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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Living donor ; Adult patient ; Right lobe graft ; Small-for-size graft ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Transplantation ; Complications ; PTLD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1973–1998, among 2 139 allograft recipients treated with standard immunosuppression, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) developed in 19 patients (0.9 %): one plasmacytic hyperplasia, two polymorphic PTLD, one myeloma, and 15 lymphomas. PTLD developed 1 year after transplantation (tx) in 14 patients. Five patients were diagnosed at autopsy, 2 were lost to follow up, 3 died before therapy could be instituted, and 1 patient has just started chemotherapy. Of the 8 evaluable patients, 2 received acyclovir and are alive in complete remission (CR) and 6 received chemotherapy ± surgery. Of these 6, 4 died of lymphoma and/or infection, 1 died of unrelated causes in CR, and 1 is alive in CR. PTLD is a severe complication of tx, usually running an aggressive course which may preclude prompt diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, therapy is feasible and must be tailored on the histologic subtype. Seventy-four percent of patients were diagnosed with late-onset PTLD stressing the need for long-term follow up.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words MR arthrography ; Joint injection ; Gadolinium (intra-articular) ; Pain-rating scores ; Arthrogram ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography has been demonstrated to be more accurate than MR imaging alone in the identification of a variety of musculoskeletal pathology. While the complication rate of intra-articular gadolinium: saline injection has been shown to be relatively low, MR arthrography is more invasive, painful, and costly, and less convenient, than MR imaging alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients’ perception of the fear and discomfort, and to assess their overall acceptance of the intra-articular gadolinium injection. Design and patients. Between October 1997 and January 1998, 113 outpatients who were referred to Yale-New Haven Hospital for MR arthrography of the ankle, elbow, hip, knee, shoulder, or wrist were asked to complete a questionnaire rating their fear of factors most commonly associated with the procedure including ”pain”, ”needles”, ”complications”, and ”discovery of results that would lead to surgery”. In addition, after having undergone the intra-articular gadolinium:saline injection, patients were asked to rate their perception of pain. Results. While many patients expressed fear of ”pain” and ”needles”, after having undergone the injection their overall pain rating score was low. Only 6% actually found gadolinium arthrography more painful than expected. Conclusion. Despite the fact that patients expressed apprehension about certain aspects of MR arthrography, subjects who underwent the intra-articular gadolinium injection considered the discomfort less than expected. Clinicians should not hesitate to order MR arthrography because the accuracy of the procedure is high enough that patients accept the discomfort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone subchondral cyst ; Acetabulum ; Interventional radiology ; Complications ; Methylmethacrylate ; Chondrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Percutaneous injection of methylmethacrylate is now increasingly employed to treat bone lesions, both malignant and benign. However, the risks of this procedure are still to be fully established. In this report, we describe a case of rapid chondrolysis appearing after the intra-articular leakage of cement during injection of an acetabular subchondral cyst, resulting in hip replacement. Although the mechanism of such chondrolysis is unknown, this event suggests a chondrolytic effect of the acrylic cement. Thus, it is essential to systematically search for the presence of an intra-articular passage before injecting bone cement into a peri-articular cyst. This unusual complication highlights the need for rigorous evaluation of the benefits and risks of percutaneous injection of acrylic cement in the treatment of benign lesions, especially close to an articulation.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kopfschmerz ; Kinder ; Akuttherapie ; Flupirtin ; Paracetamol ; Keywords ; Children ; Acute treatment ; Tension-type headache ; Flupirtine ; Paracetamol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: About 10% of all schoolchil- dren are suffering from migraine and 50% from tension-type headache. Headache of acute onset usually will be treated with analgesic substances like paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid or ibuprofen, the first one being the reference drug for tension-type headache in childhood. In case of lacking improvement or side-effects there is demand for an alternative safe substance for the acute analgesic therapy. Methods: In a double-blind randomised investigation flupirtine and paracetamol were given in two consecutive attacks of episodic tension-type headache. 30 children, 6–12 years old, were included. Dosage was determined according to age and weight. The children documented the acute headache intensity and duration in a special diary. Results: Headache intensity was reduced during 2 h after intake in 89% of the 19 children treated. The reduction was 6,5 to 3,1 for flupirtine and 6,9 to 3,3/10 for paracetamol. There was no statistically significant difference between the two substances. Relevant side-effects could not be observed. Conclusion: Flupirtine has shown a convincing clinical effect treating acute episodic tension-type headache for children. The substance was well tolerated by the patients. In addition, flupirtine provides a high degree of safety.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Etwa 10% aller Schulkinder leiden nach neueren deutschen epidemiologischen Untersuchungen zumindest gelegentlich an Migräne und etwa 50% an Kopfschmerzen vom Spannungstyp. Häufig nehmen sie bei Spannungskopfschmerzen analgetische Monosubstanzen wie Paracetamol, Azetylsalizylsäure oder Ibuprofen ein. Bei nicht ausreichender Wirkung bzw. Unverträglichkeit besteht Bedarf nach weiteren Substanzen für die Akutanwendung. Methode: In einer doppelblindrandomisierten und gekreuzten Anordnung wurden Paracetamol bzw. das analgetisch und muskelrelaxierend wirksame Flupirtin 30 6- bis 12jährigen Kindern für 2 episodische Spannungskopfschmerzattacken angeboten. 10 Kinder benötigten nach dem Erstkontakt keine Medikation mehr, 1 Kind lehnte die Einnahme grundsätzlich ab. Ergebnisse: Die Kopfschmerzstärke verringerte sich laut Kopfschmerztagebuch innerhalb von 2 h nach der Einnahme auf einer numerischen Schmerzskala (0–10) von 6,5 auf 3,1 unter Flupirtin und von 6,9 auf 3,3 unter Paracetamol bei 89% der verbliebenen 19 Kinder. Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen beiden Substanzen bestanden nicht. Als Nebenwirkung trat 1-mal Erbrechen unter Paracetamol auf. Schlussfolgerung: Flupirtin hat sich in der Akutphase von episodischen Spannungskopfschmerzen beim Kind bewährt. Es verfügt über eine gute Verträglichkeit. Im Vergleich zu Paracetamol scheint v.a. bei akzidenteller Überdosierung eine größere Sicherheit zu bestehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 14 (2000), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Periphere Nervenläsionen ; Begutachtung ; Neuropathie ; Minderung der Erwerbs- fähigkeit ; Keywords ; Peripheral nerve lesion ; Neuralgia-physiopathology ; Causalgia-physiopathology ; Loss of earning capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Introduction: The loss of functional capacity by peripheral nerve lesion is easy to be estimated: A certain neurologic dysfunction results in a characteristic reduction of the former individual capacity. In contrast, the effect of accompanying pain to every-day life and working ability is not known exactly. In this study, we compared the results of judgement in nerve lesions under the circumstances of additional pain syndromes. Methods: From January 1994 until Dezember 1998 we saw 57 patients with peripheral nerve lesions, part of them with an additional pain syndrome. Beside conventional neurological examination a detailed pain analysis has been done. Results: Lesions of the median or ulnar nerves showed regularly disturbences in neurological functions (10/14 for the mediane nerve, 13/16 for the ulnar nerve). Astonishing is the fact, that serious pain after nerve lesion only occurs in cases of partial nerve lesion. We saw neuralgias in 6 patients with ulnar neuropathy, in three cases of median nerve lesions we could see severe neuralgia (causalgia we found in 3 cases of ulnar neuropathy, in 6 cases after Median Nerve lesion). Patients with a lesion of the central plexus brachialis showed in 10 of 11 cases an additional pain syndrome. Other nerves have been affected more rarely. For the judgement of the loss of earning capacity we saw an additional pain related diminuition of at least 10% compared to those patients without pain problems. Conclusions: The common grading scales for peripheral nerve lesions are not suitable in cases accompanied by an additional pain syndrome. Beside a functional deficit the effect of severe pain in these patients has to be estimated. On an average, patients with addtitional pain-problems get a 10% extended loss of earning capacity, even more in particular cases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Anhand retrospektiver Daten sollten geeignete Bewertungsgrundlagen für die Begutachtung peripherer Nervenläsionen erarbeitet werden. Methode: Von Januar 1994 bis Dezember 1998 wurden insgesamt 57 Patienten (36 männlich, 21 weiblich, Durchschnittsalter 33,9 Jahre) mit dieser Fragestellung im Rahmen einer Begutachtung untersucht. Ursächlich lagen traumatische Ereignisse bei 39 (68%), postoperative Störungen bei 14 und andere Schädigungen bei 4 Patienten zugrunde. Ergebnisse: Beim N. medianus und N. ulnaris (beispielhaft) überwogen die Schmerzzustände bei inkompletten Läsionen. Neuralgien fanden sich bei 3 bzw. 6 Patienten mit N.-medianus- bzw. N.-ulnaris-Läsion. Eine Kausalgie fand sich bei 6 bzw. 3 Patienten. Mit Ausnahme von Armplexusläsionen waren andere Nerven seltener betroffen. Diese Situation wurde mit einer durchschnittlich um 10% höher gelegenen Einschätzung der Leistungseinbuße berücksichtigt, wenn gleichzeitig Schmerzen vorlagen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die für die reine Funktionseinbuße gültigen Skalen zur Bemessung peripherer Nervenläsionen können für die Begutachtung von Schmerzsyndromen nur bedingt herangezogen werden. Meist führen Schmerzen zu einer um durchschnittlich 10% höheren Einschränkung der Erwerbsfähigkeit (MdE), allerdings sind in manchen Fällen auch größere Einbußen denkbar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 14 (2000), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schmerzerkrankungen ; Krankheitsschwere ; Chronifizierungsstadien ; Mainzer Stadienmodell ; Keywords ; Chronic pain ; Grading procedure ; Mainz Pain Staging System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Introduction: Chronic pain is an individually variable experience, incorporating physical, psychological and social dimensions. Chronic pain occurs in a broad spectrum of severity; therefore, a grading procedure is of crucial importance in clinical research and in epidemiologic studies. The Mainz Pain Staging System is an interview-administered, multi-dimensional measure of chronic pain severity. The system suggests grading chronic pain in terms of 4 axes: time (persistence), spreading of pain site, medication use, and health care utilization. The whole scale consist of 10 items. The resulting score is used to classify the pain problem in three stages (I, II, III). Analysing the broader validity and parametric properties of the staging system is the purpose of the present study. Methods: The staging system and psychosocial data were administered to 542 consecutive patients of different diagnoses who attended one of six pain clinics in the year 1995/96. In a time period of 3 months since first contact, treatment procedures were registered. Three months after first contact patients rated the effectiveness of treatment concerning reduction of pain intensity. Results: According to the criteria of the staging system 25% of the sample belonged to each stage I and stage III, whereas 50% were classified to stage II. As a measure of validity, chronic pain status demonstrated significant correlation with psychological impairment, disability and time off work, whereas there was no correlation to pain intensity and persistence of pain. Surprisingly we found no difference in amount and quality of treatment between patients who were graded as severe pain patients (stage III) and the other stages. Furthermore, effectiveness of treatment also did not differ between the three stages. We made several proposals for optimizing the staging system. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of recurrent and chronic pain as well as the broadness of severity, an important issue on further research is identification of factors which influence the chronification process. For this purpose improved measures of graded classification of pain status are needed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die Beschreibung von Schmerzsyndromen ist durch eine Diagnose allein nicht ausreichend gewährleistet; erst die Angabe der Krankheitsschwere ermöglicht sowohl die Indikation der entsprechenden Behandlung als auch eine Vergleichbarkeit von Fällen. Patienten und Methode: In einer multizentrischen Studie wurde bei 542 Patienten das aus der Mainzer Arbeitsgruppe um Gerbershagen 1986 vorgestellte Stadienmodell der Chronifizierung ermittelt und in Abhängigkeit von Patienten- und Diagnosemerkmalen sowie im Hinblick auf seine parametrischen Eigenschaften analysiert. Ergebnisse und Diskussionen: Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung bestätigen die gute Validität des Verfahrens im Hinblick auf seine Unabhängigkeit von schmerzspezifischen Parametern. Es besteht theoriegemäß eine gute Übereinstimmung zum Ausmaß der emotionalen Befindlichkeit (Depression), zur subjektiven Beeinträchtigung und zum Ausmaß der Arbeitsunfähigkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch Ansätze für Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten. Einige der berücksichtigten Kriterien sind vermutlich überflüssig, während der zusätzliche Einbezug des subjektiven Beeinträchtigungserlebens notwendig erscheint. Ob ein übergreifendes Graduierungsmodell für verschiedene Schmerzerkrankungen überhaupt valide sein kann, muss eine weitergehende Analyse zeigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 14 (2000), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Flupirtin ; Langzeitbehandlung ; Keywords ; Flupirtine ; Long-term treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Case report: The worker O.H., born in 1959, had in 1992 an accident as a car driver. His injuries were a severe acceleration trauma of the cervical spine with rupture of the longitudinal ligament, a concussion of the brain, and an eye injury. Therapy: After the emergency treatment, the multidisciplinary management could not resolve the persistent musculoskeletal cervicocephal and -brachial pain syndrome. The long-term application of 100 mg flupirtine tid improved the chronic pain state for 50–60%. Due to this regimen, the patient could be rehabilitated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fallbericht: Der 1959 geborene Arbeiter (O.H.) erlitt im September 1992 als PKW-Fahrer einen Wegeunfall mit schwerem HWS-Trauma, Commotio cerebri, Oberlidverletzung und Augapfelprellung rechts. Danach persistierten zervikozephale und zervikobrachiale Schmerzen. Behandlung: Nach der Evaluation verschiedener Therapieverfahren erfolgte die Einstellung auf durchschnittlich 3-mal 100 mg Flupirtin täglich mit dem Ergebnis einer durchschnittlich 50- bis 60%igen Linderung starker, belastungsabhängiger Dauerschmerzen. Dank dieser Medikation konnte der Betroffene beruflich integriert werden.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Mehrzeilen-CT ; Elektronenstrahl-CT ; Koronar-Screening ; CT Angiographie ; Koronarsklerose ; Keywords ; Multidetector CT ; Electron beam CT ; Coronary screening ; CT angiography ; Coronary atherosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Multirow-detector-spiral-CT (MSCT) allows for 250 ms effective exposure time. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of this CT technology for non enhanced and contrast enhanced investigation of the coronary arteries. Methods: Investigation of the coronary arteries without contrast medium for quantification of coronary calcifications was performed in an obese patient (140 kg) with MSCT and electron beam CT (EBCT). In 56 patients contrast enhanced CT angiography of the coronary arteries was performed to determine image quality depending on the heart rate. Results: In the obese patient superior image quality could be achieved with MSCT allowing for reliable quantification of coronary calcifications. With MSCT angiography of the coronary arteries good image quality was achieved in patients with a heart rate of 59±8 beats per minute. Conclusion: Even if there are limitations in patients with higher heart rates with an effective exposure time of 250 ms MSCT has clear advantage of image quality in the assessment of non enhanced and contrast enhanced coronary arteries.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Mit dem Mehrzeilendetektorspiral-CT (MSCT) sind effektive Aufnahmezeiten von 250 ms möglich. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen dieser CT-Technologie zur nativen und kontrastverstärkten Untersuchung der Koronargefäße sollen in dieser Arbeit dargestellt werden. Methode: Die native Untersuchung der Koronargefäße zur Quantifizierung von Koronarkalk wurde bei einem Patienten mit Adipositas (140 kg) mit dem Elektronenstrahl-CT (EBCT) und dem MSCT vorgenommen. Bei 56 Patienten wurde eine kontrastverstärkte MSCT-Angiographie der Koronargefäße vorgenommen und festgestellt, bei welcher Herzfrequenz eine diagnostisch ausreichende Bildqualität zu erreichen ist. Ergebnisse: Bei der Untersuchung des Patienten mit Adipositas konnte mit dem MSCT eine erheblich bessere Bildqualität erreicht werden, die eine Quantifizierung von Koronarkalk erheblich erleichterte. Mit der MSCT-Angiographie der Koronargefäße konnte bei einer Herzfrequenz von 59±8 Schlägen/min eine diagnostisch gute Bildqualität erreicht werden. Schlussfolgerung: Auch wenn mit einer effektiven Aufnahmezeit von 250 ms Limitationen bei höheren Herzfrequenzen zu erwarten sind, können mit dem MSCT entscheidende Vorteile in der Bildqualität in der nativen und kontrastverstärkten Untersuchung der Koronargefäße erreicht werden.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Aneurysm, vertebral artery ; Haemorrhage, subarachnoid ; Surgery ; Embolisation ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to evaluate the surgical and endovascular treatment outcomes of ruptured intracranial vertebral artery aneurysms (RIVAA). The outcomes of 44 patients with RIVAA treated between 1983 and 1998 surgically (26), endovascularly (20) or both (2) were evaluated. The aneurysms were clipped in 24 patients, and clipped and wrapped in two. We treated 20 by the endovascular approach, 12 with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC), and eight by parent-vessel occlusion using detachable balloons. Three patients had endovascular treatment after a failed or inadequate surgical attempt. Post-treatment follow-up was 17–183 months (mean 101 months) for surgically treated patients. For the GDC-treated group angiographic follow-up was carried at 8–49 months (mean 19 months). The condition of seven (27 %) of the surgically treated patients worsened due to procedure-related complications, compared with 10 % in the endovascular treatment group. Of the patients initially presenting with Hunt and Hess grade IV or V, three of five (60 %) died who were treated surgically and two of eight (25 %) who were treated endovascularly. A good outcome was achieved in 17 surgically treated patients (85 % of the survivors) and in 16 of the endovascular group (89 % of the survivors). This present “same-site” report on treatment of a specific abnormality, RIVAA, treated surgically or by an endovascular approach indicates that especially in poorer Hunt and Hess grade patients, the latter may offer a clinical outcome as good as that of surgery, although long-term efficacy of GDC treatment is still to be determined.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 15 (2000), S. 66-69 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Biopsy ; Kidney ; Complications ; Percutaneous ; Internet ; e-mail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Technological improvements have reduced the frequency of complications in children receiving a percutaneous renal biopsy. No study has systematically compared the safety of open and percutaneous kidney biopsy. Yet many nephrologists consider a single native kidney an absolute contraindication to percutaneous biopsy. We have established an international registry of single native kidney biopsies in children and we now report our early results. Eight biopsies are included. Seven patients had percutaneous biopsies and one an open biopsy. None of the patients had major complications, and adequate tissue was obtained from all. Our limited experience indicates that the presence of a single native kidney is not an absolute indication for an open approach. We encourage our colleagues to report to the international registry in order to further document the safety of percutaneous biopsy of the single native kidney in children.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 71 (2000), S. 572-574 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: Mucocele ; Ileostomy ; Complications ; Hartmann procedure. ; Schlüsselwörter: Mucocele ; Ileostoma ; Komplikationen ; Hartmannstumpf.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über eine 53 jährige Patientin, bei der 22 Jahre nach Anlage eines Ileostomas wegen eines Morbus Crohn eine Stenose im distalen Colonsegment (Hartmannstumpf) zu einer mucocelenartigen Transformation und nachfolgenden Ruptur geführt hat. Über die Ruptur eines stillgelegten Colonabschnitts nach Anlage eines Ileostomas wurde bisher offenbar noch nicht berichtet.
