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  • 1995-1999  (11,461)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1996  (11,461)
  • Chemistry  (11,016)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (275)
  • Rat
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone bruise ; Ankle sprain ; Lateral collateral ligament ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between lateral collateral ligamentous injuries of the ankle (ankle sprain) and bone bruise (trabecular trauma) of the talus and/or malleoli in the patients with twisting injuries of the ankle. Design. Magnetic resonance studies of the ankle were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the presence or absence of lateral collateral ligamentous injuries and the location of bone bruise in the talus and/or malleoli. Patients. Thirty-five patients with acute twisting injuries of the ankle were studied. Results and conclusion. Four patterns of bone bruise were found in 14 patients: (1) bone bruise in the talar dome equivalent to osteochondral fracture in two patients, (2) bone bruise in the posteromedial aspect of the talus and the medial malleolus singly or in combination in four, (3) bone bruise in the anteromedial aspect of the talus in six, and (4) bone bruise with a combination of the second and third patterns in two. The second pttern was associated with tear of the anterior talofibular (ATAF) ligament in all patients and injury of the calcaneofibular (CF) ligament in one out of four. The third and fourth patterns were associated with tears of both ATAF and CF ligaments in all patients. The identification of bone bruise was of value in indicating lateral collateral ligamentous injuries.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; Cervical spine ; Cervical myelopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Comparison of clinically observed neurologic long tract signs in a heterogeneous group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with morphologic abnormalities of the cervical spine as depicted on radiographs and magnetic resonance (MR) images. Design. The patients were prospectively assigned to one of three classes on the basis of their neurologic status. Lateral cervical spine radiographs and sagittal T1-weighted and gradient echo images were performed. The qualitative MR features evaluated were erosion of the dens and atlas, brain stem compression, subarachnoid space encroachment, pannus around the dens, appearance of the fat body caudal to the clivus, and the signal intensity of the pannus. The quantitative imaging parameters were the cervicomedullary angle and the distance of the dens to the line of McRae. Patients. Sixty-three consecutive patients with RA and subjective symptoms, especially neck or occipital pain, and/or clinical objective signs consistent with a compromised cervical cord were included in this study. Results and conclusions. Damage documented with radiographs and MR imaging in patients with RA is often severe, even in those without neurologic signs (class 1). None of the abnormalities confined to the atlantoaxial level correlated significantly with neurologic classification. Subarachnoid space encroachment anywhere in the entire cervical spine did correlate significantly with neurologic classification.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Diabetes mellitus ; Infarction ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is frequently misdiagnosed clinically as abscess, neoplasm, or myositis, and is often biopsied. Clinical and radiologic findings are presented here to enable the radiologist to suggest the correct diagnosis. Design and patients. Four patients with severe diabetes mellitus presenting with acute thigh pain, tenderness, and swelling were evaluated by imaging techniques and biopsy. Results and conclusions. Edema in the affected muscles was seen in two patients with MRI studies. Femoral artery calcification and mild muscle swelling was present in one patient who underwent CT. Decreased echogenicity was seen in the involved muscle in a patient studied with ultrasound. Serum enzymes were normal or mildly elevated in three patients (not reported in one). Biopsy demonstrated necrosis and regenerative change in all cases. MRI, although nonspecific, is the best imaging technique to suggest the diagnosis of DMI in the appropriate clinical setting, thereby obviating biopsy.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Massive bone allograft ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to better understand the MRI appearance of massive bone allografts. Design. The MRI findings of three massive bone allografts imaged in vivo were correlated with the histologic findings following removal of the allografts. A fourth allograft, never implanted, was imaged and evaluated histologically. Patients. Allografts were placed for the treatment of primary or recurrent osteosarcoma. Results and conclusions. The in-vivo allografts have a heterogeneous appearance on MRI which we attribute to the revascularization process. Fibrovascular connective tissue grows into the graft in a patchy, focal fashion, down the medullary canal from the graft-host junction and adjacent to the periosteum. The marrow spaces are initially devoid of normal cellular elements and occupied by fat and gelatinous material. This normal postoperative appearance of massive bone allografts must not be interpreted as recurrent neoplasm or infection in the allograft. Recognition of these complications rests on features outside the marrow.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cystic angiomatosis ; Multifocal hemangiomas of bone ; Hemangioendothelioma of bone ; Angiosarcoma of bone ; Plain radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radionuclide bone scintigraphy ; Radionuclide tagged red blood cell scan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Multifocal vascular processes which arise in bone are a very inhomogeneous class of diseases. Four of these processes are derived from endothelial precursors, however, and share a similar radiographic spectrum. These four entities are reviewed in order to clarify their imaging patterns and the diagnostic utility of imaging modalities. Methods. Eight cases of cystic angiomatosis, multifocal hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma presenting to a tertiary referral center over a 7-year period were reviewed. The medical literature was also reviewed for information concerning the imaging of these processes. Results. All four diseases produced radiolucent defects on plain radiographs with variable margination reflecting the aggressiveness of the lesions. Computed tomography was used to examine five patients and provided supportive, though generally non-diagnostic, information in the five cases in which it was performed. Radionuclide bone scintigraphy, as reported in the literature, underestimated the extent of skeletal involvement in all eight cases, though some lesions were identified. Radionuclide imaging with labeled red blood cells, performed in three cases, did not add any information, which is contrary to some reports in the literature. Magnetic resonance imaging proved the most sensitive for identifying lesions, although the imaging characteristics were not diagnostic. Conclusions. Plain radiographs are the mainstay for imaging multifocal endothelial processes. Radiographs provide information on aggressiveness, multifocality and distribution of lesions. Computed tomography provides similar information. Magnetic resonance imaging often detects additional lesions. The insensitivity of radionuclide bone scintigraphy is surprising. Reports of unique deposition of radionuclide in tagged red blood cell scanning has been reported to support the diagnosis of vascular lesions, but it did not do so in these cases.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lipoblastoma ; Neoplasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Lipoblastoma is an uncommon benign lipomatous soft tissue mass of childhood, occurring most commonly in children less than 3 years of age. We present a case of lipoblastoma occurring in the foot of a 14-year-old boy and review the literature. The appearance of the mass on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is illustrated and is correlated with the findings at gross and microscopic pathological examination. A lobulated architecture, the presence of adipose tissue, thin nonenhancing septa, peripheral lobules of more immature and therefore less specific tissue, and a peripheral pseudocapsule were evident on MRI and at pathological examination.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Popliteal ; Mass ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A wide variety of masses may be visualized in the posterior knee. Some are encountered incidentally on MRI obtained for seemingly unrelated symptoms; others are palpable and present for MRI characterization. We describe the appearance, significance and pathophysiology of some of the most common lesions found in the popliteal fossa as well as several of the less common entities we have encountered. Thorough understanding of the appearance and location of the more specific masses should augment precise diagnosis in a majority of cases. In turn, this will eliminate unnecessary additional investigations and enable prompt and appropriate treatment.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Fungal infections ; Skeletal coccidioidomycosis ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Skeletal scintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution and radiologic appearance of skeletal coccidioidomycosis in 19 documented cases. Design and patients. Medical records of 19 patients (17 men, 2 women; age range 17–62 years, mean age 34 years) with clinically confirmed skeletal coccidioidomycosis were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were studied with plain radiography (n=19), skeletal scintigraphy (n=6), computed tomography (CT) (n=5), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=1). Results. Multiple lesions were seen in 11 of 19 patients (58%). Of a total of 46 lesions, 27 (59%) were described as punched-out lytic, 10 (22%) as permeative/destructive, and 9 (17%) as involving a joint and/or disk space. Lesions were identified in almost every bone (with the exception of the facial bones, ulna, carpus, and fibula) and were most commonly found in the axial skeleton (20 of 46; 43%). Conclusion. Skeletal coccidioidomycosis is frequently multicentric and may involve almost any bone. The axial skeleton is the most common site of involvement. Lesions are usually well demarcated but may present with an ill-defined border and permeative type of bone destruction, especially in the spine. Joint involvement is not uncommon. Plain radiographs are effective in the initial evaluation of bones and joints, scintigraphic studies can identify disseminated disease, and CT and MRI are effective in determining soft tissue involvement and spinal abnormalities.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intra-arterial chemotherapy ; Soft tissues ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasms ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is frequently used as an adjuvant treatment for musculoskeletal tumors. Past studies have noted that IAC not only induces favorable effects in tumor, but may also cause muscle edema and necrosis in previously normal tissue, reflected as increased signal on T2-weighted scans. In order to evaluate the prevalence of these effects, we reviewed all patients receiving IAC and MRI at our institution. Methods. Our study population consisted of 24 patients who underwent IAC. All subjects were studied with MRI both pre-and post-IAC. None of the subjects in this study underwent surgery or radiation therapy until after the post-IAC MRI examination. Any muscle group involved by the tumor or peritumoral edema on the initial scan was excluded from the study. Catheter position during IAC was recorded as central or peripheral. Scans were scored positive if muscle groups in regions remote from the tumor site demonstrated increased T2 signal following IAC. Results. Six out of these 24 patients (25%) were found to have positive results. A significant association was found between peripheral catheter position and a positive scan post-IAC (Fisher’s exact test, P=0.024). Conclusion. Because of our exclusion criteria, we are convinced that the finding of increased T2 signal in 25% of our patients was caused by IAC and represents muscle edema or necrosis. Knowledge of this post-chemotherapy MR finding should help prevent confusion during the interpretation of follow-up MR examinations.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Acetabular labrum ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; hip ; Gadolinium ; Traction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous leg traction on contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the hip joint and to determine whether MR imaging under these conditions is useful for demonstrating acetabular labral tears. Design and patients. Nineteen hips underwent MR imaging with a T1-weighted spin-echo sequence, followed by MR imaging under continuous leg traction after intravenous injection of gadolinium-DTPA. Joint fluid enhancement and labral contour detection were evaluated. Eleven hips had labral tears shown by conventional arthrography, arthroscopy and macroscopic surgical findings. Assessment of labral tears by MR imaging was correlated with the diagnosis based on these standard techniques. Results and conclusions. Joint fluid enhancement was obtained in all hips at 30 min after injection. Superior and inferior labral surfaces were completely delineated in 1 hip on the unenhanced MR images, and in 7 and 13 hips, respectively, on the enhanced images under traction. The enhanced images under traction depicted 9 of the 11 labral tears. Comparison between the unenhanced image and the enhanced image under traction avoided mistaking undercutting of the labrum for a tear in 4 hips. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging under traction was valuable for detecting labral tears non-invasively and without radiation. Follow-up examinations using this method in patients with acetabular dysplasia can help to clarify the natural course of labral disorders and enable better treatment planning.