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  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (214)
  • 1820-1829
  • MRI  (121)
  • Apoptosis  (93)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1691-1696 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Herniography ; MRI ; Hernia ; Groin pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aims of the present study were to assess if MRI gives the same diagnostic information as herniography concerning the presence of hernias and reveals other causes of groin pain. The prospective study enrolled 20 patients referred for herniography, 6 women and 14 men, mean age 48 years. After herniography the patients underwent MRI using T1-weighted, fat-suppressed inversion recovery (STIR), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) pulse sequences. No contrast medium was administered at MRI. Herniography revealed 11 hernias and MRI depicted 8 of these. Magnetic resonance imaging depicted well the anatomy in the groins. In 3 patients where hernias were not revealed, MRI revealed inflammatory changes in the symphysis region as a possible cause of groin pain. The primary diagnostic tool for diagnosing hernias is herniography. If the herniogram is normal, MRI may reveal other causes of groin pain and may also better visualize related structures in the groin.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Ovarian cancer ; Lesion characterization ; Recurrence ; PET ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare prospectively the accuracy of whole-body positron emission tomography (PET), CT and MRI in diagnosing primary and recurrent ovarian cancer. Nineteen patients (age range 23–76 years) were recruited with suspicious ovarian lesions at presentation (n = 8) or follow-up for recurrence (n = 11). All patients were scheduled for laparotomy and histological confirmation. Whole-body PET with FDG, contrast-enhanced spiral CT of the abdomen, including the pelvis, and MRI of the entire abdomen were performed. Each imaging study was evaluated separately. Imaging findings were correlated with histopathological diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for lesion characterization in patients with suspicious ovarian lesions (n = 7) were, respectively: 100, 67 and 86 % for PET; 100, 67 and 86 % for CT; and 100, 100 and 100 % for MRI. For the diagnosis of recurrent disease (n = 10), PET had a sensitivity of 100 %, specificity of 50 % and accuracy of 90 %. The PET technique was the only technique which correctly identified a single transverse colon metastasis. Results for CT were 40, 50 and 43 %, and for MRI 86, 100 and 89 %, respectively. No statistically significant difference was seen. Neither FDG PET nor CT nor MRI can replace surgery in the detection of microscopic peritoneal disease. No statistically significant difference was observed for the investigated imaging modalities with regard to lesion characterization or detection of recurrent disease; thus, the methods are permissible alternatives. The PET technique, however, has the drawback of less accurate spatial assignment of small lesions compared with CT and MRI.
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  • 103
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    Springer
    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 780-782 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Uterus ; Endometrial stromal sarcoma ; Uterine myometrium ; Uterine leiomyoma ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Two cases of uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma whose main mass was located in uterine myometrium are reported. They mimicked uterine leiomyoma with cystic degeneration or uterine leiomyosarcoma. Endometrial stromal sarcoma should be suggested in the differential diagnosis of mass lesion in uterine myometrium.
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  • 104
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    Springer
    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 832-840 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Osteochondroma ; Complications ; Chondrosarcoma ; Bone tumors ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Osteochondromas can be complicated by mechanical irritation, compression or injury of adjacent structures, fracture, malignant transformation, and postoperative recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging represents the most valuable imaging modality in symptomatic cases, because it can demonstrate typical features of associated soft tissue pathology, which can be differentiated from malignant transformation. Reactive bursae formation presents as an overlying fluid collection with peripheral contrast enhancement. Dislocation, deformation, and signal alterations of adjacent soft tissue structures can be observed in different impingement syndromes caused by osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent demonstration of arterial and venous compromise and represents the method of choice in cases with compression of spinal cord, nerve roots, or peripheral nerves, depicting changes in size, position, and signal intensity of the affected neural structures. Malignant transformation as the most worrisome complication occurs in approximately 1 % of solitary and 5–25 % of multiple osteochondromas. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate method in measuring cartilage cap thickness, which represents an important criterion for differentiation of osteochondromas and exostotic (low-grade) chondrosarcomas. Cartilage cap thickness exceeding 2 cm in adults and 3 cm in children should raise the suspicion for malignant transformation. Finally, MR imaging can detect postoperative recurrence by depiction of a recurrent mass presenting typical morphological features of a cartilage-forming lesion.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words:18FDG-PET ; Osteomyelitis ; Antigranulocyte antibody scintigraphy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this report is to discuss FDG-PET as a potentially new imaging tool in the diagnosis of infections of osteosynthetic material. We present a patient with a poly-trauma who developed a chronic osteomyelitis and ostitis after repeated osteosynthesis in a fibular transplant to the left femur. Work up included MRI, antigranulocyte antibody scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET) with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Infection of the fibular transplant was demonstrated clearly by PET but not by the other methods. Positron emission tomography may become an important indication in the diagnosis and follow-up of bone infection.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lumbar spine ; Ganglion cyst ; Posterior longitudinal ligament ; Radiculopathy ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A 35-year-old man with a long history of left L5 radicular pain was found to have an intraspinal cystic lesion causing radicular compression. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a round lesion situated in the anterior epidural space, with uniform high signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences characteristic of a cystic lesion. During surgery a liquid-containing cyst originating from the posterior longitudinal ligament was punctured and resected. The histologic aspect was that of a ganglion cyst without synovial layers. The radiologic differential diagnoses are discussed.
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  • 107
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 786-801 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: CT ; MRI ; Colon ; Colonography ; Virtual colonoscopy ; Colorectal polyp ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. With the introduction of multidetector technology in CT and the moveable table with integrated coil modules in MRI, the concept of multiorgan screening has become realistic. CT colonography and MR colonography are new radiologic techniques that promise to be highly sensitive colorectal screening examinations. This article reviews the current status and research directions in CT colonography and MR colonography, and compares these methods.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Eye injuries ; CT ; MRI ; Eye foreign body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Detection and characterization of intraorbital foreign bodies (IFB) is fundamental in acute trauma setting, preventing inflammatory sequelae or complications related to IFB movements when a MRI study is planned. Papers concerning plain film and CT sensibility in IFB detection show controversial results. For this reason we investigated plain film, CT and MRI sensibility in the evaluation of IFB. For an in vitro model, specimens of dry and fresh wood, glass, iron, plastic and graphite were immersed in animal lard and in a 0.9 % sodium chloride plus 3.5 g/dl human serum albumin solution. Specimens of different size and nature where also implanted into enucleated pig eyes. Air bubbles were introduced also. Plain film, CT and MRI investigation were performed. Plain films underestimated intraocular IFB as plastic, fresh or dry wooden IFB were not demonstrated. The CT study was always able to depict and differentiate IFB according to the attenuation values. Severe artefacts prevented demonstration of iron, glass and graphite IFB on MRI, whereas plastic or wooden IFB were always detected. Despite radiographs have been suggested as a prerequisite for MR imaging, because our results showed plain film to underestimate radiolucent IFB, we suggest CT as the modality of choice when IFB has to be ruled out.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Brain ; MRI ; Neoplasms ; Diffusion image ; Echo-planar MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We assess diffusion-weighted MR images in the differential diagnosis of intracranial brain tumors and tumor-like conditions. Heavily diffusion-weighted (b = 1100 or 1200 s/mm2) axial images were obtained with single-shot echo-planar technique in 93 patients with pathologically confirmed various intracranial tumors and tumor-like conditions with diffusion gradient perpendicular to the images. We compared signal intensity of the lesions with those of gray and white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In 29 cases (31.1 %) the lesions were isointense to gray and/or white matter. However, 5 cases (5.4 %) showed extremely increased signal intensity: two epidermoid cysts; two chordomas; and one brain abscess. The entire portion of a tumor was markedly hyperintense in 10 cases (10.8 %): four malignant lymphomas; four medulloblastomas; one germinoma; and one pineoblastoma. A CSF-like hypointense signal was seen in many cystic tumors, and cystic or necrotic portions of tumors. A neurosarcoid granulation was the only solid lesion showing characteristically a hypointense signal like CSF. The combination of markedly hyperintense and hypointense signals was seen generally in hemorrhagic tumors. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging is useful in the differential diagnosis of brain tumors and tumor-like conditions, and suggests specific histological diagnosis in some cases.
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  • 110
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 290-295 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Blake's pouch cyst ; Dandy-Walker complex ; Dandy-Walker malformation ; Posterior fossa malformation ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections within the posterior fossa are defined by the Dandy-Walker complex (DWC) and by arachnoid cysts (AC). The DWC includes the Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), the Dandy-Walker variant (DWV) and the mega-cisterna magna (MCM). In addition, Tortori-Donati et al. added persistent Blake's pouch cyst (BPC) as an independent entity within the DWC. BPC represents a posterior ballooning of the superior medullary velum into the cisterna magna. All of these malformations are overlapping developmental anomalies characterized by varying degrees of malformation of the medullary vela, the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres, the fourth ventricle choroid plexus, the posterior fossa subarachnoid cisterns and the enveloping meningeal structures. We present two cases of persistent BPC detected in two adult women without history of gestational or subsequent growth problems. They underwent neuroradiological investigation because of headache and because of recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness, respectively. The MRI findings included tetraventricular hydrocephalus, wide communication of the fourth ventricle and the cystic posterior fossa (i. e. BPC), inferior posterior fossa mass effect with or without hypoplasia of both the cerebellar vermis and the medial aspects of the cerebellar hemispheres, and absence of communication between fourth ventricle and the basal subarachnoid space in the midline posteriorly. Persistent BPC is defined by a failure of embryonic assimilation of the area membranacea anterior within the tela choroidea associated with imperforation of the foramen of Magendie. Typically this condition becomes symptomatic early in life. In the current cases the normal function of the laterally positioned foramina of Luschka probably helped to maintain some CSF flow between intraventricular and subarachnoid spaces, with the establishment of a precarious equilibrium characterized by a compensatory enlargement of the cerebral ventricular system (i. e. hydrocephalus).
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  • 111
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 998-1010 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Virale Enzephalitis ; MRT ; Herpes-simplex-Virus ; HIV ; Keywords Virus encephalitis ; MRI ; Herpes simplex virus ; HIV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The diagnostic procedure in viral encephalitis is based on the synopsis of clinical signs and symptoms, serological data, CSF analysis and diagnostic imaging findings. This article summarizes the findings of those viral encephalitides most frequently encountered in Western Europe. MRI is more sensitive than CT for the detection of inflammatory brain lesions due to the higher contrast resolution. The pattern of parenchymal damage is highly specific in only some viral encephalitides (e. g., the frequently hemorrhagic lesions of structures of the limbic system in herpes simplex virus type I encephalitis; the symmetric and confluent lesions of the frontal white matter of progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy in AIDS). In the majority of viral encephalitides MRI demonstrates the location and extension of parenchymal damage. The specific diagnosis in terms of the causative agent is based on serological studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnostik viraler Enzephalitiden basiert auf der synoptischen Auswertung klinischer, serologischer, liquoranalytischer und bildgebend erhobener Befunde. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die entsprechenden Befunde der häufigsten in Westeuropa viral verursachten Enzephalitiden dargestellt. Generell ist bei entzündlichen Läsionen des Hirnparenchyms die Kernspintomographie (MRT) aufgrund ihrer hohen Weichteilkontrastauflösung der Computertomographie (CT) hinsichtlich der Nachweissensitivität überlegen. Bei einigen viralen Enzephalitiden ist das kernspintomographisch erfassbare Schädigungsmuster hochspezifisch. Die gilt z. B. für die häufig hämorrhagischen Läsionen der Strukturen des limbischen Systems bei der Herpes-simplex-Virus-Typ-1-Enzephalitis und für die flächenhaft symmetrischen Marklagerläsionen bei der progressiven diffusen Leukenzephalopathie bei AIDS-Patienten. Bei der Mehrzahl der viralen Enzephalitiden weist die MRT zwar die Lokalisation und Ausdehnung der Parenchymschädigung nach, erlaubt jedoch keine sichere Zuordnung zu einem Erreger.
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  • 112
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 18-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; MRT ; Neugeborene ; Cerebrum ; Fetus ; Key words ; MRI ; Neonatal ; Brain ; Fetal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) has become the most important method in the workup of infantile cerebral complications after primary sonography. Cerebral MR examination and image interpretation during the infantile period require extensive knowledge of morphological manifestations, their pathophysiological background, and frequency. The choice of imaging parameters and image interpretation is demonstrated in infarctions and hemorrhages of the mature and immature brain. A review of the main differential diagnoses is also given. The relevance of MR spectroscopy and fetal MRI is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Abklärung zerebraler Veränderungen bei Neugeborenen hat sich die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) als wichtigste weiterführende Methode nach der Sonographie entwickelt. Die Durchführung und Auswertung der MR-Untersuchungen erfordern jedoch eine genaue Kenntnis der morphologischen Manifestationen, des pathophysiologischen Hintergrunds und der Häufigkeit bestimmter zerebraler Komplikationen in diesem Lebensalter. Resümee: Ausgehend von zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen werden diese Fragen behandelt, wobei sowohl auf die Auswahl der adäquaten Untersuchungsparameter als auch auf die Bildinterpretation und die wichtigsten Differentialdiagnosen eingegangen wird. Die Bedeutung von MR-Spektroskopie und fetaler MRT wird diskutiert.
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  • 113
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 469-472 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Nutritialgefäßkanäle ; Os lunatum ; Lunatummalazie ; Ganglion ; Ulnaimpaktionssyndrom ; Key words Nutrient vessel canals ; Lunate bone ; MRI ; Kienböcks disease ; Ulna impaction syndrome ; Carpal ganglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: To find and describe potential MRI criteria of nutrient vessel canals of carpal bones. Methods and Material: 16 wrists of 13 patients with pain and radiographic depiction of cystic changes within the lunate were examined. The MRI protocol included coronal and sagittal T1- and T2-weighted SE sequences (4 mm slices, 120 FOV, 256×256 matrix) as well as coronal STIR images. Final diagnosis was confirmed by surgery (n=5) and follow up. 10 cadaveric ossa lunata were studied to describe size, number, location and shape of nutrient vessel canals. Results: Ganglion cysts (n=6) showed characteristic signs. In ulnar impaction syndrome (n=1) small cystic lesions in the lunate were surrounded by a sclerotic rim and located near the proximal ulnar surface. In Kienböck’s disease (n=3) cystic components were irregular and surrounded by bone marrow edema. Nutrient vessel canals (n=7) imaged as 1 to 3 small cystic lesions within the palmar or dorsal subchondral region. Conclusion: MRI can aid in differential diagnosis of cystic carpal lesions. Nutrient vessel canals may not be mistaken for pathologic cystic lesions. Carpal ganglion cysts show distinct diagnostic pattern.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Sind karpale Nutritialgefäßkanäle auf MRI Bildern sichtbar und welche differentialdiagnostischen Kriterien lassen sich finden. Material und Methode: In 16 Fällen lagen bei 13 Patienten röntgenologisch wenige mm bis 2 cm große zystische Läsionen im Os lunatum vor. Das MRT-Protokoll umfaßte koronare und sagittale T1- und T2-gewichtete SE-Sequenzen mit 4 mm Schichtdicke, 120 mm Meßfeld und 2562 Matrix sowie koronare STIR-Sequenzen. Die Diagnosesicherung erfolgte durch Operation in 5 Fällen sowie Verlaufskontrollen. 10 mazerierte Ossa lunata wurden auf Form, Lokalisation, Anzahl und Größe der Nutritialgefäßkanäle untersucht. Ergebnisse: Ganglien (n=6) wiesen typische Zeichen auf. Im Falle eines Ulnaimpaktionssyndroms bei Ulna-Nullvariante wurden mehrere kleine zystische Läsionen im Os lunatum gefunden, umgeben von einem Sklerosesaum. Bei 3 Fällen einer frühen Lunatummalazie waren unregelmäßige zystische Komponenten von einem diffusen Ödem umgeben. In 7 Fällen mit sehr kleinen zystischen Defekten waren diese subchondral, palmar und dorsal gelegen und entsprachen aufgrund des klinischen Verlaufs und der Lokalisation Nutritialgefäßkanälen. Schlußfolgerung: Nutritialgefäßkanäle dürfen nicht mit pathologischen zystischen Prozessen des Os lunatums verwechselt werden. Mittels MRT können zystische Läsionen im und am Os lunatum weiter spezifiziert werden. Handgelenksganglien weisen typische MR-Zeichen auf.