    Notes: Abstract. We report an unusual complication in a 53-year-old woman following ileostomy for Crohn's disease 22 years previously. A stenosis of the distal colonic segment was the reason for the formation and subsequent rupture of a huge colonic mucocele. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a ruptured mucocele of colonic origin after ileostomy.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 97 (2000), S. 781-783 
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Katarakt-Chirurgie ; Komplikationen ; IOL-Luxation ; Doppel IOL ; Doppelbilder ; Keywords Cataract surgery ; Complications ; Intraocular lens dislocation ; Double intraocular lens implant ; Double vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An 80-year-old man had intraoperative loss of an intraocular lens (IOL) in the vitreous and simultaneous implantation of an anterior chamber lens. For the first 3 years his course was uncomplicated, but after this time he noted monocular double vision. The IOL in the vitreous had moved into the optic axis of the eye. The case presented here underlines the possibility of complications occurring even years after surgery due to an IOL left behind in the vitreous. The double IOL implant technique should be reserved for very few selected indications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einem 80-jährigen Patienten war nach intraoperativer Luxation einer intraokularen Linse (IOL) in den Glaskörper (GK) eine zweite IOL in die Vorderkammer implantiert worden. Nach zunächst komplikationslosem Verlauf, bemerkte der Patient 3 Jahre später monokulare Doppelbilder, offensichtlich durch eine Mobilisierung der IOL im GK in die optische Achse. Der beschriebene Fall zeigt, dass Komplikationen einer in den GK luxierten IOL auch nach längerer Zeit noch auftreten können. Die Doppelimplantationstechnik sollte ganz wenigen Ausnahmefällen vorbehalten werden.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Okuläres vernarbendes Pemphigoid ; Therapie ; Komplikationen ; Glaukom ; Key words Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid ; Therapy ; Complications ; Glaucoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cicatricial pemphigoid (CP) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blistering and progressive cicatrization affecting the skin and mucosa. Ocular involvement occurs in approximately 70% of the patients. Methods: The course of the disease, complications and putative risk factors in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) treated at the Departments of Ophthalmology and Dermatology were analyzed retrospectively from 1986 to 1998. Results: Eighteen of 28 patients (64%) with CP demonstrated ocular involvement. The mean age of patients with OCP was 73 years; 61% were female. At the time of referral to our hospital, all patients had reached advanced stage III (83%) or IV (17%) of OCP. In 38% of patients vision was already reduced to 〈20/200 at first presentation. Twenty-eight percent of patients additionally suffered from glaucoma. Two patients exhibited life-threatening extraocular manifestations of CP (larynx stricture, esophagus stricture). Conjunctival or mucosal biopsies were performed in 15 patients with OCP and showed typical immunodeposits at the basement membrane zone in 12/15 patients. Therapy with dapsone (12 patients), oral steroids (11 patients), azathioprine (5 patients), cyclophosphamide (4 patients), colchicine (2 patients) and methotrexate (1 patient) was used concomitantly or consecutively. Complications of OCP including entropion, recurrent epithelial erosions, corneal ulcers, keratitis, and corneal perforations required multiple surgical interventions such as entropion surgery (8 patients), tarsorrhaphy (3 patients), mucous membrane grafting (1 patient), amniotic membrane transplantation (1 patient), tectonic keratoplasty (1 patient), keratoprosthesis (1 patient) and enucleation (1 patient). Despite control of the inflammatory process, further visual loss occurred in 53% of eyes. Reading visual acuity could only be maintained in 35% of eyes. Discussion: Early diagnosis and therapy can prevent ocular complications of OCP. This study indicates that advanced stages of the disease often result in irreversible visual loss despite institution of immunosuppressive therapy. Whether or not the high association of OCP with glaucoma and/or anti-glaucomatous treatment in our patients represents part of the underlying disease process or plays a role in the pathogenesis of OCP must still be clarified.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das vernarbende Pemphigoid (cicatricial pemphigoid, CP) ist eine seltene, mit subepidermaler Blasenbildung und Vernarbung einhergehende Autoimmunerkrankung, die sich an Haut und Schleimhaut manifestiert. Eine Augenbeteiligung liegt bei etwa 70% der Patienten vor. Methode: Retrospektiv wurden Krankheitsverlauf, klinische Komplikationen und mögliche Risikofaktoren von Patienten der Augen- und Hautklinik mit vernarbendem Pemphigoid von 1986–1998 untersucht. Ergebnisse: 18/28 Patienten (64%) mit CP hatten eine okuläre Beteiligung. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten mit okulärem vernarbendem Pemphigoid betrug 73 Jahre, 61% der Patienten waren weiblich. Bereits bei Erstvorstellung in unserer Klinik bestand bei allen Patienten ein Krankheitsstadium III (83%) oder IV (17%), mit einem Visus 〈0.1 in 38% der Augen. Bei 28% der Patienten wurde zusätzlich ein Glaukom diagnostiziert. Zwei Patienten zeigten eine lebensgefährliche extraokuläre Schleimhautbeteiligung (Larynx- bzw. Ösophagusstriktur). Bei 15 Patienten mit okulärem vernarbendem Pemphigoid wurde eine Bindehaut- bzw. Schleimhautbiopsie aus dem Mund oder Nasen-Rachen-Raum durchgeführt, welche die Verdachtsdiagnose bei 12/15 Patienten immunhistologisch sicherte. Eine Therapie mit Dapson (12 Patienten), oraler Kortikosteroidgabe (11 Patienten), Azathioprin (5 Patienten), Cyclophosphamid (4 Patienten), Colchizin (2 Patienten) und Methotrexat (1 Patient) wurde in Folge oder Kombination eingesetzt. Komplikationen wie Lidfehlstellungen, rezidivierende Epitheldefekte, Hornhautulzera, Keratitiden und Hornhaut-Perforationen erforderten multiple operative Eingriffe wie Entropium-Operation (8 Patienten), Tarsorrhaphie (3 Patienten), Kryoepilation (2 Patienten), Mundschleimhaut-Transplantat (1 Patient), Amniontransplantat (1 Patient), tektonische Keratoplastik (1 Patient), Keratoprothese (1 Patient) und Enukleation (1 Patient). Trotz befriedigender Kontrolle des okulären vernarbenden Pemphigoids kam es bei 53% der Augen zum weiteren Visusabfall. Ein Lesevisus konnte nur in 35% der Augen erhalten werden. Schlußfolgerung: Wahrscheinlich kann die Früherkennung und rechtzeitige Behandlung des okulären vernarbenden Pemphigoids okuläre Komplikationen verhindern. Diese Studie zeigt, daß trotz immunsuppressiver Therapie in Spätstadien häufig ein irreversibler Visusverlust resultiert. Es bleibt zu untersuchen, ob die auffällig hohe Assoziation von okulärem vernarbendem Pemphigoid zu Glaukom bzw. antiglaukomatöser Therapie in unserem Patientenkollektiv als Folge der Grunderkrankung oder als pathogenetischer Faktor zu werten ist.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arbeitsgemeinschaft “Wirbelsäule” der DGU ; Prospektive multizentrische Studie ; Thorakolumbale Wirbelsäule ; Wirbelsäulenverletzung ; Operative Behandlung ; Operative Zugänge zur Wirbelsäule ; Dorsale Stabilisierung ; Kombinierte Stabilisierung ; Ventrale Stabilisierung ; Fusionsoperation ; Fixateur interne ; Spinalkanaldekompression ; Komplikationen ; Schraubenfehllagen ; Grund-Deckplatten-Winkel ; Segmentale Kyphose ; Körperwinkel ; Sagittaler Index ; CT der Wirbelsäule ; Keywords Working group “spine” of the German Trauma Society, prospective multicenter study ; Thoracolumbar spine ; Fractures and dislocations of the spine ; Injuries of the spine ; Operative treatment ; Posterior surgery ; Combined surgery ; Anterior surgery ; Spinal fusion ; Internal fixator ; Decompression of the spinal canal ; Complications ; Misplaced pedicle screws ; Segmental kyphosis angle ; Wedge angle ; Sagittal index ; Computertomography of the spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors report on a prospective multicenter study with regard to the operative treatment of acute fractures and dislocations of the thoracolumbar spine (T10–L2). The study should analyze the operative methods currently used and determine the results in a large representative collective. This investigation was realized by the working group “spine” of the German Trauma Society. Between September 1994 and December 1996, 682 patients treated in 18 different traumatology centers in Germany and Austria were included. Part 2 describes the details of the operative methods and measured data in standard radiographs and CT scans of the spine. Of the patients, 448 (65.7%) were treated with posterior, 197 (28.9%) with combined posterior-anterior, and 37 (5.4%) with anterior surgery alone. In 72% of the posterior operations, the instrumentation was combined with transpedicular bone grafting. The combined procedures were performed as one-stage operations in 38.1%. A significantly longer average operative time (4:14 h) was noted in combined cases compared to the posterior (P〈0.001) or anterior (P〈0.05) procedures. The average blood loss was comparable in both posterior and anterior groups. During combined surgery the blood loss was significantly higher (P〈0.001; P〈0.05). The longest intraoperative fluoroscopy time (average 4:08 min) was noticed in posterior surgery with a significant difference compared to the anterior group. In almost every case a “Fixateur interne” (eight different types of internal fixators) was used for posterior stabilization. For anterior instrumentation, fixed angle implants (plate or rod systems) were mainly preferred (n=22) compared to non-fixed angle plate systems (n=12). A decompression of the spinal canal (indirect by reduction or direct by surgical means) was performed in 70.8% of the neurologically intact patients (Frankel/ASIA E) and in 82.6% of those with neurologic deficit (Frankel/ASIA grade A–D). An intraoperative myelography was added in 22% of all patients. The authors found a significant correlation between the amount of canal compromise in preoperative CT scans and the neurologic deficit in Frankel/ASIA grades. The wedge angle and sagittal index measured on lateral radiographs improved from −17.0° and 0.63 (preoperative) to −6.3° and 0.86 (postoperative). A significantly (P〈0.01) stronger deformity was noted preoperatively in the combined group compared to the posterior one. The segmental kyphosis angle improved by 11.3° (8.8° with inclusion of the two adjacent intervertebral disc spaces). A significantly better operative correction of the kyphotic deformity was found in the combined group. In 101 (14.8%) patients, intra- or postoperative complications were noticed, 41 (6.0%) required reoperation. There was no significant difference between the three treatment groups. Of the 2264 pedicle screws, 139 (6.1%) were found to be misplaced. This number included all screws, which were judged to be not placed in an optimal direction or location. In seven (1.0%) patients the false placement of screws was judged as a complication, four (0.6%) of them required revision. The multicenter study determines the actual incidence of thoracolumbar fractures and dislocations with associated injuries and describes the current standard of operative treatment. The efforts and prospects of different surgical methods could be demonstrated considering certain related risks. The follow-up of the population is still in progress and the late results remain for future publication.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren berichten über eine prospektive multizentrische Studie zur operativen Behandlung frischer Verletzungen des thorakolumbalen Übergangs (Th10 bis L2). Die Studie soll die derzeitigen Behandlungsmethoden und ihre Ergebnisse an einem großen Kollektiv repräsentativ analysieren und wird von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft “Wirbelsäule” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU) erarbeitet. An 18 unfallchirurgischen Kliniken in Deutschland und Österreich wurden von September 1994 bis Dezember 1996 insgesamt 682 Patienten prospektiv erfasst. Die Nachuntersuchung der Patienten ist z. Z. noch nicht abgeschlossen. Im Teil 1 (Epidemiologie) wurden Studiendesign und epidemiologische Daten des Kollektivs dargestellt. Der vorliegende Teil 2 schildert die Details der Operationen sowie Messdaten der konventionellen Röntgenuntersuchungen und Computertomographien (CT); 448 (65,7%) Patienten wurden von dorsal, 197 (28,9%) kombiniert dorsoventral und 37 (5,4%) isoliert von ventral operiert; 72% der 448 von dorsal stabilisierten Patienten erhielten eine transpedikuläre Spongiosaplastik. Die kombinierten dorsoventralen Eingriffe wurden bei 75 (38,1%) Verletzten einzeitig und bei 122 (61,9%) zweizeitig durchgeführt. Die durchschnittliche Operationszeit war bei kombiniertem Eingriff mit 4:14 h signifikant länger als bei dorsalem (p〈0,001) oder ventralem (p〈0,05). Der durchschnittliche Blutverlust war bei dorsalem und ventralen Vorgehen vergleichbar hoch und signifikant geringer als bei kombinierter Operation (p〈0,001 bzw 〈0,05). Die intraoperative Durchleuchtungszeit war mit 4:08 min bei dorsaler Behandlung am längsten und signifikant (p〈0,005) länger als bei ventraler. Als dorsales Implantat wurde fast ausnahmslos ein Fixateur interne verwendet (8 verschiedene Modelle). Bei den ventralen Eingriffen kamen überwiegend winkelstabile Platten- oder Stabsysteme (n=22) und seltener winkelinstabile Platten (n=12) zum Einsatz. Der Spinalkanal wurde bei 82,6% der Patienten mit neurologischem Defizit und bei 70,8% derjenigen ohne Ausfallserscheinungen direkt mit Eröffnung des Spinalkanals oder indirekt mit Hilfe des Instrumentariums dekomprimiert. Eine intraoperative Myelographie wurde bei 22% der Patienten für notwendig gehalten. Wir fanden eine statistisch signifikante Korrelation zwischen dem Ausmaß der neurologischen Beeinträchtigung und der Einengung des Spinalkanals im präoperativen CT. Der im seitlichen Röntgenbild ermittelte Körperwinkel des betroffenen Wirbels und der sagittale Index betrugen im Gesamtkollektiv präoperativ im Mittel −17,0° und 0,63; postoperativ lagen die Werte bei −6,3° und 0,86. Eine signifikant (p〈0,01) stärkere Verformung des Wirbelkörpers bestand präoperativ in der kombinierten gegenüber der dorsalen Gruppe. Der segmentale Kyphosewinkel GDW 1 wurde von prä- zu postoperativ durchschnittlich um 11,3° und der GDW 2 um 8,8° lordosiert. Die signifikant (p〈0,005) größte Korrektur wurde bei den kombiniert Behandelten erzielt. Bei insgesamt 101 (14,8%) Patienten wurden intra- oder postoperative Komplikationen beobachtet, davon 41 (6,0%) revisionspflichtige. Die 3 Behandlungsgruppen wiesen unterschiedliche Komplikationsraten auf, der Unterschied war jedoch nicht signifikant (χ2-Test). Die Rate von Fehllagen transpedikulärer Schrauben betrug 139 von 2264 (6,1%) Schrauben; jede nicht optimal plazierte Schraube wurde dabei als Fehllage dokumentiert. Bei 7 (1,0%) Patienten wurde eine Schraubenfehllage als Komplikation gewertet und 4 (0,6%) von diesen wurden deswegen revidiert. Die Sammelstudie ermöglicht eine aktuelle Standortbestimmung für Verletzungshäufigkeiten und -muster sowie die verschiedenen, heute angewendeten Operationsmethoden. Mit der multizentrischen Studie konnten erstmals der operative Aufwand sowie Möglichkeiten und Risiken der verschiedenen Behandlungsformen dargestellt werden. Weiterführende Ergebnisse sind von den noch andauernden klinischen und radiologischen Nachuntersuchungen zu erwarten.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Implantatpositionierung ; Epiphysiolysis capitis femoris ; Komplikationen ; Behandlungskonsequenzen ; Keywords Implant position ; Slipped capital femoral epiphysis ; Complications ; Consequences of treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Which consequences can be ascribed to the intraarticular position of devices in the operative treatment of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis? Which steps are to define as a standard of a careful procedure? The clinical and radiological results of five cases of a pin or nail penetration after the operative treatment of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis are described, a possible connection of causalities is investigated. The intraarticular position of devices in most cases goes along with an unfortunate clinical outcome and leads to a higher risk of developing chondrolysis. Because of the radiologic overprojection with the femoral head it is possible to oversee the malposition of the pin. Any operative treatment of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis requires a careful intraoperative X-ray examination combined with documentation. With this procedure the bad results of an intraarticular implant position must be ascribed to the reminding risk of a fateful development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Welche Folgen bei der operativen Behandlung der Epiphysioslysis capitis femoris sind einer intraartikulären Implantatlage zuzurechnen, und welche Maßnahmen sind als Sorgfaltsmaßstab zu definieren? Anhand von 5 Fällen mit intraartikulärer Implantatlage nach der operativen Behandlung einer Epiphysiolysis capitis femoris werden die klinischen und radiologischen Folgen aufgezeigt und ein möglicher Kausalzusammenhang anhand der Literatur untersucht. Die intraartikuläre Implantatlage geht meistens mit einem ungünstigen klinischen Ergebnis einher und führt zu einer erheblichen Risikoerhöhung für das Auftreten einer Chondrolyse. Durch Überlagerung mit dem Femurkopf kann sich die Fehlposition des Implantates der radiologischen Diagnostik entziehen. Jede operative Behandlung der Epiphysiolysis capitis femoris erfordert eine sorgfältige intraoperative Durchleuchtungskontrolle, eine entsprechende Dokumentation ist zu empfehlen. Bei einem solchen Vorgehen sind die Folgen einer intraartikulären Position des Implantats als Restrisiko dem schicksalshaften Verlauf zuzurechnen.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 103 (2000), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Radiusköpfchenfraktur ; Primäre Resektion ; Osteosynthese ; Sekundäre Resektion ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Radial head fracture ; Primary resection ; Osteosynthesis ; Secondary resection ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Apart from comminuted fractures of the radial head the indication for resection of the radial head is discussed controversially. To evaluate our own results, the hospital notes of 113 patients treated between 1.1.1984–31.12.1994 in our clinic by posttraumatic primary or secondary radial head resection were examined retrospectively. 79 patients were controlled by clinical and radiological examination with an average follow-up of 37,8 months. We examined at 46 patients the influence of additional lesions of the elbow joint on the functional outcome. In 33 patients follow up was done with special regard to the time of resection. Poor results due to the score from Radin and Riseborough especially followed secondary radial head resection (〉14 days after trauma) and in case of additional elbow lesions. We could not observe problems of the wrist joint after radial head resection as described by other authors. According to our own experience primary resection is recommended in case of doubtful reconstruction of the radial head. In these fracture types radial head resection should not be seen as an alternative treatment because of the worse results following secondary resection.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Abgesehen von Trümmerfrakturen wird die Indikationsstellung zur Radiusköpfchenresektion kontrovers diskutiert. Zur Evaluation eigener Ergebnisse führten wir eine retrospektive Untersuchung der 113 Patienten durch, die von 1.1.1984–31.12.1994 mittels primärer oder sekundärer posttraumatischer Radiusköpfchenresektion behandelt wurden. Nach einem durchschnittlichen postoperativen Intervall von 37,8 Monaten konnten insgesamt 79 Patienten klinisch und radiologisch nachuntersucht werden. Bei 46 Patienten wurde die Auswirkung der Begleitverletzungen auf das Endergebnis untersucht. Bei 33 Patienten erfolgte die Nachuntersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Resektionszeitpunktes. Schlechte Behandlungsergebnisse nach den Kriterien des Scores von Radin und Riseborough resultierten besonders häufig nach sekundärer Radiusköpfchenresektion (〉 14 Tage nach Trauma) und bei Begleitverletzungen des Ellenbogengelenks. Die Berichte anderer Autoren über negative Langzeitfolgen auf das Handgelenk können wir nicht bestätigen. Nach unseren Erfahrungen sollte daher bei zweifelhaften Rekonstruktionsversuchen die primäre Radiusköpfchenresektion bevorzugt werden, die aufgrund der eindeutig schlechteren Resultate nach sekundärer Resektion nicht als Option für mißlungene Erhaltungsversuche des Radiusköpfchens betrachtet werden darf.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    HNO 48 (2000), S. 508-516 
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Stimmprothese ; Komplikationen ; Laryngektomie ; Tracheoösophageale Fistel ; Keywords Voice prosthesis ; Complications ; Total laryngectomy ; Tracheoesophageal fistula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The growing popularity of prosthetic voice restoration after total laryngectomy confronts ENT specialists with an increasing number of prosthesis-related complications. The ENT specialist should be familiar with the management of these complications in order to maintain the patients speech and social rehabilitation. In a retrospective study on 108 consecutive patients, complications were encountered in 30%. The incidence was not related to the factors age or primary vs. secondary insertion of the prosthesis. Complications consisted of formation of granulation tissue (15,7%), shunt dilatation (5,5%), loss of prosthesis (3,7%), local cellulitis (2,8%), extrusion (1,9%), ingrowth of prosthesis (1,9%) and formation of excessive scar tissue with dislocation of prosthesis (0,9%). Permanent removal of the prosthesis due to complications was necessary in 3 cases (2,8%). Therapeutic measures for the management of complications are described and evaluated. The treatment of complications was well tolerated by all patients and led to satisfying results in most cases. Our observations show that prosthetic voice rehabilitation is associated with various difficulties and complications, but that these can be handled quite easily and successfully in the majority of cases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die wachsende Beliebtheit der prothetischen Stimmrehabilitation nach Laryngektomie konfrontiert den HNO-Arzt immer häufiger mit stimmprothesenbedingten Komplikationen. Als solcher sollte man daher die Komplikationen der Stimmprothesenversorgung kennen und deren Management beherrschen, um die kommunikative und soziale Rehabilitation des Patienten nicht zu gefährden. Die retrospektive Untersuchung von 108 Stimmprothesenträgern erbrachte eine Komplikationshäufigkeit von 30%. Eine Abhängigkeit der Komplikationsinzidenz vom Alter des Patienten oder vom Faktor primäre / sekundäre Protheseneinlage gab es dabei nicht. Häufigste Komplikation war die Entwicklung von Granulationsgewebe (15.7%), gefolgt von Shunterweiterung (5,5%), Prothesenverlust (3,7%), lokalen Infektionen (2,8%), Abstoßung (1,9%), eingewachsener Prothese (1,9%), narbiger Shuntwandverdickung mit Prothesendislokation (0,9%). In nur 3 Fällen (2,8%) mußte die Stimmprothese aufgrund verschiedener Komplikationen wieder entfernt werden. Die erforderlichen therapeutischen Maßnahmen waren für die Patienten wenig belastend und führten in fast allen Fällen zu befriedigenden Ergebnissen. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen, daß die prothetische Stimmrehabilitation zwar nicht ohne Komplikationen und Schwierigkeiten ist, diese jedoch in weitaus der Mehrzahl der Fälle medizinisch leicht zu beherrschen und daher zumutbar sind.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Orale Leukoplakie ; Mundhöhlenkarzinom ; Alkohol ; Tabak ; Prävention ; Prophylaxe ; Keywords ; Oral leukoplakia ; Oral cancer ; Alcohol ; Tobacco ; Prevention ; Prophylaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Epidemiologic data for the prevalence of oral cancer show marked geographic differences. The incidence of oral cancer in younger individuals seems to be on the increase. Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in German men is 2.3%, in women 0.9%. Risk factors for oral cancer and most variants of oral leukoplakia are identical. Etiologically, tobacco and alcohol are the most important factors. Tobacco in smoked, chewed or snuffed varieties has toxic, tumorigenic and carcinogenic properties. Consumption of tobacco has markedly increased during the last 15 years in some geographic areas. In Germany tobacco consumption has increased 7.5% during the last 4 years. Alcohol affects the permeability of oral mucosa. Oral cancer as well as most forms of oral leukoplakia are avoidable diseases. Strategies for prevention encompass primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention focuses on principal avoidance of tobacco. Anti-tobacco counselling and therapy is actively practised in dental practices in some countries. Intervention includes the 4 A’s as principles (ask, advise, assist, arrange) and is based on nicotine replacement therapy. General dental practice and hospital dentistry should introduce the principles of primary prevention of tobacco consumption. A questionnaire which was sent to EU countries indicated that dental teams are willing to introduce tobacco and alcohol counselling and relevant prevention strategies.
    Notes: Epidemiologische Daten für das Mundhöhlenkarzinom zeigen ausgeprägte geographische Unterschiede. Die Inzidenz des Mundhöhlenkarzinoms bei Jüngeren scheint zuzunehmen. Die Prävalenz der oralen Leukoplakie in Deutschland liegt für Männer bei 2,3%, für Frauen bei 0,9%. Die Risikofaktoren für das Mundhöhlenkarzinom und die meisten oralen Leukoplakien sind identisch. Tabak und Alkohol spielen die größte ätiologische Rolle. Tabak in gerauchter, gekauter oder geschnupfter Form hat toxische, tumorigene und karzinogene Eigenschaften. Der Tabakkonsum, insbesondere in Form von Zigaretten, hat in den letzten 15 Jahren in manchen geographischen Bereichen deutlich zugenommen. Der Zigarettenkonsum in Deutschland stieg in den letzten 4 Jahren um 7,5%. Alkohol und Tabak wirken synergistisch. Alkoholkonsum verändert die Permeabilität der Mukosa. Sowohl das Mundhöhlenkarzinom als auch die meisten oralen Leukoplakien sind vermeidbare Erkrankungen. Präventionsstrategien umfassen die Primär-, Sekundär- und Tertiärprävention. Die Primärprävention ist auf den grundsätzlichen Verzicht des Tabakkonsums gerichtet. Antitabakberatung und ¶-therapie werden in der zahnärztlichen Praxis in vielen Ländern bereits durchgeführt. Interventionsprinzipien umfassen Aufklärung und Antitabaktherapie, im Wesentlichen durch Nikotinersatztherapie. Die zahnärztliche Praxis sowie auch Kliniken sollten das Prinzip der Primärprophylaxe, also der Tabakvermeidung und Therapie, in ihr Behandlungsschema einbeziehen. Bisherige Umfragen im Rahmen der Europäischen Union haben gezeigt, dass das zahnärztliche Team grundsätzlich dazu bereit ist.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Mikrovaskuläre Knochentransplantate ; Präformierte Fibulatransplantate ; ITI®-Implantate ; Defektrekonstruktion ; Keywords ; Microvasculary bone flaps ; Prefabricated fibula flaps ; ITI®-Implants ; Defect reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The reconstruction of extensive jaw defects is frequently only possible with microvascular bone flaps. Here we are presenting an operative technique using prefabricated fibular flaps and osseointegrated implants. In a first operation, the fibula is prepared with implants, split skin graft, and a nonresorbable membrane. The jaw defect is reconstructed 6 weeks later and can be treated directly with a prosthesis thanks to osseointegrated implants. The technique is described with reference to 5 patients already operated according to this technique and the initial findings are evaluated.
    Notes: Die Rekonstruktion von ausgedehnten Kieferdefekten ist häufig nur mit mikrovaskulären Knochentransplantaten möglich. Es wird hier eine Operationstechnik vorgestellt, bei der die Fibula präformiert wird. In der 1. Operation werden ITI-Implantate mit SLA-Oberfläche in die Fibula eingesetzt. Die Implantate und die Fibula werden mit Spalthaut und einer 1 mm dicken, nicht resorbierbaren Membran überdeckt. 6 Wochen nach der 1. Operation erfolgt in der 2. Operation die eigentliche Rekonstruktion des Kieferdefektes. Innerhalb dieser 6 Wochen sind die Implantate osseointegriert. Die Spalthaut, die wie bei einer Vestibulumplastik mit dem Periost verwachsen ist, bildet das stabile periimplantäre Weichgewebe. Die Implantate werden intraoperativ mit der vorbereiteten Suprastruktur verschraubt und gewähren durch die präoperativ bestimmte Okklusion die korrekte Positionierung des Transplantates. Postoperativ sind zudem die sofortige Funktion und Belastung möglich. Anhand von 5 Patienten werden diese Technik beschrieben und deren Resultate ausgewertet.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Dysgnathiechirurgie ; Operationssimulation ; Weichgewebesimulation ; Computersimulation ; Keywords ; Orthognathic surgery ; Preoperative planning ; Soft tissue simulation ; Computer-aided simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background In addition to standard X-rays, photographic documentation, cephalometric and model analysis, a computer-aided, three-dimensional (3D) simulation system has been developed in close cooperation with the Institute of Communications of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. With this simulation system a photorealistic prediction of the expected soft tissue changes can be made. Prerequisites are a 3D reconstruction of the facial skeleton and a 3D laser scan of the face. After data reduction, the two data sets can be matched. Cutting planes enable the transposition of bony segments. The laser scan of the facial surface is combined with the underlying bone via a five-layered soft tissue model to convert bone movements on the soft tissue cover realistically. Conclusion Further research is necessary to replace the virtual subcutaneous soft tissue model by correct, topographic tissue anatomy.
