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  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (163)
  • Digitale Medien  (163)
  • 2015-2019
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  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (163)
Materialart
  • Digitale Medien  (163)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1975-1979  (61)
  • 1970-1974  (102)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1977), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Schlagwort(e): Peptic ulcer ; Anastomosis ; Duodenogastric reflux ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie gilt dem Anastomosengeschwür am operierten Magen. Diese schwerwiegende Komplikation entsteht nahezu ausschließlich nach Resektionsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion (Billroth II; Verlegung des Duodenum in den Nebenschluß). - An 54 männlichen Wistarratten wurden verschiedene Formen der duodenalen Exklusion mit und ohne duodenogastrischen Reflux durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß nach duodenaler Exklusionmit Reflux gesetzmäßig peptische Anastomosengeschwüre entstehen. Der kontinuierliche Reflux von Galle und Pankreassekret ist der ausschlaggebende ätiologische Faktor für die Ulcusentstehung im Grenzgebiet der Anastomose von Magen und Dünndarm. Stase im ausgeschalteten Zwölffingerdarm (Syndrom der zuführenden Schlinge) fördert die lcerogene Refluxwirkung. Fehlt der Pylorus, so potenzieren sich Reflux und Stase zur größten Ulcusfrequenz (〉 90%). Bei erhaltenem Pylorus ist die Geschwürsincidenz wesentlich geringer. Der duodenogastrische Reflux hemmt die meßbare Salzsäuresekretion signifikant (P 〈 0,01); Salzsäure spielt demnach für die Entstehung des experimentellen Anastomosengeschwürs der Ratte keine wesentliche Rolle. - Im Hinblick auf die Prophylaxe des Anastomosengeschwürs führen diese Erkenntnisse zu der Forderung, auf Operationsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion und Reflux (Billroth II) zu verzichten und das Operationsziel bei der Magenresektion auf die Wiederherstellung der orthograden MagenDarm-Passage zu richten.
    Notizen: Summary Different types of duodenal by-pass operations with and without duodenogastric reflux were performed on 54 male Wistar rats. The results of our investigation show that following duodenal by-pass with reflux peptic anastomotic ulcer regularly occurs. The constant reflux of bile and pancreas juice is the most important aetiologic factor in the development of ulcer in the vicinity of the anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine. Stasis in the by-passed duodenum (afferent loop syndrome) promotes ulcerogenic action of reflux. In the absence of the pylorus the effects of ref lux and stasis potentiate, resulting in a high frequency of ulcer (〉 90 %). With intact pylorus the incidence is low. Duodenogastric reflux prevents hydrochloric acid secretion significantly (P 〈 0.01); hydrochloric acid thus plays a minor role in the development of experimental anastomotic ulcer of the rat. - In considering the prophylaxis against anastomotic ulcer, these findings support the claim of avoiding surgical techniques involving duodenal by-pass and reflux (Billroth II with short loop GE). Gastric resection should, therefore, aim at the reconstruction of the orthograde peristalsis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 215 (1977), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Respiratory epithelium ; Larynx ; Microridge cells ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Respiratorisches Epithel ; Kehlkopf ; Mikroleistenzelle ; Ratte ; Rasterelektronenmikroskopie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Kehlkopfepithel ausgewachsener männlicher Albinoratten wird rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Zusätzlich zu den zilientragenden und zu den Mikrovillizellen, zu den Bürsten- und Becherzellen, welche insgesamt für das respiratorische Epithel charakteristisch sind, werden in bestimmten Abschnitten des Larynx die Mikroleisten- oder Labyrinthzellen beschrieben. Die freie Oberfläche typischer Labyrinthzellen ist durch ein System von sich verzweigenden Mikroleisten gekennzeichnet, die miteinander durch Querbrücken verbunden sind und in der Zellperipherie eine bevorzugte Parallelausrichtung zur Zellgrenze zeigen können. Der Durchmesser der Mikroleisten beträgt ca. 0,05–0,15 μm. Die Querverbindungen zwischen den Mikroleisten haben einen Durchmesser von ca. 0,01 μm. Der Raum zwischen zwei benachbarten Querbrücken variiert. Labyrinthzellen können außer Mikroleisten auch Mikrovilli zeigen und es gibt Übergänge zwischen den Mikroridge- und den Mikrovillizellen. Die bevorzugte Lokalisation der Mikroleistenzellen im Bereich der Glottis und des Aditus laryngis wird belegt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser Zellen und ihre Bedeutung für die Diagnostik pathologischer Schleimhautveränderungen wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The laryngeal epithelium of male white rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to ciliated cells, microvilli cells, brush cells and goblet cells that are characteristic for normal respiratory epithelium the microridge or labyrinth cell can be seen in particular regions of the larynx. The apical surface of a typical labyrinth cell is characterized by a system of narrow standing microridges of about 0.05–0.15 μm in diameter and interconnecting microridges with a diameter of about 0.01 μm. The microridge system of a labyrinth cell originates from the fusion of densely standing microvilli. Between microridge cells and microvilli cells all transition forms can be observed. The preferable localiziation of the microridge cell in the larynx and its possible function is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 217 (1977), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Respiratory epithelium ; Epiglottis ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The epithelial surface of the epiglottis in adult male and female albino rats is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Prominent differences exist between the surface morphology as observed in the males and that observed in the females sacrificed in the estrus phase of the ovarial cycle. The differences are most pronounced in respect to the amount of secretory vesicles, microvilli- and microridge-cells and in respect to the observable number of desquamating cells. The existence and the importance of the microridge-cells are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results indicating that at least some parts of the extrapulmonary airway epithelia act as possible target organs for sex hormones. Finally the importance of the observed differences is discussed for the correct interpretation of pathomorphological alterations in the extrapulmonary airway epithelia that have been observed under experimental conditions and during infections.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 187-190 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase ; Gastric mucosa ; Human ; Rat ; Inhibitors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterases (PDE) were partially purified from human and rat gastric mucosa. Drugs known to affect the cyclic nucleotide system and/or gastric secretion were tested for effects on the PDE-activities from both species. In rat gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the 100 000×g sediment (K m =8.3 μM; V max=3.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min) and the cytoplasma (K m =5.6 μM; V max=2.6 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). The most effective inhibitors of the particle-bound activity are papaverine (K i =4 μM, non-competitive) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i=14 μM, competitive). There was only a modest competitive inhibition by theophylline (K i =495 μM). PDE-activity in the cytoplasma was inhibited competitively by these three drugs (papaverine: K i =6.5 μM; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: K i =37 μM; theophylline: K i =152 μM. In human gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the particular fraction (K m =23.9 μM; V max=1.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min), and the soluble fraction (K m =12.1 μM; V max=2.4 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). PDE-activity in the 100 000×g sediment was inhibited by papaverine (K i =5.6 μM, non-competitive), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =16 μM, non-competitive), theophylline (K i =165 μM, non-competitive), and N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =746 μM, competitive). Inhibition in the 100 000×g supernatant was noncompetitive with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =7.1 μM and papaverine (K i =8.5 μM), but competitive with N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =170 μM), and theophylline (K i =225 μM). This study indicates that PDE-activities of the two species are qualitatively similar, but quantitative differences exist.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Growth ; Rat ; Remodeling ; Tetracyclines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Cortical bone remodeling along the femur diaphysis was determined in normal female rats (Sprague-Dawley) with the tetracycline technique. Three segments on the cortical bone circumference (the anterolateral, the medial, and the posterior) were found to be most suitable for the study of the remodeling process. Oxytetracycline was administered at age 60 and 75 days, and groups of animals were killed at age 75, 85, 95, and 105 days. The accumulated endosteal growth during age 60 to 75 days in the anterolateral segment was found to increase uniformly in the distal direction along the femur diaphysis. A method is described where this accumulated endosteal growth is used. This method eliminates the use of calipers to determine the section level and makes it possible to study comparable sections even after varying periods of time. The proximal part of the diaphysis showed periosteal apposition in all three segments. The periosteal apposition turned into resorption in the distal part of the diaphysis in the anterolateral and medial segments, whereas the periosteal appsition increased in the posterior segment. The endosteal growth increased in the distal direction in the anterolateral and medial segments. Irregular OTC bands made measurements of endosteal remodeling in the posterior segment impossible. The cortical width decreased in the distal direction along the femoral shaft. Comparison between the different age groups is described and also the relation between the accumulated endosteal growth and the diameter of the medullary cavity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 15-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn interneurones ; Pain mechanisms ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the spinal cord dorsal horn were studied in decerebrated, immobilized spinal rats. Extracellular recordings were performed at the thoraco-lumbar junction level. Each track was systematically located by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. According to their responses to mechanical peripheral stimuli, cells were classified in four classes: Class 1 cells: Cells activated only by nonnoxious stimuli. They were divided into — 1A: hair movement and/or touch and 1B: hair movement and/or touch and pressure or pressure only. Class 2 cells: Cells driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli, divided into — 2A: hair movement and/or touch, pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick, and 2B: pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick. Class 3 cells: Cells only activated by noxious stimuli (pinch and/or pin-prick). Class 4 cells: Cells responding to joint movement or pressure on deep tissues. Peripheral transcutaneous or sural nerve stimulation clearly showed that class 1 cells were activated only by A fiber input while 68% of classes 2 and 3 cells received A and C input. Histological examination indicated that cells driven only by noxious input were located either in the deepest part or in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. Nevertheless, some lamina I cells were also driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. In addition, there is a great deal of overlap between class 1 and class 2 cells. This fact was confirmed by considering the wide distribution in the dorsal horn of cells receiving A and C input. However, spinal organization of the different classes of cells consists of a preferential distribution rather than a strict lamination. This study indicates that properties of dorsal horn interneurones in the rat have a high degree of similarity with those previously described in other species (cat and monkey).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Preoptic area ; Basal septum ; Amygdala ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurones in the medial preoptic area and basal septum of normal female rats anaesthetised with urethane and the effects of stimulation of the ipsilateral amygdala (AMY) was tested. 1. Quiescent cells were excited with latencies between 4 and 〉 40 msec with the majority being between 10 and 27 msec. Variable latency, changing latency and recruitment were observed and suggest that many pathways are oligo- or polysynaptic. 2. A minority of spontaneously active units (20.6%) were excited with latencies between 5 and 36 msec. The predominant initial response was inhibition (67.1%). The remaining 12.3% of neurones did not respond. 3. A predominantly positive complex field potential was associated with excitation, particularly of quiescent neurones. 4. Inhibitory responses were classified according to duration (short: 20–60 msec; long: 100–400 msec). All responses contained an inhibitory component. Responses were further described on the basis of presence and rhythmicity of post-inhibitory excitation. 5. The majority of action potentials evoked from quiescent neurones were of small amplitude (80–150 μV) and occurred in small groups. These characteristics and their occurrence at the onset of inhibition are consistent with the view that all or a proportion of them may be generated by inhibitory interneurones. 6. Only minor differences were observed between response characteristics evoked by stimulation of the corticomedial or basolateral AMY indicating that differential effects of these regions on adenohypophysial hormone secretion are determined at the septopreoptic level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Dentate and interpositus nuclei ; Pontine gray ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Following removal of a significant part of the dentate nucleus and most of the interpositus nucleus in the rat cerebellum degenerated cerebellopontine fibres are shown to end in three fairly restricted regions in the contralateral pontine gray: in the paramedian position, in the middle and in the lateral third. The three regions are arranged in rostro-caudal longitudinal columns in the caudal three-quarters of the pons and these columns are continuous with one another by regions of scattered degeneration. The fibres appear to end in relation to distal dendrites of the pontine cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Botulinum toxin ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural effects of local injection of botulinum toxin into the left half of the tongue of the rat, were studied quantitatively 35 days postoperatively in the left hypoglossal nucleus. The results showed (1) a decrease in somatic and neuropil bouton numbers because of loss of boutons with symmetrical synapses and clear spherical synaptic vesicles, (2) a decrease in the numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil, (3) an increase in the proportion of dendrites and boutons with unusual inclusions, suggestive of profile retraction, (4) an increase in the proportion of profiles which were unusually electron-dense, (5) an increase in the amount of astrocyte, and a growth of astrocyte sheaths around bouton-free neurone surfaces, (6) the presence of occasional microglia, and (7) subastrocytic subsurface cisterns. Control rats injected with boiled toxin had no responses except (3) and (4) above, and then only to a modest extent, possibly due to mechanical damage of a few axons or terminals at the time of injection, or to insufficient inactivation of the toxin by boiling. The results were compared with those at 35 days after axotomy, and it was concluded that botulinum toxin, which interrupts neuromuscular transmission, elicits the same responses in the hypoglossal neurones, as does transection of the hypoglossal nerve, even though earlier studies had discovered no glial replication after botulinum toxin, in contrast to axotomy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Visual system ; Degeneration ; AChE ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of unilateral enucleation, ablation of the visual cortex or coagulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) upon the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in different structures of the visual system of albino rats was studied. The localization and extent of the degeneration pattern were followed up by histological silver degeneration methods. Afferents from the retina project mainly contralaterally to the dorsal and ventral LGN, the pretectal region and the superior colliculus. Afferent fibres from the dorsal LGN enter the visual cortex in area 17 only. Neurons of this area project back ipsilaterally to the LGN and the superior colliculus (SC). No significant decrease in the activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase could be observed under any of the experimental conditions; there was rather a tendency to increased activity in the subcortical centres. AChE as a less specific marker also exhibited no gross changes in activity in the lesioned animals. The results add more direct proof to pharmacological and physiological evidence that ACh is not involved in the synaptic transmission of the direct optic projections in rats, either at the subcortical or at the cortical level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Delayed regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9–70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along boutonfree perikaryal surfaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Optic tectum ; Rat ; Cell death