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cruciate ligament ; Knee injuries ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Menisci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to determine the different patterns of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears on MRI and the prevalence and accuracy of these patterns. Images were obtained on high-tesla and low-tesla units and the results compared to determine whether field strength affects the interpretation using the grading system. In 172 patients who underwent knee MRI (109 knees with high-tesla units and 63 knees with low-tesla units) and arthroscopy, there was a total of 91 arthroscopically proven ACL tears. Five patterns of ACL tears were observed and designated as type 1 (diffuse increase in signal on T2-weighted images and enlargement of the ligament, 48%); type 2 (horizontally oriented ACL, 21%); type 3 (nonvisualization of the ACL, 18%); type 4 (discontinuity of the ACL, 11%); and type 5 (vertically oriented ACL, 2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) for type 2, 4, and 5 patterns was 100% for both field strengths; for type 3 PPV was just above 80% for both field strengths. The PPV value for type 1 was 90% for the high-tesla unit and 79% for the low-tesla, unit, which was not statistically significant. Combining the results of both field strengths, the overall sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 89%, respectively. Arthroscopic results were also used to determine the association between meniscal and ACL tears. Only 13% of ACL tears were isolated, the rest being associated with meniscal tears. Forty-five percent of medial meniscal and 50% of lateral meniscal tears were associated with an ACL tear, and 94% of ACLs were torn when both menisci were torn.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Pustulosis palmaris and plantaris ; Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis ; Enthesopathy ; Arthritis ; Foot ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors present a case with hyperostotic and osteosclerotic changes in the tarsal navicular and axial bones, accompanied by pustulous palmaris and plantaris.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tumoral calcinosis ; Cervical spine ; Soft tissue calcification ; Bone ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a 12-year-old girl with idiopathic tumoral calcinosis of the neck. There are calcium deposits in the paraspinal soft tissue with bony involvement in the cervical spine. CT and MR images are presented along with clinical and pathological features. Bony involvement in this disease has not been recognized before.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 403-405 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Gorham’s disease ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Massive osteolysis is a rare condition and is very uncommon in the spine. The MRI appearance of Gorham’s disease of the spine has not previously been reported. We present here a case of this condition with imaging details.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Spine ; Spinal subdural hematoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report the case of a 68-year-old patient with a traumatic spinal subdural hematoma. MRI demonstrated an area of abnormal intensity and a black line in the inner part of the intradural space. We anti-cipate that MRI will help to make one more confident in the preoper-ative diagnosis of spinal subdural hematoma. The symptoms complet-ely disappeared immediately after the operation. Spinal subdural he-matoma requires immediate surgical evacuation. The prognosis for func-tional recovery is good if the condi-tion is appropriately diagnosed and treated before development of irre-versible paralysis. We recom-mend MRI to make an early diagnos-is and early evacuation of spinal subdural hematoma.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Abductor hallucis tendon ; Hallux valgus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. This study was undertaken to demonstrate a shift in tendon alignment at the first metatarsophalangeal joint in patients with hallux valgus by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Design. Ten normal feet and 20 feet with the hallux valgus deformity conforming to conventional clinical and radiographic criteria were prospectively studied using magnetic resonance imaging. Correlation was made between tendon position at the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the severity of the hallux valgus deformity. Results. There is a significant shift in tendon position at the first metatarsophalangeal joint of patients with hallux valgus. The insertion of the abductor hallucis tendon is markedly plantarward and the flexor and extensor tendons bowstring at the first metatarsophalangeal joint compared with patients without the deformity. The severity of the tendon shift correlates with the hallux valgus angle and clinical severity of the hallux valgus deformity in each case. Conclusion. Patients with hallux valgus have a significant tendon shift at the first metatarsophalangeal joint which appears to contribute to development of the deformity.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 573-575 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Myxolipoma ; Lipoma ; Ultrasonography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a patient with a myxolipoma that appeared as a cystic mass on ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 569-572 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tuberculous tenosynovitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Wrist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report recent MRI findings in patients with tuberculous tenosynovitis of the wrist. Marked synovial thickening around the flexor tendons and fluid in the tendon sheath were clearly shown on MRI. Post-contrast study was useful in distinguishing the thick tenosynovium from the surrounding structures and fluid in the tendon sheath. The well-enhanced tenosynovium was also seen in the carpal tunnel in all cases. On the basis of these findings, we could easily distinguish tenosynovitis from other soft-tissue-mass lesions, such as tumors or infected ganglia. Tuberculous tenosynovitis is often not diagnosed early, and its differentiation from soft tissue tumors may be clinically difficult. MRI, particularly post-contrast study, is useful for early diagnosis of, and planning treatment for, tuberculous tenosynovitis.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Burst fracture ; Plain radiography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diagnosis ; Management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The burst fracture of the spine was first described by Holdsworth in 1963 and redefined by Denis in 1983 as being a fracture of the anterior and middle columns of the spine with or without an associated posterior column fracture. This injury has received much attention in the literature as regards its radiological diagnosis and also its clinical managment. The purpose of this article is to review the way that imaging has been used both to diagnose the injury and to guide management. Current concepts of the stability of this fracture are presented and our experience in the use of magnetic resonance imaging in deciding treatment options is discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Elbow ; Ulnar collateral ligament ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury of the elbow in throwing athletes by MRI and MR arthrography. Design. Ten elbows of throwing athletes were examined on both plain MRI and MR saline arthrography and the injuries subsequently surgically proven. Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and fast SE T2-weighted coronal images were obtained. Results. The UCL was unclear in all ten cases on T1-weighted MRI. In five cases an avulsion fracture was also found on T1-weighted MRI. On T2-weighted MRI, abnormal high-intensity areas were identified in or around the UCL. On T2-weighted MR arthrography images, extracapsular high-intensity areas, which represent extracapsular leakage, were found in four of five cases with avulsion fracture. At surgery, all these four cases showed avulsion fractures with instability; the other case had a fracture but it was stable and adherent to the humerus. On T2-weighted MR arthrography images, an extracapsular high-intensity area was found in one of the five cases without avulsion fracture. At surgery this patient had a complete tear of the UCL itself. Conclusion. MR arthrography provided additional information for evaluating the degree of UCL injury.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 625-628 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Pectoralis muscle ; Rupture ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is a rare clinical entity. Only few reports have discussed its MRI or CT features. We have reviewed the imaging features of four cases of complete rupture of the pectoralis major muscle. One case of acute injury underwent surgical repair. MRI is useful in delineating the site and extent of the rupture in relation to the musculotendinous junction, which will help the surgeons with possible treatment options and surgical planning. Because of the complex anatomy of the pectoralis major muscle near its insertion on the humerus and the signal characteristics of hematoma and edema in the muscle, axial T2-weighted images were most valuable for the evaluation of acute and subacute injuries. Axial T1-weighted images were helpful in delineating chronic injuries. CT is inferior to MRI for direct visualization of muscle rupture.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 671-674 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hodgkin disease ; Bone marrow ; Chemotherapy ; Fat replacement ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Three cases are presented with fat replacement of Hodgkin disease of bone marrow after chemotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging on admission demonstrated low-signal intensity of lesions on T1-weighted images and high-signal intensity on short inversion time inversion-recovery images. Seven lesions were observed, five of which were located in the spine and two in the pelvis. All lesions showed reversal of signal intensities after completion of chemotherapy. T1-weighted fat saturation images confirmed the fatty nature of the lesions after treatment. All patients had a nodular sclerosis, Hodgkin disease, type 2. One can speculate as to whether the conversion to fat actually represents a particularly successful result of chemotherapy.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 739-741 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Shoulder ; Rotator cuff ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To examine the effect of strenuous exercise on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of the rotator cuff tendon. A second objective was to define an optimal time to image the rotator cuff and possibly eliminate exercise-induced false positives. Design and patients. Five male subjects from 24 to 38 years old with normal rotator cuffs by history, physical examination, and screening MRI underwent a rotator cuff exercise session on the Biodex System 2 (Biodex, Shirley, New York). The exercise sessions were followed by sequential MRI scans of the exercised shoulder. These were performed immediately and at 8 h and 24 h after exercise. Results and conclusions. The rotator cuff tendon and subacromial-subdeltoid bursal signal remained unchanged from the pre-exercise through the 24-h post-exercise scans. The rotator cuff muscle signal was increased in five of five subjects on the immediate post-exercise fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. This signal returned to baseline by the 8-h scan. Positive findings of rotator cuff pathology on MRI after strenuous athletic activity should not be discounted as normal exercise-induced changes. Also, diagnostic MRI scanning may take place after a practice session without an increased risk of false positives.
