investigated nerve regeneration silicon chamber system are perineurial cells. Through the tube formed by these cells, blood vessels and nerve fibers bridge the gap. Therefore, establishment of a perineurial connection between nerve stumps appears to be important in the sequence of events during nerve regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294509
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  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic inclusions of astrocytic elements of glial tumors: special reference to round granulated body and eosinophilic hyaline droplets (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 501-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Round granulated body ; Eosinophilic hyaline droplets ; Astrocytic tumors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Round granulated body (RGB) and eosinophilic hyaline droplets (EHDs) have been described as cytoplasmic inclusions of certain astrocytic tumors. In the previous literature, however, these inclusions have been described using various terms or regarded as nosologically the same entity. Light microscopically, RGB apeared as a round discrete body filled with fine uniform granules, while EHDs demonstrated a cluster of bright eosinophilic, round objects of various size. They could be clearly distinguished even by conventional histochemical staining such as the Masson trichrome stain and the phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin preparation. Both RGB and EHDs expressed positive immunoreactions for glial fibrillary acidic protein, several lysosomal markers, and some stress-response proteins. The ultrastructural appearances of these inclusions were distinct, however, one common feature was that they consisted of aggregations of numerous membrane-bound electron-dense bodies. Thus, both inclusions appear to be produced by neoplastic astrocytes and are possibly related to the lysosomal system. We examined the presence of RGB and EHDs in 138 astrocytic tumors. Both inclusions occurred most frequently in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, followed by gangliogliomas and pilocytic astrocytomas. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas exhibited only RGBs. RGBs and EHDs were not seen in any abundance in glioblastomas, gliosarcomas, fibrillary astrocytomas, protoplasmic astrocytomas, or oligo-astrocytomas. Some glioblastomas, however, showed only EHDs in small numbers. Several anaplastic astrocytomas were associated with a large number of RGBs and/or EHDs, and they revealed only rare mitosis despite marked cellular pleomorphism. Although RGB and EHDs have different morphological features, the presence of these inclusions in abundance may represent either a degenerative change, a long-standing lesion, or an indolent growth of the astrocytic tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296486
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  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic inclusions of astrocytic elements of glial tumors: special reference to round granulated body and eosinophilic hyaline droplets (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 501-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Round granulated body ; Eosinophilic ; hyaline droplets ; Astrocytic tumors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Round granulated body (RGB) and eosinophilic hyaline droplets (EHDs) have been described as cytoplasmic inclusions of certain astrocytic tumors. In the previous literature, however, these inclusions have been described using various terms or regarded as nosologically the same entity. Light microscopically, RGB appeared as a round discrete body filled with fine uniform granules, while EHDs demonstrated a cluster of bright eosinophilic, round objects of various size. They could be clearly distinguished even by conventional histochemical staining such as the Masson trichrome stain and the phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin preparation. Both RGB and EHDs expressed positive immunoreactions for glial fibrillary acidic protein, several lysosomal markers, and some stress-response proteins. The ultrastructural appearances of these inclusions were distinct, however, one common feature was that they consisted of aggregations of numerous membrane-bound electron-dense bodies. Thus, both inclusions appear to be produced by neoplastic astrocytes and are possibly related to the lysosomal system. We examined the presence of RGB and EHDs in 138 astrocytic tumors. Both inclusions occurred most frequently in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, followed by gangliogliomas and pilocytic astrocytomas. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas exhibited only RGBs. RGBs and EHDs were not seen in any abundance in glioblastomas, gliosarcomas, fibrillary astrocytomas, protoplasmic astrocytomas, or oligo-astrocytomas. Some glioblastomas, however, showed only EHDs in small numbers. Several anaplastic astrocytomas were associated with a large number of RGBs and/or EHDs, and they revealed only rare mitosis despite marked cellular pleomorphism. Although RGB and EHDs have different morphological features, the presence of these inclusions in abundance may represent either a degenerative change, a long-standing lesion, or an indolent growth of the astrocytic tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296486
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    Glial activation and white matter changes in the rat brain induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: an immunohistochemical study (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 484-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion ; Glial activation ; White matter changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Activation of glial cells and white matter changes (rarefaction of the white matter) induced in the rat brain by permanent bilateral occlusion of the commom carotid arteries were immunohistochemically investigated up to 90 days. One day after ligation of the arteries, expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen in microglia increased in the white matter including the optic nerve, optic tract, corpus callosum, internal capsule, anterior commissure and traversing fiber bundles of the caudoputamen. After 3 days of occlusion, MHC class I antigen was still elevated and in addition MHC class II antigen and leukocyte common antigen were up-regulated in the microglia in these same regions. Astroglia, labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein, increased in number in these regions after 7 days of occlusion. A few lymphocytes, labeled with CD4 or CD8 antibodies, were scattered in the neural parenchyma 1 h after occlusion. Activation of glial cells and infiltration of lymphocytes persisted after 90 days of occlusion in the white matter and the retinofugal pathway. However, cellular activation and infiltration in microinfarcts of the gray matter was less extensive and was substantially diminished 30 days after occlusion. The white matter changes were most intense in the optic nerve and optic tract, moderate in the medial part of the corpus callosum, internal capsule and anterior commissure, and slight in the fiber bundles of the caudoputamen. These results indicated that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced glial activation preferentially in the white matter. This activation seemed to be an early indicator of the subsequent changes in the white matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294175
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  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrated autoclave pretreatment enhancement of prion protein immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed bovine spongiform encephalopathy-affected brain (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 86-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Medulla oblongata ; Prion protein (PrP) ; Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ; Formalin-fixed tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of three pretreatment techniques for the detection of prion protein (PrP) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-affected brain tissue were compared using automated image analysis. The most abundant immunostaining was in the form of particulate expression observed in sections pretreated with hydrated autoclaving for 30 min. Considerably less immunostaining occurred in sections pretreated with formic acid and no specific particulate immunostaining was detected in sections pretreated with hydrolytic autoclaving. Hydrated autoclaving pretreatment of sections prior to PrP immunolabelling gives visualisation of widespread sites of abnormal PrP deposition in the brain, allowing detailed study of the form and distribution of the protein in routinely fixed bovine central nervous system affected with BSE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386258