    Notes: Hintergrund Im Rahmen eines Sonderforschungsbereichs der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 603) wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ein computergestütztes Simulationssystem zur dreidimensionalen, fotorealistischen Vorhersage von Weichgewebeveränderungen nach orthognathen Eingriffen entwickelt. Voraussetzung sind 3D-CT-Datensätze des Gesichtsschädels sowie eine ebenfalls dreidimensionale Laserabtastung der Gesichtsoberfläche. Beide Datensätze können nach Datenreduktion über ein mathematisches Verfahren so miteinander verknüpft werden, dass mit Hilfe so genannter “cutting planes” Verlagerungen von Knochensegmenten auf das bedeckende Weichgewebe realitätsnah übertragen werden können. Schlussfolgerung Es bedarf weiterer Forschungsanstrengungen, um auch die subkutanen Weichgewebelagen so in das Simulationsmodell zu integrieren, dass noch bestehende Abweichungen korrigiert werden können.
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  • 22
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Intraarterielle Chemotherapie ; Zytostatika ; Mundhöhlenkarzinom ; Tumorzellbiologie ; Keywords ; Intraarterial chemotherapy ; Cytostatic drugs ; Cancer oral cavity ; Tumor cell biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background. The development of arterial chemotherapy in the course of the twentieth century is recapitulated, emphasizing the implications of advancements which have been made in anatomic examination and cell biology. Chemotherapy. The literature is reviewed to determine the current position of arterial chemotherapy among other treatment strategies. As a single modality treatment, it is exclusively employed as palliative treatment. Combined with surgery, radiation or immune therapy, arterial chemotherapy is of further significance as part of multimodality treatment. The best chance for cure is achieved if applied as induction therapy.
    Notes: Hintergrund. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die historische Entwicklung der arteriellen Chemotherapie im letzten Jahrhundert. Wichtige Entwicklungsschritte wie anatomische Untersuchungen und zellbiologische Erkenntnisse werden dargestellt. Chemotherapie. Anhand der Literatur über Ergebnisse der klinischen Behandlung wird der derzeitige Stellenwert der arteriellen Chemotherapie im Rahmen der onkologischen Therapiemodalitäten dargestellt. Es handelt sich um eine Behandlungsmethode, die im Sinn einer Monotherapie ausschließlich palliativ einzusetzen ist. Die Bedeutung der Methode liegt in der Kombination mit anderen Modalitäten wie Chirurgie, Strahlentherapie und Immuntherapie. Dabei ist die Methode am aussichtsreichsten, wenn sie als so genannte Induktionstherapie vorangestellt wird.
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  • 23
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Systemische Sklerodermie ; Parodontitis ; PECAM-1 ; Keywords ; Systemic sclerosis ; Periodontitis ; PECAM-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder of the interstitial tissues and vasculature with distinct abnormalities in three systems, immune and autoimmune, vascular and microvascular, and mesenchymal extracellular matrix (ECM), that lead to exuberant fibrosis. The aim of this study was to compare the number of blood vessel profiles in the marginal gingiva between SSc patients and patients with periodontitis but without SSc by using biopsies. Methods. Marginal gingiva and gingival papilla were obtained from 13 scleroderma patients and 8 patients with periodontitis after routine tooth extraction and gingival curettage. On the histological sections, immunohistochemical investigations were performed using the avidin-biotin complex method (ABC) and the monoclonal antibody CD 31/Clone JC70A (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1). Blood vessels were identified by light microscopy (original magnification × 400) and counted within 0.3615 mm2. Medians of blood vessel profiles were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test. Results. There is no statistical difference between the median of blood vessel profiles in the marginal gingiva of SSc patients as compared to the median of blood vessel profiles in the marginal gingiva of patients with periodontitis (P = 0.665). We did not discover avascular areas in the subepithelial connective tissue. Discussion. The pathological changes in the microvasculature in the dermis of SSc patients are not transferable to the marginal periodont, as intraindividual histological examinations of dermis and oral mucosa in relation to the degree of the disease are not available yet.
    Notes: Hintergrund. Die systemische Sklerodermie ist eine relativ seltene, generalisierte Erkrankung des Bindegewebes. Im Krankheitsprozess spielen entzündliche und vaskuläre Phänomene eine wichtige Rolle. Methode. Anhand von Bioptaten der marginalen Gingiva wurde nach indizierten Zahnextraktionen oder Kürettagen der Vaskularisationsgrad im subepithelialen Bindegewebe der Gingiva von Sklerodermiepatienten mit demjenigen von Patienten mit einer Parodontitis verglichen. Die Mikrogefäßdichte (MVD) wurde immunhistochemisch mit Hilfe des monoklonalen Antikörpers CD31/Clone JC70A (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1) dargestellt und lichtmikroskopisch quantitativ erfasst. Die statistische Auswertung der Mediane der Kapillaranschnitte erfolgte mit dem Mann-Whitney-U-Test. Ergebnisse. Die Mediane der Kapillaranschnitte bei den Sklerodermiepatienten (n = 13) und den Patienten mit Parodontitis (n = 8) erwiesen sich statistisch als nicht signifikant verschieden (p = 0,665). Im subepithelialen Bindegewebe der marginalen Gingiva wurden keine avaskulären Zonen gesehen. Diskussion. Die in der Dermis von Sklerodermiepatienten ablaufende Angiopathie ist nicht ohne weiteres auf das marginale Parodont übertragbar, da intraindividuelle histologische Untersuchungen von Dermis und Mundschleimhaut in Abhängigkeit vom Erkrankungsstadium derzeit nicht vorliegen. Das vorliegende Ergebnis rechtfertigt nicht, Probeexzisionen der Mundschleimhaut zu entnehmen, um das Krankheitsstadium einer Sklerodermie anzuzeigen oder eine prognostische Wertung vorzunehmen.
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  • 24
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 387-390 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schwannom ; Benigner Tumor ; Intraossäre Lokalisation ; Mandibula ; Unterkieferteilresektion ; Mikrochirurgische Nervenrekonstrukion ; Keywords ; Schwannoma ; Benign tumor ; Intraosseous localisation ; Mandible ; Partial resection of mandible ; Microsurgical reconstruction of nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: Schwannomas are rare benign neurogenic tumors that arise from Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. The most frequent localisation is the head and neck area. Extracranial schwannomas are most often located in the deep soft tissues. Intraosseous tumortypes are rare; the mandible is the most common site. Case report: We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with a schwannoma which originated from the mandible nerve and describe the therapy of this neoplasm. A rare malignant transformation cannot be excluded. Therefore, the treatment of choice is radical local resection.
    Notes: Hintergrund: Schwannome sind benigne Neubildungen, die ihren Ursprung von den Schwann-Zellen nehmen. Ihre Prädilektionsstelle ist die Kopf-Hals-Region. Sie treten zumeist im Verlauf des VIII. Hirnnervs auf. Extrakranial sind die Schwannome überwiegend ¶in den Weichgeweben lokalisiert. Eine intraossäre Lage ist selten, dann jedoch gewöhnlich in der Mandibula anzutreffen. Fallbericht: Eine 63-jährige Patientin wird vorgestellt, und die Therapie wird aufgezeigt. Die Behandlung sollte vergleichsweise radikal erfolgen, da trotz stabiler benigner Eigenschaften die Transformation in ein Malignom nicht definitiv ausgeschlossen werden kann.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Perkutane Dilatationstracheotomie ; Ciaglia Blue Rhino ; Komplikationen ; Key words Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy ; Ciaglia Blue Rhino ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objective: Elective tracheostomy has become an established treatment modality in modern intensive care medicine, and the number of percutaneously performed tracheostomies is steadily increasing. The Ciaglia Blue Rhino (CBR) represents another percutaneous technique in which the tracheostoma is formed by one-step dilation. Our study presents the technique itself and the early clinical experiences. Methods: In 20 adult patients on long-term ventilation, CBR was done. After puncture of the trachea in typical manner, dilation of the tracheostoma was achieved in one single step by means of a curved dilator with a special hydrophilic coating. Then, the tracheostomy tube was inserted over a curved loading dilator. Practicability and safety were determined as well as gas exchange during the procedure by means of arterial blood gas samples. Results: As a result of the dilator’s hydrophilic coating, dilation of the tracheostoma was rapidly achieved within 152±22 s, virtually free from resistance of the trachea or the cervical tissues. Complications such as bleeding, aspiration or postoperative infection of the stoma were not noted in any of our patients. Fractures of isolated tracheal cartilage rings were seen in 5 patients, however, no therapeutic intervention was necessary. In terms of perioperative gas exchange, pre- and postoperative levels of FiO2, PaO2, PaCO2 and the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) did not change significantly. Conclusions: Based on our early clinical experience, Ciaglia Blue Rhino represents a new method that may combine the typical advantages of each of the other techniques for percutaneous tracheostomy (i.e. Ciaglia, Griggs, Fantoni) in one single technique. This method is distinguished by a high level of safety and practicability. However, further comparative trials need to be done before a definitive judgement can be made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die elektive Tracheotomie stellt in der modernen Intensivmedizin einen festen Bestandteil der Beatmungstherapie dar und wird zunehmend perkutan durchgeführt. Mit der Ciaglia Blue Rhino (CBR) steht nunmehr eine weitere perkutane Technik zur Verfügung, bei der zur Anlage des Tracheostomas nur noch ein einziger Dilatationsschritt erforderlich ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, die Technik der CBR und erste klinische Ergebnisse vorzustellen. Methodik: Bei 20 langzeitbeatmeten, erwachsenen Intensivpatienten wurde eine CBR durchgeführt. Nach Punktion der Trachea in typischer Weise erfolgt die Dilatation des Tracheostomas in einem Schritt mittels eines gebogenen Dilatators, der über eine spezielle hydrophile Beschichtung verfügt. Anschließend wird die Trachealkanüle über einen Führungsstab eingeführt. Neben Praktikabilität und Komplikationen der Technik wurde deren Einfluß auf den perioperativen Gasaustausch mittels Blutgasanalysen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Aufgrund der hydrophilen Beschichtung des Dilatators und der damit verbundenen nahezu widerstandslosen Bougierung gelang die Anlage des Tracheostomas im Mittel in 152±22 s. Akut interventionsbedürftige Komplikationen wie Blutungen, Aspiration oder eine postoperative Infektion des Tracheostomas wurden nicht beobachtet. Bei 5 Patienten kam es zu einer Fraktur einzelner Trachealspangen, die jedoch keine therapeutische Konsequenz hatte. Hinsichtlich des perioperativen Gasaustauschs ergaben sich keine Signifikanzen hinsichtlich der prä- und postoperativen Höhen von FiO2, paO2, paCO2 und des Oxygenierungsindex (paO2/FiO2). Schlussfolgerung: Die Ciaglia Blue Rhino-Technik könnte aufgrund dieser ersten klinischen Erfahrungen ein Verfahren darstellen, das die jeweiligen Vorteile der anderen perkutanen Tracheotomietechniken nach Ciaglia, Griggs und Fantoni in sich vereint. Diese weiterentwickelte Technik zeichnet sich durch hohe Praktikabilität und eine sehr rasche und sichere Durchführbarkeit aus. Zur endgültigen Bewertung dieses Verfahrens auch im Hinblick auf Spätkomplikationen müssen jedoch detaillierte Vergleichsstudien folgen.
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  • 26
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    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 495-504 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Regionalanästhesie ; Spinalanästhesie ; Epiduralanästhesie ; periphere Nervenblockaden ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Regional anesthesia ; Spinal anesthesia ; Epidural anesthesia ; Nerve blocks ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Serious neurological complications caused by spinal hematoma or abscess following central neuraxial block have been reported more often during the last years. In contrast, severe complications are extremely rare associated with peripheral nerve blocks. Concerned about the safety of spinal and epidural anesthesia, we encourage the use of peripheral regional techniques for procedures on the lower extremity and especially for postoperative regional analgesia. Motor block due to lumbar epidural anesthesia using high concentrations of local anesthetic makes spinal hematoma or abscess difficult to recognize. Therefore, low concentrations of local anesthestic should be used for postoperative epidural analgesia. Any increase in motor block following neuraxial blockade should raise the suspicion of a spinal compression (e.g. hematoma or abscess). Other symptoms are back pain, radicular pain or paresthesia and incontinence. Disastrous neurological injuries can only be prevented by immediate diagnosis (MR, CT or myelography) and therapy (surgical decompression).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren wird vermehrt über schwerwiegende neurologische Komplikationen durch spinale Hämatome und Abszesse nach rückenmarksnahen Regionalanästhesien berichtet. Vor diesen Hintergrund werden die verschiedenen Regionalanästhesietechniken für die untere Extremität und ihre Komplikationen gegenübergestellt, denn die komplikationsärmeren peripheren Leitungsanästhesien bieten sich im Bereich der unteren Extremität als Alternative zur Spinal- oder Epiduralanästhesie an. Es wird empfohlen, zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie lumbale Epiduralanalgesien soweit möglich durch periphere Leitungsblockaden zu ersetzen. Kontinuierliche Blockaden, z.B. im Bereich des N. femoralis eignen sich auch zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie. Bei der postoperativen lumbalen Katheter-Epiduralanalgesie erschweren hohe Lokalanästhetika-Konzentrationen mit ausgeprägter motorischer Blockade die Diagnose intraspinaler Raumforderungen. Zur postoperativen Epiduralanalgesie sind Lokalanästhetika daher nur in niedriger Konzentration einzusetzen. Bis zum Ausschluss des Gegenteils begründet nach rückenmarksnaher Regionalanästhesie jede Zunahme der motorischen Blockade den Verdacht auf eine spinale Raumforderung (z.B. Hämatom oder Abszess). Weitere Kardinalsymptome sind Rückenschmerzen, Wurzelkompressionsschmerzen und Inkontinenz. Nur die sofortige Diagnose (MR, CT oder Myelographie) und Therapie (ggf. operative Entlastung) kann katastrophale neurologische Schäden verhindern.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Infusionssysteme ; Spritzenpumpen ; Luft ; Fehlerquellen ; Gefahren ; Keywords Syringe pumps ; Air ; Infusion line occlusion ; Drug delivery ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Application of highly concentrated short-acting vasoactive drugs in the critically ill patient requires precisely working syringe pump systems for continuous intravenous drug delivery. We performed a bench study to investigate the consequences of small amounts of air entrapped within a 50-ml infusion syringe. In particular we studied the effect of entrapped air on drug delivery after moderate vertical displacement of the pump by 50 cm (e. g. in preparation for transport) and the effect on the time required to trigger the pressure alarm after occlusion of the infusion line. At a flow rate of 1 ml/h, lowering the syringe pump prolonged the zero-drug delivery time from (mean±SD) 4.1±0.8 min (without air) to 6.2±0.9 (with 1 ml air) and to 13.1±0.9 min (with 2 ml of air, p〈0.001 for all comparisons). Entrapping of 2 ml of air within the syringe resulted in a 2.6-fold prolongation of the occlusion alarm time after accidental occlusion of the infusion line and a 3-fold increase of the resulting infusion bolus after occlusion. Enclosed air within infusion syringes considerably affects the syringe compliance. It increases the susceptibility of constant drug delivery to vertical displacement of syringe pumps and impairs the occlusion alarm function. Therefore, any air in syringe of infusion pump systems should be carefully removed. To avoid infusion boluses of short-acting vasoactive drugs after accidental occlusions, the occluded infusion line should be released to ambient pressure first.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Werden hochdosierte kreislaufwirksame Pharmaka mit kurzer Halbwertszeit bei niedrigen Flussraten appliziert (z. B. bei Neugeborenen oder in der Kinder-Herzchirurgie), so ist eine konstante Zufuhr des Medikaments für die hämodynamische Stabilität eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung. Wir untersuchten in einem experimentellen Modell den Einfluss von geringen Luftmengen in 50-ml-Infusionsspritzen auf die Konstanz der Flussrate und die Alarmfunktion in 2 klinisch relevanten Situationen: relative Niveauänderungen zwischen Spritzenpumpe und Patient (etwa bei Transport oder Umlagern) und akzidentieller Verschluss (etwa Abknicken) einer Infusionsleitung. Nach Absenken der Spritzenpumpe um 50 cm gegenüber dem Ausgangsniveau verlängerte sich die Zeit unterbrochener Medikamentzufuhr (wegen hydrostatischer, retrograder Aspiration) von 4,1 min ohne Lufteinschluss auf 6,2 min bei 1 ml und auf 13,1 min bei 2 ml Lufteinschluss. Bei akzidentiellem Verschluss verlängerte sich die Zeit bis zum Okklusionsalarm bei 2 ml Lufteinschluss um das 2,6fache auf über 1 h, der resultierende Bolus nach Aufheben des Verschlusses verdreifachte sich. Daher sollten bei der Zufuhr hochkonzentrierter Vasoaktiva nicht nur relative Lageveränderungen zwischen System und Patient vermieden, sondern jegliche eingeschlossene Luft konsequent evakuiert werden. Dies gilt gleichermassen für alle über dasselbe Katheterlumen infundierenden Perfusoren. Bei Erkennen eines Verschlusses ist es sinnvoll, das okkludierte Infusionssystem vom Patienten zu trennen und den Druckentlastungsbolus zu verwerfen, bevor der Verschluss aufgehoben wird.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter AT ; TE ; Larynxmaske ; Technik ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Adenotomy ; Tonsillectomy ; Laryngeal mask ; Technique ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Anaesthesia both for adenotomy (AT) and for tonsillectomy (TE) frequently presents a challenge. On one hand, children scheduled for adenotomy often have upper airway infections and are thus at risk of laryngo- and bronchospasm; on the other hand the ENT surgeon and the anaesthetist have to share the “workspace” in the patient's mouth. Since the succinyl choline debate in the early 1990s, the question of the best muscle relaxant has gone hand in hand with that of the most appropriate means of securing the airway. The concept of the laryngeal mask as airway was initially greeted with scepticism. Following several years' use of the mask for this purpose in AT and TE in young children, we report our experience and summarise the literature on this topic. The laryngeal mask represents a safe alternative to intubation, provided there is close cooperation with the ENT surgeon.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Narkosen zur Adenotomie, aber auch zur Tonsillektomie stellen für Anästhesisten immer wieder große Herausforderungen dar. Zum einen haben die Kinder, die zur Adenotomie anstehen, häufig Infekte der oberen Luftwege und sind damit laryngo- und bronchospasmusgefährdet, zum anderen müssen sich HNO-Arzt und Anästhesist den “Arbeitsraum” im Mund teilen. Seit der Succinylcholindebatte der frühen 90er-Jahre stellte sich mit der Frage nach dem geeigneten Muskelrelaxans die Frage nach der geeigneten Atemwegssicherung. Der Anwendung der Larynxmaske als Airway bei AT und TE wurde zunächst mit Skepsis begegnet. Nach langjähriger Anwendung der Larynxmaske zur Atemwegssicherung bei AT und TE im Kleinkindesalter wird hier nicht nur über Ergebnisse und langjährige Erfahrungen berichtet, sondern auch die Literatur zu diesem Thema zusammengefasst. Daraus ergibt sich, dass die Larynxmaske bei AT und TE eine sichere Alternative zur Intubation darstellt. Voraussetzung dazu ist jedoch eine gute Kooperation mit dem HNO-Arzt.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Vertikale Infraklavikuläre Blockade ; Pneumothorax ; Komplikation ; Plexus brachialis ; VIP ; Keywords Vertical infraclavicular blockade ; Pneumothorax ; Complications ; Brachial plexus ; VIP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A 50 year old female patient received anaesthesia of the arm by the vertical infraclavicular blockade of the plexus brachialis (VIP). Postoperatively an ipsilateral pneumothorax occured complicated by pleural effusion and a contralateral bronchopneumonia, which resolved completely after treatment. The blockade of the plexus was performed correctly, failures in determining the correct point of needle insertion could be excluded. Therefore a pneumothorax has to be regarded as a specific complication of the VIP, which might occur despite correct technique, and requires that the patient be informed of this eventuality. Nevertheless, the VIP is an important method due to its high success rate concerning blockade of the musculocutaneous nerve and tolerance of tourniquet. The risk of a pneumothorax is about 0.2 to 0.7%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer 50-jährigen Patientin wurde im Rahmen einer elektiven Operation an der Hand die Anästhesie durch die Vertikale Infraklavikuläre Plexus-brachialis Blockade (VIP) nach Kilka durchgeführt. Postoperativ kam es zum Auftreten eines ipsilateralen Pneumothorax, welcher durch einen Pleuraerguss und eine kontralaterale Bronchopneumonie kompliziert wurde. Unter invasiver Behandlung der Patientin kam es bezüglich aller Komplikationen zur restitutio ad integrum. Die Durchführung der Anästhesie war lege artis entsprechend der Erstbeschreibung, Fehler bei der Bestimmung der Punktionsstelle konnten mit größtmöglicher Wahrscheinlichkeit ausgeschlossen werden. Ein Pneumothorax bei der Vertikalen Infraklavikulären Plexus-brachialis Blockade stellt auch bei korrekter Durchführung unter Vermeidung von beschriebenen Kardinalfehlern ein methodenspezifisches und somit aufklärungspflichtiges Risiko dar. Der VIP ist dennoch eine wichtige Ergänzung der herkömmlichen Methoden zur Blockade des Plexus brachialis, da er sich durch eine hohe Erfolgsrate speziell im Bereich des N. musculocutaneus und in der Toleranz eines Tourniquets auszeichnet. Nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen ist von einem Pneumothoraxrisiko von 0,2–0,7% auszugehen.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kombinierte Anästhesie ; Thorakale Epiduralanästhesie ; Lumbale Epiduralanästhesie ; Prostatektomie ; Schmerztherapie ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Combined anaesthesia ; Thoracic epidural anaesthesia ; Lumbar epidural anaesthesia ; Prostatectomy ; Pain management ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Patients requiring radical prostatectomy (rPE), including retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy are often aged and have coexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, increasing the risk of perioperative complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate our perioperative anaesthesiologic regimen over the last five years, in terms of safety and patients comfort. Records of 433 patients who underwent rPE between 1994 and 1999 in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided in those who received: 1. general anaesthesia (GA) alone, 2. a combination of lumbar epidural anaesthesia (LEA)+GA or, 3. thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA)+GA. General anaesthesia was performed as balanced anaesthesia, and epidural administered local anaesthetics were bupivacaine 0.25% or ropivacaine 0.2%, 8–12 ml/h. In terms of intra- and postoperative numbers of tachycardic and hypertensive episodes, a reduced stress response was observed under epidural anaesthesia (EA). Moreover, the weaning duration was shorter under EA and onset of gastrointestinal motility was found earlier ([h] GA: 50.6±11.1/ LEA: 39.3±13.6/ TEA:33.8±13.0). Furthermore, a trend to rarer phases of postoperative vomiting and a significant decrease of in hospital stay of about one day ([d] GA: 12.4±5.8/ LEA: 11.1±3.1/ TEA: 11.5±3.8) was observed. The duration of personnel binding in the OR did not differ significantly between GA and TEA ([min] GA: 222.9±43.5/ LEA: 238.2±41.8/ TEA: 227.0±46.2), but ICU stay was shortened under TEA. Besides this, TEA reduced the number of pathologic postoperative thorax-x-rays. Senso-motor blockades, decreases of SaO2 and cardiac complications were experienced more frequent under LEA as compared with TEA. Combination of GA and EA, especially TEA, appears to improve perioperative care of patients undergoing rPE, in terms of patients safety and comfort.