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Autoradiography ; Hippocampus ; Neurogenesis ; Rat ; Thyroid hormone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and the effect of 5 μg/day triiodothyronine treatment was examined by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus is a secondary germinal layer and forms cells for the granular layer. The cell formation in the dentate gyrus was found to be nearly completed on the 21st day, but development ended only in adulthood. Thyroid-hormone treatment did not affect significantly the postnatal cell formation of the dentate gyrus, but resulted in the appearance of a great number of pycnotic cells in the granular layer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 152 (1977), S. 43-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Habenula ; Ependyma ; Supraependymal cells ; Supraependymal axons ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The surface features of the ependymal lining of the habenular complex in rats, aged between three weeks and nine months, were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ependyma of the medial habenular nucleus is heavily ciliated, the cilia obscuring underlying substructure in SEM — preparations. On the habenular commissure most cilia are arranged in tufts. Cilia are provided with segmental indentations and occasional apical thickenings. Vesicular protrusions of the ependymal cytoplasm into the ventricular lumen and the frequent occurrence of homogeneous supraependymal globules were interpreted as signs of ependymosecretory activity of nucl. hab. med. Supraependymal cells are most numerous on the anterior and superior surface of the habenular commissure. Cells presenting features identical to Kolmer (epiplexus) cells were identified on the ventricular surface of nucl. hab. med. in one specimen showing degenerative changes of undetermined aetiology in the habenular nuclei. It is therefore suggested that such cells need not necessarily be restricted to the choroid plexus. Supraependymal unmyelinated axons are particularly numerous on both nucl. hab. med. and commiss. hab. They make desmosome contacts (maculae adherentes) with the ependymal plasmalemma. Contacts presenting all features of typical synapses were not encountered. The vesicle population of the axonal profiles mainly comprises 35–50 nm translucent round vesicles besides small numbers of 60–100 nm dense-cored vesicles and large pleiomorphic vesicles. Most probably the axons belong to the well-established dense population of serotonergic axons in the dorsal part of the third ventricle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Large intestine ; Intestinal absorption ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretion ; Adrenalectomy ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The influence of adrenalectomy on the amount of “Gomori-positive” neurosecretory material in the outer layer of the median eminence and in the supraoptico-hypophysial system was studied in normal Long-Evans rats and in Long-Evans rats heterozygous and homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In all non-adrenalectomized rats very few “Gomori-positive” granules were found in the outer median eminence layer. After adrenalectomy the amount of the granules increased markedly in normal Long-Evans rats and only slightly in Long-Evans rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus. However, no augmentation of the granules occurred in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. The amount of “Gomori-positive” substances demonstrable in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the inner layer of the median eminence, and in the neural lobe of the hypophysis was less in rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus than in normal Long-Evans rats and the smallest in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. No differences in the amounts of the substances were observed between adrenalectomized and non-adrenalectomized animals. The findings suggest that the “Gomori-positive” granules occurring in the outer layer of the median eminence of adrenalectomized rats are of similar origin as those of the supraoptico-hypophysial system and represent a vasopressin-neurophysin-complex. The results support the concept that vasopressin is involved in the regulation of ACTH release.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 241-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Scanning E.M. ; Third ventricle ; Neurohypophysis ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The surface of the recessus infundibularis of the third ventricle has been studied with the scanning and transmission technique in normal and experimental material. Surface specializations such as microvilli, craters and areas of discontinuous lining are described. Supraependymal cells and fibres have been found; some of these cells form wide-meshed networks. The supraependymal fibres may be regular or varicose; the former seem to perforate the ependyma. With the transmission electron microscope the supraependymal cells are divided into three categories: nerve cells, lymphocytes and “dense cells”. Two fibre populations are distinguished: thin profiles (nerve fibres) and thick profiles (nerve terminals). Axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses are described. Synapses between supraependymal fibres and ependyma cells have also been found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Phrenic nerve ; Accessory phrenic nerve ; Diaphragmatic myotomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Reinnervation studies of the diaphragm led us to reinvestigate the normal anatomy of the phrenic nerve of the rat. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical nerve roots C4 and C5. In 16 out of 19 normal rats an accessory phrenic nerve was observed receiving its segmental fibres from C6. The number of myelinated axons of the accessory phrenic nerve varied from 41 to 101 (mean: 64.3, i.e. about 15% of the average number of axons in the common phrenic nerve). The accessory phrenic nerve innervates the dorsal part of the costal and the lateral part of the crural region, whereas the remaining parts of the hemidiaphragm are supplied by the segments C4 and C5. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the motor innervation of the diaphragm from intercostal nerves.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Protein-calorie malnutrition ; Rat ; Spinal root ; Paranodal region ; OTAN method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary During the early postnatal development of spinal roots in rats paranodal regions were often found, containing OTAN-positive inclusions in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. The presence of OTAN-positive paranodal regions showed variations in time, which were synchronous for ventral and dorsal roots. Dorsal roots, however, showed a more marked presence during development than ventral roots. Spinal roots of animals submitted to a 50% food restriction, were shown to contain more OTAN-positive paranodal regions than controls. This was true for ventral as well as dorsal roots. It is suggested that crowding of internodal segments could be one factor, determining the presence of paranodal, OTAN-positive material.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Low-protein diet ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Paranodal area ; Morphometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Young rats, submitted to severe protein restriction were studied concerning the width of intermyelin gaps at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve fibres. The results gave no proof of increased paranodal myelin retraction in lumbar spinal roots or the sciatic nerves of low-protein rats. Malnourished rats as well as controls showed great interindividual differences as to the presence of nodes with wide inter-myelin gaps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Fluoride ; Blood plasma ; Enamel mineralization ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract It is postulated that tissue fluid F concentrations are the primary determinants of fluoride effects on bones and developing teeth and that these concentrations are dependent on, or mirrored by, blood plasma F. It has earlier been shown that the plasma F levels are dependent on the dietary F supply as well as on skeletal F concentration. Fasting and post-ingestion or postinjection plasma F levels have been determined in rats on F doses that cause different degrees of enamel fluorosis. The results indicate that temporary peak values rather than elevated fasting values are responsible for the occurrence of enamel fluorosis and that the peak values must approach about 10 μM in order to block enamel formation by the ameloblasts. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of plasma F determinations is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 28 (1977), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Hippocampus ; Rat ; Lamellae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A series of experiments was conducted in the urethane anaesthetised rat to determine the organisation of some hippocampal pathways in this species, using stimulating and recording microelectrodes to elicit and record population spikes. It was found that the mossy fibres, alvear fibres and perforant path were clearly arranged in a lamellar fashion. Lamellar organisation could not be demonstrated for the afferents in the stratum radiatum which include the Schaffer collaterals. It was concluded that hippocampal organisation in this species essentially resembles that in the rabbit and cat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of stereotyped behaviour while the more random patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of exploration. There was a high significant correlation between the records of hole-dipping behaviour as recorded visually and automatically. There was also a high significant correlation between the measures of repetitiveness/randomness of hole-dipping behaviour from automatic and visual recordings. The pattern and levels of hole-dipping conformed with expectations both as regards changes with time and with increasing doses of dl-amphetamine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 55 (1977), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Abstinence syndrome ; Tolerance ; Physical dependence ; Rat ; THC ; Morphine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ten rats were injected s.c. with THC twice daily for 5 weeks in increasing doses. In the last 3 weeks they received 40 mg/kg THC in each administration. Ten control rats received the same amount of vehicle by the same route for the same period. The comparison of rectal temperatures of the first and fifteenth days showed that a very pronounced tolerance developed to the hypothermic effect of THC. The administration of naloxone on the 22nd and 31st days precipitated an opiatelike abstinence syndrome. The termination of the drug administration on the 35th day also produced a similar withdrawal syndrome. The most common signs of abstinence syndrome in THC-treated animals were teeth chattering, defecation, urination, dyspnea, and complete palpebral closure. Although the frequency of the incidence of the following signs were not high, they have been observed only in THC-treated animals: chewing, tremors on the face, escape behavior, jumping, eating of objects, biting of fingers, and sniffing. During abstinence, an increased locomotor activity was recorded by an activity-meter. Similarly, the total amount of excreted feces and urine was higher in the THC group than in the controls. Both abstinence scores and increased motility exhibited the peak in the 48th h of withdrawal. Some similarities between the effects of THC and morphine have been reviewed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Dibutyryl cyclic AMP ; Pancreas ; Rat ; Secretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary DbcAMP≥0.1 mM induces the discharge of exportable enzymes from rat pancreas fragments incubated in vitro. This effect is qualitatively similar to the action of physiological secretagogues acting via hormone receptors: 1) it is accompanied by the appearance of exocytotic images at the acinar cell apex; 2) it is energy dependent but energy supply is low while that required for the carbamylcholine or caerulein response is high and can only be afforded by oxidative phosphorylation; 3) it is calcium dependent, but no alteration of inward or outward calcium movement can be observed; 4) it is altered by agents known to disrupt the microfilamentous microtubular system [41]. However, the secretory response to DbcAMP is quantitatively less than that obtained with hormonal stimuli. A damaging effect of DbcAMP on pancreatic acinar cells is ruled out on histological and biochemical grounds: there is no significant leakage of LDH; protein synthesis, 2-deoxy-d-glucose andl-leucine uptake are unaltered. The secretagogue effect of DbcAMP is reversible, dose-related and specific. It is not mediated by neuro-transmitter release or by interaction with their receptors. The evidence presented points to a direct interaction of DbcAMP on the pancreatic acinar cell and suggests the last step of the secretory cycle as the most probable site of action of the nucleotide derivative.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Altitude ; Myocardium ; Regional blood flow ; Blood volume ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Circulating blood volume, cardiac output and relative organ perfusion changes were studied, using the Sapirstein method of86Rb tissue uptake, in male 75-day-old rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia (gradually up to 7000 m, 4 h daily, 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 24). Intermittent hypobaric exposure caused a significant rise of the erythrocyte volume, whereas the plasma volume remained unchanged. The relative perfusion of the left and particularly of the right ventricular myocardium, as well as of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine and skeletal muscle, was significantly higher. The cardiac output determined in other experimental animals similarly treated was significantly higher after 24 exposures to the intermittent high altitude hypoxia. We suggest that these changes are triggered by tissue hypoxia and a greater blood flow demand.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 368 (1977), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Endotoxin ; Rat ; Fever ; Anti-endotoxin system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In conscious unrestrained rats, at an ambient temperature of 22°C, oesophageal temperature was measured and temperature effect of single and repeated intravenous injection ofE. coli endotoxin was examined. The first injection of endotoxin in a dose of 10.0 μg/rat did not change the rat body temperature. The second injection of this dose in the same animals repeated after 48 h produced fever. With following injections the fevers observed were less pronounced. The absence of fever after a single injection of endotoxin was accompanied by the rapid loss of pyretic activity of the rat plasma samples (bioassayed in rabbits). When fever was observed (48 h interval between endotoxin injections) the pyretic activity of the rat plasma remained unchanged for 90 min following endotoxin injection. It was concluded that after a single injection endotoxin is rapidly detoxified in the rat circulation while this process does not take place after the second endotoxin injection (48 h interval). The process of endotoxin detoxification can be depressed by the pretreatment with nitrogen mustard. Analysis of changes of skin temperature following endotoxin injections and the influence of aspirin on endotoxin-induced fever suggest that the fever observed was of central origin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Nickel ; Rat ; Toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach täglicher Zufuhr von Nickelsulfat an Ratten wurden Leber, Niere, Hoden und Herzmuskel auf biochemische und histologische Änderungen untersucht. Während sich in der Initialphase noch keine signifikanten Veränderungen nachweisen ließen, traten nach längerer Exposition deutliche enzymatische und histopathologische Veränderungen in allen vier untersuchten Organen auf. Das Ausmaß der Organläsionen zeigte einen direkten Zusammenhang mit der Behandlungsdauer.
    Notizen: Abstract Biochemical and histological alterations in liver, kidney, testis and myocardium of albino rats were investigated at various intervals after daily administration of nickel sulphate. No significant changes were observed during the initial periods of the treatment, but longer exposures produced marked enzymatic and histopathological alterations in all the four organs examined. The severity of the histological lesions was found to be directly related to the duration of the treatment.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Sulfhydryls ; Enzymes ; Brain ; Liver ; Testis ; Manganese ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Mangan auf Sulfhydrylgruppen und SH-enthaltende Enzyme in Gehirn, Leber und Hoden von Ratten wurde untersucht. Mangan verminderte den Gehalt an Nicht-Eiweiß-SH und hemmte die Glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase sowie die Glutathionreduktase in diesen Geweben. In Gehirn, Leber und Hoden der Mn-behandelten Tiere war der Mn-Gehalt signifikant erhöht.
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of manganese on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of rats was investigated. Manganese produced lowering in the contents of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and inhibited the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in these tissues. The contents of the metal increased significantly in brain, liver and testis of manganese administered rats. The significance of these findings is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Smooth muscle ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Ratte ; Pharmakokinetik ; glatter Muskel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Oral verabreichtes Carbromal und Carbromid wurden bei Ratten in Dosen unter 20 mg/kg rasch aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt aufgenommen, aus dem Dünndarm 5–8mal rascher als aus dem Magen. Die enterale Resorption von Carbromaldosen größer als 20 mg/kg verlief wesentlich langsamer. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf eine verzögerte Magenentleerung zurückzuführen. Sowohl Carbromal als auch Carbromid hemmten in vitro den Tonus und die durch Acetylcholin induzierte Kontraktion glatter Muskeln des Magenfundus. Carbromal und Carbromid fanden sich im Organismus in gleicher Konzentration in Serum, Gehirn und Skelettmuskulatur. Im Fettgewebe wurden dreimal höhere Werte gemessen. Die Konzentrationen beider Stoffe fallen in den untersuchten vier Organen mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit wieder ab. Es lassen sich daher mit Hilfe der leicht zu messenden Serumkonzentrationen rasch die im Organismus verteilten Mengen beider Substanzen ermitteln. Intraperitoneal injizieŕtes Carbromal und Carbromid verlassen Serum und Gehirn mit einer Halbwertzeit von 3–4 h, Äthylbutyrylharnstoff mit einer Halbwertzeit von 5–7 h. Carbromal, Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff werden von der Ratte rasch und nahezu vollständig metabolisiert. In Urin und Kot erschienen nur Spuren dieser Substanzen. Für eine Sekretion von Carbromal und seinen beiden Metaboliten in den Magen ergab sich kein Anhalt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die akute Carbromalvergiftung beim Menschen diskutiert.