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  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of neuropeptide Y- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the rat urinary bladder (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 361-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Neuropeptide Y ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Urinary bladder ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The postnatal development of neuropeptide Y- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (NPY-IR and CGRP-IR) nerve fibers in the rat urinary bladder was investigated using whole-mount preparations and cryostat sections. In newborn and 3-day-old rats, many NPY-IR nerve fibers were observed in the subserous and muscle layers. Many NPY-IR nerve cell bodies clustered at branching points of the subserous nerve bundles. Within 4 weeks after birth, these cell bodies drastically decreased in number and spread along the bundles, although the number of NPY-IR nerve fibers increased moderately. In contrast, CGRP-IR nerve fibers in newborn and 3-day-old rats were less developed, and no CGRP-IR nerve cell body was observed in any rat. However, CGRP-IR nerve fiber distribution in the urinary tissues conspicuously increased within 4 weeks after birth. Especially, an increase of the infraepithelial fibers showing a meshwork appearance was prominent in the fundus and corpus of the bladder. The infra- and intraepithelial CGRP-IR nerve meshwork of the ventral wall was more dense than that of the trigone. At 4 weeks, NPY-IR and CGRP-IR nerves were similar to those of the adult rat (8–12 weeks old). The present study suggests a correlation between the development of the peripheral nervous system in the urinary bladder and maturation of micturition behavior in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190591
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  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of MyoD1 in muscle biopsies of primary myopathies and neurogenic atrophy (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 605-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: MyoD1 ; Myopathy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurogenic atrophy ; Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the myogenic determination gene MyoD1 plays a primary role in the commitment of primitive mesenchymal cells to a striated muscle lineage and is down-regulated during later stages of differentiation. To determine the potential role of this gene in myopathic conditions, we examined its expression by means of immunohistochemical analysis, using a series of muscle biopsies from 14 patients with a variety of primary myopathies and neurogenic disorders. Utilizing the avidin-biotin-complex technique, cryostat sections were stained with monoclonal antibody 5.8 A, which we have previously described as having a high level of specificity for tumors with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Of special interest was the observation in 4 of 8 cases of neurogenic atrophy of varying levels of cytoplasmic positivity of muscle fibers, appearing to correlate with their degree of atrophy, in addition to weak nuclear staining. Muscle biopsies from 2 patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and 2 patients with autoimmune inflammatory myopathies demonstrated various levels of nuclear positivity in scattered foci that appeared to correlate with areas of regeneration. A biopsy from a single case of neurogenic atrophy secondary to infantile spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease) demonstrated diffuse but relatively weak staining of myofiber nuclei, in contrast to sections of normal striated muscle and muscle biopsies from patients with unexplained myoglobinuria, which exhibited only minimal amounts of staining. These data are compatible with observations that MyoD1 expression is related to electrical activity and muscle regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293322
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  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalised nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion disease: a rare case investigated by microscopy and immunohistochemistry (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 648-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Inclusion body disease ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Viral infection ; Primary metabolic disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A Caucasian female who was noted to be mildly microcephalic at birth was diagnosed as having cerebral palsy at the age of 1 year. Her development was delayed and she never walked or talked. She appeared relatively stable neurologically until the age of 17 years when she had an illness with fever thought to be due to a virus. She was noted to deteriorate from this time on until her death at the age of 19 years. Autopsy revealed intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions widespread throughout the brain and visceral organs. There was no evidence of inflammation. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong immunoreactivity for tau protein and neurofilament protein. Electron microscopy revealed the inclusions to be composed of homogeneous finely granular material. Scattered with the granular material in the cytoplasmic bodies were crystalline structures with a honeycomb appearance. The possibility of these changes representing an old viral infection or a primary metabolic disorder are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293327
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  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permanent increase of immunocytochemical reactivity for g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase, mitochondrial enzymes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat cerebral cortex damaged by early postnatal hypoxia-ischemia (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 612-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: KeyWordsHypoxia-ischemia ; Rat ; Perinatology Cerebral cortex ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A former study indicated that hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rat sustained during early postnatal life may result in permanent epileptic activity in the baseline electroencephalogram. We, therefore, investigated whether the presumed higher firing frequency and metabolic activity of neurons in such hypoxia-damaged cortical areas would be reflected by an enhanced light microscopic immunoreactivity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65), the mitochondrial enzymes cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase, and/or glial fibrillary acid, protein (GFAP). To that end rat pups, 12–13 days of age, were unilaterally exposed to hypoxic-ischemic conditions and, after a survival period of 2 and 6--e2--12 months, respectively, killed by perfusion fixation. After dissection of the brain, coronal vibratome sections of animals showing cortical damage were immunostained for the presence of the above-mentioned antigens. Subsequent qualitative analysis revealed that the surroundings of cortical infarctions were unambiguously characterized by a disordered neural network containing numerous nerve cells, fibers and/or endings showing an enhanced immunoreactivity for GABA, both isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase, while the astrocytes showed an enhanced immunoreactivity for GFAP. The diverse patterns of enhanced immunoreactivity suggested, furthermore, a wider low-to-high range of metabolic activities in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293323
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  • 72
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permanent increase of immunocytochemical reactivity for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase, mitochondrial enzymes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat cerebral cortex damaged by early postnatal hypoxia-ischemia (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 612-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoxia-ischemia ; Rat ; Perinatology ; Cerebral cortex ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A former study indicated that hypoxicischemic encephalopathy in rat sustained during early postnatal life may result in permanent epileptic activity in the baseline electroencephalogram. We, therefore, investigated whether the presumed higher firing frequency and metabolic activity of neurons in such hypoxia-damaged cortical areas would be reflected by an enhanced light microscopic immunoreactivity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65), the mitochondrial enzymes cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase, and/or glial fibrillary acidic, protein (GFAP). To that end rat pups, 12–13 days of age, were unilaterally exposed to hypoxic-ischemic conditions and, after a survival period of 2 and 61/2 months, respectively, killed by perfusion fixation. After dissection of the brain, coronal vibratome sections of animals showing cortical damage were immunostained for the presence of the abovementioned antigens. Subsequent qualitative analysis revealed that the surroundings of cortical infarctions were unambiguously characterized by a disordered neural network containing numerous nerve cells, fibers and/or endings showing an enhanced immunoreactivity for GABA, both isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase, while the astrocytes showed an enhanced immunoreactivity for GFAP. The diverse patterns of enhanced immunoreactivity suggested, furthermore, a wider low-to-high range of metabolic activities in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293323