    Notes: Zusamenfassung Patienten, die sich einer radikalen Prostatektomie (rPE) einschließlich retroperitonealer Lymphadenektomie (rLA) unterziehen, haben aufgrund ihres Alters und ihrer Begleiterkrankungen ein erhöhtes perioperativen Risiko. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, den intra- und postoperativen Verlauf der standardisierten Operation rPE+rLA unter verschiedenen Anästhesieregimen zu analysieren. Krankenakten von 433 Patienten, die sich zwischen 1994 und 1999 in unserer Einrichtung einer rPE+rLA unterzogen, wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet. Die Patienten wurden nach dem durchgeführten Anästhesieverfahren eingeteilt: 1. Allgemeinanästhesie (AA), 2. Kombination lumbale Epiduralanästhesie (LEA)+AA, 3. thorakale Epiduralanästhesie (TEA)+AA. Für die intra- und postoperative Katheteranalgesie wurden Bupivacain 0,25% oder Ropivacain 0,2%, 8–12 ml/h verwendet. Die Allgemeinanästhesie wurde als balancierte Anästhesie durchgeführt. Diese retrospektive Erhebung zeigt unter epiduraler Analgesie, gemessen an Tachykardien und hypertensiven Episoden, eine reduzierte intra- und postoperative Stressantwort, kürzere Extubationszeiten, früheres Wiedereinsetzen der gastrointestinalen Motilität ([h] AA: 50,6±11,1/ LEA: 39,3±13,6/ TEA:33,8±13,0), tendenziell selteneres Erbrechen und eine um einen Tag verkürzte Krankenhausverweildauer ([d] AA: 12,4±5,8/ LEA: 11,1±3,1/ TEA: 11,5±3,8). Dabei war unter TEA die Dauer der Anästhesiepräsenz im OP-Bereich vergleichbar mit AA ([min] AA: 222,9±43,5/ LEA: 238,2±41,8/ TEA: 227,0±46,2), und der Wachstationsaufenthalt verkürzt. Daneben war unter TEA die Anzahl der auffälligen postoperativen Thoraxröntgenbefunde reduziert. Zum Erreichen einer der TEA vergleichbaren Analgesie mussten unter LEA häufiger sensomotorische Blockaden, saO2-Abfälle und tendenziell eine höhere Anzahl kardialer Komplikationen in Kauf genommen werden. Gemessen an den von uns erhobenen Parametern stellt damit die Kombination einer Allgemeinanästhesie, insbesondere mit thorakaler Epiduralanalgesie ein sicheres und auch betriebswirtschaftlich effizientes anästhesiologisches Vorgehen bei radikalen Prostatektomien dar.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Idiopathic scoliosis ; Anterior instrumentation ; Surgical treatment ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anterior instrumentation for the correction of scoliotic curves has recently been gaining in popularity. The problems of high mortality and morbidity that were associated with the employment of anterior instrumentation in the first years it was used have now been overcome. Efforts are now being concentrated on increasing the correction rates in the frontal plane and decreasing the kyphotic effect in the sagittal plane. The anterior Cotrel-Dubousset-Hopf (CDH) system is a recently developed instrumentation that has been claimed to decrease the kyphotic effect through the use of double rods. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the anterior CDH system on idiopathic scoliotic curves in frontal and sagittal planes. To this end, 26 idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with the CDH system were followed for a mean period of 32.8 ± 5.3 months. In the frontal plane, Cobb angles of major and secondary curves were measured, and postoperative and final correction rates determined. In the sagittal plane, sagittal contours of both the instrumented region and the thoracic and lumbar regions were measured, and their preoperative, postoperative and final control values were determined. In addition to clinical examination, lateral trunk shift (LT), shift of head (SH) and shift of stable vertebra (SS) were measured in vertebral units (VU), on the preoperative and postoperative radiographs in order to evaluate the effect of the system on trunk balance. It was established that in patients with single flexible thoracolumbar and lumbar curves and those with rigid thoracic curves, the correction rates obtained in the frontal plane were respectively 79.4 ± 14.8%, 68.0 ± 9.4% and 61.5 ± 8.0%, with statistical significance. Their final corrections at the last control were 76.3 ± 17.4%, 56.9 ± 9.1% and 52.3 ± 8.3%, respectively. Although the corrections in the lumbar rigid curves were relatively low, they were still statistically significant. Taking all the patients together, the mean preoperative Cobb angle of the major curves of 67.2°± 20.2° improved to a mean of 28.6°± 21.0°, which was a statistically significant difference (P 〈 0.05), giving a mean correction rate of 61.2 ± 20.3%. The mean correction loss of major curves in the frontal plane in all patients was 6.0°± 3.8° and the mean final correction rate was 52.6 ± 23.2%. In the sagittal plane, there was a favorable kyphotic effect on the thoracic region of patients with hypokyphosis and lordosis pattern, whilst in patients with kyphotic pattern, this effect was minimal. In patients with a single flexible lumbar curve, kyphotic effect was not observed except in two patients. In these two patients, it was thought that excessive compression force may have been used. As to the patients with a rigid lumbar curve, there was a slight decrease in lumbar lordosis. No postoperative complaints were made about imbalance, and the mean overall correction in LT values was 60.1 ± 21.7%. While preoperatively, the SH and SS values of all patients were over 0.5 VU, postoperatively, 12 patients (46.2%) were completely balanced (SH = 0 VU, SS = 0 VU) and 8 patients (30.8%) were balanced (0 VU 〈 SH and SS 〈 0.5 VU). The remaining six patients, whose balance values were corrected with statistical significance but were still over 0.5 VU, were found to be the ones with rigid lumbar curves. Implant failure and systemic complications were not noted in the follow-up period. In view of these findings, it was determined that CDH instrumentation achieves significant correction rates in the frontal and sagittal planes, particularly in single flexible lumbar, thoracolumbar and thoracic rigid curves. It was found that the kyphotic effect was minimized with a double rod system. Significant clinical and radiological corrections were achieved in balance values, without any imbalance and decompensation problems.
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  • 32
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 10 (2000), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Cervical spine ; Anterior approach ; Complications ; Dysphagia ; hoarseness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors present a retrospective study of 535 consecutive anterior approaches to the cervical spine back to 5 years. The data were analyzed for post-operative complications. This surgical procedure has been commonly used for more than 40 years, but the post-operative complications due to the anterior approach itself were presented with few accompanying statistics, with various and contradictory results. Injury to nearly all of the structures has been reported in the literature, the more frequent problems are hoarseness and dysphagia; other complications include perforation of the oesophagus, hematomas, vascular injury⋯ Analysis of this data allows to understand better the specific problems related to this surgical approach, and to suggest precautions at each stage of the course of exposure of cervical vertebrae.
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  • 33
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 832-840 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Osteochondroma ; Complications ; Chondrosarcoma ; Bone tumors ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Osteochondromas can be complicated by mechanical irritation, compression or injury of adjacent structures, fracture, malignant transformation, and postoperative recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging represents the most valuable imaging modality in symptomatic cases, because it can demonstrate typical features of associated soft tissue pathology, which can be differentiated from malignant transformation. Reactive bursae formation presents as an overlying fluid collection with peripheral contrast enhancement. Dislocation, deformation, and signal alterations of adjacent soft tissue structures can be observed in different impingement syndromes caused by osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent demonstration of arterial and venous compromise and represents the method of choice in cases with compression of spinal cord, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves, depicting changes in size, position, and signal intensity of the affected neural structures. Malignant transformation as the most worrisome complication occurs in approximately 1 % of solitary and 5–25 % of multiple osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate method in measuring cartilage cap thickness, which represents an important criterion for differentiation of osteochondromas and exostotic (low-grade) chondrosarcomas. Cartilage cap thickness exceeding 2 cm in adults and 3 cm in children should raise the suspicion for malignant transformation. Finally, MR imaging can detect postoperative recurrence by depiction of a recurrent mass presenting typical morphological features of a cartilage-forming lesion.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Central venous catheters ; Venous obstruction ; Vena cava ; Interventional procedure ; Catheters and catheterization ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We describe a case of a 49-year-old woman with stage-IIIB lung adenocarcinoma who experienced an acute superior vena cava syndrome related to an implanted central venous catheter without associated venous thrombosis. The catheter was surgically implanted for chemotherapy. Superior vena cava syndrome appeared after the procedure and was due to insertion of the catheter through a subclinical stenosis of the superior vena cava. Complete resolution of the patient's symptoms was obtained using stent placement and endovascular repositioning of the catheter tip.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Outcomes ; Hypoxaemia ; Sleep-related breathing disorders ; Obstructive sleep apnoea ; Central sleep apnoea ; Mechanical ventilation ; Complications ; Intensive care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To determine the incidence of sleep-related breathing disorders and nocturnal hypoxaemia in patients discharged from ICU following prolonged mechanical ventilation.¶Design: Prospective, consecutive patient observational study.¶Setting: The medical and surgical wards of a University Hospital.¶Patients and participants: Fifteen consecutive, adult patients discharged from the ICU who had received more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation were studied. Ten healthy volunteers acted as controls.¶Measurements and results: Overnight, multi-channel pneumographic studies were performed on all patients and controls. Chest and abdominal wall movement, air flow, oxygen saturation and snoring were continuously recorded. Data was analysed by both visual inspection of the traces and by computer-based algorithms. An apnoea/hypopnoea index was calculated for each patient and volunteer. Volunteers had an apnoea/hypopnoea index of less than 5 and had no episodes of nocturnal oxygen desaturation (SaO2 〈 90 %). Despite oxygen therapy 13/15 patients had episodes of desaturation and 9/15 spent more than 2 h with an SaO2 〈 90 %. Eleven patients had an abnormal apnoea/hypopnoea index (range 5–34 events/h). Four patients had predominantly obstructive events while 7 primarily had hypopnoeas.¶Conclusions: Significant overnight oxygen desaturation is common in patients discharged from ICU who have received prolonged mechanical ventilation. This group also has a significant incidence of sleep-related breathing disorders and this mechanism is likely to be important in the pathogenesis of the hypoxaemia.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Tracheostomy: percutaneous, translaryngeal ; Complications ; Oxygenation ; Intensive care medicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Elective tracheostomy is an established procedure in the management of ICU patients on long-term ventilation. In addition, percutaneous tracheostomy techniques are increasingly being used. In 1997, Fantoni's translaryngeal technique (TLT), another minimally invasive procedure, was introduced. While clinical studies of TLT showed that the technique is safe and can be performed rapidly, technical difficulties which sometimes led to prolonged operating times were also noted. Our study compared the basic TLT technique to a modified TLT approach and to TLT performed with the manufacturer's new, improved “Straight Cannula” set. Twenty-five patients were enrolled in each group, and the advantages and disadvantages of the respective techniques were evaluated.¶Setting: Surgical ICU of a university hospital.¶Patients: Seventy-five adult, surgical intensive care patients.¶Measurements and results: Average operating times with the modified TLT techniques were significantly shorter, 4 and 5 min respectively, as compared to 11 min for the basic TLT technique. Initially, use of the new, improved TLT set resulted in a complete passage of the tracheal cannula in two patients; uneventful Griggs's tracheostomy was performed instead. Regardless of the technique used, no other perioperative complications were noted and the perioperative gas exchange remained unaffected by the tracheostomy procedure.¶Conclusions: The modified TLT procedures are safer and more readily performed than the basic technique. Difficulty in the retrograde passage of the guide wire was seen only occasionally with the modified techniques. Based on our data we conclude that the modified techniques are superior to the basic technique and represent significant progress in TLT.
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  • 37
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    European journal of pediatrics 159 (2000), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Indomethacin ; Premature infants ; Antenatal ; Postnatal ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the incidence of neonatal complications among infants exposed to indomethacin antenatally, postnatally or both ante-and postnatally (combined), the records of 240 infants of gestational ages between 23 to 32 weeks were analysed retrospectively. Antenatal indomethacin treatment for longer than 2 days with a daily or cumulative dosage ≥150 mg correlated with a significantly higher incidence of grade I-II intraventricular haemorrhage. Combined exposure, cumulative antenatal exposure ≥150 mg and duration of antenatal exposure of more than 2 days was associated with necrotising enterocolitis and a cumulative exposure with sepsis. There was no independent association between indomethacin exposure and pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion Preterm infants with exposure to antenatal indomethacin might be at increased risk of grade I and II intraventricular haemorrhage and those with both ante- and postnatal exposure at an increased risk of necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis.
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  • 38
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1277-1279 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Duodenum ; Congenital anomalies ; Duodenal duplication ; Imaging ; Duodenal duplication ; Complications ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report a case of a stalked cystic duodenal duplication. The lesion, hyperintense on T2-weighted GRE images, maintained the signal intensity after oral administration of a negative contrast agent (Lumirem, Guerbet, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France), confirming its independence from the duodenal lumen. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of duodenal duplication by means of MR cholangiopancreatography.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Percutaneous cholecystostomy ; Complications ; Gallstone ; Abdominal wall imaging ; Ultrasonography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A case of recurrent abdominal wall abscess following percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is presented. Transperitoneal PC was performed in an 82-year-old female with calculous cholecystitis. Symptoms resolved and the catheter was removed 29 days later. The patient came back 5 months later with a superficial abscess that was drained and 8 months post PC with a fistula discharging clear fluid. Ultrasonography revealed the tract adjacent to an area of inflammation containing a calculus, whereas CT failed to depict the stone. Subsequent surgery confirmed US findings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a dislodged bile stone following percutaneous cholecystostomy.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Laser ; Nebenwirkungen ; Komplikationen ; Behandlungsfehler ; Keywords Laser ; Side effects ; Complications ; Treatment faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Many different laser systems are used in dermatology. To wisely choose the correct laser for a given problem, one must be aware of both the spectrum of disorders for which each laser is suited and the potential side effects. We compare the side effect and complication profiles of the common laser systems pointing out their possibilities and limitations. Typical treatment errors will be pointed out. Dermatological training, extensive experience in laser therapy and compliance with quality guidelines are prerequisites for safe and successful treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Dermatologie werden unterschiedliche Lasersysteme eingesetzt. Für die Anwender ist nicht nur das jeweilige Behandlungsspektrum von Bedeutung, sondern auch welche unerwünschten Reaktionen im Rahmen einer Laserbehandlung auftreten können. Das Nebenwirkungs- und Komplikationsprofil der gängigen Geräte wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellt und verglichen, und deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen werden dargestellt. Typische Behandlungsfehler werden aufgezeigt. Eine dermatologische Facharztausbildung, umfangreiche lasertherapeutische Erfahrungen sowie die Einhaltung und Erfüllung von definierten Qualitätsrichtlinien sind Voraussetzungen für ein sicheres Behandlungsergebnis.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: biological/pathological characteristics ; breast cancer ; prognosis ; progression ; symptomatic/asymptomatic patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:It is well known that mammographic screening reducesbreast cancer mortality. One possible explanation for this effect is thatscreening makes it possible to detect smaller breast cancers with fewerinvolved nodes, but another hypothesis is that some screening-detected tumorsare in a pathologically and biologically different phase of evolution fromthose that are detected clinically. The aim of the present study was tocompare the biological, pathological and clinical characteristics ofsymptomatic vs. asymptomatic breast cancers. Patients and methods:The study considers a series of 1916consecutive patients who underwent surgery for stage I and II infiltratingbreast cancer at Verona hospitals after having undergone ultrasound andmammography (at least one of which was positive). They were divided into twogroups on the basis of why they decided to undergo the imaging examinations:group A refers to the 1247 patients with a palpable lump, and group B to the616 who were asymptomatic. Results:The patients in group A were older, and had larger tumorsand a higher percentage of positive nodes than those in group B; they also hadsignificantly higher grade tumors, higher Ki-67 levels, and a higherpercentage of ER and PgR negative and c-erbB-2 positive tumors (allof the P-values were significant). A logistic regression analysisadjusted for tumor diameter and age showed a reduction in the significance ofeach of the considered variables, but all of them remained significantlyassociated with the modality of diagnosis except ER, PgR andc-erbB-2. Conclusions:Our results suggest that asymptomatic tumors arebiologically different from their clinically presenting counterparts, thusconfirming the hypothesis that progression towards greater malignancy mayoccur during the natural history of breast cancer.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: 4-OH-IF ; breast cancer ; drug combination ; human cell lines ; primary cultures ; VNB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:Vinorelbine and ifosfamide are active drugs againstbreast cancer, but the best treatment schedule has yet to be defined bypreclinical or clinical studies. The antitumor activity of4-hydroxy-ifosfamide (4-OH-IF), the active form of ifosfamide, and vinorelbine(VNB) and their interaction were investigated in two established breast cancercell lines (MCF-7 and BRC-230) and in 10 primary breast cancer cultures. Materials and methods:Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by ahighly efficient clonogenic assay (HECA). The median-effect principle wasapplied to evaluate synergistic and antagonistic interactions and thecorresponding combination index values were calculated. Cell cycleperturbations were analysed by flow cytometry. Results:In MCF-7 and BRC-230 cell lines the sequence VNB for 4hours followed by 4-OH-IF for 24 hours produced an antagonistic effect.Conversely, the inverse sequential scheme, 4-OH-IF → VNB providedsynergistic effects on both cell lines. The synergism was associated with astrong block in the G2-M phase. Synergistic activity of 4-OH-IF → VNBsequence was confirmed in 7 of 10 primary breast cancercultures. Conclusions:In conclusion, the sequence 4-OH-IF → VNBappeared to be the most effective scheme both in established cell lines andin primary breast cancer cultures.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant treatment ; breast cancer ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aim:Immediate adjuvant tamoxifen reduces disease recurrence andimproves survival in patients with early breast cancer. However, is it toolate to administer tamoxifen to patients who have already undergone treatment,but were unable to benefit from this adjuvant therapy? The French NationalCancer Centers (FNCLCC) have investigated the efficacy of delayed tamoxifenadministration in a randomized controlled trial. Patients and methods:From September 1986 to October 1989, womenwith primary breast cancer, who had undergone surgery, radiotherapy, and/orreceived adjuvant chemotherapy but not hormone therapy more than two yearsearlier, were randomized to receive either 30 mg/day tamoxifen or notreatment. The 10-year disease-free and overall survival rates of the twogroups of patients and of various subgroups were determined according to theKaplan–Meyer method and compared by the log-rank test. Results:This intention-to-treat analysis comprised 250 women inthe tamoxifen group and 244 in the control group. Patient characteristics(age, T stage, number of positive nodes, receptor status, and interval sincetumor treatment) were comparable in both groups. Delayed adjuvant tamoxifensignificantly improved overall survival only in node-positive patients and inpatients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) or progesteronereceptor-positive (PR+) tumors. Disease-free survival, however, wassignificantly improved in the global population and in several patientsubgroups (node-positive, ER+, PR+). Patients in whom the interval betweenprimary treatment and delayed adjuvant tamoxifen was greater than five yearsalso had significantly improved disease-free survival. Conclusions:Overall and disease-free survival results indicatethat delayed adjuvant tamoxifen administration (30 mg/day) is justified inwomen with early breast cancer, even if this treatment is initiated two ormore years after primary treatment.
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  • 44
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    Annals of oncology 11 (2000), S. 1349-1351 
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; radiotherapy ; tumor lysis syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a rare serious acute complication of cancertherapy, reported mainly following chemotherapy in patients with large tumorload and chemosensitive disease. These are mainly patients with non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, leukemia and rarely in solid tumors. It is less frequently describedafter radiotherapy for lymphoid and hematological malignancies. TLS followingradiotherapy for solid tumors is a very rare complication. In thisreport/review we describe a seventy-three-year-old male patient withprogressive metastatic carcinoma of the breast to the lungs, liver and bone.He was referred for radiotherapy because of generalized bony pains. Thepatient was planned for sequential hemi-body irradiation starting with themore symptomatic upper half body. After premedication, he was given 8.5 Gy tothe mid point at the maximum chest separation with anterior lung attenuatorlimiting uncorrected lung dose to 6.15 Gy. A further 3.5 Gy electron boost tothe fungating breast tumor was given to the 100%. Forty-eight hours after irradiation he developed hyperkalemia,hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia and renal failure. Theseclinical and biochemical changes are typical of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS).Despite hydration, and treating the hyperuricemia, the patient developed comaand died eight days after irradiation. The prophylaxis and management of TLS and in high-risk patients aredescribed to avoid this frequently fatal complication.
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  • 45
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    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Hemorrhoidectomy ; Postoperative pain ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare closed (Ferguson) hemorrhoidectomy to open (Milligan-Morgan) hemorrhoidectomy regarding postoperative conditions, complications, and long-term results. METHOD: This was a randomized study of 77 patients with second-degree or third-degree hemorrhoids suitable for hemorrhoidectomy. In 39 patients the Milligan-Morgan procedure was used, and in 38 patients the Ferguson procedure was used. Details of operations, postoperative complications, and length of postoperative stay were recorded. Pain was assessed from a visual analog scale and by registration of postoperative analgesic medication. Follow-up was done at three weeks, six weeks, and by visit or telephone interview after at least a year. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the two methods regarding complications, pain, or postoperative stay. There were four reoperations for bleeding, all after Milligan-Morgan operations. At follow-up after three weeks 86 percent of the Ferguson patients had completely healed wounds, and none had signs of infection. Of the Milligan-Morgan patients, only 18 percent had completely healed wounds, and symptoms of delayed wound healing were significantly more frequent. One patient had a superficial wound infection. After one year more than 10 percent in each group had recurrent hemorrhoids with symptoms. CONCLUSION: Both methods are fairly efficient treatment for hemorrhoids, without serious draw-backs. The closed method has no advantage in postoperative pain reduction, but wounds heal faster, and the risk of wound dehiscence seems exaggerated.
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  • 46
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    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 419-422 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Neuropathy ; Femoral nerve ; Colectomy ; Complications ; Retractors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Postoperative femoral neuropathy is an uncommon complication of abdominal surgery. We present four cases occurring after colectomy at our institution and discuss the diagnosis and treatment.