    Notizen: Abstract Oral doses up to 20 mg/kg of carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide were rapidly absorbed in the rat. Absorption from the stomach ligated at the pyloric end was 5–8-fold less than absorption of carbromal injected directly into the small intestine. Oral doses greater than 20 mg/kg of carbromal disappeared more slowly from the gastro-intestinal tract because gastric emptying was delayed. Both carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide were able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated rat fundus strips. Carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide distributed evenly between serum, brain and skeletal muscle. Concentrations in adipose tissue were three times those in the other three tissues. Concentrations of both carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide in all four tissues declined at the same rate. Thus, serum concentration of either compound may be used to estimate the total body content. Intraperitoneally injected carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea disappeared from the brain and from the serum with a half-life of 3–4 h and 5–7 h, respectively. Traces only of unchanged carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide, or ethylbutyrylurea were excreted with urine or feces indicating rapid and extensive biotransformation of the three compounds in this species. No evidence was obtained of secretion of either carbromal or its two metabolites into the lumen of the stomach. The findings are discussed as to their relevance for acute carbromal poisoning in humans.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic mercury ; Renal enzyme excretion ; Chelating agents ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von intravenös verabreichtem HgCl2 auf die renale Ausscheidung von alkalischer Phosphatase (AP) und Leucinaminopeptidase (LAP) wurde an Ratten untersucht. Am ersten Tag nach Hg-Injektion erfolgte ein Anstieg der Enzymausscheidung, der von einem Schwellenwert von 0.44 mg Hg/kg ausgehend eine lineare Abhängigkeit von der Hg-Dosis aufwies. Am zweiten Tag wurde ein statistisch signifikanter Effekt bereits nach 0.25 mg Hg/kg beobachtet. Nach Dosen von 0.75 mg Hg/kg oder mehr fand ein Abfall der Enzymaktivität unter die Kontrollwerte statt, der mehr als 4 Tage anhielt. Behandlung mit 2,3-Dimercaptopropansulfonat (DMPS) bewirkte eine Normalisierung der AP-Ausscheidung. Eine Wirkung auf die LAP-Exkretion wurde nur bei baldiger Verabreichung von DMPS beobachtet. Das gleiche gilt für den Effekt von DMPS auf die Hg-induzierte Letalität. Die Nützlichkeit einer LAP-Bestimmung im Urin zur Abschätzung einer Hg-Inkorporation wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of intravenous injections of HgCl2 on the renal excretion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated in rats. On the first day after Hg enzyme excretion showed a linear rise with the Hg dose from a threshold value of 0.44 mg Hg/kg. On the second day a statistically significant effect was seen already after 0.25 mg Hg/kg. After doses of 0.75 mg/kg or more a decrease of enzyme activity below control values occurred which persisted for more than 4 days. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate (DMPS) brought about a normalization of AP excretion. An effect on LAP excretion was observed only with early treatment. The same holds for the effect of DMPS on Hg-induced lethality. The usefulness of a measurement of LAP excretion for estimating the exposure to inorganic mercury is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Lead in blood ; Longterm exposure ; Learning deficit ; Overreaction ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Zur Erfassung neuropsychologischer Störungen nach ontogenetisch früher Bleiexposition wurde bei männlichen Wistar-Ratten pränatal über deren Mütter, neonatal über die Muttermilch und postnatal über Bleiazetathaltiges Futter (745 mg Pb/kg Futter) chronisch ein erhöhter Blutbleispiegel (PbB) eingestellt. In der Trächtigkeits-und Säugezeit stieg der PbB-Spiegel der Mütter von 24.2 auf 31.2 μg-% an, während derjenige der Nachkommen im Alter von ca. 16 Tagen 26.6 μg-% und im Alter von ca. 190 Tagen 28.5 μg-% betrug. PbB altersgleicher Kontrollen war stets 〈 6 μg-%. Im Alter zwischen 100 und 200 Tagen wurden 20 Bleitiere und 20 Kontrollen blind verschiedenen Verhaltensprüfungen unterzogen, und zwar einem Open Field-Test und einer visuellen Unterscheidungs-Lernaufgabe. Zwei Lernprobleme unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeit, Richtungs- und Größenunterscheidung, wurden benutzt. Im Open Field-Test waren die Bleitiere im Vergleich mit den Kontrollen signifikant unruhiger: Lokomotorische Aktivität, Aufrichten und Putzverhalten waren gesteigert. Die schwierige Größenunterscheidung erlernten nur die Kontrollen, während das leichte Problem, nämlich die Richtungsunterscheidung, von Kontroll- und Bleitieren gleich schnell erlernt wurde. Die beobachteten Bleiwirkungen, gesteigerte motorische Unruhe und Lernleistungshemmung, lassen sich als Indikatoren einer funktionellen Hirnschädigung deuten. Sie legen den Schluß nahe, daß die „Wirkschwelle” für neuropsychologische Störungen nach ontogenetisch frühzeitiger Bleieinwirkung bei der Ratte als unterhalb 35 μg/100 ml liegend angenommen werden muß.
    Notizen: Abstract In order to assess neurobehavioral deficit subsequent to early low-level lead-exposure, Wistar-rats were prenatally Pb-exposed via their mothers, neonatally via their dams' milk, and later on via their diet containing lead acetate (745 mg Pb/kg diet). Blood-lead levels (PbB) of dams increased from 24.2–31.2 μg-% during pregnancy and suckling-periods, those of offsprings were 26.6 μg-% at about 16 days of age and 28.5 μg-% at about 190 days of age. Between 100 and 200 days of age 40 male offsprings were subjected to behavioral testing, namely an open field-test and a visual discrimination-learning task. Two learning-tasks of different complexity, i.e. orientation-and size-discrimination, were used. Data of 20 lead-treated animals were compared with those of 20 age-matched controls. In the open-field test lead-fed animals were significantly more restless than controls; an increase of ambulation, rearing and grooming was observed. In the difficult learning-task, i.e. size discrimination, only the controls did learn the problem, whereas only one of the lead-group did; there was, however, no difference between lead-and control-animals for the easy task, i.e. orientation-discrimination. The observed effects, namely overreaction in the open field and a deficit of visual discrimination learning, may be interpreted in terms of lead-induced CNS-dysfunction. They clearly suggest that the “no-response level” for neurobehavioral damage in the rat, subsequent to early lead-exposure, must be assumed to be lower than 35 μg/100ml.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Schlagwort(e): Histidin ; Gehirn ; Skelettmuskel ; Leber ; Urämie ; Ratte ; Histidine ; Brain ; Striated muscle ; Liver ; Uremia ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Intracellular histidine levels were determined in brain, striated muscle and liver of rats with chronic renal insufficiency (5/6-nephrectomy) and compared both with normal rats and food-restricted (pair-fed) animals. There was no difference in plasma histidine concentration of the three groups whereas in the brain of the uremic rats histidine was significantly increased. Since there existed no alteration of the cerebral histidine in the corresponding pair-fed group, the finding of a raised histidine level in the renal insufficient rats seems to be due to a specific uremic disorder caused by a cerebral disturbance in histidine metabolism.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Bei chronisch niereninsuffizienten Ratten (5/6-Nephrektomie) wurden die intrazellulären Histidin-Konzentrationen verschiedener Organe (Gehirn, Skelettmuskel und Leber) bestimmt. Als Vergleichsgruppen dienten gesunde Kontroll-Ratten sowie sog. „pair-fed“ Ratten, die entsprechend den niereninsuffizienten Tieren eine verminderte Nahrungsmenge zu sich nahmen. Während sich in den untersuchten Gruppen die Plasma-Histidin-Konzentration nicht unterschied, war Histidin im Gehirn der chronisch niereninsuffizienten Tiere signifikant erhöht. Dieser Konzentrations-Anstieg dürfte als urämie-spezifisch anzusehen sein, da die entsprechend minderernährten Kontrolltiere keine Alteration zeigten. Als Ursache ist in erster Linie eine cerebrale Störung des Histidin-Metabolismus zu diskutieren.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 51 (1977), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Morphine ; Naloxone ; Abstinence signs ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Morphine pellets (75 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in albino rats. Three days later, following 24 h without water, these rats (Group MSN) were given access to a saccharin solution for 30 min, then injected with naloxone hydrochloride. The classical abstinence signs, including “wet dog shakes” and weight loss, were noted in these subjects, but not in controls given placebo pellets and/or saline injections. In addition, when given an opportunity to drink either saccharine solution or water 24 h later, Group MSN rats drank significantly less saccharin than any of the control groups. Similar drinking patterns were found even when naloxone injection was delayed as long as 3 weeks after pellet implantation, when none of the classical abstinence signs were seen and serum levels of morphine and its metabolites were 100 times lower according to radioimmunoassay. This simple and objective technique is thus more sensitive as a measure of prior morphine exposure than any of the commonly used indices. The continued utility of a dependent-nondependent dichotomy is also examined in light of these and other findings.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 54 (1977), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Atropine ; Cholinergic mechanisms ; Learning ; Ontogeny ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The maturation of cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms that may be involved in passive-avoidance learning was studied in rats 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 34 days of age. Acquisition and extinction of the conditioned response were examined under saline and atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg). Learning was also tested following scopolamine hydrobromide injections (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) in rats 17 days of age and following α-methylatropine (5 mg/kg) in 17-and 34-day-old groups. In normal animals the rate of acquisition increased during ontogenesis, with a significant improvement between postnatal days 17 and 21, whereas the rate of extinction did not vary with age. Acquisition was impaired by atropine sulfate at all ages and even totally prevented in younger groups (14 and 17 days of age). It was also completely disrupted by scopolamine in 17-day-old rats. Extinction following acquisition under atropine was more rapid than after normal acquisition. Methyl-atropine was without effect. These results support the hypothesis of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in response suppression, already functioning in the rat 14 days of age and maturing mainly between the 17th and the 21st postnatal days.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperidol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 300 (1977), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Chronic ethanol treatment ; Rat ; Behaviour ; Central monoamines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats weaned at 16 days of age were treated with various ethanol concentrations (8–24% w/v) for 270 days. The effect of the chronic ethanol treatment on the growth rate, the diurnal pattern of drinking, the open field activity, and the conditioned avoidance acquisition and retention of the rats were studied. Termination of the chronic ethanol administration caused two types of withdrawal syndromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 h after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyperexcitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioural stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Biochemically, the latter withdrawal syndrome was accompanied by an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylation (measured as the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum and dopamine-rich limbic structures. No differences in the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Furthermore, there was an increased level of dopamine concomitant with a decreased level of noradrenaline in the limbic areas during ongoing ethanol treatment. On the 4th day after withdrawal of ethanol the endogenous levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were statistically significantly reduced in the limbic structures. The data of the present study indicate that chronic ethanol administration induces various kinds of behavioural changes and that these changes at least partially are mediated via central catecholamine mechanisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 505-511 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endothelium ; Cerebral artery ; Filaments ; Rod-shaped inclusion ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Endothelia of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats aged 1 to 3 days were studied. Thin (about 50–90 Å) and thick (about 100–110 Å) filaments are present in the endothelia. Numerous spherical- or rod-shaped bodies, measuring approximately 0.07 to 0.3 μm in diameter and up to 0.6 μm in length occur in the endothelial cells. These bodies contain a tubular structure. The diameter of the individual tubules is about 200 Å. The present observations suggest that spherical- or rod-shaped inclusions are first synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and thereafter these materials are transported into the Golgi complex for maturation. A small number of the inclusions, however, may originate directly from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and not pass through the Golgi apparatus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 431-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cornea ; Rat ; NaK-ATPase ; K-NPPase ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaKATPase) activity of the rat cornea was investigated histochemically using a Pb2+-precipitation technique in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as substrate and two methods for potassium-dependent para-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K-NPPase) activity. With all the three techniques used it was demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity is localized in the cell membranes of the endothelium whereas a much weaker activity was observed in the epithelium. When the Pb2+-technique was used, the epithelial cell membranes showed a weaker reaction in the presence of ouabain. This activity was only Mg2+-dependent and was presumably due to an Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The validity of the histochemical techniques for NaK-ATPase activity is discussed. The results emphasize the importance of the endothelium as the main site of Na+ transport in the cornea. Small amounts of the enzyme are also present in the epithelium, which seems to be rich in Mg2+-ATPase. Provided that careful controls are performed, all the methods give consistent results in the cornea.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pineal gland ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Pineal glands were grafted under the kidney capsule of mature male rats for periods of 20, 40, 60 and 100 days. Each grafted gland was then excised and divided into two halves. One half was processed for conventional electron microscopy and the other was fixed in aldehydes and then incubated in a zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide mixture at pH 4.4 (A-ZIO-4.4). During the forty days following the operation pinealocytes showed the typical ultrastructural features associated with cells with a high protein and/or peptide secretory activity. On the other hand, during this period, the number of granular vesicles decreased progressively. From day 40 on, the grafted pinealocytes lacked granular vesicles. During the second half of the experimental period the ultrastructure of the pinealocytes indicated that their secretory activity was considerably decreased. During the acute phase of the experimental period numerous structures regarded as the tip of growing axons as well as typical nerve fibres appeared around blood vessels and within the parenchyma of the grafted gland. In the transplanted tissue obtained 60 and 100 days after the operation the growth cones were scarce, whereas typical nerve endings became numerous. These endings contained small clear vesicles which reacted positively when the tissue was treated with A-ZIO-4.4. The secretory activity of the grafted pineal gland and the nature of the nerve fibres which innervate the graft are discussed. The authors wish to thank Mrs. E.M. Rodríguez de Calderón for her valuable help