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  • 73
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive axons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal development (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Corpus callosum ; Development ; Transitory axons ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many immunocytochemical studies have identified different types of neurotransmitters localized in the corpus callosum (CC) axons in the adult mammal. Few studies have looked at the development of different neurochemically identified CC systems. Previous studies on the development of cat CC axons have indicated that a large number of transitory CC axons project to the cortex during early postnatal development. The present study focuses on the development of one neurochemically identified group of CC axons in the cat, labeled with an antibody against neuropeptide Y (NPY), to determine if this group participates in transitory CC axonal growth. Cats at specified ages from birth to adulthood were studied with a routine method of immunocytochemistry for antiserum to NPY. NPY-immunoreactive (ir) CC axons were detected at all stages examined, from newborn to adult; the peak density occurred during postnatal weeks (PNW) 3–4. During PNW 1–2, the denisty of NPY-ir CC axons increased gradually; some NPY-ir axons at this age had growth cones located within the CC bundle between the cerebral hemispheres. The density of the NPY-ir CC axons decreased gradually during PNW 5–7, and from PNW 8 to maturity only a few NPY-ir CC axons were observed. These results indicate that at least two types of NPY-ir CC axons (i.e., transitory and permanent) exist during development, and that most of these axons are eliminated or only express NPY-ir for a short period during development. The results also indicate that neurochemical subsets of CC axons participate in the extensive transitory growth observed by means of the membrane tracer DiI but they may follow unique developmental timetables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185846
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  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of focal cerebral cooling on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 598-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ischemia ; Hypothermia ; Brain ; Immature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a method of focal cooling of the head and its effects on hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage in neonatal rat. Focal cooling of the head was obtained by positioning a catheter under the scalp ipsilateral to the ligated common carotid artery and by running cold water through the catheter during 2 h of systemic hypoxia. Hypoxia was produced in neonatal rats by breathing 8% oxygen for 2 h in a 37°C chamber. Animals underwent focal cooling with ipsilateral scalp temperatures ranging from 22°C to 35°C. Temperature recordings from the ipsilateral scalp, cerebral hemisphere (dorsal hippocampus) and core (rectal) were obtained. The results suggest that the method is effective in cooling of brain and also to a lesser extent in lowering of the core temperature. At a mean scalp temperature of 28°C, mean hippocampal temperature in hypoxic rat was 29.5°C and mean core temperature in hypoxic rat was 32.8°C. At a lower scalp temperature of 22°C, mean hippocampal temperature in hypoxic rat was 24.7°C and mean core temperature was 31.3°C. Neuropathologic examination 3–4 days following hypoxia-ischemia showed that focal cooling with a scalp temperature of lower than 28°C completely protected from brain damage, and that there was a trend towards greater damage with higher scalp temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293321
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  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial myopathy: correlation between oxidative defect and mitochondrial DNA deletions at single fiber level (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mitochondrial myopathy ; Ragged red fibers ; In situ hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemical techniques has been applied to study patients affected by mitochondrial myopathies with large mitochondrial (mt)DNA deletions. All patients' muscle biopsies showed ragged red fibers (RRFs) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) deficiency. Two digoxygenin-labeled, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplifed DNAs were used as probes. One probe was designed to hybridize only with wild-type mtDNAs, while the other recognized both wild-type and deleted mtDNAs. Concomitant immunocytochemical analysis using antibodies against subunits II, III, (encoded by mtDNA) and IV (encoded by nuclear DNA) of COX was carried out. In our patients deleted mtDNAs are overexpressed in COX-negative RRFs, while wild-type mtDNAs are decreased in the same fibers. Immunohistochemistry studies show that COX IV is overexpressed in RRFs and that COX II and COX III subunits are still present. Deleted mtDNAs are spatially segregated in muscle fibers, where they interfere with the local population of normal mitochondrial genomes, causing a regional deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313606
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  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch): a model for congophilic plaque formation without neurofibrillary pathology (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 371-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid angiopathy ; Enzymehistochemistry ; Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plaque-like lesions and amyloid angiopathy were investigated in the frontal cerebral cortex of four patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) (HCHWA-D), using immunohistochemical [antibodies to β amyloid protein (Aβ), β protein precursor (βPP), synaptophysin, ubiquitin (UBQ), cathepsin D, paired helical filaments (PHF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], enzymehistochemical (acid phosphatase) and silver [methenamine silver (MS) and Palmgren] staining methods. Whereas Aβ- and MS-positive diffuse plaques were found in all patients, only the three older patients showed neuritic or congophilic plaques, which were acid phosphatase and cathepsin D positive and contained βPP-, synaptophysin- and UBQ-positive, but PHF-negative neurites. These plaques were surrounded by reactive astrocytes. Similar immuno- and enzymereactivity was found around congophilic blood vessels. Thus, apart from neuronal degeneration in a subset of plaque-like lesions and around blood vessels, this study shows an age-related morphology of the plaques in HCHWA-D, corresponding to that in Down's syndrome (DS), with the difference that neurofibrillary (NF) pathology is absent in HCHWA-D in contrast to DS. HCHWA-D may be considered as a model for congophilic plaque formation not associated with NF pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310382
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of focal cerebral cooling on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 87 (1994), S. 598-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: KeyWordsIschemia ; Hypothermia ; Brain Immature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a method of focal cooling of the head and its effects on hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage in neonatal rat. Focal cooling of the head was obtained by positioning a catheter under the scalp ipsilateral to the ligated common carotid artery and by running cold water through the catheter during 2 h of systemic hypoxia. Hypoxia was produced in neonatal rats by breathing 8   % oxygen for 2 h in a 37 °C chamber. Animals underwent focal cooling with ipsilateral scalp temperatures ranging from 22 °C to 35 °C. Temperature recordings from the ipsilateral scalp, cerebral hemisphere (dorsal hippocampus) and core (rectal) were obtained. The results suggest that the method is effective in cooling of brain and also to a lesser extent in lowering of the core temperature. At a mean scalp temperature of 28 °C, mean hippocampal temperature in hypoxic rat was 29.5 °C and mean core temperature in hypoxic rat was 32.8 °C. At a lower scalp temperature of 22 °C, mean hippocampal temperature in hypoxic rat was 24.7 °C and mean core temperature was 31.3 °C. Neuropathologic examination 3–4 days following hypoxia-ischemia showed that focal cooling with a scalp temperature of lower than 28 °C completely protected from brain damage, and that there was a trend towards greater damage with higher scalp temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293321