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  • 47
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    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 743-751 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Fecal incontinence ; Dynamic graciloplasty ; Neurostimulation ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Dynamic graciloplasty has been used for intractable fecal incontinence, and good results have been reported. The aim of this study was to assess prospectively the safety and efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for intractable fecal incontinence in a prospective, multicenter trial. METHODS: A total of 123 adults were treated with dynamic graciloplasty at 20 institutions. Continence was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively by use of 14-day diaries. RESULTS: There was one treatment-related death. One hundred eighty-nine adverse events occurred in 91 patients (74 percent). Forty-nine patients (40 percent) required one or more operations to treat complications. One hundred seventy (90 percent) events were resolved. Sixty-three percent of patients without pre-existing stomas recorded a 50 percent or greater decrease in incontinent events 12 months after dynamic graciloplasty, and an additional 11 percent experienced lesser degrees of improvement. Twenty-six percent were not improved, worsened, or exited. In patients with pre-existing stomas, 33 percent achieved successful outcomes at 12 months. This number increased to 60 percent at 18 months. Seventy-eight percent of patients had increased enema retention time, and mean anal canal pressures improved significantly at 12 months. Significant changes in quality of life were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Objective improvement can be demonstrated in the majority of patients with end-stage fecal incontinence treated with dynamic graciloplasty. Reduction in incontinence episodes can be correlated with improved quality of life. Adverse events are frequently encountered, but most resolve with treatment.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Laparoscopic colectomy ; Laparotomy ; Postoperative ileus ; Complications ; Nasogastric tube ; Colectomy ; Colorectal surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the length of postoperative ileus in patients undergoing colectomy by either laparotomy or laparoscopy. METHODS: A total of 166 patients were studied. These patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, in which colectomy was done laparoscopically, and Group 2, consisting of patients undergoing laparotomy. Both groups contained 83 patients who were matched for disease severity, indications for surgery, and procedure. Indications for surgery included sigmoid diverticulitis in 12 (14 percent) patients, polyps in 22 (27 percent), Crohn's disease in 21 (25 percent), colorectal cancer in 11 (13 percent), stoma reversal in 8 (10 percent), rectal prolapse in 3 (4 percent), and other indications in 6 (7 percent) in each group. Operations were colectomy with anastomosis (42 ileocolic, 26 colorectal, 6 colocolic, 4 ileorectal, and 2 ileal J pouch) or without anastomosis (3 abdominoperineal resections) performed by the same surgeons during the same time period (January 1993 to October 1996). The nasogastric tube was removed from all patients immediately after surgery in both groups. All patients received a clear liquid diet on the first postoperative day, followed by a regular diet as tolerated. The nasogastric tube was reinserted if two or more episodes of emesis of more than 200 ml occurred in the absence of bowel movement. Patients were discharged from the hospital when tolerating a regular diet without evidence of ileus. Statistical analysis was performed using unpairedt-test and Fisher's exact probability test. RESULTS: The male-to-female ratio was 38 to 45 in both groups. A total of 10 (12 percent) and 23 (28 percent) patients in Group 1 and Group 2 had emesis (P=0.02), and the rate of nasogastric tube reinsertion was 5 (6 percent) and 13 (16 percent), respectively (P〉0.05). There were significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 relative to the lengths of ileus (3.5±1.3vs. 5.4±1.7 days, respectively;P〈0.001), hospitalization (6.6±3.3vs. 8.1±2.5 days, respectively;P〈0.002), and operative time (170±60vs. 114±46 minutes, respectively;P〈0.001). The morbidity rate was 16 (19.2 percent) and 18 (21.6 percent) in the laparoscopy and laparotomy groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although early oral intake is safe and can be tolerated by 84 percent of patients after colectomy by laparotomy, laparoscopic colectomy reduced the lengths of both postoperative ileus and hospitalization.
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  • 49
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    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 1628-1631 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Gracilis muscle flap ; Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Failure of an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis may result in unsuccessful completion of the anastomosis or removal of an ischemic pouch. We report a technique for preservation of the muscular wall of the rectum after mucosal dissection, which allowed a successful delayed pull-through.
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  • 50
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    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Single-stage proctocolectomy ; Crohn's disease ; Complications ; Delayed perineal wound healing ; Stomal complications ; Long-term results ; Recurrence ; Risk factor for recurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review our overall experience of single-stage proctocolectomy for Crohn's disease. METHODS: One hundred three patients who underwent single-stage proctocolectomy for Crohn's disease between 1958 and 1997 were reviewed. Factors affecting the incidence of recurrence were examined using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Principal indications for proctocolectomy were chronic colitis (49 percent), acute colitis (37 percent), and anorectal disease (14 percent). The commonest postoperative complication was delayed perineal wound healing (n=36; 35 percent), followed by intra-abdominal sepsis (17 percent) and stomal complications (15 percent). In 23 patients the perineal wound healed between three and six months after proctocolectomy, whereas in 13 patients the wound remained unhealed for more than six months. There were two hospital deaths (2 percent) caused by sepsis. The 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative reoperation rates for small-bowel recurrence were 13, 17, and 25 percent, respectively, after a median follow-up of 18.6 years. From a multivariate analysis, factors affecting reoperation rate for recurrence were gender (male; hazard ratio 2.4vs. female;P=0.03) and age at operation (≤30 years; hazard ratio 2.6vs. 〉30 years;P=0.04). The following factors did not affect the reoperation rate: duration of symptoms, smoking habits, associated perforating disease, coexisting small-bowel disease, postoperative complications, and medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy for Crohn's disease is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly delayed perineal wound healing. Proctocolectomy carries a low recurrence rate in the long term. However, young male patients are at high risk of recurrence.
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  • 51
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    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 1749-1753 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Adhesions ; Operative technique ; Complications ; Economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to document prospectively the time required to gain access to the abdomen to perform a planned procedure in patients with and without previous surgery. METHODS: Patients were obtained from the consecutive cases of 11 surgeons at three colorectal surgery centers. Opening time (skin incision to retractor placement) was measured and recorded in the operating room by the circulating nurse or by an independent researcher. Demographic data including the number and type of previous operations and the presence and severity of adhesions were recorded by the staff surgeon. A comparison of opening times between patients with and without previous abdominal operations was conducted. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-eight patients had abdominal operations. Fifty-five percent had previous abdominal procedures. Patients with prior surgery required a mean of 21 minutes to open their abdomens, whereas patients without prior surgery required a mean of 6 minutes (P〈0.01). The median times were 17 and 6 minutes, respectively. Eighty-three percent of patients with prior surgery had adhesions, whereas only 7 percent of patients had adhesions on their initial operation. Patients with prior surgery also had higher grade adhesions (P〈0.001). Irrespective of previous surgery, comparing patients with adhesions with those without, patients with adhesions required a mean of 22 minutes to open, whereas the lack of adhesions resulted in a mean opening time of 6 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Previous surgery and the presence of adhesions add significant time to opening the abdomen.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Pilonidal cyst ; Lumbar osteomyelis ; Epidural abscess ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study was conducted to report the rare presentation of lumbar osteomyelitis and epidural abscess as a complication of a pilonidal cyst. METHODS: A case report is presented. RESULTS: We describe the rare case of a male patient with diabetes with a recurring pilonidal cyst who developed a lumbar osteomyelitis and epidural abscess three weeks after pilonidal cyst excision with epidural anesthesia, with a fatal outcome despite emergency treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Life-threatening complications should be kept in mind in high-risk patients with repetitive surgery and neurologic involvement.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Cephalic vein ; Subclavian vein ; Central venous access ; Implanted port ; Tunneled catheter ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Chronic indwelling central venous access devices (CICVAD) generally are placed by the percutaneous subclavian vein approach. The cephalic vein cutdown approach is used only infrequently. Although the technique has been well described, few prospective data are available on the cephalic vein cutdown approach. Methods: From September 9, 1998, to July 20, 1999, the cephalic vein cutdown approach was attempted in 100 consecutive cancer patients taken to the operating room with the intention of placing CICVAD. Median patient age was 54.5 years (range 18–88), with 46 men and 54 women. Twenty-five patients had gastrointestinal malignancies, 17 had breast cancer, 15 had lymphoma, 13 had lung cancer, 12 had leukemia, 5 had multiple myeloma, and 13 had other malignancies. Patients were followed prospectively for immediate and long-term outcome. Results: CICVAD placement via the cephalic vein cutdown approach was successful in 82 patients; the remaining 18 patients required conversion to a percutaneous subclavian vein approach. The reasons for inability to place CICVAD via cephalic vein cutdown approach were a cephalic vein that was too small (10 patients), an absent cephalic vein (7 patients), and inability to traverse the angle of insertion of the cephalic vein into the subclavian vein (1 patient). There were 56 subcutaneous ports and 26 tunneled catheters. Median operating time was 44 minutes (range, 26–79 minutes). No postoperative pneumothorax occurred. Median catheter duration was 198 days (range, 0–513 days). Long-term complications included catheter-related bacteremia (6%), site infection (2%), deep venous thrombosis (5%), port pocket hematoma (1%), and superior vena cava stricture (1%). Thirty-seven percent of patients have died since CICVAD placement. Twenty-nine percent of the CICVADs have been removed. Conclusions: The cephalic vein cutdown approach was successful in 82% of patients. This approach is a safe and useful alternative to the percutaneous subclavian vein approach.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant chemotherapy ; attitudes ; breast cancer ; consensus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:A worldwide variation in policy is seen regardingadjuvant systemic treatment for node negative breast cancer (NNBC). After thefirst presentations of the 10-year EBCTCG results, a study was carried out inthe Netherlands to assess patterns of care and to obtain the views ofoncologists as to what constitutes a worthwhile benefit from treatment. Methods:A questionnaire regarding patterns of use of andpreferences for adjuvant chemotherapy in younger women was mailed to surgical,medical and radiation oncologists in the Netherlands. Results:Thirty-five percent stated that NNBC patients under 50in their hospital never received adjuvant chemotherapy. The majorityconsidered a 10-year survival gain of 6%–10% sufficientto warrant the use of chemotherapy in patients under 50. Surgical oncologistsrequired a larger benefit from treatment than radiotherapists and medicaloncologists. The more frequently oncologists treated patients in a researchcontext, the less benefit they required from treatment to make it worthwhile. Conclusions:Data such as these are valuable input into theprocess of guideline development, and may help discussion within theprofession as to what benefit offsets the burden of treatment.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; clinical trial ; docetaxel ; hepatic metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:Previous phase II studies of docetaxel have indicatedthat hepatic metastases from breast cancer respond well to first-linetreatment with docetaxel. The objective of this prospective, open label phaseII study therefore was specifically to evaluate the activity and safety ofdocetaxel in this indication. Patients and methods:The study recruited 47 women (mean age 50years, range 33–66 years) with hepatic metastases from breast cancer whofulfilled the eligibility criteria. After premedication with steroids,patients received a one-hour intravenous infusion of docetaxel 100mg/m2 at three-weekly intervals for up to eight cycles. Responseto treatment during medication was assessed after three, six and whereappropriate, eight cycles and every three month follow-up thereafter, untildisease progression or death. Results:The best overall response rate (ORR) for evaluablepatients was 64.3% (95% CI: 48.0%–78.5%).In terms of the primary efficacy parameters, the ORR at the sixth cycle oftreatment was 62% (95% CI: 45%–80%) with17% complete responses. The median duration of response was 139 days(95% CI: 111–216 days) and the median survival durationcalculated on an intent-to-treat basis was 335 days (227–568 days,95% CI). One (2%) toxic death was reported. Conclusions:Docetaxel is a highly effective cytotoxic agent inthe treatment of patients with liver metastases from breast cancer.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; lymph nodes ; sentinel lymph node biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) has been proposed as analternative to axillary lymph-node dissection (ALND) in breast cancer. Beforeimplementing SNB in our practice, we wished to test its validity by comparingit to the standard ALND, both in our hands and with other reported series. Patients and methods:One hundred thirty-two patients wereincluded prospectively. SNB and immediate ALND were performed. For SNB, atechnetium-colloid was used to produce preoperative lymphoscintigraphy andintraoperative gamma-probe search for the SN. Serial sectioning andimmunostains were used on the SN. A comprehensive review of the literature wasdone in order to run a meta-analysis of diagnostic tests using a summaryreceiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) to calculate the pooledparameters of sensitivity and associated 95% confidence interval(95% CI), including our own data. Results:Our technical success rate was 96%. Localsensitivity was 96%, with a 95% CI from85%–99%. Seven patients were upstaged by the SNB. Aliterature search identified 18 studies published from 1996–1999.Estimates of sensitivity ranged from 83%–100%. The pooleddata meta-analysis gave a global sensitivity of 91%, with a 95%CI from 89%–93%. The area under the global SROC curve was0.9967. Conclusions:The minimally invasive SNB was shown to be apractical alternative to ALND. We propose to use local as well as globalsensitivity and associated 95% CI to test the validity of SNB in theclinical setting. Due to limitations of ALND as the golden standard, SNB canin fact be considered a more accurate method for nodal staging.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; erbB2 ; HER-2/neu ; tamoxifen ; therapy resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aim:We aimed to study the importance of erbB2 status in earlystage postmenopausal breast cancer for patients who participated in a trialof five vs. two years of adjuvant tamoxifen. Patients and methods:We analysed the erbB2 status of the tumoursfrom 577 patients participating in the trial, either by a DNA amplificationassay (n = 181) or by measurement of the protein level with flowcytometry (n = 396). Results:ErbB2 was overexpressed or gene amplified in 102 of thepatients (18%). Overall, erbB2-positive patients had a significantlylower recurrence-free probability than others, 62% at five years ascompared to 83%, and showed a significantly decreased breast cancersurvival rate (P = 0.0007). ErbB2 status was significantlyassociated with recurrence and death in Cox multivariate analysis, adjustingfor nodal status, tumour size and estrogen receptor status. The relative riskof recurrence (RR) for five vs. two years of tamoxifen was analysed inrelation to erbB2 status for patients still disease-free two years aftersurgery. Whereas erbB2-negative patients showed significant benefit fromprolonged treatment (RR = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.42–0.93), no benefit was evident for erbB2-positive patients (RR= 1.1, 95% CI: 0.41–3.2). When the same analysis was restrictedto ER-positive patients a similar difference in relative hazard was obtainedbut the difference was not strictly significant (P = 0.065). Conclusions:For early stage breast cancer patients treated withadjuvant tamoxifen, overexpression of erbB2 is an independent marker of poorprognosis. The results suggest that overexpression decreases the benefit fromprolonged tamoxifen treatment.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; preoperative chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:We recently demonstrated that in premenopausalpatients with estrogen receptors (ER)-absent tumors, early initiation ofsystemic chemotherapy after primary surgery might improve outcome. These dataindicate a different responsiveness to chemotherapy for tumors not expressinghormone receptors. To test this hypothesis we evaluated the responsiveness topreoperative chemotherapy in patients with ER and progesterone receptors(PgR)-absent tumors. Patients and methods:Patients with biopsy-provenT2–T3, N0–2 breast cancertreated at a single institution from January 1995 to August 1999 withpreoperative chemotherapy were retrospectively evaluated. ER and PgR weredetermined immunohistochemically and classified for this purpose as absent(0% of the cells positive) or positive (≥1% of the cells). Results:On 117 evaluable patients 72 had an objective response(61%). A significant difference in response was observed for patientswith ER and PgR absent compared with those with ER and/or PgR-positive tumors(82% vs. 57%,P = 0.03 Fishers's exact test).Pathological complete remission rates were also significantly different in thetwo groups (23% vs. 7%, respectively; P = 0.04). Conclusions:The different degree of response according to hormonereceptors expression supports the hypothesis that tumors not expressing bothER and PgR might represent a different clinical entity in terms ofchemotherapy responsiveness.
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  • 59
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    Biomedical microdevices 2 (2000), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: membranes ; breast cancer ; oncology ; cell column regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using microfabrication technology, we have developed a new experimental apparatus and technique which allow isolation of individual cells and which facilitate the study of kinetic volume changes and membrane permeability. The key component of the apparatus is a microdiffusion chamber which was constructed using silicon microfabrication technology and standard photolithography. The central unit of the chamber is a 1 μ m thick silicon nitride membrane with a center hole on the order of 2–3 μ m in diameter. The device is novel in its analysis of a single cell, instead of the traditional array of cells, and its avoidance of the damage artifacts and computational difficulties which are inherent in other, commonly used methods of cellular analysis. The device is used in conjunction with a predictive computer model which simulates the response of the entire membrane or a portion of the membrane to various permeant and impermeant concentrations. This study introduces the apparatus and the model, and illustrates the effectiveness of the new procedure by determining several membrane permeability coefficients for HBL-100 (healthy human breast line). The empirical data and theoretical data were combined to yield a water permability (L p) of 1.1 ± 0.5μ m/(min-atm) (mean ± 1 standard deviation) (N= 5) during the uncoupled transport of water at 22 ±C. In the presence of 6 M glycerol, the water permeability (L p), permeability coefficient (P S), and the reflection coefficient (σS) were determined to be 2.0 ± 0.63 μ m/(min-atm), 2.7E-5 ± 6.1E-6 cm-sec-1, and 0.76 ± 0.5 (N = 6). No previous values of these coefficients could be found for HBL-100 cells.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; hot flashes ; paroxetine ; serotonin uptake inhibitors ; survivors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:Many breast cancer survivors suffer debilitating hotflashes. Estrogen, the drug of choice in perimenopausal women, is generallynot recommenced to breast cancer survivors. Nonhormonal treatments are mostlydisappointing. Anecdotal reports in our institution suggested that theselective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine hydrochloride, might beefficacious in alleviating hot flashes. Patients and methods:Thirty women with prior breast cancer whowere suffering at least two hot flashes a day entered a single institutionpilot trial to evaluate paroxetine's efficacy in reducing the frequency andseverity of hot flashes. After completing daily diaries for one week on notherapy, the women received open-label paroxetine, 10 mg daily for one week,followed by four weeks of paroxetine, 20 mg daily. The women completedhot-flash daily diaries throughout the study period, and a health-relatedsymptom-assessment questionnaire and a quality-of-life rating scale in thefirst and sixth week of the study. Results:Twenty-seven women completed the six-week study period.The mean reduction of hot flash frequency was 67% (95%confidence interval (95% CI): 56%–79%). The meanreduction in hot flash severity score was 75% (95% CI:66%–85%). There was a statistically significantimprovement in depression, sleep, anxiety, and quality of life scores.Furthermore, 25 (83%) of the study participants chose to continueparoxetine therapy at the end of study. The most common adverse effect wassomnolence, resulting in drug discontinuation in two women, and dose reductionin two women. One woman discontinued drug due to anxiety. Conclusions:Paroxetine hydrochloride is a promising new treatmentfor hot flashes in breast cancer survivors, and warrants further evaluationin a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; socio-economic status ; stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:This study describes and compares the pathologicalprognostic factors and surgeon assessment of stage of breast cancer of womenliving in affluent and deprived areas to assess whether clinical stage atpresentation may explain the known poorer survival outcomes for deprivedwomen. Patients and methods:A population-based review of the caserecords of 417 women with breast cancer was carried out. Results:No difference in pathological criteria was found betweenthe 88% of women living in affluent and deprived areas for whom suchdata were available. Clinical assessment of the remaining 50 cases showed thatwomen living in deprived areas were more likely to present with locallyadvanced or metastatic disease. Conclusion:The poorer survival of women from deprived areas withbreast cancer may be explained by more deprived women presenting with advancedcancers.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; choice ; decision-making process ; patient–physician relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:Shared decision-making is increasingly advocated asan ideal model. However, very few studies have tested the feasibility ofgiving patients the opportunity to participate in the choice of treatment. Patients and methods:Women, with non-metastatic breast cancer,eligible for non-intensified adjuvant chemotherapy attending our hospital wereproposed two administrations of chemotherapy and radiotherapy: a sequentialand a concomitant one. Two patient-questionnaires were used to elicitmotivations for their choice and their degree of comfort with the process ofdecision-making and one questionnaire to test physicians' ability to predictpatients' choice. Results:Participation rate in the study was 75.3%(n = 64). Majority (64%) of patients chose the concomitanttreatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with a lower level ofeducation, who discussed the choice with social circle, and who most fearedside-effects were more likely to choose the sequential treatment. Physicianswere able to predict patients' choice in 66% of cases. 89% ofpatients declared that they were "fully satisfied" with having participatedin the choice of treatment and 79% supported shared decision-making. Conclusions:Results are in favour of promoting activeparticipation of cancer-patients in medical decision-making. The adequatedegree of such participation remains however to be elicited and tested fortherapeutic choices implying more difficult trade-offs between quantity andquality of life.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; p53 ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:There is heterogeneity of methods and conflictingresults concerning the prognostic value of p53 in node-negativebreast cancer. The clinical value of a quantitative method for measuringtumoral p53 content still needs to be evaluated. Patients and methods: A long-term retrospective study wasconducted on 297 node-negative patients with a median follow-up greater than10 years (11 years, 101–172 months). Classic prognostic factors wereconsidered including age, tumor size, histoprognostic grade and estradiol (ER)and progesterone receptors (PR). In addition, the value of p53 determination (immunoluminometric assay in tumor cytosol) was assessed forthis long follow-up period. Results: p53 concentrations were significantly linked tothe histological grade (P = 0.001), to tumor size (P = 0.02)and ER status (P = 0.01). Higher p53 tumoral concentrationswere found in tumors with large size, pejorative histological grade andnegative ER status. In contrast, p53 tumoral concentrations were notinfluenced by menopausal or PR status. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstratesthat tumor size was the only significant predictor of disease-free survival(P = 0.049) with a risk factor at 1.38. As regards specific survival,univariate Cox analysis indicates that p53 taken as a continuousvariable is a significant predictor (P = 0.024) together withhistological grade, tumor size and ER status. In a multivariate Cox analysisthere were two significant and independent variables for predicting overallsurvival: tumor size (P = 0.031) and ER status (P = 0.015)with the highest risk factor (RR = 2.14). Conclusions:The present investigation points out that theprognostic power of p53 tumor determination evaluated at more than10 years median survival is not higher than the well-recognized classicprognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer. The present data highlightthe need to assess the prognostic value of potentially new biological factorsin node-negative breast cancer on cohorts of patients followed over periodsin excess of 10 years.