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Protection ; Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Somatostatin ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transient moderate hypoxia has been previously shown to exert a potent protective role to subsequently applied convulsant drugs. We now investigated neuropeptide Y and somatostatin immunoreactivities seven days after moderate hypoxia (9% O2 in N2 for two times 8 h) in the hippocampus of the rat. A slight reduction of somatostatin immunoreactive cells was observed in the hilus of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. At the same time, the total number of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons was increased in this area due to a pronounced increase in staining of presumable basket cells. There was also increased staining of neuropeptide Y positive fibers in the outer molecular layer. Our data suggest activation of neuropeptide Y containing interneurons after a moderate or a mild transient hypoxia. Activation of these inhibitory neurons may contribute to the protective effect of this treatment.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 67-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Hypoxia ; Protection ; Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Somatostatin ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transient moderate hypoxia has been previously shown to exert a potent protective role to subsequently applied convulsant drugs. We now investigated neuropeptide Y and somatostatin immunoreactivities seven days after moderate hypoxia (9% O2 in N2 for two times 8 h) in the hippocampus of the rat. A slight reduction of somatostatin immunoreactive cells was observed in the hilus of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. At the same time, the total number of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons was increased in this area due to a pronounced increase in staining of presumable basket cells. There was also increased staining of neuropeptide Y positive fibers in the outer molecular layer. Our data suggest activation of neuropeptide Y containing interneurons after a moderate or a mild transient hypoxia. Activation of these inhibitory neurons may contribute to the protective effect of this treatment.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words CCK-8S ; Feeding ; Obesity ; Rat ; Sex ; Unspecific early postnatal overfeeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The response to cholecystokinin (CCK) as a satiety peptide in obesity or anorexia has been tested mainly in extreme models of food intake control. In the present study, the effect of CCK-8S on food intake was investigated in a nongenetic and less-stressful model of obesity due to unspecific early postnatal overfeeding in male and female rats. Reducing the normal litter size of ten to three newborn rats on day 3 of life led to an enhanced food intake resulting in an increased body weight until adulthood. Freely fed male and female, normal and obese rats were given 10 μg/kg CCK-8S i.p. on day 41 and 40 μg/kg CCK-8S on day 91 of life and food intake was measured for 24 h. Compared with treatment with saline (i.p.) 1 day before the test, the lower dose of 10 μg/kg CCK-8S reduced food intake for 2 h in normal, but not in obese rats. Conversely, the higher dose of 40 μg/kg CCK-8S reduced food intake in both normal and obese rats for 2 h, but this effect was more evident in the obese rats. Moreover, the satiating effect of CCK-8S was more pronounced and longer lasting in male than in female rats. In summary, the data suggest that the response to CCK-8S differs in normal and obese rats and depends on sex.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Chronic haloperidol ; Dopamine D2 receptors ; NMDA receptors ; AMPA receptors ; Caudate-putamen ; Quantitative autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of chronic treatment with haloperidol on the striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole-propionic acid (AMPA) and dopamine D2 receptors using a quantitative autoradiography in rats. Haloperidol was given to animals in a dose of ca. 1 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 6 weeks or 3 months and was afterwards withdrawn for 5 days. Haloperidol increased by 20–50% the binding of [3H]spiperone in different regions of the caudate-putamen. Haloperidol decreased by ca. 30% the binding of [3H]AMPA in the ventrolateral region of intermediate part of the caudate-putamen, but did not influence the binding of [3H]MK-801. The present results suggest that, apart from supersensitivity to dopamine, chronic treatment with haloperidol also induces subsensitivity of striatal AMPA receptors.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key wordsα1-adrenoceptors ; Idazoxan ; Indanidine ; Noradrenaline ; Aorta ; Small mesenteric artery ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the effects of idazoxan in rat aorta and small mesenteric artery. In the aorta, idazoxan behaved as a partial agonist (pKA=6.30). Prazosin produced rightward shift (pA2=9.88) and steepening of the idazoxan curve. In contrast, idazoxan had no effect of basal tension in the mesenteric artery, but shifted the noradrenaline curve to the right in a parallel manner (pA2=6.12). The selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist, indanidine, also behaved as a partial agonist in the aorta and produced no significant contractions of the small mesenteric artery. Since idazoxan and indanidine have been reported to raise blood pressure in the pithed rat via an action at vascular α1-adrenoceptors, these results call into question the reliability of the small mesenteric artery assay as a predictor for α1-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor activity in vivo.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: α1-adrenoceptors ; Idazoxan ; Indanidine ; Noradrenaline ; Aorta ; Small mesenteric artery ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the effects of idazoxan in rat aorta and small mesenteric artery. In the aorta, idazoxan behaved as a partial agonist (pKA=6.30). Prazosin produced rightward shift (pA2=9.88) and steepening of the idazoxan curve. In contrast, idazoxan had no effect of basal tension in the mesenteric artery, but shifted the noradrenaline curve to the right in a parallel manner (pA2=6.12). The selective al-adrenoceptor agonist, indanidine, also behaved as a partial agonist in the aorta and produced no significant contractions of the small mesenteric artery. Since idazoxan and indanidine have been reported to raise blood pressure in the pithed rat via an action at vascular α1-adrenoceptors, these results call into question the reliability of the small mesenteric artery assay as a predictor for α1-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor activity in vivo.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chronic haloperidol ; Dopamine D2 receptors ; NMDA receptors ; AMPA receptors ; Caudate-putamen ; Quantitative autoradiography ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of chronic treatment with haloperidol on the striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydro-xy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole-propionic acid (AMPA) and dopamine D2 receptors using a quantitative autoradiography in rats. Haloperidol was given to animals in a dose of ca. 1 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 6 weeks or 3 months and was afterwards withdrawn for 5 days. Haloperidol increased by 20–50% the binding of [3H]spiperone in different regions of the caudate-putamen. Haloperidol decreased by ca. 30% the binding of [3H]AMPA in the ventrolateral region of intermediate part of the caudate-putamen, but did not influence the binding of [3H]MK-801. The present results suggest that, apart from supersensitivity to dopamine, chronic treatment with haloperidol also induces subsensitivity of striatal AMPA receptors.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Diabetic neuropathy ; Somatosensorial evoked potentials ; Aminoguanidine ; L-carnitine ; Rat ; Alloxan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of aminoguanidine (AG) and L-carnitine (LC) on somatosensorial evoked potential (SEP) latency and neural levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), products of lipid peroxidation, were compared in alloxan-diabetic rats. AG and LC were given to diabetic rats starting from the 3rd week after the induction of diabetes and lasting for 4 weeks. SEP latency was measured by stimulating via caudal nerve and recording via cortex, once weekly during the treatments. Diabetes caused deficits in SEP (P〈0.05 vs non-diabetic control rats, respectively). AG and LC restored SEP latencies slightly but not significantly, with the exception of the prominent effect of AG at the first week and both treatments at the 4th week of the treatments (P〈0.05 vs untreated diabetic rats, respectively). Diabetes caused elevation in neural TBARS levels (P〈0.05 vs non-diabetic group), which was prevented by both AG and LC (P〈0.05 vs untreated diabetic rats, respectively). Weight and the glucose levels were not influenced by the treatments. Our results suggest that AG improves SEP latencies better than LC. Our results also suggest that the beneficial effects of both AG and LC on diabetic neuropathy are not associated with the regulation of glycemia, but these effects may be related in part with prevention of lipid peroxidation.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: N-methyl-D-aspartate ; Glutamate ; Kainate ; Dissociated cerebellar cells ; Rat ; Mitochondrial membrane potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of three different glutamate receptor ligands on mitochondrial membrane potential has been studied in rat pup dissociated cerebellar cells by measuring rhodamine 123 fluorescence. L-glutamate, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate (from 10−8 to 10−3 M) decreased in a concentration-dependent manner the mitochondrial membrane potential with EC50 values of 6.7±1.7, 3.8±0.5, and 37.4±14 μM, respectively. Dizocilpine ((+)MK 801) was able to inhibit the NMDA- and L-glutamate-induced decrease in rhodamine 123 fluorescence, while kainate-induced fluorescence-decreases were unaffected. However, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) totally prevented the effect of kainate on mitochondrial membrane potential, but failed to block the L-glutamate effect. It is concluded that, in our cell preparation, L-glutamate exerts its action mainly through NMDA-subtype receptors, and that Ca2+ and Na+ entry through ionotropic glutamate receptors could be responsible for an impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Diabetic neuropathy ; Somatosensorial evoked potentials ; Aminoguanidine ; L-carnitine ; Rat ; Alloxan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aminoguanidine (AG) and L-carnitine (LC) on somatosensorial evoked potential (SEP) latency and neural levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), products of lipid peroxidation, were compared in alloxan-diabetic rats. AG and LC were given to diabetic rats starting from the 3rd week after the induction of diabetes and lasting for 4 weeks. SEP latency was measured by stimulating via caudal nerve and recording via cortex, once weekly during the treatments. Diabetes caused deficits in SEP (P 〈 0.05 vs non-diabetic control rats, respectively). AG and LC restored SEP latencies slightly but not significantly, with the exception of the prominent effect of AG at the first week and both treatments at the 4th week of the treatments (P 〈 0.05 vs untreated diabetic rats, respectively). Diabetes caused elevation in neural TBARS levels (P 〈 0.05 vs non-diabetic group), which was prevented by both AG and LC (P 〈 0.05 vs untreated diabetic rats, respectively). Weight and the glucose levels were not influenced by the treatments. Our results suggest that AG improves SEP latencies better than LC. Our results also suggest that the beneficial effects of both AG and LC on diabetic neuropathy are not associated with the regulation of glycemia, but these effects may be related in part with prevention of lipid peroxidation.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words N-methyl-D-aspartate ; Glutamate ; Kainate ; Dissociated cerebellar cells ; Rat ; Mitochondrial ; membrane potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of three different glutamate receptor ligands on mitochondrial membrane potential has been studied in rat pup dissociated cerebellar cells by measuring rhodamine 123 fluorescence. L-glutamate, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate (from 10–8 to 10–3 M) decreased in a concentration-dependent manner the mitochondrial membrane potential with EC50 values of 6.7±1.7, 3.8±0.5, and 37.4±14 μM, respectively. Dizocilpine ((+)MK 801) was able to inhibit the NMDA- and L-glutamate-induced decrease in rhodamine 123 fluorescence, while kainate-induced fluorescence-decreases were unaffected. However, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) totally prevented the effect of kainate on mitochondrial membrane potential, but failed to block the L-glutamate effect. It is concluded that, in our cell preparation, L-glutamate exerts its action mainly through NMDA-subtype receptors, and that Ca2+ and Na+ entry through ionotropic glutamate receptors could be responsible for an impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Bradykinin ; Kininases ; Carrageenan ; Angiotensin converting enzyme ; Aminopeptidase P ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of some peptidase inhibitors on oedema and plasma extravasation induced by bradykinin and carrageenan in rat paw was evaluated. Bradykinin-induced oedema in normal rats was increased by o-phenanthroline (3.10–2 M), by captopril (10–6 M to 10–4 M), by lisinopril (10–6 M to 10–4 M), or by lisinopril (10–5 M) in combination with apstatin (8.10–5 M or 1.4 10–4 M). It was not modified by phosphoramidon (10–6 M to 10–5 M) and by diprotin A (10–3 M). It was increased by mergepta at high concentrations (2.10–4 M). Mergepta did not increase the potentiating effect of captopril. Carrageenan-oedema in normal rats was increased by captopril (10–5 M), lisinopril (10–5 M) and apstatin (1.4 10–4 M). It was not modified by mergepta (10–4 M), phosphoramidon (10–5 M) and diprotin A (10–3 M). Des-Arg1-bradykinin and Des-Arg9-bradykinin have low oedema-promoting effects. Captopril (10–5 M) increased the effects of bradykinin but not those of carrageenan in kininogen-deficient Brown Norway rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and aminopeptidase P appear to be main kinin-inactivating enzymes in rat paws. Carboxypeptidase N, neutral endopeptidase 24.11 and dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV do not play a significant role in this inactivation.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: ALEPH-2 Serotonin receptor binding ; Anxiolytics ; Serotonin syndrome ; Phenylisopropylamines ; Rat ; Hypothermia ; Psychedelics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serotonergic behavioral responses, effects on motor activity and core temperature, and binding properties of the novel putative anxiolytic amphetamine derivative (±)1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane (ALEPH-2), were examined in rodents in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying its anxiolytic-like effect. After peripheral administration in rats, ALEPH-2 induced some symptoms of the serotonergic syndrome, e.g. forepaw treading and flat body posture. Additionally, a decrease in motor activity was observed. No significant effects on the number of head shakes were observed after injection, although high inter-subject variability was noted. Higher doses of ALEPH-2, in the range exhibiting anxiolytic properties (4mg/kg), elicited significant hypothermia in mice. The affinity of the drug for 5-HT2A/2C receptors ([3H]ketanserin sites) was in the nanomolar range (Ki = 173 nM), whereas for 5-HT1A, benzodiazepine sites, and GABAA receptors, the affinity was micromolar or lower. Based on these results the mechanism of action and the anxiolytic-like properties of ALEPH-2 are discussed.