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 287-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Liver ; Intralobular nerves ; Rat ; Cobalt and Procion Yellow staining
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In a recent study (Skaaring and Bierring, 1976) we found cholinesterase positive nerve-like structures in the lobules of rat liver, and scanning electron microscopy revealed cords having a distribution pattern similar to that of the cholinesterase-positive structures. To obtain further evidence for an intralobular nerve supply the methods of cobalt and Procion Yellow nerve staining (Stretton and Kravitz, 1968; Iles and Mulloney, 1971; Pitman, Tweedle and Cohen, 1972) were adapted, iontophoretic introduction of the dyes being attempted through cut axonal ends in the surface of small excised blocks of rat liver.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 159-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle transplantation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rat soleus muscles were autografted from right to left legs, and regeneration following necrosis of all original myofibres was studied after 7 to 250 days. The best regenerates were from grafts replacing all calf muscles and sutured to the tendon stumps. After 30 days the size of such regenerates was equal to those from minced gastrocnemius muscles: the cross sectional area of muscle tissue was 30% (1.7 mm2) and the number of fibres was 180% (4500) of normal soleus muscles; the fibre diameters were 10 to 40 μm. To increase the number of myoblasts before grafting some muscles were injured by Ringer solution of 70° C and transplanted after 2 days. Nevertheless, this did not influence regeneration. After 7 days clusters of myotubes occurred in the periphery of the muscle. These myotubes originated from myoblasts growing like endothelial cells on the inner face of the persisting basal lamina tubes of necrotic fibres. After 30 days the muscles were vascularized. Fibres formed in a common basal lamina detached and so looked “split”. Satellite cells of new fibres came from undifferentiated cells associated with myotubes, i.e. from myoblasts. After 30 days and more regenerates contained three sorts of fibres. 1. Thin (5 to 20 μm) fibres resembling fetal muscle fibres. They were most prominent after 30 days, and probably not yet innervated. 2. Thin (10 μm) degenerating fibres as in long-time denervated muscles. 3. Thick (more than 30 μm) mature looking fibres which were innervated and revealed end-plates. Half of the grafts studied after 30 and 60 days contained unmyelinated and myelinated axons which had grown along strands of surviving Schwann cells. After 250 days, only two muscles were studied which both lacked innervation. Almost all regenerates contained muscle spindles, which, however, were not innervated. Within the persisting spindle capsules new muscle fibres had been formed from satellite cells of the former intrafusal fibres.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Atrioventricular node ; Rat ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The problem of development of the innervation of the rat atrioventricular node has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nerve bundles appear in relation to the node as early as the second postnatal day and vesiculated axons are seen throughout the entire node by the fourth day. Intimate contacts between nodal cells, axons and terminal varicosities are frequently observed. Use of the 5-hydroxydopamine tracer technique has enabled the identification of both cholinergic and adrenergic axons. It is concluded that the node has a dual innervation although cholinergic endings far outnumber those classified as adrenergic on the sixth postnatal day. These results are quite different to earlier findings made at the light microscope level and the discrepancies are discussed with respect to the histochemical techniques used. The suggestion that nodal differentiation is induced by nerves is considered in relation to the differences in cholinesterase activity exhibited by nodal cells during normal development and following neonatal sympathectomy.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Gonadal function ; Rat ; Japanese quail
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ependymal linings of the median eminence were destroyed by electric cautery or intraventricular injection of picric acid in the rat and Japanese quail. In these animals the ventricular lumen near the median eminence disappeared due to adhesion of lesioned walls on both sides of the third ventricle. Electric lesions of the ependymal layer containing tanycytes did not induce appreciable disturbance in the estrous cycles. Rats in which tanycytes were lesioned by picric acid displayed 4-day estrous cycles after prolonged diestrus (10–22 days). After destruction of tanycytes in the quail, a photostimulated gonadal growth was observed. It is concluded that the tanycyte transport of the ventricular fluid to capillaries of the portal vessels appears unnecessary for maintenance of adenohypophysial gonadotrophic activities.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Glucagon ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretory process ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Glucagon was infused into conscious rats in doses of 10 to 80 μg/h for periods up to 24 h. The effect on the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas was studied in vitro using isolated pancreatic lobules. A pronounced inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and discharge of stored and newly synthesized proteins combined with increased enzyme content in the pancreas were observed after 30 min infusion. This effect was absent after longer infusion periods of up to six hours. After 12 to 24 h infusions a marked degranulation and decrease in enzyme content was observed. While the rate of protein synthesis was not significantly enhanced, both the basal and stimulated discharge of enzymes from the pancreas were increased. The results suggest a biphasic response of the pancreas to prolonged glucagon infusion.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Types of neurons ; Secretory cycle ; Herring body
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the normal male rat was studied by electron microscopy during various functional states. Four morphologically distinct types of neurosecretory cells were observed. It appears that they do not represent different classes of cells but different phases of secretory activity of a single cell type. The perikarya of the neurosecretory cells show a definite cycle of formation and transportation of secretory granules. We have designated the phases of this cycle as: (1) phase of synthesis, (2) phase of granule production, (3) phase of granule storage and (4) phase of granule transport. The neurosecretory granules appear to be moved in bulk into the axons, forming a large axonal swelling filled with granules as a result of one cycle in the neurosecretory process. Thus it may be postulated that a secretory cycle in the perikaryon of the neurosecretory cell seems to result in the formation of a Herring body in its axon, and that its content is then conveyed to the posterior pituitary.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Schlagwort(e): Gastroenterostomy ; Duodenal reflux ; Epithelial lesions ; Nitrosoguanidine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß des chronischen duodenogastrischen Refluxes auf die Magenschleimhaut des nicht resezierten Magens wurde im Hinblick auf die Disposition der gastroenteralen Anastomose für die Krebsentstehung tierexperimentell an männlichen Wistarratten untersucht. Hierzu wurden Tiere mit einer Gastroenterostomie ohne Enteroanastomose und Tiere, bei denen ein Reflux durch eine Y-Gastroenterostomie nach Roux ausgeschlossen war, mit einer zeitlich unterschwelligen Cancerogendosis (Nitrosoguanidin) exponiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß auch unabhängig von der Cancerogenexposition ein chronischer duodenogastrischer Reflux zu adenomartigen Drüsenproliferationen mit z. T. atypischen Epithelregeneraten an der Anastomose führt, die durch eine Gastroenterostomie nach Roux verhindert werden können. Anastomosencarcinome, wie in früheren Untersuchungen am resezierten Magen bei sonst gleichen Versuchsbedingungen beschrieben, konnten nicht induziert werden. Somit spielen für die Krebsentstehung an der gastroenteralen Anastomose neben dem Reflux auch die durch die Magenresektion selbst hervorgerufenen Veränderungen eine nicht unwesentlilche Rolle.
    Notizen: Summary The cancerogenic effect of continous duodenal reflux on the gastric mucosa has been investigated in male Wistar-rats after gastrointestinal anastomosis. Groups of animals with gastroenterostomy without enteroenteral anastomosis and with Roux-en-y-anastomosis preventing duodenal reflux were treated with lower dosages of the cancerogenic Nitrosoguanidine. Proliferative mucosal alterations near the gastroenteral anastomosis were observed. In addition the gastric mucosa was characterized by adenomatous lesions caused by duodenal reflux. The changes detected were not influenced by Nitrosoguanidine and did not appear in cases of Roux-en-y-anastomosis.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Schlagwort(e): Cancer risk ; Resected stomach ; Rat ; Duodenogastric reflux ; N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Frage geprüft, ob obligater duodenogastrischer Reflux unter Langzeitbedingungen das Wachstum von Carcinomen oder Sarkomen im resezierten Magen beeinflußt. 72 männliche Wistarratten wurden einer Magenresektion unterworfen. Die erforderliche Gastroenteroanastomose wurde bei 39 Tieren als short loop GE (Billroth II) mit obligatem Reflux von Galle und Duodenalsekret in den Restmagen angelegt. Die restlichen 33 Tiere erhielten eine Y-förmige GE (nach Roux) mit seitlicher Einmündung des Duodenum in den Dünndarm; Reflux von Galle in den resezierten Magen war dadurch unmöglich. Die Carcinominduktion erfolgte durch kontinuierliche Gabe von N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidin im Trinkwasser. Bei der Sektion der Tiere mit Reflux 33 Wochen nach Carcinogengabe fand sich die Mehrzahl der malignen Tumore von Magenstumpf, Anastomose (GE) und angrenzendem Dünndarm in der Tiergruppe mit obligatem Reflux (13 von 22). Die Tiergruppe ohne Reflux (Y-Roux GE) wies demgegenüber signifikant weniger Carcinome auf (7 von 21); die Tumorincidenz dieser Gruppe entsprach derjenigen eines nicht operierten Kontrollkollektives (5 von 22). - Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die in der Technik des short loop durchgeführte Gastroenteroanastomose des Billroth 11-Magens das Krebswachstum im Anastomosengebiet in besonders ausgeprägtem Maße fördert. Ausschlaggebend für die gesteigerte Carcinominduktion ist der chronische Reflux von Galle und Duodenalsekret, der bei der short loop-GE obligat über den Magnrest fließt.
    Notizen: Summary The purpose of this study was to find whether the reflux of bile and pancreatic juices following stomach resection (duodenogastric reflux) enhances the incidence of carcinomas near the gastroenteric anastomosis. 72 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection. The gastroenteric anastomosis (GE) was performed either as short loop anastomosis (Billroth II;n = 39), thus providing a continuous duodenogastric reflux, or as Y-shaped GE (according to Roux;n = 33). By the latter technique, bile and pancreatic juices are derived quantitatively into the jejunum without coming into contact with the remaining part of the stomach. During a period of 33 weeks, operated rats as well as intact animals were given the carcinogen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG; 120 mg/1) in the drinking water. At autopsy, 33 to 36 weeks after daily oral administration of NG, most of the tumours were found in operated rats undergoing continuous ref lux (Billroth II group). In contrast to these findings, the incidence of carcinomas was significantly lower in animals without reflux (Roux group or intact control rats).-The results of our experiments demonstrate that, in rats, the duodenogastric reflux contributes substantially to the development of carcinomas of the resected stomach.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Schlagwort(e): Gastric carcinoma ; Gastroenterostomy ; Bacterial flora ; Nitrit ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage einer Gastroenterostomie ohne Enteroanastomose führt zu einer Veränderung der bakteriellen Magenbesiedlung, wobei besonders der Anteil nitritspaltender Bakterien erhöht ist. Dies hat ein Ansteigen der Nitrit-Konzentration im Magensaft zur Folge. Die hierdurch mögliche vermehrte Bildung carcinogener Nitrosamine wird im Hinblick auf das Entstehen eines Carcinoms im operierten Magen diskutiert. Da die beschriebenen Veränderungen durch eine Gastroenterostomie nach Roux weitgehend verhindert werden, soll dies bei der Passagewiederherstellung nach Operation am Magen berücksichtigt werden.