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; genetic counselling ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:With the identification of genes predisposing tohereditary breast cancer, the accurate and consistent estimation of a woman'srisk of developing breast cancer based on her family history is of paramountimportance if national service guidelines are to be developed. Patients and methods:The residual lifetime risk of developingbreast cancer was estimated for 200 women attending a breast cancer geneticassessment clinic by three different methods currently in use in the UK. Riskswere computed on the basis of the Cancer and Steroid Hormone (CASH) study dataand were classified as ‘low/moderate’ (〈20%) or ‘high’(〉20%). These risk categories are representative of those currentlyused to allocate surveillance and genetic testing. Risks were then comparedto estimates derived by other methods used in current clinical practice,including those of Houlston and Murday. Results:The CASH data-based method ascribed 27% to thehigh risk category, as compared to 53% for the combined Houlston andMurday methods. A method based on the number of affected relatives aloneascribed only 14% to the high risk category. Overall, 108 (54%)women were placed in the same risk category by all three methods. Conclusions:This study demonstrates that there is a significantdegree of variability between methods currently used to estimate breast cancerrisk which has serious implications for individual patient management, serviceprovision and multicentre studies evaluating the benefits of genetic testingfor breast cancer susceptibility.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: breast cancer ; carboplatinum ; chemotherapy ; continuous 5-fluorouracil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed a trial using the combination of epirubicin 50mg/m2/day 1, carboplatinum AUC 5/day 1 and continuous5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 200 mg/m2/day (every 4 weeks for6 months) to confirm the efficacy and low toxicity profile of thisregimen in breast cancer. In 51 patients with metastatic(n = 33) or locally advanced (n = 18)breast cancer the overall response rate was 86% (95% confidenceinterval (95% CI): 73%–94%): 94% in locallyadvanced and 81% metastatic disease. Grade 3–4 toxicity was low:4% of patients presented with febrile neutropenia, 16% withsevere palmar-plantar syndrome, 10% with Port-a-cath thrombosis. This study confirms the high efficacy of infusional 5-FU-based regimens andjustifies further research into novel promising oral 5-FU derivatives.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; doxorubicin ; elderly patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicaloutcome of doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly breast cancerpatients and to compare results in elderly patients with those in youngerpatients. Patients and methods:We retrospectively reviewed the records ofall patients aged 50 years or older treated in trials of doxorubicin-basedadjuvant chemotherapy between 1974 and 1988. Old age was not an exclusioncriterion for these trials. Patient characteristics, hematologic andnonhematologic side effects, patterns of recurrence, and causes of death weredetermined for patients aged 50–64 years and for patients aged 65 yearsor older, and results were compared between these two groups.Kaplan–Meier survival curves were plotted, and tested by the generalizedWilcoxon test. Results:A total of 390 patients aged 50 years or older weretreated with doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy during the study period.Of these, 325 were aged 50–64 years (group 1), and 65 were aged 65 yearsor older (group 2). The median follow-up period for group 1 was 185 months(range 29–272+ months), and the median follow-up period for group 2 was169 months (range 128–240+ months). There were no statisticallysignificant differences between the two groups with respect to performancestatus, hormone receptor profile, tumor size, nodal status, or type oflocoregional therapy. There also were no statistically significant differencesbetween the two groups in recurrence patterns, disease-free survival, oroverall survival. The granulocyte and platelet nadirs of cycles 1, 3, and 6were similar between the two groups. No cumulative hematologic side effectswere seen in either group. The occurrence of second malignancies was extremelylow in both groups. In both groups, the majority of deaths were due toprogression of disease. Conclusions:Adjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapy is welltolerated in elderly breast cancer patients who have good performance statusand normal cardiac ejection fraction. Adjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapyin these patients results in disease-free and overall survival rates similarto those seen in younger patients.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: adjuvant therapy ; breast cancer ; second cancer ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:Women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer are atincreased risk of endometrial cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohortstudy to evaluate the risk of second primary cancers after adjuvant tamoxifentherapy for breast cancer in Japan. Patients and methods:The subjects of the study were 6148 womenwho had been diagnosed with stage I, II, or IIIA unilateral primary breastcancer and had received surgical treatment during the period from January 1982through December 1990 at nine institutions in Japan. The information on eachpatient was obtained from medical records or a prospectively compiled computerdatabase at each institution. Results:Of the 6148 women, 3588 (58.4%) were administeredtamoxifen as an adjuvant treatment and 2560 (41.6%) were notadministered. Median follow-up periods were 7.64 years for tamoxifen-treatedpatients and 8.10 years for non-tamoxifen-treated patients, respectively. Theduration of tamoxifen treatment was mostly two years or less (80.7%),and few patients received tamoxifen for more than five years. The cumulativeincidence rates of all second cancers at 10 years were 4.61% and4.09% among tamoxifen-treated and non-tamoxifen-treated patients(P = 0.62), respectively, and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) forall second cancers was 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI):0.77–1.47) after adjustment of several covariates. The numbers ofendometrial cancers was 9 and 3 among tamoxifen-treated andnon-tamoxifen-treated patients, respectively, and the IRR was 2.37 (95%CI: 0.64–8.77, P = 0.20). Of the 12 patients who developedendometrial cancer, 4 died of cancer (for 3 of them, the cause of death wasbreast cancer), and the other 8 patients were alive as of March 1996. Stomachcancer was the most frequent second cancer and the IRR was 1.34 (95%CI: 0.76–2.38, P = 0.31). There was no substantialincrease in any other type of gastrointestinal cancer such as colorectal andliver cancers among tamoxifen-treated patients. Conclusions:The incidence and risk of second primary cancersassociated with tamoxifen therapy is low. The potential benefit of adjuvanttamoxifen therapy in breast cancer patients outweighs the risk of secondprimary cancers for Japanese breast cancer patients.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1434-3932
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Endovaskuläre Operationen ; Stents ; Aortenstentprothese ; Bauchaortenaneurysma ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Endovascular surgery ; Stents ; Aortic stent prostheses ; Aneurysm ; Abdominal aorta ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract  Intraoperative complications can be divided into three categories on the basis of the time of their occurrence: Group I – Problems associated with access; group II: introduction of the endovascular stent (a: release of the main segment, b: anchoring the second limb); and group III: incidence of primary endoleaks. The objective of the present study was to describe the management of these complications. In a group of 130 patients undergoing endovascular treatment of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, a total of 31 complications occurred in 26 patients (20.0%). The most frequently encountered complication in each group and its respective management was as follows: Group I: Correction was performed using dilatation and retroperitoneal stretching as well as surgical shortening of the external iliac artery with interposition; group IIa: overstenting the renal arteries was corrected either by conversion or tugging at the endograft; group IIb: the guide wire or docking system could not be placed. Such cases were managed either through conversion or use of fresh systems; group III: such complications were treated with repeated stent placement, postoperative coil embolizations, or conversion. The endovascular therapy of aortic aneurysms is associated with intraoperative complications in 20% of cases. Adequate management helps to keep both morbidity and mortality rates low.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung  Intraoperative Komplikationen können je nach Zeitpunkt des Ereignisses in 3 Gruppen definiert werden: Gruppe I – Zugangsprobleme, Gruppe II – Einbringen des endovaskulären Stents (a: Absetzen des Hauptteils, b: Andocken des 2. Schenkels), Gruppe III – Inzidenz primärer Endoleaks. Zielsetzung dieser retrospektiven Studie war es, das Management zur Behebung dieser Komplikationen darzustellen. Von 130 Patienten mit endovaskulärer Ausschaltung eines Aortenaneurysmas traten bei 26 Patienten 31 intraoperative Komplikationen auf (20,0%). Die führenden Komplikationen in jeder Gruppe sowie das daraus resultierende Management waren: Gruppe I: Die Korrektur erfolgte durch Dilatation, retroperitoneale Streckung, Kürzungsoperation der A. iliaca externa und Interponat. Gruppe II a: Bei Überstentung der Nierenarterien erfolgte die Konversion oder Zug am Endograft. Gruppe II b: Führungsdraht oder Andocksystem können nicht platziert werden. Die Behebung erfolgte durch Konversion und Anwendung neuer Systeme. Gruppe III: Hier wurden erneute Stentplazierungen, postoperativer Coil-Embolisationen und Konversionen durchgeführt. Die endovaskuläre Therapie aortaler Aneurysmen birgt eine Rate intraoperativer Schwierigkeiten von 20%. In 3,8% der Fälle musste eine Konversion durchgeführt werden. Durch adäquates Management konnten die Letalität (1/26) und Morbidität jedoch gering gehalten werden.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: Key words Gastric cancer ; Lymph node dissection ; Mortality ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since November 1995 we have been performing a D3 lymph node dissection in patients undergoing an operation for gastric cancer with a curative intent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this procedure results in an increased postoperative mortality or complication rate in a Western population. Between November 1995 and August 1997 the postoperative courses of 76 patients were retrospectively assessed (45.3 lymph nodes per patient, lymph node ratio: 0.16). The patient outcome was compared with data from a historic control group of patients (n = 383) in whom the newly established D2 dissection was studied in our department. Regarding the demographic, clinical, and tumor-pathologic data, and the choice of resection and reconstructive procedures, the two groups differed only slightly. The postoperative mortality of 1% was lower (vs 6.8%) while the overall complication rate of 34% (vs 32.1%) was identical. In particular, no anastomotic leakage (vs 9.4%) and fewer nonsurgical complications (17.1% vs 27.9%) occurred. The reoperation rate was 1% vs 9.7%. However, in 6% of the patients drainage tubes had to be inserted under computed tomographic guidance. The average hospital stay remained unchanged (21.9 vs 20.7 days). A D3 dissection was shown to be feasible while demonstrating no disadvantages in the patients when compared with the D2 procedure.
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  • 70
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 78-85 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Marknagelung ; Femur ; Indikationen ; Keywords ; Intramedullary nailing ; Femur ; Indications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Intramedullary nailing is today the treatment of choice for femoral shaft fractures. The unreamed femoral nail (UFN) system combines the advantages of minimally invasive unreamed nailing with different proximal interlocking options. This means a reduced risk of systemic and local complications. The UFN offers several interlocking options, extending the indications for nailing especially in proximal femoral fractures. As part of a prospective multicentre study, the new AO femoral nail was evaluated in 365 cases treated at eight European and North American clinics. Follow-up rate was 82%. The fracture healing was uneventful in 95% of all cases. In the remaining 5% delayed healing, pseudarthosis, infections and malalignment were observed. This paper gives an overview of the current status of femoral nailing. The clinical findings recorded with the UFN in this clinic as one of those taking part in the AO prospective multicentre study are discussed.
    Notes: In der Behandlung von Femurschaftfrakturen ist heute die Marknagelung das Verfahren der Wahl. Im UFN-System finden sich die Vorteile der minimalinvasiven, unaufgebohrten Marknagelung mit den verschiedenen proximalen Verriegelungsoptionen vereint. Das Risiko von systemischen und lokalen Komplikationen wird bei gleichzeitig guter Versorgungsstabilität reduziert. Der unaufgebohrte Femurnagel bietet mit seinen Optionen der Standard-, der antegraden, der Spiralklingen- und der Miss-A-nail-Verriegelung gerade für proximale Frakturen stabile Versorgungsmöglichkeiten an. Der neue unaufgebohrte AO-Femurnagel wurde in 365 Fällen in einer prospektiven, multizentrischen Studie (Nachkontrollrate: 82%) von ¶8 Kliniken in Europa und Nordamerika evaluiert. In 95% der Fälle zeigte sich eine achsgerechte Ausheilung. Bei den restlichen 5% traten verzögerte Heilungen, Pseudarthrosen, Infektionen und Fehlstellungen auf. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Überblick über die derzeitigen Möglichkeiten der Femurmarknagelung auf der Basis der in unserer Klinik gewonnenen Erfahrungen gegeben. Die als teilnehmende Klinik an der Multizenterstudie erreichten Erkenntnisse werden diskutiert.
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  • 71
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 134-147 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Okzipitale Kondylenfrakturen ; Gehenktenfrakturen ; Densfrakturen ; Atlantookzipitale und atlantoaxiale Dislokation ; Obere Halswirbelsäule ; Keywords ; Occipital condylar fractures ; Hangman’s fractures ; Dens fractures ; Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial dislocation ; Upper cervical spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In contrast to the figures reported in the literature, according to which fractures of the occipital condyles are rare, we observed that such fractures were strikingly frequent among our patients. Moreover, isolated fractures of the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas were observed, casting doubts on the low frequency reported for these too in the current literature. The clinical symptoms mainly reported in a wide variety of injuries of the upper cervical spine (C0–C2) are pain in the neck and difficulties in swallowing, and they do not provide any information about the type of injury. The methods of diagnosis used are usually limited to X-ray und computed tomography, nuclear spin resonance tomography (NMR) being undertaken only in special cases. Unstable occipital fractures of types III and IV (Jeanneret system) are treated by halo fixation. Unstable atlas fractures equivalent to dislocated Jefferson fractures could be largely anatomically repositioned by progressive traction in halo fixation. A maximum of 12 weeks’ immobilisation was needed for healing. Dens fractures of type II (Anderson system) are mainly treated with compression osteosynthesis, while type III is treated conservatively with halo fixation. In the case of hangman’s fractures of type II (Effendi) ventral spondylodesis C2/C3 is preferred. Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial dislocation require operative fusion.
    Notes: Im eigenen Patientengut fanden sich die in der Literatur als extrem selten angegebenen Frakturen der Okzipitalkondylen auffallend häufig. Auch nur vereinzelt beschriebene isolierte Frakturen der Massa lateralis sowie des Processus transversus atlantis wurden beobachtet, sodass Zweifel an deren Seltenheit aufkommen. Die klinische Symptomatologie der unterschiedlichsten Verletzungen der oberen Halswirbelsäule (C0–C2) beruht wesentlich auf der Angabe von Nackenschmerzen und Schluckbeschwerden und erlaubt keine Rückschlüsse auf die Art der Verletzung. Die Diagnostik beschränkt sich regelhaft auf das Nativröntgen sowie die Computertomographie, die Kernspintomographie bleibt Ausnahmefällen vorbehalten. Die Behandlung instabiler okzipitaler Kondylenfrakturen vom Typ III und IV nach Jeanneret erfolgt durch Halofixation. Instabile Atlasfrakturen, die den dislozierten Jefferson-Frakturen entsprechen, konnten durch sukzessive Traktion im Halofixateur jeweils weitgehend anatomisch reponiert werden und heilten bei maximal 12-wöchiger Ruhigstellung. Densfrakturen vom Typ II nach Anderson werden überwiegend mit Kompressionsosteosynthese, Densfrakturen vom Typ III dagegen konservativ (Halo) versorgt. Bei Gehenktenfrakturen vom Typ II nach Effendi wird die ventrale Spondylodese C2/3 bevorzugt. Atlantookzipitale und atlantoaxiale Dislokationen bedürfen der operativen Fusionierung.
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  • 72
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Wirbelsäulenverletzung ; Thorakolumbale Wirbelsäule ; Kombinierte dorsoventrale ¶Stabilisierung ; Spätrekonstruktion ; Operationsindikationen ; Keywords ; Spinal injuries ; Thoracolumbar spine ; Combined dorso-ventral stabilizing procedure ; Secondary reconstruction ; Indications for surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The majority of unstable thoracic and lumbar fractures can be successfully treated by dorsal instrumentation with an internal fixation device providing angular stability. A supplementary ventral fusion involves severe additional surgical trauma and should be restricted to selected indications such as injuries with significant narrowing of the spinal canal that cannot be corrected from a dorsal approach, highly unstable lesions and old fractures. The possibility of secondary reconstructions should be kept in mind.
    Notes: Die Mehrzahl der instabilen Frakturen der Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule kann erfolgreich durch dorsale Instrumentation mit winkelstabilen Fixationssystemen behandelt werden. Eine ergänzende ventrale Spondylodese geht mit einem erheblichen zusätzlichen Operationstrauma einher und sollte auf ausgewählte Indikationen, wie Verletzungen mit einer signifikanten Einengung des Spinalkanals, die von dorsal nicht zu beseitigen ist, hochinstabile Läsionen und veraltete Frakturen, beschränkt werden. Die Möglichkeiten einer Spätrekonstruktion sollten nicht außer Acht gelassen werden.
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  • 73
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; O-Bein ; Meniskusschaden ; Schadensanlage ; Keywords ; Bowlegs ; Meniscal damage ; Predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In expert medical evidence it is common to encounter the opinion in that strenuous occupational exposure has less influence on meniscal damage than deviations of the ¶leg axis. Since damage to the medial meniscus is more common than damage to the ¶lateral meniscus, the main issue requiring discussion is the significance of bowlegs in relation to the medial meniscus. The biomechanical hypothesis of the essential relevance of bowlegs to medial meniscal damage is plausible only at first glance; in fact there is no epidemiologic evidence to support it and there are numerous arguments against it. According to present knowledge, in legally binding assessments of meniscal damage bowlegs are not seen as a contributory cause, but at most as a factor in a predisposition to such damage.
    Notes: Immer wieder wird in Gutachten die Auffassung vertreten, berufsbedingten Einflüssen auf den Meniskus käme eine geringere Bedeutung zu als einem Beinachsenfehler. Da Innenmeniskusschäden häufiger sind als ¶solche des Außenmeniskus, stellt sich damit vornehmlich die Frage nach der Bedeutung des O-Beins für den Innenmeniskus. Nur auf den ersten Blick erweist sich der biomechanische Ansatz plausibel, dass die O-Bein-Achse die wesentliche Ursache für einen ¶Innenmeniskusschaden liefere. Tatsächlich finden sich zu dieser Hypothese nicht nur keine epidemiologischen Bestätigungen, sondern zahlreiche Gegenargumente. Nach heutigem Wissensstand ist dem O-Bein im Rahmen der sozialrechtlichen Beurteilung eines Meniskusschadens nicht die Bedeutung einer konkurrierenden Mitursache, ¶sondern höchstens die einer Schadensanlage zuzuordnen.
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  • 74
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 220-222 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Polytrauma ; Chirurgische Forschung ; Immunologie ; Keywords ; Polytrauma ; Surgical research ; Immunology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Trauma is the leading cause of death among people aged up to 40 years. The treatment ¶of polytraumatised patients consumes a large proportion of health care resources and demands sophisticated medical support. The number of trauma deaths has ¶been significantly reduced as a result of new medical knowledge. Nonetheless, one of the main dangers for such multiply injured patients is the risk that reactive multi-organ failure (MOF) may develop; this is induced by a cascade of immunologic disorders. Up to now, research has not made it possible for ¶us to understand the immunologic changes that follow trauma in full and to develop new therapeutic strategies. A new approach is the analysis of the Th1/Th2 ratio of peripheral lymphocytes. Modulation of this ratio is discussed as a new treatment goal, but the results obtained in animal models have yet to be verified in clinical studies before they can be accepted as pathophysiologic dogma. Some of the most important missions of surgical research are therefore to test existing modes against clinical reality, create a body of basic knowledge oriented to clinical practice, to confirm immunologic theories or ¶define new ones in trauma patients, and to test new therapeutic strategies in human models by means of clinical studies.
    Notes: Das Trauma stellt in der Altersgruppe bis ¶40 Jahre die Haupttodesursache dar. Die Versorgung polytraumatisierter Patienten stellt höchste Ansprüche sowohl in medizinischer als auch in ökonomischer Hinsicht. Durch neue medizinische Erkenntnisse konnte die Überlebensrate dieser Patienten verbessert werden. Dennoch stellt das trauma- und mikrobiell induzierte fortschreitende reaktive Multiorganversagen (MOF) heute ein Hauptrisiko der schwerstverletzten Patienten dar. Eine wesentliche Ursache dafür ist eine posttraumatisch entstehende Dysbalance immunologischer Mediatoren und Reaktionen. Trotz intensiver Forschungsmaßnahmen ist es bisher nicht gelungen, die immunologischen Veränderungen beim Polytrauma in seiner Gesamtheit zu verstehen und daraus therapeutische Vorgehensweisen zu entwickeln. Eine neue Möglichkeit bietet die Analyse des Verhältnisses von Th1- und Th2-ähnlichen Zytokinprofilen von Leukozyten. Die Modulation dieses Verhältnisses könnte ein mögliches therapeutisches Ziel werden, wobei sich die tierexperimentellen Ergebnisse erst auf das Humanmodell übertragen lassen müssen. Darin liegt jedoch auch das Dilemma der chirurgischen Forschung: ¶Zu schnell werden tierexperimentelle und In-vitro-Befunde übernommen und persistieren als pathophysiologische Dogmen. ¶Es ist daher die Aufgabe der chirurgischen Forschung, bestehende Modellvorstellungen an der klinischen Realität zu messen, klinikorientieres Grundlagenwissen zu schaffen, immun-pathophysiologische Modellvorstellungen bei Traumapatienten zu verifizieren oder neu zu definieren und therapeutische Konzepte in klinischen Studien zu überprüfen.
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  • 75
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S500 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hoffnung ; Selbstständigkeit ; Komplikationen ; Gangschulung ; Keywords Hope ; Independence ; Complications ; Mobility training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In the treatment of paraplegic patients ¶there is a definite discrepancy between the ideas and wishes of the patients and the approaches and objectives of the physiotherapists. The greatest concern of the person affected is recovery of the ability to walk, while the main emphases of physiotherapy primarily involve avoiding complications of paralysis and achieving the highest possible degree of independence. One aid used in teaching partially paralysed patients to walk again is the walking belt, which complements the neurophysiological treatment methods very well. Mobility training with completely paralysed patients is obviously restricted owing to the lack of function. Sources of problems include relapsing shoulder pain and marked spasticity, which limit the results that can be achieved by way of rehabilitation medicine. With the support of an electronic measuring system the threat of pressure sores can be successfully combated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Behandlung Querschnittgelähmter besteht zwischen den Vorstellungen und Wünschen der Patienten und den Gesichtspunkten und Zielen der Physiotherapie eine deutliche Diskrepanz. Der Betroffene erhofft sich v. a. das Wiedererlangen seiner Gehfähigkeit, die Schwerpunkte der Physiotherapie liegen in erster Linie auf der Vermeidung lähmungsbedingter Komplikationen und dem Erreichen maximaler Selbstständigkeit. Gangschulung wird bei inkomplett Gelähmten u. a. mit Hilfe des Laufbands durchgeführt, das eine hervorragende Ergänzung der neurophysiologischen Behandlungstechniken darstellt. Das Gehtraining mit komplett Gelähmten reduziert sich naturgemäß aus Mangel an funktionellen Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Unter anderem können rezidivierende Schulterschmerzen und starke Spastik Probleme darstellen und sich limitierend auf das Rehabilitationsergebnis auswirken. Der Dekubitusgefahr wird, unterstützt durch ein elektronisches Messsystem, erfolgreich entgegengewirkt.
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  • 76
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 2-10 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Beckenring ; Anatomie ; Biomechanik ; Keywords ; Pelvic ring ; Anatomy ; Biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Treatment of pelvic lesions can only be successful if one has an anatomical and biomechanical understanding of the physiological flux of force from the neck of the femur via the acetabular fossa to the sacroiliac joint. Not only the pelvic bone, but also the ligaments, e. g. the sacroiliac ligaments, have a particularly important support function. For assessing stability and classifying the traumatic patterns it is helpful to use Pennal’s classification [28], which takes the direction of the action of force into account. Three basic forms can be distinguished: anteroposterior compression, lateral compression and vertical avulsion. The extent of the traumatic pattern can be used to differentiate between the subtypes that can be treated conservatively and those that require surgical treatment. The biomechanics and the traumatic patterns are described clearly and with illustrations.
    Notes: Voraussetzung einer erfolgreichen Behandlung einer Beckenverletzung ist das anatomische und biomechanische Verständnis des physiologischen Kraftflusses vom Schenkelhals über die Gelenkpfanne zum Sakroiliakalgelenk. Eine wichtige Trägerfunktion haben nicht nur der Beckenknochen, sondern auch die ligamentären Strukturen, besonders die Ligg. sacroiliaca dorsalia. Für die ¶Stabilitätsbeurteilung und Klassifikation der Verletzungsmuster hat sich die Einteilung nach Pennal et al. bewährt, die die Richtung der Krafteinwirkung berücksichtigt. Es lassen sich 3 Grundformen unterscheiden: die a.-p.-Kompression, die laterale Kompression und die vertikale Abscherung. Je nach Ausmaß des Verletzungsmusters lassen sich Untertypen unterscheiden, die konservativ behandelt werden können oder eine operative Therapie erfordern. Die Biomechanik und die Verletzungsmuster werden anschaulich und reichlich illustriert beschrieben.
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  • 77
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 387-389 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Koordinator ; Bergmannstrost ; Rehabilitation ; Keywords ; Coordinator ; Bergmannstrost ; Rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: While the medical care of accident and emergency patients treated by members of our professional association, especially in clinics run by the professional association, is recognized as being of a high standard, in practice the interface between those directly involved in this treatment and the administrative offices responsible within the association has been found to offer room for optimization on both sides. To this end, a coordinator for professional assistance has been appointed at the “Bergmannstrost” clinic run by the professional association. The new coordinator’s office is both a source of information and a support centre, providing assistance and advice for the medical staff of the clinic and also for the administrative staff responsible in the professional association’s offices. The coordinator, who is excellently well aware of the requirements and options for control within the treatment offered by the professional association, gives advice and makes sure that the various matters raised are routed quickly and directly to the correct offices. Looking back over almost 2 years’ experience, optimization of the interface seems to have been successfully achieved. The resultant tightening of the decision-making process has led to accelerated processing of concerns and positive effects on the costs of rehabilitation treatment.