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  • 37
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 670-676 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bradykinin ; Kininases ; Carrageenan ; Angiotensin converting enzyme ; Aminopeptidase P ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of some peptidase inhibitors on oedema and plasma extravasation induced by bradykinin and carrageenan in rat paw was evaluated. Bradykinin-induced oedema in normal rats was increased by o-phenanthroline (3.10−2 M), by captopril (10−6 M to 10−4 M), by lisinopril (10−6 M to 10−4 M), or by lisinopril (10−5 M) in combination with apstatin (8.10−5 M or 1.4 10−4 M). It was not modified by phosphoramidon (10−6 M to 10−5 M) and by diprotin A (10−3 M). It was increased by mergepta at high concentrations (2.10−4 M). Mergepta did not increase the potentiating effect of captopril. Carrageenan-oedema in normal rats was increased by captopril (10−5 M), lisinopril (10−5 M) and apstatin (1.4 10 M). It was not modified by mergepta (10−4 M), phosphoramidon (10−5 M) and diprotin A (10−3 M). Des-Argl-bradykinin and Des-Arg9-bradykinin have low oedema-promoting effects. Captopril (10−5 M) increased the effects of bradykinin but not those of carrageenan in kininogen-deficient Brown Norway rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and amino-peptidase P appear to be main kinin-inactivating enzymes in rat paws. Carboxypeptidase N, neutral endopeptidase 24.11 and dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV do not play a significant role in this inactivation.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Basal ganglia ; Neuropeptides ; Monoamines ; Amino acids ; Microdialysis ; Chromogranin C ; Secretogranin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In vivo microdialysis was used to study the effect of secretogranin II-derived peptides on dynorphin B (Dyn B), dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and aspartate release in the substantia nigra and neostriatum of halothane-anaesthesized rats. In the substantia nigra, local infusion of secretoneurin (secretogranin II 154–186) (1–50 μM) increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, extracellular aspartate, glutamate, Dyn B, dopamine and GABA levels. The effect was particularly prominent on aspartate and glutamate levels which, following 50 μM of secretoneurin, were increased by 〉20 and 〉10 fold, respectively. However, the effect of secretoneurin on Dyn B release appeared to be more specific, since a significant increase (〉2 fold) was already observed following 1 μM of secretoneurin. In the neostriatum, Dyn B, glutamate, aspartate and GABA levels were also increased by local secretoneurin infusion, but the effect was less prominent than in the substantia nigra. In the substantia nigra, only Dyn B levels were significantly increased following infusion of 10 μM of the secretoneurin-C terminal (secretoneurin-15C), whereas Dyn B and GABA levels were increased by the same concentration of the secretogranin II C terminus (YM). Only glutamate and aspartate levels were increased by local infusion of 10 μM of secretogranin II 133-151 (LF), a peptide adjacent to secretoneurin in the primary amino acid sequence. In the neostriatum, Dyn B and GABA levels were increased by 10 μM of secretoneurin-15C. Dyn B levels were also increased by 10 μM of YM, and glutamate and aspartate levels were increased by 10 μM of both YM and LF. Thus, secretogranin 11-derived peptides affect extracellular levels of several putative neurotransmitter systems monitored in the basal ganglia of the rat with in vivo microdialysis. The effect of Dyn B appears to be specific and related to a physiological role of secretoneurin, since (i) it occurs in an area where secretoneurin-immunocytochemistry has been observed, (ii) is exerted at comparatively low concentrations, and (iii) is mimicked by secretoneurin-15C. The increases in excitatory amino acid levels produced by high concentrations of secretoneurin and other secretogranin II-derived peptides reflect, perhaps, a potential neurotoxicity produced by abnormal accumulation of these peptides.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Clozapine ; Haloperidol ; Chronic treatment ; Nucleus accumbens ; Caudate putamen ; Dopamine ; In vivo fast cyclic voltammetry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fast cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fibre microelectrodes was used to investigate the effects of chronic clozapine or haloperidol administration on electrically evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen of the anaesthetized rat. Stimulation trains were delivered to the median forebrain bundle (60 pulses, 350 μs duration) every 5 min, and the evoked dopamine efflux measured as a function of a) the applied stimulus intensity (range 0.2 mA-1.0 mA), and b) the applied stimulus frequency (range 10 Hz-250 Hz). Chronic administration of either clozapine (20 mg/kg × 21 days, p.o.) or haloperidol (1 mg/kg × 21 days, p.o.) significantly reduced electrically evoked dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens over the range of stimulus intensities and frequencies tested. The reduction in evoked dopamine efflux observed in the nucleus accumbens of clozapine- and haloperidol-treated rats showed no statistically significant difference. In contrast, only chronic haloperidol treatment significantly reduced evoked dopamine efflux in the caudate putamen. These findings demonstrate that chronic treatment with either the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, or the typical neuroleptic, haloperidol, produce long-term changes in mesolimbic dopamine function; actions which may underlie their antipsychotic efficacy. They also provide further evidence that the sparing action of clozapine on nigrostriatal dopamine activity may underlie the lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects associated with its long-term administration.
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  • 40
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 736-745 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: NMDA ; Ethanol ; Glycine ; Ca2+ fluxes ; Neurotoxicity ; Cerebellar granue cells ; Cortical cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethanol and/or glycine on NMDA-induced enhancement of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), 45Ca2+ influx, 4-b-[3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding, and neuronal necrosis in cultured rat cortical and cerebellar granule neurons were examined. Using microfluorimetric techniques in combination with rapid perfusion of single brain neurons, we found that glycine (10 μM) was a necessary co-agonist for NMDA-induced depolarization in cerebellar granule cells. In contrast, depolarization with NMDA in cortical cells was observed even without the addition of exogenous glycine as well as in the absence or presence of 1 mM MgCl2. Ethanol (50 mM) inhibited the effects of NMDA in some, but not all, neurons indicative of the existence of ethanol-sensitive and ethanol-insensitive cortical and cerebellar granule neurons. In studies performed in monolayers of cortical and cerebellar granule cells, we observed that the presence of glycine (10 μM) was a necessary prerequisite to unmask inhibitory actions of ethanol on 45Ca2+ influx induced by NMDA. In another set of experiments, we noted that NMDA-induced stimulation of [3H]PDBu binding to monolayers of intact cerebellar granule cells was inhibited by ethanol (50 mM). Finally, we report that ethanol caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of NMDA-induced necrotic cell death, assessed by measuring the ability of cerebellar granule cells to transform 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MIT) into formazan. In none of the four assays used to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of ethanol on NMDA receptor activity, the ethanol-induced inhibition was reversed by glycine (up to 100 μM). Thus, in contrast to earlier reports, our data suggest that ethanol and glycine produce their effects by acting at different regulatory sites within the NMDA receptor system in brain neurons.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Telangiectatic osteosarcoma ; Retinoblastoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Bone tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In this report, we describe the clinical, imaging, and pathologic findings in a case of diaphyseal telangiectatic osteosarcoma arising 23 years after successful treatment of bilateral retinoblastomas. To our knowledge, telangiectatic osteosarcoma occurring as a second tumor in this setting, outside the radiation treatment field, has not been previously reported. The association of the RB-1 gene defect with retinoblastomas and other tumors is discussed. Also, the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in telangiectatic osteosarcoma are described and discussed.
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  • 42
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    Skeletal radiology 25 (1996), S. 775-778 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Lymphoma ; Calcaneus ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of bone is a rare condition. Presented herein is a case of primary NHL of the calcaneus illustrating many of the classic features of the disease. Emphasized in this report are the nonspecific clinical and conventional radiographic features of primary NHL of bone, which may mimic inflammatory, neuropathic, infectious, or other neoplastic conditions of the extremities. The importance of early cross-sectional radiologic studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging, lies in the early characterization of the mass-like features and local extent of such lesions, helping to raise the suspicion of neoplastic disease.
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  • 43
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    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 795-804 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Spondylitis ; Bildgebung ; Röntgen ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Computertomographie ; Key words Spondylitis ; Imaging ; Radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computertomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In adults, infectious spondylitis is a rare but severe disease, caused by a bacterial thrombus in tissue of reduced resistance. In conventional radiographs initial findings are a narrowing of the intervertebral space, local osteoporosis and poorly defined erosive borders of the vertebral endplates. These changings can be found at least three to six weeks after the onset of disease. However, in Szintigraphy and MRT pathologic alterations are evident after ten to twelve days. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment becomes possible. In early stages of the disease a localized lysis surrounded by a reactive sclerosis appears in predisposed areas of the vertebral body (subchondral, anterobasal, ventral, central). Apparently, a soft tissue tumor is associated. Sclerosis and reduction of the soft tissue tumor are the first signs of repair processes. After at least 12 weeks, computed tomography can reveal typical sintering of the vertebral body and occasionally the development of a bony sequester. In addition, MRT as well as CT can be helpful in the detection and localization of complications as abscesses or affection of the vertebral canal. The tuberculous spondylitis can sometimes cause difficulties in differential diagnosis. Clinical findings, affection of several vertebral bodies, large soft tissue tumors with appearance of calcification as well as not typical locations are strongly suggestive of tuberculous spondylitis, but these findings are not specific of the disease. Degenerative disorders such as erosive osteochondrosis or changings due to chronic dialysis (e. g. amyloid or crystal arthropathies) may cause even more problems in differential diagnosis. Typical for a blastomatous process is the integrity of the interverebral disc space, which is a rare finding in spondylitis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Spondylitis des Erwachsenen ist eine zwar seltene, aber vor allem bei verzögerter Diagnose eine ernste und langwierige Erkrankung, die auf einen Bakterienembolus im resistenzgeschädigten Gewebe beruht. Nativ-radiologische erste Basissymptome sind die Verschmälerung des Bandscheibenraums, die lokale Osteoporose und die erosive Unschärfe der Grund- und Deckplatte. Diese Veränderungen sind mit einer Zeitverzögerung von mindestens 3–6 Wochen nach Beginn der Spondylitis nachweisbar. Mittels Szintigraphie und/oder MRT sind pathologische Veränderungen bereits nach 10–12 Tagen faßbar. Dadurch ist eine frühe Diagnose und Therapieeinleitung möglich. In der Folge zeigt sich an den prädisponierten Stellen im Wirbelkörper (subchondral, anterobasal ventral, zentral) eine lokale Lyse und umgebende reaktive Sklerose. Die Sklerosierung und Rückbildung des Weichteiltumors sind als erste Heilungszeichen zu werten. Im CT kann es dabei zu einer typischen Sinterung kommen (meist 12 Wochen nach Krankheitsbeginn). In einzelnen Fällen kann es zur Ausbildung eines Knochensequesters kommen, der dann am besten mittels CT erfaßbar ist. Weitere Komplikationen (Abszeß, Wirbelkanaleinbruch etc.) lassen sich am besten mittels MRT oder CT abgrenzen. Die Differentialdiagnose einer spezifischen Spondylitis kann im Einzelfall sehr schwierig sein. Typische Klinik, Befall mehrerer Wirbelkörper, große Weichteiltumore mit Verkalkung sowie atypische Lokalisation sind hinweisend, aber nicht beweisend. Die eigentlichen Röntgenbasissymptome treten mit noch größerer Zeitverzögerung und hoher Subtilität auf. Differentialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten können auch degenerative Veränderungen (erosive Osteochondrose) und Veränderungen im Rahmen einer chronischen Dialyse (Amyloid, Kristallarthropathie) hervorrufen. Schließlich ist die Intaktheit der Bandscheibe atypisch für die Spondylitis, aber typisch für blastomatöse Prozesse.
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  • 44
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    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 786-794 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Osteomyelitis akut ; chronisch ; Brodie-Abszeß ; Trauma ; Röntgendiagnostik ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Osteomyelitis ; acute ; chronic ; Brodie abscess ; Trauma ; Radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the diagnosis of acute and chronic osteomyelitis imaging methods have become essential. This paper reviews the potential of the different imaging modalities. When there is clinical suspicion of acute osteomyelitis plain films are still the mainstay of diagnosis. In newborns and young children this primary diagnostic modality will be supplemented by sonography. If there is a need for further imaging, MRI and the different scintigraphic methods may be used interchangeably. However, for the spine and other complex anatomical regions MRI is preferred. In contrast, three-phase bone scanning is mostly accepted as the primary additional tool to radiography and sonography in the newborn and in small children. If an abscess is suspected, MRI is the primary imaging modality. In cases of chronic osteomyelitis radiography still forms the basis for obtaining information about the bone. Further imaging is regularly needed, not only because of its diagnostic value but also because radiographs do not demonstrate the extent of lesions correctly. The evaluation of disease extent in bone is a domain of MRI, while scintigraphic methods, like 111In leucocyte scintigraphy and MRI, are of equivalent diagnostic value. CT may have its role in disclosing a sequestrum when radiographs and MRI are equivocal.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Diagnose der akuten und chronischen Osteomyelitis stehen eine Vielzahl von bildgebenden Methoden zur Verfügung, deren Wertung Gegenstand dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist. Bei klinischem Verdacht auf eine akute Osteomyelitis ist weiterhin die Röntgenaufnahme die primäre Methode der Wahl, im Säuglings- und Kleinkindesalter routinemäßig ergänzt durch die Sonographie. Besteht die Notwendigkeit einer erweiterten Diagnostik, sind szintigraphische Methoden und die MRT bei der akuten Osteomyelitis konkurrierende Verfahren. Allerdings erlaubt an der Wirbelsäule und anderen komplexen anatomischen Strukturen, wie den ISG und dem Gesichtsschädel, die MRT häufig eine definitive Beurteilung und ist deshalb den szintigraphischen Methoden vorzuziehen. Dies gilt auch für die Abszeßdiagnostik. Im Säuglings- und Kleinkindesalter wird demgegenüber als Ergänzungsdiagnostik bei Verdacht auf akute Osteomyelitis in den Röhrenknochen die Dreiphasenszintigraphie der MRT in der Regel vorgezogen. Bei der bildgebenden Diagnostik der chronischen Osteomyelitis steht die Röntgenübersichtsaufnahme als grundlegende Information über den Zustand des erkrankten Knochens, speziell wenn posttraumatische und postoperative Veränderungen in das Gesamtbild mit einbezogen werden müssen, an erster Stelle. Eine weitergehende Diagnostik wird jedoch regelhaft zu ergänzen sein, da es nicht nur auf die Diagnose, sondern auch auf die Ausdehnung der Läsion ankommt. Die präoperative Abschätzung der Ausdehnung stellt eine Domäne der MRT dar. Szintigraphische Methoden, speziell mit markierten autologen Granulozyten, sind gleichwertige Methoden zur Diagnosestellung einer aktivierten chronischen Osteomyelitis. Die CT muß bei der chronischen Osteomyelitis nur selten zum Sequesternachweis bzw. -ausschluß eingesetzt werden, sofern Röntgenübersicht und MRT nicht eindeutig sind.