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  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structural and immunohistochemical identification of perineurial cells connecting proximal and distal stumps of transected peripheral nerves at early stages of regeneration in silicone tubes (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurial cells ; Nerve regeneration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Epithelial membrane antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Perineurial cells are specialized connective tissue cells that form a barrier between endoneurium and epineurium in normal nerves. In the present study, the formation of the perineurium after transection of rat sciatic nerves was investigated. The cord bridging the gap between proximal and distal stumps through silicone tubes was studied 3, 7, 12, 18, and 21 days after surgery using electron microscopy and antibodies against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), a marker for perineurial cells that has thus far not been applied to the study of differentiating cells in nerve tubulation systems. Initially, a thin cord consisting of fibrin bridged the gap between the stumps. At 7 days, longitudinal cells had migrated from both stumps toward the center of the tubes on the surface of the fibrin cord. These cells were immunoreactive with anti-EMA. At 12 days, ultrastructural features of perineurial cells (desmosomes, tight junctions, actin filaments with dense bodies, tonofilaments) were prominent in these cells. Subsequently, the gap was bridged through the perineurial tube by endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, Schwann cells, and axons. At 21 days, a single large nerve fascicle ensheathed by a mature perineurium was found between the stumps. Thus, the first cells to connect proximal and distal stumps in the investigated nerve regeneration silicon chamber system are perineurial cells. Through the tube formed by these cells, blood vessels and nerve fibers bridge the gap. Therefore, establishment of a perineurial connection between nerve stumps appears to be important in the sequence of events during nerve regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294509
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch): a model for congophilic plaque formation without neurofibrillary pathology (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 88 (1994), S. 371-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid angiopathy ; Enzymehistochemistry ; Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Senile plaques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plaque-like lesions and amyloid angiopathy were investigated in the frontal cerebral cortex of four patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch) (HCHWA-D), using immunohistochemical [antibodies to β amyloid protein (Aβ), β protein precursor (βPP), synaptophysin, ubiquitin (UBQ), cathepsin D, paired helical filaments (PHF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], enzymehistochemical (acid phosphatase) and silver [methenamine silver (MS) and Palmgren] staining methods. Whereas Aβ-and MS-positive diffuse plaques were found in all patients, only the three older patients showed neuritic or congophilic plaques, which were acid phosphatase and cathepsin D positive and contained βPP-, synaptophysin-and UBQ-positive, but PHF-negative neurites. These plaques were surrounded by reactive astrocytes. Similar immuno-and enzymereactivity was found around congophilic blood vessels. Thus, apart from neuronal degeneration in a subset of plaque-like lesions and around blood vessels, this study shows an age-related morphology of the plaques in HCHWA-D, corresponding to that in Down's syndrome (DS), with the difference that neurofibrillary (NF) pathology is absent in HCHWA-D in contrast to DS. HCHWA-D may be considered as a model for congophilic plaque formation not associated with NF pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310382
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  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat embryonic heart with reference to HNK-1 immunoreactivity in the conduction tissue (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase ; HNK-1 ; Heart ; Morphogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was topographically investigated in the presumptive cardiac conduction tissue regions visualized by HNK-1 immunoreactivity in rat embryos, and AChE-positive cells were examined with the electron microscope. On embryonic day (ED) 14.5, when HNK-1 was most intensely visualized, AChE activity could not be detected enzyme-histochemically in the conduction tissue regions, except in the ventricular trabeculae and part of the AV node. On ED 16.5, however, the AChE activity was clearly demonstrated in some parts of the developing conduction tissue. One exception was the AV node region, where an AChE-positive area was in close proximity to an area showing HNK-1 immunoreactivity but did not overlap. Furthermore, AChE activity was demonstrated predominantly in the ventricular trabeculae, including cardiac myocytes, but was rather weak in the atrium. With the electron microscope, AChE reaction products were observed predominantly intracellulary in both developing conduction tissue cells and developing ordinary myocytes, and no reactivity was found in neuronal components. From ED 18.5 until birth, both AChE activity and HNK-1 immunoreactivity faded away in the conduction tissue. Thus, transient AChE activity in the embryonic heart seems to be different from the developing adult form and may be related to a morphogenetic function in embryonic tissues, as proposed by other authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187294
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  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purkinje cell compartments in the reeler mutant mouse as revealed by Zebrin II and 90-acetylated glycolipid antigen expression (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Neurological mutant ; Ganglioside ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuron migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cerebellum is organized into a series of parasagittally aligned bands that may be revealed histologically in the adult mouse by largely complementary immunostaining of Purkinje cell sets with the monoclonal antibodies Zebrin II (ZII; antigen:aldolase C) and P-path (PP; antigen:90-acetyl glycolipids). We compared the normal staining pattern using these markers and an antibody to calbindin with that found in the reeler mutants (rl/rl), in which most Purkinje cell migration is halted beneath the cerebellar white matter. The results revealed that Purkinje cells in reeler mutants, despite their ectopic location in large subcortical masses, show a clear tendency to distribute into alternating zones that either stain for Zebrin II or for P-path, with variable transition zones of mixed labeling. However, the estimated number of zones was fewer than in the normal adult cortex: roughly 7–9 zones are revealed per side in the mutant compared with 14 major divisions in wild type mice. These results raise the possibility that neurons destined to express these markers are segregated during their migration and that the final phase of migration into the cortex might involve further splitting or interdigitation between cell sets expressing the two antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235488
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  • 82
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    Fiber composition of the lateral plantar and superficial peroneal nerves in the rat foot (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Myelinated axons ; C-fibers ; Skin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the fiber composition of two nerves projecting to the rat hindpaw: the lateral plantar nerve (LPN), which innervates plantar glabrous skin and some plantar muscles, and the foot branch of the superficial peroneal nerve (fSPN), which projects to dorsal hairy skin. The LPN contains 872 (33%) myelinated axons with a size range of 1–7 μm and a peak at 4 μm. Some 200 of the myelinated axons are muscle efferents. There are 1,969 (67%) C-fibers. After neonatal capsaicin treatment, the number of C-fibers in the LPN is 61% below the normal level, but it is not significantly different from control levels after chemical sympathectomy with guanethidine. The fSPN is composed of 470 (20%) myelinated axons with a size range similar to that in the LPN. Virtually all myelinated fibers are sensory. There are 1,791 (80%) C-fibers. In neonatally capsaicin-treated animals, the occurrence of C-fibers is 65% below control levels. In chemically sympathectomized animals, the number of C-fibers in the fSPN is normal. This description of the fiber composition of the LPN and the fSPN in the rat provides a basis for future experimental studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185434
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  • 83