    Notes: Während die medizinische Versorgung Unfallverletzter im bg-lichen Heilverfahren und gerade auch in den BG-Kliniken einen anerkannt hohen Standard aufweist, bot in der Praxis die Schnittstelle zu der Sachbearbeitung der Berufsgenossenschaften wechselseitig Optimierungspotenzial. Dem wurde durch die Installation einer Berufshilfekoordinatorin in den BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost Rechnung getragen. Einer Informations- und Anlaufstelle also, die gleichermaßen dem medizinischen Personal der BG-Klinik als auch der Sachbearbeitung in den Berufsgenossenschaften als Anlauf- und Beratungsstelle dient. Die Koordinatorin, die exzellent mit den Anforderungen und Steuerungsmöglichkeiten im bg-lichen Heilverfahren vertraut ist, berät oder sorgt dafür, dass die jeweiligen Belange schnell und auf direktem Weg an der richtigen Stelle ankommen. Rückblickend auf einen Erfahrungszeitraum von knapp 2 Jahren scheint die Optimierung der Schnittstelle gelungen zu sein. Durch die dadurch ermöglichte Straffung von Entscheidungsprozessen konnten neben Beschleunigungseffekten positive Wirkungen hinsichtlich der Rehabilitationskosten beobachtet werden.
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Beckenverletzung ; Begleitverletzung ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Algorithmus ; Keywords ; Pelvic trauma ; Concomitant lesions ; Diagnosis ; Therapy ; Algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The injuries that typically accompany pelvic fractures are lesions of the urogenital tract, the lumbosacral plexus, and the retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal organs. The prognosis depends heavily on early recognition of the abdominal- and retroperitoneal injuries, which are frequently a primary threat to vital functions. Missing these injuries would be very serious, as the mortality with early diagnosis and adequate treatment is normally low; according to the results reported in the literature, delayed therapy leads to increasing mortality rates of up to 80%. Experience in trauma centres has shown that for complete ascertainment of accompanying injuries it is necessary to perform a systematic diagnosis according to a fixed algorithm. The treatment of the concomitant injuries accompanying a complex pelvic trauma is fundamentally different from the treatment of patients with isolated injuries. A high survival rate with a low postoperative complication rate cannot be achieved except with specialist surgical management tailored to the primary life-threatening lesions. After determination and recording of the injury pattern a therapy concept must be made at once. A trauma algorithm can be helpful when treatment is selected. Step-by-step treatment with several operative phases alternating with recovery and stabilization periods under intensive care conditions has proved worthwhile.
    Notes: Typische Begleitverletzungen von Beckenfrakturen sind Verletzungen des Urogenitaltrakts, des Plexus lumbosacralis und intraabdominaler Organe. Entscheidend für die Prognose ist das rechtzeitige Erkennen v. a. der häufig primär vital gefährdenden Abdominal- und Retroperitonealverletzungen. Das Übersehen dieser Verletzungen ist besonders tragisch, da bei rechtzeitiger Diagnostik und adäquater Versorgung die Letalitätsrate in der Regel gering ist; bei verzögerter Therapie resultieren nach den Angaben in der Literatur Letalitätsraten bis zu 80%. Die Erfahrung in Traumazentren hat gezeigt, dass zur vollständigen Erfassung der Begleitverletzungen die systematische Diagnostik nach einem festgelegten Algorithmus erfolgen sollte. Die Behandlung der Begleitverletzungen im Rahmen eines komplexen Beckentraumas unterscheidet sich prinzipiell von der bei Monoverletzten. Voraussetzung für eine hohe Überlebensrate mit geringer postoperativer Komplikationsrate ist ein prioritätenorientiertes chirurgisches Vorgehen. Nach Erfassung des Verletzungsmusters muss bereits initial ein Therapiekonzept erstellt werden. Zur Entscheidungsfindung kann ein Traumaalgorithmus herangezogen werden. Es hat sich eine abgestufte Versorgung mit mehreren operativen Phasen und zwischengeschalteten Erholungs- und Stabilisierungsphasen unter Intensivbedingungen bewährt.
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  • 79
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 60-64 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Lungenversagen ; Bauchlagerung ; Oxygenierung ; Prophylaktische Effekte ; Keywords ; Pulmonary failure ; Prone positioning ; Oxygenation ; Prophylactic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Despite positive reports on the use of alternating prone and supine positioning in patients with respiratory failure, this therapy is now rarely used. Prone positioning leads to substantially improved oxygenation, a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and lowered mortality. Because of the good results in patients with acute respiratory failure, in 1991 we also started using the prone position as a primary prophylactic procedure in patients in whom oxygenation is not yet impaired but who are at risk of pulmonary failure. By this means we have achieved a reduction in the incidence of pulmonary failure from 31.6% to nil in 124 trauma patients, a result confirmed by comparison of the results in 100 patients treated without prone positioning. Investigations also showed a decreased intrapulmonary shunt fraction, recruitment of collapsed alveoli in the absence of negative side effects on mechanical ventilation parameters and hemodynamics while patients were in the prone position. Therefore, we feel that use of alternating prone and supine positioning, especially prophylactically, should be highly recommended.
    Notes: Obgleich positive Berichte über die Anwendung der Bauchlagerung beim Lungenversagen vorliegen, hat ihr Einsatz noch keine weite Verbreitung gefunden. Die beeindruckenden Effekte dieser einfachen Behandlungsform in Form der Verbesserung der Oxygenierung, Verkürzung der Beatmungsdauer und gesenkten Letalität des ARDS haben uns veranlasst, die Wechsellagerung auch primär, d. h. bei noch nicht gestörter Lungenfunktion, als prophylaktische Maßnahme einzusetzen. Hierdurch konnte im Gegensatz zu anderen Therapiestrategien eine drastische Senkung der Inzidenz des Lungenversagens erreicht werden. Durch ¶die Auswertung der Daten von 304 mittels Wechsellagerung behandelten Patienten und die Gegenüberstellung einer Vergleichsgruppe von 100 Patienten konnten diese ¶Beobachtungen belegt werden. Weitere Untersuchungen zeigten die Reduktion der intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion, die hämodynamische Stabilität und die Wiederöffnung kollabierter Alveolen während der Bauchlagerung. Eine rasche Verbreitung der Wechsellagerung, insbesondere des frühzeitigen, prophylaktischen Einsatzes, ist deshalb im Interesse der Patienten zu fordern.
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  • 80
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Humerusschaftfraktur ; Marknagelung ; UHN ; Biologische Osteosynthese ; Keywords ; Humeral shaft fracture ; Intramedullary ¶nailing ; UHN ; Biological osteosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Intramedullary stabilization is one alternative to plate osteosynthesis for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. In the last 50 years many wire and nail systems have been developed for this purpose and used in clinical practice, many of which have involved problems with rotational stability. One of the recently developed nails is the unreamed humerus nail (UHN) for antegrade and retrograde insertion. The nail system and the operative technique are presented and discussed, as are the results of a multicentre study and the author’s own results.
    Notes: Die intramedulläre Stabilisierung von Oberarmschaftfrakturen ist eine Behandlungsalternative zur etablierten Plattenosteosynthese. Hierfür wurden in den letzten 50 Jahren viele Draht- und Nagelsysteme entwickelt, wobei die Technik der Verriegelung des Implantats zur Rotationssicherung der Fraktur entscheidend ist. Eine der neueren Entwicklungen stellt der solide Humerusnagel dar (UHN), der retrograd und antegrad eingebracht werden kann. Nagelsystem, Operationstechnik und Ergebnisse einer Multizenterstudie sowie eigene Ergebnisse mit Komplikationsanalyse werden dargestellt und verglichen.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Pseudarthrose ; Fehlstellung ; Marknagelung ; Keywords ; Non-union ; Deformity ; Intramedullary ¶nailing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Gentle intramedullary reaming and stabilization can provide fast bone consolidation in cases of delayed fracture healing and hypertrophic non-unions. The decision onwhether or not intramedullary nailing is indicated must always be made with reference to the individual situation. An analysis of our own cases revealed bony healing in hypertrophic non-unions of femoral shaft fractures in 93% and in 94% of tibial shaft fractures after reamed intramedullary nailing. In selected cases of axial or rotational deformities or length discrepancy of the femur and tibia a correction osteotomy can be performed with intramedullary nailing. If it is necessary to expose the non-union area decortication can be performed and rotation stabilization can be applied in addition to the intramedullary nailing.
    Notes: Bei verzögerter Knochenbruchheilung oder Pseudarthrose bzw. im Rahmen von Korrekturosteotomien bei Schaftfrakturen ist das Verfahren der intramedullären Stabilisierung in seinen verschiedenen Anwendungstechniken häufig die geeignete Methode. Die Indikation für eine intramedulläre Stabilisierung muss an den jeweils individuell vorliegenden Gegebenheiten orientiert sein. Die Technik des Aufbohrens, sofern vorsichtig und schonend angewendet, führt entsprechend klinischer Erfahrungen in einer überschaubaren Zeit, ganz besonders bei hypertrophen Pseudarthrosen, zur knöchernen Überbrückung. Dabei wird die Rolle des Bohrmehls immer noch diskutiert. Bei liegendem Marknagel können auch eine lokale Dekortikation und eine rotationsstabilisierende Platte die Ausheilung begünstigen. Ausgewählte Fälle von Achsenfehlern bzw. Längendifferenzen, speziell die Korrektur von Torsionsabweichungen oder der Segmenttransport mit Kallotaxis, können mit Hilfe der Marknagelung stabilisiert werden.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Ventrale Spondylodese ; Funktionelles ¶Ergebnis ; Untere Halswirbelsäule ; Keywords ; Ventral spondylodesis ; Functional results ; Low cervical spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: A total of 58 patients were examined to determine the functional results in the cervical spine an average of 5.3 years after ventral spondylodesis. After questioning and physical examination the function was assessed by functional radiographs (according to Penning) and dynamic 3-D motion analysis. In 54% of cases the patients reported no subjective restrictions of their mobility or only slight restrictions, while 22% experienced moderate to marked limitations in their professional life and 28%, in their activities of daily living, but 84% of the patients were nonetheless still engaging in the same types of sport as before. The clinical examination revealed the following ranges of movement (MV ± SD) in the cervical spine: anteflexion 37°± 19°; retroflexion 46°± 21°; lateral bending 49°± 24°; and rotation in neutral position 112°± 42°. The functional radiographs showed smaller values: anteflexion 24.2°± 11°; and retroflexion 25.4°± 14°. The 3-D motion analysis confirmed a restriction compared with the normal collective: 20% in the sagittal plane, 13% in the frontal plane, 18% with rotation in the neutral position, 15% in maximal anteflexion and 26% in maximal retroflexion of the cervical spine. The function of the cervical spine is independent of age, sex and extent of the spinal fusion; restrictions tend to be more pronounced with increasingly caudally located spondylodeses. Compensatory hypermobility of the neighbouring segments cannot generally be confirmed.
    Notes: Durchschnittlich 5,3 Jahre nach ventraler Spondylodese wurden 58 Patienten hinsichtlich des funktionellen Ergebnisses der Halswirbelsäule nachuntersucht. Nach Befragung und klinischer Untersuchung wurde die Funktion mit Hilfe von Funktionsaufnahmen (nach Penning) und dynamischer 3D-Bewegungsanalyse beurteilt. Subjektiv keine oder geringe Einschränkungen der HWS-Beweglichkeit bemerkten 54% der Patienten, im Beruf sind 22% und im Alltag 28% mäßig bis stark eingeschränkt, dennoch üben 84% alte sportliche Aktivitäten aus. Die klinische Untersuchung ergab folgende Bewegungsauslenkungen (MW ± SD): Anteflexion: 37 ± 19°, Retroflexion: 46 ± 21°, bilaterale Seitneigung: 49 ± 24°, Rotation in Neutralstellung: 112 ± 42°. Die Funktionsaufnahmen zeigten geringere Werte: Anteflexion: 24,2 ± 11° und Retroflexion: 25,4 ± 14°. Die 3D-Bewegungsanalyse bestätigte eine Einschränkung gegenüber dem Normalkollektiv: in der Sagittalebene 20%, in der Frontalebene 13%, bei Rotation in der Neutralstellung 18%, in der maximalen Anteflexion 15% und in der maximalen Retroflexion 26%. Die Funktion der HWS war vom Alter, vom Geschlecht und von der Ausdehnung der Fusion unabhängig; kaudaler gelegene Spondylodesen zeigten tendenziell größere Einschränkungen. Kompensatorische Hypermobilitäten der benachbarten Segmente konnten im Regelfall nicht bestätigt werden.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Lendenwirbelsäule ; Zusammenhangsbegutachtung ; Bandscheibenvorfall ; Osteoporose ; Keywords ; Lumbar spine ; Appraisal of causality ; Disc prolapse ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: It is rare for structural injuries to arise in the setting of “lifting accidents”. Of those that do occur, compression fractures of the vertebral body in patients with pre-existing osteoporosis are the most common. In these cases, the force exerted by the trauma needs to be weighed against the severity of the osteoporosis for a decision on the causality to be reached. The recognition of a lumbar disc prolapse can only be seriously considered as a result of such an accident if concomitant bony or ligamentous injuries are present. Functional impairments caused by lumbar strains must be differentiated from the natural course of lumbar diseases not related to the accident. With the criteria of causality applicable to workers’ compensation in Germany as a basis, algorithms for the appraisal of causality in back problems associated with lifting accidents are presented.
    Notes: Strukturelle Verletzungen bei Verhebetraumen sind selten. Wenn sie auftreten, handelt es sich meist um Kompressionsbrüche der Wirbelkörper bei vorbestehender Osteoporose. Hier ist unter Berücksichtigung der Höhe der unfallbedingten Krafteinwirkung und der Ausprägung der Osteoporose abzuwägen, ob die Osteoporose allein wesentlich ist oder ob eine wesentliche Teilursächlichkeit des Unfalls vorliegt. Die Anerkennung eines Bandscheibenvorfalls an der Lendenwirbelsäule als Unfallfolge kommt nur dann ernsthaft in Betracht, wenn begleitende knöcherne oder begleitende Bandverletzungen vorliegen. Funktionseinschränkungen aufgrund von Zerrungen und Stauchungen sind vom natürlichen Verlauf unfallunabhängiger Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen abzugrenzen. Ausgehend von den Kausalitätskriterien der gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung werden Algorithmen zur Zusammenhangsbegutachtung nach so genannten Verhebetraumen dargestellt.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Wunddrainage ; Keimbesiedlung ; Keywords ; Wound drainage ; Bacterial contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: A clinical study included an investigation of which factors influence bacterial contamination of Redon drainage systems and therefore, possibly, of the wound. In 200 patients who had undergone aseptic operations on the extremities bacterial cultures were taken from the secretions in the drainage tube and the drainage bottle and from the tip of the drain. Bacterial contamination of Redon drainage systems was seen in 25% of the aseptic procedures that were performed without any intra- or perioperative use of antibiotics (n = 100). When antibiotics were administered a statistically significant decrease in bacterial contamination, to 11%, was achieved. The addition of antibiotics to the operative irrigation solution alone resulted in a reduction of bacterial contamination of the drainage system to 9% (statistically significant). On the basis of our investigations it can be assumed that the bacterial contamination arises from the wound itself, but also externally from bacteria along the drain and through disconnection.
    Notes: Im Rahmen einer klinischen Untersuchung wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welche Faktoren die Keimbesiedlung in den Redon-Drainage-Systemen und damit evtl. auch der Wunde beeinflussen. Bei 200 Patienten mit aseptischen Operationen im Bereich der Extremitäten erfolgte die bakteriologische Untersuchung von Sekret aus dem Redon-Drain, der Drainageflasche und der Redon-Spitze. Redon-Drainage-Systeme weisen bei aseptischen Eingriffen (n = 100) ohne intra- oder perioperativen Antibiotikaeinsatz in 25% eine Keimbesiedlung auf. Diese lässt sich durch Gabe von Antibiotika (n = 100) statistisch signifikant auf 11% reduzieren. Dabei führt der alleinige Zusatz von Antibiotika zur Operationsspülflüssigkeit zur Reduzierung der Keimbesiedlung des Drainagesystems auf 9% (statistisch signifikant). Aufgrund der eigenen Untersuchungen kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Keimbesiedlung aus der Wunde selbst, aber auch von extern entlang des Drains sowie durch Diskonnektion erfolgt.
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  • 85
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 232-238 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Handwurzelknochen ; Mondbein ; Mondbeinnekrose ; STT-Arthrodese ; Entfernung der proximalen Handwurzelreihe ; Radiusverkürzungsosteotomie ; Keywords ; Carpal bones ; Lunate ; Kienböck’s disease ; STT arthrodesis ; Proximal row carpectomy ; Radial shortening osteotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The etiology of Kienböck’s disease is still not definitely known. Left untreated, the disease inevitably leads to carpal collapse. Conventional X-ray and MRI with gadolinium should be used for diagnosis if lunate necrosis is suspected on the basis of a clinical examination. CT scans are helpful for differentiation between Lichtman’s stages and for assessment of the cartilaginous surfaces of the carpal joints. A uniform classification system is an important requirement for comparison of the therapeutic effects. In the early stages joint leveling procedures to regulate the transmission forces acting on the lunate can lead to sucessful results; partial wrist arthrodesis or proximal row carpectomy are reliable treatments in advanced stages of the disease. In stage IV (Lichtman) wrist denervation can be used as a palliative operation. Total wrist fusion represents the last line of defense in stage IV when radiocarpal arthrosis is present.
    Notes: Die Ätiologie der Lunatumnekrose ist weiterhin nicht endgültig geklärt. Unbehandelt führt die Erkrankung zum karpalen Kollaps. Besteht der klinische Verdacht auf eine beginnende Mondbeinnekrose, stehen neben den zunächst durchzuführenden konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen die Magnetresonanztomograpie mit Gadolinium als Kontrastmittel zur Diagnostik zur Verfügung. Zur Abgrenzung der Stadien nach Lichtman und Beurteilung der karpalen Gelenkverhältnisse ist die Computertomographie hilfreich. Um den Effekt therapeutischer Bemühungen beurteilen zu können, ist eine einheitliche Stadieneinteilung wichtig. In den niedrigen Stadien können niveauregulierende Operationsverfahren zum Erfolg führen, in den fortgeschrittenen Stadien können durch Teilfusionen an der Handwurzel oder Entfernung der proximalen Handwurzelreihe gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Im Stadium IV nach Lichtman sind meist Palliativmaßnahmen wie die Handgelenkdenervation oder als letzte chirurgische Option die Komplettversteifung des Handgelenks bei bestehender Radiokarpalarthrose erforderlich.
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  • 86
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 240-248 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Komplexe Schultergürtelverletzung ; Diagnostik ; Therapie ; Interdisziplinäres ¶Management ; Keywords ; Complex shoulder girdle trauma ; Diagnosis ; Therapy ; Interdisciplinary management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The particular injury pattern of complex joint trauma means that a standardized operative procedure would be difficult to devise and an individual therapy plant is therefore essential for each patient. One of the main problems consists in the recognition and adequate treatment of associated vascular and neural lesions. The treatment of a complex joint trauma makes extremely high demands on the trauma-team in terms of both diagnostis and therapy and is an interdisciplinary challenge. On the basis of a detailed literature search and evaluation of the procedures we have adopted in sample cases, we suggest an algorithm for interdisciplinary management of severe combination injuries of the shoulder region.
    Notes: Die Problematik des komplexen Gelenktraumas besteht darin, dass aufgrund des besonderen Verletzungsmusters ein standardisiertes operatives Vorgehen erschwert und deshalb ein individuelles Therapiekonzept essenziell ist. Ein Hauptproblem besteht in ¶der Erkennung und der adäquaten Behandlung assoziierter Gefäß- und Nervenläsionen. Die Behandlung eines komplexen Gelenktraumas stellt höchste diagnostische und therapeutische Ansprüche an das Traumateam und bedeutet eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung. Aufgrund einer eingehenden Literaturrecherche und der Auswertung des eigenen Vorgehens anhand exemplarisch ausgewählter Fälle wird versucht, einen Algorithmus der interdisziplinären Komplexversorgung schwerer Kombinationsverletzungen der Schulterregion zu erstellen.
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  • 87
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Traumatische Schultererstluxation ; Begleitverletzungen ; Primäre arthroskopische Stabilisierung ; Ergebnisse ; Keywords ; Primary traumatic dislocation ; Shoulder ; Concomitant lesions ; Arthroscopic Bankart repair ; Results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Traumatic dislocation of the shoulder is caused by a high- or low-velocity trauma and leads to age-dependent soft tissue injuries. Concomitant bony and nervous injuries are more common than is generally expected. Adequate treatment, in addition to reduction, involves a detailed diagnostic and therapeutic strategy to prevent not only shoulder instability but also functional impairments. Rotator cuff tears in the elderly are still an unsolved problem, and the outcome is mostly poor even after surgery. With a view to lowering the recurrence rate, for acute dislocation of the shoulder in young patients an arthroscopic Bankart suture repair should be considered.
    Notes: Die traumatische Schulterluxation ist eine durch Gewalteinwirkung entstandene Gelenkverletzung mit altersabhängigen Schädigungsmustern. Begleitende Weichteil-, knöcherne und neurologische Verletzungen sind häufiger als oft angenommen. Die Behandlung erfordert über die rasche und schonende Reposition hinaus ein differenziertes diagnostisches und therapeutisches Vorgehen, um nicht nur eine posttraumatische Instabilität, sondern auch ein funktionelles Defizit zu verhindern. Rotatorenmanschettenrupturen beim älteren Patienten sind weiterhin ein ungelöstes Problem und haben auch nach operativer Behandlung eine relativ schlechte Prognose. Die sofortige arthroskopische Lavage bzw. Stabilisierung der Labrumläsion beim jungen Patienten ist im Hinblick auf die Senkung der Rezidivrate zu empfehlen.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Distale Humerusfraktur ; Erwachsene ; Aktuelle Therapie ; Ergebnisse ; Keywords ; Distal humerus fracture ; Adults ; Current concepts ; Results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: There are not many fracture locations for which there is a greater degree of consensus on treatment regimens in the world than there are for the distal end of the humerus. The declared aim is anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation with early functional aftercare. Olecranon osteotomy is essential for access in the management of complete intra-articular fractures. Despite the standardized principles of surgical technique good clinical results are still elusive. Among 34 patients with an intra-articular fracture treated operatively good or excellent results were achieved in only 63%. The lack of new therapeutic strategies probably means that the surgeon’s skills are more important than in the treatment of fractures at other locations.
    Notes: Die Behandlungsstrategie bei distalen Humerusfrakturen ist allgemein akzeptiert und hat sich in den letzten 15 Jahren nicht wesentlich verändert. Das erklärte Ziel bleiben eine anatomische Reposition und stabile Osteosynthese mit frühfunktioneller Nachbehandlung. Bei kompletten intraartikulären Frakturen ist der Zugang über eine Olekranonosteotomie notwendig. Unsere eigenen Ergebnisse mit nur 63% guten und sehr guten Resultaten nach B- und C-Verletzungen (34 Patienten) sind nicht befriedigend. Trotz weltweit anerkannter standardisierter Operationstechnik stellt die Verbesserung der klinischen Resultate eine bleibende Herausforderung dar und ist bei zurzeit fehlenden Neuerungen in der operativen Technik u. a. nur durch die Vermeidung individueller Fehler zu erreichen.