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  • 45
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    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 944-950 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Impingementsyndrom ; Übersichtsartikel ; Impingementsyndrom ; Sonographie ; Impingementsyndrom ; MRT ; Sonderformen ; Key words Impingement syndrome ; Review article ; Ultrasonography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Unusual forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article reviews the pathogenesis and clinical and imaging findings in shoulder impingement syndrome. Shoulder impingement is caused by compression of the supraspinatus tendon underneath the coracoacromial arch, mainly in forward flexion of the arm. Different stages of impingement syndrome are described. Stage I relates to edema and hemorrhage of the supraspinatus tendon. Stage II is characterized by bursal inflammation and fibrosis, as well as tendinopathy. In stage III there is a tear of the rotator cuff. Clinical signs may overlap. Moreover, calcifying tendinitis, fractures and pain originating from the cervical spine may mimic shoulder impingement syndrome. Imaging is important for the exact diagnosis. Standard radiographs are the basis of imaging in shoulder impingement syndrome. They may demonstrate subchondral sclerosis of the major tuberosity, subacromial spurs, and form anomalies of the acromion. They are also important in the differential diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome and demonstrate calcifying tendinitis, fractures and neoplasm. Ultrasonography has found acceptance as a screening tool and even as a final diagnostic method by many authors. However, there is a high interobserver variability in the demonstration of rotator cuff tears. Its usefulness has therefore been questioned. MR imaging is probably the method of choice in the evaluation of the rotator cuff and surrounding structures. Several investigations have demonstrated that differentiation of early findings, such as tendinopathy versus partial tears, may be difficult with MR imaging. However, reproducibility for full-thickness tears appears to be higher than for sonography. Moreover, specificity appears to be superior to sonography. MR arthrography is not universally accepted. However, it allows for more exact differentiation of discrete findings and may be indicated in preoperative planning. Standard arthrography and CT have a limited role in the current assessment of the rotator cuff.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Grundlage des Impingementsyndroms ist eine Kompression des Supraspinatus am akromioklavikularen Bogen vor allem bei Flexion des Schultergelenks. Die 3 Stadien (Einblutung und Ödem, Tendionpathie und Bursitis, Rotatorenmanschettenläsion) sind klinisch nicht einfach zu unterscheiden und zu quantifizieren. Die bildgebende Diagnostik spielt eine wesentliche Rolle zur Diagnose und Therapieplanung. Sie beginnt in der Regel mit konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen. Damit werden indirekte Zeichen eines Schulterimpingements dargestellt, wie subchondrale Sklerosierung des Tuberculum majus, subakromiale Osteophyten und Formvarianten des Akromions. Fortgeschrittene Rupturen sind infolge Humerushochstands direkt erkennbar. Die Röntgenuntersuchung stellt auch Differentialdiagnosen wie die Tendinitis calcarea, Frakturen und Neoplasien dar. Als Zusatzuntersuchung für die Weichteildiagnostik ist die Sonographie geeignet. Sie stellt Veränderungen der Rotatorenmanschette und der Bursa subacromialis dar. Voraussetzungen für reproduzierbare Resultate sind allerdings eine geeignete Ausrüstung und ein erfahrener Untersucher. Die MRT ist wegen ihrer geringeren Untersuchungsabhängigkeit und höherer Spezifität vor allem für chirurgische Therapieentscheide und die dazugehörende Operationsplanung vorzuziehen. Je nach Fragestellung kann die MR-Arthrographie die Treffsicherheit der MRT erhöhen.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gd-DTPA-BMA ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Dynamische Studien ; Knochenläsionen ; Präoperative Chemotherapie ; Key words Gd-DTPA-BMA ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Dynamic studies ; Bone lesions ; Preoperative chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of high-dose Gd-DTPA-BMA (gadodiamide, Omniscan) as a contrast for magnetic resonance imaging of malignant bone tumors and the use of high-dose dynamic studies for predicting the response to preoperative chemotherapy. Materials and methods: Examinations were performed in 22 patients with suspected malignant bone tumor on a 1.5 T system. In 8 cases a follow-up examination was done after preoperative chemotherapy. Static studies included Pd- and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences as well as T1-weighted spin-echo sequences, obtained pre- and postcontrast. Dynamic studies were performed using a FLASH 2D-gradient-echo sequence (TR 40 ms/TE 10 ms, 90 ° flip angle) every 20 s after intravenous bolus injection of Gd-DTPA-BMA (0.3 mmol/kg body weight). MR images were evaluated qualitatively by visual assessment of conspicuity size, extraosseous delineation and structure of the lesion and quantitatively by measurement of the signal intensities and calculation of the relative increase in signal intensity. Results: Qualitative image analysis showed best demonstration of the lesions on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Comparison of T1-weighted pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences revealed significantly better assessment of tumor structure after administration of contrast media. After preoperative chemotherapy, all responders showed a markedly stronger reduction in relative increase in signal intensity in dynamic studies compared to nonresponders. Conclusion: Gd-DTPA-BMA is effective for magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal lesions and improves assessment of the tumor structure. Dynamic studies may help to predict the response to preoperative chemotherapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie: Untersucht wurde, ob die hochdosierte Gabe von Gd-DTPA-BMA (Gadodiamid, Omniscan™) sich für die kontrastmittelunterstützte Magnetresonanztomographie maligner Knochentumoren eignet und ob dynamische Studien bei dieser Dosis eine Beurteilung des Ansprechens auf eine präoperative Chemotherapie ermöglichen. Material und Methode: Die Untersuchungen erfolgten bei 22 Patienten mit Verdacht auf malignen Knochentumor bei einer Feldstärke von 1,5 Tesla. In 8 Fällen wurde eine Verlaufskontrolle nach präoperativer Chemotherapie durchgeführt. Die statischen Untersuchungen umfaßten PD- und T2-gewichtete Spinechosequenzen sowie T1-gewichtete Spinechosequenzen vor und nach Kontrastmittelapplikation. Dynamische Studien wurden mit einer FLASH-2D-Gradientenechosequenz (TR 40 ms/TE 10 ms, Flipwinkel 90 °) im Abstand von je 20 s nach intravenöser Bolusinjektion von Gd-DTPA-BMA (0,3 mmol/kg Körpergewicht) durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der MR-Bilder erfolgte qualitativ durch visuelle Beurteilung der Erkennbarkeit, der Größe, der extraossären Ausdehnung und der Struktur der Läsion und quantitativ mit Messung der Signalintensitäten und Berechnung des relativen Signalanstieges. Ergebnisse: Die qualitative Bildauswertung ergab für die T1-gewichteten Bilder nach Kontrastmittelapplikation die beste Erkennbarkeit der Läsion. Der Vergleich der T1-gewichteten Spinechosequenz vor und nach Kontrastmittelapplikation zeigte eine signifikant verbesserte Beurteilbarkeit der Tumorstruktur nach Kontrastmittelgabe. In den dynamischen Untersuchungen wiesen alle Responder nach präoperativer Chemotherapie einen deutlich stärkeren Abfall des relativen Signalintensitätsanstieges als die Nonresponder auf. Schlußfolgerung: Gd-DTPA-BMA ist ein effektives Kontrastmittel für die Magnetresonanztomographie muskuloskeletaler Läsionen und ermöglicht eine verbesserte Beurteilung der Tumorstruktur. Dynamische Studien können zur Beurteilung des Ansprechens der präoperativen Chemotherapie beitragen.
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  • 47
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    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Geschichte ; HNO-Radiologie ; Tomographie ; Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words History ; Head and neck radiology ; Tomography ; Computer tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The head and neck region is a limited anatomical area in radiological diagnostics. Nevertheless, head and neck radiology has a long and interesting history with excellent scientists involved in its development. Before the discovery of X-rays, no information about the head and neck could be obtained without surgery or even autopsy. Therefore, conventional radiograms and special projections were an important step forward. During the 1950s, a second diagnostic breakthrough was achieved by the introduction of tomographic techniques. Film tomography was the first step in this important development. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging yielded astonishing and unforeseen results. Especially in the field of magnetic resonance imaging, the techniqual development has not yet come to an end. Scientific research and continuing education are required in order to achieve further advances in head and neck radiology, and European cooperation is on the way.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Kopf-Hals-Bereich ist im Vergleich zu den anderen Regionen der radiologischen Diagnostik ein begrenztes Gebiet. Trotzdem hat die Kopf-Hals-Radiologie eine lange, interessante und von hervorragenden medizinischen Persönlichkeiten geprägte Geschichte. Wenn man berücksichtigt, daß vor der Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlen Einblicke in das Schädelinnere und die Halsstrukturen ohne Sektion oder Operation überhaupt nicht möglich waren, bedeutete bereits die Einführung der Summationsaufnahmen und die Erarbeitung von Spezialprojektionen ein entscheidender Schritt. Ein zweiter diagnostischer Durchbruch erfolgte in den 50er Jahren dieses Jahrhunderts durch die Entwicklung der Schnittbildverfahren. Diese führten zunächst als konventionelle Tomographie, dann als Computertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie zu erstaunlichen und unerwarteten Ergebnissen. Im MRT-Bereich ist diese Entwicklung noch nicht abgeschlossen. Intensivere medizinisch-wissenschaftliche Arbeit und gezieltere Fortbildung, auch in europäischem Rahmen, erscheinen erforderlich, um dieser Entwicklung gerade im Spezialbereich Kopf und Hals gerecht zu werden.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom ; Schädel ; Kind ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Non-Hodgkin lymphoma ; Skull ; Child ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors present a rare case of solitary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the skull of an 11-year-old girl. The clinical, radiological and histological findings as well as a review of the literature are included in this report. The morphological features of intra- and extracerebral tumor masses and the change in tumor extension due to chemotherapy and radiation therapy were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Although rare, NHL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of skull tumors in children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein seltener Fall eines solitären, primär ossären Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoms (NHL) der Schädelkalotte im Kindesalter bei einem 11-jährigen Mädchen beschrieben. Klinische, radiologische und histologische Befunde werden analysiert. Anhand von Verlaufskontrollen mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) werden Änderungen der Tumormorphologie sowie die Reduktion der Tumorausbreitung infolge Chemo- und Radiotherapie evaluiert. Kriterien für die Diagnosesicherung und Differentialdiagnose werden anhand einer ausführlichen Literaturübersicht diskutiert. Bei der Beurteilung von Schädeltumoren im Kindesalter sollte das NHL differentialdiagnostisch berücksichtigt werden.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Pankreaskarzinom ; Staging ; Gefäßinfiltration ; Spiral-CT ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Pancreatic carcinoma ; Staging ; Vascular involvement ; Spiral computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of this study was to assess the role of spiral computed tomography (SCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the preoperative work-up of patients with pancreatic carcinoma, regarding local resectability and vascular involvement. Methods and materials: A total of 28 patients (19 men and 9 women; mean age 58 years) with known or highly suspected carcinoma of the pancreas were included in this study. All patients prospectively underwent MRI (± gadolinium-DTPA) and SCT (3-phase examination) as preoperative diagnostic imaging studies, and laparotomy was carried out within 7 days, irrespective of the MRI or SCT findings. SCT and MR studies were reviewed independently by two radiologists, without knowing the results of the surgical exploration. Standardized image analysis was correlated with findings at laparatomy. Results: Laparotomy identified 10 patients to be suitable for surgical resection and 18 pancreatic carcinomas to be unresectable. In 17 of 18 non-resectable carcinomas MRI and SCT were able to obtain correct information about unresectability (sensitivity 94 %), in 7 (MRI), resp. 8 (SCT) carcinomas were correctly considered to be resectable (sensitivity 70 % for MRI and 80 % for SCT). The presence of vascular involvement was depicted by SCT with a sensitivity of 82–100 % and 62–100 % by MRI. The specificity varied between 85–100 % for SCT and 77–100 % for MRI. Conclusion: Both MRI and SCT are good techniques for the preoperative work-up of pancreatic carcinomas in order to obtain a correct assessment of local resectability.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung an 28 Patienten war die Bestimmung der Wertigkeit der Spiralcomputertomographie (Spiral-CT) und der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) im präoperativen Staging des Pankreaskarzinoms. Dazu wurde vergleichend die Infiltration peripankreatischer arterieller und venöser Gefäßstrukturen analysiert. Die Befunde wurden mit dem Ergebnis der Laparotomie korreliert, der alle Patienten unabhängig von den Ergebnissen der Spiral-CT und der MRT unterzogen wurden. Zur präoperativen Bestimmung der lokalen Ausdehnung von Pankreaskarzinomen und damit der Operabilität sind sowohl die 3-Phasen-Spiral-CT und die MRT (± Gadolinium-DTPA) gleichermaßen geeignete Untersuchungsmethoden. Insbesondere können beide Untersuchungsverfahren die Infiltration benachbarter vaskulärer Strukturen präoperativ mit hoher Genauigkeit nachweisen und somit die Planung des operativen Vorgehens beeinflussen.