    Notizen: Summary A gastroenterostomy without enteroanastomosis leads to a change in the bacterial flora of the stomach, where-by in particular the proportion of nitrite-decomposing bacteria, is enhanced. This results in an increase of nitrite concentration in the gastric fluid, which may possibly be accompanied by an augmented production of carcinogenic nitrosoamine. This latter aspect is considered with respect to the origin of carcinoma in the operated stomach. Since the reported changes will be largely prevented by a Roux-Y-gastroenterostomy, this should be taken into consideration for reconstruction of the alimentary tract after gastric surgery.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 177-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lateral hypothalamic area ; Synaptic organization ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural analysis of the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was undertaken in order to provide an initial step in the characterization of this complex area which appears to participate in a number of important neural functions. The organization of the normal tuberal LHA was compared to the area following acute and chronic denervating lesions. In the normal animal, the principal features of the LHA are the presence of lateral hypothalamic neurons, a major sagittal pathway (the medial forebrain bundle, MFB) and the interposed neuropil richly populated by a variety of synaptic terminal types. Alterations in the synaptic organization of the LHA following rostral and caudal MFB lesions were most pronounced in animals with acute and chronic caudal lesions. A 10% reduction of synaptic terminals containing 800–1000 Å diameter dense core vesicles and a 10% increase in terminals containing lucent core vesicles was observed in animals with caudal lesions while no significant redistribution of synaptic terminal types occurred with rostral lesions. The preliminary degeneration experiments indicate that identification of the numerous and diverse afferents to the LHA neuropil may be aided by this method but that a detailed and systematic ultrastructural analysis will be required to identify sources of input with certainty.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Melatonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pineal gland ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the present study an attempt was made to demonstrate melatonin in the rat pineal gland by means of immunohistochemistry. The anti-body used was raised against 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptophan which is chemically similar to melatonin. Specific fluorescence was demonstrable only in pineals from rats killed during the night, when melatonin formation is high. It was restricted to parenchymal cells lying in a marginal zone of the organ. These results are discussed in relation to a subdivision of the pineal parenchyma into cortical and medullary areas.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 303-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells ; Rat ; Ontogeny
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cells storing pancreatic polypeptide (PP) appear in rat pancreas at the time of parturition, much later than insulin and glucagon cells. At this stage, the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells occur scattered in the exocrine parenchyma and in the islets. Subsequently, 5–7 days postnatally, an abrupt increase in the number of PP cells occurs. At this stage, they are fairly numerous in the islets and comparatively rare in the exocrine parenchyma. Not until 8–10 days after birth is the number of PP cells similar to that in the adult pancreas. A few PP cells were seen in the antral mucosa during the first 10 days after birth. They were not seen elsewhere in the gut.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells ; Rat ; Effect of alloxan ; Experimental diabetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Injection of alloxan caused an almost total disappearance of insulin cells in the rat pancreas. Planimetric analysis revealed a 50 per cent reduction of the mean islet volume. The number of immunoreactive pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells per sectioned islet was significantly increased, and the PP cell volume per islet doubled. Assuming an unchanged number of islets, the results indicate an increase in total PP cell mass following alloxan administration.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 133-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pineal ; Rat ; Unusual organelle ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An electron microscopic survey of pinealocytes from normal rats revealed a highly organized arrangement of cytoplasmic tubules. Such tubules had been previously observed in normal rats (Lin, 1967) and in rats after melatonin administration or two weeks exposure to darkness (Freire and Cardinali, 1975). In a later publication the presence of the tubules was attributed to experimental manipulation resulting in infertility (Gusek, 1976). The present study resolves the discrepancy in the literature by establishing that the tubular organelle does indeed occur in untreated male rats, but rather rarely.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 303-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Intermediate filaments ; Heart muscle cells ; Anabolic steroid hormone ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Long-term treatment of female rats with the anabolic steroid hormone Methandrostenolone results in a conspicuous increase of intermediate sized, nonmyofibrillar filaments in muscle cells of the left cardiac ventricle, as revealed by electron microscopy. These filaments, measuring 70–110 Å in diameter, form a characteristic network at the Z-level of the sarcomere, either encircling or penetrating the Z-bands, and appear to insert into the nuclear membrane. The T-system is accompanied by the filaments adjacent to the site of the couplings. Here they are attached to subsarcolemmal electron-dense patches, which may be Z-line precursor material. The filaments may function as a cytoskeleton, to provide passive support in the mechanism of contraction and to mediate nucleo-sarcolemmal and nucleomyofibrillar exchange.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 379-384 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Brain ; Rat ; Diethylstilboestrol ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The cellular and subcellular localization of radioactivity in the brain of immature female rats was determined by dry-mount autoradiography 2 h after iv injection of 1.0 μg of (monethyl-3H) diethylstilboestrol per 100 g body weight. A specific topographic pattern of nuclear concentration of the synthetic oestrogen was obtained similar to that for 3H-oestradiol-17β in specific neurons of the basal hypothalamus, preoptic region and amygdala. In competition experiments, the nuclear concentration of radioactivity in all areas studied was inhibited by unlabeled oestradiol, while unlabeled testosterone had no effect. These data suggest that although oestradiol can bind to androgen receptors, the oestrogen receptor itself can account for the localization seen after the injection of 3H-oestradiol.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Heart muscle cells ; Rat ; Anabolic steroid hormone ; Lesion ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Early changes in the composition of heart muscle cells of the rat caused by an anabolic hormone were investigated by electron microscopy. Mitochondria and myofibrils showed changes similar to those observed in early heart failure: The mitochondria were swollen and elongated. Their matrix was sparse and the cristae were few in number. The myofibrils showed either disintegration and widened and twisted Z-bands or a complete dissolution of the sarcomeric units.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Choroid plexus ; Vasopressin ; Neurosecretion ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Light and electron microscopic examination of choroid plexuses from lateral ventricles of water-deprived and subcutaneously or intravenously vasopressin administered rats reveal morphologic changes typical for vasopressin responsive fluid transporting epithelia during hormonal stimulation. Ultrastructural changes noted in both dehydrated and vasopressin treated animals included: the frequent occurrence of choroidal “dark” cells, dilatation of the lateral and basal intercellular spaces, increased vacuolization of the apical cytoplasm, and a change in microvillar conformation from the normal clavate type to those with a filiform shape. On the basis of the ultrastructural changes observed it is proposed that the choroid plexus be regarded as a target tissue for vasopressin. These findings indicated that a vasopressinmediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption capability exists.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 215-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): CRF-granules ; Adrenalectomy ; Hypothalamic lesions ; Rat ; Histology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Axons terminating in the outer layer of the median eminence of rats contain light microscopically visible granules. The granules are assumed to represent a corticotropin-releasing factor and, therefore, are called CRF granules. To find out whether neurons containing CRF-granules originate and run together with the neurons of the hypothalamus-neural lobe system (HNS), the effect of unilateral lesions in the HNS on the amount and distribution of CRF-granules was studied in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. HNS lesions prevented the adrenalectomy-induced increase in CRF granules on the side of the lesion. Lesions outside the HNS or sham lesions did not influence the amount and distribution of the granules. The findings suggest that CRF-granules are located in terminals of neurons whose perikarya are situated in magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei. It can also be concluded that the axons of these neurons run within the HNS and do not decussate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 11-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory material ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cytochemical methods using silver proteinate, silver methenamine and potassium ferrocyanide + OsO4 for ultrastructural detection of glycoproteins allow, in the posthypophysis and the magnocellular nuclei of the rat, differentiation of two types of fibres and neurons: one type containing negative granules with a homogeneous content of low electron density, the second type containing granules which demonstrate a ring-shaped deposit either of silver or of potassium ferrocyanide-osmium complex, likely to be related to a glycoproteic component. The difference between these two types is increased by prestaining “en bloc” with uranyl acetate before the silver proteinate reaction. A similar investigation was carried out on the vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rat; the neurosecretory material, present in some endings and neurones only, is of the nonreactive type, so that it appears justified to correlate the reactivity of granules with vasopressin, and consequently to distinguish neurones and fibres containing vasopressin from those in which oxytocin is quantitatively the main hormonal peptide. This conclusion is strongly supported by the fact that percentages of reactive and negative endings, as determined on this basis in the posthypophysis of normal rats from two different strains, are in good agreement with biochemical data reported in the literature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 505-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Macrophage ; Lymphocyte clusters ; Lymph node ; Rat ; Immunization ; SRBC ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Normally the lymphatic sinuses of the lymph node are loosely packed with lymphocytes and free macrophages as well as with macrophages adhering to the fibrocellular trabeculae. After immunization with SRBC cluster formation occurs in the medullary sinuses of rats between a central macrophage and peripherally located lymphocytes. These rosette-like clusters are nearly identical with the clusters found during primary and secondary immune response against SRBC in vitro and seem to be the in vivo equivalent for the same immune response.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 133-152 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Intestinal Absorption ; Tritiated Water ; Urea ; Solvent Drag ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic buffered solutions containing tritiated water or 14C-labelled urea. The blood flow of the loop was maintained constant at an intermediate rate (0.8–0.9 ml min−1 g−1 wet tissue weight). The water net flux was determined by means of polyethylene glycol as nonabsorbable marker and amounted up to ±30 μl min−1 g−1 w. w. 2. A positive water net flux (directed towards the blood) increased the absorption rates (disappearance rate from the intestinal lumen, appearance rate in the intestinal venous blood) of tritiated water and urea by maximally 22 and 41%, a negative water net flux (directed towards the gut lumen) diminished it by 12 and 32%. 3. The data were analysed by means of a kinetic model with the water net flux as independent variable. The sieving coefficient ⧫=1-δ was 1.18±0.44 for tritiated water and 0.86±0.11 for urea at pH 6.2. The water net flux influenced the absorption of solutes by interaction within the membranes (solvent drag in a restricted sense) and by changing the volume of blood flowing in the capillaries near the epithelium. This last effect is large for the absorption of the rapidly absorbable tritiated water, but small for the absorption of urea which is absorbed ten-times slower. 4. The water net flux in the intestine depended linearly on the osmotic pressure difference between lumen and blood. The hydraulic permeability was 146–180 ml2 min−1 g−1 osm−1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 277 (1973), S. 113-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; l- and d-phenylalanine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused (single pass and recirculation) with buffered solutions containing l-phenylalanine (about 30 μM and 30 mM) and d-phenylalanine (about 30 μM). The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen) and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously, the accumulation in the gut wall at the end of the experiments. 2. At a constant intermediate blood flow the absorption of l- and d-phenylalanine decreased with time. A decrease of blood flow from about 1.6 to 0.25 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue weight diminished the appearance and the disappearance rate of both isomers. An increase of blood flow from 0.25 to 1.6 ml min−1g−1 caused no increase of absorption; on the contrary the appearance and disappearance rate decreased a little. The different dependence of absorption when decreasing and increasing the blood flow rate may be caused by a changed pattern of blood flow in the layers of the gut wall, i.e. the flow rate in the villi may be reduced while the flow rate in the entire wall remains unchanged. 3. In the single pass perfusion experiments the appearance rate of l-phenylalanine increased proportionally to the luminal concentration (30 μM and 30 mM), while the accumulation was relatively smaller at the high concentration. In the recirculation experiments the appearance rate and the accumulation of l-phenylalanine did not increase proportionally. 4. The increase in perfusion rate, from 0.1 (single pass perfusion) to 2–3 and 10 ml min−1 (recirculation), caused an increase of l-phenylalanine absorption and tissue accumulation. 5. At a luminal concentration of about 30 μM the appearance rates of l- and d-phenylalanine were equal, while the tissue accumulation was smaller for the d-isomer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 161 (1973), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): D-penicillamine ; L-cysteine ; Serum proteins ; Rat ; D-Penicillamin ; L-Cystein ; Serumproteine ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In vitro-Untersuchungen zeigten, daß D-Penicillamin durch Serumproteine, in erster Linie durch Albumin, gebunden wird. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ist die Bildung gemischter Disulfide hierfür verantwortlich. Cystin, L-Cystein und andere Thiole sowie N-Äthylmaleinimid hemmen die Proteinbindung von D-Penicillamin. Verabfolgt man Ratten vor Injektion des D-Penicillamins L-Cystein, resultiert eine vorübergehende Erhöhung des Gehalts an freiem D-Penicillamin in Serum und in einigen Geweben, während die Ausscheidung mit dem Urin verzögert wird. Die theoretische und praktische Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary Studiesin vitro show that D-penicillamine is bound by serum proteins, mainly albumin; the formation of a mixed disulfide is the most likely explanation. Cystine, L-cysteine and other thiols as well as N-ethylmaleinimide were found to inhibit the protein binding of D-penicillamine. Administration of L-cysteine to rats prior to D-penicillamine brings about a transient increase of the amount of free D-penicillamine in serum and in some tissues as well as a delay in its urinary excretion. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 161 (1973), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Schlagwort(e): Self-emptying loop ; Mucosal atrophy ; Small intestine ; Luminal nutrition ; Morphology ; Glucose-absorption ; Rat ; Selbstentleerende Blindschlingen des Jejunums ; Schleimhautatrophie ; Topische Ernährung ; Morphologie ; Glucoseresorption ; Ratte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Um Möglichkeit und Ausmaß der Reversibilität einer Dünndarmschleimhautatrophie zu prüfen, wurden operativ ausgeschaltete, atrophische Jejunalschlingen nach Rückverlegung in die Dünndarmpassage morphologisch und funktionell untersucht. Ergebnisse: 1 Monat nach Rückverlegung hatte sich die Schleimhautatrophie zurückgebildet. Morphometrisch fand sich darüber hinaus eine Hypertrophie aller Wandschichten. Der Schleimhauthypertrophie entsprach eine Steigerung der Glucoseresorption.
    Notizen: Summary Self-emptying blind loops of the small intestine in the rat were restored to functioning intestine in order to investigate the reversibility of mucosal atrophy. Results: 1 month after restoration of normal anatomical conditions atrophy was no longer demonstrable. In addition, the morphometric data indicated mucosal hypertrophy and increase in thickness of all layers of the intestinal wall. These changes were associated with a significant increase of glucose-absorption.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cleavage stages ; Egg-cylinder ; Mouse ; Rat ; Hydrolytic enzymes distribution ; Differentiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The time of appearance and the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase was investigated in cleavage and early postimplantation stages of mouse and rat embryos. Alkaline and acid phosphatase appeared for the first time in 8-cell embryos. Activity of both enzymes grew progressively stronger to blastocyst stage. Acid phosphatase activity was revealed in the form of fine and coarse granules distributed evenly in the cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase was predominantly localized in plasma membranes. There was no difference in intensity of reaction between trophoblastic cells and the inner cell mass. After implantation acid phosphatase was localized in coarse granules in the apical portion of entodermal cells. With the appearance of mesoderm, the cells of embryonal entoderm became flattened and devoid of acid phosphatase activity which was restricted to cells of extraembryonic entoderm. The activity of nonspecific esterase was not detected in preimplantation stages. In postimplantation embryos it roughly corresponded to the activity of acid phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase was localized in cell membranes of ectodermal cells. The mesodermal cells of mouse embryo displayed a somewhat weaker activity than ectodermal cells, while in the rat embryo the same layer remained completely nonreactive. Our findings on the distribution of the enzymes mentioned did not reveal any kind of polarity or bilateral symmetry in preimplantation stages. In postimplantation stages acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase are probably bound to lysosomes and play an important role in embryonic nutrition. The absence of alkaline phosphatase from entodermal cells is somewhat puzzling and suggests that the process of molecular transport in those cells is most probably restricted to endocytosis. Our results suggest that all blastomeres are identical with respect to enzyme distribution and that the first signs of differentiation of enzyme content appear with the formation of germ layers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Tongue ; Myogenesis ; Neurogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Um die Entwicklung des Bewegungsapparates der Rattenzunge im Verhältnis zu morphogenetischen Vorgängen im Gesichtsbereich, besonders zur Gaumenentwicklung, beurteilen zu können, wurde die Zungenanlage des Rattenembryos ab Tag 13 p.c. bis Tag 6 p.p. lichtmikroskopisch, histochemisch und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In einem Blastem von embryonalen Mesenchymzellen, Capillaren und Neuritenbündeln differenzieren sich ab Tag 15 p.c. Myoblasten, die miteinander zu mehrkernigen Muskelfasern verschmelzen. In deren Cytoplasma bilden sich an Ribosomenketten Myofilamente, die zu Myofibrillen mit Z-Streifen organisiert werden. Ab Tag 19 p.c. ordnet sich die Querstreifung zu Registern, das Transversolongitudinalsystem lagert sich an. Neuritenbündel legen sich quer zur Längsachse an die Muskelfasern an und ab Tag 17 p.c. finden sich myoneuronale Kontakte. Typische motorische Endplatten wurden bis Tag 6 p.p. nicht gefunden. Zum Zeitpunkt des Gaumenschlusses am Tag 17 p.c. sind geordnete Muskelfasersysteme, primitive myoneuronale Kontakte mit Acetylcholinvesikeln und ein typisches Enzymmuster der Acetylcholinesterase ausgebildet. Damit bestehen vor Schluß des harten Gaumens die strukturellen und enzymatischen Voraussetzungen für eine gerichtete Bewegung der Zunge. Die Hypothese, daß motorische Aktivität zum Gaumenschluß notwendig sei, wird mit Beschreibungen embryonaler Bewegungen, mit der Literatur klinisch-pathologischer Befunde der Gaumenspalte und teratologischen Experimenten verglichen. Danach scheint ein direkter kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen Bewegungen im Kopfbereich und Gaumenschluß nicht vorzuliegen.