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  • 114
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 557-560 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Plasmazell-Osteomyelitis ; Magnetresonanztomografie ; Wirbelsäule ; Key words Plasmacellular osteomyelitis ; MRI ; Spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The authors report the case of a young patient suffering from plasmacellular osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine, a unusual localisation of this type of chronic osteomyelitis. They discuss the role of imaging diagnostic modalities in this disease, focussing on MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über den Fall einer jungen Patientin mit Plasmazell-Osteomyelitis an der Brustwirbelsäule als ungewöhnliche Lokalisation dieser chronischen Osteomyelitis-Form. Dabei wird die Rolle der bildgebenden Diagnostik, insbesondere der Magnetresonanztomografie diskutiert.
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  • 115
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1832-1835 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Platyspondyly ; MRI ; Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia ; Bone ; Osteochondrodysplasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A rare case of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) in a 9-year-old girl is presented. Clinically, chronic painless swollen joints, accompanied by progressive motion restriction and progressive walking difficulties, were found. Radiologically, there was enlargement of the epimetaphyseal portions of the large joints, metacarpal heads, and phalanges, and generalized platyspondyly with irregular delineation of the endplates of the vertebral bodies. The radioclinical features at the peripheral joints were originally misdiagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and the structural spinal abnormalities were neglected and interpreted as Scheuermann's disease. However, the absence of active inflammatory parameters argues against JRA, whereas the low age of onset of the irregularities at the vertebral endplates is an argument against the diagnosis of Scheuermann's disease. The combination of the dysplastic abnormalities of the spine, with platyspondyly and Scheuermann-like lesions at an unusually low age of onset, and radiological features mimicking JRA of the peripheral joints, is the clue to the diagnosis of this rare autosomal-recessive disease. This case is the first to document the MRI features of PPD of the spine.
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  • 116
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    European radiology 10 (2000), S. 1242-1244 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Muscle anomalies ; Median nerve compression ; Wrist ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Muscle anomalies around the wrist, in particular the palmaris longus muscle, may cause effort-related median nerve compression. A search of the medical records at our university hospital between 1994 and 1999 revealed four patients with an effort-related median nerve compression due to a reversed palmaris longus muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in the patient work-up and showed an anomalous muscle in each case that had been missed initially. All four patients were free of pain after simple excision of the anomalous muscle. Awareness of muscle anomalies at the wrist on MR imaging is essential in evaluating patients with nerve compressions at the wrist. The purpose of this article is to heighten this awareness in radiologists.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Thorax ; Mediastinum ; Lymphangioma ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Adult mediastinal lymphangiomas are rare lesions the diagnosis of which is difficult based on imaging studies. A retrospective study of CT, MR, and pathologic findings of mediastinal lymphangioma was performed in order to correlate pathological and imaging findings. Nine cases of adult lymphangiomas were identified in the records of our institution over a 12-year period. The CT, MR, and pathologic findings were reviewed. Lesions were classified pathologically as unilocular, cavernous, and intermediate types. Pathologic examination identified six cases of unilocular lesion, two cases of cavernous type, and one intermediate type. The CT features (n = 9) included a smoothly marginated non-enhancing mass of water attenuation (n = 7), a non-enhancing mass of soft tissue attenuation (n = 1), and an enhancing multiseptated mass (n = 1). Lesions were located in the anterior mediastinum (n = 2), right paratracheal (n = 4), subcarinal (n = 1), aortopulmonic window (n = 1) areas, and below the left hilum extending into the posterior mediastinum (n = 1). The MR features (n = 3) were characterized by an enhancing multicystic and multiseptated appearance, evocative of a cavernous type in two cases. The CT appearance of mediastinal thoracic lymphangioma is variable depending on the pathologic type. The most common unilocular type is a non-enhancing thin-walled mass on CT. A less frequent cavernous type can be suggested based on a multiseptated and loculated mass on CT and/or MR examination.
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  • 118
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    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 10 (2000), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy ; Syringomyelia ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of syringomyelia associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy is presented. A decompressive cervical laminectomy was performed. The patient improved gradually after operation. It is concluded that the choice of surgical treatment in cases with syringomyelia associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy requires a careful neurological and radiological examination based on the findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cine-MRI.
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  • 119
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    European spine journal 9 (2000), S. 426-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Osteoid osteoma ; MRI ; Inflammatory reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of 14-year-old male patient with osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large dumbbell-shaped paravertebral tumor in the region of the exiting left C6 nerve. A computed tomographic (CT) scan after myelography showed a much smaller bony defect in the medial aspect of the left C6 pedicle with central calcification and extensive bone sclerosis around the defect, typical of osteoid osteoma. The diagnosis was confirmed postoperatively. The resected specimen exhibited extensive vascularization of the osteoid tissue. The case is presented because MRI did not allow a specific diagnosis of osteoid osteoma, and suggested the tumor was larger than in reality it was, by also depicting the reactive inflammation around the tumor as if it were part of the tumor.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Chronic low back pain ; Erector spinae muscle ; MRI ; Muscle biopsy ; Fibre type ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have documented an association between chronic low back pain (LBP) and deficits in back muscle strength and endurance. The sub-optimal performance is believed to be the result of alterations in the size and structure of the muscle, although the long-standing issue of whether the observed changes precede or are a consequence of the pain remains unresolved. If consequent to the problem, and predominantly related to disuse of the muscles, then it may be expected that a relationship between muscle structure and symptom duration would exist. Lumbar paraspinal muscle samples were obtained from 59 chronic LBP patients using the percutaneous biopsy technique. The samples were subject to routine histochemical analysis for the examination of muscle fibre type characteristics and cytochemical architectural changes. In 55 of the patients, the gross cross-sectional areas of magnetic resonance images of the trunk muscles were also measured. Multivariate analysis showed that symptom duration was the strongest predictor of the individual proportions of the fast-fatigable type IIX fibres; with age and gender included in the model, nearly 30% of the variance in fibre type distribution could be accounted for. Duration of pain had no influence on fibre size. Gross muscle cross-sectional area correlated directly with lean body mass and inversely with age, but showed no relationship with symptom duration. Pathological changes in the internal fibre structure were more frequently encountered in older patients, and were independent of symptom duration. The results suggest that, over the long term, fibre type transformations rather than alterations in fibre size are the predominant changes to be found in the muscles of chronic LBP patients. The direction of change supports the results of many previous studies that have demonstrated corresponding differences in the fatigability of the muscles. There is a strong case for the early implementation of active measures to attempt to offset the development of these changes in back pain patients.
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  • 121
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    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 49 (2000), S. 335-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Immunotherapy ; CD95 ; Lymphocyte activation ; Apoptosis ; Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A variety of malignancies express Fas ligand (FasL), which can induce apoptosis in effector lymphocytes and may limit the success of cellular immunotherapy. Our laboratory has been investigating a population of ex vivo activated T cells, termed cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. These cells share functional and phenotypic properties with natural killer cells and a subset of cytolytic cells have the phenotype CD3+CD56+. CIK cells expand in culture, have significant antitumor activity and are presently being tested in phase I/II clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the sensitivity of CIK cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Fas engagement leads to apoptosis in small numbers of CIK cells and does not significantly influence antitumor cytotoxicity. CIK cells will undergo apoptosis following Fas engagement when protein synthesis is inhibited, suggesting the expression of antiapoptotic genes. Evaluation of antiapoptotic gene transcripts shows an up-regulation in the expression of cFLIP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, DAD1 and survivin. Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis may come about through an in vitro selection for Fas resistance, since CIK cells synthesize FasL and supernatant from CIK cultures contains biologically active soluble FasL, which can be inhibited with Fas:Fc. These results indicate that CIK cells are a suitable form of immunotherapy against FasL-positive tumors.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Fluoroacetate ; Apoptosis ; Testis ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluoroacetate (FA), an inhibitor of aconitase, is known to lower the intracellular level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which recently has been suggested to be a possible determinant of the form of cell death, apoptosis or necrosis. To investigate which form of germ cell death occurs in FA-induced testicular toxicity, adult Sprague Dawley rats were given a single oral dose of FA (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) and euthanized at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h thereafter. Germ cell degeneration was histologically first found in early round spermatids at stage I and in spermatogonia at stages II-IV of seminiferous tubules 6 and 12 h, respectively, after dosing. Degenerating spermatogonia exhibited characteristic features of apoptosis as demonstrated by both electron microscopy and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), whereas spermatids did not. At the 24 and 48 h time points, degenerating spermatids were continually present and subsequently formed multinucleated giant cells, while the number of degenerating spermatogonia and TUNEL-labeled spermatogonia was drastically and/or significantly decreased compared to those from the control group, indicating that spontaneous male germ cell apoptosis is inhibited. Coincident with these morphological changes, DNA laddering on gel electrophoresis was apparent only 12 h after dosing. The results demonstrate that FA induces either apoptosis or necrosis of male germ cells in the early stage after dosing and subsequently inhibits spontaneous apoptosis.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Fumonisin B1 ; C6 Glioma cells ; DNA fragmentation ; Comet assay ; Apoptosis ; Prevention by Vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fumonisin B1 (FB1), produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, belongs to a class of sphingosine analogue mycotoxins that occur widely in the food chain. Epidemiological studies have associated consumption of Fusarium moniliforme-contaminated food with human oesophageal cancer in China and South Africa. FB1 also causes equine leucoencephalomalacia. Evidence for induction of apoptosis by FB1 was first obtained when C6 glioma cells were incubated with fumonisin B1 (3–27 μM) causing DNA fragmentation profiles showing DNA laddering in gel electrophoresis and apoptotic bodies revealed by chromatin staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. Further confirmation experiments and comet assays have been performed under similar conditions. The results of the comet test show that FB1 at 9 and 18 μM induces respectively 50 ± 2% and 40 ± 1% of cells with a comet with an increased tail length of 93 ± 9 μm and 102 ± 17 μm respectively. Under these concentrations, FB1 induced DNA fragmentation and laddering and many apoptotic bodies. Pre-incubation of the cells with vitamin E (25 μM) for 24 h before FB1 (18 μM) significantly reduced DNA fragmentation and apoptotic bodies induced by FB1.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Acetaminophen ; Hepatotoxicity ; Apoptosis ; bcl-XL expression ; DNA fragmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The protein BCL-XL and protein product of proto-oncogene bcl-2 act as apoptosis antagonists, and BCL-XS serve as a dominant death promoter, including apoptosis following exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs. This investigation examined whether some aspects of the highly integrated process of acetaminophen (AAP)-induced hepatotoxicity involve down-regulation or upregulation of expression of BCL-2, BCL-XL and BCL-XS in mouse liver in vivo. Male ICR mice (CD-1; 35–45 g) were treated ip with a hepatotoxic dose of AAP (500 mg/kg) and sacrificed 0, 6, and 18 h later. Blood was collected upon sacrifice for determination of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and the liver was sectioned for histopathological diagnosis of necrosis/apoptosis. Portions of liver tissues were also used for DNA extraction (for gel electrophoresis) and Western blot analysis. This study demonstrates that administration of a hepatotoxic dose of AAP to ICR mice results in severe liver injury (ALT leakage 〉200-fold at 6 h and 〉600-fold at 18 h) leading to massive cell death by apoptosis (diagnosed by nuclear ultrastructure, histopathology, and DNA ladder), in addition to necrosis coupled with spectacular changes in the BCL-XL expression (6 and 18 h after AAP administration). Western blot analysis of the liver proteins revealed that mouse liver expresses two proteins, BCL-XL and BCL-XS, and does not express BCL-2. As the toxicity progressed, during 6 and 18 h post-AAP administration, the BCL-XL protein band shifted to a slower mobility band which might represent a phosphorylated form of BCL-XL. Appearance of this higher molecular weight BCL-XL protein band correlated with massive apoptotic death of liver cells along with ladder-like DNA fragmentation. In the same time period, death inhibitory gene bcl-2 remained unexpressed, and the level of expression of BCL-XS remained unaltered. Whether the consistent level of expression of BCL-XS reflected inability of AAP to influence its expression remains unknown. Unaltered expression of BCL-XS in the near total absence of BCL-2 expression raises questions regarding the death promoting role of BCL-XS in vivo. The precise role of modified form of BCL-XL remains elusive. However, this study may have demonstrated for the first time drug-induced changes in the expression of anti-apoptotic gene BCL-XL, and a positive link between AAP-induced apoptotic death and modification of BCL-XL protein in vivo.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Genetics ; Presenilin-1 intron 8 polymorphism ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that apoptosis is involved in the abnormal neural death that occurs in this devastating disease. Presenilin-1, a transmembrane protein, seems to be implicated in apoptosis. To determine whether presenilin-1 intron 8 polymorphism has an influence in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we examined this polymorphism genotypes in a large group of patients (n=72) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in a random sample of 213 healthy individuals. The results showed a significant difference in genotype (P 〈 0.04) and allele (P 〈 0.03) distribution between patients and controls. These results suggest a possible intervention of presenilin-1 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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  • 126
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. I37 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Motoneuron ; Motoneuron disease ; RNA ¶metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Knockout mouse ; Animal model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Childhood spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive disorder which is characterized by muscle weakness due to degeneration of motoneurons in the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. Positional cloning strategies have revealed several gene candidates including the genes for the survival motoneuron (SMN) and the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP). Both genes are duplicated on chromosome 5. Homozygous deletions/mutations of the telomeric SMN gene, which is expressed from both copies on human chromosome 5, are associated with the disease. Recent reports suggest involvement of the SMN protein in the formation of spliceosomal particles in the cytoplasm and in the regeneration of spliceosomes in the nucleus. These data put spinal muscular atrophy into a growing group of disorders of RNA metabolism which also include fragile-X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Relevance of these previous data for the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed in this review.
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  • 127
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    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. II11 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key Words Diagnosis ; MRI ; MRS ; Parkinson’s disease ; SPECT ; PET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the relative abilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to detect Parkinson’s disease and monitor its progression. Currently, the main role of MRI lies in its ability to discriminate atypical syndromes from Parkinson’s disease; however, new volumetric approaches may soon allow progression of nigral degeneration to be followed. Proton MRS can also detect reduced levels of putamen N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in many patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes. PET and SPECT are both sensitive means of detecting the presence of impaired dopamine terminal function in the striatum and following its progression. PET currently has the greater spatial resolution and provides the added advantages that it also allows extra-striatal dopaminergic function to be monitored.
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  • 128
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    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 264 (2000), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Key words Thecoma ; Ascites ; CA125 ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a 34-year-old woman with an ovarian thecoma and ascites who exhibited high serum levels of CA125. Measuring serum tumor markers and imaging are two important diagnostic tools for malignant ovarian tumors. In the present case, a preoperative diagnosis of benign ovarian tumor could not be made due to the elevation of CA125 (895 U/ml) and nonspecific MRI findings.