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  • 50
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    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 503-507 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mesenterialzyste ; Ultraschall ; CT ; MRT ; Key words Mesenteric cysts ; Ultrasound ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mesenteric cysts are considered as a rare cause of abdominal complaints. Histologically, several specific types can be distinguished: lymphangioma, nonpancreatic pseudocyst, enteric duplication cyst, enteric cyst and mesothelial cyst. Histopathological classification and radiological findings in two cases of mesenteric cysts are presented, and, with regard to the literature, radiological appearance and differential diagnoses are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mesenterialzysten stellen eine eher seltene Ursache abdomineller Beschwerden dar. Ihre derzeit gebräuchliche Einteilung unterscheidet zwischen Lymphangiom, nichtpankreatischer Pseudozyste, enteraler Duplikationszyste, enteraler Zyste und Mesothelialzyste. Anhand zweier Kasuistiken werden unter Berücksichtigung der Literatur histopathologische Klassifikation und Schnittbildbefunde der Mesenterialzyste dargestellt sowie die zugehörigen Differentialdiagnosen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des jeweiligen Stellenwertes der Bildgebung diskutiert.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arthritis ; Rheumatoide Arthritis ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Sonographie ; Key words Arthritis ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Technical innovations and software improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution sonography (US) have definitely influenced the diagnostic imaging of rheumatic diseases. For MRI, improvements in surface coils, dedicated low-field systems (0.2 T), and software improvements (shorter acquisition times and refinements of fat suppressing techniques) must be mentioned. For sonography, the main innovations concern the development of higher transducer frequencies (7–15 Mhz) and power Doppler imaging. Clinical evaluations have shown that MRI and US are most useful in cases of suspected rheumatic disease with negative plain film radiographs and for documenting the course of the disease, diagnosing of early rheumatoid arthritis, making a differential diagnosis in clinically unclear rheumatic diseases, investigating vascularization, and quantifying pannus formation. In order to improve diagnostic efficacy the role of MRI and US in the management of patients with rheumatic disease should be reconsidered.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Technische Innovationen in Hard- und Software von Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und Sonographiegeräten haben die bildgebende Diagnostik in der Rheumatologie maßgeblich beeinflußt (Verbesserungen der Oberflächenspulen mit hohen Gradientenfeldern, dedizierte Niederfeldgeräte, Softwareverbesserungen in Form von kürzeren Aquisitionszeiten und Verfeinerungen in der Fettunterdrük-kung, höhere Transducerfrequenzen zwischen 7 und 15 Mhz, Powerdopplerverfahren). Für die klinische Anwendung bedeutet dies, daß MRT und Sonographie als bildgebende Zusatzverfahren nach der Anfertigung konventioneller Röntgenaufnahmen anzuwenden sind, wenn diese unauffällige Resultate ergeben oder spezielle Fragen zur Schwere des Krankheitsprozesses bzw. von Folgeerscheinungen zu beantworten sind. Im besonderen betrifft dies den Nachweis der Früharthritis, die Differentialdiagnose klinisch nicht klar einzuordnender Kankheitsbilder und die Bestimmung des Vaskularisationsgrades entzündlichen Gewebes. Es wird eine schwerpunktmäßige Aufgabe in der Rheumatologie sein, die neue Rolle von MRT und Sonographie in diagnostischen Entscheidungsbäumen zu verankern.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Soft tissue ; Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of primary aneurysmal cyst of soft tissues in a 57-year-old woman presenting with a painful mass in her left arm. Conventional radiography showed a radiolucent soft tissue mass surrounded by a ring of bone. MRI displayed an unusual, ill-defined soft tissue lesion that was not connected to the nearby humerus and appeared to be an aggressive tumour. Microscopically, the mass consisted of multiple anastomosing cavernous channels surrounded by a peripheral band of mature trabecular bone. These bloody channels were separated by fibrous septa containing fibroblasts, histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, as well as fibromyxochondroid material. Some of these giant cells lined the septa and partially occupied the lumen of the channels. Ultrastructurally, the features observed in this tumour were similar to those described in aneurysmal bone cyst; the giant cells lining the septa were an additional observation. Whereas most bone tumours have a well-known extraosseous counterpart, this unique lesion is not well recognized by surgical pathologists and the few published cases have been reported under different names. Gross, microscopic, radiological and ultrastructural findings are presented to familiarize pathologists with this underdiagnosed condition.
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  • 53
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 353 (1996), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Ageing ; Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ; Homovanillic acid ; Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus ; In vivo microdialysis ; Noradrenaline ; Phenylephrine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of age on basal and stimulated noradrenaline release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat was examined by in vivo microdialysis. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the PVN of 3 and 18 month old anaesthetised Sprague Dawley rats and perfused with a modified Ringer solution. Following four basal 30-min collections, transmitter release was stimulated by perfusion with 100 mM potassium for one collection. After re-equilibration, blood pressure was raised 60 mmHg for 30 min by phenylephrine infusion (1–1.3 mg/kg) then a 2-h recovery period followed. Dialysate collections were injected directly onto a reverse phase HPLC-ECD (HPLC with electrochemical detection). Basal extracellular noradrenaline concentrations were found to be similar in adult and old animals. Basal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations were significantly greater in old compared to adult rats (P〈0.05). Potassium depolarisation induced a significant increase in noradrenaline concentrations in both age groups (P〈0.001), however the noradrenaline response to potassium stimulation was significantly reduced in the aged rats (P〈0.05). Potassium-induced decreases in DOPAC and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations were seen in both age groups. Following phenylephrine infusion, a modest delayed reduction in noradrenaline levels, which failed to reach statistical significance, was seen. Phenylephrine-induced hypertension was associated with decreased DOPAC and HVA concentrations in adult (P〈0.05) and old (P〈0.05) rats, respectively. These results indicate that ageing is associated with changes in dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity in the PVN of the rat. A reduction in noradrenaline response to maximal stimulation induced by potassium depolarisation was observed with ageing. The alteration in the activity of the catecholaminergic pathways to the PVN induced by phenylephrine infusion appears to be age dependent.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: CCK-8S ; Feeding ; Obesity ; Rat ; Sex ; Unspecific early postnatal overfeeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The response to cholecystokinin (CCK) as a satiety peptide in obesity or anorexia has been tested mainly in extreme models of food intake control. In the present study, the effect of CCK-8S on food intake was investigated in a nongenetic and less-stressful model of obesity due to unspecific early postnatal overfeeding in male and female rats. Reducing the normal litter size of ten to three newborn rats on day 3 of life led to an enhanced food intake resulting in an increased body weight until adulthood. Freely fed male and female, normal and obese rats were given 10 μg/kg CCK-8S i.p. on day 41 and 40 μg/kg CCK-8S on day 91 of life and food intake was measured for 24 h. Compared with treatment with saline (i.p.) 1 day before the test, the lower dose of 10 μg/kg CCK-8S reduced food intake for 2 h in normal, but not in obese rats. Conversely, the higher dose of 40 μg/kg CCK-8S reduced food intake in both normal and obese rats for 2 h, but this effect was more evident in the obese rats. Moreover, the satiating effect of CCK-8S was more pronounced and longer lasting in male than in female rats. In summary, the data suggest that the response to CCK-8S differs in normal and obese rats and depends on sex.
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  • 55
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 34-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium ; Malignant lymphoma, brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is rare, although its frequency has increased in recent years. Radiographically, almost all PCNSL enhance on CT and/or MRI, and nonenhancing PCNSL has been thought to be extremely rare. We present PCNSL showing multiple nonenhancing lesions on MRI in an immunocompetent patient.
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  • 56
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 38-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebellopontine angle ; Choroid plexus papilloma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a cerebellopontine angle choroid plexus papilloma that originated from the tuft of choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle protruding from the foramen of Luschka. MRI and CT did not establish the diagnosis, but the tumor was shown histopathologically to be a choroid plexus papilloma. Distinct features of the tumor on MRI are described and the differential diagnosis of other cerebellopontine angle tumors is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 41-43 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Osteochondroma ; Skull base ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fat suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A skull base osteochondroma (benign exostosis) in a 38-year-old man is reported. MRI was not only very useful for determining the extent of the tumour, but also showed its fat content and, on contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed images, its vascularity.
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  • 58
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Skull amyloidoma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amyloidomas involving bone are rare. The 67-year-old man reported here had a large amyloidoma of the left frontal, parietal, sphenoid (greater wing) and temporal bones causing neural compression. Plain radiographs CT and MRI are shown.
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  • 59
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 47-49 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Nelson's syndrome ; Cavernous sinus ; Infarct ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the MRI appearances of an infarcted cavernous sinus tumor in a patient with Nelson's syndrome. Invasive tumors of the pituitary extending to the cavernous sinus are discussed and the role of MRI in preoperative investigation is highlighted.