    Notizen: Summary In order to be able to evaluate the development of the motor system of the rat tongue with respect to the morphogenetic processes in the region of the face, especially palate development, we studied the tongue anlage of the rat embryo from day 13 p.c. to day 6 p.p. histochemically and under the light and electron microscope. From day 15 p.c. onwards myoblasts differentiated out of a blastema consisting of embryonic mesenchymal cells, capillaries and neurite bundles. The myoblasts then fused together to form multinuclear muscle fibres. On the ribosome chains in the cytoplasm myofilaments were formed, which were then organized to myofibrils with Z-lines. From day 19 p.c. onwards the cross-striations came to lie next to each other and the transversolongitudinal system was added. Neurite bundles were added at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fibres, and from day 17 p.c. myoneural contacts were found. No typical motor endplates were found up to day 6 p.p. At the time of palate closure on day 17 p.c. regular muscle-fibre systems, primitive myoneural contacts with acetylcholine vesicles and a typical acetylcholine-esterase enzyme pattern had been developed. Therefore before closure of the hard palate the structural and enzymatic preconditions existed for a coordinated movement of the tongue. The hypothesis that motor activity is necessary for palate closure is compared with descriptions of embryonic movements, with clinical-pathological results in papers on the cleft palate and with teratogenic experiments. In this respect there does not seem to be any direct causal connection between movements in the head region and palate closure.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 3-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): CNS ; Cortical plate ; Neuroblasts ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the cortical plate of the late prenatal rat fetus the neuroblasts can be considered to be of three types: mature neuroblasts which are prominent in the lower levels of the cortical plate and have some of the cytoplasmic and nuclear features of neurons, immature neuroblasts that have recently completed their migrations into the cortical plate, and migrating neuroblasts that are still in the process of moving to their definitive positions. Both of these latter types have darker cytoplasm than the mature neuroblasts. All of the neuroblasts have an apical process that extends directly towards the pial surface of the cortical plate and a basal process that is directed towards the intermediate zone of the developing hemisphere. In Golgi preparations some of these basal processes, particularly those of neuroblasts situated in the lower levels of the cortical plate, seem to have formed axons that pass through the intermediate zone to enter the developing white matter, in which they turn at right angles away from, and rarely toward, the midline. Other elements traversing the cortical plate are the ascending processes of spongioblasts that branch in the molecular layer and form expansions at the surface of the hemisphere. In the molecular layer the spongioblast terminal branches intertwine with the apical tufts of the ascending neuroblast processes and with thin processes that have the features of axons, to form a loose neuropil. In the cortical plate the spongioblast processes are usually closely and preferentially surrounded by the dark migrating neuroblasts and by the immature neuroblasts. Both of these latter may partially encompass spongioblast processes. Hence it is concluded that the spongioblast processes act as guides along which the migrating neuroblasts ascend through the cortical plate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral ventricles ; Perinatal period ; Subependymal cells ; Rat ; Light and electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Gehirne von 93 Ratten (letzte Embryonalwoche bis zum 30. postnatalen Tag) wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Am Ende der zweiten Embryonalwoche treten im mittleren Teil des III. Ventrikels Zellen auf, deren Cytoplasma sich mit einer Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Methode blau anfärben läßt. Die blauen Zellen werden nach der Geburt auch an anderen Abschnitten des III. Ventrikels sowie am Aquaedukt und IV. Ventrikel ausschließlich in einer lockeren subependymalen Gliazone gefunden. Zwischen dem 14. und 17. Tag nimmt ihre Zahl ab, um den 22. postnatalen Tag sind die blauen Zellen völlig verschwunden. Gleichzeitig wird die subependymale Auflockerungszone dichter. Elektronenmikroskopisch werden die blauen Zellen als fortsatzreiche Elemente identifiziert, die viele Mitochondrien und unterschiedlich große Vacuolen und Cytosomen enthalten. Die Fortsätze umschließen subependymale Räume, die ein feinflockiges Material enthalten. Die Zellen werden als mikrogliäre Elemente angesehen, ihre Funktion mit dem Verschwinden der subependymalen Auflockerungszone in Verbindung gebracht.
    Notizen: Summary The brains of 93 rats (of between the last week of pregnancy up to the 30th postnatal day) were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy. At the end of the second week of pregnancy, subependymal cells, the cytoplasm of which is blue after staining with a periodic-acid-bisulfit-aldehydethionine-method, begin to appear in the middle part of the IIIrd ventricle. After birth, the blue cells can also be demonstrated in other parts of the IIIrd ventricle as well as in the wall of aquaeduct and the IVth ventricle. The cells are exclusively found in a loosely textured subependymal tissue. Between the 14th and the 17th day the number of the blue cells decreases and around the 22nd postnatal day they disappear completely. Simultaneously, the texture of the subependymal tissue becomes more compact. The blue cells can be identified by electron microscopy. They are characterized by the presence of several processes and contain many mitochondria, different sized vacuoles and cytosomes. The cell processes enclose subependymal cavities containing a loose flocculose material. The cells are considered as microglia cells. Their function is considered in relation to the disappearance of the loose texture of the subependymal zone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 289-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebellum ; Synapses ; Rat ; Interneuron ; Axons ; Perikarya ; Neuroglia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Profiles of large neurons in the lateral nucleus range from 16 μm to 35 μm in diameter with dimpled nuclei, large Nissl bodies, and well developed Golgi apparatus. Two types of perikarya are distinguished, those that are smooth and those with irregular somatic and dendritic protuberances. About 86% of all large neuronal somata are covered with axosomatic synapses, predominantly with terminals of Purkinje axons and a few belonging to axons of the small neurons. The remaining 14% have no axosomatic synapses. The thick, fleshy dendrites of these cells are covered with terminals, the majority of which synapse directly upon the dendritic shaft. A few are present on spines. The initial segment of the large neuron is thick and robust and receives synapses upon its shaft or upon a spinous projection. The small neurons measure less than 12 μm in diameter and have very lobulated nuclei in a sparse cytoplasm characterized by small Nissl bodies and a poorly elaborated Golgi apparatus. About 52% of all small neuronal somata bear no synapses whereas the remaining 48% are covered with axosomatic synapses, mainly from the axons of Purkinje cells and a few axons of other small cells. The slender long dendrites of both large and small cells bear synapses with six classes of axons in the neuropil. Synaptic protuberances of two varieties occur on the surfaces of both perikarya and dendrites, (a) dome-shaped ones capped with a pronounced asymmetrical synaptic junction and (b) ones with thin long necks and bulbous heads having synapses on both parts. Frond-like dendritic excrescences are borne on the processes of some small and large neurons and they are postsynaptic to many axon terminals clustered around them.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 142 (1973), S. 103-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Dentinogenesis ; Dentinal globules ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Calcification ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary At the submicroscopic level, extracellular globular membrane-delimited structures have been observed in the matrix in early dentin formation in the rat. Within these “dentinal globules”, needle-like crystallites are found before apatite crystals appear in the filamentous-amorphous ground substance. In sections incubated for alkaline phosphatase, reaction products are closely associated with these globules. The possible role of the globules in initial dentin formation is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 125-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Columns ; Swirls ; Interneurons ; Projection neurons ; Subdivisions ; Morphology ; Golgi ; Nissl ; Axons ; Dendrites ; Cerebellum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The lateral nucleus in the rat is investigated with several variants of the rapid Golgi method and in Nissl preparations. The neurons are divided into two classes according to their size and the disposition of their axons. The smaller neurons or interneurons have cross sectional areas less than 180 μm2, and short axons that ramify in the vicinity of the cell bodies. Small neurons have also been seen on rare occasions with longer axons that may leave the nucleus. The larger cells (areas greater than 180 μm2) have long axons that leave the nucleus and emit short, beaded, recurrent collaterals. In the rostral and caudal poles of the lateral nucleus, the large projection neurons as well as the small neurons are multipolar with swirled dendritic arborizations. Neurons in the dorsal rim and ventral third of the nucleus have similar dispositions of their dendrites. In the central columnar zone, the projection neurons have dendrites that are arranged in columns directed diagonally across the body of the nucleus in the 4 to 10 o'clock direction in the right lateral nucleus and the 8 to 2 o'clock direction in the left nucleus. A collection of small neurons is generally found in the medial hilus zone. In each part of the lateral nucleus, the neurons are arranged in characteristic ways.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Capillaries ; Endothelial cell ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Während der postnatalen Entwicklung wurde die Capillarlänge im Einheitsvolumen (CL), die Verzweigungsdichte (N⊥) und die mittlere Länge der Capillarendothelzellen (LE) in der Lamina IV des senso-motorischen Cortex von insgesamt 64 Rattengehirnen bestimmt. Als Capillaren wurden alle Gefäße unter 8 μm Durchmesser akzeptiert. Die CL bestimmten wir in 1–2 μm dicken Epon-Schnitten nach der Methode von Saltikov. Die Verzweigungen wurden durch Tusche-Gelatine-Injektion dargestellt und in Kryostat-Schnitten visuell gezählt. Im Verlauf des postnatalen Capillarwachstums, das die Bildung von Verzweigungen durch Sprossung und die Verlängerung der bestehenden Geäße umfaßt, nimmt die CL von ca. 200 mm auf 1100 mm pro mm3 Gewebe zu. Die Verzweigungszahl im gleichen Volumen steigt von 1200 kurz nach der Geburt auf ein Maximum von 11500 am Tag 20 und fällt dann allmählich auf den adulten Wert von 9500 ab. Am Ende der ersten Woche p.n. bewirkt die intensive Capillarsprossung eine starke Erhöhung der N⊥. Darauf folgt in der zweiten Woche p.n. die schnelle Zunahme der CL. Die Veränderungen der N⊥ laufen parallel mit Veränderungen im oxidativen Metabolismus. Aus dem Verhältnis N⊥ zu CL läßt sich der Vernetzungsgrad der Capillaren, d.h. die Verzweigungszahl pro mm Capillarlänge, berechnen. Dieser erreicht zwischen Tag 10 und 20 p.n. ein Maximum und sinkt danach bis zum erwachsenen Tier wieder beträchtlich ab. 1 Monat p.n. sind das Wachstum und die Reifung der Hirnrinde bei der Ratte weitgehend abgeschlossen. Die Bildung neuer Sprosse hört auf, und das weitere Kapillarwachstum erfolgt weniger durch Zellteilung als vielmehr durch Verlängerung des Endothels. Die Phase der intensiven Capillarsprossung entspricht zeitlich der vulnerablen Periode der Hirnentwicklung (“brain-growth-spurt”, nach Dobbing). Unsere Befunde lassen die Vermutung zu, daß in dieser Periode Störungen der Capillarsprossung indirekt das weitere Hirnwachstum beeinflussen können.