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  • 129
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Spheroids ; Cell viability ; Apoptosis ; Necrosis ; Hepatocellular carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: We have shown previously that 1 mM ethanol reduces cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in monolayers of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. However, in vivo liver tumors are usually three-dimensional and multicellular. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effect of ethanol in multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) as a model system in vitro. Methods: After the application of 1 mM ethanol for 24 h and 48 h, viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells within MCTS were stained with specific fluorescent dyes, and their amount and distribution within the MCTS were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. To evaluate the effect on HepG2 cell migration and cell proliferation, the outgrowth potential after 1 week in culture was evaluated. Results: As assessed by YO-PRO-1 staining, ethanol increased the number of apoptotic cells from 21.5 units (U) in control spheroids to 364 U and 482.2 U after 24 h and 48 h in ethanol-treated spheroids, respectively (P 〈 0.001). Merocyanine staining fluorescence increased from 10.7 U in the control to 122 U after 24 h and 293.2 U after 48 h (P 〈 0.001). Cell viability, as determined by staining with the acetoxymethyl ester of calcein, decreased from 578.5 U in the control to 236 U and 73.4 U after 24 h and 48 h of ethanol exposure respectively (P 〈 0.001). Necrosis showed an increase from 2 U in control to 24.9 after 24 h and 54 U after 48 h. MCTS treated with ethanol showed almost complete inhibition of outgrowth potential after 1 week in culture, compared to controls (P 〈 0.005). Conclusions: Small concentrations of ethanol (1 mM) induced apoptosis in HepG2 MCTS with a concomitant inhibition on outgrowth potential, accompanied with a low degree of necrosis. These findings suggest that low concentrations of ethanol may already be sufficient for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key wordsN4-Alkyl-AraC derivatives ; NOAC-AraC dimer ; Cytotoxicity ; Apoptosis ; Drug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) derivative N 4-octadecyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NOAC) and its (5′ → 5′)-heterodinucleoside phosphate analog NOAC-AraC were compared with AraC for cytotoxicity, cell-cycle dependence, phosphorylation by deoxycytidine (dC) kinase and apoptosis induction in native, AraC- or NOAC-resistant HL-60 cells. NOAC was cytotoxic in all cells with three to seven-fold lower IC50 concentrations than those of NOAC-AraC or AraC. In contrast to NOAC-AraC, the lipophilic monomer NOAC overcame AraC resistance, inducing apoptosis in more than 80% of native and AraC-resistant HL-60 cells. This suggests that NOAC-AraC may be cleaved intracellularly only at very slow rates to AraC and NOAC or to the 5′-monophosphates, whereas NOAC exerts different mechanisms of action from AraC. In vitro the dimer was cleaved by phosphodiesterase or human serum to NOAC, AraC and AraC monophosphate. In contrast to AraC, N 4-alkylated AraC derivatives with alkyl chains ranging from 6–18 C atoms were not substrates for dC kinase. Furthermore, treatment of the multidrug-resistant cell lines KB-ChR-8-5 and KB-V1 with the N 4-hexadecyl-AraC derivative NHAC did not induce P-170 glycoprotein expression, suggesting that the N 4-alkyl-AraC derivatives are able to circumvent MDR1 multidrug resistance. The in vivo activity of liposomal NOAC in a human acute lymphatic leukemia xenograft model confirmed the antitumor activity of this representative of the N 4-alkyl-arabinofuranosylcytosines.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Keywords Fecal incontinence ; Constipation ; MRI ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study assessed the value of common surface coil mag-netic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with evacuatory disorders including fecal incontinence and constipation. These findings were then compared with those from other standard physiological examinations and/or surgical findings. From July 1996 to June 1997, 14 consecutive patients underwent surface coil MRI for evaluation of either fecal incontinence (n=5) or constipation (n=9). In patients with incontinence we compared the findings from endoanal ultrasound (EAUS), anal MRI, and surgery regarding morphopathological findings of the internal and external anal sphincter components. In constipated patients the findings of videoprography and dynamic pelvic MRI were compared regarding the presence of rectocele, rectoanal intussusception, and sigmoidocele as well as the measurements of anorectal angle and perineal descent. The five incontinent patients were all women, with a median age of 67 years (range 43–77). EAUS revealed an anterior sphincter defect in two patients, a posterior defect in one, and normal anal sphincter images in two. Surgical findings confirmed an anterior external anal sphincter scar in two patients, an internal anal sphincter defect in one, and an anatomically normal anal sphincter in two. In one patient, although anal MRI showed posterior external anal sphincter defect, EAUS and surgery revealed normal external anal sphincter appearance. The accuracy rate between EAUS and anal MRI was only 20%, that between surgery and anal MRI 40%, and that between surgery and EAUS 80%. Thus EAUS was more accurate than anal MRI in incontinent patients. The nine constipated patients were all women, with a mean age of 59 years (range 40–78). Videoproctography revealed an anterior rectocele in six patients, rectoanal intussusception in three, and sigmoidocele in five; no abnormalities were identified in two patients. On dynamic pelvic MRI anterior rectocele was seen in three patients and sigmoidocele in two, and five studies were interpreted as normal. One of the patients underwent sigmoidectomy for sigmoidocele, and five patients were treated by biofeedback. Thus the accuracy rate of dynamic pelvic MRI against videoproctography was 60% for anterior rectocele, 40% for sigmoidocele, and zero for rectoanal intussusception. In conclusion, neither MRI for the evaluation of patients with fecal incontinence nor for the evaluation of patients with constipation added any significant information that would warrant its continued use in these patient groups. Perhaps the more widespread availability of an endoanal coil will alter this conclusion; however, at the present time we cannot routinely endorse the expense, time, or inconvenience of these MRI investigations in patients with these diagnoses. Larger prospective comparative studies are required prior to endorsing the technique.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Keywords Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ; Colon cancer ; Apoptosis ; Caspase ; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of and mortality from colon cancer. In addition, NSAIDs reduce the number and the size of polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The mechanisms responsible for the antineoplastic effect of NSAIDs are not yet completely understood, but one of the possible mechanisms is an induction of apoptosis. We explored the role of caspase-3, a major apoptosis-executing enzyme, in NSAID-induced apoptosis of colon cancer cell line HT-29. Treatment of HT-29 cells with indomethacin induced a dramatic increase in caspase-3-like protease activity measured by a cleavage of the fluorogenic substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC. Western blot analysis showed that indomethacin treatment led both to decrease in pro-caspase-3 and to cleavage of its substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, the caspase- 3-like protease inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO attenuated indomethacin- induced DNA fragmentation dose dependently. However, mRNA expression of CASP genes was not affected by the addition of indomethacin, highlighting the importance of posttranslational modification of this enzyme for the activation. These results suggest that NSAIDs, including indomethacin, induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells through a caspase-3 dependent mechanism which may contribute to the chemopreventive functions of these agents.
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  • 133
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 503-510 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Cell proliferation ; Apoptosis ; Necrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: The antiproliferative effect of high concentrations of ethanol (80–100 mmol) on liver carcinoma is well known. However, the high concentrations of ethanol affect both tumor cells and normal hepatocytes. The present study was designed to determine the effect of low ethanol concentrations (0–10 mmol) on cell proliferation and cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) in a human tumor cell line HepG2 and in normal rat hepatocytes. Methods: Primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells cultures were used. Cells were incubated with increasing ethanol concentrations or without ethanol (control group) for 24 h and analyzed immediately (group I) or after an additional incubation time of 48 h without additional ethanol application (group II). Cell proliferation was determined by assessing 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Apoptosis was assessed by means of DNA fragmentation and cysteine aspartate-specific protease (caspase-3) activity. Necrosis was analyzed by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into culture medium. Results: Twenty-four h exposure to 1 mmol ethanol inhibited cell proliferation in HepG2 cells by 75% (P 〈 0.05), while it remained unaltered in rat hepatocytes. The effect of ethanol persisted for another 48 h where cell proliferation was 5% of control in HepG2 cells and 70% of control in rat hepatocytes (P 〈 0.005). After 24 h incubation with 1 mmol ethanol 28% of HepG2 cells and 12% of rat hepatocytes showed DNA fragmentation as sign of apoptosis (P 〈 0.001). In group II 39% of HepG2 cells and 26% of rat hepatocytes were apoptotic (P 〈 0.001). Caspase-3 activation progressively increased after ethanol treatment in HepG2 cells and rat hepatocytes. The first significant difference was observed after 4 h (activity in HepG2 was 68% higher than in rat hepatocytes) and was maximum after 10 to 12 h where the activity in HepG2 was 180% of the activity in rat hepatocytes. Lactate dehydrogenase release into culture medium as an indicator of necrosis in HepG2 cells, increased from 0.5% in group I to 12% in group II, and from 0.1% to 8% in rat hepatocytes (P 〈 0.005). Increasing ethanol concentration to 10 mmol increased necrosis to 75% in HepG2 cells, and to 45% in rat hepatocytes (P 〈 0.05) whereas the effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis were not significantly different. Conclusions: Small ethanol concentrations (equivalent to 1 mmol) inhibit cell proliferation and increase apoptosis more strongly in HepG2 cells than in normal rat hepatocytes. These findings suggest the use of 1 mmol ethanol as a treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma because this mainly affects tumor cells but not surrounding normal tissue.
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  • 134
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 200-202 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Scoliosis ; Syringomyelia ; Chiari malformation ; MRI ; Gardner ; Obex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The clinical notes of 35 children presenting with scoliosis were reviewed; all 35 had been investigated with MRI. Seven were found to have syringomyelia, and six of these had Chiari malformation. Correction of the syrinx resulted in improvement or stabilisation of the spinal curvature. We recommend that all cases presenting with primary scoliosis should have MRI and should be treated if a syrinx is found.
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  • 135
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue masses ; Hemorrhage ; MRI ; Iron ; Contrast enhancement, MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hematomas in the extremities can present clinically as a soft tissue mass. Hematomas can usually be distinguished from neoplasia on MR by the signal patterns of hemoglobin breakdown products, which are dependent on the chemical bonding and oxidation state of hemoglobin iron. Beginning with a discussion of relevant atomic electronic structure, this review will examine how oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and hemosiderin, the principal iron compounds occurring in the various stages of a hematoma, affect its appearance on MRI.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Wrist ; MR arthrography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose.In the wrist, to determine whether passive motion or active exercise yields a better indirect MR arthrographic effect following intravenous gadolinium administration. Design and patients. Twenty-six consecutive patients were studied by indirect wrist MR arthrography. In half active exercise and in half passive motion was performed. Four regions of interest were studied including the distal radioulnar joint, the radiocarpal joint, the midcarpal joint, and the triangular fibrocartilage. Ranges and means of signal intensity were calculated. Surgical follow-up was performed in 22 patients. Results. The joint fluid intensity was greatest in the distal radioulnar joint. Fluid signal intensity was greater and more consistent in the passive motion group although the results did not achieve statistical significance. Imaging accuracy appeared similar in the two groups and was excellent for the triangular fibrocartilage (100%) and scapholunate ligaments (96%). Conclusion. Active exercise and passive motion yield similar degrees of wrist arthrographic effect, but the effect of passive motion is somewhat more consistent. Preliminary data show good accuracy for internal derangements.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Gaucher disease ; Bone disease ; Extraosseous Gaucher disease ; Bone marrow imaging ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To investigate the frequency and morphology of extraosseous extension in patients with Gaucher disease type I. Design and patients. MRI examinations of the lower extremities were analyzed in 70 patients with Gaucher disease type I. Additionally, the thoracic spine and the midface were investigated on MRI in two patients. Results. Four cases are presented in which patients with Gaucher disease type I and severe skeletal involvement developed destruction or protrusion of the cortex with extraosseous extension into soft tissues. In one patient, Gaucher cell deposits destroyed the cortex of the mandible and extended into the masseter muscle. In the second patient, multiple paravertebral masses with localized destruction of the cortex were apparent in the thoracic spine. In the third and fourth patient, cortical destruction with extraosseous tissue extending into soft tissues was seen in the lower limbs. Conclusions. Extraosseous extension is a rare manifestation of Gaucher bone disease. While an increased risk of cancer, especially hematopoietic in origin, is known in patients with Gaucher disease, these extraosseous benign manifestations that may mimic malignant processes should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extraosseous extension into soft tissues. A narrow neck of tissue was apparent in all cases connecting bone and extraosseous extensions.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Amyloidoma ; Bilateral ; Knee ; Popliteal fossa ; Claudication ; MRI ; MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors report a case of bilateral popliteal amyloidoma causing stenosis of the popliteal artery and vein. This patient had been treated with hemodialysis for 26 years. The diagnosis was made with MR angiography. A popliteal tumor of the right knee was resected surgically and the histologic examination showed deposition of amyloid. After resecting the popliteal tumor, the severe leg pain and intermittent claudication improved. This report suggests that popliteal amyloid tumors should be considered in a patient undergoing long-term hemodialysis who complains of leg pain and intermittent claudication.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chordoma ; Sarcomatoid chordoma ; Transitional feature ; Sacrum ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of chordoma containing a spindle cell sarcomatoid component with a gradual transition from conventional chordoma. Immunohistochemically, many tumor cells in both conventional chordoma and sarcomatoid components were positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, CAM5.2) and epithelial membrane antigen as well as vimentin. This report provides a rare example of sarcomatoid chordoma. Familiarity with this type of bone tumor should help to avoid confusion with dedifferentiated chordoma and other spindle cell sarcomas or carcinomas.
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  • 140
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Arthrography ; MRI ; Fluoroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Purpose. To describe a technique for intra-articular injection in the MR suite after conventional fluoroscopic landmarking in order to streamline MR arthrography. Design and patients. This technique was performed on 33 consecutive patients referred for MR arthrography of the shoulder to evaluate the glenoid labrum and on 15 consecutive patients referred for MR arthrography of the hip to evaluate the acetabular labrum. The patients were landmarked in the fluoroscopy suite, followed by a conventional MR examination. The intra-articular injection was then performed on the MR table and the MR arthrographic sequences obtained. Results. One of the 48 injections was extra-articular, requiring a second injection. The other injections were performed without incident, and the average total procedure time for all injections was 10 min. Conclusions. This technique is a reliable method of streamlining intra-articular injections when performing conventional MR imaging prior to the MR arthrographic portion of the examination. It shortens the total MR examination time by eliminating a visit to the fluoroscopy suite in the middle of the MR study, and its use of a straight anterior approach for both the shoulder and hip joints should be familiar to most people who perform conventional arthrography.
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  • 141
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Transient osteoporosis ; Transient bone marrow edema ; Intra-articular regional migratory osteoporosis ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of lntra-articular regional migratory osteoporosis of the knee in a 53-year-old man. The case demonstrates an unusual pattern of migration of the marrow edema within the knee joint. This phenomenon has received scant attention in the radiological literature.
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  • 142
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 109-111 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Fat ; Elastofibroma ; Neck ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Elastofibromas are benign lesions of the chest wall. We describe the first reported case of elastofibroma in the neck. Imaging features as well as location of the lesion were atypical. On computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging the lesion contained a marked preponderance of fat, because the lesion arose within fat.
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Osteomalacia ; Metabolic disease ; Hemangiopericytoma ; Fibrohistiocytic tumors ; Radiography ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The clinical, imaging, metabolic, histologic and biochemical aspects of oncogenic osteomalacia are reviewed. The bone and soft tissue tumor and tumor-like lesions associated with this paraneoplastic syndrome are discussed. The radiologist’s role in the diagnosis and evaluation of this entity is presented.
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  • 144
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; Geode ; Pathological fracture ; Humerus ; X-ray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe the imaging features of a giant geode of the distal humerus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, which presented initially as a pathological fracture. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in establishing this diagnosis is emphasized.
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  • 145
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 162-164 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Retroisthmic cleft ; Stress fracture ; Laminar fracture ; Xray ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The retroisthmic cleft is a rarely diagnosed defect in the lamina of the lumbar spine. It has always been considered a congenital anomaly. This is the first report we are aware of showing radiological changes in a retroisthmic cleft over a period of time. The follow-up of this patient over a period of 6 years, the radiological and scintigraphic appearances and a review of the literature suggests that the retroisthmic cleft is a stress fracture of the lamina.
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  • 146
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Desmoplastic fibroma ; Bone tumor ; Femur ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Desmoplastic fibroma of bone is a very rare benign tumor, which may be locally aggressive. In contrast to the well-documented radiological appearance, the literature on MR imaging features of this tumor is scarce. The MR imaging characteristics in our case are compared to those previously reported. Although there is a considerable overlap in the MR imaging features with other bone tumors, an interesting MR feature of desmoplastic fibroma is the presence of low to intermediate signal intensity foci on T2-weighted images, which radiographically does not correspond to calcifications. This feature may help narrow the differential diagnosis.
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  • 147
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 168-170 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Chondromyxoid fibroma ; Acromium ; Soft tissue extension ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chondromyxoid fibroma is an unusual, benign tumor of cartilaginous origin and represents less than 1% of all primary bone tumors. It usually involves the long bones around the knee joint or the flat bones of the pelvis or ribs. Soft tissue extension is also thought to be rare in these lesions. They are usually eccentrically located in the metaphyses of the long bones and centrally in the flat bones. The radiographic appearances are characteristically those of a single, lytic lesion with lobulated margins, septations, cortical expansion and a sclerotic rim. Histologically, they display a lobulated pattern with spindle-shaped cells lying within a myxoid matrix with areas of hyaline cartilage. The differential diagnosis includes giant cell tumor, chondroblastoma or enchondroma as well as chondrosarcoma. The rarity of these lesions may render the diagnosis difficult to make, especially when the lesion involves an unusual site such as the acromium.
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  • 148
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 538-542 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Ancient neurilemmoma ; Pelvis ; Ultrasound ; CT ; MRI ; Venous obstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A 43-year-old man with a large ancient schwannoma of the pelvis, presenting with varicose veins, is reported. Ancient schwannoma (neurilemmoma) is a benign tumour of nerve sheath origin characterised histologically by features of severe degeneration and which rarely can grow to a large size. Malignant transformation, though reported, is extremely rare.