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    Distribution of C-CAM in developing oral tissues (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: C-CAM ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Palate formation ; Retinoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract C-CAM is a cell surface glycoprotein that is involved in cell adhesion and may play a role in histogenesis and organogenesis. It is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family, which is a subfamily of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. We have analyzed the expression of C-CAM during normal and disturbed craniofacial development in the mouse by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Developmental disturbances were induced by retinoic acid (RA) treatment of pregnant mice. Normal and malformed fetuses were examined on days 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of gestation. The expression of C-CAM was detected first at day 16. With age, the signal became gradually stronger. C-CAM was detected in the epithelia of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin, including oral and respiratory epithelia, epithelia of the developing vessels, glands and their ducts. In the RA-treated fetuses, the expression of C-CAM was higher in the epithelium of the oral cavity than in that of the nasal cavity, with a distinct borderline between differentiating nasal and oral epithelium of the palatal shelves. However, the submucosal nasal glands and ducts showed higher expression than oral glands in both normal and RA-treated mice. The expression of C-CAM did not differ significantly between control and RA-treated animals. The presence of C-CAM in all proliferating craniofacial epithelia indicates that this molecule may play an important role in development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234303
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  • 84
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    Effects of flezelastine and its enantiomers on LPS-induced IL-1β generationin vitro and LPS-induced pyrexiain vivo (1994)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 41 (1994), S. 99-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Lipopolysaccharide ; Interleukin 13 ; Pyrexia ; Flezelastine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the novel antiasthmatic/antiallergic compound flezelastine on LPS-induced actions were investigatedin vitro andin vivo. In monocytes, IL-1β generation stimulated by LPS was inhibited dose dependently.In vivo, LPS-induced fever in rats, which is at least partly driven by the release of IL-1β, was also inhibited by flezelastine. These findings suggest that flezelastine inhibits IL-1 synthesis and/or releasein vitro andin vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01986405
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  • 85
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    Renal eicosanoids and blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the lyon strain (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253302
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  • 86
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    Soluble factors produced by macrophages/monocytes inhibit lymphokine-activated killer activity in rat splenocyte cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 38 (1994), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Lymphokine-activated killer activity ; Interleukin-2 ; 2-Mercaptoethanol ; Macrophages/monocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we investigated the inhibition of interleukin-2(IL-2)-induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in rat splenocyte cultures in relation to the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and macrophages/monocytes. The presence of 2-mercaptoethanol is necessary for induction of LAK activity in rat splenocyte cultures. Removal of macrophages/monocytes from rat splenocytes by plastic or nylon-wool adherence, or iron ingestion resulted in LAK induction by IL-2 in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The effect of macrophages/monocytes on LAK activity was also studied in transwell co-cultures. In the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, the induction of LAK activity was very low in macrophage/monocyte-depleted splenocytes with macrophages/monocytes in the upper compartment of a transwell culture. In contrast, in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol a high level of LAK activity was induced in these transwell cultures, showing that 2-mercaptoethanol abolished the LAK-inhibiting capacity of macrophages/monocytes. In addition, established LAK activity was strongly inhibited when, after LAK induction, splenocytes were cultured with supernatant of unfractionated splenocytes, which were cultured with IL-2 but in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol abrogated the inhibiting effect of the supernatant completely. These experiments demonstrate that rat macrophages/monocytes produce 2-mercaptoethanolsensitive soluble LAK-inhibiting factors. Ultrafiltration of conditioned culture medium of macrophages/monocytes revealed the presence of LAK-inhibiting factors larger than 10 kDa. We concluded that 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive soluble factors produced by macrophages/monocytes determine the level of LAK induction in rat splenocyte cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01517171
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  • 87
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    Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriotic tissue (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 255 (1994), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Endometriosis ; Estrogen- and progesterone receptors ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 30 formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded and 20 fresh frozen samples of endometriotic tissue were analysed immunohistochemically for the concentration of estrogen and progesterone receptors. In the formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded group only 37% of the samples were estrogen receptor positive whereas 63% were receptor negative. In contrast, we found that 67% of the samples had a positive progesterone receptor status. In the fresh frozen group 60% of endometriotic tissues were estrogen receptor positive and 75% of the tissues had a positive progesterone receptor status. We could not find any correlation between the site or severity of the endometriosis or the hormonal receptor status. We were able to demonstrate that the immunohistochemical detection of hormonal receptors in endometriotic tissues is possible and that better results were obtained if fresh frozen rather than formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissues were analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02335083
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  • 88
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    Assessment of the labelling index of cohorts of the pancreatic islet cell population in phenobarbitone-treated male rats using a double immunohistochemical technique for 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine and pancreatic hormones (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 69 (1994), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Cell proliferation ; Pancreas ; 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hormones ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Phenobarbitone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A previous study demonstrated that administration of phenobarbitone to male AP Wistar rats for up to 7 days caused alterations in labelling indices (LIs) in several different tissues (including a reduction of the endocrine pancreas population LI) as determined by immunohistochemical visualisation of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into S-phase nuclei. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether treatment with phenobarbitone influenced the replicative states of specific cohorts of the islet (of Langerhans) cell population or generated a uniform depression of LI. Quantitation of the LIs of individual islet cell cohorts was achieved by utilisation of a dual immunohistochemical staining method for BrdU and islet hormones (insulin, glucagon and somatostatin) using a sequential peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP)/alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method employing diaminobenzidine and New Fuchsin chromogens, respectively. We observed reductions, increases and no change in LIs of insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-positive cells, respectively. We conclude that the decreased LI of the insulin-positive cohort was not countered entirely by the LI increase in the glucagon-positive cohort due to the larger size of the former. Furthermore, the effects of phenobarbitone treatment are not manifested generally in the islet cell population but in the insulin- and glucagon-positive cohorts only. The causation of these effects is unknown but is likely to be due to enhanced carbohydrate and hormone metabolism. We believe that the visualisation and quantitation of replicating cells in specific hormone-positive cohorts of the islet cell population provide opportunities for understanding the influence of xenobiotics and disease processes on pancreatic function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050137
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  • 89