    Notizen: Summary The average length of the capillary endothelial cells (L E ), the capillary length (CL) and the number of vascular ramifications (N⊥) per unit volume in layer IV of the sensorymortor cortex from the brains of 64 Sprague Dawley rats were determined during postnatal development. All vessels less than 8 μm in diameter were accepted as capillaries. The CL was calculated according to the method of Saltikov, by counting capillary profiles in 1–2μm Epon sections. The number of ramifications per test volume were counted in 30 μm frozen sections of India-ink injected brains. Capillary growth involves both the formation of ramifications by sprouting, and the elongation of the existing vessels. During the postnatal period CL increases from 200 to 1100 mm per cubic mm tissue, the extent of branching per unit volume rises from 1200 at birth to a peak of 11500 per cubic mm at day 20 after birth, and then declines to 9500 in adults. Intensive capillary sprouting results in a marked increase in N⊥ at the end of the first week, followed by a rapid increase in CL in the second week. The changes in the ramification density run parallel with the changes in aerobic metabolism during postnatal development. The ratio N⊥/CL, i. e. the number of ramifications per mm capillary length, corresponds to the degree of arborization of the capillary net. This value rises to a maximum level between days 10 and 20 after birth and declines until maturity is attained. After 1 month the growth of rat brain is almost accomplished and the cortical structure has attained its adult characteristics. The formation of new ramifications ceases and further capillary growth occurs to a larger extent by elongation of endothelial cells and not by cell division. The phase of extensive capillary sprouting corresponds to the vulnerable period of brain development (called “brain-growth-spurt” by Dobbing). Our findings lead to the assumption that disturbances during the period of capillary proliferation can indirectly influence further brain development
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 281-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Central monoamine neurons ; Ontogeny ; Rat ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The development of all monoamine-containing neuron systems in the rat brain throughout the last seven days of gestation, i.e. from the 15th day to term, crown rump length (CRL) 16 mm to 42 mm, has been followed using the Falck-Hillarp method for fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal, horizontal and transverse sections through whole brains of fetuses from MAO-inhibited mothers have been carefully analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, and drawings of almost all sections depicting specific fluorescence have been collected from 10 of the 16 analyzed brains. Thus, all the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neuron systems have been mapped, both regarding the cell groups, the formation of axon pathways and the development of terminal plexuses in the whole brain prenatally. Together with a previous report (Olson and Seiger, 1972a) the present data have made it possible to determine the common origin of groups A1–A3, A4–A7, A8–A10, B1–B3 and B4–B9, respectively (nomenclature according to Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). These findings and an estimation of the number of visible fluorescent cells in all monoamine cell complexes throughout the prenatal period of development have been summarized in a flow-chart. In the full-term fetus all monoamine neurons and their axon pathways, except for the hypothalamic cell groups, are very well developed. Thus, the new neuroanatomical data presented, in all probability hold true also for the adult state. A comprehension of the innervation course of neostriatum by DA nerve terminals from the 14th day of gestation to adult hood is given.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Uterus ; Stroma ; Ultrastructure ; Sex steroids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of progesterone and oestrogen on the central uterine stroma has been examined in order to analyze what changes occur when the uterus is hormonally prepared for implantation. Both progesterone and oestrogen, when given separately, cause nucleolar enlargement and growth of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. However, after progesterone treatment the nuclei are large and spherical whereas they are spindle-shaped after oestrogen treatment. When oestrogen is administered to the progesterone-treated rat little change occurs in the stromal morphology. There is little morphological support to the view that oestrogen acts on the stroma to increase endometrial sensitivity. Further, progesterone seems to stimulate the synthesis of RNA and of cellular protein only in the stromal cell while oestrogen has a similar effect in all cell types of the uterus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): S-100 Protein ; Experimental Neurogenic Tumors ; Nitrosourea ; Rat ; Complement Fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary S-100 protein, a soluble protein restricted to the nervous system, was measured by complement fixation in 51 neurogenic and non-neurogenic tumors produced by either methylnitrosourea or ethylnitrosourea in three different strains of rats. Nineteen of the 51 neurogenic tumors were neoplasms of the central nervous system (18 of the brain, 1 of the spinal cord). They were diagnosed morphologically as 5 mixed gliomas, 4 anaplastic gliomas, 4 glioependymomas, 1 ependymoma, 3 gliosarcomas, and 2 unclassified tumors. With the exception of one anaplastic glioma and one gliosarcoma, all other central nervous system tumors contained S-100 protein, ranging from 0.005–0.13% of the total 35000 g supernatant protein. S-100 protein was also demonstrated in 21 of the 22 tumors of the peripheral nervous system, originating from the trigeminal nerves, the spinal roots, and from peripheral nerves. The average S-100 protein content of these tumors was 0.2% (range 0.02–1.6%). A possible correlation between S-100 protein content and tumor differentiation must be evaluated. S-100 protein was detected in only one of 10 neoplasms morphologically classified as non-neurogenic (7 sarcomas, 2 carcinomas, and 1 hemangioendothelioma). On the basis of its S-100 protein content, one tumor was reclassified as a neurosarcoma. The sensitivity and the high degree of specificity of the S-100 protein assay makes it a useful biochemical tool for the identification of neurogenic tumors. The presence of S-100 protein must be considered as a definitive indication for neural cell participation in neoplastic growth.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Neuronal Inclusions ; Cerebrum ; Cholesterol Inhibitor ; Rat ; Electron Microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Intraperitoneal injections of a hypocholesterolemic drug, AY9944 produced neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the brain of Wistar strain of rats. The inclusions were numerous and larger in size in the younger age groups but gradually decreased in number and size after 30 days of age. Only a few small inclusions were seen in rats of 35 days of age or older, in spite of continuous injection of the drug. Inclusions gradually decreased in number after discontinuation of the drug in a relatively younger age group. Injection of the drug in adult rats produced only a few small neuronal inclusions. Ultrastructurally, concentrical lamellar structures were the predominant ones in younger age groups but other types of inclusions were seen in older animals and those receiving lesser amounts of the drug or those which were examined after discontinuation of the drug. This observation suggests that morphologically different inclusions can be formed by basically the same treatment if there is any difference in the metabolic activity of the target cell or the amounts of the drug. Biochemical analysis of the sterols revealed a consistently high level of 7-dehydrocholesterol up to 69 days of age, when AY9944 was administered continuously, despite the fact that there was a decrease in the number and size of the abnormal neuronal inclusions.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Kinetics ; Growth ; Epiphyses ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La largeur de la métaphyse tibiale, la zone indifférenciée, la zone sériée et les cellules en dégénerescence ont été observées chez des rats Sprague-Dawley normaux et hypophysectomisés. La production cellulaire de la métaphyse est déterminée sur la base de la croissance osseuse longitudinale déterminée par l'oxytétracycline et la taille des cellules en dégénérescence. La diminution de la croissance osseuse longitudinale, en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge et après hypophysectomie, est due partiellement, à la diminution de production cellulaire et partiellement à une décroissance de la taille des cellules en dégénérescence dans la métaphyse. L'influence de la production cellulaire et de l'activité mitotique prédomine.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Breite der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia, deren undifferenzierter und säulenförmiger Zone und die Größe der nahe bei der Metaphyse auftretenden degenerativen Zellen wurden in normalen und hypophysektomierten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bestimmt. Die Zellproduktion in der Wachstumsplatte wurde aus dem longitudinalen Knochenwachstum berechnet, welches mittels Oxytetracyclin und der Größe der degenerativen Zellen bestimmt wurde. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abnahme des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums bei zunehmendem Alter und nach Hypophysektomie zum Teil einem Rückgang in der Zellproduktion, zum Teil einer Verminderung der Größe der degenerativen Zellen in der Wachstumsplatte zuzuschreiben ist. Der Einfluß der Zellproduktion, und somit der mitotischen Aktivität, herrscht vor.
    Notizen: Abstract The width of the proximal growth plate of the tibia, its undifferentiated and columnar zone and the size of the degenerative cell close to the metaphysis, were determined in normal and hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell production in the growth plate was calculated from the longitudinal bone growth determined with oxytetracycline and the degenerative cell size. It was found that the decrease in longitudinal bone growth with increasing age and after hypophysectomy, is due partly to a decrease in cell production, and partly to a decrease in degenerative cell size in the growth plate. The influence of cell production and thus the mitotic activity predominates.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 466-475 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Neuroglia ; Radio-autography ; Myelination ; Optic tract ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Une étude, basée sur l'identification et la quantification histologique des cellules névrogliques, a été entreprise dans le tractus optique du Rat sur radio-autographies après injection de thymidine tritiée. Ce bilan a été effectué entre 2 jours et demi et 20 jours après la naissance. D'un point de vue qualitatif, trois catégories cellulaires peuvent être distinguées: les oligodendrocytes, euxmêmes subdivisés en trois classes (grands, moyens, petits), les astrocytes et d'autres varieties cellulaires parmi lesquelles la microglie. D'un point de vue quantitatif, les oligodendrocytes, en particulier les petits, sont largement majoritaires. En effet, sur toute la période examinée les oligodendrocytes représentent près de 81% de la population totale. Sur le plan radio-autographique, l'index de marquage prédomine dans la classe des moyens oligodendrocytes. Ces résultats sont discutés, notamment par rapport aux processus de myélinisation dont les phénomènes de gliose constituent le préambule direct.
    Notizen: Summary A study based on the histological identification and quantifying of the neuroglia cells, was carried out in the optic tract of the Rat on radioautographs after injection of tritiated thymidine. The assessment was made two and a half days and twenty days after birth. Qualitatively speaking, three cellular categories can be distinguished: the oligodendrocytes, themselves divided into three sorts (big, medium., small) the astrocytes and other cellular varieties including the microglia. Quantitatively speaking the oligodendrocytes, in particular the small ones, are decidedly more numerous. In fact, over the whole period under consideration the oligodendrocytes represent nearly 81% of the total population. From the point of view of the radio-autography the labeling index predominates in the medium oligodendrocyte group. These results are discussed with reference in particular to the myelination process which is preceded directly by the phenomena of gliosis.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 242-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Past and slow principal cells ; Recurrent inhibition ; Lateral geniculate body ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In urethane-anesthetized albino rats studies were made on mass potentials and/or unit activities of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) in response to single shock stimulation of optic tract (OT) and visual cortex (VC). The previous finding that LGB mass responses to stimulation of the optic nerve comprise at least two postsynaptic waves (r1 and r2) with different peak times was confirmed by OT stimulation. It was found that the r1 wave had a lower threshold and a more rapid recovery process than the r2 wave. Unit responses of principal (P) cells to maximal OT stimulation consisted of short-latency, single spikes (initial spike, IS), followed by long-latency, grouped discharges (late discharge, LD) repeated more than twice (LD1, LDr2 and so forth). Spontaneous discharges were almost completely suppressed after IS and each LD, suggesting that following these evoked discharges P cells underwent a phase of depressed excitability. The latency histogram of IS based upon 212 P cells had two peaks well-corresponding in time to the peaks of the r1 and r2 waves of the mass response, respectively. P cells were divided into the fast and slow groups according to whether their ISs occurred earlier or later than the trough separating the r1 and r2 waves. Typically, the fast cells had lower thresholds than the slow cells. The duration of the post-excitatory depression following IS and LD1 were shorter in the fast cells than in the slow cells. This same was found true with regard to the duration of depressed excitability following the antidromic firing. Examining the response patterns to OT stimulation of weak intensities, one characteristic difference between the two groups of P cells was found; the fast cells showed the IS without the succeeding LDs whereas the slow cells showed the LDs without the preceding IS. A discussion was made on functional significance of the differentiation of P cells into two types.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 280 (1973), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Corticoids ; Median Eminence ; Rat ; Histology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In 465 female Wistar rats the influence of an i.m. injection of various natural or synthetic corticoids on the augmentation of “Gomori-positive” granules in the outer layer of the median eminence following bilateral adrenalectomy has been investigated. While the augmentation of the granules is not impaired by progesterone it is inhibited or completely blocked, depending on the dose and the manner of application, by 11-desoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, 9α-fluorocortisol, prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone and fluoroformylone. The doses necessary to suppress the augmentation of the granules correspond to those shown by other authors to be required for blocking ACTH-secretion. The inhibitory effect of the investigated corticoids on the augmentation of the granules is related to their antiphlogistic potency. The findings suggest that the amount of the “Gomori-positive” granules in the outer layer of the median eminence of the rat might be used as a parameter of the activity of the corticotropin-releasing factor.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Benzodiazepines ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A technique for intragastric self-administration in rats is presented. Intravenous self-administration of morphine was compared with intragstric self-administration during 6 consecutive days. There was no difference between the two routes in the total rate of injections. Medazepam was given for intragastric self-administration at three different doses (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/injection respectively) and compared with saline. There was an increased response rate at the dose 10 mg/kg/injection. Medazepam placebo solution (solvent alone) was also compared with medazepam 10 mg/kg/injection. Among the seven experimental rats, six responded higher on medazepam than on the solvent.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Δ 9-THC and Δ 8-THC ; Water Intake ; Food Intake ; Body Weight ; Vocalization ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Water intake was studied in water deprived albino rats at various time intervals after injections of two tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ 9-THC and Δ 8-THC) and solvents. The dose levels used were: 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg of Δ 9-THC and 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of Δ 8-THC. The results show a clear, dose dependent inhibitory effect on water intake as compared to the controls. Reduced intake of food was seen at 1 day post injection. This effect was, however, significant only for the groups treated with 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of Δ 8-THC. A decreased body weight was also recorded after the drug treatment, especially with Δ 8-THC. With respect to cannabis-induced vocalization the data suggest an increased possibility of its appearance with increasing dosages of THC.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 375-384 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Schedule-Controlled Behavior ; Adjunctive Behavior ; Licking ; Drinking ; Methamphetamine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of methamphetamine (0.03–1.7 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (3.0–30.0 mg/kg) were studied in a situation in which the same motor response, licking a water-filled tube, served as a schedule-controlled and as an adjunctive behavior. Rats responded under a 3-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of food presentation in which the required response was a lick on the tube (schedule-controlled); licking also occurred following every food presentation (adjunctive). Adjunctive licking occurred at a high, steady rate, but schedule-controlled licking was emitted at a changing rate over time, characteristic of FI schedules. Both drugs had little effect on overall adjunctive licking, except for decreases at the highest doses, but there were changes in the pattern of adjunctive licking. Methamphetamine produced only decreases in schedule-controlled licking, but chlordiazepoxide produced dose-dependent increases. In general, the magnitude of drug effect on local rates of responding within the FI was related to control rates of responding within the same periods, but there were instances in which the magnitude of effect depended also on whether licking was adjunctive or schedule-controlled.