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  • 60
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pituitary ; Adenoma ; Hyperplasia ; Hypothyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of a “pseudoprolactinoma” where administration of thyroid hormone resulted in resolution of symptoms and regression of pituitary hyperplasia seen on MRI.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Infarction ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract WE report the MRI findings in two patients with presumed cervical spinal cord infarcts in the anterior spinal artery territory. MRI revealed abnormal signal intensities and/or band-like enhancement in the anterior two-thirds of the cervical spinal cord, corresponding to the vascular territory of the anterior spinal artery. Clinically there was an anterior spinal cord syndrome.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Encephalitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Follow-up examinations ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 14 children aged 28 days to 12.7 years with encephalitis by CT or MRI. Of the patients examined by CT 58% had a normal first scan, whereas all MRI investigations demonstrated abnormalities. The clinical features correlated with several MRI investigations. On MRI herpes (HSV) encephalitis started in the medial temporal lobe and encephalomalacia developed within a few weeks. All patients had a follow-up examination 0.5 to 6.5 years after the acute phase. MRI revealed abnormalities in 13 of the 14 children; one boy, with lesions in only the white matter, had a normal follow-up MRI. Even with immediate, optimal therapy the children demonstrated severe parenchymal abnormalities. Signal abnormalities seen in the acute phase of the disease were likely to persist. In children with HSV encephalitis atypical lesions in different areas were seen.
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  • 63
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 84-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Oculodental digital dysplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Genetic disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oculodental digital dysplasia (ODDD) is an uncommon inherited disorder with characteristic facial abnormalities, defects in dentition and syndactyly; previous reports have described neurologic dysfunction. We present neuroimaging features of a mother and daughter with ODDD; despite only the mother having neurologic dysfunction, the MRI findings in both are strikingly similar.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Visual evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI of the optic nerves was obtained in 13 patients with acute optic neuritis and 13 with a previous optic neuritis (ON), assessed by clinical features, visual fields and visual evoked potentials. Results of the conventional short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence obtained with a short echo time (STE-STIR; 22 ms) were compared with those of a long echo time (LTE-STIR: 80 ms) sequence. The conventional STE-STIR sequence revealed lesions in the optic nerves in 78.5% of acute and 58.8% of previous ON. The LTE-STIR sequence showed abnormalities in 92.8% of acutely symptomatic nerves and 94.1% of nerves with previous ON. The optic nerve lesions appeared significantly longer with the LTE-STIR sequence than with the conventional STE-STIR sequences, in both acute and previous ON.
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  • 65
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 152-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Intradural arachnoid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal intradural arachnoid cysts are seen most frequently in the thoracic region, particularly near the midline posteriorly. A thoracic intradural arachnoid cyst in this typical location is reported, with the additional unusual finding of herniation of the spinal cord through an anterior defect in the dura mater. The MRI findings are described.
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  • 66
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; herniation ; Dura Mater ; duplication ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a rare disease, few cases having been reported. We encountered a case of idiopathic spinal cord herniation presenting with severe spasticity in the right leg and urinary dysfunction. The spinal cord was herniated into a cavity created by duplication of the dura mater and resection of the inner layer improved the neurological deficits. MRI, myelography, and CT myelography were useful for diagnosing this disease. Four radiological signs of spinal cord herniation are described.
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  • 67
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 157-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord herniation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an unusual post-traumatic spinal cord herniation, which became symptomatic 38 years after the trauma. A 44-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of increasing impotence, neuropathic bladder dysfunction and dissociated sensory loss below the level of T6. At the age of 6 years he had a severe blunt spinal injury with transient paraparesis. MRI revealed right lateral and ventral displacement of the spinal cord at the T5/6 level. The spinal cord was surgically exposed and found to herniate through a ventral defect of the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater. As there were no other events that could have precipitated spinal cord herniation the reported blunt trauma in childhood is the most likely cause for the spinal cord herniation in this patient.
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  • 68
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Lipoma ; Spinal cord ; intramedullary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a unique case of intramedullary lipoma, diagnosed on MRI and confirmed at surgery.
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  • 69
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 161-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ischaemia ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the temporal sequence of signal changes in the spinal cord and vertebral column following vascular damage caused by ethanol injected during surgery.
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  • 70
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Optic nerve coloboma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present three cases of optic nerve coloboma with orbital and brain CT findings, one also including MRI and ultrasonography of the orbit.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Trilateral retinoblastoma ; Pineal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medical records, CT, and MRI of ten children with trilateral retinoblastoma were reviewed. The intracranial pathology consisted of eight pineal neoplasms and two parasellar lesions, at least seven of the which were calcified. Two lesions demonstrated calcification only (no soft tissue mass) at initial presentation. Hydrocephalus was seen in eight cases, and concurrent or subsequent subarachnoid dissemination was documented in seven. Only one patient is known to be alive at the present time. The imaging features of the midline intracranial tumors mirror those of the ocular neoplasm. As calcification may be the only clue to the presence of the intracranial malignancy, close surveillance of high-risk patients with retinoblastoma with initial CT and follow-up MRI is suggested.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetisation transfer ; Magnetisation transfer ratio ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetisation transfer (MT) is a recently introduced technique for assessing the water content of tissues in vivo and its relationship to macromolecules or membranes. It has been suggested that MT could provide indirect evidence of the characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions (oedema, demyelination, or gliosis). Our aims were to characterise brain MS lesions and to compare the magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) values of lesions with different patterns of contrast enhancement. In patients with MS we measured the MTR of 65 gadolinium-enhancing and 292 nonenhancing lesions. Using the equation published by Dousset et al. we studied 29 patients with clinically definite MS and 10 healthy controls. Lesions had significantly lower MT than the normal-appearing white matter of the patients or the normal white matter of healthy controls. There was no difference in the MTR of enhancing and nonenhancing lesions. Enhancement was homogeneous in 45 and ring-like in 20 lesions; MTR values were lower in the latter. These findings are presumably related to the differences in pathological features of enhancing (different amounts of proteins and inflammatory cells, oedema and demyelination) and nonenhancing (gliosis, demyelination and axonal loss) lesions.
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  • 73
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Neurosyphilis ; General paresis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Few cases of MRI in neurosyphilis have been reported. We examined the value of MRI in patients with general paresis; MRI was performed on four HIV-negative patients with parenchymatous neurosyphilis. It demonstrated frontal and temporal atrophy, subcortical gliosis and, in one patient, increased ferritin in the basal ganglia. The progression of the lesions on MRI correlated well with the neuropsychiatric disturbances. The MRI findings correlated with the wellknown neuropathological findings. This combination of pathological findings in neurosyphilis has not been described before and we suggest that MRI is of prognostic value in patients with general paresis.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Leukoencephalopathy ; Methotrexate ; Acute myeloblastic leukemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A patient with acute myeloblastic leukaemia showed atypical findings on MRI following combination therapy including intrathecal methotrexate and radiation. MRI findings not previously been reported are ring as well as patchy enhancement, marked mass effect and lesions extending to the putamen and corpus callosum.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cervical radiculopathy ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A prospective comparison was made of standard two-dimensional MRI sequences, at both high and midfield strength, with CT myelography in 23 patients with cervical spondylosis. MRI is adequate for assessment of cord compression, where high field strength is superior to midfield strength. MRI using 4-mm sections is inadequate for presurgical assessment of root compression. It remains to be proven whether thin-section white-CSF volume sequences or gadolinium-enhanced volume studies can replace CT myelography.
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  • 76
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 152-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Intradural arachnoid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spinal intradural arachnoid cysts are seen most frequently in the thoracic region, particularly near the midline posteriorly. A thoracic intradural arachnoid cyst in this typical location is reported, with the additional unusual finding of herniation of the spinal cord through an anterior defect in the dura mater. The MRI findings are described.
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  • 77
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord, herniation ; Dura Mater, duplication ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomographic myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a rare disease, few cases having been reported. We encountered a case of idiopathic spinal cord herniation presenting with severe spasticity in the right leg and urinary dysfunction. The spinal cord was herniated into a cavity created by duplication of the dura mater and resection of the inner layer improved the neurological deficits. MRI, myelography, and CT myelography were useful for diagnosing this disease. Four radiological signs of spinal cord herniation are described.
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  • 78
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 157-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Spinal cord herniation ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an unusual post-traumatic spinal cord herniation, which became symptomatic 38 years after the trauma. A 44-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of increasing impotence, neuropathic bladder dysfunction and dissociated sensory loss below the level of T6. At the age of 6 years he had a severe blunt spinal injury with transient paraparesis. MRI revealed right lateral and ventral displacement of the spinal cord at the T5/6 level. The spinal cord was surgically exposed and found to herniate through a ventral defect of the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater. As there were no other events that could have precipitated spinal cord herniation the reported blunt trauma in childhood is the most likely cause for the spinal cord herniation in this patient.
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  • 79
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Lipoma ; Spinal cord, intramedullary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a unique case of intramedullary lipoma, diagnosed on MRI and confirmed at surgery.
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  • 80
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 161-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Ischaemia ; Spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the temporal sequence of signal changes in the spinal cord and vertebral column following vascular damage caused by ethanol injected during surgery.
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  • 81
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Optic nerve coloboma ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present three cases of optic nerve coloboma with orbital and brain CT findings, one also including MRI and ultrasonography of the orbit.
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  • 82
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 166-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Trilateral retinoblastoma ; Pineal ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medical records, CT, and MRI of ten children with trilateral retinoblastoma were reviewed. The intracranial pathology consisted of eight pineal neoplasms and two parasellar lesions, at least seven of the which were calcified. Two lesions demonstrated calcification only (no soft tissue mass) at initial presentation. Hydrocephalus was seen in eight cases, and concurrent or subsequent subarachnoid dissemination was documented in seven. Only one patient is known to be alive at the present time. The imaging features of the midline intracranial tumors mirror those of the ocular neoplasm. As calcification may be the only clue to the presence of the intracranial malignancy, close surveillance of high-risk patients with retinoblastoma with initial CT and follow-up MRI is suggested.