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  • 149
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 543-547 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Neurofibromatosis ; Segmental plexiform neurofibromatosis ; Schwannomatosis ; Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Segmental neurofibromatosis is a rare disease characterized by neurofibromas with or without café au lait spots localized to one segment of the body. The majority of reported cases have had cutaneous neurofibromas, and patients with deep involvement have rarely been described. We report on two patients with deep-seated segmental plexiform neurofibromatosis and review the literature. All reviewed cases including the present two had no café au lait spots, axillary freckling, Lisch nodules, family history or malignant progression of disease. Differential diagnoses from neuro-fibromatosis 1 (von Recklinghausen disease) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor are important for genetic counseling and avoiding overtreatment.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words FTY 720A ; Transplantation ; Immunosuppression ; Lymphopenia ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The novel immunosuppressive compound FTY 720A posseses a mode of action which is different from all other immunosuppressive drugs. The most prominent feature is a reversible decrease in peripheral lymphocyte counts observed in animal experiments. We investigated in the first human trial (phase 1) whether FTY 720A induces apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in stable renal allograft recipients. Monitoring of lymphocyte counts revealed a significant and dose-dependent decrease within 6 h post-FTY 720A dose: placebo 5.1 %; 0.25 mg 36.4 %; 0.5 mg 40.8 %; 0.75 mg 39.4 %; 1 mg 45.8 %; 2 mg 67.2 %; 3.5 mg 64.9 %. PBMC apoptosis rates did not change, as determined before intake of FTY 720A and 2 h, 6 h, 24 h and 96 h post-FTY 720A dose. We detected no significant difference in apoptosis rates between patients who received placebo or FTY 720A. However, in vitro experiments showed that high concentrations of FTY 720 A induced apoptosis in human PBMC.
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  • 151
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    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 102-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Oral ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Proliferation ; Apoptosis ; Tumour suppressor gene ; Oncogene ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumour progression is characterised by an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of our study was to estimate the importance of proliferation and apoptosis associated parameters in primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the oral cavity and oropharynx. For determination of apoptosis, the enzymatic labelling of DNA fragmentation with a terminal transferase reaction was used in 156 tissue samples of 107 patients, including corresponding lymph-node metastases in nine cases. P53, bcl-2, and Ki-67 were determined immunohistologically. P53 was detectable in 50.5% of the cases. Positive staining was associated significantly with decreased apoptosis (P〈0.003). Bcl-2 was upregulated in 31.8% of the cases depending on the tumour grading (P〈0.001) and correlated negatively with apoptosis (P〈0.001). Proliferation (P〈0.006) and apoptosis (P〈0.03) were enhanced in larger tumours, though a direct correlation between these two parameters was not proven. Nevertheless, in contrast to the conventional tumour staging and grading, neither the expression of p53 or bcl-2 nor the apoptosis or Ki-67 measurements were able to predict survival or recurrence-free survival of the patients suffering from a SCC in the oral cavity or oropharynx. Our observations suggest that the function of wild-type p53 to induce apoptosis is lost in at least half of the SCCs under study and that the physiological function of bcl-2 as potent inhibitor of apoptosis is widely preserved in oral SCC.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words  Pseudomelanosis coli ; Large bowel ; Colonic adenoma ; Apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pseudomelanosis coli is characterized by pigment deposition in the lamina propria and caused by increased epithelial apoptosis. Pseudomelanosis coli is absent in colonic neoplasia. The aim of our studies was to investigate this phenomenon in more detail. Apoptotic fragments of epithelial cells and their distribution, cell proliferation (Ki-67, MIB 1 immunostaining), macrophages (CD68 immunostaining), Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis [terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated dUTP fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay] were studied in adenomas arising in normal and melanotic colonic mucosa, in normal colonic mucosa and colonic mucosa with pseudomelanosis alone. In adenomas, we found 7.0 apoptotic bodies per 100 epithelial cells in the epithelial layer and only 0.2 apoptotic bodies per high power field (HPF) in the lamina propria. In contrast, in melanotic mucosa 1.7 apoptotic bodies per 100 epithelial cells in the epithelial layer and 2.5 per HPF in the lamina propria were found. Our results show that apoptotic fragments remain in the neoplastic (adenomatous) epithelium and do not reach (at least in higher amounts) the lamina propria. They can, therefore, not contribute to the development of pseudomelanosis in these lesions. However, macrophages are diminished in adenomas. Proliferation (Ki-67) and also Bcl-2 expression are highly increased in adenomas. The pathway of mucosal macrophages is also discussed.
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  • 153
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 731-734 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Children ; Brain ; Tumour ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The author reviews the progress made during the last 25 years in noninvasive diagnosis of brain tumours in children. MRI has replaced all other modalities available at that time. The diagnosis is still based on a precise anatomical analysis of the lesion rather than on other specific findings. New techniques, such as spectroscopy and diffusion, may help to characterise further brain tumours in children preoperatively.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mammatumor ; MRT ; Markierung ; Biopsie ; Keywords Breast lesion ; MRI ; Localization ; Biopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. MRI-guided interventional maneuvers in the breast, when closed MRI scanners are employed are relatively complex and time consuming. The purpose of our investigations was to develop a special device for the localization and biopsy of breast lesions using an open low-field MRI Scanner (Magnetom Open, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) permitting free access to the patient. Materials and Methods. Due to its particular material and construction characteristics, a newly developed device for localization and biopsy of breast lesions is appropriate to remain within the magnetic field during the examination without degrading image quality. We performed 125 tests in a phantom and 31 investigations in patients including 26 wire-localizations and 5 biopsies. Results. The interventional maneuvers in the phantom could be performed very precisely. In all 125 phantom studies, the needle (14G coaxial biopsy cannula, Bard) was positioned close to the simulated lesion. In 25 out of 26 patients the needle was positioned within a distance less than 5 mm from the lesion. When using the 14G coaxial biopsy cannula (Bard, Karlsruhe, Germany) the needle tip was found adjacent next to the lesion in all 12 cases (7 wire-localizations, 5 biopsies). Conclusions. Our results indicate that our device allows very precise preoperative localization of breast lesions within the Magnetom Open. Using MRI-compatible, large-core needles, biopsy under direct MRI control resulted in good results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung. Am geschlossenen MRT-Gerät sind Interventionen an der Mamma relativ aufwendig und zeitintensiv. Ziel unserer Untersuchungen war es, eine Lokalisations- und Biopsieeinrichtung für das offene MRT-Gerät (Magnetom Open, Siemens) zu entwickeln und zu erproben, das Patienten und Methode. Es wurde eine Lokalisations- und Biopsieeinrichtung entwickelt, die aufgrund ihrer Bauart während der Intervention im Magnetfeld des MRT-Gerätes verbleiben kann und die Bildgebung nicht nachteilig beeinflusst. Um die Tauglichkeit dieses Gerätes zu überprüfen wurden 125 Untersuchungen am Phantom und 31 Patientenuntersuchungen (26 Drahtlokalisationen, 5 Biopsien) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse. Die Interventionen am Phantom konnten sehr genau gesteuert werden. In allen 125 Fällen lag die Interventionsnadel (14 G-Coaxial-Biopsiekanüle, Bard) direkt der Läsion an. Bei den Patientenuntersuchungen lag die Interventionsnadel in 25 von 26 Fällen weniger als 5 mm von der Läsion entfernt. Bei Verwendung der 14 G-Coaxial-Biopsie-Kannüle (Bard, Karlsruhe, Germany) lag die Interventionsnadel in allen 12 Fällen direkt der Läsion an (7 Drahtlokalisationen, 5 Hochgeschwindigkeitsbiopsien). Schlussfolgerung. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass mit der von uns entwickelten Zieleinrichtung sehr genaue präoperative Lokalisationen am Magnetom Open durchführbar sind. Durch die stabile Nadelführung sind bei Verwendung lumenstarker Materialien (14G) zudem exakte MRT-kontrollierte Biopsien möglich.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gelenkknorpel ; MRT ; Arthrose ; Keywords Hyaline cartilage ; MRI ; Osteoarthritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract MRI is the most accurate noninvasive technique available for assessment of normal articular cartilage and cartilage lesions. MRI cannot only provide morphologic information about the area of damage, but can also provide unique insight into the biochemical composition of the articular cartilage. New image processing techniques such as three-dimensional mapping of cartilage thickness will help to establish automated analysis of cartilage loss. Theses techniques are ideally suited for monitoring patients who undergo treatment with new chondroregenerative drugs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die MRT ist die beste verfügbare Untersuchungsmethode zur Darstellung des normalen und geschädigten Gelenkknorpels. Sie gibt nicht nur Aufschluss über die Morphologie des geschädigten Areals, sondern auch über die biochemische Zusammensetzung des Gelenkknorpels. Neue Bildverarbeitungstechniken wie die dreidimensionale Erfassung/Darstellung der Knorpeldicke werden bei der Entwicklung einer automatisierten Analyse des Knorpelverlustes helfen. Diese Techniken sind auch ideal zur Verlaufsbeobachtung von Patienten, die sich einer Behandlung mit knorpelregenerierenden Substanzen unterziehen.
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  • 156
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 688-693 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Knochenmark ; Physiologie ; Verteilungsmuster ; MRT ; Keywords Bone marrow ; Physiology ; Distribution pattern ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Physiology and age dependant changes of human bone marrow are described. The resulting normal distribution patterns of active and inactive bone marrow including the various contrasts on different MR-sequences are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die physiologischen, altersabhängigen Prozesse im Knochenmark des Menschen werden beschrieben. Die daraus resultierenden Verteilungsmuster zwischen hämatopoetisch aktivem und inaktivem Knochenmark werden dargestellt und die Bedeutung für die MR-tomographische Abbildbarkeit mittels der verschiedenen MR-Sequenzen erörtert.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lymphom ; MRI ; Keywords Lymphoma ; Bone neoplasms ; Diffusion coefficient ; ADC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. Skeletal manifestation of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is rare in pediatric patients. Objective of the study was to determine imaging features, before and after treatment, and to correlate these features with clinical outcome. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 1246 patients from two therapy studies (NHL-BMF-90 and 95) was performed. Imaging studies of 63 patients with bone involvement of lymphoma were reevaluated. Results. Incidence of initial bone involvement in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was 6.8%. Distribution was best assessed by bone scan, MRI revealed larger areas of marrow involvement and detected additional lesions. Sites of prediliction were long bones of the lower extremities with epiphyseal involvement in 39%. Residual signal alterations in MRI after succussful therapy remained in 71%. Osteonecrosis after therapy was a common finding. Clinical outcome war not correlated to the presence of bone involvement. Conclusions. Since clinical outcome is not effected by bone involvement in childhood NHL, value of screening may be limited. Knowledge of imaging characteristics is mandatory for inital evaluation of primary osseous lymphomas and symptomatic lesions as well as for therapy controlls.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Skelettale Manifestationen des Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoms sind selten. Ziel der Studie waren die Analyse charakteristischer Veränderungen in der Bildgebung vor und nach Therapie sowie die Korrelation mit dem Therapieerfolg. Methode. Die retrospektive Analyse von 2 Therapiestudien (NHL-BMF-90 und 95) schloss 1246 Patienten ein. Die bildgebenden Untersuchungen von 63 Patienten mit skelettalem Lymphombefall wurden reevaluiert. Ergebnisse. Die Inzidenz des initialen Skelettbefalls beim Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom lag bei 6,8%. Die Verteilung der Skelettherde wurde durch die Szintigraphie am sichersten erfasst, die MRT detektierte im Vergleich größere Markraumbeteiligungen sowie zusätzliche Herdbildungen im Skelett. Prädilektionsorte waren die langen Röhrenknochen der unteren Extremitäten mit epiphysärer Beteiligung in 39% der Fälle. Residuale Signalveränderungen im MRT verblieben trotz kompletter Remission in 71% der Fälle. Osteonekrosen nach Chemotherapie waren häufig. Die therapeutische Ergebnisse wurden durch das Vorhandensein eines Skelettbefalls nicht beeinflusst. Schlussfolgerungen. Aufgrund der Beobachtung, dass die Therapieergebnisse vom Nachweis eines Skelettbefalls nicht wesentlich beeinflusst werden, erscheint der Wert der Screeninguntersuchung begrenzt. Die Kenntnis des Erscheinungsbilds vom NHL in der Bildgebung ist aber für die Beurteilung der primär ossären Lymphome und symptomatischer Herdbildungen sowie in der Therapiekontrolle notwendig.
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  • 158
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 1017-1029 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hirnabszess ; Zerebritis ; Metastatische Herdenzephalitis ; Endokarditis ; MRT ; Gd-DTPA ; Keywords Brain abscess ; Cerebritis ; Metastatic focal encephalitis ; Endocarditis ; MRI ; Gd-DTPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The hematogenous spread of bacteria, fungi and protozoa may also reach the brain vessels, which happens mostly through septic emboli. From such an embolus a metastatic focal encephalitis and later a septic-embolic brain abscess may arise. The most frequently underlying infections that may cause septic emboli are bacterial endocarditis as well as bacterial infections of artificial heart valve prostheses. Congenital heart malformations with a right-to-left shunt also play here a certain role. Basically, however, all septic conditions and bacteriemias may cause septic-embolic brain abscesses. They occur frequently as multiple lesions. MRI is superior to CT in depicting the different stages of evolution from focal encephalitis, through the hardly encapsulated early abscess, to the formation of a membrane and later a dense fibrous capsule. The medical treatment of a brain abscess requires properly performed CT or MRI follow-up examinations in order to realize early enough a possible growing of such a lesion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die hämatogene Ausbreitung von Bakterien, Pilzen oder Protozoen bis in die Hirngefäße erfolgt meist durch eine septische Embolie. Es entstehen eine metastatische Herdenzephalitis und im weiteren Verlauf daraus ein septisch-embolischer Hirnabszess. Die häufigste Grunderkrankung die zu septischen Embolien führt ist die bakterielle Endokarditis sowie die bakterielle Infektion von Herzklappenprothesen. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt hier den angeborenen kardialen Fehlbildungen mit Rechts-Links-Shunt zu. Grundsätzlich können jedoch alle Bakteriämien zu septisch-embolischen Hirnabszessen führen. Septisch-embolische Hirnabszesse treten aufgrund ihres Entstehungsmechanismus häufig multipel auf. Die CT und besser noch die MRT erlauben die Darstellung aller Entwicklungsstadien von der Herdenzephalitis über den kaum abgegrenzten Abszess, die Membranbildung bis zur Entstehung einer dicken, die eitergefüllte Höhle allseits umgebenden Abszesskapsel. Die medikamentöse Therapie von Hirnabszessen erfordert Verlaufsuntersuchungen, um einer eventuellen Größenzunahme der Läsion(en) frühzeitig durch Umstellung der antibiotischen Medikation oder durch operative Abszessentfernung zu begegnen.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Syringomyelia ; Chiari I malformation ; Foramen magnum decompression ; Children ; Scoliosis ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The authors studied the role of the sole posterior fossa bony decompression in the management of symptomatic children affected by Chiari type I anomalies. The series in the pediatric literature on this subject were reviewed and compared with that presented in this article. From May 1994 to December 1998, 53 patients (3 months to 26 years) were observed. They were divided into: asymptomatic patients (27), who received no surgical treatment and were only subject to clinical observation; symptomatic patients (brain stem compression 16, syringomyelia 10, including 7 with holocord). All the symptomatic patients were treated with the same surgical approach: bony decompression of posterior fossa with removal of the posterior arch of C-1 and the outer layer of the dura without dural opening. In all 16 (100%) of the 16 patients with brain stem compression the symptoms resolved or improved; in patients with syringomyelia the symptoms were resolved or improved in 94.4% of cases. Two children required further surgery after 13 and 24 months, respectively.This series seems to demonstrate that even a simple extradural surgical approach, with a lower rate of postoperative complications and short stay in hospital, is sufficient to arrest the disease and to improve the symptomatology in a high percentage of cases (97.2%), which is comparable to that achieved with other, more aggressive, procedures.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Hydrocephalus ; Endoscopic III ventriculostomy ; Outcome ; MRI ; Cine-MRI ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In order to analyze the surgical outcome according to clinical characteristics and to evaluate the correlation between clinical improvement and neuroimaging changes, we retrospectively reviewed 32 children who had undergone endoscopic III ventriculostomy (ETV) from February 1994 to May 1998. There were 15 boys and 17 girls, with a mean age of 5.2 years (range: 1 month to 13 years). The etiology of the hydrocephalus was primary aqueductal stenosis in 18 patients, secondary aqueductal stenosis caused by tumors in 5, IV ventricle outlet obstruction in 5, and hydrocephalus associated with meningomyelocele in 4. The mean duration of follow-up was 19.4 months (range 1–50 months). Overall, surgical outcome was regarded as good in 21 of 29 patients. Surgical outcome was poor in patients younger than 1 year (P〈0.05). Neuroimaging 1 month after ETV showed a decrease in ventricular size in 11 of the 16 patients with good surgical outcomes. Five showed minimal changes only. In patients with good outcomes, ventricular size tended to decrease as time passed. Resolution of periventricular edema, flow void in the III ventricle on T2-weighted axial images, and cine-MR imaging were sensitive indicators of good outcome. We suggest that ETV be considered as a primary treatment option in patients older than 1 year of age with noncommunicating hydrocephalus. In addition, time factors should be taken into consideration when surgical outcome is judged. Changes in ventricular size could not predict surgical outcome completely in themselves. Therefore, a comprehensive postoperative assessment should be made with the help of T2-weighted MRI and cine-MRI.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; chronic heart failure ; unstable angina pectoris ; soluble Fas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Programmed myocyte cell death and activation of the immune system have been shown to occur in patients with congestive heart failure. Besides, unstable angina episodes are likely to be associated with immune activation. Our aim was to evaluate the role of changes in circulating levels of soluble Fas (sFas), suggestive of an enhanced inhibitory response to ongoing apoptosis, and soluble IL2 receptor (sIL2-R), indicative of T-lymphocyte activation, in chronic heart failure and unstable angina pectoris. Thirty patients affected by chronic heart failure (20 idiopathic and 10 ischemic cardiomyopathy) and 13 patients with unstable angina were evaluated. Twenty healthy individuals matched for age and gender were used as controls. A complete biochemical determination of indexes of myocardial damage including cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase (MB/CK) was performed. The results demonstrated that mean levels of sFas and sIL2-R were significantly increased in patients affected by chronic heart failure and unstable angina and were not associated with changes in renal function or with serum levels of cTnI. Highest values of sFas were found in NYHA class IV patients (IV NYHA class = 7.39 ± 0.52 vs. controls = 1.34 ± 0.12 ng/ml; P 〈 0.01) and more elevated in idiopathic than in ischemic cardiomyopathy (3.64 ± 0.40 vs. 1.82 ± 0.37 ng/ml; P 〈 0.01). Moreover, in chronic heart failure patients sFas and ejection fraction were negatively correlated (P = 0.01), whereas sFas and sIL2-R were positively correlated (P 〈 0.01). In unstable angina patients too, sFas and sIL2-R appeared to be correlated (P = 0.03); whereas sFas (angina group = 3.18 ± 0.39 vs. controls = 1.34 ± 0.12 ng/ml; P 〈 0.01) and sIL2-R (angina group = 0.46 ± 0.11 vs. controls = 0.00 UI/ml; P 〈 0.01) were higher in angina group than in controls. In most of the cases, the increase of sFas was associated with comparable changes in sIL2-R serum levels, indicating that the activation of Fas system is strictly associated with autoimmune–inflammatory reactions. This phenomenon, both in chronic heart failure and in unstable angina, occurs in the absence of biochemical evidences of myocardial damage and seems to parallel the activation of T cell. Soluble Fas could have a role in sustaining inflammatory response and in prolonging the detrimental effects correlated with it in chronic heart failure and angina pectoris.