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 77-90 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Rearing ; Locomotion ; Exploratory Behaviour ; Psychotropic Drugs ; Anxiolytics ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The “staircase” is a simple and rapid test and was used to study two components of exploratory behaviour in the rat. The scores of rearing and the number of steps climbed during three minutes were recorded. Various psychotropic drugs were tested, which modified these two parameters. Neuroleptic induced a parallel decrease of both, while benzodiazepines, meprobamate, amobarbitone and ethanol decreased the rearing at doses which left the steps climbed unchanged. At high doses, there was a parallel decrease of both parameters. Amphetamine, at lower doses, increased the rearing score alone. The comparison of the studied psychotropic drug effects with those of two muscle relaxants (by a comparison of the slopes of regression lines) suggests that either the observed benzodiazepine effects were only partly due to their myorelaxant action, or, that both myorelaxants have some anxiolytic action. The effect of amphetamine at low doses can be viewed as a demonstration of increased anxiety.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; Predatory Aggression ; Rat ; Serotonin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits predatory aggression in rats. Increases in the degree of inhibition are obtained with increasing dosages of the drug. Although sex and strain of the subjects varied nonsystematically, inhibition of predatory aggression uniformly was found to be dose related. Readministration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol did not effect motor activity measures at dose levels which inhibit aggression. Administration of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases whole brain serotonin, while norepinepherine is largely unaffected, indicating that the anti-aggressive effect may be mediated, in part, by serotonergic mechanisms.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 33 (1973), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Yohimbine ; Intraventricular Administration ; Rat ; Locomotor Activity ; Temperature ; Narcosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of yohimbine injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle on the behaviour of white Wistar rats was investigated. Yohimbine in low doses (1–5 Μg) produced excitatory effects but in high doses (20–100 Μg) it induced central depression.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Neuroleptics ; Dopamine ; Drinking Behaviour ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Hypodipsia produced by injection of d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) or apomorphine (0.8 mg/kg) in rats, was partially antagonized by two DA-specific neuroleptic drugs, Pimozide and Spiramide, respectively. Pimozide revealed a maximal amphetamine-antagonistic effect at dose levels between 0.1–0.4 mg/kg. Hypodipsia could also be produced by Pimozide alone in doses greater than 1.0 mg/kg. Pretreatment of the apomorphine-induced hypodipsia with 0.05 mg/kg Spiramide also reliably counteracted drinking deficits. The interaction of water deprivation combined with the presence or absence of food in the test situation was also examined, but no effect was found. The possibility that perseverative rearing on the hind legs under d-amphetamine might interfere with drinking was tested with high vs. low drinking-tubes in the Pimozide-amphetamine experiments. There was evidence for a slight initial effect of drinking position, but the general form of the dose-response curve was not greatly altered. It was concluded that dopamine effects cannot easily be excluded from a role in the control of drinking, and that the primary role often accorded norepinephrine in relation to amphetamine effects should be re-examined with respect to the specific behavioural functions which are altered.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 345 (1973), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Gastrosecretagogue ; Gastrin ; Rat ; Bile
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of GSP, a gastrosecretagogue fraction extracted from hog pancreas, on bile secretion has been studied in rats provided with a bile duct canula and compared with the effect of antral gastrin. GSP showed no effect on bile secretion, concentration and output of bilirubin and electrolytes in the bile. On the other hand gastrin is significantly increasing bile output, bilirubin concentration and output in the bile. No effect of gastrin on the excretion rate of sodium and potassium in the bile has been observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity for CO ; Cardiac Output ; Oxygen Dissociation Curve ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In rats born in the low pressure chamber from sea level parents a higher hypoxic steady-state pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO was found as compared with controls of similar body weight. This difference could be explained by a difference in age or by an increase of blood O2 capacity. There was no difference in alveolar ventilation and alveolar-arterial O2 pressure differences, a lower cardiac output, no difference in arterial O2 tension, no difference in arterial O2 content but a decreased mixed-venous O2 content as compared with control rats measured at hypoxia. A shift of the standard blood O2 dissociation curve to the right was found in the simulated high altitude exposed rats. Calculated mixed-venous O2 pressure was not altered in these rats; since arterial O2 pressure was the same no difference in mean tissue capillary O2 pressure may be presumed as compared with control animals. The results suggest that the first generation of rats exposed to simulated high altitude for their whole life is not only less adapted than animals exposed in their youth (as described in previous work) but that the ability to promote the O2 transport in time of need in rats born in the low pressure chamber is probably even inferior to that of the controls.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Myoglobin ; Heart ; High Altitude ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Reynafarje's (1963) spectrophotometric method was modified for the study of myoglobin concentration in rat hearts. The influence of age and body weight was evaluated and the age was found to be better correlated with myoglobin concentration than the weight. The influence of simulated altitude of 3500 m was studied in animals exposed to hypoxia at the age of about 34 days and in animals born in the low pressure chamber. In the first group a higher myoglobin concentration was found but only in the right ventricle, together with unilateral hypertrophy, as compared with control animals. In the group of animals born at simulated altitude a severe cardiomegaly developed which was most pronounced in the right ventricle. The myoglobin concentration in the hearts from this group was unchanged in the right ventricle and was lower in the left ventricle and septum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Nigro-neostriatal tract ; Rat ; Survival time ; Fink-Heimer method ; Terminal degeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In the morphological demonstration of the nigro-neostriatal tract, there might be some discrepancies between the results by the histofluorescence method and by the degeneration silver method. The present investigation was undertaken to fill the gap by using the modified Nauta Method (Fink-Heimer) to rats surviving for varying periods after unilateral destruction of the substantia nigra. With survival time of 2–3 days, the Fink-Heimer method could demonstrate evenly and densely distributed argyrophilic spheroidal granules in the ipsilateral caudate putamen. These degenerating granules might represent the terminal degeneration of the nigro-neostriatal tract and probably correspond to the result by the histofluorescence method. From 4 days on the terminal degeneration rapidly decreased in amounts or disappeared, leaving a moderate number of beaded coarse fibers, which remained till 2 weeks. The result indicates the possibilities that the degeneration silver method could also be applicable to the demonstration of amine fibers by choosing staining condition and survival time optimal to each animal species and fiber tract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 255-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Lateral vestibular nucleus ; Giant cells ; Gap junctions ; Electrotonic coupling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Correlation of morphological and electrophysiological data strongly suggest that in rat, the giant cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus (L.V.N.) are electrotonically coupled. 1. in addition to “active zones” large terminals synapsing on the perikaryon and/or the main dendritic trunk of the cells bear “gap” junctions which are interpreted as low electrical resistance pathways between neurons. 2. electrical activity of the giant cells was recorded intracellularly as the vestibulo-spinal tract was stimulated. Graded antidromic stimulation produced graded antidromic depolarizations (G.A.Ds) in 69% of cells with high threshold axons. 3. the latency of the G.A.Ds was too short to allow for chemical transmission through afferents or recurrent collaterals. 4. collision experiments demonstrated that directly evoked spikes blocked the antidromic spikes but did not block the G.A.Ds which thus were accounted for by activation of cells others than the impaled ones. 5. lesion experiments indicated that afferent fibers from the spinal cord terminate exclusively in the dorsal part of the L.V.N. Since G.A.Ds were recorded all throughout the nucleus, they were not excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) from spinal afferents. 6. when the strength of the spinal cord stimulation was increased EPSPs were also generated but they were distinct from the G.A.Ds by their latencies, time course and maximum amplitude. 7. since no direct contact is observed between neurons it is inferred that, as in other documented cases, coupling between giant cells is mediated by way of presynaptic fibers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 18 (1973), S. 374-382 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Growth retardation ; Hypothalamus ; Dorsomedial lesions ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Weanling rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions destroying the areas of the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic nuclei, respectively. Trunk blood was collected at sacrifice (Experiment 1 and 2∶ 31 days, Experiment 3∶ 14 days) for the determination of plasma growth hormone (GH) by radioimmunoassay. Rats with DMN lesions showed consistently normal to slightly elevated plasma GH levels while animals with VMN lesions showed significantly reduced plasma GH levels. Linear growth was reduced by both types of hypothalamic lesions but body weight gains and food intake were reduced only in the DMN lesioned rats. Carcass fat was greatly elevated in VMN lesioned rats, moderately elevated in one experiment in the DMN animals and normal in another experiment. These data confirm a previous hypothesis that growth retardation in DMN rats is not due to low circulating GH level but rather represents a hypocaloric-type dwarfism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 30 (1973), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Plasma Iron Level ; Side Effect of Drugs ; Rat ; Amphetamine ; Chlorpromazin ; Haloperidolum ; Guanethidin ; Reserpine ; α-Methyltyrosine. ; Plasmaeisenspiegel ; Arzneimittelnebenwirkungen ; Ratte ; Amphetamin ; Chlorpromazin ; Raloperidol ; Guanethidin ; Reserpin ; α-Methyltyrosin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 4 Std nach einmaliger Gabe von 24 mg/kg d,l-Amphetamin i.p. kommt es bei Ratten zu einem Abfall des Eisens im Plasma um 40 bis 60 %. Die Reaktion ist nicht mit dem amphetaminbedingten Anstieg von Körpertemperatur und Skeletmuskelarbeit zu erklären, da sie durch Vorbehandlung mit α-Methyltyrosin, Chlorpromazin, Haloperidol, Guanethidin und Reserpin nicht unterdrückt werden kann. Jedes der zur Vorbehandlung verwandten Medikamente löst selbst bei entsprechend hoher Dosierung eine Hyposiderämie aus. 4 Std nach einmaliger Gabe von 200 mg/kg α-Methyltyrosin vermindert sich der Eisenspiegel im Plasma um 55 %, nach 10 mg/kg Chlorpromazin um 11 %, nach 5 mg/kg Haloperidol um 28 % und nach 20 mg/kg Guanethidin um 50 %. Dieser Effekt ist am ausgeprägtesten mit einer Plasmaeisenverminderung um 69 % 20 Std nach Gabe von 20 mg/kg Reserpin. Als möglicher Pathomechanismus der arzneimittelbedingten Hyposiderämie wird die Wirkung der untersuchten sämtlich zentralnervös aktiven Medikamente als “non-specific stressfull agents” sowie der durch ihre toxische Konzentration in Gang gesetzte Entgiftungsmechanismus im RES diskutiert.
    Notizen: Abstract Four hours following a single dose of 25 mg/kg of d, 1-Amphetamine in rats, a 40 to 60 % drop of plasma iron level occurred. This reaction cannot be explained by the Amphetamine-induced rise in body temperature and motor activity, since when pretreated with α-Methyltyrosine, Chlorpromazin, Haloperidolum, Guanethidin and Reserpin this was not observable. All the drugs applied for pretreatment in adequately high doses also induced hyposideremia. Four hours following a single dose of 200 mg/kg of α-Methyltyrosine, plasma iron level was reduced by 55 %, after 10 mg/kg of Chlorpromazin by 11 %, after 5 mg/kg of Haloperidolum by 28 % and after 20 mg/kg of Guanethidin by 50 %. The most pronounced effect (69 % fall) was obtained by 20 hour pretreatment with 20 mg/kg of Reserpin. As possible pathomechanism of the drug induced hyposideremia the applied drugs may be regarded as “non-specific stressfull agents”, or as another possibility, the detoxifying mechanism in RES induced by toxic concentrations of the applied drugs can be considered as responsible for this phenomena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Fenfluramine ; FR Responding ; Behavioural Tolerance ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two experiments on the effects of fenfluramine on FR responding are reported. In Experiment 1 two rats were trained on an FR 10 schedule of reinforcement. After more than 30 h training, intraperitoneal injection of saline, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg fenfluramine were given. Disruption of the initial stages of responding was noted after 2 and 4 mg/kg, with complete disruption of responding in 1 animal after 8 mg/kg administration. In Experiment 2, 2 rats trained on an FR 30 schedule of reinforcement received chronic 15 days administration of 4 mg/kg fenfluramine. Disruption of responding was noted after the first administration. The degree of disruption lessened by the fifteenth day of administration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Lithium ; Social Isolation ; Spontaneous Activity ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Group-housed rats, injected with an acute dosage of 3 meq/kg lithium chloride, were tested on an activity platform either alone or in pairs 20 min or 3 h after drug administration. Contrary to previous findings, rats administered lithium were less active than those treated with saline after both post-injection periods. However the activity of the saline control animals tested alone after 3 h was considerably less than that exhibited by the same group after 20 min. This activity difference, which could be interpreted as a lithium-social or lithium-time interaction, is more simply explained in terms of the effects of the social isolation occuring between drug administration and testing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 29 (1973), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Methamphetamine ; Rat ; Conditioned Aversion ; Saccharin Solution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Holtzman (Sprague-Dawley) rats which were injected in amounts ranging from 0.50–3.0 mg/kg i.p. of methamphetamine avoided a 0.1% saccharin solution which had been paired temporally with the injection, and drank water in a subsequent two-bottle choice situation under non-drug conditions. The aversion persisted for the duration of the experiment, which lasted and obtained whether the animals were fluid-deprived or fluid-satiated. Saline-injected controls, on the other hand, exhibited a 90% saccharin solution preference. Rats which received 0.25 mg/kg contiguous with the drug, or animals given 3.0 mg/kg paired with water, exhibited as extreme a preference for the saccharin solution as did the saline controls. It was concluded that neither a drugmediated taste quality change nor physiological cues associated with thirst were adequate axplanations for the avoidance behavior exhibited, but that the drug was perceived as a noxious stimulus at levels above 0.50 mg/kg under the conditions described above.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Locomotor Activity ; α-Methyl-Para-Tyrosine ; Reserpine ; l-Dopa ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Effect of catecholamine depletion on normal hyperactivity in the neonatal rat was examined. Both α-methyl-para-tyrosine and reserpine significantly depressed behavioral arousal at 15 days postpartum, the age of greatest excitability. Heightened activity could be restored in drug-treated animals by administration of l-Dopa. These results indicate that the ontogenetic hyperactivity effect is a result of accelerated catecholamine function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Catecholamine Hypothesis of Depression ; Animal Model ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two levels of permanent central norepinephrine depletion were obtained in rats by lesioning these neurons with small quantities of intraventricularly-applied 6-hydroxydopamine, and the effects of these lesions on a variety of standard tests of activity and emotional reactivity were studied. Both lesioned groups showed altered emotional reactivity; however, only the animals with less extensive lesions were hyperactive in running wheels, showed heightened shock-elicited aggression, were hyper-responsive to handling, and had a potentiated amphetamine-activation effect. It is suggested that these exaggerated behaviors reflected the sensitization and regeneration of partially lesioned noradrenergic circuits. These data are discussed in terms of the catecholamine hypothesis of depression.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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