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  • 89
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 313-319 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Distale Radiusfraktur ; Differenzierte Therapieentscheidung ; Kirschner-Draht-Spickung ; Ergebnisse ; Keywords ; Distal radius fracture ; Tailored therapy decision ; Outcome ; Kirschner wiring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Fracture of the distal radius is the most common injury to the human skeleton. With developments in its treatment, more is being expected in terms of functional results. The ideal of a standardized approach taking account of different fracture types presupposes the availability of a commonly accepted classification system. The most suitable of classification is the AO classification. A retrospective analysis of 80 fractures of the distal radius that were treated in our hospital from January 1998 through December 1998 revealed good and very good objective results. Subjectively, only a few patients had any problems during follow-up. The results justify varying the surgical therapy by fracture type according to the AO classification. In our clinic percutaneous Kirschner wiring has been successfully used since 1996, particularly in the treatment of A2, A3, B1, B2 and C1 fractures.
    Notes: Die Behandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur als häufigster Fraktur des menschlichen Skeletts stellt zunehmend höhere Ansprüche an das funktionelle Ergebnis. Voraussetzung für ein differenziertes und standardisiertes Herangehen ist eine allgemein akzeptierte Frakturklassifikation. Am besten geeignet ist zurzeit diejenige der AO. Bei der Aufarbeitung von 80 operativ versorgten distalen Radiusfrakturen im Zeitraum vom 1.1.1998–¶31.12.1998 wurden bei den objektiven Bewertungskriterien (röntgenologischer Befund und Funktion) sehr gute und gute Behandlungsergebnisse nachgewiesen. Auch bei den subjektiven Kriterien zeigte der überwiegende Teil der nachuntersuchten Patienten keine oder nur geringe Beschwerden. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit und den Sinn einer differenzierten operativen Therapie entsprechend dem Frakturtyp nach der AO-Klassifikation, wobei in unserer Einrichtung die perkutane Kirschner-Draht-Spickung seit 1996 zunehmend in das Behandlungskonzept bei der Versorgung besonders von A2-, A3-, B1-, B2- und C1-Frakturen eingebunden wurde.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Radiusköpfchenfraktur ; Behandlungsergebnisse ; Mason-Klassifikation ; Radiusköpfchenresektion ; Keywords ; Radial head fracture ; Treatment outcome ; Mason classification ; Radial head resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: There are diverging, and in part controversial, views on the best therapy regimen for radial head fractures, especially of the displaced and comminuted types. Radial head resection has been critically reviewed in recent years. In the periods 1984–1993 and 1996–1999 patients with a total of 105 radial head fractures were treated in the hospital as in-patients, and clinical and radiological follow-up was possible for 74 of these fractures. The fracture types were classified according to Mason’s system. Undisplaced fractures were treated conservatively, displaced 2-fragment fractures by open reduction and screw fixation, and multifragment fractures by a radial head resection. The results have been studied with reference to function and radiological appearance using the „Functional Rating Index“ of Broberg and Morrey and the radiological score of Albrecht and Ganz. After conservative therapy the results were excellent or good in over 80% of cases, satisfactory in 12.5% and poor in 6.3%. After reduction and internal fixation, again 80% had excellent and good results. After radial head resection excellent and good results were achieved in 54.6% of the cases, satisfactory in 24.2%, and poor in 21.2%, but there was a particularly high proportion of patients with severe accompanying injuries affecting the prognosis in this group. With the correct indications and technique, radial head resection is a treatment procedure that can still be recommended and has good overall prospects of success. This is especially true in the case of isolated radial head fracture, in which it yields excellent or good results in approximately 70% of cases.
    Notes: Hinsichtlich des Therapieregimes von Radiusköpfchenfrakturen, insbesondere bei dislozierten Bruchformen und Trümmerfrakturen, bestehen deutlich divergierende, teilweise kontroverse Auffassungen. In den letzten Jahren wurde insbesondere die Radiusköpfchenresektion einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen. Von 1984–1993 sowie 1996–1999 wurden in unserer Klinik 105 ¶Radiusköpfchenfrakturen stationär behandelt, von denen 74 klinisch und radiologisch nachuntersucht wurden. Zur Frakturtypbestimmung fand die Klassifikation nach Mason Anwendung. Nichtdislozierte Frakturen wurden konservativ, dislozierte 2-Fragment-Frakturen durch eine offene Reposition und Verschraubung, und Mehrfragmentfrakturen durch eine Radiusköpfchenresektion behandelt. Zur Beurteilung der Ergebnisse wurden der Functional-rating-Index nach Broberg u. Morrey und der radiologische Score nach Albrecht u. Ganz verwendet. Nach konservativer Therapie resultierten 〉 80% ausgezeichnete und gute sowie 12,5% befriedigende und 6,3% schlechte Ergebnisse. Nach Reposition und Osteosynthese waren wiederum 80% ausgezeichnete und gute Resultate zu verzeichnen. Nach Radiusköpfchenresektion wurden in 54,6% der Fälle ausgezeichnete und gute, in 24,2% befriedigende und in 21,2% schlechte Ergebnisse erzielt, wobei in dieser Gruppe der Anteil prognosebeeinflussender, schwerer Begleitverletzungen besonders groß war. Bei entsprechender Indikation und Technik ist die Radiusköpfchenresektion nach wie vor ein empfehlenswertes Behandlungsverfahren mit insgesamt guter Prognose. Das gilt insbesondere für die isolierten Speichenköpfchenbrüche mit etwa 70% ausgezeichneten und guten Ergebnissen.
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  • 91
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 341-343 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Tarsaltunnelsyndrom ; Ätiologie ; Trauma ; Diagnose ; Therapie ; Keywords ; Tarsal tunnel syndrome ; Aetiology ; Trauma ; Diagnosis ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In this paper we describe the tarsal tunnel syndrome with reference to our own experience in 10 cases and the literature. Compared with the numerous injuries involving the ankle and foot, the diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome is rare. In the case of a painful foot of unknown aetiology, the differential diagnosis should therefore include tarsal tunnel syndrome. Our presentation discusses the aetiology and pathology of the tarsal tunnel syndrome, and particularly that caused by trauma. We also describe an effective therapeutic approach based on surgical decompression.
    Notes: Anhand der Literatur und eigenen Erfahrungen von 10 Operationen wird das Tarsaltunnelsyndrom dargestellt. Gemessen an der Vielzahl der Traumen im Sprunggelenk- und Fersenbeinbereich wird die Diagnose selten gestellt. Bei unklaren Fußschmerzen sollte daher differenzialdiagnostisch ein Tarsaltunnelsyndrom in Erwägung gezogen werden. Es wird auf die Ätiologie, die Pathologie sowie auf den Zusammenhang zu Traumen eingegangen und die effektive Therapie durch operative Dekompression beschrieben.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Last tragende Schulter ; Biomechanik ; Rollstuhlantrieb ; Degeneration ; Überlastung ; Keywords ; Weight-bearing shoulder ; Biomechanics ; Wheelchair propulsion ; Degeneration ; Overuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body. In patients who are short- or long-term wheelchair users, it also takes over the function of an injured or paralysed lower limb. In these patients, the shoulder is therefore prone to overuse resulting in structural damage and pain. Any therapy of the weight-bearing shoulder remains difficult, and knowledge of the anatomical and pathobiomechanical features is therefore mandatory. This article describes the anatomy, biomechanics and pathologic biomechanics of the weight-bearing shoulder and summarises the options for preventive and therapeutic treatment.
    Notes: Die Schulter, als mobilstes aller Gelenke, übernimmt besonders bei Patienten, welche kurz- oder langfristig auf den Rollstuhl angewiesen sind, die Funktion der verletzten oder gelähmten unteren Extremität. Dabei wird die Schulter sehr oft überfordert, sodass Schmerzen und strukturelle Schäden resultieren. Da die Therapie dieser Last tragenden Schulter weiter schwierig bleibt, ist zum Verständnis der Therapie, aber insbesondere auch hinsichtlich der Prävention, ein Wissen über anatomische und pathobiomechanische Zusammenhänge wertvoll. Dieser Artikel gibt einen anatomischen, biomechanischen und pathobiomechanischen Überblick über das Problem „Last tragende Schulter“ und weist auf Therapie- und Präventionsmöglichkeiten hin.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; B-Bild-Sonographie ; Gelenkfortsatzfrakturen des Unterkiefers ; Keywords ; B-scan ultrasonography ; Fractures of the mandibular condyle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this study was to analyse the value of B-scan ultrasonography in the diagnosis of mandibular condylar fractures. A total of 39 condylar fractures of the mandible in 32 patients were investigated by means of ¶B-scan ultrasound and standard X-ray projections. In 67% of positive cases ultrasound imaging enabled correct diagnosis of the fracture. Diastasis of fragments, deviations of the axis, and interposition of soft tissues into the fracture line were identified by B-scan ultrasonography. X-ray diagnosis confirmed all fractures. Despite the close topographic relation of the condyle to the covering skin, the imaging of the these fractures by ultrasound was impaired. There are various reasons for this. The first is that the transducer head can be applied to only a limited facial area (small diagnostic window) to image the region of interest. This means that ultrasonographs of the bone surface in two planes are not possible. Secondly, since ultrasound is used for diagnostic reasons at a frequency of 7.5 MHz, imaging of the fracture line is limited to the lateral aspect of fractures, i. e. the bone surface. The course of the fracture lines to the lingual surface was highly variable. In addition, the complete course of the fracture line could not be visualized by ultrasound in cases with a fracture in the sagittal plane. These are the reasons why in the case of condylar fractures of the mandible decisions on therapy cannot safely be made on the basis of ultrasound alone. Ultrasonographic imaging of mandibular condylar fractures is not the diagnostic tool of choice in this entity. It can be applied in patients refusing X-ray diagnosis, but it is mandatory to inform these patients about the limitations of B-scan ultrasonographic diagnosis in mandibular condylar fractures.
    Notes: Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, den Stellenwert der B-Bild-Sonographie im Vergleich zur Röntgendiagnostik für die Diagnostik der Gelenkfortsatzfrakturen des Unterkiefers zu bestimmen. Es wurden 32 Patienten mit ¶39 Frakturen des Gelenkfortsatzes des Unterkiefers B-Bild-sonographisch und konventionell radiologisch untersucht. Die Sonographie hatte mit einer Rate von 67% richtig-positiven Frakturdiagnosen eine nur mäßige diagnostische Treffsicherheit. Insbesondere sind Diastasen, Achsabknickungen und interponierende Weichgewebe in den Frakturspalt sonographisch erkennbar. Radiologisch wurden alle Frakturen nachgewiesen. Trotz der oberflächennahen Lage des Unterkiefergelenkfortsatzes ergaben sich aufgrund der Charakteristik des Sonogramms, nur die laterale Fläche des Gelenkfortsatzes ausschnittsweise darzustellen, der beschränkten Applikationsfläche des Schallkopfs in diesem Bereich mit der Folge fehlender übersichtlicher Darstellung des Knochens in 2 senkrecht zueinander stehenden Ebenen und der in eigenen Untersuchungen limitierten Frequenzauswahl erhebliche Schwierigkeiten in der Interpretation der Befunde (Verlaufskontrolle, Differenzialdiagnose des Kapselrisses, fehlende Identifizierung nicht dislozierter Frakturen). Die Sonographie eignet sich nur sehr eingeschränkt als Untersuchungstechnik für Gelenkfortsatzfrakturen des Unterkiefers, ¶z. B. für Patienten, die eine Röntgenuntersuchung verweigern. In diesen Fällen ist eine Aufklärung über die engen Grenzen der Aufnahmetechnik erforderlich.
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  • 94
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Humeruskopf ; 3-Fragment-Fraktur ; 4-Fragment-Fraktur ; Konservative Therapie ; Osteosynthese ; Schulterprothese ; Keywords ; Humeral head ; Comminuted fractures ; Conservative therapy ; Osteosynthesis ; Prosthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Comminuted humeral head fractures require individually tailored treatment, which depends on each patient’s age and bone quality. While osteosynthesis is generally applied in younger people, shoulder prostheses are frequently used in elderly patients with osteoporosis. In addition to surgery, conservative therapy is still of importance. In a retrospective study we report on 50 patients with 51 comminuted proximal humeral fractures, who were treated in our department between 1996 and 1999.
    Notes: Die Therapie der Mehrfragmentfrakturen des proximalen Humerus erfordert ein differenziertes Vorgehen hinsichtlich der zur Verfügung stehenden Behandlungsmethoden. Während für die im Berufsleben stehenden Patienten die osteosynthetische Versorgung häufig angemessen scheint, kommen Schulterprothesen eher bei älteren Patienten mit unzureichender Knochenfestigkeit infolge von Osteoporose zur Anwendung. Aber auch die konservative Behandlung hat bei beiden Altersgruppen durchaus noch einen wichtigen Stellenwert. Es wird über die Behandlungsergebnisse von 50 Patienten mit 51 Mehrfragmentfrakturen des proximalen Humerus, die zwischen 1996 und 1999 in unserer Klinik behandelt worden waren und die im Rahmen einer retrospektiven Studie nachuntersucht wurden, berichtet.
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  • 95
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Humerusschaftfraktur ; Radialisparese ; Revisionsindikation ; Keywords ; Humeral shaft fracture ; Radial nerve paresis ; Indication for revision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: In 115 cases of humeral shaft fractures we saw accompanying primary paresis of the radial nerve in 12 (10.4%) cases and secondary paresis of the radial nerve in 2 (1.7%). The secondary pareses occurred postoperatively. The primary lesions to the nerve were caused predominantly by A-type fractures in the distal third of the humerus. In 8 of the ¶12 cases of primary paresis there was completely spontaneous recovery; residual disturbances remained in 4 cases. Among the secondary lesions there was only 1 in which complete recovery was achieved; in 1 the sensitive paresis persisted unchanged. In none of these cases did we perform an operative exposure because of the paresis of the radial nerve. In the recent literature voices recommending immediate operative revision for a humeral shaft fracture with accompanying radial nerve palsy are dominant. Because there would probably be spontaneous remission in a high proportion of cases and also because of the risk that a lesion to the nerve could be caused by the exposure, we advise against early exposure. We recommend that revision is not undertaken immediately in such cases, but rather as an early secondary procedure (4-8 weeks) if no tendency to remission can be observed.
    Notes: In 115 Fällen von Oberarmschaftfrakturen wurden 12 primäre (10,4%) und 2 sekundäre (1,7%) begleitende Funktionsstörungen des N. radialis gesehen. Die sekundären Paresen traten ausschließlich postoperativ auf. Ursache der primären Nervenschädigungen waren überwiegend A-Frakturen im distalen Drittel des Humerus. Komplett spontan erholt hatten sich 8 der 12 primären Paresen, in 4 Fällen blieben Reststörungen zurück. Bei den sekundären Funktionsausfällen kam es 1-mal zur kompletten Rückbildung, 1-mal blieb die sensible Lähmung bestehen. In keinem Fall wurde wegen der Radialisparese eine operative Freilegung vorgenommen. In der neueren Literatur überwiegen die Stimmen, welche bei einer Oberarmschaftfraktur mit begleitender Radialisparese zum sofortigen operativen Revidieren raten. Wegen der nachweislich hohen Rate der Spontanremission und gleichzeitigen Gefahr der Schädigung des Nervs durch seine Freilegung raten wir von einer sofortigen Probefreilegung ab. Wir empfehlen, in diesen Fällen nicht sofort zu revidieren, sondern den operativen Eingriff bei unbefriedigender Erholungstendenz früh sekundär (nach 4-8 Wochen) durchzuführen.
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  • 96
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. S205 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Distale Unterarmfrakturen ; Konservative Therapie ; Operative Therapie ; Risiken ; Komplikationen ; Keywords Distal fractures of lower arm ; Conservative therapy ; Operative therapy ; Risks ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The treatment of distal fractures of the lower arm can be conservative or operative. The immediate aims of any treatment are anatomical realignment and the avoidance of trophic impairments, with the ultimate objective of unrestricted function of the hand and wrist. A graduated treatment scheme based on the ASIF classification is necessary to do justice to the different forms of fracture that can occur. The majority of injuries can still be successfully treated by conservative means; operative treatment becomes more important when there are signs of unusually high levels of instability or joint involvement. The authors’ own patient population is presented in this paper: in these patients fixation with Kirschner wires has proved to be the most successful of the operative procedures used, followed by palmar plate fixation with or without cancellous bone plasty, and for C-type fractures according to the ASIF classification or when there ¶is severe soft-tissue damage, application of ¶a fixateur externe spanning the joint has proved best. Treatment strategy, risks, complications and results are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Behandlung distaler Unterarmfrakturen kann konservativ oder operativ erfolgen. Ziel jeder Behandlung sind die anatomische Reposition und Retention sowie die Vermeidung trophischer Störungen mit dem Fernziel einer unbeeinträchtigten Funktion der Hand und des Handgelenks. In Anlehnung an die AO-Klassifikation ist ein stufenförmiges Behandlungsschema notwendig, um den verschiedenen Frakturformen gerecht zu werden. Ein Großteil der Verletzungen kann nach wie vor erfolgreich konservativ behandelt werden, bei Zeichen einer erhöhten Instabilität oder einer Gelenkbeteiligung rückt die operative Behandlung zunehmend in den Vordergrund. Im eigenen, dargestellten Krankengut hat sich bei den operativen Verfahren schwerpunktmäßig die Kirschner-Draht-Osteosynthese bewährt, nachfolgend die palmare Plattenosteosynthese mit oder ohne Spongiosaplastik und bei Frakturen der C-Typen nach AO und bei höhergradigem Weichteilschaden die gelenkübergreifende Fixateur-externe-Anordnung. Behandlungsstrategie, Risiken, Komplikationen und Ergebnisse werden dargestellt.
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  • 97
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    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 2 (2000), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Krankheitsbild der chronischen obstruktiven Bronchitis/Emphysem ; Vollbeweis ; Stichtagsregelung ; Beweislast ; Verhältnis der Berufskrankheiten chronische obstruktive Bronchitis/Emphysem und Silikose ; Keywords ; Clinical picture of chronic obstructive bronchitis/emphysema ; Burden of proof ; Relationship between bronchitis/emphysema and silicosis as occupational illnesses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Chronic obstructive bronchitis/emphysema of miners at the face in hard coal mines has caused the administration department considerable legal and medical problems ever since it was instituted. They are dominated by the application of the suspense date ruling in §6 of the regulations on occupational illnesses, according to which this occupational illness cannot be recognized if the insurance case was initiated after the suspense date, that is to say after the 31.12.1992. Medical documentation of when the insured person started to suffer from chronic obstructive emphysema is frequently hotly disputed among medical expert witnesses. It is not rare for doctors’ estimates to vary by many years. This is connected on the one hand with the particular character of the clinical pictures caused by this illness and on the other with the fact that there is still no definite consensus over what conditions must be fulfilled for absolute documentation. Much to the surprise of the administration, these difficulties have even been known to lead to burden of proof decisions. In addition, opinions vary among medical practitioners about the relationship between chronic obstructive bronchitis/emphysema and silicosis.
    Notes: Die chronische obstruktive Bronchitis bzw. das Emphysem von Bergleuten unter Tage im Steinkohlenbergbau bereitet der Verwaltungspraxis seit ihrer Einführung nicht unerhebliche rechtliche und medizinische Schwierigkeiten. Im Vordergrund steht die Anwendung der Stichtagsregelung in §6 BKV, wonach diese Berufskrankheit nur dann anerkannt werden kann, wenn der Versicherungsfall nach dem Stichtag, also nach dem 31.12.1992, eingetreten ist. Der medizinische Nachweis, wann der Versicherte an der chronischen obstruktiven Bronchitis bzw. dem Emphysem erkrankt ist, ist häufig unter den medizinischen Sachverständigen sehr umstritten. Die Einschätzungen der Mediziner liegen nicht selten viele Jahre auseinander. Dies hängt einerseits mit der Eigenart dieser Krankheitsbilder zusammen und andererseits damit, dass noch kein sicherer Konsens darüber besteht, welche Voraussetzungen an den Vollbeweis zu stellen sind. Diese Schwierigkeiten haben sehr zur Überraschung der Verwaltungspraxis sogar zu Beweislastentscheidungen geführt. Im Übrigen bestehen unterschiedliche medizinische Auffassungen über das Verhältnis der chronischen obstruktiven Bronchitis bzw. dem Emphysem und der Silikose zueinander.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Keywords Anterior cruciate ; ligament ; Immediate motion ; Complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract We prospectively determined the effectiveness of an immediate knee motion and early intervention program to prevent permanent motion limitations in a consecutive series of patients who had anterior cruciate ligament autogenous patellar tendon reconstruction for isolated rupture (219 knees) or combined with other procedures (224 knees). The subjects were placed into either a progressive or delayed rehabilitation program and were followed for at least 12 months postoperatively. At follow-up a normal range of motion (0° to at least 135°) was found in 436 knees (98%), and mild losses of extension (–5°) were found in 7 knees. Twenty-three knees (5%) required interventions; 9 had extension casts, 9 had gentle manipulations under anesthesia, 3 had arthroscopic débridements, and 2 had continuous epidural anesthetic and inpatient therapy. All of these 23 knees regained full motion. The 7 patients with mild losses of extension had refused treatment intervention. The 0% incidence rate of permanent arthrofibrosis, and 0.7% reoperation rate for knee motion limitations, demonstrated the effectiveness of our program.
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  • 99
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Otitis media ; Complications ; Sinus ¶thrombosis ; Antibiotics ; Anticoagulation therapy ; Ear surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antimicrobial agents have greatly reduced the incidence of intracranial complications of infections of the middle ear and mastoid. Too many prescriptions and overconsumption of antibiotics when otitis media is suspected has caused resistance to many antibiotics, leading to a pronounced and justifiable desire to reduce the widespread excessive use of antibiotics. The possible untoward consequences of a too restricted antibiotic policy, however, is illustrated by the following case of a 14-year-old boy who, after non-treatment of an ear infection, fell ill with one-sided headache and vomiting caused by a lateral sinus thrombosis. After intravenous treatment with antibiotics, anticoagulants and ventilation of the middle ear, the infection was cured without complications. This case calls attention to the symptoms of otitic complications arising outside the temporal bone. The physician must always bear in mind the possibility of an unusual event. The general treatment of endocranial complications is outlined, giving details of the treatment given in this special case. We stress that one should not be too cautious in prescribing antibiotics in otitis media.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: 5-FU ; breast cancer ; metastatic ; navelbine ; protracted continuous infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background:The protracted continuous infusion (PCI) of5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has proven in several studies an active and welltolerated treatment for advanced, pretreated breast cancer. Navelbine has alsoactivity in this setting. Patients and methods:Heavily pretreated patients with metastaticbreast carcinoma were eligible for the study. Treatment consisted of 5-FU 250mg/m2 given as a PCI by an elastomeric pump and navelbine 20mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every four weeks. Eighty-three patients(median age 54 years; range 32–82 years) entered the study. The mediannumber of metastatic tumour sites was 2, with visceral involvement in 56patients. Apart from five patients with contraindications, all patients hadbeen pretreated with anthracyclines. Thirty-one patients had received taxanesand seventy-four bolus 5-FU. Results:A median of 5 cycles (range 1–14) per patient wasadministered. The median duration of 5-FU infusion was 17 weeks (range, 4-90).In the 80 evaluable patients (3 not yet evaluable) 12 complete remissions and24 partial remissions occurred (response rate, 45%). Median durationof response was 9 months. Toxicity was mild. Median survival was 20 months. Conclusions:PCI–5-FU combined with navelbine offers areasonable chance of tumour regression with modest side effects in patientswith heavily pretreated breast cancer.
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