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  • 162
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    Bioscience reports 20 (2000), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; DNA repair ; UV-resistance ; HeLa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, apoptosis (genetically programmed cell death) induced by UV hasbeen documented in some cell culture models. However, the significance ofapoptosis in UV-induced cytotoxicity and resistance is uncertain. In thisstudy, we investigated the induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells and itsrole in acquired UV-resistance. The membrane receptor Fas was induced toassembly, and its immediate downstream target, caspase-8, was induced byUV in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Caspase-10, another possiblecandidate for forming the death-inducing signaling complex with Fas, wasalso activated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. There was significantactivation of caspase 9, 3 and 2 by UV. The apoptotic pathways appeared tobe normal in acquired UV-resistant HeLa cells. In addition, there was a UVdose-dependent induction of chromatin condensation in both parental andUV-resistant cells. However, resistant cells displayed significant reductionin chromatin condensation at lower doses. Inhibition of caspase-3 activation byspecific inhibitor significantly reduced the chromatin condensation in bothcell types, and unexpectedly, the difference between the two cell lines wascompletely eradicated, suggesting that the caspase-3 pathway plays asignificant role in reducing apoptosis in resistant cells. The resultsindicate that UV induces apoptosis by direct activation of apoptoticproteins in HeLa and resistant cells. Although resistant cells displayedpartial inhibition of UV-induced apoptosis through the caspase-3 pathway,there was no consistent difference in the activation of this and relatedcaspase-9 caspases compared to parental HeLa cells.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Atherosclerosis ; Endothelium ; Lipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Endothelial lesion by oxidized low-density liproproteins (LDL) is one of the first stages in the development of atherosclerosis. The effect of these lipoproteins can range from a functional lesion of the endothelium to death of the endothelial cells by apoptosis. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are one of the factors which can have a protective effect against the development of atheromatous plaques. The aim of this study is to establish whether the death of endothelial cells by apoptosis induced by oxidized LDLs is prevented by HDLs. ECV304 endothelial cells and bovine aorta endothelial cells were incubated with native LDLs, oxidized LDLs, and a combination of both oxidized LDLs and HDLs. Oxidized LDLs caused a significant increase of mortality mainly by apoptosis. However, when HDLs were added together with oxidized LDLs the percentage of total mortality, the degree of lipoprotein oxidation in the medium, and the percentage of cells in apoptosis were all significantly decreased. HDLs protect against the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDLs possibly by preventing the propagation of the oxidative chain in these lipoproteins.
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  • 164
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    Protoplasma 213 (2000), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Oxygen radical ; Antioxidant ; Apoptosis ; Cell growth ; Iron transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Coenzyme Q is primarily identified with its role in energy coupling where it is involved in the generation of a proton gradient across membranes to drive ATP formation. Its identification as a significant antioxidant throughout cellular membranes is developing. Its function in other membrane redox systems introduces new functions such as the generation of hydrogen peroxide related to cellular signal systems or the acidification of other organelles. A role in the control of cell growth and apoptosis has also been introduced.
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  • 165
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    Herz 25 (2000), S. 417-430 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Myocardial viability ; MRI ; Spectroscopy ; Dobutamine ; Contrast agents ; Schlüsselwörter Myokardvitalität ; MRT ; Spektroskopie ; Dobutamin ; Kontrastmittel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Myokardvitalität ist definiert als das Vorliegen lebender Myozyten. Bei Patienten mit ischämischer Herzkrankheit läßt sich die kontraktile Dysfunktion des Herzmuskels sowohl in vitalen als auch in avitalen Gebieten beobachten. In Gebieten mit vitalem Myokard kann sie durch Revaskularisation mit Thrombolytika, perkutaner transluminaler Koronarangioplastie (PTCA) oder koronarer Bypassoperation (CABG) rückgängig gemacht werden. In nekrotischen Arealen ist die kontraktile Dysfunktion dagegen irreversibel, und Revaskularisationsmaßnahmen können aufgrund ihres kleinen, aber eindeutigen Risikos kontraindiziert sein. Die Unterscheidung zwischen vitalen und avitalen Herzmuskelarealen ist daher eine klinisch wichtige Frage. Eine direkte Untersuchung von Patienten auf das Vorliegen bzw. Fehlen lebender Myozyten ist nicht möglich. Daher wird die Myokardvitalität indirekt mit klinischen Verfahren beurteilt. Beispielsweise erfaßt die Echokardiographie mit Dobutaminen Kontraktilitätsänderungen nach inotroper Stimulation, und die 99mTc-Sestamibi bestimmt die Myokardperfusion. Kernspintomographische Methoden zur Vitalitätsprüfung umfassen spektroskopische und bildgebende Verfahren. Die Phosphor-31- und Wasserstoff-1-MR-Spektroskopie aus Kreatin sowie die Natrium-23- und Kalium-29-Bildgebung liefern unmittelbar mit dem Zellstoffwechsel verbundene Informationen. Die räumliche und die zeitliche Auflösung dieser Verfahren sind jedoch aufgrund des schwachen MR-Signals begrenzt. Bei Wasserprotonen ist das MR-Signal dagegen verhältnismäßig stark und ermöglicht eine Darstellung des Herzens mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung. Die Bildgebung mit Protonenresonanz beinhaltet die Untersuchung von Änderungen der intrinsischen MR-Relaxationszeiten (T1 und T2), Wanddicke und Verschwielung, Cine-MRT mit niedrigdosiertem Dobutamin sowie First-pass- und verzögerte Kontrastverstärkungsmuster. Berichten zufolge kommt es nach ischämischer Schädigung sowohl in vitalen wie in nekrotischen Myokardgebieten zu Änderungen der intrinsischen Relaxationszeiten, was den Nutzen dieses Verfahrens einschränkt. In ähnlicher Weise stehen Änderungen der Wanddicke und/oder Verschwielung nur in begrenztem Zusammenhang mit der Myokardvitalität. Die Cine-MRT mit niedrig dosiertem Dobutamin scheint das intakte Myokard zumindest ebenso gut zu erfassen wie die klinisch bereits etablierte Dobutamin-Echokardiographie. Die regionale Durchblutung, wie sie mittels First-pass-MRT erfasst wird, mag vom Vorhandensein vitalen Myokards abhängen. Die zugrunde liegende Physiologie legt aber nahe, dass Perfusion und Vitalität oft nicht in direkter Beziehung stehen. Neuere Forschungsergebnisse zur verzögerten Kontrastverstärkung weisen auf eine mögliche Definition vitalen Myokards als “Gebiete ohne starke Kontrastmittelaufnahme” hin. Derzeit liegen nur begrenzte klinische Daten vor, die diesen Ansatz unterstützen. Zusammenfassend liegen die aussagekräftigsten klinischen Daten derzeit für die Cine-MRT mit niedrig dosiertem Dobutamin zur Diagnose vitalen Myokards vor. Neueste Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die verzögerte Aufnahme von Kontrastmitteln die transmurale Ausdehnung vitalen Myokards unabhängig von der kontraktilen Funktion gut abbildet und dass diese Technik auch in der Klinik zum Einsatz kommen sollte.
    Notes: Abstract Distinguishing between viable and non-viable myocardium is an important clinical issue. Several magnetic resonance (MR) techniques to address this issue have been proposed. Spectroscopy of phosphorus-31 and hydrogen-1 from creatine as well as imaging of sodium-23 and potassium-39 reflect information related to cellular metabolism. The spatial and temporal resolutions of these techniques are limited, however, by the small magnitude of the MR signal. Proton imaging techniques include examination of pathologic alterations in MR relaxation times (T1 and T2), wall thickness and thickening, cine MRI combined with low-dose dobutamine, first-pass contrast enhancement patterns, and delayed contrast enhancement patterns. Of the proton imaging approaches, cine MRI combined with low-dose dobutamine is supported by the largest body of clinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the technique yields useful information regarding myocardial viability. Recent data suggest that delayed contrast enhancement examines the transmural extent of viable myocardium irrespective of contractile function and that this technique should also be considered in a clinical setting.
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  • 166
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    Klinische Neuroradiologie 10 (2000), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Leigh-Syndrom ; MRT ; Pathologisch-anatomische Befunde ; Key Words: Leigh syndrome ; MRI ; Patho-histological findings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: We report on 3 children suffering from Leigh syndrome as diagnosed on clinical and laboratory results. In each child there were some deviations from the reported typical morphological picture on MRI. However, the lesions reported here fit very well to the patho-histological findings in Leigh syndrome.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Wir beschreiben drei Kinder, bei denen klinisch und laborchemisch ein Leigh-Syndrom diagnostiziert wurde. Bei jedem dieser Kinder lagen in der Bildgebung unterschiedliche Abweichungen von den typischen, bisher beim Leigh-Syndrom berichteten Läsionen in der MRT vor. Die gefundenen Veränderungen in der MRT passen allerdings sehr gut zu den pathologisch-anatomischen Befunden bei dieser Erkrankung.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Pseudotumor cerebri ; Venöse Kongestion ; MRT ; Meningeom ; Key Words: Pseudotumor cerebri ; Venous congestion ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Chronic benign intracranial hypertension may have a variety of causes. Most frequent is this syndrome found in obese young women (“pseudotumor cerebri”), still of unknown etiology. However, venous congestion due to sinus occlusion has to be ruled out. We report a young woman with an intrasinusal meningioma of the transverse sinus and hypoplasia of the transverse sinus contralaterally. Diagnosis was achieved by MRI and angiography. Imaging signs of increased intracranial pressure comprised dilated perioptic sheaths and an empty sella. Abnormalities of the brain parenchyma or the CSF spaces were absent.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Eine chronische, benigne intrakranielle Hypertension kann vielfältige Ursachen haben. Neben dem ätiologisch ungeklärten Auftreten bei adipösen jungen Frauen (“Pseudotumor cerebri”) ist eine venöse Abflußbehinderung als Ursache möglich. Diese muß deshalb ausgeschlossen werden. Wir berichten über eine Patientin, deren intrakranielle Drucksteigerung wahrscheinlich durch ein Meningeom im Sinus transversus bei gleichzeitiger kontralateraler Sinushypoplasie verursacht wurde. Die Diagnose wurde mit Magnetresonanztomographie und Angiographie erstellt. Als Zeichen der chronischen intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung fanden sich in der MRT gestaute perioptische Liquorscheiden und eine “empty sella”, dagegen keine Hirnparenchymveränderungen oder veränderte intrakranielle Liquorräume.