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    Metabolism of a glucuronide conjugate of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in rats (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 69 (1994), S. 14-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Tobacco-specific nitrosamine ; 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone ; [4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)but-1-yl]- β-O-d-glucosiduronic acid ; Rat ; Urine ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Besides 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)but-1-yl]-β-O-d-glucosiduronic acid (NNAL-Glu) is another important metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) which has been detected in the urine of tobacco users and non-smokers heavily exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke. In order to evaluate the toxicological significance of NNAL-Glu formation and excretion, the metabolism of [5-3H]-NNAL-Glu was studied in rats. Five male F344 rats were administered 3.7 mg/kg [5-3H]-NNAL-Glu by i.v. injection and the metabolites in urine analysed by HPLC. More than 90% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine within the first 24 h. Unchanged NNAL-Glu accounted for 81.2±3.1% of the total radioactivity; the remaining part of the dose appears to be deconjugated resulting in the urinary excretion of NNAL (3.6±1.7%) and its α-hydroxylation (11.5±2.2%) and N-oxidation (3.6±1.6%) products. The presence of α-hydroxylation products of NNAL-Glu in urine suggests that this NNK metabolite may be activated in vivo to carcinogenic intermediates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050130
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  • 90
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    Unilateral ablation of the frontal eye field of the rat affects the beating field of ocular nystagmus (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 98 (1994), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optokinetic nystagmus ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Frontal eye field ; Hemineglect ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous saccadic orientation and compensatory eye movements in response to optokinetic and vestibular velocity steps were studied in head-restrained, pigmented rats before and 1–2 weeks after unilateral ablation of the frontal eye field (FEF). One group of rats (n=5) received a deep lesion and another group of rats (n=4) received a superficial lesion of the left FEF. Postoperative response parameters such as the duration of slow buildup of eye velocity, the steady state velocity gain, the duration of optokinetic afternystagmus and of per- and postrotatory vestibular nystagmus were similar in the two groups of rats and did not differ from preoperative values measured in the same individuals. Superimposed upon these velocity components of nystagmus was a transient orienting response that expressed itself by a shift of the beating field of nystagmus in quick phase direction (gaze shift). The amplitudes of this gaze shift in quick phase direction were asymmetric in rats with a deep FEF lesion. Gaze shift amplitudes toward the side of the lesion were significantly enhanced and gaze shift amplitudes toward the intact side were significantly reduced. Similar asymmetries were observed in the distribution of spontaneous orienting movements of these rats in the light. Spontaneous saccadic eye movements of the same animals in darkness, however, were symmetric in amplitude to either side. These deficits suggest a partial sensory hemineglect after a deep unilateral lesion of the FEF and an involvement of this structure in the selective attention for targets in visual space. Thus the FEF orients the gaze at rest by means of saccades toward points of interest and during simulated circular locomotion by means of a shift of the beating field of nystagmus toward the visual sector that will be approached next.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233977
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  • 91
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    Quantitative analysis of GABA-like-immunoreactive and parvalbumin-containing neurons in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus using a stereological method, the disector (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 99 (1994), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA ; Calcium-binding protein Hippocampus ; Disector ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The numerical density of neurons in the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus has been estimated by a stereological method, the disector, using pairs of video images of toluidine blue-stained, plastic-embedded, 0.5-μm-thick sections, 3 μm distant from each other. The chemical properties of those disector-counted cells were further analyzed by postembedding immunocytochemical methods on adjacent, semithin sections using antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a specific calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV). The density of neurons in the CA1 region was 35.2 × 103/mm3; numerical densities in the stratum oriens (SO), stratum pyramidale (SP), and strata radiatum-lacunosum-moleculare (SRLM) were 11.3 × 103/mm3, 272.4 × 103/mm3, and 1.9 × 103/mm3, respectively. The numerical densities of GABA-like immunoreactive (GABA-LIR) and PV-immunoreactive (PV-IR) neurons were 2.1 × 103/mm3 and 1.1 × 103/mm3, respectively, which were 5.8% and 3.2% of all neurons, respectively. In the CA1 region only about 60% of PV-positive neurons were GABA-LIR. However, taking the previous observation into consideration that almost all hippocampal PV-positive neurons were immunoreactive for the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), neurons that were immunoreactive to either GABA or PV or both (GABA+ and/or PV + neurons) were regarded as a better representative of GABAergic neurons in this region; thus, the numerical density of these GABA + and/or PV + neurons was 2.5 × 103/mm3 and they were 7.0% of all neurons in the CA1 region. Lamellar analysis showed that the numerical densities of GABA+ and/or PV+, GABA-LIR, and PV-IR neurons were highest in the SP, where they were 8.2 × 103/mm3, 6.2 × 103/mm3, and 5.4 × 103/mm3, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that the proportions of GABAergic neurons and a subpopulation of them, PV-containing GABAergic neurons, to other presumable non-GABAergic neurons are far smaller in the CA1 region of the hippocampus than in several neocortical regions previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239593
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  • 92
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    An iontophoretic study of the effects of α-amino-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis on cholinergic and GABAergic influences on frontal cortex neurones of rats (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 98 (1994), S. 441-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid lesion ; Cholinergic ; GABAergic ; Nucleus basalis ; Iontophoresis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Unilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) produced by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid in rats caused, 8–10 weeks after the lesion, a 94% reduction in cortical acetylcholinesterase fibres and reduced activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase by 70–80% in the frontal cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. In anaesthetized unlesioned control rats, iontophoretic administration of acetylcholine and carbachol produced atropine-sensitive inhibition and excitation of frontal cortical neurones, effects similar to those produced by electrically stimulating the NBM. The lesion reduced cortical neuronal firing rates but increased the percentage and sensitivity of neurones responding to acetylcholine, the predominant response changing from inhibition to excitation; response duration increased but latency was unaffected. The size of the response of individual neurones to carbachol, but not the percentage of sensitive neurones, was also increased in lesioned animals. The proportion of neurones responding to bicuculline and their individual sensitivities were increased by the lesion, suggesting that the lesion increased GABAergic tone; responses to glutamate were unchanged. The lesion did not affect the proportion of neurones in which acetylcholine modulated neuronal responses but reversed the nature of the modulation to predominantly excitatory; excitation was the predominant response to electrical forepaw stimulation in unlesioned control animals. This suggests a possible interaction between GABAergic and cholinergic mechanisms in selective attention and processing of cognitive information. Acute administration of di-isopropyl fluorophosphate to unlesioned animals significantly increased the number of frontal cortical neurones responding to acetylcholine, without affecting individual neuronal sensitivity or responses to carbachol and glutamate. The similarity of these effects to those of acetylcholine in lesioned animals suggests that the increased sensitivity to acetylcholine in the latter was due to loss of acetylcholinesterase, enabling diffusion of acetylcholine to more distant neurones. However, acetylcholinesterase does not hydrolyse carbachol and therefore it is necessary to postulate a different post-synaptic mechanism to explain the lesion-induced increases in the sensitivities of individual neurones to carbachol and to acetylcholine; interpretation of experimental findings should take these two mechanisms into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233982
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  • 93