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  • 83
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Neurosyphilis ; General paresis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Few cases of MRI in neurosyphilis have been reported. We examined the value of MRI in patients with general paresis; MRI was performed on four HIV-negative patients with parenchymatous neurosyphilis. It demonstrated frontal and temporal atrophy, subcortical gliosis and, in one patient, increased ferritin in the basal ganglia. The progression of the lesions on MRI correlated well with the neuropsychiatric disturbances. The MRI findings correlated with the well-known neuropathological findings. This combination of pathological findings in neurosyphilis has not been described before and we suggest that MRI is of prognostic value in patients with general paresis.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Dural arteriovenous fistula ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistula with a varix mimicking an aneurysm on CT and MRI.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Reye's syndrome ; Cortical laminar necrosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serial MRI findings are described in two patients with Reye's syndrome, demonstrating diffuse cortical and white matter changes. In the acute stage, T2-weighted images showed subtle but definite laminar high signal and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images laminar enhancement, along the entire cerebral cortexbilateraly. In the chronic stage, unenhanced T1-weighted images showed diffuse cortical laminar high signal. These characteristic MRI features seemed very similar to those of laminar cortical necrosis in hypoxic brain damage. MRI also displayed delayed white matter changes with cerebral atrophy.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Progressive aphasia ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Single photon emission computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is defined as progressive decline in language for 2 or more years with preservation of activities of daily living and general cognitive functions. Whereas the clinical features of this syndrome have been well documented, the neuroradiological findings have not been studied systematically. We studied 13 patients with PPA retrospectively: 10 underwent CT, 12 MRI and 12 cerebral perfusion studies using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. CT and MR images were scored for focal atrophy by two independent assessors. Initial qualitative assessment of SPECT images was confirmed by quantitative analysis. CT was normal in 5 patients. Focal atrophy, affecting predominantly the left temporal lobe, was seen in 4 of 10 patients on CT, and 10 of 12 on MRI. Atrophy was localised primarily to the superior and middle temporal gyri on MRI. All 12 patients who underwent SPECT had unilateral temporal lobe perfusion defects, in 2 patients of whom MRI was normal. CT is relatively insensitive to focal abnormalities in PPA; MRI and SPECT are the imaging modalities of choice. MRI allows accurate, specific localisation of atrophy within the temporal neocortex. SPECT may reveal a functional decrease in cerebral perfusion prior to establishment of structural change.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dural arteriovenous fistula ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistula with a varix mimicking an aneurysm on CT and MRI.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Dementia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Prion diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), an invariably fatal dementing illness, affects patients in middle and old age (sporadic form). However, the association of CJD with certain treatments (iatrogenic form) has been described in younger patients. The clinical onset of the two forms seems to differ; in the iatrogenic form a high frequency of the ataxic CJD variant has been reported. Nowadays, a definitive diagnosis of CJD is exclusively histological. We present five cases of CJD, one sporadic and the others iatrogenic, following dura mater grafts and analyse their CT and MRI features. CT typically demonstrates brain atrophy, generally progressive, but in sporadic CJD midfield MRI also showed abnormal signal, with predominant deep grey matter involvement. The use of narrow windows with proton-density sequences may reveal subtle cortical signal abnormalities not clearly visible with conventional windows. The early demonstration of these changes, in the appropriate clinical context, may suggest CJD and this supports the use of mid- or high magnetic fields in the diagnosis of CJD and other forms of dementia. In our cases of iatrogenic CJD, low-field MRI did not reveal more than the progressive atrophy displayed by CT, and raises the question on the one hand of possible differences, based on imaging, from the sporadic form, and on the other of the lack of sensitivity of low-field magnets to signal changes in CJD.
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  • 89
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Rhabdoid tumor ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a rare rhabdoid tumor of the neck, presenting with respiratory distress in a neonate, and discuss the differential diagnosis.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Fast spin-echo ; STIR ; Fat suppression ; Optic neuritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fast spin-echo (FSE) is a new sequence with acquisition times currently down to one-sixteenth of those obtained with conventional spin-echo sequences, which allows high-resolution (512×512 matrix) images to be acquired in an acceptable time. We compared the higher resolution of FSE with the medium resolution of a short inversion-time inversion-recovery (STIR) sequence in depicting the optic nerves of healthy controls and patients with optic neuritis. Optic nerve MRI examinations were performed in 18 patients with optic neuritis and 10 normal controls. Two sequences were obtained coronally: fat-suppressed FSE (FSE TR 3250 ms/TEef 68 ms, echo-train length 16, 4 excitations, 24 cm rectangular field of view, 3 mm interleaved contiguous slices, in-plane resolution 0.5×0.5 mm) and STIR (TR 2000 ms/TE 50 ms/TI 175 ms, inplane resolution 0.8×0.8 mm, slice thickness 5 mm). FSE demonstrated much more anatomical detail than STIR, e. g. distinction of optic nerve and sheath. Lesions were seen in 20 of 21 symptomatic nerves using FSE and in 18 of 21 using STIR. Nerve swelling or partial cross-sectional lesions of the optic nerve were each seen only on FSE in 3 cases. Fatsuppressed FSE imaging of the optic nerve improves anatomical definition and increases lesion detection in optic neuritis.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Neuro-Behçet's disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Differential diagnosis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Vasculitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to test the reliability of interpreting MRI studies in neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD) and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of different MRI findings. We prospectively studied 50 patients: 24 had chronic NBD, 12 multiple sclerosis, 5 vasculitis other than Behçet's disease (BD) and 9 patients had BD without neurological involvement. MRI studies were performed according to a standard protocol with a 0.2 T imager. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to the diagnosis, age and sex of the subjects, reviewed the films independently, twice. Separate assessments were made for a set of items: dural sinus pathology, widening of ventricles and sulci, brain stem atrophy, lesions of the cerebral cortex, discrete lesions of deep white matter, basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum and the presence of smooth periventricular high-signal foci. Intraobserver agreement was substantial or better, and interobserver agreement moderate to substantial for most items. In these patients with chronic NBD we found low sensitivity on all assessed items. Dural sinus pathology or brain stem atrophy were highly specific, but parenchymal lesions in different sites had uniformly low specificity.
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  • 92
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 322-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Demyelinating disease ; Sclerosis ; Brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of Balò's concentric sclerosis. In the past, the diagnosis was usually made post mortem. In this case, we found that CT demonstrated only low-density lesions, but not their concentric pattern. However, MRI showed a striking feature, reminiscent of histopathology of Balò's concentric sclerosis, and played an important role in antemortem diagnosis of this rare demyelinating disease.
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  • 93
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    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 360-366 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Infratentorial brain maturation ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to establish parameters for normal infratentorial brain maturation at 0.5 and 1.5T and to evaluate the field strength criteria for the assessment of infratentorial brain maturation with MRI. We examined 27 children with normal psychomotor development (3 days to 24 months) with a 1.5T system and 22 (4 days to 29 months) with a 0.5T system; standard T2-weighted spin-echo sequences (TR/TE 2500/90 ms at 1.5T and TR/TE 2200/90 ms at 0.5T) were obtained. The signal intensity of infratentorial anatomical structures compared to their surroundings was classified as high, isointense or low by three neuroradiologists. For anatomical structures with age-related contrast changes, the time of these changes was determined statistically for the 0.5T and 1.5T system independently. The delineation of the structures without age-related contrast changes at the two field strengths was compared using a χ2 test. Age-related contrast changed were found in the same anatomical structures (“marker sites”) at 0.5 and 1.5T. Generally, these changes were apparent in larger structures (pons, middle cerebellar peduncles, medulla, cerebellar folia, red nuclei, cerebral peduncles), with only slight field-strength-dependent differences in the time of the contrast changes. Contrast changes from high to isointense signal were observed slightly earlier at 0.5T and changes from isointense to low signal slightly later at 0.5T. The delineation of the smaller anatomical structures was significantly better at 1.5T but these structures did not show age-related contrast changes. The differences in the assessment of infratentorial brain maturation between 0.5 and 1.5T can be attributed to a lower signal-to-noise ratio at lower magnetic field strengths. These differences do not complicate temporal classification of the stage of infratentorial brain maturation using the same “marker sites” and the same temporal criteria at 0.5 or 1.5T. However, higher field strengths are preferable for the assessment of smaller structures with physiological signal differences; this may imply better detection of small lesions at higher field strengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Nasopharynx ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasms ; Cerebellopontine angle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, intracranial speread may occur via direct extension from the base of the skull or via perineural spread. Perineural spread usually affects branches of the trigeminal nerve. We describe two patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, who presented with a solitary mass in the cerebellopontine angle without associated bony destruction. MRI findings mimicked those of acoustic schwannoma. The imaging findings and possible pathways of spread are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Melanosis neurocutaneous ; Dandy-Walker malformation ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a neonate in whom clinical and radiologic studies revealed features of both neurocutaneous melanosis and a Dandy-Walker malformation. We suggest that the association of these two conditions is perhaps not chance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 444-448 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Gliomatosis cerebri ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gliomatosis cerebri, a rare condition, requires clinical, radiological and pathological correlation for diagnosis. Mental and personality changes are the most common presenting symptoms with or without focal neurological signs. The widespread nature of the disease is revealed by CT or MRI. The shape of the brain may be maintained and pathological gross examination may be unremarkable or show hypertrophy without evident tumour. Microscopic examination reveals infiltration of the brain by variably differentiated neoplastic glial cells. We present a patient with gliomatosis cerebri in whom we experienced difficulties with diagnosis. The literature is reviewed and the diagnostic features summarised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 353 (1996), S. 168-174 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Nucleus basalis magnocellularis ; Nicotine ; Physostigmine ; Cortical EEG ; FFT power spectra ; Unrestrained behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The basal magnocellular nucleus is assumed to play a crucial role in cholinergic activation of the cortical EEG. The aim of this study was to establish whether intraperitoneally applied nicotine may counteract the power asymmetry of the slow waves in the cortical EEG of both hemispheres after an unilateral lesion in the basal nucleus. In 17 rats the basal nucleus (substantia innominata/ventral pallidum) was unilaterally lesioned by ibotenic acid. The lesion produced unilateral power increases of all frequencies up to 20 Hz in the frontal EEG that increased with higher arousal level. Additionally, synchronized spike and wave discharges appeared in the frontal EEG. The results indicate that the basal nucleus suppresses especially the delta EEG waves in the frontal motor cortex during motor active behaviour. Nicotine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) partially counteracts the power asymmetry of frontal slow waves (2–6 Hz) only during exploratory sniffing but not during grooming and waking immobility. Physostigmine (1 mg/kg) was also effective during exploratory sniffing. The results may indicate a role of nicotinic mechanisms in the information input component of exploratory behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words ALEPH-2 ; Serotonin receptor binding ; Anxiolytics ; Serotonin syndrome ; Phenylisopropylamines ; Rat ; Hypothermia ; Psychedelics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serotonergic behavioral responses, effects on motor activity and core temperature, and binding properties of the novel putative anxiolytic amphetamine derivative (±)1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane (ALEPH-2), were examined in rodents in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying its anxiolytic-like effect. After peripheral administration in rats, ALEPH-2 induced some symptoms of the serotonergic syndrome, e.g. forepaw treading and flat body posture. Additionally, a decrease in motor activity was observed. No significant effects on the number of head shakes were observed after injection, although high inter-subject variability was noted. Higher doses of ALEPH-2, in the range exhibiting anxiolytic properties (4mg/kg), elicited significant hypothermia in mice. The affinity of the drug for 5-HT2A/2C receptors ([3H]ketanserin sites) was in the nanomolar range (Ki=173 nM), whereas for 5-HT1A, benzodiazepine sites, and GABAA receptors, the affinity was micromolar or lower. Based on these results the mechanism of action and the anxiolytic-like properties of ALEPH-2 are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Small-cell lung cancer ; Brain metastasis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Staging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We prospectively investigated 40 patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) for signs of brain metastasis by neurological examination and MRI of the brain, to determine the significance of MRI for staging. MRI could not be completed in one patient, who was excluded from the study. The MRI studies of the remaining patients showed no abnormalities in 12, cerebral infarcts in 2 and brain metastases in 11 patients, of whom 3 no relevant symptoms. Nonenhancing white matter lesions were found in 14 patients. In 3 of the 4 patients with an abnormal neurological examination at diagnosis, nonenhancing white matter lesions later developed into contrast enhancing lesions compatible with brain metastases; in 2, this occurred during the course of the chemotherapy. MRI did not change the clinical staging in patients with asymptomatic brain metastases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 214-216 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Meningioma ; Intratumoral fat ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a tentorial meningioma containing fat. Multiple areas of fatty density or intensity in the tumour were seen on CT and MRI, which corresponded histologically to lipomatous components. CT 10 years previously had demonstrated a smaller tumour without evidence of fatty components. We found only five cases in the literature in which fatty density was demonstrated within a meningioma on CT and a lipomatous component histologically proved. Xanthomatous change, with lipid in tumour cells, causes decrease in density on CT, but not to the levels of fat. As both lipomatous components and xanthomatous change show similar intensity on MRI, CT can be helpful in differentiating these two conditions. To our knowledge, our case is the only one in which the advent of fatty tissue was confirmed during follow-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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