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  • 168
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Morbus Crohn ; Zerebrale Vaskulitis ; MRT ; Angiographie ; Key Words: Crohn's disease ; Cerebral vasculitis ; MRI ; Angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Crohn's disease or regional enteritis is a granulomatous, primarily intestinal inflammatory disorder with possible extraintestinal manifestations. Affection of the eyes, liver, joints and urinay tract have been reported. Neurological symptoms are rare. We report the case of a 18-year-old woman with an unusually severe course of Crohn's disease, who developed intracerebral lesions. To discriminate between a granulomatous encephalitis and a vasculitis a cerebral angiography was performed. Multiple microaneurysms of the small cerebral arteries were found which had escaped detection with magnetic resonance angiography. Because of the angiographic diagnosis of a cerebral vasculitis a brain biopsy could be avoided.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Die Enteritis regionalis Crohn ist eine Darmerkrankung, die mit extraintestinalen Manifestationen vergesellschaftet sein kann. Neben okulären, hepatischen, urologischen und artikulären Symptomen werden selten auch neurologische Komplikationen beschrieben. Wir berichten über eine 18jährige Patientin mit einem schweren Verlauf einer Enteritis regionalis, die zunächst eine Läsion im Mittelhirn entwickelte. Zur Differenzierung zwischen einer granulomatösen Enzephalitis und einer Vaskulitis, die bei Morbus Crohn extrem selten ist, wurde eine zerebrale Angiographie angefertigt. Dabei zeigte sich eine Vaskulitis der kleinen Hirnarterien mit multiplen Mikroaneurysmen, die in der MRT nicht nachweisbar gewesen waren. Durch die angiographische Klärung konnte eine Biopsie zur Diagnosefindung vermieden werden.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Liquordynamik ; Aquädukt ; Quantifizierung ; MRT ; Phasenkontrast ; Normalwerte ; Key Words: CSF dynamics ; Aqueduct ; Quantification ; MRI ; Phase contrast ; Normal values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: With the 2D-phase-contrast technique the volume flow of the CSF via the cerebral aqueduct can be quantified by MRI-means. In this study the stroke volume of CSF via the aqueduct per cardiac cycle (SVcc) is used to measure the extent of the volume flow. Normative values for the SVcc are not yet defined, however, they are indispensable for the clinical utility of this non-invasive method. The aim of the presented investigation is to evaluate, if the interthalamic width of the third ventricle is useful as a reference system for the extent of the SVcc via the aqueduct and if a normal CSF-flow can be defined. Hundred and seven patients (56 female, 51 male; age distribution 8 to 89 years) without clinical or imaging findings of a CSF-flow disturbance were examined on a standard 0.5 T MRI-scanner (Gyroscan, Philips). The measurements of the SVcc via the aqueduct were performed in a single slice perpendicular to the aqueduct in the level of its median third with a retrospective cardial-gated quantitative 2D-phase-contrast sequence. The interthalamic width of the third ventricle was measured in a transversal slice (bicommissural orientation, standard T1-weighted spin-echo sequence) in the level of the upper margin of the tectorial membrane. In 83 patients with a normal heart rate and without any further abnormalities in their imaging studies the SVcc is essentially dependent (r = 0.822) on the interthalamic width of the third ventricle (between 1 and 16 mm). Eleven patients with either a subcortical atrophy without leucencephalopathy, megacisterna magna, Dandy-Walker variant or bradycardia showed a significant increase of the SVcc (p 〈 0.05). On the other hand a significant decrease of the SVcc (p 〈 0.05) is seen in 13 patients with either tachycardia, Arnold-Chiari Type-1 malformation, relative aqueductal stenosis and/or severe periventricular leucencephalopathy. These results are in good agreement with the current conceptions on the physiology of the CSF-flow. As the above mentioned criterias of influence have ho pathological significance concerning a CSF-flow disturbance requiring therapy, we used the linear regression with y = B1*× +b0 (b1 = 22.2 ± 2.9; b0 = 43,5 ± 21.1) in all 107 patients to evaluate the extent of the SVcc (y) versus the interthalamic width of the third ventricle (x). This correlation offers the possibility to differentiate a hyperdynamic (above +3 standard error SE), a hypodynamic (below −3 SE) and a normodynamic (between ± 3 SE) CSF-flow via the cerebral aqueduct for the first time. Additional imaging findings and the heart rate must find their influence in the evaluation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Mit Hilfe der 2D-Phasenkontrasttechik kann der Volumenfluss des Liquors über dem Aquädukt magnetresonanztomographisch quantifiziert werden. Als Maß für die Höhe des Volumenflusses dient in vorgestellter Untersuchung das Schlagvolumen pro Herzzyklus (SVcc). Normwerte für die Höhe des SVcc konnten bislang nicht definiert werden. Sie sind jedoch für eine klinische Nutzung dieses nichtinvasiven Verfahrens unerläßlich. Ziel vorliegender Untersuchung ist es zu prüfen, ob die interthalamische Weite des dritten Ventrikels als Bezugssystem für die Höhe des SVcc über dem Aquädukt geeignet ist und sich ein normaler Liquorfluss definieren läßt. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten bei 107 Patienten (56 Frauen, 51 Männer im Alter von acht bis 89 Jahren) ohne klinische und bildmorphologische Hinweise auf eine Liquorzirkulationsstörung an einem Standardsystem 0,5 T (Gyroscan, Fa. Philips). Die Messung des SVcc über dem Aquädukt wurde in einer Eizelschicht senkrecht zum Aquädukt in Höhe des mittleren Drittels mit einer retrospektiv kardial getriggerten 2D-quantitativen Phasenkontrastsequenz durchgeführt. Die Messung der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels erfolgte im Transversalschnitt (Bikommissuralebene, Standard-T1-gewichtete SE-Sequenz) in Höhe des Oberrandes der Lamina tecti. Für 83 kardial normofrequente Patienten ohne zusätzliche bildmorphologische Auffälligkeiten wird die Höhe des SVcc maßgeblich von der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels (1 bi 16 mm) bestimmt (r = 0,822). Bei elf Patienten mit einer subkortikal betonten Atrophie ohne Leukenzephalopathie, Megacisterna magna, Dandy-Walker-Variante oder Bradykardie ist das SVcc signifikant erhöht (p 〈 0,05). Dagegen ist das SVcc für 13 Patienten mit Tachykardie, Arnold-Chiari-Malformation Typ 1, relativer Aquäduktestenose und/oder fortgeschrittener periventrikulärer Leukenzephalopathie signifikant erniedrigt (p 〈 0,05). Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich gut mit den geltenden Vorstellungen über die Physiologie des Liquorflusses in Einklang bringen. Da den vorgenannten Einflusskriterien keine pathologische Bedeutung hinsichtlich einer therapiebedürftigen Liquorzirkulationsstörung beigemessen werden kann, nutzen wir zur Bewertung der Höhe des SVcc (y) gegenüber der interthalamischen Weite des dritten Ventrikels (x) die lineare Regression mit y = b1*× + b0 (b1 = 22,2 ± 2,9; b0 = 43,5 ± 21,1) für alle 107 Patienten. Diese Beziehung gibt erstmals die Möglichkeit, einen hyperdynamen (〉 +3 SE), hypodynamen (〈 −3 SE) und normodynamen (in den Grenzen ± 3SE) Liquorfluss über dem Aquädukt zu differenzieren. In die Bewertung müssen das Vorliegen zusätzlicher bildmorphologischer Einflussfaktoren und die Höhe der Herzfrequenz einfließen.
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Medulloblastom ; Pubertas praecox ; MRT ; Kontrastmittel ; Key Words: Medulloblastoma ; Subarachnoid metastases ; Precocious puberty ; MRI ; Contrast enhancement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Medulloblastoma, the most frequent pediatric brain tumor, has known propensity for subarachnoid dissemination. Spinal metastases indicate a poor prognosis. Intraventricular spread is much less common. We report a case of primary intraventricular dissemination with precocious puberty as the first clinical symptom due to a metastasis at the infundibulary stalk. This has not been reported so far as initial symptom of a medulloblastoma. Furthermore, we encountered an unusually mild contrast enhancement of the spinal and intraventricular metastases. Delayed scanning after contrast administration and FLAIR sequences proved to be particularly valuable in this case.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Medulloblastome des Kleinhirns sind die häfigsten malignen Hirntumoren im Kindesalter. Ihre Neigung zur Ausbreitung im Subarachnoidalraum ist bekannt und Prognose bestimmend. Wir berichten über den ungewöhnlichen Fall eines Medulloblastoms mit ausgeprägter intraventrikulärer Aussaat. Eine Metastase im Reccessus infundibularis führte hierbei zum Auftreten einer Pubertas praecox als initiales Krankheitssymptom, eine Beobachtung, die bisher nicht beschrieben wurde. Bemerkenswert war zudem die ungewöhnlich schwache Kontrastmittelaufnahme der intraventrikulären und spinalen Metastasen. Für die Diagnostik erwiesen sich FLAIR-Sequenzen und Spätaufnahmen nach Kontrastmittelgabe als besonders wertvoll.
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  • 171
    ISSN: 1615-6706
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Vena ophthalmica superior ; Thrombose ; Sinus caverosus ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key Words: Superior ophthalmic vein ; Thrombosis ; Sinus cavernosus ; CT ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 65-year-old woman with persistant headache since a few weeks is presented. The day before hospitalization there was a sudden onset of protrusio bulbi and progredient swelling of the soft-tissue of the left eye. In the clinical examination left side protrusio bulbi, double-vision, chemosis and swelling of the eye-lid were found. Blood sample showed an elevation of inflammation indicators. MRI and CT revealed a thrombosis of the left superior ophthalmic vein with partial thrombosis of the left cavernous sinus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Eine 65-jährige Patientin stellt sich mit seit Wochen bestehenden Kopfschmerzen vor. Am Tag vor der Aufnahme war morgens akut eine Protrusio bulbi mit einem periorbitalen Ödem aufgetreten. Klinisch fanden sich eine Protrusio bulbi mit Chemosis und Oberlidschwellung links, Doppelbildern sowie einer Erhöhung der Entzündungsparameter. Kernspintomographisch und computertomographisch ließ sich eine Thrombose der Vena ophthalmica superior links mit Teilthrombose des linken Sinus cavernosus nachweisen.
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  • 172
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    European journal of applied physiology 83 (2000), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Achilles tendon moment arm ; MRI ; Maximum voluntary contraction ; In vivo ; Tendon excursion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare in vivo measurement-based Achilles tendon moment arm lengths at rest and during isometric plantarflexion maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using the centre-of-rotation (COR) and the tendon-excursion (TE) methods. Both methods were based on morphometric analysis of sagittal-plane magnetic resonance images of the foot. Using the COR method, moment arms were obtained at ankle angles from 15° of dorsiflexion to 30° of plantarflexion in steps of 15°, digitizing the perpendicular distance from a moving centre of rotation in the tibio-talar joint to the Achilles tendon action line. The TE method was based on measurement of calcaneal displacement along the tibial axis during 15° rotations of the ankle joint, from 30° of dorsiflexion to 45° of plantarflexion. The two methods gave similar estimations at rest varying from 4.3 to 5.6 cm. Using the COR method, the Achilles tendon moment arm during MVC was larger by 1–1.5 cm (22–27%, P 〈 0.01) than the respective resting value. In contrast, no difference (P 〉 0.05) was found between the resting and MVC moment arm estimations of the TE method. The disagreement in moment arms during MVC may be attributed to differences in the assumptions made between the two methods. The TE method has more limitations than the COR method and its estimations during MVC should be treated with caution. Resting Achilles tendon moment arm estimations of the COR method should be multiplied by 1.22–1.27 when maximal isometric plantarflexion joint moments, musculotendon forces and stresses are predicted using modelling.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: SCLC ; brain matastases ; neurologic asympotomatic ; MRI ; prophylactic radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In this study we evaluated the usefulness of MR-imaging in the detection of asymptomatic brain metastases (BM) at the initial diagnosis in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and studied the follow-up of these patients. Patients and methods. One-hundred and twenty-five patients with SCLC were investigated with MR-imaging. Results. In 112 patients with normal neurological findings, MR-imaging of the brain demonstrated BM in 17 patients (15%). Six of these 17 patients were therefore upgraded to extensive disease (ED). Two of these 17 patients died during chemotherapy because of progressive disease and 3 patients became neurologic symptomatic with progressive disease on MR-imaging of the brain. After completion of chemotherapy a repeated MR-imaging of the brain in the remaining 12 patients showed 1 complete remission, 4 partial remission and 7 progressive disease of the BM. Conclusion. This study showed that at presentation an unexpectedly high percentage of SCLC patients had asymptomatic BM on MR-imaging. We propose that MR-imaging of the brain should be included in the staging of SCLC patients as well for staging, prognosis and therapy.
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  • 174
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: astrocytoma ; 201thallium SPECT ; MRI ; MR spectroscopy ; chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose To compare chemotherapy treatment monitoring in astrocytoma by 201thallium single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and photon magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to evaluate the influence of morphological tumor changes on cerebral 201thallium uptake and metabolic changes in 1H-MRS. Materials and methods Six patients with highly malignant astrocytomas were followed with quantitative 201thallium SPECT, MRI, and 1H-MRS during chemotherapy. Maximum follow-up included six examinations per patient by either method during 18 months. Criteria were set for: (1) regression (≥ 25% tumor reduction), (2) status quo (〈 25% reduction and 〈 25% increase), and (3) progression of disease (≥ 25% tumor increase). Results were compared with the clinical state of disease. Changes of tumor volume, contrast enhancement, necrosis, hemorrhage and edema on MRI were compared to changes in 201thallium uptake volumes and 1H-MRS metabolite ratios. Results Six patients were followed with a total of twenty-four examinations with 201thallium SPECT, MRI and 1H-MRS, respectively, between February 1997 and October 1998. Five patients developed clinical progression of disease, 4 out of 5 cases showed SPECT progression, 4 out of 5 cases MRI progression, and 1 out of 2 interpretable cases 1H-MRS progression at final assessment before clinical deterioration. During the phase of clinically stable disease; (A) the criterion for regression or status quo was met in 10 out of 13 assessments with SPECT, 11 out of 13 with MRI, and 8 out of 9 interpretable 1H-MRS; (B) the criterion for progression was met in 3 out of 13 with SPECT, 2 out of 13 with MRI, and 1 out of 9 interpretable 1H-MRS. The accuracy of SPECT, MRI, and 1H-MRS in identifying changes of tumor burden concordant with patients' clinical course was 78%, 83%, and 82%, respectively. SPECT regression was associated with MRI decrease of tumor size, contrast enhancement, edema and hemorrhage. SPECT progression was associated with MRI increase of the same parameters and the increase of necrosis. 1H-MRS regression was associated with decrease of edema. 1H-MRS progression was associated with increase of tumor size, hemorrhage, and increase or decrease of contrast enhancement. Conclusions Both 201thallium SPECT and 1H-MRS evaluation showed sensitivity for detection of astrocytoma progression. We did not find a higher accuracy of SPECT or MRS than of MRI in astrocytoma chemotherapy monitoring. Treatment induced MRI changes were associated with 201thallium uptake variations. 1H-MRS was difficult to apply for astrocytoma treatment monitoring. Improvements regarding size of measurement area such as multivoxel MRS and fat suppression pulses appeared desirable, and also the use of functional techniques with superior resolution such as dual isotope SPECT. However, our results suggest that 201thallium SPECT and 1H-MRS can provide additional information to MRI for chemotherapy efficacy evaluation in selected cases.
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  • 175
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    Journal of neuro-oncology 47 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: MRI ; spinal cord ; tumor ; intramedullary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The advent of MRI has significantly changed the diagnosis of spinal cord tumors. Standard imaging provides excellent localization and characterization of the tumor in a noninvasive fashion. Exact histologic diagnosis of the two most common tumors, ependymoma and astrocytoma, remains elusive but there are some suggestive imaging characteristics. It is hoped that some of the newer MR imaging sequences will improve characterization of the tumor and thereby influence therapy. Several of these pulse sequences are already used routinely in brain imaging. Evaluation of new imaging sequences in the spine has lagged behind brain MR imaging, mainly due to technical factors. Work on animal spine models and extrapolation from brain imaging studies suggest that it is only a matter of time before some of these techniques become clinically relevant.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brain ; brain tumors ; MRI ; MR spectroscopy ; diffusion imaging ; glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study sought to correlate quantitative presurgical proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H- MRSI) and diffusion imaging (DI) results with quantitative histopathological features of resected glioma tissue. The primary hypotheses were (1) glioma choline signal correlates with cell density, (2) glioma apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) correlates inversely with cell density, (3) glioma choline signal correlates with cell proliferative index. Eighteen adult glioma patients were preoperatively imaged with 1H-MRSI and DI as part of clinically-indicated MRI evaluations. Cell density and proliferative index readings were made on surgical specimens obtained at surgery performed within 12 days of the radiologic scans. The resected tissue location was identified by comparing preoperative and postoperative MRI. The tumor to contralateral normalized choline signal ratio (nCho) and the ADC from resected tumor regions were measured from the preoperative imaging data. Counts of nuclei per high power field in 5–10 fields provided a quantitative measure of cell density. MIB-1 immunohistochemistry provided an index of the proportion of proliferating cells. There was a statistically significant inverse linear correlation between glioma ADC and cell density. There was also a statistically significant linear correlation between the glioma nCho and the cell density. The nCho measure did not significantly correlate with proliferative index. The results indicate that both ADC and spectroscopic choline measures are related to glioma cell density. Therefore they may prove useful for differentiating dense cellular neoplastic lesions from those that contain large proportions of acellular necrotic space.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; bcl-2 ; microtubules ; neurites ; tau ; taxol.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bcl-2 is a gene with clear anti-apoptotic properties in neurodegenerative conditions. One of the earliest hallmarks of degeneration in neuronal cell cultures is the loss of neurite morphology. Therefore the effect of Bcl-2 on neuronal morphology and microtubule stability was studied in nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells. Microtubule dynamics were modulated using the microtubule stabilizer taxol and the microtubule destabilizer, okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor. It was shown that Bcl-2 protects against both taxol- and okadaic acid induced neurite retraction. Bcl-2 overexpression also significantly reduced the increased ratio of acetylated tubulin over total tubulin induced by taxol treatment. Interestingly, Bcl-2 attenuates the decrease of the same ratio after exposure to okadaic acid, suggesting that Bcl-2 is able to normalize the level of acetylated tubulin. In addition, cell death and nuclear fragmentation, induced by okadaic acid, were reduced in Bcl-2 overexpressing cells. This protection is either downstream or independent of tau phosphorylation as quantitative immunocytochemistry with AT8 showed that Bcl-2 did not modify the level of tau phosphorylation. The data suggest that the protective effect of Bcl-2 on the neuronal cytoskeleton is probably linked to changes in the post-translational modification of tubulin.