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    Calcium-binding protein parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat olfactory bulb (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 99 (1994), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; Development ; Immunocytochemistry ; Olfactory bulb ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The laminar development of the external plexiform layer (EPL) in the rat main olfactory bulb and the postnatal development of parvalbumin-immunoreactive [PV(+)] neurons mainly located in this layer were studied in animals at postnatal week 1–4 at a light microscopic level. The EPL in the adult olfactory bulb consists of two sublayers, the inner sublayer (ISL) and the outer sublayer (OSL). The ISL was already developed well even at postnatal day 7 (P7), whereas the OSL was first recognized at P10 as a thin zone consisting of more or less loosely packed large-sized and small-to-medium-sized somata subjacent to the glomerular layer (GL). The OSL increased in thickness and came to occupy nearly one-third to -half of the EPL at P14. PV(+) neurons first appeared at P10 mainly in the inner border of EPL. Only a few PV(+) neurons were scattered in the EPL at P10, but they increased remarkably in number during P14–21. Some of these PV(+) neurons at P10 had an intensely immunoreactive soma, extending relatively long processes with varicosities and/or spines. At P14, PV(+) neurons were located not only in the ISL but also at the border between the ISL and OSL, but in the OSL proper they were rarely observed. These PV(+) neurons showed branched and complicated processes with numerous varicosities and spines, displaying more mature features than those in previous stages. Even at P14 many of these PV(+) neurons appeared to exhibit some characteristic structural features of those in the adult stage. At P21, PV(+) neurons were observed in the OSL and thus showed almost the adult pattern in their distribution and morphological features. The present study showed the development of PV(+) neurons in the rat main olfactory bulb and the difference between the ISL and OSL of the EPL in postnatal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239587
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  • 94
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    Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen on amoeboid microglial cells in early postnatal rat brain following intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 100 (1994), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Amoeboid microglia Major histocompatibility complex Type 3 complement receptor ; Endotoxin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats given two single intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 1 and 4 days of age and killed at 7 days of age, 11.5–12% of amoeboid microglial cells (AMC) in the supraventricular corpus callosum were induced to express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen, as detected with monoclonal antibody OX-6. The MHC class II antigen induced was colocalized with MHC class I antigen and type 3 complement receptors on the same cells. The expression of MHC class II antigen on the plasma membrane of AMC was confirmed in immunoelectron microscopy. Although OX-6-positive AMC often assumed a perivascular position, the majority of them, however, were far removed from the blood vessels. The cytoplasmic processes of the perivascular OX-6-positive AMC appeared to rest directly on the vascular lamina, and in some section profiles they were in contact with a large surface area of the outer wall of small blood vessels. It is concluded from this study that although MHC class II antigen is not constitutively present on AMC, it is, however, inducible under stimulation with LPS. It is, therefore, suggested that the OX-6-positive AMC, especially the perivascular AMC, may have the potentiality to function as antigen-presenting cells in the developing brain when challenged by LPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227198
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  • 95
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    Estrogen reduces the excitability of the female rat medial amygdala afferents from the medial preoptic area but not those from the lateral septum (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 101 (1994), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Amygdala ; Estrogen ; Preoptic area ; Septum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electrical stimulation of the medial amygdala (AMY) elicited antidromic action potentials in neurons in the preoptic area (POA) and the lateral septum (LS) of 36 urethane-anesthetized ovariectomized female rats, which were either treated with estrogen o not treated. The extracellular potentials from the two sites showed similar characteristics, with the exception of the sensitivity to estrogen: they had latencies between 3 and 35 ms. Thresholds were as low as 100 μA. The mean relative refractory period was 2.2 ms. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of the positive-negative biphasic potential ranged from 1.0 mV to 12.0 mV. Estrogen had site-specific effects on parameters of antidromic activation in the POA. Estrogen-treated rats had a significantly higher threshold (937 vs 664 μA) and a longer refractory period (2.5 vs 2.1 ms) than the ovariectomized rats (P 〈 0.05 for each). The effects were absent in the LS. Selective cutting of the stria terminalis diminished the AMY-induced antidromic responses in the POA and LS. Electrical stimulation of the stria blocked the AMY-induced antidromic potentials by collision. Thus, estrogen-sensitive POA efferents as well as non-estrogen-sensitive LS efferents project to the AMY via the stria terminalis. Reductions in axonal excitability would inhibit neural conduction and transmission. Estrogen may therefore reduce the AMY inputs from the POA, without affecting those from the LS. Such alterations in the neural impulse flow may underlie estrogen-dependent neuroendocrine or behavioral regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243211
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  • 96
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    Serotonin reveals ineffective spinal pathways to contralateral phrenic motoneurons in spinally hemisected rats (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 101 (1994), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Respiratory control ; Phrenic nerve ; Motoneuron ; Spinal hemisection ; Serotonin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serotonin reveals ineffective (subthreshold) pathways from the C2 lateral funiculus to ipsilateral phrenic motoneurons in spinalized rats. The objective of the present study was to investigate serotonergic modulation of crossed-spinal pathways to contralateral phrenic motoneurons. Rats (n = 10) were anesthetized (urethane), paralyzed, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated. The spinal cord was hemisected at C1–C2 and, on the intact side, a tungsten stimulating electrode was placed ventral to the C2 dorsal root entry zone in the dorsolateral (∼ 1.1 mm) or the ventrolateral funiculus (∼2.2 mm depth). Single shocks (100–750 μA, 0.1–0.5 ms, 2 Hz) elicited a short-latency (∼ 1.0 ms to peak) excitation in the ipsilateral phrenic nerve, but usually evoked little or no response in the contralateral phrenic nerve at either stimulus site. Following systemic injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (25 mg/kg) and the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5–10 mg/kg), complex responses were revealed in the contralateral phrenic nerve, including; (1) spontaneous tonic activity; (2) a short-latency (∼1.0 ms to peak) evoked excitation; and (3) two long-latency (∼2.2 and 7.8 ms to peak) evoked excitations. The longest latency excitation was expressed only when the stimulating electrode was positioned in the dorsolateral funiculus. Contralateral evoked responses were blocked by systemic methysergide (2–6 mg/kg), a broad-spectrum serotonin receptor antagonist. These results indicate that serotonin converts ineffective crossed phrenic pathways in the spinal cord to effective pathways. It remains to be determined whether serotonin is both necessary and sufficient in this modulatory process, or if it is a nonspecific result of increased phrenic motoneuron excitability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243214
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Lowering of extracellular pH suppresses low-Mg2+-induces seizures in combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal slices (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 101 (1994), S. 44-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Acidosis ; Seizures ; Brain slices ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lowering [Mg2+]o induces epileptiform bursting in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC), presumably by activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Since increasing [H+]o has been shown to reduce NMDA receptor activation, we hypothesized that this could contribute to anticonvulsant actions of acidic pH. To test this, we studied the effects of raising extracellular PCO2 (20.6%, pH = 6.7) or lowering extracellular pH (6.7 or 6.2) on low-Mg2+-induced epileptiform discharges. Lowering the pH to 6.7 by either means increased the interval between seizure-like events (SLEs), decreased the maximal amplitude of SLEs, and, if the site of seizure generation was at a distance from the recording site, acidification slowed the rate of seizure propagation. In contrast, the duration of SLEs was unaffected by acidic pH or high PCO2. Raising PCO2 or lowering pH to 6.7 also blocked early (8–10 min) but not late (〉 20 min) phases of status-like discharges. All effects of the extracellular pH changes were fully reversible. Further lowering of extracellular pH to 6.2 completely and reversibly blocked both SLEs and status-like discharges. Our data show that the effects of high PCO2 and low pH on seizures in the EC in vitro may be dose-dependent and consistent with induction by proton blockade of NMDA receptors. Thus, blockade of NMDA currents by protons may be an important component of the anticonvulsant action of extracellular acidosis. The results also suggest that acidosis may be a desirable property for new antiepileptic treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243215
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphinic acid derivatives as baclofen agonists and antagonists in the mammalian spinal cord: an in vivo study (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 101 (1994), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Synaptic transmission ; GABAB receptors ; Baclofen agonists and antagonists ; Rat ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The actions of a series of derivatives of 3-aminopropyl-phosphinic acid as baclofen agonists and antagonists have been examined on the synaptic excitation of neurones by impulses in primary afferent fibres in the lumbar spinal cords of pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats and rats. Both the pre-and postsynaptic inhibitory actions of microelectrophoretic (-)-baclofen were reduced by similarly administered CGP 35 348, 36 742, 46 381, 52 432, 54 626 and 55 845, the latter being the most potent antagonist. None of these antagonists either decreased or increased the excitability of spinal neurones, and the inhibitory action of GABA was reduced only by local concentrations of antagonists which also reduced the action of piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, a GABAA agonist. Although the weak inhibitory effect of 3-aminopropylphosphinic acid in both the rat and the cat was not reduced by these baclofen antagonists, the pre-and postsynaptic inhibitory effects of 3-aminopropyl-methyl-osphinic acid (CGP 35 024), which was more potent than (-)-baclofen, were reduced by the antagonists. Like (-)-baclofen, CGP 35 024 was relatively ineffective in reducing transmitter release in the cord from the terminals of excitatory spinal interneurones, the terminals of excitatory tracts in the dorsolateral funiculus and the cholinergic terminals of motor axon collaterals. In both rat and cat cords, receptors for (-)-baclofen could not be demonstrated to be activated by microelectrophoretic GABA, possibly because of the predominantly dendritic location of GABAB receptors. Spinal pre-and postsynaptic baclofen receptors appeared to be pharmacologically similar but differed from those in the higher central nervous system of the rat, where 3-aminopropylphosphinic acid has been reported to be an effective baclofen agonist. The compounds tested, particularly CGP 55 845 and 46 381, will be of use in further investigations of the physiological relevance of baclofen receptors at central synapses where GABA may be the transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243217
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Re-initiated growth from mature ventral mesencephalon: an in oculo transplant study of nigrostriatal co-grafts (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 101 (1994), S. 73-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Striatum ; Transplant Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of mature dopaminergic neurons derived from ventral mesencephalon to re-initiate growth after making contact with a non-innervated target was studied using the intra-ocular grafting model. Foetal ventral mesencephalic tissue or brain stem including the locus coeruleus area was grafted to the anterior chamber of the eye. Two weeks, 6 weeks or 1 year after the first implantation, foetal striatal tissue was placed in contact with the nigral graft or grafted alone. The size of the transplants was measured through the cornea. The final size of the striatal grafts was significantly larger when placed alone than when co-grafted with 1-year-old or 6-week-old dopaminergic grafts. Striatum grafted together with 2-week-old nigra was larger than when grafted adjacent to mature substantia nigra, but not significantly so. Nerve fibre outgrowth into the iris from the nigral transplants did not increase after maturation, but the re-innervated area of the host iris progressively increased around the locus coeruleus grafts. Ingrowth of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive nerve fibres into the striatal grafts was studied 6 weeks after the second implantation. TH immunohistochemistry revealed innervation of the striatal piece in all cases, except for the group where striatum alone was grafted. With the short survival time for cografts of 6 weeks, TH-positive nerve fibres innervated a larger volume, had a patchy appearance and the density was higher in striatum grafted to 2 week-old nigral transplants than that seen in striatal transplants grafted to mature nigral grafts. The patchy pattern of TH-immunoreactive nerve terminals was also seen in striatum co-grafted with 6-week-old or 1-year-old nigral transplants. No difference in striatal innervation volume was detected between those latter two groups. When striatum was implanted adjacent to mature ventral mesencephalon and grown together for 6 months — the longer survival time — the same dense TH-positive innervation as seen in striatum co-grafted with immature nigral tissue at the shorter survival time was found. Additionally, the nigral part of the co-grafts showed increased TH-immunoreactive nerve fibre density. In conclusion, dopaminergic neurites from mature ventral mesencephalic transplants can re-initiate growth if placed in contact with non-innervated striatal tissue. The nigral grafts do not progressively re-innervate the host iris, while locus coeruleus grafts do. The intra-ocular grafting model can be used to study the in vivo effects of trophic factors on mature dopaminergc neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243218
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum to morphologically characterized entorhinal-hippocampal projection neurons in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 101 (1994), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampal formation ; Parahippocampal cortex ; Perforant pathway ; Limbic system ; Neuroanatomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relations between the inputs from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum and the cells in the entorhinal cortex that give rise to the perforant pathway have been studied in the rat at the light microscopical level. Projections from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum were labeled anterogradely, and, in the same animal, cells in the entorhinal cortex that project to the hippocampal formation were labeled by retrograde tracing and subsequent intracellular filling with Lucifer Yellow. The distribution and the number of appositions between the afferent fibers and hippocampal projection neurons in the various layers of the entorhinal cortex were analyzed. The results show that layers I–IV of the entorhinal cortex contain neurons that give rise to projections to the hippocampal formation. The morphology of these projection neurons is highly variable and afferents from the presubiculum and the parasubiculum do not show a preference for any specific morphological cell type. Both inputs preferentially innervate the dendrites of their target cells. However, presubicular and parasubicular projections differ with respect to the layer of entorhinal cortex they project to. The number of appositions of presubicular afferents with cells that have their cell bodies in layer III of the entorhinal cortex is 2–3 times higher than with cells in layer II. In contrast, afferents from the parasubiculum form at least 2–3 times as many synapses on the dendrites of cells located in layer II than on neurons that have their cell bodies in layer III. Cells in layers I and IV of the entorhinal cortex receive weak inputs from the presubiculum and parasubiculum. Not only is the presubiculum different from the parasubiculum with respect to the distribution of projections to the entorhinal cortex, they also differ in their afferent and efferent connections. In turn, cells in layer II of the entorhinal cortex differ in their electrophysiological characteristics from those in layer III. Moreover, layer II neurons give rise to the projections to the dentate gyrus and field CA3/CA2 of the hippocampus proper, and cells in layer III project to field CA1 and the subiculum. Therefore, we propose that the interactions of the entorhinal-hippocampal network with the presubiculum are different from those with the parasubiculum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243220
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