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  • 178
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    Apoptosis 5 (2000), S. 115-116 
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Bcl-2 ; Bfl-1 ; 6-hydroxydopamine ; PC12 cells ; stable transformants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gene transfection and ectopic expression is a widely used method in experimental biology. In the present report, we would like to point out that this approach may, in certain circumstances, lead to a modification of the transfected cell phenotype. Indeed, we observed that after transfection of bcl-2 gene in the neuronal PC12 cell line some of the selected clones have lost their neuronal and catecholaminergic characteristics, i.e. TH expression and ability to grow neurites in response to NGF. Thus, the resistance of some PC12-Bcl-2 clones against neurotoxic insults may not necessarily reflect the potential benefit afforded by Bcl-2 expression. We therefore encouraged authors to verify cell phenotype after stable transfection to avoid misinterpretation of their results.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cirrhosis ; liver regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or liver injury is controlled by a wide variety of growth factors that are proven activators or inhibitors of hepatocyte proliferation. Liver regeneration post-hepatectomy has been proven to be decreased and delayed in cirrhotic vs. normal liver. Apoptosis seems to play an important role in cellular proliferation and in liver regeneration. Therefore, this study has analyzed the expression of apoptosis-associated genes following 2/3 hepatectomy in cirrhotic vs. normal rats. Cirrhosis was induced by a weekly intragastric administration of CCl4 for 16 weeks followed by hepatectomy and histological examination of the resected liver. Rats were sacrificed at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 72 h after liver resection. The expression of proapoptotic (Bad, Bak, Bax) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL) genes was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. We have observed an early increase in antiapoptotic mRNA levels and a delayed increase in proapoptotic mRNA levels in normal liver following hepatectomy. Before resection, proapoptotic mRNA levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic vs. normal liver. After hepatectomy, apoptotic mRNA levels were decreased and delayed as compared with that observed following hepatectomy in normal liver. These results indicate that apoptosis takes place in liver during CCl4-induced cirrhosis and could participate in the impaired regenerative response observed in cirrhotic liver.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; caspase ; etoposide ; hydroxychloroquine ; nuclease.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apoptosis induced by etoposide (VP-16) in HL-60 cells was confirmed to be caspase-dependent. It was fully inhibited by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. However, the caspase-3-specific inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk only partially inhibited apoptosis. This indicated that a second caspase is required in vivo for full activation of the apoptotic nucease CAD. Aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA) did not inhibit VP-16-induced apoptosis. In contrast, apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in HL-60 cells was caspase-3 independent and was fully inhibited by ATA. Thus, CAD does not appear to be involved in chromatin DNA degradation in this case. A second apoptotic nuclease is postulated to degrade the DNA, likely endo-exonuclease, an abundant nuclear enzyme that acts on both DNA and RNA and is present in latent form. HCQ, but not VP-16, stimulated DNA degradation (“laddering”) in isolated nuclei. This indicates that the drug can act directly in the nuclei to trigger activation of the second latent apoptotic nuclease.
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  • 181
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    Apoptosis 5 (2000), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; caspases ; NF-kB ; PKR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interferons are a family of cytokines that exerts antiviral, antitumor and immunomodulatory actions by inducing a complex set of proteins. One of the best known IFN-induced protein is the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), that mediates both antiviral and anticellular activities. PKR inhibits translation initiation through the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the initiation factor eIF-2 (eIF-2α) and also controls the activation of several transcription factors such as NF-κB, p53, or STATs. In addition, PKR mediates apoptosis induced by many different stimuli, such as treatment with LPS, TNF-α, viral infection, or serum starvation. The mechanism of apoptosis induction by PKR involves phosphorylation of eIF-2α and activation of NF-κB. In this way, expression of different genes is regulated by PKR. Among the genes upregulated in response to PKR are Fas, Bax and p53. The pathway of PKR-induced apoptosis involves FADD activation of caspase 8 by a mechanism independent of Fas and TNFR. Since IFNs are used as drugs for different disorders such as viral infection and cancer, understanding the pathway of apoptosis induction triggered by PKR should be useful in the rational design of IFN therapies.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; calmodulin ; caspases ; cell line ; Drosophila ; neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to reveal apoptotic pathways in neurons using a Drosophila neuronal cell line derived from larval central nervous system. We could induce apoptotic cell death in the cells by a Ca2+ ionophore (A23187), a protein kinase inhibitor (H-7), an RNA synthesis inhibitor (actinomycin D) and a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide). All the apoptosis induced by each chemical required Ca2+ ions, although the origin of Ca2+ ions were different: apoptosis induced by A23187 was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ ions whereas those by the other three chemicals utilized intracellular Ca2+ ions. Furthermore, different reactions to W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor, were found: W-7 prevented the cell death by each of the three chemicals but not by A23187. Based on the results, we proposed that the apoptotic pathways are classified into two types in individual cells. One pathway induced by H-7, actinomycin D or cycloheximide is calmodulin-dependent (pathway H), and another induced by A23187 is calmodulin-independent (pathway A).
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; HL-60 cells ; electron microscopy ; matrix metalloproteinases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells have been used as a model to study both the expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and the mechanisms of programmed cell death. In the present study we examined the expression of these proteases in HL-60 cells stimulated by different apoptotic triggers. As shown by zymography, HL-60 cells released three major isofroms of the matrix-degrading proteases; when the leukemic cells were grown in serum-free conditions, as well as after hyperthermia and methotrexate treatment, we found a significant loss of the constitutive production of the 92 kDa matrix-metalloprotease, with an unequivocable molecular and ultrastructural evidence of programmed cell death. These results suggest that in HL-60 cells the expression/release of matrix metalloproteases can be down-regulated in the presence of the apoptotic-induced alterations, and that the decreased matrix-degrading capacity of this leukemic cell line during apoptosis may reduce its invasive potential.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell death ; Fas (CD95) ; Leishmania ; lymphocytes ; T cell ; Th1 ; Th2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Leishmania major (Lm) infection in mice is a prototypical model for the role of immune deviation in disease resistance. Resistant strains of mice develop a Th1 response to Lm infection, distinguished by secretion of IL-12 and interferon γ. In contrast, susceptible strains display sustained IL-4 expression characteristic of a Th2 response. However, when mechanisms of cell death are blocked, mice display a susceptible phenotype even in the presence of a strong Th1 response, suggesting that cell death, and not cytokine bias, may be an importnt factor in disease resistance. Here, we investigated this hypothesis by comparing lymphocyte cellularity, cell death and Fas expression in resistant CBA and susceptible BALB/c mice during the course of Lm infection. We found that delayed onset of cell death and late Fas induction correlated with massive lymphocyte accumulation and susceptibility to leishmaniasis, while early cell death and rapid Fas induction occurred in resistant mice.
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  • 185
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    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; casein ; plasminogen ; embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs)3 are a family of proteins which bindto the IGFs with high affinity. Their expression within the mammary gland is species specific;it has thus been difficult to determine the biological roles of these binding proteins duringlactation. In this article we propose a role for IGFBP-5 in the mammary gland involving theinitiation of apoptosis induced by sequestration of IGF-1, an important survival factor for themammary gland. We have shown that this binding protein retains its high affinity for IGF-1and that it is present in extremely high concentrations compared with the growth factor. Theseobservations make it likely that IGFBP-5 is capable of preventing interaction of IGF-1 withits receptor on the epithelial cells synthesizing milk. We have also demonstrated thatIGFBP-5 interacts with αs2-casein and that this interaction implicates it in the regulation of plasminogenactivation in the mammary gland. The generation of plasmin is a key initiating event in theremodeling of the extracellular matrix during mammary involution. As such, IGFBP-5 mayplay a key role in coordinating cell death and tissue remodeling processes. Many of themolecules involved in embryological development are also expressed in the developing andinvoluting mammary gland. We believe that our studies may offer mechanistic explanationsfor apoptotic events in a wide variety of tissues. We have recently shown that IGFBP-5 isapoptotic in the chick embryonic limb bud, adding further support to our belief thatIGFBP-5 serves this function in the mammary gland. We hope to be able to explore the role of thisbinding protein in the mammary gland with a transgenic mouse model expressing IGFBP-5on the β-lactoglobulin promoter.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; edelfosine ; hydrogen ion ; MDR ; Na+/H+ antiporter ; pH.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Bcl-2 ; mitosis ; PC12 ; taxol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Taxol-induced peripheral neuropathy is a commonly-occurring side-effect in the treatment of cancer patients with taxoteres or taxanes. Taxol is known to induce apoptosis in a number of tumor cells. This report documents that, similar to proliferating cells, taxol induces apoptosis in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, as assessed by exogenous FITC-annexin-V binding and nuclear fragmentation. It is shown that PC12 cells that stably overexpress Bcl-2 are protected against the toxic effect of taxol, as evidenced by the XTT assay and by a decreased fraction of propididum iodide positive cells in a dye exclusion test. Also the number of annexin-V-positive cells and the number of fragmented nuclei are lower in the Bcl-2 transfected cells. The effect is similar to the protective effect of Bcl-2 against NGF deprivation in differentiated PC12 cells. Although taxol forced both wild-type and Bcl-2-overexpressing cells into a mitotic state, only in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells did this lead to the appearance of metabolically active, multi-nucleated cells. This suggests that Bcl-2 is able to induce an alternative escape pathway, downstream of the G2/M block, in taxol-treated differentiated PC12 cells.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; differential display ; human ; placenta.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Placenta is a transient feto-maternal association that develops during mammalian pregnancies. Human placental tissue during the first trimester of pregnancy is an actively dividing and differentiating tissue, while near term, it represents a fully differentiated unit performing many life-sustaining functions for the fetus. Previous studies have demonstrated that the percentage of placental cells that undergo apoptosis is greater at full term as compared to the first trimester of pregnancy. In this study, we undertook a study aimed at gaining an insight into the kind of genes expressed in the two developmentally distinct stages of gestation ie, the first trimester and term using Differential Display RT-PCR. Cloning and sequencing of one of the differentially expressed cDNAs from term placental tissue revealed that it is a novel gene, referred to as T-18 in the text. In this study, we also examined the regulation of this gene during apoptosis in the human placenta. A model for analysis of placental apoptosis was established by incubating placental villi in serum-free culture medium. It was observed that apoptosis occurred rapidly following incubation of placental villi without tropic support, and the proposed free-radical scavenger, superoxide dismutase (SOD) suppressed apoptosis in the placenta. Interestingly, the levels of T-18 mRNA increased significantly during spontaneous induction of apoptosis and decreased when apoptosis was blocked by SOD. These data clearly suggest that there is a strong correlation between the expression of T-18 and placental apoptosis and that T-18, may play a significant role in this process. Furthermore, the establishment of a defined in vitro explant culture model should facilitate elucidation of factors, which regulate apoptosis in human placenta.
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  • 189
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    Apoptosis 5 (2000), S. 315-318 
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Bcl-xL ; Bcr-Abl ; signaling ; transcription factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells are highly resistant to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. The observation that production of Bcr-Abl is the initiating event in CML has focussed attention on the survival signals triggered by this oncogene. A number of signal transducers and transcription factors have been associated with the antiapoptotic phenotype of CML cells, some of which lead to the expression and/or activation of members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis modulators, such as Bcl-xL and Bad. In this article, recent advances in understanding the antiapoptotic pathways triggered by Bcr-Abl in CML cells, are discussed.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cytokines ; cytotoxic T cells ; Ebola virus ; macrophages.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In fatal Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever massive intravascular apoptosis develops rapidly following infection and progressing relentlessly until death. While data suggest that T lymphocytes are mainly deleted by apoptosis in PBMC of human fatal cases, experimental Ebola infection in animal models have shown some evidence of destruction of lymphocytes in spleen and lymph nodes probably involving both T and B cells. Nevertheless, we are able to conclude from the accumulated evidence that early interactions between Ebola virus and the immune system, probably via macrophages, main targets for viral replication, lead to massive destruction of immune cells in fatal cases.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; cell cycle ; hypoxia ; radiosensitizer.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PR-000350, a novel hypoxic radiosensitizer, is a 2-nitroimidazole nucleoside analog and has begun to be used for clinical cancer therapy. In this study, using U937 monoblastoid cells we investigated the mechanisms of enhanced cell killing by PR-000350. When cells were irradiated under an extremely hypoxic condition, the apoptotic rate was strongly suppressed. However, a remarkable increase in the DNA fragmentation rate as well as in the ladder formation was observed when hypoxic cells were irradiated in the presence of 5 mM PR-000350. DNA histograms of the PR-000350 treated group showed enhancement of the sub-G1 fraction and simultaneous suppression of the progression of the cell cycle from the S to G2/M phase at 4–8 h after X-irradiation, suggesting the importance of the S phase in the induction of apoptotic cell death. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analyses after BrdU labelling revealed that apoptotic cell death is induced mainly in the BrdU-positive cells. In addition, by using cell synchronization technique it was proved that the S phase is the most sensitive fraction to the radiosensitizing effect of PR-000350. These results suggest that PR-000350 strongly enhances tumor cell killing by promoting X-ray induced-apoptosis preferentially in the S-phase fraction. PR-000350 is a new type radiosensitizer and promise to provide an effective anti-cancer activity against hypoxic tumor cells that are resistant to the usual radiotherapy.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; combination chemotherapy ; GL331 ; VP-16.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract GL331 is a novel podophyllotoxin-derived compound and is more efficacious than its congener VP-16 in killing several types of cancer cells, that has promoted considerable interest in its possibility of clinical use. In this study, we found that the higher cytotoxicity of GL331 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC-TW01 cells was attributed to the elevated ability to induce apoptotic cell death. In addition to evaluation of GL331's single agent activity, the use of GL331 in combination with other established therapeutic agents was also evaluated. We found that GL331-induced cell cycle perturbation occurred upon initial 8-h exposure, and pretreatment of NPC-TW01 cells with GL331 for 8 h significantly interfered with the cytotoxicities of VP-16, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin. When the schedule of drug administration was reversed, high-toxic concentrations of these agents revealed an antagonistic effect on GL331; however, their low-toxic doses had the additive or even more-than-additive effect on the cytotoxicity induced by GL331 at 0.1 μM or less, but for GL331 concentrations of greater than 1 μM, the effect became less than additive. These data suggest that overlapping mechanisms could be elicited by GL331 and other agents, and additional preclinical studies are needed to determine the optimal dose combination and administration schedule that will enhance, rather than interfere with, the efficacy of GL331 in combination with other anti-cancer agents.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; CD95 ; cell volume ; Na/K-ATPase ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the involvement of K+ efflux in apoptotic cell shrinkage, we monitored efflux of the K+ congener,86 Rb+, and cell volume during CD95-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells. An anti-CD95 antibody caused apoptosis associated with intracellular GSH depletion, a significant increase in 86Rb+ efflux, and a decrease in cell volume compared with control cells. Preincubating Jurkat cells with Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone (VAD-cmk), an inhibitor of caspase proteases, prevented the observed 86Rb+ efflux and cell shrinkage induced by the anti- CD95 antibody. A wide range of inhibitors against most types of K+ channels could not inhibit CD95-mediated efflux of86 Rb+, however, the uptake of86 Rb+ by Jurkat cells was severely compromised when treated with anti-CD95 antibody. Uptake of86 Rb+ in Jurkat cells was sensitive to ouabain (a specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor), demonstrating Na+/K+-ATPase dependent K+ uptake. Ouabain induced significant86 Rb+ efflux in untreated cells, as well as it seemed to compete with86 Rb+ efflux induced by the anti-CD95 antibody, supporting a role for Na+/K+-ATPase in the CD95-mediated86 Rb+ efflux. Ouabain treatment of Jurkat cells did not cause a reduction in cell volume, although together with the anti-CD95 antibody, ouabain potentiated CD95-mediated cell shrinkage. This suggests that the observed inhibition of Na++/K+-ATPase during apoptosis may also facilitate apoptotic cell shrinkage.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Cardiac imaging ; MRI ; Heart ; Ventricular function ; Schlüsselwörter Kardiale Bildgebung ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Herz ; Ventrikelfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die kardiale Dysfunktion ist eine der Hauptursachen kardiovaskulärer Morbidität und Mortalität. Eine genaue und reproduzierbare Bestimmung der Herzfunktion ist essentiell für die Diagnosestellung, Prognoseabschätzung und Beurteilung des Therapieeffekts beim einzelnen Patienten. Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie (CMR) bietet eine Messmethode für die globale und regionale Herzfunktion, die nicht nur genau und reproduzierbar, sondern auch nichtinvasiv, ohne ionisierende Strahlung und unabhängig von geometrischen Annahmen und einem akustischen Fenster ist, das den Einsatz der Echokardiographie limitiert. Mit der Verfügbarkeit schnellerer MR-Scanner und automatisierter Analysesysteme sowie mit zunehmender Verbreitung und reduzierten Kosten wird CMR bald den Referenzstandard für die Messung der Herzfunktion darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac dysfunction is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accurate and reproducible assessment of cardiac function is essential for the diagnosis, the assessment of prognosis and evaluation of a patient's response to therapy. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) provides a measure of global and regional function that is not only accurate and reproducible but is noninvasive, free of ionising radiation, and independent of the geometric assumptions and acoustic windows that limit echocardiography. With the advent of faster scanners, automated analysis, increasing availability and reducing costs, CMR is fast becoming a clinically tenable reference standard for the measurement of cardiac function.
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  • 195
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    Herz 25 (2000), S. 365-383 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Congenital heart disease ; MRI ; Blood flow ; MRA ; Postoperative ; Pulmonary arteries ; Schlüsselwörter Kongenitale Herzerkrankung ; MRT ; Blutfluss ; MR-Angiographie ; Postoperativ ; Pulmonalarterien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Weltweit werden jährlich etwa 1,5 Millionen Kinder mit kongenitalen Herzerkrankungen (CHD, congenital heart disease) geboren. Durch Verbesserung der verschiedenen chirurgischen und interventionellen Techniken ist die Überlebensrate von CHD-Patienten drastisch gestiegen. Immer mehr Patienten mit postoperativen Residuen, Folgezuständen und Komplikationen benötigen eine umfassende Nachsorge. Die Darstellung und Quantifizierung morphologischer und funktioneller kardiovaskulärer Anomalien erfordern zuverlässige und vorzugsweise nichtinvasive bildgebende Verfahren. Die Röntgenkontrastangiokardiographie, der bisherige Goldstandard, eignet sich nicht zur wiederholten Anwendung. Die transthorakale Echokardiographie (TTE) ist die meistverwendete nichtinvasive Methode, doch bei älteren Patienten, insbesondere mit komplexen oder operativ behandelten Malformationen, sind die damit gewonnenen Informationen unter Umständen unbefriedigend. Narben-, Knochen- und Lungengewebe sowie Thoraxdeformitäten können mit dem Schallfenster interferieren. Die transösophageale Echokardiographie (TEE) liefert bei Erwachsenen mit verschiedenen CHD-Formen eindeutig einen weitaus besseren Bildausschnitt, ist jedoch als semiinvasiv einzustufen. Bei Kleinkindern ist die TEE für die auf Intensivstationen und in Operationssälen erforderliche unmittelbare prä- und postoperative Überwachung inzwischen unentbehrlich. Die Kernspintomographie (Magnetresonanztomographie, MRT) hat sich zu einem klinischen nützlichen Verfahren zur Untersuchung des Herzens entwickelt, vor allem bei angeborenen Fehlbildungen. Sie gilt heute als etablierte nichtinvasive Methode, mit der sich die Anatomie des Herzens in jeder gewünschten Ebene mit hoher Auflösung und naturgetreuen Kontrast zwischen kardialen Strukturen und strömendem Blut darstellen läßt. Das konventionelle Spin-Echo eignet sich hervorragend zur morphologischen Beurteilung, liefert jedoch nicht unbedingt funktionelle Informationen. Die durch neuere Impulssequenzen mögliche funktionelle Analyse verleiht der MRT ihren besonderen Wert. Mehrere dieser neuen MRT-Verfahren werden gegenwärtig klinisch eingesetzt. Die Gradienten-Echo-MRT liefert ein Bild des Blutflusses. Mit ihr können Stenosen, Regurgitation oder Shunts aufgrund der durch diese hämodynamischen Läsionen verursachten Strömungsturbulenzen entdeckt werden. Außerdem ermöglicht die Gradienten-Echo-MRT eine fortlaufende Schleifendarstellung der Ventrikelwandbewegung und eine Quantifizierung der Kammerfunktion. Mit der quantitativen Phasenkontrast-MR-Angiographie lassen sich Blutströmungsgeschwindigkeit und Volumendurchfluss in den mittleren und großen Gefäßen messen. Diese Besonderheit der MRT läßt sich zur Quantifizierung von Stenosen, Regurgitation, intrakardialen Shunts und des differentiellen pulmonalen Blutstroms nutzen. Vor allem ihre Fähigheit zur Messung des Volumendurchflusses ist ein klarer Vorteil der MRT. Die kontrastverstärkte MR-Angiographie ist besonders nützlich zur Darstellung der Pulmonalarterienäste und des Aortenbogens. Pulmonaler Blutfluss, rechtsventrikuläre Funktion, pathologische Aortenbefunde und Fontan-Umgehungskreislauf sind u. a. hochinteressante Fragestellungen, die mit multifunktioneller MRT untersucht wurden. Bei Patienten mit Pulmonalstenose oder Fallot-Tetralogie lassen sich mittels MRT Morphologie und Schwere jeder pulmonalen (Rest-)Stenose beurteilen, die rechtsventrikuläre Hypertrophie bewerten sowie eine postoperative Insuffizienz der Pulmonalklappe oder ventrikuläre Dysfunktion quantifizieren. Bei Patienten, die wegen Koarktation operiert wurden, kann die Morphologie von Rest- oder Restenosen MR-tomographisch mit Hilfe von Spin-Echo-Bildern und der kontrastverstärkten MR-Angiographie des Aortenbogens beurteilt werden. Die quantitative Phasenkontrastangiographie erlaubt zusätzlich, den Druckgradienten über der Stenose und das Ausmaß des Kollateralflusses zu bestimmen. Patienten mit Transposition der großen Arterien werden in der Regel mit Umkehroperationen auf Vorhofebene behandelt. Eine Dysfunktion des rechten systemischen Ventrikels ist bei diesen Patienten eine wesentliche Frage, die mit funktionellen MRT-Verfahren untersucht wurde. Andere Komplikationen nach Vorhofumkehroperation wie Obstruktionen im pulmonalen oder systemisch-venösen Kreislauf lassen sich mit der Gradienten-Echo-MRT mühelos aufdecken. Der Fongan-Umgehungskreislauf bleibt nach wie vor ein faszinierendes, in vielerlei Hinsicht noch nicht völlig verstandenes Thema. Zahlreiche Modifikationen der ursprünglichen Fontan-Operation wurden eingeführt, mit jeweils eigenen hämodynamischen Charakteristika. Zweifellos kann die kombinierte morphologisch-funktionelle MRT zur Entwicklung weiterer Verbesserungen des Fontan-Verfahrens beitragen. Trotz aller technischen Verbesserungen, insbesondere der Einführung des Atemanhalteverfahrens, bleibt die MRT nach wie vor eine Ergänzung zu Echokardiographie und Angiokardiographie. Verfügbarkeit, Ortsgebundenheit und die bei Säuglingen und Kindern erforderliche Sedierung sind bekannte Hindernisse. Nicht zuletzt gilt es, gegen die relativ begrenzte Einbeziehung von Kardiologen in die MRT-Abteilung und die eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Radiologen mit Erfahrung in CHD anzugehen, um die MRT zu einem “vollwertigen Mitglied im Klub” der bildgebenden Verfahren bei CHD zu machen.
    Notes: Abstract With the increasing number of patients surviving after therapeutic intervention for congenital heart disease (CHD), accurate and frequent follow-up of their morphologic and functional cardiovascular status is required, preferably with a noninvasive imaging technique. Echocardiography, either transthoracic or transesophageal, has been the first choice for this purpose, and will probably keep that status, at least in a large segment of the CHD spectrum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established method for high-resolution visualization of cardiovascular morphology. In the past decade, newer MRI techniques have been developed that allow functional evaluation of CHD patients. Particularly the introduction of breath-hold imaging, contrast-enhanced MRA and user-friendly computer software for image analysis may move functional MRI of CHD from the science laboratory to clinical use. It is already evident that MRI is superior to echocardiography in certain areas of limited echocardiographic access, such as the pulmonary artery branches and the aortic arch in adult patients. But MRI has also a unique potential for accurate volumetric analysis of ventricular function and cardiovascular blood flow, without any geometric assumptions. If supported by increased cooperation between cardiologists and radiologists, MRI will grow into a useful noninvasive imaging tool that, together with echocardiography, will obviate the need for invasive catheter studies for diagnostic purposes.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Apoptosis ; Plasmodesmata ; Root cap ; Root apical meristem ; Root development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plasmodesmata frequency and distribution in root cap cells ofArabidopsis thaliana root tips were characterized during four weeks after germination to understand the symplasmic control of apoptosis. Apoptotic cells in some of the root apical-meristem cells and in root cap cells were identified by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling reaction and characterized by electron microscopy. Starting at the second week after germination, cells in the outermost layers of the root cap showed typical apoptotic features, including nuclear DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and organelle destruction. Intercellular connections, indicated by the frequency and number of plasmodesmata per cell length, were significantly reduced in the walls of outer root cap cells. This shows that cells become symplasmically isolated during the apoptosis process. In apoptotic root cap cells, the majority of nonfunctional plasmodesmata were observed to be associated with degenerated endoplasmic reticulum; this state was prior to the detection of any nuclear DNA fragmentation. Other nonfunctional plasmodesmata were sealed by heterogeneous cell wall materials. However, in immature epidermal and cortical cells in 4-week-old arrested roots the endoplasmic reticulum associated with plasmodesmata became disconnected as a result of protoplast condensation and shrinkage. No degenerated endoplasmic reticulum was observed in these cells. These observations suggest that the apoptotic processes in the root body and the root cap are different.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arthroskopie ; Klinische Untersuchung ; Kniegelenk ; MRT ; Key words Arthroscopy ; Clinical examination ; Knee ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used frequently in the diagnosis of knee injuries. The aim of this study was to compare the accruracy of MRI and clinical examination in diagnosing meniscal and cruciate ligament tears. Between January 1997 and June 1998, a total of 883 patients had undergone knee joint arthroscopy, operated on by one orthopedic surgeon. Of these, 144 patients had a preoperative MRI (group 1). This group was compared with 309 patients who had undergone arthroscopy without MRI between January 1997 and June 1997 (group 2). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for tears of the medial meniscus were 80.6%/58.8%/72.9% in group 1 and 83.3%/78.5%/80.3% in group 2, respectively, for tears of the lateral meniscus 44.4%/88.9%/83.3% in group 1 and 60.6%/98.8%/92.5% in group 2 and for tears of the anterior cruciate ligament 58.1%/92.0%/¶84.7% in group 1 and 80.1%/96.6%/¶89.6% in group 2. This study demonstrates that an experienced orthopedic surgeon can rely on the clinical diagnosis and decide whether arthroscopy is necessary in most cases without MRI. He will find intraarticular pathology in almost all cases if arthroscopy is performed. MRI should be reserved for special cases and should not be performed without first conducting a thorough clinical examination. The orthopedic surgeon should decide whether MRI is needed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Häufigkeit wird beim Verdacht auf einen Kniebinnenschaden die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Treffsicherheit von MRT und klinischer Untersuchung bei der Diagnose von Meniskusläsionen und Kreuzbandverletzungen zu vergleichen und daraus zu schlussfolgern, wann ein MRT am Kniegelenk indiziert ist. Vom 1.1.1997 bis zum 30.6.1998 wurden 883 Kniegelenkarthroskopien durchgeführt. Bei 144 Kniegelenken lag präoperativ ein MRT vor (Gruppe 1). Dieser Gruppe wurde eine Vergleichsgruppe, bestehend aus allen vom 1.1.1997 bis zum 30.6.1997 arthroskopierten Kniegelenken ohne präoperatives MRT (n = 309) gegenübergestellt (Gruppe 2). Sensitivität, Spezifität und Präzision betrugen für den medialen Meniskus 80,6%, 58,8% bzw. 72,9% in Gruppe 1 und 83,3%, 78,5% bzw. 80,3% in Gruppe 2, für den lateralen Meniskus 44,4%, 88,9% bzw. 83,3% in Gruppe 1 und 60,6%, 98,8% bzw. 92,5% in Gruppe 2 und für das vordere Kreuzband 58,1%, 92,0% bzw. 84,7% in Gruppe 1 und 80,1%, 96,6% bzw.89,6% in Gruppe 2. Mit einer sorgfältigen klinischen Untersuchung können in Verbindung mit Standardröntgenaufnahmen in den meisten Fällen die Diagnose und damit die Indikation zur Arthroskopie mit ausreichender Sicherheit gestellt werden. Die Magnetresonanztomographie sollte Spezialindikationen vorbehalten bleiben und durch den Operateur veranlasst werden.
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Arthroskopie 13 (2000), S. 132-137 
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Qualitätssicherung ; Knorpeldefekte ; MRT ; Scores ; Keywords Quality control ; Cartilage repair ; MRI ; Clinical scores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Most procedures currently in use for the treatment of full thickness cartilage defects lack solid data as a proof of quality. Various techniques for quality control are advisable. Meticulous documentation of adverse events and treatment failures is crucial. Patient self-assessment and clinical scores are often biased but focussed on the basis of medical efforts: the well-being of the patient. Second-look arthroscopies produce fewer facts for quality control than expected but enable therapeutical intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging will be essential for cartilage assessment in the future. To date, the evaluation of tissue quality is experimental. Histology and immunohistochemistry are widely accepted as precise tools to characterize cartilaginous tissue. Ethical reasons prohibit daily use. Quality control following the repair of cartilage defects is complicated, expensive, and of variable outcome, but dangerous if neglected. Multiple insignificant results can lead to a sharp image of the postoperative condition and may enable quality control of treatment and surgery.
    Notes: Die meisten Verfahren zur Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten werden angewendet, ohne dass ihre Qualität zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen ist. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Qualitätssicherung können derzeit mit vertretbarem Aufwand routinemäßig eingesetzt werden. Die Beurteilung der Sicherheit einer Behandlung hinsichtlich Komplikationen und Therapieversagern ist von eminenter Bedeutung. Patientenfragebögen und klinische Scores sind subjektiv, orientieren sich aber am eigentlichen Ziel einer Therapie: der Wiederherstellung des Wohlbefindens des Patienten. Noch in den Anfängen, aber mit hervorragenden Perspektiven für die Zukunft steht die Magnetresonanztomographie. Knorpelqualität und -aktivität können heute noch nicht beurteilt werden. Die Kontrollarthroskopie nach der Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten liefert weniger harte Daten für die Qualitätssicherung als erwünscht, ermöglicht aber therapeutische Maßnahmen. Histologische Untersuchungen stehen im Ruf der unbestechlichen Präzision. Dem breiten Einsatz stehen jedoch fehlende Standards und berechtigte ethische Bedenken entgegen. Qualitätssicherung nach der operativen Behandlung von Gelenkknorpeldefekten ist schwierig, teuer und häufig ungenau – keine Qualitätssicherung ist oft gefährlich. Aus vielen, isoliert gesehen ungenauen Befunden werden die Bewertung eines Zustands immer sicherer und die Beurteilung der Qualität einer Behandlung möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 25 (2000), S. 1373-1383 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Bcl-x ; NF-κB ; oxidative stress ; transcription factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Both acute and chronic insults to the nervous system can result in changes in homeostasis that result in cell death or recovery processes that alter function. The signaling mechanisms for this broad spectrum of events that impair neurological function span the gamut from abrupt injury to the slow onset of neurodegenerative diseases in extreme aging. A common element in all of these events is the triggering of signal cascades that determine cellular commitment to apoptosis as a ameliorative alternative to inflammatory necrosis. Key in these cascades is the activation of the caspase and Bcl-family of proteins by the NF-κB transcription factor. Here we consider aspects of specificity of activation as a result of the differential expression of NF-κB proteins and their regulation of selective genes as a result of binding to select DNA consensus sequences out of the 64 different combinations that constitute the NF-κB DNA binding consensus sequence.
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 17 (2000), S. 162-167 
    ISSN: 1573-7330
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; CD44 ; human ; hyaluronic acid ; granulosa cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: This study was designed to examine whether hyaluronicacid (HA) inhibits apoptosis in cumulus and muralgranulosa cells and to examine whether this effect of HAwas mediated through CD44. Methods: Mural and cumulus granulosa cells were obtainedfrom in vitro fertilization patients. The cells were culturedwith various concentrations of HA or HA plus variousconcentrations of anti-CD44 antibody without serum supplement.After 24 hr of culture, the cells were fixed and stainedwith Hoechst 33258. One thousand granulosa cells of eachconditions were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Results: HA inhibited apoptosis in both kinds of granulosacells, and anti-CD44 antibody prevented this effect of HA.Conclusions: The incidence of apoptotic granulosa cellswith fragmented condensed nuclei was reduced by HA viaCD44.
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